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Sarabhai vs Sarabhai

2026-05-05T12:53:40Z

Jatta Goswami: Made article!

{{short description|Indian sitcom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sarabhai vs Sarabhai.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| writer = Aatish Kapadia
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Deven Bhojani]]
* Aatish Kapadia
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Satish Shah]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]]
* [[Rupali Ganguly]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]]
}}
| open_theme = "Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai" by [[Usha Uthup]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 80
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jamnadas Majethia|Jamnadas D. Majethia]]
* Aatish Kapadia
}}
| company = Hats Off Productions
| network = {{Plainlist|
* [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] (season 1)
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (season 2)
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|07|17}}
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
}}

'''''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television [[sitcom]] that aired on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|STAR One]] from 1 November 2004 to 16 April 2006 and on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 15 May to 17 July 2017 for two seasons in 80 episodes altogether. The show was directed by [[Deven Bhojani]] and produced by [[Jamnadas Majethia|Jamnadas D. Majethia]] and Aatish Kapadia under the production banner of Hats Off Productions. Starring an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Satish Shah]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Sumeet Raghavan]], [[Rupali Ganguly]], and [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]], the show revolves around the Sarabhais, a quintessential [[Upper class|upper-class]] [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family living in the upmarket neighbourhood of [[Cuffe Parade]] in [[South Mumbai]]. The family members include the matriarch, Maya; her husband, Indravadan; their two sons, Sahil and Rosesh; Sahil's wife, Monisha; Indravadan and Maya's son-in-law, Dushyant; and Indravadan's brother-in-law, Madhusudan Fufa. Regarded as being ahead of its [[generation]] in terms of its concept, writing, and average viewership ratings at the time of its initial release, the show ultimately has gone on to become a [[Cult following|cult classic]].

==Synopsis==
''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai'' portrays the lives of the Sarabhais, a quintessential [[Upper class|upper-class]] [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family living in the upmarket neighbourhood of [[Cuffe Parade]] in [[South Mumbai]]. The [[matriarch]] of the family is Maya, a snobbish woman who always tries to maintain her [[High society|high-society]] status. Her husband, Indravadan, is an indolent, insensitive and mischievous man, who enjoys teasing his wife and other family members. The couple has two sons and a daughter; Sahil, Rosesh and Sonia. Sahil is a [[Cosmetology|cosmetologist]] and is quite calm, wise and noble as compared to other characters, while Rosesh is an aspiring [[poet]] and [[actor]] who often makes everyone cringe with his eccentric [[poetry]] and [[acting]] as well his peculiar and amusing [[voice]]. Sahil is married to Monisha, a [[Middle class|middle-class]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] girl who constantly tries to fit in with her wealthy in-laws. Maya's [[socialite]] attitude and Monisha's middle-class habits always lead to conflicts and Indravadan's playful nature only increases them, while Sahil deals with his own personal and professional challenges.

Indravadan and Maya's son-in-law, Dushyant Painter, and Indravadan's brother-in-law, Madhusudan Fufa, are also part of the family. The [[gadget]]-freak Dushyant, married to Indravadan and Maya's [[psychic]] daughter, Sonia, is an [[electrical engineer]], who has a morbid fascination for various [[electronic machine]]s. He always irritates the family by explaining different [[Theory|theories]] about different gadgets and using Rosesh for each demonstration. Dushyant's [[catchphrase]] is "I'll explain!" and does not understand [[sarcasm]] which leads to humorous situations. On the other hand, the [[Deafness|deaf]] Madhusudan Fufa, married to Indravadan's older sister, Ilaben, usually does not acknowledge the fact that he cannot hear and refuses to use a [[hearing aid]]. He is a former [[Indian Independence Movement|freedom fighter]] who repeatedly asks questions and blames others for speaking softly. Madhusudan Fufa interrupts almost always during conversations with his catchphrase "Hain?" and his misinterpretations are particularly bothersome to Indravadan.

Comedy and conflict ensue in the daily events occurring in the Sarabhais' lives and much of the [[Mother-in-law joke|mother-in-law humour]] in the show is derived from the shallow interactions among the city's [[elite]] and their perceived notions of the shortcomings and failings of middle-class society. The show has a [[cult]]-like status among all the Indian [[sitcom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/29sarabhai.htm|title=Lunching with the Sarabhai's!|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011614/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/29sarabhai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{main|List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai characters}}

=== Main ===
* [[Satish Shah]] as Indravadan Sarabhai: Pankorben and Vallavdas's son; Ilaben's brother; Maya's husband; Sahil, Sonia and Rosesh's father
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Maya Mazumdar Sarabhai: Vidisha and Nayesha's sister; Indravadan's wife; Sahil, Sonia and Rosesh's mother
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Dr. Sahil Sarabhai: Maya and Indravadan's son; Sonia and Rosesh's brother; Monisha's husband
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Manisha "Monisha" Singh Sarabhai: Jugalkishore's cousin; Sahil's wife
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Rosesh Sarabhai: Maya and Indravadan's younger son; Sahil and Sonia's brother; Jasmine's boyfriend
* [[Kshitee Jog]] / [[Shital Thakkar]] / [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Sonia Sarabhai: Maya and Indravadan's daughter; Sahil and Rosesh's sister; Dushyant's wife
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Dushyant Painter: Sonia's husband
* [[Vaibhavi Upadhyay]] as Jasmine Mavani: Rosesh's girlfriend

===Recurring===
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Ilaben: Pankorben and Vallavdas's daughter; Indravadan's sister; Madhusudan's wife
* Arvind Vaidya as Madhusudan: Ilaben's husband
* Tarla Joshi as Pankorben Sarabhai aka Baa: Vallavdas's wife; Indravadan and Ilaben's mother; Sahil, Sonia and Rosesh's grandmother
* [[Ghanashyam Nayak]] as Vitthal: Domestic worker of the Sarabhai family
* Sulbha Mantri as Radhabai: Domestic help of the Sarabhai family
* Ali Raza Namdar as Dinesh Jagirdar: Indravadan's close friend
* [[Shilpa Mehta]] as Sarita Jagirdar: Dinesh's wife; Indravadan and Maya's socialite friend
* [[Gurpal Singh]] as Baldev Singh: Swaroopa's husband; Indravadan and Maya's socialite friend
* Minal Karpe as Swaroopa Singh: Baldev's wife, a classical singer and Maya's socialite friend
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Vidisha Mazumdar: NRI; Maya and Nayesha's sister
* [[Gireesh Sahdev|Girish Sahadev]] as Jugalkishore Singh: Monisha's cousin; Nayesha's husband
* Bhamini Oza as Rita and Kissme
* Chirag Channa as Sharman Kapadia and Krish Mazumdar
* Meher Acharia Dar as Simple Khilawala

===Cameos===
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as flop author Nagesh Iyer in "Meet The Sarabhais"
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Sahil's colleague Dr. Kiran in "Husbands Do Not Cheat"
* [[Deepali Sayyad]] as Rosesh's girlfriend Matsyagandha a.k.a. Maggi in "Rosesh Falls In Love"
* [[Mandira Bedi]] as Indravadan's girlfriend Cookie Sharma in "Indravadan's New Friend: Cookie Sharma"
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Sahil's former patient Dinky Chakravarti in "Who Is Dinky?"
* [[Supriya Pathak]] and [[Jamnadas Majethia|Jamnadas D. Majethia]] as Maya's distant cousins Hansa Parekh and Himanshu Seth from the show ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'' in "Khichdi With Sarabhais"
* [[Mallika Sherawat]] as destitute girl Sunehri in "Sarabhais And Sunehri"
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Sahil's patient Nilima Verma in "Nilima And Sahil"
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as upcoming artist Sudhanshu Khan in "Maya And Sudhanshu"
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as famous hypnotist Dr. Siddharth Anirudh Prasad in "Indravadan Hypnotised: Part 1 And 2"
* [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] and [[Sonali Rathod]] as themselves in "Maya, Monisha And Antakshari"
* [[Aamir Ali]] as television actor Patang Kumar in "Monisha's Date With Actor Patang Kumar"
* [[Aatish Kapadia]] as poet and competition judge Anirudh Mehta a.k.a. Kaccha Kela in "Poetry War Between Indravadan And Rosesh"
* [[Sunil Tawde]] as [[social activist]] Phadke in "Indravadan Becomes Homeless"
* [[Jaywant Wadkar]] as [[Yamraj]] in "Yamraj Comes For Indravadan"
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as television character Detective Omkarnath in "The African Chant's Magic!"
* [[Rohitashv Gaur|Rohitash Gaud]] as [[psychic]] Cindolin in "A Peek Into The Future"
* [[Siddhartha Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]] as killer at the Sarabhais in the future in "A Peek Into The Future"
* Madhavi Chopra as Priya, Dinesh and Sarita's daughter, Sahil's ex-fiancée

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai episodes}}
{{:List of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai episodes}}

=== Season 1 ===
The season revolves around the lives of five main characters and portrays conflicts in various contexts, focusing on themes such as family life and the upper class of Mumbai. The season features a variety of supporting characters that are intertwined with the lives of the main five characters, to add drama and comedy to the show. One of the main plots of the season is Rosesh's quest for a girl, and we get to meet different potential suitors throughout the season, all with extreme traits that clash with different members of the house. Another common plot is the conflict between Maya and Monisha in terms of her "middle-class" behaviour, with Sahil often caught in the middle of this conflict. Indravadhan, Maya's husband, is often found instigating these conflicts for his enjoyment. Throughout the season, the characters go through different social and emotional experiences, delving into their relationships, conflicts, interactions, and history. In the final episode, the principal characters state that there will be another season of the series.

=== Season 2 ''(Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2)'' ===
After eleven years, not much has changed in the life of the Sarabhai family. Monisha and Sahil now have a seven-year-old son named Aurnob, also known as Guddu. Rosesh has finally found love with Jasmine Mavani, who was given the main role in a TV serial but eventually lost it. The family has moved to new penthouses, and the season ends with Monisha asking for a divorce from Sahil, hinting at a new season to come.

==Production==
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

===Conception===
;Season 1
The show was produced by [[Jamnadas Majethia]] and Aatish Kapadia under the banner of Hatsoff Productions. The show was directed by [[Deven Bhojani]] along with Aatish Kapadia and the story and screenplay was also written by Aatish Kapadia. Sahil and Monisha are married and are living across Sahil's parents, Indravadhan and Maya Sarabhai, and Rosesh, their son, and Sahil's younger brother. Maya constantly taunts Monisha because of her behavior and language tone and constantly refers to her as "middle-class". Throughout the entire series, Sahil is kind of stuck between whether to take his wife's side or his mother's. Meanwhile, Indravadhan supports his daughter-in-law all the time. Rosesh, on the other side, is an actor who writes poetry that Sahil and Indravadhan dislike. Rosesh is a momma's boy and Maya's favorite child. Maya is a classy and sophisticated woman. The show also revolving around the relationships of rosesh and he get dumped by them for various reasons. The series goes through various events involving their lives.

; Season 2 ''(Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2)''
During the finale of season 1, the cast of the series confirmed returning with a new season.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=July 2016|title=Sarabhai now a web-series|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sarabhai-now-a-web-series/articleshow/53001444.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108090924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sarabhai-now-a-web-series/articleshow/53001444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2012, [[Deven Bhojani]] denied that the series would return.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-won-t-come-back-deven-bhojani/article1-857136.aspx|title='Sarabhai vs Sarabhai' won't come back: Deven Bhojani|date=2012-05-15|access-date=17 October 2012|newspaper=Times of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204231632/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Sarabhai-vs-Sarabhai-won-t-come-back-Deven-Bhojani/Article1-857136.aspx|archive-date=4 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The cast reunited in June 2016 over the belated 65th birthday party of [[Satish Shah]], when the future of the show was discussed.<ref name="Lohana 2017">{{cite web | last=Lohana | first=Avinash | title=Sarabhai series to kick off by month-end | website=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=14 March 2017 | url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-series-to-kick-off-by-month-end/articleshow/57636502.cms | access-date=19 May 2017 | archive-date=26 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326074958/http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-series-to-kick-off-by-month-end/articleshow/57636502.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The producer [[Jamnadas Majethia]] promised some good news for the fans. Later, the actors of the show confirmed the return of the new season as a [[web series]] entitled ''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-shoot-to-begin-soon-jd-majethia-4379020/|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai shoot to begin soon: JD Majethia|date=16 November 2016|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727102727/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-shoot-to-begin-soon-jd-majethia-4379020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/yay-whoopie-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-to-return-as-web-series-soon-1426918|title='Yay, Whoopie!' Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai to Return as Web-Series Soon|website=NDTV.com|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823070728/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/yay-whoopie-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-to-return-as-web-series-soon-1426918|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/30/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-tv-comeback-ratna-pathak-shah-satish-shah-rupali-ganguly-comedy|title=Aila! 'Sarabhai vs Sarabhai' to Return as a Web Series This Year|date=30 June 2016|website=The Quint|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809050840/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/30/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-tv-comeback-ratna-pathak-shah-satish-shah-rupali-ganguly-comedy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="itx">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/it-s-confirmed-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-is-coming-back-this-time-as-a-web-series-257656.html|title=It's Confirmed! Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai Is Coming Back, This Time As A Web Series|date=July 2016|access-date=2016-09-20|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927030256/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/it-s-confirmed-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-is-coming-back-this-time-as-a-web-series-257656.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht2016">{{cite web | title=Here's why Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, Hip Hip Hurray returned as web series | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=11 July 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/here-s-why-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-hip-hip-hurray-returned-as-web-series/story-ePSCQSytNGjdj1eUFHV7EI.html | access-date=26 February 2017 | archive-date=26 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226221244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/here-s-why-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-hip-hip-hurray-returned-as-web-series/story-ePSCQSytNGjdj1eUFHV7EI.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The series was picked up by [[Hotstar]] with the same cast, and the story is set 11 years after the last season's conclusion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-to-return-in-may-here-its-cast-then-and-now-4569962/ |title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai to return in May. Here's its cast then and now |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2017-03-15 |access-date=2017-03-25 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316073002/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-to-return-in-may-here-its-cast-then-and-now-4569962/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Deven Bhojani]] made a debut as a director in the first season. He also played the recurring character of Dushyant Painter in the series.<ref name="Rediff2005"/>

===Filming===
The first season was shot on sets located at [[Kanjurmarg]] in suburban Mumbai. The cast were provided with their own rooms backstage with nameplates with each character's name for rehearsals and preparations.<ref name="Rediff2005">{{cite web | title=On the sets of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai | website=Rediff.com | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/29sld1.htm | date=29 June 2005 | access-date=19 May 2017 | archive-date=16 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216160047/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/29sld1.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Adaptations==
Many of the characters in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] series produced by [[Hats Off Production|Hats Off production]] as ''Madhuri Middle Class'' in 2014 on [[Star Pravah]] were inspired from Sarabhai, despite being a different story and character backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 August 2013|title=Hats Off to remake Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/j-d-majethia-all-set-to-re-create-the-magic-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-/articleshow/22159940.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209065403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/j-d-majethia-all-set-to-re-create-the-magic-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-/articleshow/22159940.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 October 2016|title=Struggle, keep a target and win over it: Sagar More|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/struggle-keep-a-target-and-win-over-it-sagar-more/articleshow/55032994.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209065817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/struggle-keep-a-target-and-win-over-it-sagar-more/articleshow/55032994.cms|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 November 2013|title='Madhuri Middles Class,' the Marathi 'Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/madhuri-middle-class-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-ratna-pathak-rupali-ganguly/articleshow/26639426.cms#:~:text='Madhuri%20Middles%20Class%2C'%20the%20Marathi%20'Sarabhai%20Vs%20Sarabhai',-By%20%2D&text=Maya%20and%20Madhuri%20of%20'Madhuri,Pathak%20Shah%20and%20Rupali%20Ganguly.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209064024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/madhuri-middle-class-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-ratna-pathak-rupali-ganguly/articleshow/26639426.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show was unofficially adapted in [[Pakistan]] as ''Chana Jor Garam.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 December 2020|title=Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai' actor, writer call out Pakistani 'rip-off|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2277713/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-writer-call-out-pakistani-rip-off|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210206061115/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2277713/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-writer-call-out-pakistani-rip-off|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=|website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

==Broadcast==
Season 1 was broadcast from 2004 to 2006 on [[STAR One]]. Reruns of the series also aired on sister channel [[Star Utsav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.indya.com:80/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516180410/http://app.indya.com/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archive-date=16 May 2009|title=STAR - Programme Guide|date=16 May 2009|access-date=19 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 2 was released on digital platform [[Hotstar]] from 15 May 2017 to 17 July 2017.<ref name="India Today 2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=15 Most Popular Comedy Shows Of All Time on Indian Television |url=https://www.scrolldroll.com/most-popular-comedy-shows-on-indian-television/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=scrolldroll |language=en-US |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907101336/https://www.scrolldroll.com/most-popular-comedy-shows-on-indian-television/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The show was telecast from 6 April 2020 on [[Star Bharat]], as the production of the ongoing series had to be stopped by the channel due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |author=shweta keshri |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-and-khichdi-are-the-latest-shows-to-return-on-tv-1663024-2020-04-03 |title=Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai and Khichdi are the latest shows to return on TV - Television News |date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404021812/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-and-khichdi-are-the-latest-shows-to-return-on-tv-1663024-2020-04-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

===Critics and ratings===
====Season 1====
Season 1 was a weekly television show and was closed after two years due to low [[Television Rating Point|TRPs]]. The newly introduced stand-up comedy shows on the same network garnered TRPs as high as 9 while the ''Sarabhai'' received TRPs of as low as 0.63 during its inception.<ref name="India Today 2017" /> The highest rating it garnered during its original run time was 2 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 June 2005|title=Comedy works for STAR One|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/11716_comedy-works-for-star-one|access-date=|website=Afaqs|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214131802/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/11716_comedy-works-for-star-one|url-status=live}}</ref> Only after the series started re-running episodes as a daily show multiple times, it became popular with a good viewership and response.<ref name="India Today 2017">{{cite web | title=EXCLUSIVE: Sarabhai vs Sarabhai Take 2 cast opens up about the new season; makers hint Khichdi might return as a web series | website=India Today | date=16 May 2017 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/exclusive-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-cast-opens-up-about-the-new-season-makers-hint-khichdi-might-return-as-a-web-series-lifetv-977301-2017-05-16 | access-date=19 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519164901/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/exclusive-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-cast-opens-up-about-the-new-season-makers-hint-khichdi-might-return-as-a-web-series-lifetv/1/954873.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Unnikrishnan 2016">{{cite web | last=Unnikrishnan | first=Chaya | title=Satish Shah feels Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai was the first failure of his TV career | website=dna | date=5 November 2016 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sarabhai-was-the-first-failure-of-my-tv-career-satish-shah-2270262 | access-date=19 May 2017 | archive-date=29 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529030215/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sarabhai-was-the-first-failure-of-my-tv-career-satish-shah-2270262 | url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' appreciated the series, "Besides the concept that intrigued audiences of all age groups, the childlike accent of Rosesh Sarabhai (played by Rajesh Kumar) struck the right chord and became the ultimate trendsetter. ''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai'' turned the tables and gave each and every character equal screen space and importance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 March 2017|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: How the popular TV sitcom influenced comedy shows|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-how-the-popular-tv-sitcom-influenced-comedy-shows/story-bdA9AUlVeJ9kMozefHRkWP.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105153259/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-how-the-popular-tv-sitcom-influenced-comedy-shows/story-bdA9AUlVeJ9kMozefHRkWP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sampada Sharma of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' compared the series to American sitcom ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'', writing, "We have all loved Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, and for many, it is still one of the best Indian comedy shows, but what if I told you that way before Sarabhai, there was a show in the US that had a similar premise. This isn’t to say that Sarabhai is a copy of something Western but just to acknowledge that while Sarabhai’s jokes and characters are as original as they can be, the show’s basic plotline could have been somehow inspired by [[Ray Romano]]’s ''Everybody Loves Raymond''."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=2 January 2021 |title=TV Rewind: Everybody Loves Raymond: The OG Sarabhai vs Sarabhai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-rewind-everybody-loves-raymond-the-og-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-7126181/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=20 August 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821080046/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-rewind-everybody-loves-raymond-the-og-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-7126181/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Season 2====
Season 2 was one of the most anticipated sitcom sequels in India. It opened to a rather mixed response as compared to season 1.<ref name="Otoik2017">{{cite web | title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai Take 2 first episode review: This time it is funnier and more insane | website=The Times of India | date=16 May 2017 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-first-episode-review-this-time-it-is-funnier-and-more-insane/articleshow/58699647.cms | access-date=19 May 2017 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-first-episode-review-this-time-it-is-funnier-and-more-insane/articleshow/58699647.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the show was heavily criticized for poor writing and sets, but the performances were praised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-review-clean-comedy-show-torn-between-classes-and-masses-3845667.html|title=Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai Take 2 review: Clean comedy show torn between classes and masses|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165914/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-review-clean-comedy-show-torn-between-classes-and-masses-3845667.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/839297/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-is-funny-but-its-not-as-sharp-as-the-original-cult-comedy-series|title='Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai Take 2' is funny, but it's not as sharp as the original cult comedy series|last=Chawla|first=Ankita|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161745/https://scroll.in/reel/839297/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-is-funny-but-its-not-as-sharp-as-the-original-cult-comedy-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

While Arushi Jain from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' appreciated the initial episode of the series stating, "After watching the entire episode of the ''Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai Take 2'' and the same madness that prevailed in the Sarabhai family seven years ago, we felt as if the characters have not changed a bit. Though some jokes were repeated still we are not complaining. The nostalgia of watching the funny banter between Indravadan and Rosesh, and Maya Sarabhai on an anti-Monisha mission left us rolling on the floor laughing. It seems, some things just get better with age and ''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai'' definitely belongs to that category",<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 May 2017|title=Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai Take 2 first episode review: It's confirmed, the Sarabhais got better with age|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-first-episode-review-it-is-confirmed-the-sarabhais-got-better-with-age-4657878/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215003403/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-take-2-first-episode-review-it-is-confirmed-the-sarabhais-got-better-with-age-4657878/|url-status=live}}</ref> while Sampada Sharma from the same outlet criticised the series in comparison with season 1 as, "The show was updated, the sets were glamorous, but sadly, it did not even come close to creating the charm that the original show had. While the original was known for its quick wit, sharp dialogues and sassy performances, the new one did nothing but remind us of the good old days."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 March 2018|title=After Sarabhai vs Sarabhai's disappointing revival, do we really need Khichdi's comeback?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/khichdi-returns-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-indian-tv-5110002/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214125957/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/khichdi-returns-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-indian-tv-5110002/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Impact===
The show was unofficially adapted in [[Pakistan]] as ''Chana Jor Garam'' for which in December 2020 the makers and cast of ''Sarabhai'' condemned for violating the copyrights of the series and also criticised the series for spoiling the essence of ''Sarabhai''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 December 2020|title=Rajesh Kumar irked over unofficial remake of Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai in Pakistan: It's copyright violation and a total disaster|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajesh-kumar-irked-over-unofficial-remake-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-in-pakistan-it-s-copyright-violation-and-a-total-disaster/story-QEgXQc12gTTYNESlNnj6KP.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124629/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajesh-kumar-irked-over-unofficial-remake-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-in-pakistan-it-s-copyright-violation-and-a-total-disaster/story-QEgXQc12gTTYNESlNnj6KP.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 December 2020|title=Rupali Ganguly aka Monisha slams Pakistani copy of 'Sarabhai vs Sarabhai': It's an insult|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rupali-ganguly-aka-monisha-slams-pakistani-copy-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-its-an-insult-350587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210206061728/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/rupali-ganguly-aka-monisha-slams-pakistani-copy-of-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-its-an-insult-350587|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=|website=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
;Season 1
The show won 5 [[Indian Telly Awards]] and [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in 2005.
;[[Indian Television Academy Awards]] 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051120/spectrum/main4.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822104217/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051120/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ITAcademy2005>
{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |title=The Hero Honda Indian Television Academy Awards 2005 |publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |access-date=12 Jan 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215552/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Best Serial, Comedy (Jury)
* Best Director, Comedy (Jury) – Deven Bhojani
* Best Actor, Comedy (Jury) – Satish Shah
* Best Actress, Comedy (Jury) – Ratna Pathak Shah
* Best Dialogues (Jury) – Aatish Kapadia

;[[Indian Telly Awards]] 2005<ref name=Indian_Telly_y2k5>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/07telly.htm |title=Star One sweeps Telly awards |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 Jan 2012 |date=7 Nov 2005 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203707/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/07telly.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Best Serial (Comedy)
* Best Director (Comedy) – Deven Bhojani
* Best Actor (Comedy) – Satish Shah
* Best Actress (Comedy) – Ratna Pathak Shah
* Best Art Direction (Fiction) – Omung Kumar Bhandula{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hatsoffproduction.com/svstake2.php |title=Sarabhai VS Sarabhai production website |author= |date= |website=hatsoffproduction.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705142249/http://www.hatsoffproduction.com/svstake2.php |archive-date=5 July 2017}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai/523 Sarabhai vs Sarabhai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022084016/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai/523 |date=22 October 2021 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{STAR One}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai}}
[[Category:Sarabhai vs Sarabhai| ]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

NCERT textbook controversies

2026-04-30T05:07:31Z

Jatta Goswami: Made a pg...

{{Short description|Educational controversies in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}

The '''[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]''' ('''NCERT''') is an apex resource organisation set up by the [[Government of India]] to assist and advise the [[Central Government of India|central]] and [[State governments of India|state]] governments on academic matters related to school education. The model textbooks published by the council for adoption by school systems across India have sparked controversies over the years. The organisation has been accused of reflecting the political views of the party in power in the Government of India. At present, it is under scrutiny for [[Saffronisation|saffronising]] school textbooks due to aligning their content with [[Hindutva]] views and engaging in [[Hindutva pseudohistory|historical revisionism]].

==Background==
The [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) was established in 1961 by the Government of India by combining a number of existing organisations.<ref name="leading">
[https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/leading_the_change.pdf Leading the Change: 50 years of NCERT], NCERT, 19 August 2011
</ref><ref name=facts>
{{cite book |first=M. Mohan |last=Mathews |title=India, Facts & Figures |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=9788120722859 |pages=82–83}}
</ref> It is an autonomous body in principle. However, it is government-funded and its director is appointed by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] (formerly the Ministry of Human Resource Development). In practice, the NCERT has operated as a semi-autonomous organisation promoting a "state-sponsored" educational philosophy.<ref name=Hoffman>
{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Steven A. |chapter=Historical Narrative and Nation-State in India |editor=Arvind Sharma |editor-link=Arvind Sharma |title=Hinduism and Secularism after Ayodhya |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |isbn=0-333-79406-0 |pages=95–122}}
</ref><ref name=KrishnaKumar>
{{cite journal |first=Krishna |last=Kumar |author-link=Krishna Kumar (educationist) |title=Secularism: Its politics and ideology |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=24 |number=44/45 |date=4 November 1989 |jstor=4395556 |pages=2473+2475–2476}}
</ref>

In the early 1960s, national integration and unifying the various communities of India became a major concern to the government. Education was seen as an important vehicle for the emotional integration of the nation.{{sfn|Yadav|1974|p=202}}{{sfn|Nair|2009|p=148}} The Minister of Education [[M. C. Chagla]] was concerned that the textbooks in history should not recite myths but be secular and rational explanations of the past. A committee on history education was established with the membership of [[Tara Chand (archaeologist)|Tara Chand]], [[Nilakanta Sastri]], [[Mohammad Habib]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari|Bisheshwar Prasad]], [[B. P. Saxena]] and [[P. C. Gupta]], which commissioned a number of history textbooks to be authored by a number of prominent historians. [[Romila Thapar]]'s ''Ancient India'' for Class VI was published in 1966, and ''Medieval India'' for Class VII in 1967. A number of other books, such as [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]'s ''Ancient India'', [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]]'s ''Medieval India'', [[Bipan Chandra]]'s ''Modern India,'' and [[Arjun Dev (historian)|Arjun Dev]]'s ''India and the World,'' were published in the 1970s.{{sfn|Thapar|2014}}{{sfn|Nair|2009|p=148}}<ref name=Gopal>{{cite journal |last=Gopal |first=S. |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/500/500%20s.%20gopal.htm |title=The fear of history |journal=Seminar |date=January 1978}}</ref>

The textbooks have faced political pressures since their inception. In 1969, a Parliamentary Consultative Committee wanted the textbook on ''Ancient India'' to state categorically that the "[[Aryan|Aryans]]" were indigenous to India. But the demand was rejected by the editorial board as well as [[Romila Thapar|Thapar]] (as the author). Further critical reactions came from Hindu and Sikh religious organisations that their respective religions and religious leaders were not glorified. The [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Arya Samaj]] claimed that the mention of beef-eating in ancient times went counter to the religious sentiments of the "[[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationality]]".{{sfn|Thapar|2014}}

Such controversies continue to this day. They mostly centre around the charges of an attempted "[[saffronisation|saffronised]]" rewriting of [[India]]n history — i.e., making lessons consonant with [[Hindutva]].<ref name="IRFR2005"/> Allegations of [[historical revisionism]] with a [[Hindu nationalist]] agenda arose several times: under the [[Janata Party]] government from 1977 to 1980 and again under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] government from 1998 to 2004 and from 2014 to the present.

== During the Janata Party government (1977–1979) ==
=== Memorandum 1977 ===
Three months into the [[Janata Party]] government headed by [[Morarji Desai]], the Prime Minister was handed an anonymous memorandum by [[Nanaji Deshmukh]], former [[Jana Sangh]] leader and general secretary of the [[Janata Party]], which targeted the NCERT textbooks. The books criticised were [[Romila Thapar|Thapar]]'s ''Medieval India'' and [[Bipan Chandra]]'s ''Modern India'', along with two other books, ''Freedom Struggle'' by [[Amales Tripathi|Tripathi]], [[Barun De|De]] and [[Bipan Chandra|Chandra]], and ''Communalism and the Writing of Indian History'' by [[Romila Thapar|Thapar]], [[Harbans Mukhia|Mukhia]] and [[Bipan Chandra|Chandra]]. (Only the first two were NCERT textbooks.) The Prime Minister forwarded the memorandum to the Education Minister, suggesting that the books be withdrawn from circulation. In August 1977, [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]]'s ''Ancient India'' was published, which was also targeted. The books were labelled to be "anti-Indian and anti-national" in content and "prejudicial to the study of history". The main issues seemed to be that they were not sufficiently critical of certain Muslim invaders during the medieval period and that they emphasised the role of leaders like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] and [[Aurobindo]] in the development of Hindu-Muslim antagonisms. The Hindu nationalist organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] launched a separate campaign against the books in its magazine ''[[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]]''.<ref name=Engineer>
{{cite book |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |title=Indian Muslims: A Study of the Minority Problem in India |publisher=Ajanta Publications |year=1985 |isbn=8120201396 |page=209}}
</ref>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=287-288}}{{sfn|Thapar|2014}}<ref name=Rudolph>
{{cite journal |last1=Rudolph |first1=Lloyd I. |last2=Rudolph |first2=Susanne Hoeber |title=Rethinking Secularism: Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Controversy, 1977-79 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=56 |number=1 |year=1983 |pages=15–37 |doi=10.2307/2758768 |jstor=2758768}}
</ref>

The memorandum got leaked, and a public debate ensued, which ran till 1979. The authors of the books argued for the legitimacy of independent interpretations as long as they were based on reliable evidence. The most hotly contested issue in the 1977 to 1979 controversy was the depiction of [[Mughal era|Mughal-era]] (Muslim rule) India and the role of [[Islam in India]]. In November 1977, a committee of reputable historians was asked to examine the textbooks, which supported their continuance.{{sfn|Thapar|2014}} Nonetheless, the government passed an act in July 1978, withdrawing [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]]'s ''Ancient India'' from the syllabus of the Central Board of Secondary Education.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=287-288}}

== During the NDA government (1998–2004) ==
=== Saffronisation 2002 to 2003 ===
In 2002, under the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government spearheaded by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the government made an attempt at changing the NCERT school textbooks through a new National Curriculum Framework.<ref name="delhi1">
{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee |first1=Mridula |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |editor1-last=Delhi Historians' Group|title=Communalisation of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy|date=Dec 2001|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]|url=http://www.sacw.net/India_History/DelHistorians.pdf|access-date=10 April 2015 |ref=Sec 1 |chapter=Overview}}
</ref> Liberal historians raised objections to the new curriculum, claiming "[[saffronisation]]" of education by allegedly raising the profile of [[Hindutva]] cultural norms, views and historical personalities in school textbooks.<ref name="IRFR2005">
{{cite web |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |title=India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm |access-date=10 April 2015 |publisher=US Department of State}}
</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] opined that their only goal was to overhaul the stagnant and saturated institutions like NCERT and free them from the alleged dynastic control and hegemony of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the Communists.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.saag.org/papers2/paper107.html | title = Opposition in India: In search of genuine issues
| author = R. Upadhyay | publisher = South Asia Analysis Group
| date = 26 February 2000
| access-date = 9 October 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706114801/http://www.saag.org/papers2/paper107.html  |archive-date = 6 July 2007}}
</ref> Party members also opined that their goal was not to promote [[sectarianism]], but to present a more accurate picture of [[History of India|Indian history]] and [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] (such as [[Vedic science]]), which they said was being downplayed by the left-wing ideologues.<ref>
[http://hindustan.org/forum/archive/index.php/t-2642.html Know your value about NCERT controversy] by [[K. R. Malkani]], Hindustan Times, 29 November 2001, archived at hindustan.org.
</ref>

The NCERT removed many parts of the old History textbooks without asking the authors. In [[History of India|Ancient Indian History]], the NCERT deleted (i) references to beef-eating and cattle sacrifice; (ii) a critical evaluation of the [[Puranas|Puranic]] and the epic traditions in the light of archaeological and epigraphic testimony, with reference to the [[Ayodhya dispute|antiquity of Ayodhya]] and the origin of [[Krishna]] worship in [[Mathura]]; (iii) the explanation of [[Brahmin|Brahminical]] hostility towards [[Ashoka]] despite his policy of religious tolerance; (iv) the exploitative and ideological aspects of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]; and (v) the entire early life of [[Mahavira|Vardhamana Mahavira]]. In [[Medieval India|Medieval Indian History]], they removed the allegedly dishonourable discussion on the execution of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]. In [[History of India (1947–present)|Modern Indian History]], they deleted a one-line reference to the plundering activities of the [[Jats|Jat rulers]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] because it was thought noxious. The government claimed that these deletions were to respect the sentiments of [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Dalit|Dalits]], and [[Muslims]]. However, there were no official explanations given, and many people believed it was a political decision to avoid mentioning uncomfortable facts about India's past.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Vishwa Mohan |date=27 February 2003 |title=A new brand of history |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/education/article30215755.ece |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In 2003, the NCERT launched new history textbooks for Classes VI, IX, and XI. They were authored by Professor Makkhan Lal for Class VI (unit II of ''India and the World: Social Sciences Book for Class VI'') and for Class XI (''Ancient India''), and by Professor Hari Om for Class IX (''Contemporary India''). The syllabus was changed, and new chapters were added, like the "Evolution of [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] Philosophy". The chapter on "[[Indian philosophy|Six Schools of Philosophy]]" was made a topic under the chapter "Jainism and Buddhism". The books gave more importance to Hindu culture and beliefs while giving very little space to Buddhism, Jainism, and actions of Muslim rulers. The new textbooks claimed to promote scientific temper, critical thinking, and authentic knowledge, but were criticised for reflecting a political and ideological agenda by carefully selecting what to include and what to remove.<ref name=":16" />

=== Plagiarism 2003 ===
NCERT also attracted plagiarism accusations in 2003, mainly from the [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline Magazine]] published by [[The Hindu]]. ''Contemporary World History'', a textbook for Class 12, was found to contain several sections lifted from ''World Civilizations – Their History and Their Culture,'' authored by Edward MacNall Burns, Philip Lee Ralph, Robert E. Lerner and Standish Meacham. The latter book, published by American publishers W.W. Norton & Company Inc., has a special Indian edition, which is the only authorised, complete and unabridged reprint of the latest American edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajalakshmi |first=T.K. |date=6 November 2003 |title=A saga of plagiarism |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/education/article30219658.ece |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== During the UPA government (2004–2014) ==
=== De-saffronisation 2004 ===
The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] was defeated in the [[2004 Indian general election|elections of 2004]], and the new [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government pledged to "de-saffronise" textbooks and curricula nationwide, and to restore the secular character of education.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> In March, the new NCERT textbooks were released, based on the texts used before the controversial 2002 updates.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> The Ministry of Human Resource Development, which oversaw this project, stated that it made only minor modifications to the books that predated the "saffronised" era.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> In Delhi, the Directorate of Education, in collaboration with the State Council of Educational Research and Training, prepared 47 new textbooks, and other state governments were expected to do likewise.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> In June 2004, a panel, composed of [[J. S. Grewal]], [[Barun De]] and [[Shadakshari Settar|S. Settar]], was constituted by the NCERT to review the new textbooks. This panel suggested that the textbooks that were being used in school syllabuses had poor content, were presented shoddily, and contained significant amounts of irrelevant information.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> The panel recommended to the Human Resource Development (HRD) Minister that the new books not be used until the defects could be resolved. This led the Delhi students to use textbooks that were used in school syllabuses from the pre-"saffronised" period.<ref name="IRFR2005" />

Press reports indicated that the rush to "de-saffronise" school texts resulted in Urdu versions not being ready for the academic year, which began in April.<ref name="IRFR2005" /> The reports asserted that this failure hurt Urdu-speaking students by depriving them of needed textbooks. NCERT, however, denied these claims.<ref name="IRFR2005" />

=== Sikhism 2006 ===
In 2006, the NCERT decided to amend a paragraph in its Class 12 History textbook, ''Modern India'', after [[Sikhs|Sikh]] organisations protested "objectionable" references to [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The original paragraph stated that Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] tried to "conciliate the rebellious [[Sikhs]]" by making peace with [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and offering him a high mansab. The revised version changed this to state that [[Sikhs]] raised a revolt under [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in the early 18th century and, after his death, under [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Bahadur]]. The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] subsequently instructed schools to use the new paragraph and not to teach the original.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2006 |title=NCERT amends lessons on Sikhism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCERT-amends-lessons-on-Sikhism/articleshow/398976.cms |access-date=1 December 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Cartoons 2012 ===
In April 2012, the [[Republican Party of India]] (Athavale group) demanded a ban on a Grade 11 textbook by the NCERT, saying a drawn cartoon in the book insulted [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. The book was originally published in 2006 but wasn't recognised as part of the syllabus until 2012. On 2 April, [[Ramdas Athawale|Ramdas Athavale]] held a press conference and burnt copies of the page from the textbook prescribed in the Political Science syllabus. He demanded the resignation of [[Union Minister]] for Human Resource Development, [[Kapil Sibal]], who was also the president of the NCERT board. [[Republican Party of India|RPI]] workers burnt his effigy. The cartoon was part of the chapter titled "Constitution, why and how", in the book called ''[[Indian Constitution]] at Work''. It showed Ambedkar sitting on a snail which was labelled 'Constitution' cracking a whip. Behind him was [[Pandit Nehru]], also shown with a whip. The caption said: "Cartoonist's impression of the 'snail's pace' with which the Constitution was made". Athavale said the cartoon insulted the architect of India's Constitution, and the people responsible must be dealt with. The NCERT too had insulted him, he pointed out. The issue created uproar in both Houses of Parliament. NCERT chief advisors [[Yogendra Yadav]] and [[Suhas Palshikar (academic)|Suhas Palshikar]] resigned on Friday after the government issued an apology and promised to remove the cartoon. Speaking to reporters, Palshikar said it seemed like the government didn't have an option and therefore decided to agree with the protesting [[Member of parliament|MPs]]. "The caricature was a symbol of the progressive outlook in education. This has now been undone. We are of the opinion that as advisors we can have a different opinion. Hence, we don't think it's appropriate for us to be in this position anymore."<ref>
{{cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Cartoon issue was first raised by RPI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cartoon-issue-was-first-raised-by-rpi/article3273838.ece |access-date=23 September 2012 |work=The Hindu}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2012 |title=NCERT asked to remove Ambedkar cartoon from textbooks: Sibal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncert-asked-to-remove-ambedkar-cartoon-from-textbooks-sibal/article3408163.ece |access-date=1 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref>

In June 2012, a cartoon by [[R. K. Laxman|R.K. Laxman]] on the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti‑Hindi agitation]] of 1965 drew strong criticism in Tamil Nadu. The Chief Minister, [[J. Jayalalithaa]], demanded that NCERT remove the cartoon from the Class 12 Political Science textbook, saying it defamed [[Dravidian movement]] leaders like [[Periyar]], [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]] and others. She argued that photographs would teach students about the agitation more truthfully. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] also urged the central government to drop the cartoon. DMK spokesperson [[T. K. S. Elangovan|T.K.S. Elangovan]] claimed that cartoons should not be a part of textbooks because they could distort history and confuse students. The [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] general secretary [[Vaiko]], made the same demand; he said that though leaders like [[C. Rajagopalachari]] once supported Hindi, later they opposed its imposition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=Fight for pride |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Causes/1179/fight-for-pride.html |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=en}}</ref>

A few months later, the NCERT dropped 6 cartoons from four Political Science textbooks. The contentious [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr B. R. Ambedkar]] cartoon in the Class XI book was replaced with a photograph of [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr Rajendra Prasad]] greeting Ambedkar. A cartoon on booth capturing and another, showing defection by politicians, were dropped. [[R. K. Laxman]]'s anti-Hindi agitation cartoon was removed. Also, two cartoons on [[Indira Gandhi]] were dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=2012-09-11 |title=Cartoon row: NCERT plays safe, drops six 'offensive' cartoons from textbooks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cartoon-row-ncert-books-drops-ambedkar-offensive-cartoons-115704-2012-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Soon after those controversies were solved, the [[Shahi Imam]] of [[Fatehpuri Mosque]], [[Mukarram Ahmad|Mohd. Mukarram Ahmed]], wrote to [[Kapil Sibal]] asking to remove a medieval painting of [[Archangel Gabriel|Gabriel the Archangel]] and another of pilgrims at the [[Kaaba]] from the chapter 'The Central Islamic Lands' on the ground that they were against [[Sharia]]. The letter, dated 10 September 2012, was also sent to [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Delhi Chief Minister]] [[Sheila Dikshit]], Education Minister [[Kiran Walia]] and NCERT Chief [[Parvin Sinclair]]. "Jibreell (Gabriel) is the chief angel who brought messages to the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]]. The painting in the book is comical in its presentation of the Archangel. Secondly, the caption for the illustration of pilgrims at the Kaba states that they are 'touching' the stone even though it's customary to kiss it. But the Jibril painting is the most objectionable and will not be tolerated," said Ahmed in his letter. However, rejecting this, [[Najaf Haider]], an associate professor at the Centre for Historical Studies at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], said, "The Gabriel painting was sourced from a 13th-century text called ''[[Aja'ib al-Makhluqat]]'', written by a renowned scholar, [[Zakariya al-Qazwini|Qazwini]]. The second illustration was taken from a 15th-century collection of fragmented pieces. The letter only states the paintings are against Sharia and doesn't exactly point out what's objectionable about them. Moreover, these texts (from where the paintings are sourced) were written in Muslim courts by people who were far more scholarly and pious than anyone can claim to be today."<ref name=":5">
{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=19 September 2012 |title=NCERT in trouble over painting of Jibril, Muslim pilgrims in history textbook |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ncert-jibril-muslim-pilgrims-history-textbook-kapil-sibal-116400-2012-09-18 |access-date=23 September 2012 |publisher=India Today}}
</ref>

==During the BJP/NDA government (2014–present)==
=== Between 2017 and 2021 ===
In 2017, a study conducted by a 21-year-old French Political Science student, Anais Leclere, for the NGO [[ActionAid|Action Aid]], found that NCERT textbooks for Classes 2 to 5 reinforced [[gender stereotypes]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Maya |date=30 June 2017 |title=NCERT Textbooks For Classes 2 To 5 Reinforce Gender Stereotypes: Study |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncert-textbooks-for-classes-2-to-5-reinforce-gender-stereotypes-study-1718691 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=27 June 2017 |title=NCERT textbooks riddled with gender stereotypes: Study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ncert-textbooks-riddled-with-gender-stereotypes-study/article19157408.ece |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The study analysed ten textbooks across subjects like Hindi, Mathematics, English, and Environmental Studies.<ref name=":18" /> The findings revealed a clear gender division, with men often shown in outdoor activities and as the head of the family, while women were confined to domestic roles, performing household chores and childcare.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /> A Class 5 English textbook showed a significant gender imbalance, with 56% men and only 20.6% women in its illustrations.<ref name=":17" /> The study also noted the "masculinisation of jobs" with terms like "milkman" and "policeman" being used.<ref name=":18" /> Phrases like "father's hard-earned money" reinforced the [[stereotype]] of men as the sole breadwinners,<ref name=":18" /> while a Class 2 textbook contained the sentence, "I wonder if my teacher will look like my mother or grandmother", which also contributed to these stereotypes.<ref name=":17" /> Action Aid planned to submit its findings to NCERT, recommending that [[gender equality]] be prioritised, that [[gender studies]] be implemented from Class 1, and that teacher training on the subject be provided.<ref name=":18" /> The NGO also demanded that NCERT replace the current textbooks and adopt [[gender-neutral language]].<ref name=":17" />

In a Class 12 textbook titled ''Contemporary World Politics'', the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region was found to be coloured in the same colour as China. According to the NCERT, the controversial map was not a map of India but a map of East and South East Asia published by [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-23 |title=NCERT clarifies over 'Aksai Chin-China' row |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/ncert-clarifies-over-039aksai-chin-china039-row/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419121458/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/ncert-clarifies-over-039aksai-chin-china039-row/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The map was replaced after a few months following media scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=13 May 2017 |title=NCERT to replace map showing Aksai Chin as disputed area in Class 12 textbook |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ncert-to-replace-map-showing-aksai-chin-as-disputed-area-in-class-12-textbook/story-zPxF1zqpQPSW12yc4OG5BJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920195416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ncert-to-replace-map-showing-aksai-chin-as-disputed-area-in-class-12-textbook/story-zPxF1zqpQPSW12yc4OG5BJ.html |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

The poem ''Sabse Khatarnak'' by the Hindi poet [[Pash]] was included in the NCERT textbook for Grade 11 Hindi students in 2006. In 2017, the [[BJP]]-affiliated [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] tried to remove it but failed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Punjabi poet Avtar Singh Pash's fans hail NCERT boss's promise of not removing his poem from textbooks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjabi-poet-avtar-singh-pashs-fans-hail-ncert-bosss-promise-of-not-removing-his-poem-from-textbooks-4842512/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Us Salam |first=Ziya |date=11 October 2017 |title=Fear of ideas |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/fear-of-ideas/article9897233.ece |access-date= |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2017, the NCERT announced that it would review its textbooks for the first time since 2007. According to director Hrushikesh Senapaty, the goal of this process was to "plug the gaps" and update outdated information from the past decade, rather than a full revision of the books.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pratim Gohain |first=Manash |date=15 May 2017 |title=NCERT to review books for 1st time since 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncert-to-review-books-for-1st-time-since-2007/articleshow/58675336.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2018, the NCERT performed the "review" exercise where it made 1,334 changes, which include additions, corrections and data updates, in 182 textbooks. The Class 12 Political Science textbook ''Politics in India Since Independence'' underwent controversial changes''.'' The heading of a passage describing the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] was changed from 'Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat' to 'Gujarat riots'. However, in the same paragraph, the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 riots]], which was described as anti-Sikh, was not renamed. The word "against Muslims" was deleted from one of the lines of the same passage, which read, "In February-March 2002, large-scale violence against Muslims took place in Gujarat". The revised version added the [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]], [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]] and [[Digital India]] campaigns as well as [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]]. [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) was introduced in Chapter 3 of the Class 11 Economics textbook.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=24 March 2018 |title=In new NCERT book, Gujarat anti-Muslim riots now called Gujarat riots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/gujarat-anti-muslim-riots-now-gujarat-riots-in-new-ncert-book-5109321/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204031547/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/gujarat-anti-muslim-riots-now-gujarat-riots-in-new-ncert-book-5109321/ |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-24|title=Why deleting 'anti-Muslims' from Class 12 book reference to 2002 Gujarat riots is unjust|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/ncert-2002-gujarat-riots-godhra-pogrom-anti-muslim-narendra-modi/story/1/23069.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419115343/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/ncert-2002-gujarat-riots-godhra-pogrom-anti-muslim-narendra-modi/story/1/23069.html|archive-date=2021-04-19|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref>

In 2019, the NCERT performed the "rationalisation" exercise, where they cut significant chapters from their Class 9 and 10 History textbooks. From the Class 9 History textbook, chapters including 'Clothing: A Social History', 'History and Sport: The Story of Cricket', and 'Peasants and Farmers' were cut. Similarly, from the Class 10 History textbook, chapters on 'The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China', 'Work, Life and Leisure – Cities in the Contemporary World', and 'Novels, Society and History' were deleted. NCERT's director, Hrushikesh Senapaty, highlighted that students must have time to engage outdoors. The syllabus of Social Sciences, which covers History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics, had 24 chapters in Class 9 as compared to 15 each in Science and Mathematics. Similarly, Class 10 Social Sciences had 28 chapters as compared to 16 each in Science and Mathematics. This exercise brought down the total number of chapters in Social Sciences in Classes 9 and 10 to 20 and 25, respectively.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/history-chapters-removed-from-school-books-to-reduce-pressure/articleshow/68776290.cms |title=History chapters removed from school books to reduce pressure |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

In May 2021, a controversy arose on social media over a poem in a Class 1 NCERT Hindi textbook. The poem, titled "Aam ki tokri" (Basket of Mangoes), was criticised for its use of the slang term "chhokri" for a girl and for allegedly promoting [[child labour]]. An IAS officer, Awanish Sharan, started the ruckus by calling for the poem's removal. However, NCERT defended the poem, stating it was meant to expose children to local languages. Experts were divided on the issue; some believed the term "chhokri" was not derogatory, while others felt the depiction of a child selling goods was insensitive in today's context.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2021-05-20 |title=A 'chhokri selling mangoes' in Class 1 NCERT Hindi textbook causes social media ruckus |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/a-chhokri-selling-mangoes-in-class-1-ncert-hindi-textbook-causes-social-media-ruckus/662112/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Rationalisation 2022 ===
After the COVID-19 pandemic, the NCERT carried out the rationalisation exercise for the second time, saying that it would reduce the curriculum load on students. The council stated that a key objective was to facilitate a speedy recovery from learning losses and compensate for lost time during the pandemic. In addition to this, the [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy (NEP) 2020]] emphasised reducing content load to encourage a more holistic and creative learning approach over rote memorisation. NCERT also stated that the changes addressed overlapping content, material with a high difficulty level, and topics that were irrelevant or easily accessible to students through self-learning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rationalisation of NCERT Textbooks During the Pandemic |url=https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/Rationalisation-of-textbook/Rationalisation_of_Textbooks-Brief_for_Press_Release-3.pdf}}</ref>

In 2022 the rationalised textbooks were released. It removed many topics related to Islamic history in India, which was controversial. The BJP, and many of its politicians, like [[Kapil Mishra]], welcomed the move to eliminate part of the Mughal history from course books. This action attracted severe criticism from various factions of the Indian political arena. The removed chapter was related to 'Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts (c. 16th and 17th centuries)' from the book 'Themes of Indian History – Part II' of Class 12.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chhikara |first=Mudit |date=4 April 2023 |title=Why Has NCERT Removed Chapters On The Mughals From Its Class 12 History Syllabus? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/why-ncert-removed-chapters-on-mughals-from-history-syllabus-1680606951-1 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

From the Class 11 History syllabus, the chapters "Central Islamic Lands", "Confrontation of Cultures", and "The Industrial Revolution" were removed. Additionally, in Class 10 Political Science, chapters on "Democracy and Diversity", "Popular Struggles and Movements", and "Challenges to Democracy" were dropped.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 April 2023 |title=History deletions: Here's what students would never learn about history from textbooks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/history-deletions-heres-what-students-would-never-learn-about-history-from-textbooks/articleshow/99375775.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2023 }}</ref> Apart from this, from the Class 12 Political Science textbook, ''Politics in India since Independence'', the chapter "The Rise of Popular Movements" was removed, and so were references to controversies regarding the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]]. Furthermore, the NCERT dropped content related to the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] following objections from the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC). The line "[[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] could also be interpreted as a plea for a separate Sikh nation" was removed, as was the reference to "extreme elements" advocating for a separate [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]]'''.'''<ref>{{cite web |title='Controversial' content on Anandpur Sahib Resolution dropped by NCERT |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/controversial-content-on-anandpur-sahib-resolution-dropped-by-ncert-512771/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Also, the chapters "The Cold War Era" and "US Hegemony in World Politics" were removed from another Class 12 Political Science book, ''Contemporary World Politics''. From the Class 10 ''Democratic Politics-II'' textbook, the chapters 'Democracy and diversity', 'Popular struggles and movement' and 'Challenges to democracy' were removed.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 April 2022 |title=CBSE drops chapters on Islamic empires, Cold War from syllabus; verses of Faiz also excluded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbse-drops-chapters-on-islamic-empires-cold-war-from-syllabus-verses-of-faiz-also-excluded/article65347859.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 April 2022 }}</ref>

From the Class 12 Political Science textbook titled ''Politics in India since Independence'', references about how [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s "steadfast pursuit of Hindu-Muslim unity provoked [[Hindu terrorism|Hindu extremists]] so much that they made several attempts to assassinate him" and how "he was particularly disliked by those who wanted Hindus to take revenge or who wanted India to become a country for the Hindus, just as Pakistan was for Muslims" were deleted from the sub-topic titled "[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s sacrifice" in the first chapter.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=5 April 2023 |title=Purged from NCERT Textbooks: Hindu extremists' dislike for Mahatama Gandhi, RSS ban after assassination |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/references-to-gujarat-riots-purged-from-social-science-books-for-ncert-classes-6-12-8538768/ |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The references to the crackdown on organisations spreading communal hatred, the ban on [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) for some time, and the loss to appeal of communal politics, too, were removed.<ref name=":7" /> Also removed was the reference in the Class 12 History textbook to Gandhi's assassin [[Nathuram Godse]] as "a [[Brahmin]] from [[Pune]]" and "the editor of an extremist Hindu newspaper who had denounced Gandhiji as an appeaser of Muslims".<ref name=":7" />

References to Dalit writer [[Om Prakash Valmiki|Omprakash Valmiki]] were removed from the social science textbooks of Classes 7 and 8 as part of the rationalisation.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last= |date=17 June 2022 |title=Citing overlap, NCERT removes portions on 2002 Gujarat riots, Emergency, Mughal courts from class 12 books |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/overlapping-ncert-portions-2002-gujarat-riots-emergency-mughal-courts-class-12-books/article65537166.ece |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

More details about the controversial rationalised content were revealed in an investigation by [[The Indian Express]], which scrutinised 21 rationalised history, political science and sociology textbooks for Classes 6 to 12 and matched their content with tables circulated within the NCERT on the proposed changes. These include:<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=18 June 2022 |title=Express Investigation — Part 1: From Emergency to Gujarat riots, lessons of past deleted from textbooks of future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/express-investigation-part-1-from-emergency-to-gujarat-riots-lessons-of-past-deleted-from-textbooks-of-future-7976207/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=19 June 2022 |title=Express Investigation — Part 2: Key deletions on caste, minorities in revised school textbooks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/express-investigation-part-2-key-deletions-on-caste-minorities-in-revised-school-textbooks-7977839/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=20 June 2022 |title=Express Investigation — Part 3: Textbook revision slashes portion in history on Islamic rulers of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/express-investigation-part-3-textbook-revision-slashes-portion-in-history-on-islamic-rulers-of-india-7979095/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* References to the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]] were removed from two textbooks. From the Class 12 Political Science textbook, ''Politics in India Since Independence, a'' section that included the chronology of events, criticism from the [[Human rights commission|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) of the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]], and a passage on the dangers of using religious sentiments for political purposes were removed. Also removed was former Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s "raj dharma" remark to then-Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":11" /> From the Class 12 Sociology textbook, ''Indian Society, a'' paragraph on communal violence was deleted. This passage mentioned that both major political parties, the Congress and the BJP, were in power during two of the most traumatic instances of communal violence: the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] and the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 anti-Muslim violence]] in Gujarat.<ref name=":12" />
* Five pages were removed from the chapter on the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] in the Class 12 Political Science textbook. The deleted content detailed controversies, abuse of power, and malpractices by the [[Indira Gandhi]] government during the period. It specifically mentioned the arrests of political workers, media restrictions, torture, forced sterilisations, and the large-scale displacement of the poor. The section also referenced the [[Shah Commission|Shah Commission of Inquiry]], which was set up to investigate these excesses. Additionally, a paragraph describing the "draconian impact" of the Emergency, including the suspension of Parliament and civil liberties, was deleted from the Class 12 Sociology textbook, ''Indian Society''. Another reference to the curbs on trade union activities during the Emergency was removed from the Class 12 Sociology textbook, ''Social Change and Developing in India''.<ref name=":12" />
* Three chapters on protests that developed into social movements were removed from Political Science textbooks across Classes 6 to 12. The Class 12 Political Science textbook, ''Politics in India Since Independence'', had a chapter on "popular movements" removed, which covered the [[Chipko movement]], the [[Dalit Panthers]], and the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]], among others. The chapter "Struggles for Equality" which described the Tawa Matsya Sangh's fight for the rights of displaced forest dwellers, was dropped from the Class 7 Political Science textbook. The Class 10 Political Science textbook lost a chapter on popular struggles that discussed pressure groups and movements, including the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] and the protest against [[water privatization in Bolivia|water privatisation in Bolivia]]. The only chapter on social movements in the Class 11 and 12 Sociology curriculum was also significantly reduced, with a specific exercise box asking students to discuss the recent [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protests]] against the three farm laws.<ref name=":12" />
* Two quotes by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]] and on the [[Bhakra Dam|Bhakra Nangal Dam]] were removed from a Class 6 History and Class 12 Sociology textbooks respectively. A section on the arbitrariness of the colonial-era [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|Sedition Act of 1870]] and its contradiction of the rule of law was removed from the Class 8 Political Science textbook. Almost all references to [[Naxalism]] and the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite movement]] were deleted from Social Science textbooks. This included a page on the peasant uprising of 1967 and a box on the Naxalite ideologue [[Charu Majumdar]] from the Class 12 Political Science textbook.<ref name=":12" />
* The Class 6 History textbook, ''Our Pasts – I'', saw a significant reduction in the section on [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]], with sentences on the hereditary nature of the system and the Classification of people as [[Untouchability|untouchables]] being removed. A passage explaining that contact with certain groups was considered "polluting" and that many people rejected the varna system was also deleted. Furthermore, a section on "ashramas" was edited to remove the statement that women were generally not allowed to study the [[Vedas]] and had to follow the ashramas chosen by their husbands. A separate mention that women and shudras were not permitted to study the Vedas in ancient India was also dropped from the same textbook.<ref name=":13" />
* In the Class 6 Political Science textbook, ''Social and Political Life – Part I'', a large part of the chapter "Diversity and Discrimination" was removed. The deleted portion described how so-called "[[Untouchability|untouchables]]" were not allowed to take on certain jobs, enter upper-caste homes, draw water from the village well, or sit with other children in school. Another removed paragraph stated that caste-based discrimination not only limited economic activities but also denied [[Dalit|Dalits]] respect and dignity.<ref name=":13" />
* From the Class 12 Sociology textbook, ''Indian Society'', four examples of how "untouchability" operates were dropped. These included examples of Dalits being confined to traditional occupations and being subjected to public humiliation and subordination. A passage from activist [[Harsh Mander]]'s book, "Unheard Voices: Stories of Forgotten Lives", which described the difficult work of a Dalit [[Manual scavenging|manual scavenger]], was also removed. The textbook also had a section on the upper caste's response to the increased visibility of Dalits through social movements removed. An excerpt from a paper on how Dalit women face greater threats than their upper-caste counterparts was also deleted from the final chapter on "social movements".<ref name=":13" />
* Several sections related to minorities were also deleted from the textbooks. In the Class 6 Political Science textbook, a box that debunked the stereotype that Muslims are not interested in educating girls was removed, along with a photograph of three girls studying together.<ref name=":13" />
* In the Class 12 Sociology textbook, ''Indian Society'', a reference to the "newly acquired political power of the Hindu communalists" and how it makes it more difficult to settle disagreements over government protection for minorities was removed. Also, a passage on the political vulnerability of religious and cultural minorities was dropped. This passage explained that a numerical majority could use political power to suppress the institutions and identities of a minority community.<ref name=":13" />
* A first-person account of a Muslim woman being asked to change her traditional attire following communal disturbances was deleted from a chapter on marginalisation in the Class 8 Political Science textbook.<ref name=":13" />
* In the Class 7 History textbook, ''Our Pasts – II'', several pages on the [[Delhi Sultanate]] were deleted. The removed content included a three-page section on the expansion of the Sultanate into southern India. A detailed chart comparing how [[Alauddin Khalji]] and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]] responded to [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] attacks was also left out. A definition of a [[Mosque|masjid (mosque)]] and an explanation of congregational prayers were also removed.<ref name=":14" />
* The chapter 'The Mughal Empire' was renamed to 'The Mughals (16th to 17th Century)'. The title of the chapter 'The Delhi Sultans' was changed to 'Delhi: 12th to 15 Century'.<ref name=":14" />
* The chapter on the [[Mughal Empire]] in the same textbook also experienced cuts, including a two-page table that detailed the achievements of emperors such as [[Humayun]], [[Shah Jahan]], [[Babur]], [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], and [[Aurangzeb]]. In the Class 12 History textbook, the entire chapter "Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts" was deleted. This chapter focused on Mughal-era manuscripts like the [[Akbarnama|Akbar Nama]] and [[Padshahnama|Badshah Nama]], which chronicled the History of the Mughals through their battles, hunting expeditions, and court scenes.<ref name=":14" />

An earlier NCERT table, which was later replaced, indicated further revisions that were not reflected in the final version. These included:<ref name=":14" />

* The title "Sultan" was removed from the name of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. The sentence stating he "raided the subcontinent almost every year" was changed to "he raided the subcontinent 17 times (1000-1025 CE) with a religious motive". A paragraph about his interest in learning about the people he conquered, including the scholar [[Al-Biruni]]'s work "[[India (Al-Biruni)|Kitab ul-Hind]]," was also cut.<ref name=":14" />
* A section on [[Akbar]]'s administration, his interest in different religions, and his commissioning of Sanskrit works to be translated into Persian was removed.<ref name=":14" />
* The entire five-page content on independent political states like [[Oudh State|Awadh]], [[Bengal]], and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] that were formed from old Mughal provinces was erased. However, content on states controlled by the [[Rajput|Rajputs]], [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sikhs]], and [[Jats]] was retained.<ref name=":14" />

The chapter "Rulers and Buildings", which covered the architectural styles of temples built by Hindu kings and mosques, tombs, and forts constructed by Muslim rulers, was also removed from the Class 7 History textbook.<ref name=":14" />

The deletions also affected Biology and Chemistry, as the [[Evolution|Theory of Evolution]] and the [[periodic table|Periodic Table]] were removed from the Class 10 Science textbook.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Dinesh C. |title=Biology Without Darwin. Next, Physics Without Newton and Einstein? |url=https://thewire.in/education/biology-without-darwin-next-physics-without-newton-and-einstein |access-date=2023-04-23 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2023-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Rohit |title=H for Hindu Rashtra: Is a 'Rationalised' Periodic Table of Elements in the Making? |url=https://thewire.in/education/h-for-hindu-rashtra-is-a-rationalised-periodic-table-of-elements-in-the-making |access-date=2023-04-23 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2023-04-23}}</ref> Over 1,800 scientists, educators, and science communicators across India signed an open letter condemning NCERT's decision to remove Charles Darwin's [[Evolution|Theory of Evolution]] from Class 10. The letter, issued by the Breakthrough Science Society, argued that excluding this foundational scientific concept would severely hinder students' critical thinking and understanding of the natural world. It emphasised that Darwin's theory highlighting the law-governed process of evolution without divine intervention has been central to rational thought since its inception.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=2023-04-22 |title=Science community slams NCERT’s move to delete Darwin's theory of evolution from books: 'Travesty of education' |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/science-community-slams-ncerts-move-to-delete-darwins-theory-of-evolution-from-books-travesty-of-education/1533309/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Rajesh Kumar |date=2023-04-22 |title=Scientists slam removal of Darwin's theory from class X syllabus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/apr/22/scientists-slam-removal-of-darwins-theory-from-class-xsyllabus-2568252.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

NCERT also deleted several chapters on environment‑related issues from its school syllabus. Teachers, grouped under "Teachers Against the Climate Crisis" (TACC), expressed dismay at this decision. They said that a chapter on the greenhouse effect was removed from the Class 11 Geography syllabus, a chapter on weather, climate, and water was deleted from Class 7, and content about the monsoon was taken out of Class 9. The teachers argued that those topics were fundamental and should not have been removed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=NCERT deletes chapters on environment issues, teachers express dismay |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-ncert-deletes-chapters-on-environment-issues-teachers-express-dismay-2587002/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 June 2023, [[Suhas Palshikar (academic)|Suhas Palshikar]] and [[Yogendra Yadav]], who were chief advisors for the Political Science books, said they were "embarrassed to be associated with these textbooks" after rationalisation of NCERT books and wrote a letter to the NCERT seeking removal of their names from Political Science books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Ritika |date=2023-06-09 |title='Embarrassed to be associated with these textbooks': Advisors ask NCERT to drop their names from political science books |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/embarrassed-associated-with-textbooks-advisors-ask-ncert-drop-names-from-political-science-books-8654206/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609101217/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/embarrassed-associated-with-textbooks-advisors-ask-ncert-drop-names-from-political-science-books-8654206/ |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-06-09 |work=[[Indian Express|The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mateen |first=Zoya |date=19 June 2023 |title=NCERT textbooks: Why some Indian scholars are disowning books they wrote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65947356 |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Days later, 33 more academics from prominent Indian colleges also made a request to have their names removed.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 May 2023 |title=NCERT Textbook Row {{!}} 33 academicians ask to remove their names from textbooks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/collective-effort-in-jeopardy-drop-our-names-from-textbooks-academicians-to-ncert/article66972246.ece |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A secretary in the Department of School Education and Literacy, Sanjay Kumar, dismissed the controversy over the rationalisation of NCERT textbooks as "much ado about nothing".<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 June 2023 |title=Controversy over NCERT textbooks is much ado about nothing: Education Ministry official |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jun/27/controversy-over-ncert-textbooks-is-much-ado-about-nothing-education-ministry-official-2588903.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In a June 2023 interview, he explained that the changes were made to reduce the curriculum burden on students during the COVID-19 pandemic and that due process was followed by expert committees.<ref name=":19" /> He also stated that textbooks must evolve with time and knowledge.<ref name=":19" /> He added that new textbooks based on the National Education Policy 2020 would be rolled out for the next academic session.<ref name=":19" />

=== Post rationalisation ===
In April 2024, the NCERT revised its Political Science curriculum for Grades 11 and 12. Significant changes were introduced in the Class 12 History and Sociology textbooks, particularly concerning the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan civilisation]] and the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Aryan migration theory]]. The NCERT justified these changes as "recent evidence from archaeological sites".<ref name=":21" /> Critics, however, argued that the revisions were politically motivated and aimed at downplaying the role of these events in shaping modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCERT Class 12 Textbooks Now Question Aryan Immigration Theory |url=https://thewire.in/education/ncert-history-class-12-sociology-aryan-harappan |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> The updated History textbook cast doubt on the Aryan migration theory. The revised chapter titled "Bricks, Beads and Bones" stated that the Harappans were an indigenous people whose DNA had an "unbroken continuity for 5,000 years" with a majority of the present-day [[South Asia|South Asian]] population.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 April 2023 |title=NCERT revises Class 12 history textbook to cast doubts about Aryan migration theory |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1066223/ncert-revises-class-12-history-textbook-to-cast-doubts-about-aryan-migration-theory |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> A sentence suggesting a break between the Early Harappan and later Harappan civilisations was removed. A new paragraph was added stating that [[Harappa|Harappan]] genetic roots go back to 10,000 BCE. In the Sociology textbook, a section on Adivasi struggles was altered to remove the claim that [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs and STs]] are marked by poverty, powerlessness, and social stigma. An image of communal riots was removed from a book. The phrase "caste backgrounds" was changed to "social backgrounds".<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=5 April 2024 |title=NCERT tweaks Class 12th History book: Harappans indigenous, doubts over Aryan migration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/class-12-history-book-tweaked-harappans-indigenous-no-aryan-clarity-9250070/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Revisions to the Class 11 Political Theory textbook included a change in the description of the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]], shifting from a focus on the killing of "mostly Muslims" to a more general statement that "more than 1,000 persons were killed". A statement about [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]'s criticism of the majority community's communalism was edited to remove "majority community" from the sentence.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Saurav |date=5 April 2024 |title=9 'interesting' changes NCERT is making in CBSE Class XI, XII Political Science textbooks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/9-interesting-changes-ncert-is-bringing-in-cbse-class-xi-xii-political-science-textbooks/articleshow/109059026.cms |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Class 12 textbook ''Politics in India Since Independence'' underwent more extensive changes. The name "[[Babri Masjid]]" was removed and replaced with "a three-domed structure". The revised text now refers to the structure as being built at "the site of [[Rama|Shri Ram]]'s birthplace". The section on Ayodhya was shortened from four pages to two, and detailed descriptions of events like the [[Ratha Yatra|Rath Yatra]], communal tensions, and the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|1992 demolition of the mosque]] were removed or changed.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Subodh |date=2024-06-18 |title=Babri Masjid to Chinese aggression: Comparing changes in NCERT Class 12 textbooks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/story/changes-in-ncert-class-12-textbooks-babri-masjid-chinese-aggression-ayodhya-rath-yatra-2554906-2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The new version included a subsection discussing the 2019 Supreme Court verdict that led to the construction of the [[Ram Mandir|Ram temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-16 |title=New NCERT Political Science textbooks now with an updated discourse on Ayodhya: What's changed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/new-ncert-political-science-textbooks-now-with-an-updated-discourse-on-ayodhya-whats-changed/articleshow/111033301.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The textbook also changed the reference to a "military conflict over a border dispute" with China to "Chinese aggression on the Indian border". Furthermore, the term 'Azad Pakistan' was replaced with 'Pakistan Occupied Jammu and Kashmir' (POJK), and a section on the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] was added.<ref name=":9" /> A statement about the abductions of women was revised to remove the phrase "on both sides of the border". The definition of the "Left" was updated to describe those who favour state control of the economy. The chapter on recent developments now reflects the construction of the Ram Temple at Ayodhya, and a question about the demolition was changed to focus solely on the legacy of the movement.<ref name=":8" />

The revised Class 11 Political Science textbook also associated '[[Votebank|vote-bank politics]]' with '[[Minoritarianism|minority appeasement]]'. The updated textbook claimed that while there was nothing wrong with vote-bank politics in theory, in practice, it could lead to political parties ignoring the principle of equal rights for all citizens. The NCERT stated that the new version was a "relevant criticism of [[Secularism in India|Indian secularism]]" and that the older textbook only intended to justify this kind of politics. A change was also made to a Class 12 Political Science textbook, where a paragraph about "multi-cornered political competition" was removed because it was considered "not relevant in the present context".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 June 2024 |title=Vote bank politics in India associated with ‘minority appeasement’, says revised NCERT textbook |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1069385/vote-bank-politics-in-india-associated-with-minority-appeasement-says-revised-ncert-textbook |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy Barman |first=Sourav |date=16 June 2024 |title=NCERT introduces 'criticism of secularism' in textbook: Parties disregard equality, prioritise minority |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/ncert-introduces-criticism-of-secularism-in-textbook-parties-disregard-equality-prioritise-minority/2133780/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Modules ===
After the [[Chandrayaan-3]] moon landing in August 2023, the NCERT released ten sets of reading modules titled ''[https://ncert.nic.in/chandrayaan.php Chandrayaan Utsav]''. The third module, named [https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/chandrayan/english/Module3.pdf ''Chandrayaan Utsav – Bharat's Chandrayaan Mission''], which was intended for middle-school students, drew scientific criticism for mixing science with mythology. The module suggested that ancient Indian texts, like the [[Vaimānika Shāstra|''Vaimānika Shāstra'']], contained knowledge of flying vehicles. Scientists pointed out that a study by the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) showed the concepts in the [[Vaimānika Shāstra|''Vaimānika Shāstra'']] were not aerodynamically sound, and a plane built on them would not fly, and demanded its withdrawal. The study also revealed that the text was not ancient and was written only in the 20th century. Former [[ISRO]] Chairman [[G. Madhavan Nair]] also stated that there was no physical evidence to support these mythological claims, calling them "scientific fiction". The Breakthrough Science Society (BSS) also joined in the criticism, demanding that the government stop presenting mythology as historical fact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Puran |date=2023-10-22 |title=NCERT's mythology link to Chandrayaan-3 draws scientific flak |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Oct/22/ncerts-mythology-link-to-chandrayaan-3-draws-scientific-flak-2626184.html |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The NCERT initially withdrew the reading module after the controversy erupted but reintroduced it after the government defended its content, stating that mythology and philosophy put forward ideas that lead to innovation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=30 October 2023 |title=Scientists flag NCERT's 'misleading' Chandrayaan content, demand withdrawal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/scientists-flag-ncerts-misleading-chandrayaan-content-demands-withdrawal-2748583 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Reports also claimed that the 17-page module excessively focused on Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s role rather than on the contributions of ISRO and consistently referred to the country as 'Bharat' instead of India in the English version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=NCERT Module On Chandrayaan-3 Mission Mixing Science With Mythology Sparks Controversy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ncert-module-on-chandrayaan-3-mission-mixing-science-with-mythology-sparks-controversy-news-326547 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Before [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in August 2025, a new NCERT module named [https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/module/Partition_Horrors/Partition_Horrors-Secondary_Stage.pdf ''Partition Horrors''] was released, which started a significant controversy, as it blamed three key parties for the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Preetha |date=2025-08-17 |title=Special NCERT module on Partition gets Congress’ goat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Aug/17/special-ncert-module-on-partition-gets-congress-goat |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The module, intended for secondary-stage students, specifically stated that the culprits were [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who demanded the [[Partition of India|Partition]]; the [[Indian National Congress]], which accepted it; and then-[[Lord Mountbatten|Viceroy Lord Mountbatten]], who implemented it. The module asserted that the Partition was not inevitable and that Congress leaders like [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Patel]] accepted it out of fear of civil war.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-16 |title=NCERT module blames Congress for Partition; party says Hindu Mahasabha first suggested the idea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/ncert-module-blames-congress-for-partition-party-says-hindu-mahasabha-first-suggested-the-idea/article69941454.ece |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Congress party sharply criticised the module's narrative. A party spokesperson, Pawan Khera, called for the document to be "torn up" because it did not mention the role of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], which he claimed first suggested the idea of separate nations for Hindus and Muslims in 1938. He also stated that the Partition was the result of a "nexus between the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-18 |title=NCERT module blames Jinnah, Congress for Partition, triggers row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncert-module-blames-jinnah-congress-for-partition-triggers-row/articleshow/123340283.cms |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 19 August, the Congress-affiliated [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI) protested at [[Delhi University]]'s Faculty of Arts against what it termed the RSS-BJP's hateful and distorted NCERT module.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2025 |title=NSUI Protests At Delhi University Against NCERT's Special Module On India's Partition |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/nsui-protests-at-delhi-university-against-ncerts-special-module-on-indias-partition |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

A few months after [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]], which happened in May 2025, the NCERT launched two sets of modules named [https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/module/Operation_Sindoor/Operation_Sindoor-PMS_Stage.pdf ''Operation Sindoor—A Saga of Valour''] and [https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/module/Operation_Sindoor/Operation_Sindoor_Secondary_Stage.pdf ''Operation Sindoor—A Mission of Honour and Bravery''] for students in Grades 3 through 10. These modules, presented as interactive discussions, faced criticism for their inclusion of political content. They featured at least four quotes from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], a plug for the "[[Make in India]]" initiative, and a reference to Home Minister [[Amit Shah]]. The modules state that Pakistan denied any involvement in the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]], but it was carried out on "direct orders" by "Pakistan's military and political leadership", and they also used a dramatic, classroom-based scenario to explain terrorism, which was seen as a problematic teaching method.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 August 2025 |title=NCERT’s Op Sindoor primer: Modi quotes, Make In India plug, Shah cameo |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/08/19/ncerts-op-sindoor-primer-modi-quotes-make-in-india-plug-shah-cameo |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

=== New textbooks ===
Between 2023 and 2026, the NCERT gave Hindi titles to several of its new English-medium textbooks. Critics, including [[Kerala]]'s Education Minister [[V. Sivankutty]], viewed the move as an "illogicality" and "cultural imposition", arguing that it undermined linguistic diversity and federal principles. However, NCERT explained that the new names were chosen "thoughtfully to convey rootedness in India's culture." This decision broke from the long-standing tradition of matching the book title to the language of instruction and was seen by some as an attempt to impose Hindi in non-Hindi-speaking states.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-18 |title=NCERT insists all new school textbooks were 'named thoughtfully' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/new-textbooks-named-thoughtfully-to-convey-rootedness-in-indias-culture-says-ncert/article69464905.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-15 |title=NCERT gives Hindi names to English-medium books, Kerala minister denounces it as great illogicality, cultural imposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncert-gives-hindi-names-to-english-medium-books-kerala-minister-denounces-it-as-great-illogicality-cultural-imposition/articleshow/120297622.cms |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The name changes include:

* In Classes 1 and 2: The book for English was renamed to ''Mridang''.

* In Classes 3, 4 and 5: Books for English and Mathematics were renamed to ''Santoor'' and ''Maths Mela'', respectively, and new books for Arts and Physical Education were released for the first time with the names ''Bansuri'' and ''Khel Yoga'', respectively.

* In Classes 6, 7 and 8: Books for English and Mathematics were renamed to ''Poorvi'' and ''Ganita Prakash'', respectively, and new books for Arts, Physical Education and Vocational Education were released for the first time with the names ''Kriti'', ''Khel Yatra'' and ''Kaushal Bodh'', respectively.
* In Class 9: Books for English and Mathematics were renamed to ''Kaveri'' and ''Ganita Manjari,'' respectively.

In July 2024, NCERT published new textbooks for Grade 6. The textbook for Social Science now states that India had its own [[prime meridian]], called the "Madhya Rekha", which passed through [[Ujjain]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 July 2024 |title=India had its own prime meridian passing through Ujjain: New NCERT textbook |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/21/india-had-its-own-prime-meridian-passing-through-ujjain-new-ncert-textbook-2 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The same textbook refers to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan Civilisation]] as the "Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilisation". It also mentions that archaeologists use other names for the Civilisation, such as "Indus" and "Harappan", and that it would be using all these terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Harappan society is ‘Sindhu-Sarasvati civilisation’ in NCERT’s new Social Science textbook for Class 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/harappan-society-is-sindhu-sarasvati-civilisation-in-ncerts-new-social-science-textbook-for-class-6-9465979/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The textbook also includes the absence of references to [[Caste|caste-based discrimination]] and modifications in the depiction of [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]]'s experiences with discrimination.<ref name=":10" />

A controversy arose when it was reported that new textbooks for classes 3 and 6 lack the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble to the Constitution]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=5 August 2024 |title=Preamble of the Constitution dropped from select new NCERT textbooks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/preamble-of-the-constitution-dropped-from-select-new-ncert-textbooks/article68489184.ece |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Professor Ranjana Arora, Head of the Department of Curriculum Studies and Development at NCERT, stated that NCERT is now giving equal importance to different facets of the Constitution in various textbooks to provide a more holistic understanding of constitutional values.<ref name=":20" /> She also added that the idea that only the Preamble reflected these values was a flawed and narrow view, and this new approach was in line with the vision of the [[National Education Policy 2020]].<ref name=":20" />

In April 2025, NCERT released new Class 7 Social Science textbook that removed all references to the period of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule in India]]. The content on dynasties such as the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]], [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Mughal dynasty|Mughals]] was dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=No Mughal Dynasty in Class 7 NCERT textbook, fresh chapters on Indian rulers introduced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/no-mughal-dynasty-in-class-7-ncert-textbook-fresh-chapters-indian-rulers-introduced/articleshow/120686814.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In their place, new content focusing on ancient "Indian" kingdoms and dynasties such as the [[Magadha]], [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]], and [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] was added. The revised curriculum also introduced a new chapter titled "How the Land Becomes Sacred", which covers sacred and pilgrimage sites across India. Additionally, references to the [[Kumbh Mela|Maha Kumbh]] and various central government initiatives were included.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=NCERT drops all portions on Mughals, Delhi Sultanate from Class 7 books, adds Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ncert-drops-all-portions-on-mughals-delhi-sultanate-adds-about-maha-kumbh-in-latest-revamp-101745762064534.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 July 2025, NCERT released new Class 8 Social Science textbook that sparked significant controversy. The book describes [[Babur]] as a "brutal and ruthless conqueror, slaughtering entire populations of cities", and [[Akbar]] as a ruler whose reign combined both brutality and tolerance—including ordering the massacre of some 30,000 civilians at Chittorgarh. [[Aurangzeb]] is portrayed as a military ruler who destroyed temples and gurdwaras, reinstated [[jizya]], and exhibited religious intolerance. To contextualise these portrayals, the textbook includes a "Note on Some Darker Periods in History", clarifying that no one today should not be held accountable for historical atrocities and urging students to engage with history dispassionately.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |author1=Harigovind |first=Abhinaya |date=17 July 2025 |title=NCERT Social Science Textbook: Class 8 new book flags 'brutality' of Mughals, with no-blame disclaimer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncert-social-science-textbook-class-8-new-book-flags-brutality-of-mughals-with-no-blame-disclaimer-10128998/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-in}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} These descriptions were criticised by academics and educators for promoting a communal and ideologically skewed view of medieval history. The textbook also refers to "many instances of [[religious intolerance]]" during the medieval period, especially under Mughal rule. NCERT stated that it aimed to highlight both the bright and dark sides of historical periods, but critics argue the emphasis is clearly placed on Mughal atrocities.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=New NCERT Class 8 Book Highlights Mughal 'Brutality': Report |url=https://thewire.in/education/new-ncert-class-8-book-highlights-mughal-brutality-report |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en-in}}</ref>

References to [[Razia Sultan]], who ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and Emperor [[Jahangir]]'s wife, [[Nur Jahan]], were dropped. On the other hand, the new textbook expands the section on the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha empire]] and adds a new section titled "Mighty Maratha Women", which highlights figures like [[Tarabai]]—described as a "fearless warrior queen" who resisted Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s expansion efforts and as "the architect of the northward Maratha expansion", and [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] who is credited with being "instrumental in the Maratha expansion in North India".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=New NCERT Textbook Omits Reference to Raziyya Sultan, Nur Jehan |url=https://thewire.in/education/new-ncert-textbook-omits-reference-to-raziyya-sultan-nur-jehan |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

Also, references to [[Tipu Sultan]], [[Hyder Ali]] and the four [[Anglo–Mysore Wars]] were removed. These figures, once central in older editions, were replaced by a broader focus on topics such as [[Vasco da Gama]]'s arrival, the [[Battle of Plassey]], colonial economic exploitation, and tribal uprisings. The new textbook now includes an entire chapter on the [[Maratha Empire]]. It refers to the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars|Anglo-Maratha wars]] (1775–1818) and states that "the British took India from the Marathas more than from the Mughals or any other power".<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Harigovind |first=Abhinaya |date=18 July 2025 |title=New NCERT social science chapter on colonial rule skips Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali, Anglo-Mysore wars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncert-social-science-textbook-new-class-8-book-chapter-on-colonial-era-skips-tipu-sultan-anglo-mysore-wars-10131402/ |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Class 8 textbook also describes how the [[Colonialism|colonial powers]] "drained India of its wealth", stating that colonisers extracted "many billions of pounds" from India, with a recent estimate putting the figure at $45 trillion. The book argues that had this wealth remained in India, the country would have been very different at the time of its independence. It also states that the construction of [[Rail transport in India|railways in India]] was not a gift from the colonial rulers, but was paid for with Indian tax revenue and served [[British Raj|British]] interests. Additionally, the book mentions that colonisers stole thousands of statues, paintings, jewels, and manuscripts from India, sending them to European museums or private collections, calling it a "massive theft" that happened throughout the colonised world.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Porecha |first=Maitri |date=17 July 2025 |title=New NCERT textbook explains how ‘colonial powers stole India’s wealth’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-ncert-textbook-explains-how-colonial-powers-stole-indias-wealth/article69820188.ece |access-date=2 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Inaccuracies were found on the topic of the [[Ahom dynasty]]. The textbook states that the Ahoms migrated from Myanmar, but historical evidence suggests their origins were in China. It also describes the [[Paiks|Paik system]] as "forced labour" and portrays the 1663 [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat|treaty of Ghilajarighat]] as a defeat for the Ahoms, rather than a strategic truce.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Kangkan |date=14 August 2025 |title=NCERT textbook sparks controversy over ‘inaccuracies’ about Ahom dynasty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ncert-textbook-sparks-controversy-over-inaccuracies-about-ahom-dynasty/articleshow/123287103.cms |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Former Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] criticised the NCERT for excluding the [[Paika Rebellion]] from its history textbooks. NCERT responded that the rebellion would be included in the second volume of the Grade 8 Social Science textbook, scheduled for release in September-October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Naveen Patnaik Slams NCERT for Excluding Paika Rebellion from History Textbook |url=https://thewire.in/education/ncert-slammed-by-naveen-patnaik-for-excluding-paika-rebellion-from-history-textbook |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]], King (Maharawal) of the erstwhile [[kingdom of Jaisalmer]] criticised a map in NCERT's Class 8 Social Science textbook that shows Jaisalmer as part of the [[Maratha Empire]]. He called it "historically misleading and baseless", saying there was no record of Maratha rule or taxation in Jaisalmer. Other Rajasthan royals supported his objection. Due to this, the NCERT set up an expert committee to review the content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanwar |first=Apeksha |date=5 August 2025 |title=NCERT Class 8 Social Science book sparks royal outrage: Map 'factually baseless, historically misleading,' says Jaisalmer king |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ncert-class-8-social-science-book-sparks-royal-outrage-map-factually-baseless-historically-misleading-says-jaisalmer-king/articleshow/123114386.cms |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=NCERT Textbook Controversy: Jaisalmer Shown Under Maratha Empire Sparks Royal Outrage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/ncert-book-shows-jaisalmer-as-part-of-maratha-empire-attracts-royal-familys-ire-3666604 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, NCERT released the second part of the Class 7 Social Science textbook that details [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]’s seventeen expeditions into India, specifically focusing on the plunder of temples in [[Mathura]] and [[Kannauj]] and the destruction of the [[Somnath temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Tanushka |date=8 December 2025 |title=Six-Page Chapter On Ghaznavids, Somnath Temple Demolition Added To New NCERT Book |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/six-page-chapter-on-ghaznavids-somnath-demolition-added-to-new-ncert-class-7-textbook-9770446 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260103233501/https://www.ndtv.com/education/six-page-chapter-on-ghaznavids-somnath-demolition-added-to-new-ncert-class-7-textbook-9770446 |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 December 2025 |title=NCERT expands section on ‘Ghaznavid invasions’ in Class 7 textbook |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1089084/ncert-expands-section-on-ghaznavid-invasions-in-class-7-textbook |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> His campaigns are described as involving the 'slaughter of tens of thousands'. The new textbook introduces a shift in perspective by categorising these events as "invasions" rather than "raids". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Deebashree |date=27 December 2025 |title=NCERT’s Ghazni chapter: A case for what works and what needs care |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/story/ncerts-ghazni-chapter-a-case-for-what-works-and-what-needs-care-history-ghaznivad-invasions-social-science-cbse-2842496-2025-12-27 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> The same textbook describes [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] as a ruler who primarily sought territorial conquest within the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Harigovind |first=Abhinaya |date=9 December 2025 |title=‘Ghaznavid invasions’ get bigger section in new class 7 NCERT textbook |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ghaznavid-invasions-get-bigger-section-in-new-class-7-ncert-textbook-10406670/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It also blames his army commander [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] for the destruction of major Buddhist learning centres like [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]].<ref name=":23" /> The textbook says that there is a consensus among historians of Buddhism that this destruction of its large centres of learning precipitated the decline of [[Buddhism]] in India.<ref name=":23" />

In February 2026, NCERT released the second part of the Class 8 Social Science textbook that introduces a section on "corruption in the judiciary" as one of the major challenges faced by the Indian [[Judiciary of India|judicature]]. The chapter, titled "The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society", lists key issues including [[Judicial corruption in India|judicial corruption]] and its negative impact on public confidence and [[access to justice]], especially for the poor; massive backlog of pending cases, cited as approximately 81,000 in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], 62.4 lakh in High courts, and 4.7 crore in district and subordinate courts (totalling over 5 crore cases nationwide); shortage of judges; complicated legal procedures; and inadequate infrastructure as contributive factors.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-25 |title=SC takes suo motu cognisance of NCERT Class 8 chapter on ‘corruption in judiciary’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-takes-suo-motu-cognisance-of-ncert-class-8-chapter-on-corruption-in-judiciary-101771998185790.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-25 |title=Graft in judiciary, cases backlog in NCERT book |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/graft-in-judiciary-cases-backlog-in-ncert-book/articleshow/128763669.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The text quotes former [[Chief Justice of India]] [[B. R. Gavai]], from July 2025, acknowledging instances of corruption and misconduct while emphasising the need for swift, decisive, and transparent action to rebuild trust, along with references to judicial codes of conduct; the [[Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System|Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System]] (CPGRAMS)—which received over 1,600 complaints between 2017 and 2021; and parliamentary [[impeachment]] procedures for judges.<ref name=":25" />

On 25 February 2026, CJI [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] publicly stated that the Supreme Court would take [[suo motu]] cognisance of the content. He declared, "I will not allow anyone on earth to defame the institution. Howsoever high they be, nobody is above the law," and affirmed that "the law will take its course." The remarks followed concerns raised by senior advocate [[Kapil Sibal]] in court, who called the inclusion "absolutely scandalous".<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/won-t-allow-anyone-to-defame-institution-supreme-court-on-ncert-row/ar-AA1X1rVo?ocid=winp1taskbar&cvid=699ea0eb8a7a44b28312f23289d21d80&ei=7 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> On 26 February, the Supreme Court ordered the “blanket and complete” ban on the textbook. On 10 March, the NCERT issued an "unconditional and unqualified apology" for the chapter in question.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 March 2026 |title=SC NCERT Book Controversy: NCERT issues 'unconditional, unqualified apology' over textbook with reference to 'corruption' in judiciary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncert-issues-unconditional-unqualified-apology-over-textbook-with-reference-to-corruption-in-judiciary/article70725210.ece |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The case resulted in a Supreme Court ruling for the removal of three NCERT members 'from rendering any service that would involve payment to them from public funds', with Supreme Court Judge Surya Kant remarking, “We know how to deal with such persons. They must also know how to deal with the current CJI.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=After ‘judiciary’ chapter row, Supreme Court orders removal of 3 NCERT members from finalising future textbooks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-judiciary-chapter-row-supreme-court-orders-removal-of-3-ncert-members-from-finalising-future-textbooks-101773219184837.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The CJI also alleged members on social media, termed as "anti-social elements", acted "irresponsibly" in the coverage of the news and directed the [[Government of India]] to identify individuals to take action against them. "I am not a person who is going to leave these elements...they must also realise how to deal with the current CJI! I will deal with them also", the CJI said while also maintaining that the court is not opposed to criticism but that an expert committee to highlight them is a welcome step forward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Debby |date=2026-03-11 |title=NCERT Chapter Row {{!}} 'They Must Realize How To Deal With Current CJI': Supreme Court Directs Action Against Social Media 'Mischief Mongers' |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/ncert-chapter-row-they-must-realize-how-to-deal-with-current-cji-supreme-court-directs-action-against-social-media-525968 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
According to [[S. Irfan Habib]], a historian, the rewriting of history is in line with the BJP's attempts to impose its [[Hindu nationalist]] propaganda.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Habib |first1=S. Irfan |title=Dear NCERT, What History Should India's Students Read? One That Fetches Votes? |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/dear-ncert-what-history-should-indias-students-read-one-that-fetches-votes-school-textbook-mughal-muslim-gujarat-riots |work=The Quint |date=24 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AJ">{{cite news |last1=Jaswal |first1=Srishti |title=What India's right-wing gov't is erasing from school textbooks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/mughals-rss-evolution-outrage-as-india-edits-school-textbooks |work=Al Jazeera |date=14 April 2023}}</ref> Habib said, "politicisation of students' textbooks leads to the polarisation of the country by presenting a skewed past". He further called it "a conscious act by the present government to pursue agendas to further the religious divide in India by brainwashing young kids. The current government is assaulting the ethos of India by poisoning the school curriculum".<ref name="AJ"/>

According to [[Apoorvanand]], a [[University of Delhi]] professor, [[Narendra Modi]]'s Hindu nationalist government "seeks to portray India as a historically Hindu-only land".<ref name="AJ2"/> He adds, "marginalisation of Mughals and Muslims in textbooks mirrors what Muslims in Modi's India are facing in real life. The recent textbook edits are part of a [[cultural genocide]]".<ref name="AJ2">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Apoorvanand |date=13 April 2023 |title=India's textbook purge: Why is Modi so scared of history? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/4/13/why-is-modi-so-scared-of-history-textbooks |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Audrey Truschke]], a historian at [[Rutgers University]], "erasing Mughals from textbooks does not erase them from India's history".<ref name="TIME">{{cite magazine |last=Mansoor |first=Sanya |date=6 April 2023 |title=India's School Textbooks Are the Latest Battleground for Hindu Nationalism |url=https://time.com/6269349/india-textbook-changes-controversy-hindu-nationalism/ |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Harbans Mukhia]], a historian of [[medieval India]], the Modi-led BJP is using a strategy to win the next general elections in 2024 by unifying the Hindu vote by way of attaching the narrative that Hindus are under threat from Muslims.<ref name="TIME"/>

According to [[Aditya Mukherjee]], a professor of contemporary Indian history, the removal of Mughal history from the textbook was an attempt to erase the history of a particular community, which is usually followed by a [[genocide]] of the community.<ref name="TIME"/><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Petersen |first=Hannah Ellis |date=6 April 2023 |title=Indian government accused of rewriting history after edits to schoolbooks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/06/indian-government-accused-of-rewriting-history-after-edits-to-schoolbooks |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

According to [[Suhas Palshikar (academic)|Suhas Palshikar]], a political scientist, the deletion exercise is an "act of rewriting", adding that the BJP government intends "not to mention inconvenient facts".<ref name="Diplomat">{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Kavita |date=27 July 2022 |title=School Social Science Textbook Revisions in India Kick Up Controversy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/school-social-science-textbook-revisions-in-india-kick-up-controversy/ |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>

According to [[Romila Thapar]], NCERT's revised history textbooks present a politicised and distorted version of India's past. She criticised the deletion of entire chapters and specific information, such as those related to the Mughal court and certain aspects of ancient Indian society, which she argued was an attempt to create a communal and one-sided historical narrative. Thapar believes this move undermined the principles of objective and evidence-based historical study, which she saw as crucial for a proper education. She maintains that the changes were part of a broader [[political agenda]] to promote a specific [[ideology]] rather than a genuine effort to improve the curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2 May 2023 |title=If NCERT Has its Way, the Study of Indian History Will Move Entirely Outside of India |url=https://thewire.in/history/ncert-history-textbooks-mughals-india |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Angshuman Kar]], a professor at the [[University of Burdwan]], these omissions present a fragmented view of India's history, potentially erasing the image of a country that celebrated unity in diversity. Kar emphasised that while multiple interpretations of historical events are possible, well-established facts should not be altered. He expressed concern that such revisions might be ideologically motivated, aiming to manipulate young minds through education. Kar also highlighted that history is not solely written in textbooks but is also inscribed in the collective memory of people, which cannot be erased at will.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Anshuman |date=2 May 2025 |title=NCERT’s attempt to change history in school textbooks undermines our diverse past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ncert-history-textbooks-schools-past-mughals-9978801/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Dr. Ruchika Sharma|Dr Ruchika Sharma]], a historian specialising in [[medieval Indian history]] with a PhD from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], the recent changes to NCERT history textbooks were riddled with factual inaccuracies and were ideologically driven. She argued that the textbooks presented a simplified and incomplete narrative that villainised the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal rulers]] while ignoring similar actions by other kings. For instance, she pointed out that the textbooks selectively described [[Akbar]]'s siege of [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] as brutal while omitting or downplaying comparable acts of violence by rulers like the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]. Sharma also contested the claim that the [[jizya]] tax was primarily an incentive for conversion, asserting that Akbar abolished it early in his reign as a moral decision, a fact documented in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], which the revised textbooks allegedly misrepresented. She further criticised the removal of powerful women like [[Razia Sultan]] and [[Nur Jahan]] from the narrative, stating it was an injustice that erased the history of empowered Muslim women in pre-modern India. Sharma concluded that the changes were a "communal blueprint masquerading as history" that aimed to sow ideological anger in students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ruchika |date=17 July 2025 |title=Mughals in NCERT Class VIII textbook: An inaccurate retelling with a communal twist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mughals-in-ncert-class-viii-textbook-an-inaccurate-retelling-with-a-communal-twist-sultan-10132192/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ur Rahman |first=Asad |date=29 July 2025 |title=Historian Ruchika Sharma criticises NCERT’s revised history textbooks, calls them communal literature |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2025/07/29/46021/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=India Tomorrow |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bias in curricula]]
* [[Saffronisation]]
* [[California textbook controversy over Hindu history]]
* [[Karnataka textbook controversy]]
* [[Pakistani textbooks controversy]]
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
'''<big>Articles</big>'''
* {{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Deepa |year=2009 |title=Contending 'Historical' Identities in India |journal=[[Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society]] |volume=1 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.3167/jemms.2009.010109 |jstor=43049323}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=R. K. |year=1974 |title=Problems of National Identity in Indian Education |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0305006740100305 |journal=Comparative Education |volume=10 |pages=201–209 |doi=10.1080/0305006740100305|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Flåten |first=L. T. |date=2017 |title=Spreading Hindutva through education: Still a priority for the BJP? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2017.1378481 |journal=India Review |volume=16(4) |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2017.1378481|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parandhama |first=Aruna |date= |year=2026 |title=Erasing and shaping national memory: cognitive biases and curriculum politics under right-wing populism in India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400456516_Erasing_and_shaping_national_memory_cognitive_biases_and_curriculum_politics_under_right-wing_populism_in_India |journal=ResearchGate |doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1731252 |doi-access=free}}
'''<big>Books</big>'''
* {{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past as Present: Forging Contemporary Identities Through History |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-9383064014 |location=New Delhi |chapter=Writing history textbooks: A memoir}}
* {{cite book |last=Delhi Historians' Group |title=Communalisation of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy |date=Dec 2001 |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=http://www.sacw.net/India_History/DelHistorians.pdf |access-date=10 April 2015}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Lloyd I. |last2=Rudolph |first2=Susanne Hoeber |chapter=Cultural Policy, the Textbook Controversy and Indian Identity |editor1=A. J. Wilson |editor2=D. Dalton |title=The States of South Asia: Problems of National Integration |location=London |publisher=Hurst |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |first=Marie |last=Lall |chapter=Indian education policy under the NDA government |title=Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism |editor1=Katherine Adeney |editor2=Lawrence Saez |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-35981-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lall |first=Marie |chapter=Globalization and fundamentalization of curricula: Lessons from India |editor1=Marie Lall |editor2=Edward Vickers |title=Education as a Political Tool in Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |pages=157–178 |isbn=978-0415595360 }}
'''<big>News</big>'''
* {{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=7 April 2023 |title=NCERT textbook revision: Why it happens every few years & what makes it controversial |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/revising-school-textbooks-ncert-8543190/ |work=The Indian Express}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1173921/india-should-say-no-to-the-rss-version-of-history|title=India should say no to the RSS version of history|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|first=Ram|last=Puniyani|author-link=Ram Puniyani|date=6 April 2015|access-date=9 April 2015}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hegde |first=Rupamanjari |date=5 May 2025 |title=In NCERT textbooks, a history full of holes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ncert-class-vii-new-social-science-textbook-what-students-stand-to-lose-9983586/ |work=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite news |last=Vardhan |first=Anand |date=Jul 17, 2025 |title=History must be taught through many lenses |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/07/17/history-must-be-taught-through-many-lenses |work=Newslaundry}}
* {{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Rohan |date=Apr 9, 2024 |title=With textbook changes, new ‘facts’ for a new nation, and a bid to control public memory |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/04/09/with-textbook-changes-new-facts-for-a-new-nation-and-a-bid-to-control-public-memory |work=Newslaundry}}
* {{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |author-link=Yogendra Yadav |date=13 April 2023 |title=NCERT textbooks can’t create a secular student. If they did, BJP wouldn’t be in power |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ncert-textbooks-cant-create-a-secular-student-if-they-did-bjp-wouldnt-be-in-power/1514084/ |work=The Print}}
* {{Cite news |last=P'Rayan |first=Albert |date=22 June 2024 |title=Why we need to fight the distortion of history in NCERT textbooks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/why-we-need-to-fight-the-distortion-of-history-in-ncert-textbooks/article68306861.ece |work=The Hindu}}
* {{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |author-link=Shashi Tharoor |date=9 Jun 2023 |title=Irrational rationalisation of education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2023/Jun/08/irrational-rationalisation-of-education-2583156.html |work=The New Indian Express}}

==External links==
* [https://ncert.nic.in/?ln=en NCERT Website]
* [https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?ln=en NCERT Textbooks]
* [https://ncert.nic.in/special_modules.php?ln=en NCERT Modules]
* [https://ncert.nic.in/rationalised-content.php?ln=en NCERT's list of rationalised content]
* [https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf National Education Policy 2020]
* [https://dsel.education.gov.in/sites/default/files/guidelines/ncf_2023.pdf National Curriculum Framework 2023]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ncert Controversy}}
[[Category:Textbook controversies]]
[[Category:Hindu education]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Book censorship in India]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:Historical negationism]]

Saunkan Saunkne

2026-04-25T06:15:08Z

Jatta Goswami: Made a info!

{{short description|2022 Indian film by Amarjit Singh Saron}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saunkan Saunkne
| image = Saunkan Saunkne.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = Amarjit Singh Saron
| producer = {{ubl|[[Sargun Mehta]]|[[Ravi Dubey]]|Jatin Sethi}}
| writer = [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Ammy Virk]] [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Nimrat Khaira]]
| narrator = Yogesh Grover
| music = Sandeep Saxena
| cinematography = Sana Ravi Kumar
| editing = Rohit Dhiman
| studio = Naad Studios Dreamiyata JR Production House
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]] White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|5|13|}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimated}} {{INR|55}} [[crore]]<ref name="bo:toi" />
}}

'''''Saunkan Saunkne''''' ({{Translation|Co-Wife [or] Husband's other wife}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Amarjit Singh Saron. The film made under the banner of Naad SStudios, Dreamiyata Pvt. Ltd and JR Production House, stars [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Nimrat Khaira]]. It was released on 13 May 2022 in theaters.<ref name="rd:ptc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sargun-mehta-ammy-virk-nimrat-khaira-starrer-saunkan-saunknes-teaser-to-release-on|title=Sargun Mehta, Ammy Virk, Nimrat Khaira starrer 'Saunkan Saunkne's teaser to release on...|date=2 April 2022|website= PTC Punjabi |author=Ritika Nath|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

The film is currently among the sixth [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films#Global gross figures|highest-grossing Punjabi films]] with a worldwide gross of {{INR|55}} crore in forty five days of its release.<ref name="bo:toi" />

==Synopsis==
Nirmal and Naseeb are a happily married couple. They have everything except a child. After eight years of marriage they still miss something. On suggestion of her mother-in-law, Naseeb persuades Nirmal to have a second marriage with her younger sister Kirna. The real drama begins as sharing her husband proves to be a difficult task for Naseeb. Kirna dominates and wins the heart of her husband and mother-in-law and that changes everything for Naseeb. Small squabbles between the two wives lead to comic situation and fun begins.

==Cast==
* [[Ammy Virk]] as Nirmal Singh (husband)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/saunkan-saunkne-teaser-get-ready-for-joyful-ride-with-nimrat-khaira-sargun-mehta-ammy-virk|title=Saunkan Saunkne teaser: Get ready for joyful ride with Nimrat Khaira, Sargun Mehta, Ammy Virk|date=3 April 2022|website= PTC Punjabi |author=Ritika Nath|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Naseeb "Seebo" Kaur (first wife)
* [[Nimrat Khaira]] as Kirna (second wife)
* [[Nirmal Rishi]] as mother of Nirmal Singh
* Kaka Kautki as Naseeb and Kirna’s brother
* Sukhwinder Chahal as Naseeb and Kirna’s father and Nirmal’s father-in-law
* Mohini Toor as Naseeb and Kirna’s mother and Nirmal’s mother-in-law
* Ravinder Mand
* Gagneet Singh Makhan as Kiran’s fiancé

==Production==
===Development===
The film was announced in June 2020 with lead cast of [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Nimrat Khaira]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ammy-virk-and-sargun-mehta-come-new-movie-saunkan-saunkne-545158|title=Ammy Virk and Sargun Mehta to come up with a new movie 'Saunkan Saunkne' |website=Pinkvilla|date=28 June 2020|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] of ''Saunkan Saunkne'' began in October 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/movie-alert-ammy-virk-sargun-mehta-and-nimrat-khaira-to-share-screen-space-in-saunkan-saunkne/articleshow/76671369.cms|title=Movie Alert! Ammy Virk, Sargun Mehta and Nimrat Khaira to share screen space in 'Saunkan Saunkne'|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2020|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> and the film was completed within a couple of months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/saunkan-saunkne-to-release-on-april-14-2022/articleshow/85616648.cms|title='Saunkan Saunkne' to release on April 14, 2022|website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/saunkan-saunkne-sargun-mehta-shares-fun-moment-from-the-set/5f85642d03649f7b64697c7c|title=Saunkan Saunkne: Sargun Mehta Shares Fun Moment From The Set|date=13 October 2020|author=Akriti Anand|website= Spotboye |language=en|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

==Music==
Soundtrack of ''Saunkan Saunkne'' is composed by Desi Crew on lyrics by Raj Ranjodh, Bunty Bains, Rony Ajnali, Gill Machhrai and Arjan Virk. The songs are sung by Ammy Virk, Nimrat Khaira, Raj Ranjodh, Miss Pooja and Gurlez Akhtar. The soundtrack is released on Tips Punjabi.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=tp18_csgO2k|title=Saunkan Saunkne Song {{!}} Gall Mann Le Meri {{!}} Ammy Virk {{!}} Sargun Mehta {{!}}Nimrat Khaira {{!}} Gurlez Akhtar|work=Tips Punjabi |publisher=YouTube|date=24 April 2022}}</ref> First track "Gall Mann Le Meri" was released on April 24, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/gal-mann-le-meri-from-saunkan-saunkne-sargun-mehta-persuades-her-husband-for-second-marriage-with-a-peppy-song/articleshow/91051463.cms |title='Gal Mann Le Meri' from 'Saunkan Saunkne': Sargun Mehta persuades her husband for second marriage with a peppy song |website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2022|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Second track "Sade Kothe Ute" was released on 1 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sade-kothe-utte-song-from-the-movie-saunkan-saunkne-is-just-released-and-hitting-the-audience-/articleshow/91235092.cms |title='Sade Kothe Utte' song from the movie 'Saunkan Saunkne' is just released and hitting the audience|website=The Times of India|date=1 May 2022|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Title track "Saunkan Saunkne" was released on 4 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/saunkan-saunkne-title-track-sargun-mehta-and-nimrat-khaira-begin-the-armageddon-of-two-wives-and-one-husband/articleshow/91313666.cms|title='Saunkan Saunkne' title track: Sargun Mehta and Nimrat Khaira begin the armageddon of two wives and one husband|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2022|access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Gall Mann Le Meri
| extra1 = Gurlez Akhtar
| lyrics1 = Rony Ajnali, Gill Machhrai
| length1 = 2:59
| title2 = Sade Kothe Ute
| extra2 = [[Ammy Virk]], [[Nimrat Khaira]]
| lyrics2 = Bunty Bains
| length2 = 3.22
| title3 = Saunkan Saunkne
| extra3 = [[Ammy Virk]], [[Nimrat Khaira]], [[Miss Pooja]]
| lyrics3 = Rony Ajnali, Gill Machhrai
| length3 = 3.04
| title4 = Taur Sardar Saab Di
| extra4 = Ammy Virk
| lyrics4 = Arjan Virk
| length4 = 2.19
| title5 = Sohni Sohni
| extra5 = Ammy Virk
| lyrics5 = Happy Raikoti
| length5 = 3.18
| title6 = Dholna Ve Dholna
| extra6 = Raj Ranjodh
| lyrics6 = Raj Ranjodh
| length6 = 3.21
}}

==Release==
Initially film was slated to release on 14 April 2022 but it was postponed to 6 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ammy-virk-sargun-mehta-and-nimrat-khairas-saunkan-saunkne-to-release-on-may-6/articleshow/89340564.cms |title=Ammy Virk, Sargun Mehta, and Nimrat Khaira's 'Saunkan Saunkne' to release on May 6|website=The Times of India|date=4 February 2022|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> But, it was pushed back and theatrically released on 13 May 2022.It is available on [[Amazon Prime Video|amazon prime video]] from June 2022.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Neha Vashist rated the film with 3.5 stars out of 5 and appreciated the story by Amberdeep Singh and direction of Amarjit Singh Saron stating, "Every scene in the movie had a lingering effect, and that happens only when the captain of the ship has a tight grip over his project." Praising the performance of cast, she wrote, "everyones’ performance was engaging and the script in itself was very entertaining; thus, it is a laughter riot." Vashist criticised the length of the film stating, "The movie seemed a little stretched in the second half". Concluding the review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', she said, "Nevertheless, it still offers you a great dose of laughter and is a perfect family entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/saunkan-saunkne/movie-review/91558447.cms |title=Saunkan Saunkne Movie Review: This tale of one husband and two wives is a laughter riot|author= Neha Vashist|website=The Times of India|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

Sheetal writing for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' praised the performance, direction and music of the film. She appreciated the comedy writing, "The film is packed with punches and some of them are even worth taking home!" Concluding her review, she stated, "It’s tough to decide whether acting, casting, direction or script has a bigger role to play in it [star cast performances]!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/acting-casting-direction-and-script-punjabi-film-saunkan-saunkne-offers-a-breath-of-fresh-air-394778 |title=Acting, casting, direction and script, Punjabi film Saunkan Saunkne offers a breath of fresh air|author=Sheetal|website=The Tribune|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
Kiddan rated the film with 3.5 stars out of 5 and praised the performances of lead actors writing, "All three of the lead actors proved to be really acclaimed and masters of their art." They were critical of screenplay but appreciated dialogues. They also criticised the direction and editing but praised the music. Appreciating the comedy sequences, Kidaan concluded, "we conclude the film as a good entertainer which has the power to uplift your mood and make your family share a bundle of laughter."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/saunkan-saunkne-ammy-virk-movie-review/ |title=Saunkan Saunkne Movie Review: Situational Comedy & Brilliant Performances Shine In A Rickety Script|website=Kiddaan|date=13 May 2022|access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Saunkan Saunkne'' earned {{INR|2.25}} crore in domestic box office on first day of its release.<ref name="bo:taran">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1525403405312610305|title= #Punjabi film #SaunkanSaunkne springs a wonderful surprise, takes a SMASHING START on Day 1... The numbers are a morale booster for the #Punjabi film industry... The word of mouth is terrific, a solid weekend total is on the cards... Fri ₹ 2.25 cr. |author=Taran Adarsh |date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022|website=Twitter}}</ref><ref name="bo:zee">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/zee-studios-dharmaveer-mukkam-post-thane-saunkan-saunkne-first-day-box-office-collections-beat-yrfs-jayeshbhai-jordaar-2463607.html|title= ZEE Studios' 'Dharmaveer Mukkam Post Thane, Saunkan Saunkne first day Box Office collections beat YRF's Jayeshbhai Jordaar|date=14 May 2022|access-date=15 May 2022|website=Zee News}}</ref> The film collected {{INR|4.52}} crore at the North America box office, {{INR|1.2}} crore from Australia, {{INR|91.11}} lakhs from UK & Ireland, {{INR|35.09}} lakhs at the New Zealand box office and {{INR|4.39}} lakhs from Germany over the first weekend.<ref name="bo:bh">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/saunkan-saunkne-box-office-ammy-virk-starrer-collects-580k-usd-rs-4-52-cr-north-america-box-office/|title=Saunkan Saunkne Box Office: Ammy Virk starrer collects 580k USD [Rs. 4.52 cr.] at the North America box office |date=16 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Its Indian collection for the weekend is {{INR|9.18}} crore,<ref name="bo:week">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/saunkan-saunkne-box-office-update-the-movie-beats-the-collection-of-diljit-dosanjhs-shadaa/articleshow/91602148.cms|title='Saunkan Saunkne' Box office update: The movie beats the collection of Diljit Dosanjh's 'Shadaa' |date=16 May 2022|access-date=16 May 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref> and {{As of|2022|05|17|lc=y}} it is {{INR|13.16}} crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/saunkan-saunkne-box-office-update-the-comedy-drama-continues-to-keep-a-stronghold/articleshow/91658109.cms|title='Saunkan Saunkne' Box Office Update: The comedy-drama continues to keep a stronghold|date=19 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>

The film {{As of|2022|06|09|lc=y}}, has grossed {{INR|57.60}} crore worldwide.<ref name="bo:toi">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6987|title=Tamil Film Vikram And Punjabi Film Saunkan Saunkne Are Huge Blockbusters|date=9 June 2022|website=Box Office India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14230846}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]

Hasnabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T11:53:02Z

Jatta Goswami: Made

{{About|the defunct assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Hasnabad (community development block)|2 its namesake village|Hasnabad |3 its namesake railway station|Hasnabad railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hasnabad
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 96
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Hasnabad Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Hasnabad Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011. Prior to 2011 Basirhat had one assembly constituency. From 2011 it will have two constituencies [[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency]] and [[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency]].<ref name = delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18|access-date = 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal|publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Hasnabad||Dinesh Chandra Sen||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||Ram Krishna Mondal||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||||Hemanta Kumar Ghoshal||Communist Party of India<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||Ram Krishna Mondal||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1957/>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Dinabandhu Das||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||H.N.Mazumdar||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Abdur Razzaque Khan||Communist Party of India<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Molla Tasmatulla||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Molla Tasmatulla||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Amiya Bhusan Banerjee||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Amiya Bhusan Banerjee||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||[[Gautam Deb]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Gautam Deb||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Gautam Deb||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Gautam Deb||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Gautam Deb||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
[[Gautam Deb]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 96 Hasnabad seat defeating Rafiqul Islam Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Anath Bandhu Mitra of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and Ananta Roy of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Amiya Bhusan Banerjee of CPI(M) defeated Sekendar Kayal of MUL in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Mollah Tasmatullah in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp96.htm |title = 96 - Hasnabad Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Molla Tasmatulla of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Abdur Razzaque Khan of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> H.N.Mazumdar of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Dinabandhu Das of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Hemanta Kumar Ghoshal of CPI and Ramkrishna Mondal of Congress won the Hasnabad joint seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]], Dinesh Chandra Sen of Congress and Ram Krishna Mondal of Congress won the Hasnabad joint seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|22.58|88.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Sonali Mishra

2026-04-05T14:27:03Z

Jatta Goswami: Made new bio!

{{Short description|Indian IPS officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sonali Mishra
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Railway Protection Force]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = [[Manoj Yadava]]
| successor =
| term_start = 1 August 2025
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|10|09}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=28 September 2025|website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| alma_mater =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| service_years = 1993 - present
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director general of police|Director General]]
| department = [[Railway Protection Force]]
}}
}}
'''Sonali Mishra''' (born 9 October 1966) is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (1993 Batch) of the [[Madhya Pradesh]] cadre. She is currently serving as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Railway Protection Force]] since 1 August 2025, becoming the first woman to lead the 143-year-old security force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On right track: Railway Protection Force gets first-ever woman DG; who is Sonali Mishra?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/on-right-track-railway-protection-force-gets-first-ever-woman-dg-who-is-sonali-mishra/articleshow/123046709.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2025|access-date=28 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonali Mishra assumes charge as DG of Railway Police Force, 1st woman in 143 years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonali-mishra-assumes-charge-as-dg-of-railway-police-force-1st-woman-in-143-years-101754059595759.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 August 2025|access-date=28 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet senior IPS officer Sonali Mishra, set to become the first woman to head RPF|work=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/meet-senior-ips-officer-sonali-mishra-who-is-set-to-become-the-first-woman-to-head-rpf/articleshow/122409257.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 July 2025|access-date=28 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior IPS officer Sonali Mishra first woman to lead RPF
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-ips-officer-sonali-mishra-first-woman-to-lead-rpf-10122914/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 July 2025|access-date=28 September 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Diwan Singh Bisht

2026-04-04T20:28:09Z

Jatta Goswami: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Diwan Singh Bisht
| image =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|06|8|df=y}}
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = Amrita Rawat
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[N.D. Tiwari]]
| successor1 = Amrita Rawat
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Diwan Singh Bisht''' is an Indian politician. He is a three-term Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Bisht represents the [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]] assembly constituency in [[Uttarakhand]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/ramnagar/story-mla-diwan-singh-bisht-inaugurates-city-health-care-clinic-and-a-to-z-pathology-lab-in-ramnagar-201725281820059.html|title= विधायक बिष्ट ने किया होम्यो क्लीनिक का शुभांरभ |date=2 September 2024|website=livehindustan.com|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisht, Diwan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Nainital district]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Stemmops

2026-03-27T11:16:48Z

Jatta Goswami: improved article

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Neogene| Present}}
| taxon = Stemmops
| image = Stemmops.questa.male.lateral.svg
| image_caption = male ''S. questa''
| authority = [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1894<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Stemmops bicolor|S. bicolor]]''
| type_species_authority = O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 27, [[#Species|see text]]
}}
'''''Stemmops''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Theridiidae|comb-footed spiders]] that was first described by [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge]] in 1894.<ref name=Pick1894>{{citation| last=Pickard-Cambridge| first=O.| year=1894| contribution=Arachnida. Araneida| title=Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology| author-link=Octavius Pickard-Cambridge}}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2020|06}} it contains twenty-seven species, found mostly in [[the Americas]], though several species occur in east Asia:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Stemmops O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2020-07-14| year=2020| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3543| doi=10.24436/2| last1=Gloor| first1=Daniel| last2=Nentwig| first2=Wolfgang| last3=Blick| first3=Theo| last4=Kropf| first4=Christian}}</ref>
*''[[Stemmops belavista]]'' Marques & Buckup, 1996 – [[Brazil]]
*''[[Stemmops bicolor]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 ([[Type species|type]]) – USA to Panama, [[Cuba]], Bahama Is.
*''[[Stemmops cambridgei]]'' [[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1955 – [[Mexico]], [[Honduras]]
*''[[Stemmops carajas]]'' Santanna & Rodrigues, 2018 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops caranavi]]'' Marques & Buckup, 1996 – [[Bolivia]]
*''[[Stemmops carauari]]'' Santanna & Rodrigues, 2018 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops carius]]'' Marques & Buckup, 1996 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops concolor]]'' [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1898 – St. Vincent
*''[[Stemmops cryptus]]'' Levi, 1955 – [[Panama]]
*''[[Stemmops forcipus]]'' Zhu, 1998 – [[China]], [[Laos]]
*''[[Stemmops guapiacu]]'' Santanna & Rodrigues, 2018 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops lina]]'' Levi, 1955 – Mexico
*''[[Stemmops mellus]]'' Levi, 1964 – Panama
*''[[Stemmops murici]]'' Santanna & Rodrigues, 2018 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops nigrabdomenus]]'' Zhu, 1998 – China, Laos
*''[[Stemmops nipponicus]]'' Yaginuma, 1969 – [[Russia]] (Far East), China, [[Korea]], [[Japan]]
*''[[Stemmops ornatus]]'' (Bryant, 1933) – USA
*''[[Stemmops orsus]]'' Levi, 1964 – Panama, Brazil
*''[[Stemmops osorno]]'' (Levi, 1963) – [[Chile]]
*''[[Stemmops pains]]'' Santanna & Rodrigues, 2018 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops questus]]'' Levi, 1955 – Mexico to Venezuela
*''[[Stemmops salenas]]'' Marques & Buckup, 1996 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops satpudaensis]]'' Rajoria, 2015 – [[India]]
*''[[Stemmops servus]]'' Levi, 1964 – Panama, Brazil
*''[[Stemmops subtilis]]'' (Simon, 1895) – [[Venezuela]]
*''[[Stemmops vicosa]]'' Levi, 1964 – Brazil
*''[[Stemmops victoria]]'' Levi, 1955 – Mexico

'''In [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]]:'''
*''S. darlingtoni'' Bryant, 1940 = ''Stemmops bicolor'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894
*''S. orniceps'' (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944) = ''Stemmops ornatus'' (Bryant, 1933)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=H. W.| year=1955| title=The spider genera ''Oronota'' and ''Stemmops'' in North America, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae)| journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America| pages=333–342| volume=48| issue=5| doi=10.1093/aesa/48.5.333}}
*{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=H. W.| year=1964| title=The spider genera ''Stemmops'', ''Chrosiothes'', and the new genus ''Cabello'' from America| journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology| pages=73–92| volume=71| issue=2| doi=10.1155/1964/60425| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal| last1=Santanna| first1=M.| last2=Rodrigues| first2=E. N. L.| year=2018| title=Five new species and new records of the spider genus ''Stemmops'' (Araneae, Theridiidae, Spintharinae) from Brazil| journal=Zootaxa| pages=174–186| volume=4524| issue=2| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4524.2.2| pmid=30486119| s2cid=54109591}}
*{{cite journal| last1=Marques| first1=M. A. L.| last2=Buckup| first2=E. H.| year=1996| title=Novas espécies sulamericanas do gênero ''Stemmops'' (Araneae; Theridiidae)| journal=Biociências| pages=69–76| volume=4}}
*{{cite book| last1=Song| first1=D. X.| last2=Zhu| first2=M. S.| last3=Chen| first3=J.| year=1999| title=The spiders of China| publisher=Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang| pages=640}}
*{{cite journal| last=Yaginuma| first=T.| year=1969| title=A new Japanese spider of the genus ''Stemmops'' (Araneae: Theridiidae)| journal=Acta Arachnida Tokyo| volume=22| pages=14–16| doi=10.2476/asjaa.22.14}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q3498185}}

[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders of North America]]
[[Category:Spiders of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge]]
[[Category:Theridiidae]]

{{Theridiidae-stub}}

King Kalābu

2026-03-25T02:46:17Z

Jatta Goswami: typo fix

{{Short description|Mythical king in Buddhism}}
{{tone|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''King Kalābu''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|Kalāburāja}}), also known as ''King Kalinga'', ''King Kalabha'' or ''King Kali'' is a mythical king in Buddhism. His name is extant in both [[Southern Buddhism]] and [[Northern Buddhism]]. In Chinese he is known as 歌利王 (''Gēlì wáng''), sometimes rendered 迦蓝浮王 (''Jiālánfú wáng'') or 卡拉補王 (''Kǎlābǔ wáng'').

==[[Jataka tales|Jataka]] tales==
King Kalābu appears in the ''Kṣāntivādi Jātaka'' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pali]]: Khantivādī Jātaka).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j3/j3014.htm|title = The Jataka, Vol. III: No. 313.: Khantivādi-Jātaka}}</ref> The Sanskrit word ''kṣānti'' (Pali: ''khanti'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/khanti/index.html|title=Khanti, Khamti: 8 definitions|date=21 June 2008}}</ref> means "tolerance" while ''vādi'' is a modified form of the word ''vāda'' which means "teaching" or "view".

The name "Kṣāntivādin" or "Kṣāntivāda" describes the protagonist of the story: an ascetic who excelled at tolerance in face of the brutal atrocities inflicted upon him by King Kalābu. The Pali version of the tale reveals that King Kalābu was a past birth of [[Devadatta]], the enemy of the Buddha, and that Kṣāntivādin was the Buddha himself in that life.

===Narrative===
The story runs as follows:

:King Kalābu was ruling the kingdom of [[Varanasi]] (modern Benares). One day he set off for sport and recreation with his harem. After playing, the king fell asleep on the lap of one of his concubines. The other members of the harem went off to enjoy the scenery of the garden.

:While they were roaming around, they came upon an ascetic meditating under a tree. They approached him and initiated conversation. He preached the [[Dhamma]] (law of morality) for them and the audience became immersed in his talk, forgetting about the king. Meanwhile, the king woke up and proceeded to ask his concubine where the other women-folk were. She answered that they were listening to the teachings of an ascetic. The king flew into a rage and departed to look for the ascetic. When he saw that all the women were entranced by the ascetic's sermon, he could not quell his anger. He questioned the ascetic:

:"What are you teaching?", asked the king.

:The ascetic replied, "I am teaching tolerance."

:"What is tolerance?"

:"The ability to stay unmoved in the face of atrocities either physical or verbal by others inflicted on oneself."

:"Then prove it."

:The king ordered his executioner to whip the ascetic. The ascetic was whipped terribly but he did not get angry.

:Seeing this, the king asked, "Are you still tolerant?"

:The ascetic calmly replied, "Yes, your Majesty."

:Then the king ordered his executioner to cut off his various bodily parts. The ascetic bled profusely.

:The king finally asked, "Do you still have tolerance?"

:The ascetic calmly responded, "Your Majesty, tolerance is not in my bodily parts but it is in my heart. Though you can harm my body, my mind is immovable."

:The king had no limit to his anger. He himself stomped on the ascetic's chest, forcing blood to gush from his mouth. Yet, the ascetic remained unmoved. The king's general, who had invited the ascetic to come to the city, came to know about this pathetic situation and ran to the scene.

:Seeing the ascetic in this terrible state, he applied some ointment and begged him not to curse the kingdom. The ascetic claimed that he had no ill-will towards the king, but that instead he wished that the king would live for a long time.

This is the story of the past as told by the Buddha. At the end the Buddha declared that this was his perfection of tolerance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kalabu/index.html|title=Kalabu, Kalābu: 1 definition|date=12 April 2009}}</ref>

== Moral: Tolerance in this life ==
{{Unbalanced section|date=September 2022}}
Once we examine the attitude the Buddha held about the criticism brought against him, his teaching, and community by some of his contemporaries; the [[Kshanti|perfection of tolerance]] he carried throughout his many lives of spiritual practice can be better understood. A similar rhetoric used with King Kalābu was applied when the Buddha came to know that [[Suppiya]], an ascetic outside the Buddhist [[Sangha]], criticized the Buddha. Here, the Buddha's admonition reminds us of his previous perfection of tolerance. The discourse from the [[Brahmajāla Sutta]] reports the Buddha's words as follows:

"If, bhikkhus, others speak in dispraise of me, or in dispraise of the Dhamma, or in dispraise of the Sangha, you should not give way to resentment, displeasure, or animosity against them in your heart. For if you were to become angry or upset in such a situation, you would only be creating an obstacle for yourselves. If you were to become angry or upset when others speak in dispraise of us, would you be able to recognize whether their statements are rightly or wrongly spoken?"<ref>"Brahmajāla Sutta: The All-embracing Net of Views" (DN 1), translated from the Pali by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.01.0.bodh.html .</ref>

==Mahayana literature==
An alternate version of the Jātaka appears in the [[Mahāvastu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=J. J. |title=Sacred Books of the Buddhists |publisher=London: Luzac & Co |isbn=0860133923 |edition=Vol. 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud19londuoft |chapter=The Mahāvastu|year=1895 }}</ref>

In the [[Diamond Sutra]], the Buddha refers to King Kalābu and the sage of forbearance as follows:

"Subhūti, the [[Pāramitā]] of [[Kshanti|Forbearance]] that the Tathāgata speaks of is not a pāramitā of forbearance. Why? Subhūti, this is like in the past when my body was cut apart by the Kalirāja: there were no notions of a self, notions of a person, notions of a being, or notions of a life. In the past, when I was being hacked limb from limb, if there were notions of a self, notions of a person, notions of a being, or notions of a life, then I would have responded with hatred and anger. Remember also that I was the [[Ṛṣi]] of Forbearance for five hundred lifetimes in the past. Over so many lifetimes there were no notions of a self, notions of a person, notions of a being, or notions of a life."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lapislazulitexts.com/tripitaka/T08_0235 |title=Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra |website=www.lapislazulitexts.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118045044/http://www.lapislazulitexts.com/tripitaka/T08_0235 |archive-date=2013-01-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== External links ===
''Dictionary of Pãli Proper Names'', G.P.Malalasekera, Vol. 1, p. 536, 709 ({{ISBN|81-206-1823-8}})
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King Kalabu}}
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Jataka tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchs]]

Kantilal Thakoredas Desai

2026-03-24T01:35:44Z

Jatta Goswami: Made...

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{distinguish|Kantilal Ranchhodji Desai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)]]
| name = Kantilal Thakoredas Desai
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|2nd Chief Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start = 26 January 1961
| term_end = 22 May 1963
| nominator = [[B. P. Sinha]]
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor = [[S. T. Desai|Sunderlal Trikamlal Desai]]
| successor = [[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 1960
| term_end1 = 25 January 1961
| nominator1 = 
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 30 April 1960
| nominator2 = 
| appointer2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor1 = 
| successor1 = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1903|05|01}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|1|29|1903|5|1|df=y}}
| father =
| spouse =
| children = [[Sujata Manohar]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Kantilal Thakoredas Desai''' (1 May 1903 - 29 January 1977) was an Indian judge and the [[Chief Justice of Gujarat|second Chief Justice]] of the [[High Court of Gujarat]], from January 1961 till May 1963.<ref name="GujaratHC">{{Cite web |url=http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=401 |title=High Court of Gujarat: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Kantilal Thakoredas Desai |website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kantawala |first=Ramanlal Maneklal |author-link=Ramanlal Maneklal Kantawala |date=1977-02-01 |title=Reference to Late Shri K. T. Desai by The Hon'ble The Chief Justice |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/DesaiKT.pdf}}</ref>

==Career==
Desai studied at [[Bombay]]. He enrolled as an [[Advocate]] at the [[High Court of Bombay]] in 1930. His specialization was in commercial law. He was brought to the [[Bench (law)|Bench]] of the court in 1957. When the [[state of Bombay]] was bifurcated in 1960, Desai was appointed a Judge at the new Gujarat High Court.<ref name="GujaratHC"/>

==Legacy==
The Bombay High Court holds an annual "Justice K. T. Desai Memorial Lecture" in his honour. Previous speakers in this series include [[Ruma Pal]], [[Ashok Desai]] (2013), [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]] (2014), [[Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill]] (2015) and [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]] (2016).<ref name="SikkimUniversity">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cus.ac.in/index.php/en/governance/statutory-officers/the-chancellor |title=Chancellor |website=[[Sikkim University]] |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref><ref name="HerneHillLecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.odysseustrust.org/India/IndiaLectureOctober2015.pdf |title=The Justice KT Desai Memorial Lecture: Time for a Penal Code Fit for India |author=[[Lord Lester of Herne Hill]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] |date=2015-10-06 |website=www.odysseustrust.org |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-constitution-refreshed/article19562577.ece |title=The Constitution, refreshed |last=Parthasarathy |first=Suhrith |date=2017-08-26 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

[[Sujata Manohar]], formerly a judge at the [[Supreme Court of India]], is his daughter.<ref name="HerneHillLecture" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Kantilal Thakoredas}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]

Sublahshini

2026-03-22T19:19:34Z

Jatta Goswami: Made info

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 2000)}}
{{Indian name|Sublahshini|Ganesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sublahshini
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sublahshini Ganesan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|07|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|playback singer|composer|lyricist}}
| origin = India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* Pop
* [[Jazz]]
* [[Playback singer|Playback]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2021–present
| label = {{hlist|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Think Music]]|[[Sun Pictures]]|[[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar Studios]]}}
| website =
}}

'''Sublahshini''' (born 17 July 2000) is an Indian playback singer and independent musician from [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. She is known for her work in [[Tamil cinema]], [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Hindi cinema]], including the songs "[[Monica (2025 song)|Monica]]" from ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025), "Golden Sparrow" from ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' (2025), and "[[Kissik]]" from ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024). Her independent albums, such as "Kaathadi" and "Namma Chennai", have gained attention for blending traditional Indian music with contemporary pop. Sublahshini has collaborated with composers like [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], and [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

== Early life and background ==
Sublahshini was born on 17 July 2000 in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2024-09-25 |title=Meet Sublahshini, the girl behind trending Tamil track 'Golden Sparrow' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/meet-sublahshini-the-girl-behind-trending-tamil-track-golden-sparrow/article68679427.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211072725/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/meet-sublahshini-the-girl-behind-trending-tamil-track-golden-sparrow/article68679427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father is a retired bank officer and her mother is a housewife, and she has an older brother. She studied in [[Ethiraj College for Women]] in Chennai.<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=சர்பனா |first=வினி |date=2025-07-13 |title=Monica: Pottala Muttaye: "விஜய் ஆண்டனி சார் என்கரேஜாலதான் வேலையை விட்டேன்" – பாடகி சுப்லாஷினி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/viral-singer-sublahshini-interview |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716150807/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/viral-singer-sublahshini-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> She participated in singing competitions in school and college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/monica-to-pottala-muttaye-all-songs-sung-by-singer-sublahshini-are-trending-now-w9xsrii|title=மோனிகா முதல் பொட்டல முட்டாய் வரை இவர் பாடிய எல்லா பாட்டுமே டிரெண்ட்டிங்; யார் இந்த சுப்லா‌ஷினி?|first1=Ganesh|last1=A.|date=30 July 2025|website=Asianet News Tamil|access-date=30 July 2025|archive-date=31 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731020730/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/monica-to-pottala-muttaye-all-songs-sung-by-singer-sublahshini-are-trending-now-w9xsrii|url-status=live}}</ref> She started singing songs and posting on Instagram in 2017.<ref name="vikatan" /> Initially insecure about her deep voice, she honed her skills through participation in a Tamil singing contest in 2020, which led to a collaboration with music producer [[Nucleya]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title=Meet Sublahshini: Singer of Sreeleela and Allu Arjun starrer 'Kissik' from 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sublahshini-singer-of-sreeleela-and-allu-arjun-starrer-kissik-from-pushpa-2-the-rule/articleshow/115760044.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202224512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sublahshini-singer-of-sreeleela-and-allu-arjun-starrer-kissik-from-pushpa-2-the-rule/articleshow/115760044.cms |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> This collaboration helped her gain recognition and helped her quit her human resources job to focus on music full-time.<ref name="Hindu"/>

== Career ==

=== Independent music ===
Sublahshini began her career in 2021 with independent music releases, including the albums "Kaathadi", "Kan Thoora", "Kanda Kanavu", and "Tell The World".<ref name="Cine">{{Cite web |last=Aswin |date=2024-09-09 |title=Sublahshini Wiki, Biography, Age, Songs, Gallery |url=https://www.cinefellows.com/sublahshini/ |website=Cine Fellows |language=en-US |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620141143/https://www.cinefellows.com/sublahshini/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her debut single "Kaathadi," created with Anand Kashinath during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], became a hit and was praised by actor [[Dulquer Salmaan]], boosting her confidence.<ref name="Hindu"/> Her 2024 single "Namma Chennai" paid tribute to her hometown, blending cultural references with vibrant production.<ref name="Cine"/> She has collaborated frequently with Anand Kashinath, [[Keba Jeremiah]], and others, fusing traditional Indian music with contemporary pop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sublahshini – Songs, Events and Music Stats |url=https://www.viberate.com/artist/sublahshini |website=Viberate.com |language=en}}</ref> Sublahshini has also mentioned working on an English album.<ref name="Hindu"/> After hearing "Kathaadi" song [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] have get chance to sing a song in ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாலாஜி |first=ஜீவகணேஷ் ப,சே |date=2024-09-08 |title=Golden Sparrow : 'எனர்ஜியா பாடணும்னு தனுஷ் சாரும், ஜி.வி சாரும் சொன்னாங்க!' – பாடகி சுப்லாஷினி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/golden-sparrow-singer-sublahshini-interview |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2024-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920102344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/golden-sparrow-singer-sublahshini-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Playback singing ===
Sublahshini debuted as a playback singer with "Golden Sparrow" from ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' (2025), directed by [[Dhanush]] and composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web | title=First single of Nilavuku Enmel Ennadi Kobam out: Dhanush, GV Prakash Kumar and Arivu let Golden Sparrow flutter high | date=30 August 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/first-single-of-nilavukke-enmel-ennadi-kobam-out-dhanush-gv-prakash-kumar-and-arivu-let-golden-sparrow-flutter-high-9542097/ | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=25 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925075325/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/first-single-of-nilavukke-enmel-ennadi-kobam-out-dhanush-gv-prakash-kumar-and-arivu-let-golden-sparrow-flutter-high-9542097/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Sung alongside Dhanush, [[Arivu]], and G. V. Prakash Kumar, the song received praise for her vocals.<ref>{{cite web | title=GV is incredibly focused, DSP's energy and passion for music is unmatchable, says singer Sublahshini | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 March 2025 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/gv-is-incredibly-focused-dsps-energy-and-passion-for-music-is-unmatchable-says-singer-sublahshini-825806 | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=11 March 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311063409/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/gv-is-incredibly-focused-dsps-energy-and-passion-for-music-is-unmatchable-says-singer-sublahshini-825806 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, she sang "[[Kissik]]" for ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with vocals alongside Lothika.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pushpa 2: Allu Arjun and Sreeleela's steamy track 'Kissik' to be launched at Chennai event. Watch promo | date=24 November 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-and-sreeleelas-steamy-track-kissik-to-be-launched-at-chennai-event-watch-promo-9687434/ | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=31 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231054224/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-and-sreeleelas-steamy-track-kissik-to-be-launched-at-chennai-event-watch-promo-9687434/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance in "[[Monica (2025 song)|Monica]]" from ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025), composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], further solidified her reputation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pooja Hegde, Soubin steal the show in Monica from Coolie | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 July 2025 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-soubin-steal-the-show-in-monica-from-coolie-839770 | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=4 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804115240/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-soubin-steal-the-show-in-monica-from-coolie-839770 | url-status=live }}</ref> The song became a huge hit with widespread acclaim.<ref>{{cite web | title=Monica from Rajinikanth's Coolie was one of the most physically demanding songs of my career: Pooja Hegde | date=17 July 2025 | url=https://ianslive.in/monica-from-rajinikanths-coolie-was-one-of-the-most-physically-demanding-songs-of-my-career-pooja-hegde--20250717170426 | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2025-07-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717122927/https://ianslive.in/monica-from-rajinikanths-coolie-was-one-of-the-most-physically-demanding-songs-of-my-career-pooja-hegde--20250717170426 | url-status=live }}</ref> Sung in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi with Anirudh and Asal Kolaar, the song was praised for its energetic vibe and choreography.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-sets-the-screen-on-fire-but-fans-think-soubin-shahirs-dance-moves-steal-the-show-101752239452855.html |title=Coolie song Monica: Pooja Hegde sets the screen on fire, but fans think Soubin Shahir's dance moves steal the show |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716101903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-sets-the-screen-on-fire-but-fans-think-soubin-shahirs-dance-moves-steal-the-show-101752239452855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also contributed to other tracks like "Pottala Muttaye" from ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web | title='Pottala Muttaye' from Thalaivan Thalaivii is a leisurely paced number | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=9 June 2025 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/09/pottala-muttaye-from-thalaivan-thalaivii-is-a-leisurely-paced-number | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=20 July 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720174241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/09/pottala-muttaye-from-thalaivan-thalaivii-is-a-leisurely-paced-number | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Film songs ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Language
! Composer
! Co-singers
! Lyricist
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
| rowspan="2" | "Golden Sparrow"
| ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
| Tamil
| rowspan="2" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Arivu]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Arivu]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Nilavuku en Mel Ennadi Kobam first single Golden Sparrow out, watch this trippy number from Dhanush's film | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nilavuku-en-mel-ennadi-kobam-first-single-golden-sparrow-out-watch-out-for-this-trippy-number-from-dhanushs-film/b520e82a51898 | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2024-09-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908191855/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nilavuku-en-mel-ennadi-kobam-first-single-golden-sparrow-out-watch-out-for-this-trippy-number-from-dhanushs-film/b520e82a51898 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam|Jabilamma Neeku Antha Kopama]]''
|rowspan="3"|Telugu
|Aswin Satya, Sudheesh Sasikumar
|Rambabu Gosala
|Dubbed version
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/lyrical-video-of-first-single-from-dhanushs-third-directorial-out|title=Lyrical video of first single from Dhanush's third directorial out|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=1 February 2025|website=Telangana Today|access-date=31 July 2025|archive-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522062800/https://telanganatoday.com/lyrical-video-of-first-single-from-dhanushs-third-directorial-out|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "O Oye Pilla"
| ''Ramnagar Bunny''
| colspan="2"|Ashwin Hemanth
| Avinash Ravinuthala
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=YouTube Music | url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZJdDeUKO7Q }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | "[[Kissik]]"
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
| [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa 2's 'Kissik' leaves fans disappointed, struggles to match 'Oo Antava' magic | WATCH |date=26 November 2024 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-kissik-sreeleela-fan-vs-oo-antava-samantha-1.10111487 |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126115229/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-kissik-sreeleela-fan-vs-oo-antava-samantha-1.10111487 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Hindi
| rowspan="1" | Lothika
|Raqueeb Alam
| rowspan="3" |Dubbed version
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-song-kissik-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-put-their-dance-shoes-on-7096876|title=Pushpa 2 Song Kissik: Allu Arjun And Sreeleela Put Their Dance Shoes On|website=NDTV|access-date=2025-07-31|archive-date=2025-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601124226/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-song-kissik-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-put-their-dance-shoes-on-7096876|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Tamil
|
|[[Viveka]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pushpa-2-kissik-video-song-released-1132064|title=புஷ்பா 2 : 'கிஸ்ஸிக்' பாடல் வீடியோ வெளியீடு|date=24 November 2024|website=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=31 July 2025|archive-date=6 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806171909/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pushpa-2-kissik-video-song-released-1132064|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Kannada
|
|Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2025
| "Raasa Raasa"
| ''[[Kingston (film)|Kingston]]''
| rowspan="3"|Tamil
|colspan="2"| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Yugabharathi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=First single from India's first sea horror adventure film 'Kingston' released | date=31 January 2025 | url=https://ianslive.in/first-single-from-indias-first-sea-horror-adventure-film-kingston-released--20250131194942 | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=6 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806172035/https://ianslive.in/first-single-from-indias-first-sea-horror-adventure-film-kingston-released--20250131194942 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Pottala Muttaye"
| ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
| colspan="2"|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title='Pottala Muttaye' song from Vijay Sethupathi and Nithya Menen's Thalaivan Thalaivii is out now | url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/pottala-muttaye-song-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-nithya-menens-thalaivan-thalaivii-is-out-now/151824081 | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2025-06-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614020636/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/pottala-muttaye-song-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-nithya-menens-thalaivan-thalaivii-is-out-now/151824081 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | "[[Monica (2025 song)|Monica]]"
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
| rowspan="5" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]& Asal Kolaar
| Vishnu Edavan
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Pooja Hegde steals the show as Monica in Rajinikanth's Coolie second song | date=11 July 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-steals-the-show-as-monica-in-rajinikanth-coolie-second-song-2754496-2025-07-11 | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2025-07-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711235827/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-steals-the-show-as-monica-in-rajinikanth-coolie-second-song-2754496-2025-07-11 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Telugu
| rowspan="4" |Anirudh Ravichander
|[[Krishna Kanth]]
| rowspan="4" |Dubbed version
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/monica-song-from-coolie-pooja-hegde-rajinikanth/2/70207|title=Coolie Monica Song: రజనీకాంత్‌ 'కూలీ'.. పూజాహెగ్డే స్పెషల్‌ సాంగ్‌ వచ్చేసింది|website=EENADU|access-date=31 July 2025|archive-date=11 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711141402/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/monica-song-from-coolie-pooja-hegde-rajinikanth/2/70207|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Malayalam
|[[Deepak Ram]]
|<ref name="NT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/monica-video-song-out-from-coolie-2139531|title=Monica Video Song | 'కూలీ' నుంచి 'మోనికా' ఫుల్‌ వీడియో సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది|first=NT News|last=telugu|date=12 September 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref>
|-
|Kannada
|Kumaar
|<ref name="NT"/>
|-
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie The Powerhouse]]''
|Hindi
|[[Kumaar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnttv.com/entertainment/video/rajinikanths-coolie-second-song-monika-released-pooja-hegdes-dance-performance-trends-film-to-release-on-august-14-with-aamir-khan-cameo-frvd-1244934-2025-07-15|title=Coolie Monica Song: रजनीकांत की 'कूली' का 'मोनिका' गाना हुआ रिलीज, पूजा हेगड़े का दिखा जबरदस्त अंदाज|website=[[Good News Today]]|access-date=2025-07-31|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716031834/https://www.gnttv.com/entertainment/video/rajinikanths-coolie-second-song-monika-released-pooja-hegdes-dance-performance-trends-film-to-release-on-august-14-with-aamir-khan-cameo-frvd-1244934-2025-07-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Jaalakaari"
|[[Balti (film)|''Balti'']]
|Malayalam
| colspan="2" |[[Sai Abhyankkar]]
|[[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|
|
|-
|"My Heartu Spinning"
|[[Idli Kadai|''Idli Kadai'']]
|Tamil
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[A. R. Ameen]]
|Falcon
|
|
|-
|"Let’S Do Some Crazy Party"
|''[[Ari: My Name is Nobody]]''
|Telugu
| colspan="2" |[[Anup Rubens]]
|Purnachary Challury
|
|
|-
|"Mannaru Vandhaaru"
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
| rowspan="6" |Tamil
|[[Siddhu Kumar]]
|
|Vignesh Ramakrishna
|
|
|-
|"Kannumuzhi"
|''[[Mask (2025 film) |Mask]]''
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Anthony Daasan]]
|Karumathur Manimaran
|
|
|-
|"Vaazhve Pogudhe"
|''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]''
|Anand Kashinath
|
|Herself
|Debut as a [[Lyricist]]
|
|-
|"Thaenkoodey"
|''[[Middle Class (film)|Middle Class]]''
|Pranav Muniraj
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Surya Bharathi A.A
|
|
|-
|"Chendipoova (Version-2)"
|''[[Angammal]]''
|[[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
|
|Muthamil
|
|
|-
|"Mu Dha La Li"
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
| colspan="2" |Santhosh Narayanan
|Durai
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
| rowspan="2" |"Pretty Baby"
| rowspan="2" |''Biker''
|Telugu
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yazin Nizar]]
|[[Krishna Kanth]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|[[Mohan Rajan]]
|Dubbed Version
|
|-
|"Ennai Polave"
|rowspan="2"|''[[With Love (2026 film)|With Love]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Sean Roldan]]
| -
|Uma Devi
|
|
|-
|"Aiyo Kadhaley (Female Version)
|Telugu
| -
| -
| Dubbed Version
|
|}

=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Composer
! Lyrics
! Co-singer
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2021
| Kanaa
| [[Nucleya]], Sublahshini
| Sublahshini, 2jaym
| Nucleya, 2jaym
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Nucleya, 2jaym & Sublahshini – Kanaa | url=https://genius.com/Nucleya-2jaym-and-sublahshini-kanaa-lyrics | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2021-11-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120082945/https://genius.com/Nucleya-2jaym-and-sublahshini-kanaa-lyrics | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Vizhi Paarayo
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath
| rowspan="6" | Sublahshini
| Anand Kashinath
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Vizhi Paarayo Cue | url=https://www.pandora.com/artist/anand-kashinath-and-sublahshini/in-my-vaazhkai-original-background-score/vizhi-paarayo-cue/TRcx6tgK9gh434w }}</ref>
|-
| Kanda Kanavu
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath
| Anand Kashinath
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Kanda Kanavu | url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=z4qsLE2_uw0 }}</ref>
|-
| Kaathadi
| Anand Kashinath
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=What Next After Enjoy Enjaami? 15 Non-Film Tamil Songs, from Sean Roldan's Idli Chutney to Arivu's Kalla Mouni | date=April 2021 | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/best-tamil-songs-what-next-after-enjoy-enjaami-15-non-film-tamil-songs-from-sean-roldans-idli-chutney-to-arivus-kalla-mouni-kalla-mouni-kaathadi-meendum-pirandheno-neeye-charanam | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2023-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202074514/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/best-tamil-songs-what-next-after-enjoy-enjaami-15-non-film-tamil-songs-from-sean-roldans-idli-chutney-to-arivus-kalla-mouni-kalla-mouni-kaathadi-meendum-pirandheno-neeye-charanam | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Kan Thoora
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath
| Anand Kashinath
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Kan Thoora | url=https://music.yandex.ru/artist/11543010 | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=6 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806172358/https://music.yandex.ru/artist/11543010 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Tell The World
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath, Raemus Castelino
| Anand Kashinath, Mr. Kev
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=GPIaqMLUFLw|title=Tell The World|website=YouTube Music}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| Pugaipadam
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath
|
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Mismatched Season 2 Web Series (2022) | Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Netflix | url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/mismatched-season-2-web-series-104504 | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2024-12-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209192333/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/mismatched-season-2-web-series-104504 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Paranoia
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath, Raemus Castelino
| rowspan="2" | Sublahshini, Mr. Kev
| Anand Kashinath, Mr. Kev
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Paranoia | url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=VMNpnE3Je0U | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=6 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806194622/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=VMNpnE3Je0U | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| Namma Chennai
| Sublahshini, Anand Kashinath, Raemus Castelino
| Anand Kashinath, Mr. Kev
|<ref>{{cite web | title=KISS Theatre Festival is back with its second edition and it's become bigger and better | date=February 2024 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/theatre/2024/Feb/01/kiss-theatre-festival-is-back-with-its-second-edition-and-its-become-bigger-and-better-57357.html | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=6 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806171824/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/theatre/2024/Feb/01/kiss-theatre-festival-is-back-with-its-second-edition-and-its-become-bigger-and-better-57357.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Mudhal Iravu
| [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| Vignesh Jeyapal
| [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Mudhal Iravu | url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=xLarkKVOHEs }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| Yethetho
| M. S Krsna
| M. S Krsna
| M. S Krsna
|<ref>{{cite web | title='Yethetho' is a song for the ache you can't name | date=9 May 2025 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/May/09/yethetho-is-a-song-for-the-ache-you-cant-name | access-date=28 July 2025 | archive-date=14 May 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514153038/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/May/09/yethetho-is-a-song-for-the-ache-you-cant-name | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Konji Urakura
| [[Teejay Arunasalam]]
| Adesh Krishna
| [[Teejay Arunasalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Konji Urakura | url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=SAmfPhsekkM }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Paatha Edathila
|808Krshna
|Adesh Krishna, Thejas Krishna
|808Krshna
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9NNfoGYCZs |title=Paatha Edathila - Music Video {{!}} 808Krshna {{!}} Sublahshini {{!}} Nivaashiyni {{!}} Adesh Krishna {{!}} VYRL South |date=2026-01-29 |last=VYRL South |access-date=2026-03-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=16778599}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]

Lok Bhavan, Aizawl

2026-03-22T02:24:17Z

Jatta Goswami: Made new post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Mizoram}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan, Aizawl
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.723445|92.719395|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| number_of_rooms =
| current_tenants =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect =
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Mizoram]]
| operator =
| references = [https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/ Website]
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Mizoram|governor of Mizoram]] V.K.Singh.<ref name="NIC1">{{cite web|title=Governor of Mizoram|url=http://www.mizoram.nic.in/gov/governor.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=4 March 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514175544/http://www.mizoram.nic.in/gov/governor.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located in the capital city of [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].

== Who’s Who ==

=== Secretariat ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Raj Bhavan Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/whos-who/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Name
!Designation
|-
|V Lalsangliana IAS
|Secretary to Governor
|-
|Joseph Lalrinawma MCS
|Addl. Secretary to Governor
|-
|Lalngaihzuala MCS
|PS to Governor
|-
|[[Saurabh Khamar]]
|OSD to Governor
|-
|Malsawmsanga MIS
|PRO to Governor
|-
|Lalrampari MSS (Steno)
|APS-I to Governor
|-
|F Herliani MSS (Steno)
|PA to Governor
|-
|R Lawmthanga MSS
|Superintendent
|}

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
* [[List of governors of Mizoram]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
[https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/ Website]
{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mizoram]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Raman Research Institute

2026-03-17T12:57:23Z

Jatta Goswami: minor edit

{{Short description|Scientific research institute in Bengaluru, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Raman Research Institute
| image = Raman Research Institute Logo.png
| image_size = 120px
| caption =
|established = {{start date and age|1948}}
|type = [[Research]] [[Institution]]
|director = Tarun Souradeep<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rri.res.in/people.html |archive-date=Nov 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103204905/https://www.rri.res.in/people.html |website=www.rri.res.in |language=en |access-date=14 August 2023 |title=People}}</ref>
|city = [[Bengaluru]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|13|0|46.51|N|77|34|51.78|E|type:edu_region:IN_dim:300}}
|campus = Urban
|students = 90
|postgrad =
|affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|website = [http://www.rri.res.in/ www.rri.res.in]
}}
[[File:Raman Tree.jpg|thumb|right|Raman Tree]]

The '''Raman Research Institute''' ('''RRI''') is an institute for scientific research located in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[India]]. It was founded by [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate Sir [[C. V. Raman]] in 1948. Although it began as an institute privately owned by C. V. Raman, it became an autonomous institute in 1972, receiving funds from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280217/no-raman-effect-how-his-dream-died-a-quiet-death.html|title=No Raman effect: How his dream died a quiet death|last=Srikanth|first=B. R.|date=28 February 2017|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Raman Research Institute 2023 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|2023 Indian stamp, featuring C. V. Raman and dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the institute]]
Before Raman considered founding a research institute, he had approached the former Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] seeking land to build office and conference premises for the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS). The Maharaja acceded to Raman's request and a {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=on}} plot of land in the [[Malleshwaram]] suburb of Bengaluru was allotted to the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1934. However, the academy (then headed by Raman) made no use of the land for seven years. According to the terms of the deal with the Maharaja, the land could be to another use by the government of Mysore if it still remained unused at the end of 1941.

Raman, as President of the IAS, held an extraordinary meeting of the academy in 1941, and proposed that a research institute (to be named after himself) be built on the land. The proposal was approved and a foundational stone was laid on the ground, signifying that the land was now in use. However, it was not until 1948 that the institute was opened. Raman had planned the institute much before he retired as the head of the Physics Department of the Indian Institute of Science. His idea had been to move directly to his newly founded institute when he retired from IISc. This happened in 1948 - Thus, the Raman Research Institute began under the umbrella of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and both under Raman's leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/autonomousstinstitutions/raman-research-institute-bangalore|title=Raman Research Institute, Bangalore|website=www.dst.gov.in}}</ref>

Raman had an apparent hatred for writing project reports or having to give periodic status reports to project funders. For this reason, Raman refused to accept any funds from the Indian government and other sources. "He was of the firm belief that science could not be done that way,” said Prof. [[N. V. Madhusudana|N. V Madhusudana]], Dean of Research at the RRI and a liquid crystal scientist. As a Nobel Laureate, Raman enjoyed significant respect in Indian public life and was able to raise funds for the institute through private donations and fund-raisers without state involvement. Unashamed of his fundraising, Raman declared: "Our greatest men were beggars—the Buddha, Sankara and Mahatma Gandhi." Raman also found the scrutiny the Government was taking in funding scientific research in the 1950s and 1960s insufficient.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=G. |title=Raman and his effect |date=1995 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=81-7371-008-2 |location=Hyderabad, India |chapter=The Final Years |oclc=36886428}}</ref>

"Till Raman's death, this was his private research institute. He had a very small group of research students working with him and very few administrative staff”, said Prof. Madhusudana.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Raman was clear that after his death, the Presidency of the IAS and Director of the RRI could pass to different individuals. Equally the Raman Research Institute should not remain subordinate to the Indian Academy of Sciences but enjoy autonomy and a distinct statutory identity of its own. Just before his death, Raman established a framework for the running of the institute, separating it completely from the Indian Academy of Sciences and giving it statutory autonomy. The Institute adopted the change immediately after Raman's death in 1971 with the consent of the government, and stepped into a new era as a statutory body, functioning since 1972 on annual grants received from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology (DST)]], Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/raman-research-institute-304507-2016-01-19|title=Raman Research Institute opens admission for PhD programme : Notification|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2017-10-30|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321233541/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raman-research-institute/1/574117.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Raman Research Institute front view, Bengaluru, India (2014).jpg|thumbnail|Raman Research Institute]]

==Achievements==
Despite budgetary and infrastructural constraints, scientists working under Raman carried out some ground-breaking work. For instance, [[S. Pancharatnam]], who joined the institute in 1954, discovered a fundamental quantum optic effect. This work, according to Jayaraman, was "the most outstanding original piece of research that came out of RRI at that time."

This discovery proved for the first time that geometric phase exists in optics. But this work was not known to the world until similar discovery was made by scientists elsewhere about two decades later. Subsequently, RRI could convincingly prove that Pancharatnam discovered this long ago and today "this phase is called Pancharatnam Phase world over," said Madhusudana. Pancharatnam unfortunately did not live long enough to see this and his career was cut short when he died in 1969 while in Oxford.

===Collections===
The institute also houses Raman's prized collection of gems, crystals, minerals, and rock specimens from all over the world. Raman, who was fascinated by the colours of the biological kingdom, also had a wide collection of stuffed birds, beetles, and butterflies in the museum. Raman is reputed to have taken much pride in showing his precious collections to visitors to the institute. During Raman's time, many celebrated scientists from other countries paid a visit to the institute. Among them were: [[J. D. Bernal]], E. C. Bullard, [[Patrick Blackett]], [[Charles Galton Darwin]], [[Paul Dirac]], [[George Gamow|G. Gamow]], [[J. B. S. Haldane]], [[Linus Pauling]], [[C. F. Powell]], L. Rosenfeld, G. Wentzel and [[Norbert Wiener]].

==Research areas ==
The main areas of research are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Raman_Research_Institute|title=Raman_Research_Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/isro-and-raman-research-institute-to-develop-quantum-technologies-for-isros-satellites-4178401.html|title=SRO and Raman Research Institute to develop quantum technologies for ISRO's satellites}}</ref>
*[[Astronomy]] and [[Astrophysics]]
*[[Theoretical Physics]]
*[[Light and Matter Physics]]
*[[Condensed matter physics|Soft Condensed Matter Physics]]

===Soft condensed matter===
==== Liquid crystals ====
One of the current research priority areas of the institute is liquid crystals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Raman_Research_Institute|title=Raman_Research_Institute}}</ref> This has been an active area of research at the Raman Research Institute for nearly three decades. The research programme covers a broad spectrum of activities ranging from the synthesis of new liquid crystalline materials to display electronics. Discoveries of the columnar phase formed by disc-like molecules and pressure induced mesomorphism are two of the early significant contributions made by the liquid crystal group. "Out of 36 liquid crystal materials discovered in the world, three were from this institute," Prof. Madhusudana has stated. Among them were two new liquid crystalline phases, namely the undulating twist grain boundary C phase and the biaxial smectic A phase.

Techniques developed for driving passive matrix liquid crystal displays at the institute are now being widely used. In recent years the liquid crystal group has been working on electrochemical aspects of surface science and on other soft materials like surfactants, polymers, and on the physics of biological systems.

===Astronomy and Astrophysics===
Astronomy and astrophysics have been another strong area of research for the RRI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Raman_Research_Institute|title=Raman_Research_Institute}}</ref> According to Prof. Madhusudana, this department has the highest number of faculty and research students of the institute. In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, it has been carrying out observational programmes in radio astronomy, covering almost the entire radio spectrum. Besides having a millimetrewave telescope of 10.4 metre diameter on the campus, the RRI has set up the [[Gauribidanur Radio Observatory]], a decametrewave Radio telescope at Gauribidanur, about 80 kilometres from Bengaluru. This has been done jointly with the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIA), Bengaluru. This is one of the few largest telescopes that operate at the wavelength of 10 metre and is being used by RRI scientists to study radio emission from various types of celestial objects such as the sun, Jupiter and similar radio sources in Milky Way and other galaxies.

Other radio telescopes being used by RRI scientists are the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]], at Ooty, and [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT), near Pune, both set up by the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR). RRI also played an active role in building the [[Mauritius Radio Telescope]], a low-frequency radio telescope in Mauritius jointly with the [[University of Mauritius]] and IIA.

The major astronomical investigations pursued at the Institute can be broadly classified into the following categories: (i) [[Neutron star|Neutron Stars]] and [[Pulsar]]s; (ii) cosmology; (iii) Diffuse matter in space; and (iv) Radio Sky Surveys.

===Theoretical physics===
{{Off topic|date=November 2022}}
Activity in theoretical physics at the institute has focused on relativity and gravity, [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], and optics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Raman_Research_Institute|title=Raman_Research_Institute}}</ref> The current activity in gravitation concentrates on two themes, [[Gravitational wave|gravitational radiation]] and [[quantum gravity]]. Gravitation is known to be the weakest of all known forces of nature, but it dominates all structure and motion on the astronomical scale because of its attractive universality, its long range and the fact that matter on the large scale is essentially neutral. The correct theory of gravitation is now believed to be [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s [[General Theory of Relativity]]. One of the fundamental predictions of General Theory of Relativity is that of gravitational waves — waves of distortion of spacetime itself - propagating at a finite speed of light. This replaces the Newtonian gravitations forces which was instantaneous. Such waves are expected to be emitted when, for example, two massive inspiralling stars tend to coalesce under their mutual gravitations attraction. Accurate calculation of this gravitational radiation — its waveform — has been one of the major research areas of the theoretical physics group at the institute. Their work is expected to be a crucial input towards its eventual detection.

Another major activity of the theoretical physics group has been in studying the propagation of light waves in certain types of liquid crystals and minerals and their associated polarization phenomenon. The RRI has been a pioneer in this field of study, initiated by one of Raman's research students, Pancharatnam.

==== Quantum Information and Computing (QuIC) laboratory ====
During June 2020, QuIC was successful in developing the toolkit and ran a simulation that helps in safe [[quantum key distribution]] between devices. In February 2021, a team of researchers under the guidance of Prof. [[Urbasi Sinha]] in collaboration with Prof. Barry Sanders from the [[University of Calgary]] demonstrated the distribution of quantum key using free space between two buildings at a distance of 50 meters that used [[quantum entanglement]] based quantum-key distribution technique. It is part of the [[Quantum Experiments using Satellite Technology]] (QuEST) project supported by [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO). This work is part of the [[National Quantum Mission India|National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Budget 2020 announces Rs 8000 cr National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications |url=https://dst.gov.in/budget-2020-announces-rs-8000-cr-national-mission-quantum-technologies-applications |website=Ministry of Science and Technology |publisher=DST |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-02-01|title=Budget 2020 {{!}} ₹8,000 crore outlay for national mission on quantum technology|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/government-announces-8000-crore-outlay-for-national-mission-on-quantum-technology/article30711182.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> One of the objectives is to develop secure encrypted communication that are harder to break even with ongoing advances in [[computing technology]]. Prof. Urbasi Sinha and her team at RRI have been working on [[Quantum cryptography]] since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goled|first=Shraddha|date=2021-02-24|title=Raman Research Institute Achieves Breakthrough In Quantum Communication|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/raman-research-institute-achieves-breakthrough-in-quantum-communication/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Analytics India Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RRI comes up with simulation toolkit to ensure safety in secure quantum communication platforms|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1635294|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=2021-02-23|title=Bengaluru scientists make quantum technology breakthrough|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/bengaluru-scientists-make-quantum-technology-breakthrough-954329.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==Research facilities==
To support its wide-ranging research activities in astronomy, physics, and materials science, RRI maintains several specialized research facilities that provide both technical and infrastructural support to its scientific programs.

===Electronics Engineering Group (EEG)===
The Electronics Engineering Group of RRI is particularly involved in the design, development, and construction of sophisticated instrumentation for experimental astronomy and physics. In close collaboration with the Astronomy & Astrophysics group and other research groups, EEG is dedicated to three principal lines of activity: millimeter-wave and RF system development, digital circuit design and signal processing, and X-ray astronomy instrumentation. In the first domain, the team creates high-performance feeds, receivers, broad-band antennas, and low-noise amplifiers, and test facilities cover wavelengths from decameters up to millimeters. The digital electronics team constructs general-purpose digital receivers, spectrometers, correlators, and FPGA-based signal processing systems, many of which are used overseas. Recently, EEG has diversified into X-ray astronomy instrumentation, working on the development of detectors, proportional counters, and X-ray polarization measurement systems with the backing of clean room facilities and special testing tools. EEG also participates actively in national and international scientific institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rri.res.in/facilities/electronics-engineering-services
|title=Electronics Engineering Group |publisher=Raman Research Institute |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

===Library===
RRI's library, originally founded by Sir C. V. Raman, has grown alongside the institute's research activities. Its collections are particularly strong in astronomy, astrophysics, theoretical physics, optics, and liquid crystals, while also covering computer science, electronics, scientific biographies, and general science. In addition to books, the library holds CDs, DVDs, and full-text access to over 4,000 online journals through the National Knowledge Resource Consortium. Services encompass circulation, interlibrary loans, reprography, literature search support, and daily reports on scientific advancements. The library is also computerized with KOHA software, allowing OPAC facility for internal and external users, and keeps the institute's academic output digitally through DSpace. It is extensively utilized by RRI researchers as well as researchers in other prominent institutes across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rri.res.in/facilities/library
|title=Library |publisher=Raman Research Institute |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

===Mechanical Engineering Services (MES)===
MES gives accurate mechanical support to the institute's research laboratories, such as the Radio Astronomy Lab, Light and Matter Physics Group, Soft Condensed Matter Group, and X-ray Lab. Its Engineering Workshop also produces intricate mechanical components for instruments like millimeter-wave and radio telescope antennas, X-ray polarimeters, and custom mounts for laboratory experiments. Some of the key works include the fabrication of the 10.4-m millimeter-wave telescope, the 12-m preloaded parabolic antenna, and Mauritius Radio Telescope and GMRT antenna systems. The Sheet Metal Fabrication Workshop is responsible for enclosures, system racks, and structural parts for electronic instrumentation such as multi-band feeds and experimental setup. MES integrates sophisticated machinery, clean environments, and experienced personnel to provide high-precision, tailor-made mechanical solutions that enable both astronomy and physics research at RRI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rri.res.in/facilities/mechanical-engineering-services
|title=Mechanical Engineering Services |publisher=Raman Research Institute |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Raman Research Institute}}
*[http://www.rri.res.in/ RRI website]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Department of Science and Technology (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes established in 1948]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Physics research institutes]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Jordan

2026-03-15T14:09:48Z

Jatta Goswami: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Country in West Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Redirect|HKJ}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes|expiry=indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
| common_name = Jordan
| native_name = {{native name|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية|italics=off}} {{transliteration|ar|Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hāshimiyya}}
| image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg
| coa_size = 75
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|الله، الوطن، الملك}} {{transliteration|ar|Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik}} "God, Country, King"<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeroen|last=Temperman|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|access-date=12 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18148-9|page=87|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012033444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|السلام الملكي الأردني}} {{transliteration|ar|Al-Salām al-Malakī al-Urdunī}} "[[The Royal Anthem of Jordan|Peace to the King of Jordan]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg]]}}
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Jordan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Jordan - Location Map (2013) - JOR - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Jordan|default=1}}
| capital = [[Amman]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|57|N|35|56|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| religion = {{unbulleted list |95% [[Islam in Jordan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |3% [[Christianity in Jordan|Christianity]] |1% [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]}} 1% others
| official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jordanian Constitution |url=http://www.cco.gov.jo/en-us/Jordanian-Constitutional |website=Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Constitutional Court |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812035024/http://www.cco.gov.jo/en-us/Jordanian-Constitutional |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |95% [[Arabs|Arab]]
|3% [[Circassians in Jordan|Circassian]], [[Chechens in Jordan|Chechen]] | 2% [[Armenians in Jordan|Armenian]] and others}}
| demonym = Jordanian
| government_type = Unitary parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of kings of Jordan|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Jordan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jafar Hassan]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Jordan|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]]
| lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Jordan)|House of Representatives]]}}
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Emirate of Transjordan|Emirate]]
| established_date1 = 11 April 1921
| established_event2 = [[League of Nations mandate|Independence]]
| established_date2 = 25 May 1946
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of Jordan|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = 11 January 1952
| area_km2 = 89342
| area_rank = 110th
| area_sq_mi =
| percent_water = 0.6
| population_estimate = 11,484,805<ref>{{cite web|title=Population clock|access-date=1 October 2023|work=Jordan Department of Statistics|url=http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 84th
| population_census = 9,531,712<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|access-date=12 June 2018|work=The Jordan Times|last=Ghazal|first=Mohammad|date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092804/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2015
| population_density_km2 = 114
| population_density_sq_mi = 295
| population_density_rank = 70th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $132.092 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.JO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=439,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Jordan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165711/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=439,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 91st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,809<ref name="IMFWEO.JO" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 112th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $50.022 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.JO" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 93rd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,850<ref name="IMFWEO.JO" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 114th
| Gini = 35.4 
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|title=Gini index|work=World Bank|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.754
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 100th
| currency = [[Jordanian dinar]]
| currency_code = JOD
| time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +03:00
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Jordan|+962]]
| cctld = [[.jo]] {{lang|ar|[[.الاردن]]}}
| area_magnitude =
| today =
}}

'''Jordan''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|الأردن|translit=al-Urdun|engvar=gb}} {{IPA|ar|al.ʔʊr.dʊn|}}}} officially the '''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية|translit=al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hāshimiyya|engvar=gb}}}} is a country in the [[Southern Levant]] region of [[West Asia]]. Jordan is bordered by [[Syria]] to the north, [[Iraq]] to the east, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the south, and both [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] ([[West Bank]]) to the west. The [[Jordan River]], flowing into the [[Dead Sea]], is located along the country's western border within the [[Jordan Rift Valley]]. Jordan has a small coastline along the [[Red Sea]] in its southwest, separated by the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] from [[Egypt]]. [[Amman]] is the country's capital and [[List of cities in Jordan|largest city]], as well as the [[List of largest cities in the Levant region by population|most populous city in the Levant]].

Inhabited by humans since the [[Paleolithic]] period, three kingdoms developed in [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]] during the [[Iron Age]]: [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]. In the third century BC, the Arab [[Nabataeans]] established [[Nabataean Kingdom|their kingdom]] centered in [[Petra]]. The [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] period saw the establishment of several cities in Transjordan that comprised the [[Decapolis]]. After the end of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule, the region became part of the Islamic caliphates of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]], and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]. Following the 1916 [[Great Arab Revolt]] during [[World War I]], former [[Syria vilayet|Ottoman Syria]] was [[partition of the Ottoman Empire#British Mandates|partitioned]], leading to the [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan|establishment]] of the [[Emirate of Transjordan]] in 1921, which became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan gained independence and became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.{{efn|The country became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Arabic; however, it continued to be referred to as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in English until 1949.}} Jordan [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|captured and annexed]] the [[West Bank]] during the [[1948 Palestine war]] until it was occupied by Israel [[Six-Day War|in 1967]]. Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank|renounced]] its claim to the territory to the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinians]] in 1988 and signed a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|peace treaty with Israel]] in 1994.

Jordan is a [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] country, covering an area of {{Convert|89,342|km2|abbr=on}} with a population of 11.5 million, making it the [[List of Arab League countries by population|eleventh-most populous Arab country]]. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]], with the rest being mostly [[Christianity in Jordan|Arab Christian]]. Jordan was mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the [[Arab Spring]] in 2010. From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million [[Palestinian refugees]], most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship, as well as 1.4 million [[Syrian refugees]], were residing in Jordan in 2015.<ref name="census"/> The kingdom is also a refuge for thousands of [[Christianity in Iraq|Christian Iraqis]] fleeing persecution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-20 |title=The Politics of Aid to Iraqi Refugees in Jordan |url=https://merip.org/2010/09/the-politics-of-aid-to-iraqi-refugees-in-jordan/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=MERIP |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308051727/https://merip.org/2010/09/the-politics-of-aid-to-iraqi-refugees-in-jordan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006-11-27 |title="The Silent Treatment": Fleeing Iraq, Surviving in Jordan |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/11/27/silent-treatment/fleeing-iraq-surviving-jordan |language=en |last1=Frelick |first1=Bill |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405163411/https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/11/27/silent-treatment/fleeing-iraq-surviving-jordan |url-status=live }}</ref> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the large Syrian influx during the 2010s has placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html|access-date=12 October 2015|title=2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan|work=UNHCR |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html|archive-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

The sovereign state is a [[constitutional monarchy]], but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a founding member of the [[Arab League]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. Jordan has a high [[Human Development Index]], ranking 100th, and is considered a lower middle income economy. The [[Economy of Jordan|Jordanian economy]], one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce.<ref name="skwf"/> Jordan is a major tourist destination, also attracting medical tourism with [[Health in Jordan|its well-developed health sector]].<ref name="tourists">{{cite news|url=http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=242529&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312061219/http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=242529&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2016|title=Jordan second top Arab destination to German tourists|publisher=Petra|agency=Jordan News|date=11 March 2016|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> Nonetheless, a lack of natural resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth.<ref name="washington"/>

== Etymology ==
{{See also|Jordan River#Etymology}}
Jordan takes its name from the [[Jordan River]], which forms much of Jordan's northwestern border.<ref name="CIA factbook">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/|title= The World Fact book – Jordan|work= CIA World Factbook|access-date= 15 June 2018|archive-date= 27 February 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230227115821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/|url-status= dead}}</ref> While several theories for the origin of the river's name have been proposed (such as relation to the [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] loanword 'yǝʾor'; 'big river', the [[Nile]]),<ref name="rahkonen">{{cite journal |last1=Rahkonen |first1=Pauli Ensio Juhani |title='Canaanites' or 'Amorites'? A Study on Semitic toponyms of the second millennium BC in the Land of Canaan |journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica |date=11 October 2016 |volume=4 |pages=108–130 |url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/46542 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183831/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/46542 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is most plausible that it derives from the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word 'Yarad' ( ירד ; 'flow down' or 'descend"), referring to the river's declivity<ref name="etm1">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|title= Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|access-date= 15 June 2018|year= 1990|pages= 466–467, 928|first1= Watson E.|last1= Mills|first2= Roger Aubrey|last2= Bullard|publisher= Mercer University Press|isbn= 9780865543737|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|archive-date= 18 October 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> and with cognates found in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], etc.<ref name="etm1"/>

The earliest use of the name is found in the ancient Egyptian [[Papyrus Anastasi I]] as ''Yārdon'', probably dating to the reign of [[Rameses II]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGFtAAAAMAAJ|title=Canaanite toponyms in ancient Egyptian documents|access-date=15 June 2018|year=1984|first1=Shmuel|last1=Aḥituv|publisher=Magnes Press|page=123|isbn=978-965-223-565-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095621/https://books.google.com/books/about/Canaanite_toponyms_in_ancient_Egyptian_d.html?id=dGFtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the area that makes up modern Jordan was historically called ''[[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]'', meaning "across the Jordan"; the term is used to denote the lands east of the river.<ref name="etm1"/> The [[Hebrew Bible]] uses the term {{lang|he|עבר הירדן}} {{translit|he|Ever ha'Yarden}} ({{literal translation|the other side of the Jordan}}) for the area.<ref name="etm1"/> Early Arab chronicles call the river ''Al-Urdunn'' (a term cognate to the Hebrew ''Yarden'').<ref name="etm2" /> ''[[Jund Al-Urdunn]]'' was a military district around the river in the early Islamic era.<ref name="etm2">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest|title= Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A. D. 650 To 1500|page= [https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest/page/52 52]|publisher= Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|first= Guy|last= Le Strange|date= 1890|access-date= 15 June 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052930/http://www.archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= live}}</ref> Later, during the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusades]] in the beginning of the second millennium, a lordship was established in the area under the name of ''[[Oultrejordain]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nx4TAQAAIAAJ|title= Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades|first= David|last= Nicolle|publisher= Hambledon Continuum|date= 1 November 2008|access-date= 15 June 2018|page= 118|isbn= 9781847251466|archive-date= 10 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044106/https://books.google.com/books?id=nx4TAQAAIAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Jordan}}

=== Ancient period ===
[[File:20100923 amman37.JPG|thumb|The [['Ain Ghazal Statues]], c. 7250 BC, uncovered in Amman, are some of the oldest human statues ever found.]]

The oldest known evidence of [[hominid]] habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years.<ref name="KOJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|access-date=16 June 2018 |date= 8 December 2015|publisher= Princeton University Press|first= Raphael|last= Patai|title= Kingdom of Jordan|pages=23, 32|isbn=9781400877997|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095624/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan is a rich source of [[Paleolithic]] human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due to its location within the [[Levant]], where [[Recent African origin of modern humans|migrations out of Africa]] converged,<ref name="chap-paleolithic">{{cite book|chapter-url= http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|title= Atlas of Jordan|access-date= 16 June 2018|editor-first= Myriam|editor-last= Ababsa|chapter= The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)|first= Maysoun|last= al-Nahar|series= Contemporain publications|date= 11 June 2014|pages= 94–99|publisher= Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn= 9782351594384|archive-date= 15 June 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214900/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877|url-status= live}}</ref> and its more humid climate during the [[Late Pleistocene]], which resulted in the formation of numerous remains-preserving wetlands in the region.<ref name="Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP">{{cite journal |last1=Abu-Jaber |first1=Nizar |last2=Al Khasawneh |first2=Sahar |last3=Alqudah |first3=Mohammad |last4=Hamarneh |first4=Catreena |last5=Al-Rawabdeh |first5=Abdulla |last6=Murray |first6=Andrew |title=Lake Elji and a geological perspective on the evolution of Petra, Jordan |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=November 2020 |volume=557 |article-number=109904 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109904 |bibcode=2020PPP...55709904A }}</ref> Past lakeshore environments attracted different groups of hominids, and several remains of tools dating from the Late Pleistocene have been found there.<ref name="chap-paleolithic"/> Scientists have found the world's oldest known evidence of bread-making at a 14,500-year-old [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] site in Jordan's northeastern desert.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |title= Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread|work=BBC|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180716234918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |archive-date=16 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Neolithic]] period (10,000–4,500 BC), there was a transition there from a [[hunter-gatherer]] culture to a culture with established populous agricultural villages.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 – 11,600 years ago)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=100–105|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616134508/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)|'Ain Ghazal]], one such village located at a site in the eastern part of present-day [[Amman]], is one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the [[Near East]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1= Betts|first1= Alison |title= The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi= 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012|date= March 2014|chapter= The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period|isbn=9780199212972}}</ref> [['Ain Ghazal Statues|Dozens of plaster statues]] of the human form, dating to 7250 BC or earlier, have been uncovered there. They are one of the oldest large-scale representations of humans ever found.<ref name="aingazal">{{cite web|url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx |title= Lime Plaster statues|work= British Museum|publisher= Trustees of the British Museum|access-date= 16 June 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151018143147/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx|archive-date= 18 October 2015|quote= Dating to the end of the eighth millennium BC, they are among the earliest large-scale representations of the human form.}}</ref> During the [[Chalcolithic|Chalcolithic period]] (4500–3600 BC), several villages emerged in Transjordan including [[Teleilat el Ghassul|Tulaylet Ghassul]] in the [[Jordan Valley]];<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Copper Age. The Chalcolithic period (4500–3600 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=114–116|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617214759/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|url-status=live}}</ref> a series of circular stone enclosures in the eastern basalt desert from the same period have long baffled archaeologists.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/03/the-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain/|title=The giant stone circles in the Middle East no one can explain|first= Terrence|last=McCoy|date=3 November 2014|access-date=16 June 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225346/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/03/the-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain/|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mesha Stele (511142469) (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|upright|The [[Mesha Stele]] (c. 840 BC) records the glory of [[Mesha]], King of [[Moab]], displayed at the [[Louvre Museum]].]]
Fortified towns and urban centres first emerged in the southern Levant early in the [[Bronze Age]] (3600–1200 BC).<ref name="atlas11">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600–2000 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=117–118|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617214759/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wadi Feynan]] became a regional centre for copper extraction: the metal was exploited on a large scale to produce bronze.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF[1].pdf|title= Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East|publisher= Queen's University Belfast|year= 2010|access-date= 4 July 2018|page= 2|quote= It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF|archive-date=24 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Trade and movement of people in the Middle East peaked, causing cultural innovations and whole civilisations to spread.<ref name="atlas12"/> Villages in Transjordan expanded rapidly in areas with reliable water-resources and arable land.<ref name="atlas12">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000–1500 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=122–123|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704025517/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ancient Egypt]]ian populations expanded towards the Levant and came to control both banks of the Jordan River.<ref name="atlas13">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC)|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=124–125|publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704060354/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Iron Age]] (1200–332 BC), after the withdrawal of the Egyptians, Transjordan was home to the kingdoms of [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] and [[Moab]].<ref name="AEM" /> These peoples spoke [[Semitic languages]] of the [[Canaanite languages|Canaanite group]]. Archaeologists have concluded that their polities were tribal kingdoms rather than states.<ref name="AEM" /> Ammon was located in the Amman plateau; Moab in the highlands east of the Dead Sea; and Edom in the area around [[Arabah|Wadi Araba]] in the south.<ref name="AEM">{{cite conference|first1= Oystein S.|last1= LaBianca|first2= Randall W.|last2= Younker|title= The kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)|book-title= The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|editor= Thomas Levy|page= 114|publisher= Leicester University Press|date= 1995|url= https://www.academia.edu/744029|access-date= 16 June 2018|archive-date= 9 August 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210809031715/https://www.academia.edu/744029|url-status= live}}{{isbn?}}</ref> The northwestern region of the Transjordan, known then as [[Gilead]], was settled by the [[Israelites]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=Ugarit-Forschungen; Band 43 (2011)|last2=Lipschits|first2=Oded|last3=Koch|first3=Ido|publisher=|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-086-9|location=[Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]|page=151|chapter=The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.|oclc=1101929531}}</ref>

The three kingdoms continually clashed with the neighbouring Hebrew kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], centred west of the Jordan River.<ref name="harrison">{{Citation|last1= Harrison|first1= Timothy P.|contribution= 'The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā|pages=27–45|url= http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|access-date= 16 June 2018|year= 2009|title= Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau|editor-last=Bienkowski|editor-first= Piotr|place=Leuven|publisher=Peeters|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215108/http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf|archive-date= 16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> One record of this is the [[Mesha Stele]], erected by the Moabite king [[Mesha]] in 840 BC. In an inscription on it, he lauds himself for the building projects that he initiated in Moab and commemorates his glory and his victory against the Israelites.<ref name="rollston">{{cite book|page= 54|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|access-date=16 June 2018|first=Chris A.|last= Rollston|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=9781589831070|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095638/https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The stele constitutes one of the most important archeological parallels to [[Historicity of the Bible|accounts recorded in the Bible]].<ref name="mesha-louvre">{{cite web|url= http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele |title= The Mesha Stele|access-date=16 June 2018|work=Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant|publisher= Louvre Museum|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status= dead | quote = The stele of King Mesha constitutes one of the most important direct accounts of the history of the world that is related in the Bible. The inscription pays tribute to the sovereign, celebrating his great building works and victories over the kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab, son of Omri. The mention of 'Israel' is its earliest known written occurrence. }}</ref> At the same time, Israel and the Kingdom of [[Aram-Damascus]] competed for control of the Gilead.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Na'aman |first1=Nadav |title=Rezin of Damascus and the Land of Gilead |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |date=1995 |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=105–117 |jstor=27931518 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=In search for Aram and Israel : politics, culture, and identity|date=2016|others=Omer Sergi, Manfred Oeming, Izaak J. de Hulster|isbn=978-3-16-153803-2|location=Tübingen|oclc=967957191}}</ref>

Around 740–720 BC, Israel and Aram-Damascus were conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]. The kingdoms of Ammon, Edom and Moab were subjugated but were allowed to maintain some degree of independence.<ref name="chap-iron">{{cite book
|chapter-url = http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075
|title = Atlas of Jordan
|access-date = 16 June 2018
|editor-first = Myriam
|editor-last = Ababsa
|chapter = The Iron Age and the Persian Period (1200–332 BC)
|first = Maysoun
|last = al-Nahar
|series = Contemporain publications
|date = 11 June 2014
|pages = 126–130
|publisher = Presses de l'Ifpo
|isbn = 9782351594384
|archive-date = 17 June 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180617051103/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5075
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Then in 627 BC, following after the disintegration of the Assyrians' empire, [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] took control of the area.<ref name="chap-iron" /> Although the kingdoms supported the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC [[Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)|sack of Jerusalem]], they rebelled against Babylon a decade later.<ref name="chap-iron" /> The kingdoms were reduced to [[vassal]]s, a status they retained under the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Hellenic]] empires.<ref name="chap-iron" /> By the beginning of [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] around 63 BC, the kingdoms of Ammon, Edom and Moab had lost their distinct identities and were assimilated into the Roman culture.<ref name="AEM" /> Some Edomites survived longer – driven by the Nabataeans, they had migrated to southern [[Judea]], which became known as [[Idumaea]]. They were later converted to [[Judaism]] by the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmoneans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levin |first1=Yigal |title=The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism |journal=Religions |date=24 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=487 |doi=10.3390/rel11100487 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Classical period ===
[[File:Al Khazneh Petra edit 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Petra]], one of the [[New 7 Wonders of the World]], contains [[Al-Khazneh]], believed to be the mausoleum of the [[Nabataean]] King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]], 1st century AD.]]

[[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Wars of Alexander the Great|conquest]] of the Persian Empire in 332 BC introduced [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic culture]] to the Middle East.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the [[Partition of Babylon|empire split]] among his generals, and in the end much of Transjordan was disputed between the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemies]] based in Egypt and the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]] based in Syria.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataeans]], nomadic Arabs based south of Edom, managed to establish an independent kingdom in 169 BC by exploiting the struggle between the two Greek powers.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=10}} The [[Nabataean Kingdom]] controlled much of the trade routes of the region, and it stretched south along the [[Red Sea]] coast into the [[Hejaz]] desert, up to as far north as [[Damascus]], which it controlled for a short period (85–71 BC).{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=51}} The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbours.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=30}} Petra, Nabataea's capital, flourished in the 1st century AD, driven by its extensive water irrigation systems and agriculture.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=70}} The Nabataeans were talented [[stone carving|stone carvers]], building their most elaborate structure, [[Al-Khazneh]], in the first century AD.<ref name="petra"/> It is believed to be the [[mausoleum]] of the Arab Nabataean King [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]].<ref name="petra">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|title=Petra Lost and Found|work=National Geographic|date=2 January 2016|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roman legions under [[Pompey]] conquered much of the Levant in 63 BC, inaugurating a period of Roman rule that lasted four centuries.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|page=573|title=The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project|year=2006 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|first1=Samuel|last1=Parker|first2=John|last2=Betlyon|access-date=3 July 2018|isbn=9780884022985|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573|url-status=live}}</ref> In 106 AD, Emperor [[Trajan]] annexed Nabataea unopposed and rebuilt the [[King's Highway (ancient)|King's Highway]] which became known as the [[Via Traiana Nova]] road.<ref name="roman" /> The Romans gave the Greek cities of Transjordan—[[Philadelphia (Amman)|Philadelphia]] (Amman), [[Jerash|Gerasa]] (Jerash), [[Umm Qays|Gedara]] (Umm Quays), [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]] (Tabaqat Fahl) and [[Irbid|Arbila]] (Irbid)—and other Hellenistic cities in Palestine and southern Syria, a level of autonomy by forming the ''[[Decapolis]]'', a ten-city league.<ref name="atlas15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=2 July 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Roman Arabia|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=155–161|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034841/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903|url-status=live}}</ref> Jerash is one of the best preserved Roman cities in the East; it was even visited by Emperor [[Hadrian]] during his journey to Palestine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|access-date=9 April 2016|date=15 April 2013|first1=Charles|last1=Gates|publisher=Routledge|pages=392–393|isbn=9781134676620|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128062152/https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jerash 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Oval Forum of [[Jerash]] (c. 1st century AD), then member of the ten-city Greco-Roman league, the ''[[Decapolis]]'', seven of which are present in modern-day Jordan]]

In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split and the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the [[Byzantine Empire]], continued to control or influence the region until 636.<ref name="byzantine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|page=43|title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first1=Florence|last1=Lemoine|first2=John|last2=Strickland|access-date=4 July 2018|isbn=9781573561532|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref> Christianity had [[Edict of Milan|become legal within the empire in 313]] after co-emperors [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and [[Licinius]] signed an edict of toleration.<ref name="byzantine"/> In 380, the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] made Christianity the official state religion. Transjordan prospered during the Byzantine era, and Christian churches were built throughout the region.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=14}}

The [[Aqaba Church]] in [[Aqaba|Ayla]] was built during this era. It is considered to be the [[List of oldest church buildings|world's first purpose built Christian church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|title=First purpose-built church|access-date=4 July 2018|work=Guinness World Records|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193456/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Umm ar-Rasas]] in southern Amman contains at least 16 Byzantine churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=4 July 2018|title=Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)|date=1 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704001404/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after a [[Galilee earthquake of 363|363 earthquake]] destroyed many structures it declined further, eventually being abandoned.<ref name="petra"/> The [[Sasanian Empire]] in the east became the Byzantines' rivals, and [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars|frequent confrontations]] sometimes led to the Sasanids controlling some parts of the region, including Transjordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|access-date=4 July 2018|date=30 January 2014|first=Gideon|last=Avni|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=302|isbn=9780191507342|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018100348/https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Islamic era ===
In 629, during the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] in what is today [[Karak Governorate]], the Byzantines and their [[Patronage in ancient Rome|Arab Christian clients]], the [[Ghassanids]], staved off an attack by a Muslim [[Rashidun]] force that marched northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz.<ref name="Bowersock">{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=Grabar|first3=Oleg|title=Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|access-date=17 June 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|isbn=9780674511736|year=1999|pages=468–469|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045102/https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468|url-status=live}}</ref> The Byzantines however were defeated by the Muslims in 636 at the decisive [[Battle of the Yarmuk]] just north of Transjordan.<ref name="Bowersock"/> Transjordan was an essential territory for the conquest of Damascus.<ref name="mus"/> The Rashidun caliphate was followed by that of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] (661–750).<ref name="mus"/>

[[File:The Madaba Map, part of a floor mosaic in the early Byzantine church of Saint George depicting the Holy Land in the 6th century AD, Madaba, Jordan (34477807231).jpg|thumb|right|Byzantine [[Madaba Map]] showing the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. Dating to the 6th century AD, it is the oldest surviving depiction of the [[Holy Land]].]]

Under the Umayyad Caliphate, several [[desert castles]] were constructed in Transjordan, including [[Qasr Al-Mshatta]] and [[Qasr Al-Hallabat]].<ref name="mus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town|page=54|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|first=Eveline|last=van der Steen|access-date=18 June 2018|isbn=9781317543473|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s campaign to take over the Umayyad's began in a village in Transjordan known as [[Humayma]].<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=178–179|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=1 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601200841/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913|url-status=live}}</ref> The powerful [[749 Galilee earthquake|749 earthquake]] is thought to have contributed to the Umayyads' [[Abbasid revolution|defeat by the Abbasids]], who moved the caliphate's capital from Damascus to [[Baghdad]].<ref name="atlas"/> During Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes moved northwards and settled in the Levant.<ref name="mus"/> As had happened during the Roman era, growth of maritime trade diminished Transjordan's central position, and the area became increasingly impoverished.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=21}} After the decline of the Abbasids, Transjordan was ruled by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (969–1070), then by the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (1115–1187).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=22}}

The Crusaders constructed several castles as part of the Lordship of Oultrejordain, including [[Montreal (castle)|Montreal]] and Al-Karak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=11 December 1997|access-date=18 June 2018|last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle |isbn=9780521460101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204034437/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Hattin]] (1187) near [[Sea of Galilee|Lake Tiberias]] just north of Transjordan, the Crusaders lost to [[Saladin]], the founder of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1187–1260).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} The Ayyubids built the [[Ajloun Castle]] and rebuilt older castles to be used as military outposts against the Crusaders.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=23}} Villages in Transjordan under the Ayyubids became important stops for Muslim pilgrims going to [[Mecca]] who travelled along the route that connected Syria to the Hejaz.<ref name="atlas1">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|title=Atlas of Jordan|access-date=16 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=184–187|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619051706/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998|url-status=live}}</ref> Several of the Ayyubid castles were used and expanded by the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] (1260–1516), who divided Transjordan between the provinces of Karak and Damascus.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=25}} During the next century Transjordan experienced [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] attacks, but the Mongols were ultimately repelled by the Mamluks at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] (1260).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|first1=John|last1=Friedman|first2=Kristen|last2=Figg|publisher=Routledge|date=4 July 2013|access-date=18 June 2018|page=11|isbn=9781135590949|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| image1 = Kerak BW 1 (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = The [[Kerak Castle|Karak Castle]] (c. 12th century) built by the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusaders]], and later expanded under the Muslim [[Ayyubids]] and [[Mamluks]]
| image2 = Ajloun Castle 1.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Ajloun Castle]] (c. 12th century) built by the Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] for use against the [[Crusades]]
| width1 = 165
| width2 = 215
}}

In 1516 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate]]'s forces [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|conquered Mamluk territory]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=26}} Agricultural villages in Transjordan witnessed a period of relative prosperity in the 16th century but were later abandoned.<ref name="VSS">{{cite book|pages=37, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|title=Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan|first1=Eugene|last1=Rogan|first2=Tariq|last2=Tell|publisher=British Academic Press|year=1994|access-date=8 June 2016|isbn=9781850438298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110615/https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Transjordan was of marginal importance to the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="atlas10">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|title=The Impact of Ottoman Reforms|access-date=19 June 2018|editor-first=Myriam|editor-last=Ababsa|chapter=The Abbasid Caliphate|first=Maysoun|last=al-Nahar|series=Contemporain publications|date=11 June 2014|pages=198–201|publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo|isbn=9782351594384|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929035405/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Ottoman presence was virtually absent and reduced to annual tax collection visits.<ref name="VSS"/>

More Arab [[Bedouin]] tribes moved into Transjordan from Syria and the Hejaz during the first three centuries of Ottoman rule, including the [[Banu 'Adwan|Adwan]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] and the [[Howeitat]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=26, 27}} These tribes laid claims to different parts of the region, and with the absence of a meaningful Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid into a state of anarchy that continued until the 19th century.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=27}} This led to a short-lived occupation by the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic movement that emerged in [[Emirate of Diriyah|Najd]] (in modern-day Saudi Arabia).{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=30}} [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], son of the [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|governor]] of the [[Egypt Eyalet]], [[Wahhabi War|rooted out the Wahhabis]] under the request of the Ottoman sultan by 1818.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=31}}

[[File:Z Ottoman Ten arches Amman 2.jpg|thumb|right|Ottoman [[Ten Arches Bridge]] built south of Amman in 1904, as part of the [[Hejaz railway]], which stretched across the length of Transjordan and linked [[Damascus]] with [[Medina]]]]

In 1833 Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule over the Levant.<ref name="cup" /> His policies led to the unsuccessful [[peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834.<ref name="cup" /> Transjordanian cities of [[As-Salt]] and Al-Karak [[Siege of Al-Karak (1834)|were destroyed]] by Pasha's forces for harboring a [[Qasim al-Ahmad|peasants' revolt leader]].<ref name="cup" /> Egyptian rule was [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly ended]] in 1841, with Ottoman rule restored.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|access-date=8 June 2016|date=11 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|isbn=9780521892230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110537/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Only after Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try to solidify its presence in the [[Syria Vilayet]], which Transjordan was part of.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}}

A series of tax and land reforms (''[[Tanzimat]]'') in 1864 brought some prosperity back to agriculture and to abandoned villages; the end of virtual autonomy led a backlash in other areas of Transjordan.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=37}} Muslim [[Circassians]] and [[Chechens]], fleeing [[Circassian genocide|Russian persecution]], sought refuge in the Levant.<ref name="leg" /> In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the long-abandoned vicinity of Amman in 1867 and later in the surrounding villages.<ref name="leg">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14−15|access-date=7 June 2016|title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy|first1=Beverley|last1=Milton-Edwards|first2=Peter|last2=Hinchcliffe|publisher=Routledge|date=5 June 2009|isbn=9781134105465|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128072708/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ottoman authorities' establishment of its administration, conscription and heavy taxation policies led to revolts in the areas it controlled.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=38}} Transjordan's tribes in particular revolted during the [[Shoubak revolts|Shoubak]] (1905) and the [[Karak revolt]]s (1910), which were brutally suppressed.<ref name="leg" /> The construction of the [[Hejaz Railway]] in 1908—stretching across the length of Transjordan and linking [[Damascus]] with [[Medina]]—helped the population economically, as Transjordan became a stopover for pilgrims.<ref name="leg" />

=== Modern era ===
{{Main|Emirate of Transjordan}}

[[File:030Arab (cropped).jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the Hashemite-led [[Arab Army]] holding [[Flag of the Arab Revolt|the flag]] of the [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Hejaz]], 1916]]

Increasing policies of [[Turkification]] and centralisation adopted by the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]] disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant, which contributed to the development of an [[Arab nationalist]] movement. These changes led to the outbreak of the 1916 [[Arab Revolt]] during [[World War I]], which ended four centuries of stagnation under Ottoman rule.<ref name="leg"/> The revolt was led by [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sharif Hussein]] of Mecca, scion of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite family]] of the Hejaz, and his sons [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]], [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] and [[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali]]. Locally, the revolt garnered the support of the Transjordanian tribes, including Bedouins, Circassians and [[Jordanian Christians|Christians]].{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} The [[Allies of World War I]], including Britain and France whose imperial interests converged with the Arabist cause, offered support.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=40}} The revolt started on 5 June 1916 from Medina and pushed northwards until the fighting reached Transjordan in the [[Battle of Aqaba]] on 6 July 1917.<ref name="revolt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|page=117|title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|year=2005|access-date=5 July 2018|isbn=9781851094202|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044152/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}</ref> The revolt reached its climax when Faisal entered Damascus in October 1918 and established an Arab-led military administration in [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration|OETA East]], later declared as the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]], both of which Transjordan was part of.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=41}} During this period, the southernmost region of the country, including [[Ma'an]] and [[Aqaba]], was also [[Occupation of Ma'an|claimed by]] the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Hejaz]].

The nascent Hashemite Kingdom over the [[Syria (region)|region of Syria]] was forced to surrender to French troops on 24 July 1920 during the [[Battle of Maysalun]];<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923|first=Malcolm|last=Yapp|publisher=Routledge|date=9 January 2014|access-date=23 July 2018|page=396|isbn=9781317871064|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|url-status=live}}</ref> the French occupied only the northern part of Syria, leaving [[Interregnum (Transjordan)|Transjordan in a period of interregnum]]. Arab aspirations failed to gain international recognition, due mainly to the secret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]], which divided the region into French and British spheres of influence, and the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], in which Britain announced its support for the establishment of a "national home" for Jews in Palestine.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=34}} This was seen by the Hashemites and the Arabs as a betrayal of their previous agreements with the British,{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=71}} including the 1915 [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], in which the British stated their willingness to recognise the independence of a unified Arab state stretching from [[Aleppo]] to [[Aden]] under the rule of the Hashemites.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|title=The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan|publisher=Springer|first=Tariq Moraiwed|last=Tell|doi=10.1057/9781137015655|access-date=23 July 2018|date=7 January 2013|isbn=978-1-349-29089-5|page=55|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044118/https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg|thumb|[[As-Salt]] residents gather on 20 August 1920 during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British]] [[High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|High Commissioner]]'s visit to Transjordan.]]
British [[List of high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|High Commissioner]] [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]] travelled to Transjordan on 21 August 1920 to meet with As-Salt's residents. He there declared to a crowd of 600 Transjordanian notables that the British government would aid the establishment of local governments in Transjordan, which was to be kept separate from that of Palestine. The second meeting took place in [[Umm Qais]] on 2 September, where the British representative Major [[FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan|Fitzroy Somerset]] received a petition that demanded: an independent Arab government in Transjordan to be led by an Arab prince (emir); land sale in Transjordan to [[Jews]] be stopped as well as the prevention of Jewish immigration there; that Britain establish and fund a national army; and that free trade be maintained between Transjordan and the rest of the region.<ref name="tj">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXNnEkLRtSoC&pg=PA35|page=35|title=Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State|publisher=University of Texas Press|date=15 September 2009|first=Betty S.|last=Anderson|isbn=9780292783959|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044141/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXNnEkLRtSoC&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref>

Abdullah, the second son of Sharif Hussein, [[Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan|arrived from Hejaz by train in Ma'an]] in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to redeem the Greater Syrian Kingdom his brother had lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then was in disarray, widely considered to be ungovernable with its dysfunctional local governments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} Abdullah gained the trust of Transjordan's tribal leaders before scrambling to convince them of the benefits of an organised government.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=100}} Abdullah's successes drew the envy of the British, even when it was in their interest.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=101}} The British reluctantly accepted Abdullah as ruler of Transjordan after having given him a six-month trial.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=96}} In March 1921, the British decided to add Transjordan to their [[Mandate for Palestine]], in which they would implement their "[[Sharifian Solution]]" policy without applying the provisions of the mandate dealing with Jewish settlement. On 11 April 1921 the [[Emirate of Transjordan]] was established with Abdullah as emir.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=93}}

In September 1922, the Council of the [[League of Nations]] recognised Transjordan as a state under the terms of the [[Transjordan memorandum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|title=Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt|access-date=15 October 2015|date=10 August 2010|first=O'Brien|last=Browne|publisher=HistoryNet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013070030/http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm|archive-date=13 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''League of Nations Official Journal'', Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391.</ref> Transjordan remained a British mandate until 1946, but it had been granted a greater level of autonomy than the region west of the Jordan River.<ref name="protectorate">Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652</ref> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption of power in the region by the Hashemite leadership.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}} In Transjordan, small local [[Kura rebellion|rebellions at Kura]] in 1921 and 1923 were suppressed by Abdullah's forces with the help of the British.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}} Wahhabis from Najd regained strength and [[Ikhwan raids on Transjordan|repeatedly raided]] the southern parts of his territory, seriously threatening the emir's position.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}} The emir was unable to repel those raids without the aid of the local Bedouin tribes and the British, who maintained a military base with a small [[Royal Air Force]] detachment close to Amman.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}}

=== Post-independence ===
{{Main|Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan}}

[[File:King Abdullah I of Jordan declaring independence, 25 May 1946.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah I]] on 25 May 1946 declaring independence, with Prime Minister [[Ibrahim Hashem]] in the background]]

The [[Treaty of London (1946)|Treaty of London]], signed by the British government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946, recognised the independence of the state.<ref name="FRUS1946">{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7|date=1946|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=794–800|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044151/https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AQO5OANDMOMTCX8N|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 May 1946, the day that the treaty was ratified by the Transjordan parliament, Transjordan was raised to the status of a kingdom under the name of the ''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'' in Arabic, with Abdullah as its first king; although it continued to be referred to as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in English until 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qistas.com/legislations/pal/view/MjE2MDEwODU=|title=The Jordanian Constitution of 1947|work=The Government of Jordan|accessdate=3 January 2023|date=1 January 1947|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044107/https://qistas.com/legislations/pal/view/MjE2MDEwODU=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=N.H.|last=Aruri|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|access-date=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153453/https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 25 May is now celebrated as the nation's [[Independence Day (Jordan)|Independence Day]], a [[Public holidays in Jordan|public holiday]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/jordan/articles/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-jordan/ |title=10 curious facts about Jordan, home to the Red Sea resort you've never heard of |last=Chris |first=Leadbeater |date=28 May 2015 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/jordan/articles/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-jordan/ |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jordan became a member of the United Nations on 14 December 1955.<ref name="HKJ">{{cite book|last=Khalil|first=Muhammad|year=1962|publisher=Khayats|place=Beirut|pages=53–54|title=The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record}}</ref>

On 15 May 1948, as part of the [[1948 Palestine war]], Jordan intervened along with several other Arab states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|title=A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|first=Benny|last=Morris|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1 October 2008|pages=214, 215|access-date=15 June 2016|isbn=978-0300145243|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103047/https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the war, Jordan controlled the [[West Bank]], and on 24 April 1950 Jordan formally [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed these territories]] after the [[Jericho Conference]].<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|access-date=20 March 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96893-9|page=187|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081606/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, some Arab countries demanded Jordan's expulsion from the [[Arab League]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Aruri|first=Naseer Hasan|title=Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|year=1972|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-247-1217-5|page=90|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153453/https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation was a temporary, practical measure and that Jordan was holding the territory as a "trustee" pending a future settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Hasan|first=Hasan Afif|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|year=2010|publisher=Algora Publishing|access-date=20 March 2016|isbn=978-0-87586-793-9|page=64|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

King Abdullah was assassinated at the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in 1951 by a Palestinian militant, amid rumors he intended to sign a peace treaty with Israel.<ref name="kaiofh" /> Abdullah was succeeded by his son [[Talal of Jordan|Talal]], who established the [[Constitution of Jordan|country's modern constitution]] in 1952.<ref name="kojt" /> Illness caused Talal to abdicate to his eldest son [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]],<ref name="kojt">{{cite web|author1=J. T. |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|title=Jordan remembers King Talal|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=1 June 2017|date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> who ascended to the throne in 1953 at age 17.<ref name="kaiofh">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|title=Assassination of King Abdullah|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 October 2015|date=21 July 1951|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223003730/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan witnessed great political uncertainty in the following period.<ref name="poinjk" /> The 1950s was a period of political upheaval, as [[Nasserism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]] swept the Arab World.<ref name="poinjk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|page=90|first=David|last=Aikman|access-date=1 June 2017|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Gospel Light Publications|isbn=9780830746057|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103427/https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 1956, King Hussein [[Arabization of the Jordanian Army command|Arabised the command of the Army]] by dismissing a number of senior British officers, an act made to remove remaining foreign influence in the country.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|page=91|title=Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit|access-date=15 October 2015|year=2011|first1=Samir|last1=Makdisi|first2=Ibrahim|last2=Elbadawi|publisher=IDRC|isbn=9780415779999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128075112/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring [[Kingdom of Iraq|Hashemite Iraq]] formed the [[Arab Federation]] as a response to the formation of the rival [[United Arab Republic]] between Nasser's Egypt and Syria.<ref name="jejok" /> The union lasted only six months, being dissolved after Iraqi King [[Faisal II]] (Hussein's cousin) was deposed by a bloody [[14 July Revolution|military coup on 14 July 1958]].<ref name="jejok">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Maddy-Weitzman|chapter=Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity|title=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=26|issue=1|pages=65–75|date=3 January 1990|jstor=4283349|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

[[File:Karama aftermath 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] on 21 March 1968 checking an abandoned [[Israel]]i tank in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Karameh]]]]

Jordan signed a military pact with Egypt just before Israel launched a preemptive strike on Egypt to begin the [[Six-Day War]] in June 1967, where Jordan and Syria joined the war.<ref name="jowars"/> The Arab states were defeated, and Jordan lost control of the West Bank to Israel.<ref name="jowars"/> The [[War of Attrition]] with Israel followed, which included the 1968 [[Battle of Karameh]] where the combined forces of the [[Jordanian Armed Forces]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the [[Karameh]] camp on the Jordanian border with the West Bank.<ref name="jowars">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|title=Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition|access-date=27 October 2015|first=Kathleen|last=Sweet|publisher=CRC Press|date=23 December 2008|page=79|isbn=9781439894736|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128095216/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the fact that the Palestinians had limited involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recognition and acclaim in the Arab world.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> As a result, there was an upsurge of support for Palestinian paramilitary elements (the [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]]) within Jordan from other Arab countries.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The fedayeen activities soon became a threat to Jordan's rule of law.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In September 1970, the Jordanian army targeted the fedayeen and the resultant fighting led to the expulsion of Palestinian fighters from various PLO groups into Lebanon, in a conflict that became known as [[Black September]].<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|title=Concise History of Islam|access-date=15 October 2015|date=24 September 2011|first1=Muzaffar Husain|last1=Syed|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B D|last3=Usmani|publisher=Vij Books India|page=378|isbn=9789382573470|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617211200/https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1973, Egypt and Syria waged the [[Yom Kippur War]] on Israel, and fighting occurred along the 1967 [[Jordan River]] cease-fire line.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to attack Israeli units on Syrian territory but did not engage Israeli forces from Jordanian territory.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> At the [[1974 Arab League summit|Rabat summit conference]] in 1974, in the aftermath of the Yom-Kippur War, Jordan and the rest of the Arab League agreed that the PLO was the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Subsequently, Jordan [[Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank|renounced]] its claims to the West Bank in 1988.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/>

At the [[Madrid Conference of 1991|1991 Madrid Conference]], Jordan agreed to negotiate a peace treaty sponsored by the US and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> The [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]] was signed on 26 October 1994.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> In 1997, in retribution for [[1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings|a bombing]], Israeli agents entered Jordan using Canadian passports and poisoned [[Khaled Mashal]], a senior [[Hamas]] leader living in Jordan.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/> Bowing to intense international pressure, Israel provided an antidote to the poison and released dozens of political prisoners, including [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], after King Hussein threatened to annul the peace treaty.<ref name="Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani"/>

[[File:HabisAlMajali&WasfiAlTall.jpg|thumb|right|Army Chief [[Habis Majali]] and Prime Minister [[Wasfi Tal]] during a military parade in 1970, two widely acclaimed national figures]]

On 7 February 1999, [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hussein, who had ruled for nearly 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|title=His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein|work=King Abdullah II Official Website|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603162828/http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Abdullah embarked on economic liberalisation when he assumed the throne, and his reforms led to an economic boom which continued until 2008.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> Abdullah II has been credited with increasing foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation for [[Aqaba]]'s free-trade zone and Jordan's flourishing information and communication technology sector.<ref name="IMFjohk"/> He also set up five other special economic zones.<ref name="IMFjohk">{{cite news |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |title=Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions |newspaper=Imf |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=28 November 2006 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408031341/http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm |archive-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, during the following years Jordan's economy experienced hardship as it dealt with the effects of the [[Great Recession]] and spillover from the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=86063&lang=en|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|access-date=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321092157/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda]] under [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]'s leadership launched [[2005 Amman bombings|coordinated explosions]] in three hotel lobbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resulting in 60 deaths and 115 injured.<ref name="acbsya"/> The bombings, which targeted civilians, caused widespread outrage among Jordanians.<ref name="acbsya">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|title=Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|access-date=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|date=1 January 2006|page=228|isbn=9780275991869|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128095212/https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The attack is considered to be a rare event in the country, and Jordan's [[General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)|internal security]] was dramatically improved afterwards.<ref name="acbsya"/> No major terrorist attacks have occurred since then.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|access-date=16 March 2016|date=17 February 2016|title=ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks|magazine=Foreign Affairs|first=Aaron|last=Magid|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222044928/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Abdullah and Jordan are viewed with contempt by Islamic extremists for the country's peace treaty with Israel, its relationship with the West, and its mostly non-religious laws.<ref name="ahbbnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|title=3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die|first1=Hassan|last1=Fattah|first2=Michael|last2=Slackmannov|date=10 November 2005|access-date=13 February 2017|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230258/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Arab Spring were large-scale protests that erupted in the [[Arab world]] in 2011, demanding economic and political reforms.<ref name="jkfchh"/> Many of these protests tore down regimes in some Arab nations, leading to instability that ended with violent civil wars.<ref name="jkfchh"/> In response to [[2011–2012 Jordanian protests|domestic unrest]], Abdullah replaced his prime minister and introduced reforms including reforming the constitution and laws governing public freedoms and elections.<ref name="jkfchh">{{cite news|title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|access-date=13 March 2016|agency=The Associated Press|work=USA Today|date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314070559/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Proportional representation was re-introduced to the Jordanian parliament in the [[2016 Jordanian general election|2016 general election]], a move which he said would eventually lead to establishing parliamentary governments.<ref name="hhjdrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|title=New elections bill sheds one-vote system|date=31 August 2015|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030020/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan was left largely unscathed from the violence that swept the region despite an influx of 1.4 million Syrian refugees into the natural resources-lacking country and the emergence of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref name="hhjdrp"/>

On 4 April 2021, [[2021 arrests in Jordan|19 people were arrested]], including [[Prince Hamzah bin Hussein|Prince Hamzeh]], the former crown prince of Jordan, who was placed under house arrest, after having been accused of working to "destabilize" the kingdom.

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Jordan}}

[[File:Mountain in Wadi Rum, Jordan.jpg|thumb|[[Wadi Rum]] is a valley in southern Jordan whose resemblance to the surface of [[Mars]] has made it a popular tourist and filming location, including scenes of [[The Martian (film)|''The Martian'']].]]

Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe,<ref name="mattel"/> in the [[Levant]] area of the [[Fertile Crescent]], a [[cradle of civilization|cradle of civilisation]].<ref name="geo"/> Its area is {{convert|89341|sqkm|sqmi}}, and it is {{convert|400|km|mi}} long between its northernmost and southernmost points; [[Umm Qais]] and [[Aqaba]] respectively.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The kingdom lies between [[29th parallel north|29°]] and [[34th parallel north|34° N]], and [[34th meridian east|34°]] and [[40th meridian east|40° E]]. It is bordered by [[Saudi Arabia]] to [[Jordan–Saudi Arabia border|the south]] and the east, [[Iraq]] to [[Iraq–Jordan border|the north-east]], [[Syria]] to [[Jordan–Syria border|the north]], and [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] ([[West Bank]]) to the west.

The east is an arid plateau irrigated by [[oasis|oases]] and seasonal streams.<ref name="CIA factbook" /> Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom with its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall.<ref name="gbdss" /> These include [[Irbid]], [[Jerash]] and [[Zarqa]] in the northwest, the capital [[Amman]] and [[As-Salt]] in the central west, and [[Madaba]], [[Al-Karak]] and Aqaba in the southwest.<ref name="gbdss">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|page=1|title=Diplomacy on Springer Science & Business Media|access-date=14 June 2016|year=2002|first=Munther J.|last=Haddadin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780792375272|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128093649/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Major towns in the east are the oasis towns of [[Azraq]] and [[Ruwaished]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book|title=Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia|pages=281–283|access-date=10 March 2016|publisher=Gale Research Company|year=2003|first=John|last=McCoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780787655815|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128060211/https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the west, a [[Jordanian Highlands|highland area]] of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry drops suddenly into the [[Jordan Rift Valley]].<ref name="geo"/> The rift valley contains the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Dead Sea]], which separates Jordan from Israel.<ref name="geo"/> Jordan has a {{convert|26|km|mi}} shoreline on the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] in the [[Red Sea]] but is otherwise landlocked.<ref name="Jogeo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498|page=498|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|first=R. W.|last=McColl|publisher=Infobase Publishing|access-date=15 June 2016|date=14 May 2014|isbn=9780816072293|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Yarmuk (river)|Yarmuk River]], an eastern tributary of the Jordan, forms part of the boundary between Jordan and Syria (including the [[Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights|Israeli-occupied]] [[Golan Heights]]) to the north.<ref name="Jogeo"/> The other boundaries are formed by several international and local agreements and do not follow well-defined natural features.<ref name="geo"/> The highest point is [[Jabal Umm al Dami]], at {{convert|1854|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea {{convert|-420|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest land point on Earth]].<ref name="geo"/>[[File:Dead sea newspaper.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dead Sea]], which is located along Jordan's western border, is the lowest point on Earth and a natural resort that has attracted visitors from across the region for millennia.]]

Jordan has a diverse range of habitats, ecosystems and biota because of its varied landscapes and environments.<ref name="jordan-chm">{{cite web|title=The Main Jordanian Ecosystems|url=http://www.jeis.gov.jo/chm/menu_11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312063256/http://www.jeis.gov.jo/chm/menu_11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2016|website=Jordanian Clearinghouse Mechanism|publisher=Jordanian Ministry of Environment|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature]] was set up in 1966 to protect and manage Jordan's natural resources.<ref name="tgjobd"/> [[Nature reserves in Jordan]] include the [[Dana Biosphere Reserve]], the [[Azraq Wetland Reserve]], the [[Shaumari Wildlife Reserve]] and the [[Wadi Mujib|Mujib Nature Reserve]].<ref name="tgjobd">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/04/jordan-nature-parks-eco-tourism|access-date=9 April 2016|date=4 September 2010|work=The Guardian|title=Jordan's green crusade|first=Gemma|last=Bowes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412113834/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/04/jordan-nature-parks-eco-tourism|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Jordan|Climate change in Jordan}}

The climate varies greatly; generally, the further inland from the Mediterranean, there are greater contrasts in temperature and less rainfall.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The average elevation is {{convert|812|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The highlands above the Jordan Valley, mountains of the Dead Sea and Wadi [[Arabah|Araba]] and as far south as Ras Al-Naqab are dominated by a [[Mediterranean climate]], while the eastern and northeastern areas of the country are arid desert.<ref name="majocw"/> Although the deserts reach high temperatures, the heat is usually moderated by low humidity and a daytime breeze, while the nights are cool.<ref name="obgjo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|title=The Report: Jordan 2011|page=11|publisher=Oxford|access-date=18 June 2016|year=2011|isbn=9781907065439|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104458/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Summers, lasting from May to September, are hot and dry, with temperatures averaging around {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} and sometimes exceeding {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} between July and August.<ref name="obgjo"/> The winter, lasting from November to March, is relatively cool, with temperatures averaging around {{convert|11.08|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="majocw"/> Winter also sees frequent showers and occasional snowfall in some western elevated areas.<ref name="majocw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|page=404|access-date=14 June 2016|date=21 April 2011|title=Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Emily|last1=Black|first2=Steven|last2=Mithen|isbn=9781139496674|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080255/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Jordan}}

[[File:Ajlun Green.jpg|thumb|A forest in [[Ajloun]], northern Jordan. Forests make less than 2% of Jordan, making it among the world's least forested countries.]]
Over 2,000 plant species have been recorded.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cordova |first=Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128061113/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the flowering plants bloom in the spring after the winter rains and the type of vegetation depends largely on the levels of precipitation. The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in forests, while further south and east the vegetation becomes more scrubby and transitions to steppe-type vegetation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallon|first1=David P.|last2=Kingswood|first2=Steven Charles|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103|year=2001|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1|pages=103–104|access-date=31 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128091212/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Forests cover 1.5 million [[dunam|dunums]] ({{convert|1500000|dunam|km2|disp=out}}), less than 2% of Jordan, making Jordan among the world's least forested countries, the international average being 15%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|title=Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years|access-date=11 January 2016|date=10 January 2016|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111131522/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Plant species and genera include the [[Pinus halepensis|Aleppo pine]], ''[[Sarcopoterium]]'', ''[[Salvia dominica]]'', [[black iris]], ''[[Tamarix]]'', ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', ''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]'', ''[[Acacia]]'', [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean cypress]] and [[Juniperus phoenicea|Phoenecian juniper]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cordova |first=Carlos E. |title=Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6 |pages=47–55 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128061113/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in natural forests of [[pine]], [[Deciduous|deciduous oak]], [[Quercus ilex|evergreen oak]], [[pistachio]] and wild [[olive]].<ref name=Jordan>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |title=Wildlife and vegetation |work=Jordan: Geography and Environment |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mammal and reptile species include, the [[long-eared hedgehog]], [[Nubian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[fallow deer]], [[Arabian wolf]], [[desert monitor]], [[honey badger]], [[glass snake]], [[caracal]], [[golden jackal]] and the [[roe deer]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |title= Shaumari Wildlife Reserve |publisher= Jordan Tourism Board |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html |archive-date= 3 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=David P. |last2=Kingswood |first2=Steven Charles |title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |year=2001 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |pages=103–104 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128091212/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Qumsiyeh>{{cite book|first=Mazin B.|last=Qumsiyeh|title=Mammals of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332|year=1996|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|isbn=978-0-89672-364-1|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104828/https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bird include the [[hooded crow]], [[Eurasian jay]], [[lappet-faced vulture]], [[barbary falcon]], [[hoopoe]], [[pharaoh eagle-owl]], [[common cuckoo]], [[Tristram's starling]], [[Palestine sunbird]], [[Sinai rosefinch]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[house crow]] and the [[white-spectacled bulbul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |title=Mujib Biosphere Reserve |publisher=Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Four terrestrial ecoregions lie with Jordan's borders: [[Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands]], [[Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests]], [[Mesopotamian shrub desert]], and [[Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |date=June 2017 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Jordan}}

Jordan is a [[unitary state]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Its [[Constitution of Jordan|constitution]], adopted in 1952 and amended a number of times since, is the legal framework that governs the monarch, government, bicameral legislature and judiciary.<ref name="const">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|title=Constitutional history of Jordan|work=Constitutionnet|access-date=5 October 2017|date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004170552/http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The king retains wide executive and legislative powers from the [[Government of Jordan|government]] and [[Parliament of Jordan|parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|title=Jordan|work=Freedom House|date=1 January 2016|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010223/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/jordan|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The king exercises his powers through the government that he appoints for a four-year term, which is responsible before the parliament that is made up of two chambers: the [[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] and the [[House of Representatives (Jordan)|House of Representatives]]. The judiciary is independent according to the constitution but in practice often lacks independence.<ref name="const"/>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Abdullah II portrait crop 2 at 10 Downing Street June 2025.jpg
| caption1 = [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] [[List of kings of Jordan|King]] 
| image2 = HE Jafar Hassan (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Jafar Hassan]] [[Prime Minister of Jordan|Prime Minister]]
| align = right
| caption_align = center
}}

The king is the [[head of state]] and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Jordanian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]. He can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government, and dissolve the parliament.<ref name="const"/> The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] by the elected House of Representatives. After a bill is proposed by the government, it must be approved by the House of Representatives then the Senate and becomes law after being ratified by the king. A royal veto on legislation can be overridden by a [[Supermajority#Two-thirds vote|two-thirds vote]] in a joint session of both houses. The parliament also has the right of [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]].<ref name="const"/>

The 65 members of the upper Senate are directly appointed by the king, the constitution mandates that they be veteran politicians, judges and generals who previously served in the government or in the House of Representatives.<ref name="jopseaf">{{cite web|url=https://portal.cor.europa.eu/arlem/jordan/general-division/Pages/default.aspx|title=General Division of Powers|publisher=Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324014342/https://portal.cor.europa.eu/arlem/jordan/general-division/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The 130 members of the lower House of Representatives are elected through [[party-list proportional representation]] in 23 constituencies for a 4-year term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/house-passes-elections-bill-minor-changes|title=House passes elections bill with minor changes|access-date=1 May 2016|date=23 February 2016|work=The Jordan Times|first=Raed|last=Omari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601033708/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/house-passes-elections-bill-minor-changes|archive-date=1 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Minimum quotas exist in the House of Representatives for women (15 seats, though they won 20 seats in the 2016 election), Christians (9 seats) and [[Circassians in Jordan|Circassians]] and [[Chechens in Jordan|Chechens]] (3 seats).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/sep/23/jordan-election-women-gain-ground-gender-gap|title=Women gain ground in Jordan election despite yawning gender gap|access-date=24 September 2016|date=23 September 2016|first=Olivia|last=Cuthbert|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923182151/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/sep/23/jordan-election-women-gain-ground-gender-gap|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Courts are divided into three categories: civil, religious, and special.<ref name=women-jordan/> The civil courts deal with civil and criminal matters, including cases brought against the government.<ref name=women-jordan/> The civil courts include magistrate courts, courts of first instance, courts of appeal,<ref name=women-jordan>{{cite web|last=Husseini|first=Rana|title=Jordan|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Jordan.pdf|work=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance|publisher=Freedom House|page=3|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311112153/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Jordan.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> high administrative courts which hear cases relating to administrative matters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njq-ip.com/2014-newsletters/september-2014-issue/653-jordan-administrative-courts-replace-high-court-of-justice.html|title=Jordan – Administrative Courts Replace High Court of Justice|access-date=16 June 2016|date=1 September 2014|publisher=NJQ & Associates|archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/http://www.njq-ip.com/2014-newsletters/september-2014-issue/653-jordan-administrative-courts-replace-high-court-of-justice.html|url-status=dead|work=njq-ip.com}}</ref> and the constitutional court which was set up in 2012 in order to hear cases regarding the constitutionality of laws.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Oct-07/190450-jordans-king-abdullah-sets-up-constitutional-court.ashx|title=Jordan's King Abdullah sets up constitutional court|access-date=15 October 2015|date=7 October 2012|work=The Daily Star|agency=Agence France Presse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231331/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2012/Oct-07/190450-jordans-king-abdullah-sets-up-constitutional-court.ashx|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Although [[Islam]] is the [[state religion]], the constitution preserves [[freedom of religion|religious]] and personal freedoms. Religious law only extends to matters of personal status such as divorce and inheritance in religious courts, and is partially based on Islamic [[sharia]] law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoprod.co.il/country/jordan2a.htm|title=Jordan – Legal Information – Judiciary|publisher=Infoprod.co.il|date=25 April 2010|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034831/http://www.infoprod.co.il/country/jordan2a.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The special court deals with cases forwarded by the civil one.<ref name="unesco1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf|title=Women In Personal Status Laws: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria|publisher=UNESCO|date=July 2005|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010052503/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:مجلس النواب جلسة 16-9-2018 (12).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Jordanian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] during a [[Parliament of Jordan|parliamentary session]]]]

The monarch, [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]], ascended to the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father King [[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]]. Abdullah re-affirmed Jordan's commitment to the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|peace treaty]] with [[Israel]] and its relations with the United States. He refocused the government's agenda on economic reform during his first year. King Abdullah's eldest son, [[Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan|Prince Hussein]], is the Crown Prince of Jordan.<ref name="hamzah">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-40771520090702|title=Jordan's king names son, 15, as crown prince|work=Reuters|access-date=20 March 2016|date=3 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144525/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-40771520090702|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The prime minister is [[Jafar Hassan]] who was appointed on 15 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordans-pm-khasawneh-submits-resignation-days-after-parliamentary-polls-sources-2024-09-15/|title=King Abdullah to appoint Harvard-educated technocrat as PM, sources say|work=Reuters|date=15 September 2024|accessdate=15 September 2024}}</ref> Abdullah had announced his intention to move Jordan to a [[parliamentary system]], where the largest bloc in parliament forms a government. However, the underdevelopment of political parties in a country where tribal identity remains strong has hampered the effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/stage-not-mature-parliamentary-gov%E2%80%99t-analysts-say-gov%E2%80%99t-says-road-paved|title=Stage not mature for parliamentary gov't, analysts say; gov't says road paved|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=5 October 2017|date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010124114/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/stage-not-mature-parliamentary-gov%E2%80%99t-analysts-say-gov%E2%80%99t-says-road-paved|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan has approximately 50 political parties representing nationalist, leftist, Islamist, and liberal ideologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/four-new-political-parties-licensed|title=Four new political parties licensed|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=24 September 2016|date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925020107/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/four-new-political-parties-licensed|archive-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Political parties contested one-fifth of the seats in the [[2016 Jordanian general election|2016 elections]], the remainder belonging to independent politicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/preliminary-election-results-announced-legislature-makeup-takes-shape|title=Preliminary election results announced, legislature makeup takes shape|access-date=24 September 2016|date=23 September 2016|first=Laila|last=Azzeh|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923210648/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/preliminary-election-results-announced-legislature-makeup-takes-shape|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Freedom House]] ranked Jordan as "Not Free" in the [[Freedom in the World]] 2022 report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/jordan/freedom-world/2022|title=Jordan country report|work=Freedom House|access-date=29 October 2022|date=2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029005922/https://freedomhouse.org/country/jordan/freedom-world/2022|archive-date=2022-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan ranked 94th globally in the [[Cato Institute]]'s [[Index of Freedom in the World|Human Freedom Index]] in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index/2021 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=www.cato.org |title=Human Freedom Index: 2021 | Cato Institute |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029012708/https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ranked 58th in the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] issued by [[Transparency International]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Corruption Perceptions Index – Explore Jordan's results |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Transparency.org |date=25 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619115004/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2023 [[World Press Freedom Index|Press Freedom Index]] by [[Reporters Without Borders]], Jordan ranked 146 out of 180 countries. The overall score for Jordan was 42.79, based on a scale from 0 (least free) to 105 (most free). The 2015 report noted "the Arab Spring and the Syrian conflict have led the authorities to tighten their grip on the media and, in particular, the Internet, despite an outcry from civil society".<ref>{{cite news|title=Jordan drops seven places in press freedom index|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=13 March 2016|date=6 January 2015|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-drops-seven-places-press-freedom-index#sthash.pwss27C3.dpuf|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010819/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-drops-seven-places-press-freedom-index#sthash.pwss27C3.dpuf|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordanian media consists of public and private institutions. Popular Jordanian newspapers include [[Al Ghad]] and the [[The Jordan Times|Jordan Times]]. [[Al-Mamlaka]], [[Roya TV]] and [[Jordan Radio and Television Corporation|Jordan TV]] are some Jordanian television channels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14636310|title=Jordan media profile|date=4 June 2013|access-date=15 June 2016|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607095020/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14636310|archive-date=7 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Internet penetration in Jordan reached 76% in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Internet penetration rises to 76 per cent in Q1|access-date=13 March 2016|date=20 June 2015|work=The Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/internet-penetration-rises-76-cent-q1|first=Mohammad|last=Ghazal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312020801/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/internet-penetration-rises-76-cent-q1|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{{Main|List of cities in Jordan}}

The capital city is [[Amman]], located in north-central Jordan.<ref name="csbe">{{cite web |last=Al-Asad |first=Mohammad |date=22 April 2004 |title=The Domination of Amman Urban Crossroads |url=http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802171231/http://www.csbe.org/publications-and-resources/urban-crossroads/the-domination-of-amman/ |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=8 June 2016 |publisher=CSBE}}</ref>{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities of Jordan
| country = Jordan
| list_by_pop =
| class = info
| collapsed_state =
| stat_ref = According to the 2015 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/jordan/cities/|title=Jordan|work=City Population|access-date=2023-01-29|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307080652/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/jordan/cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| div_name = Governorate
| div_link =

|city_1 = Amman
|div_1 = Amman Governorate
|pop_1 = 1,812,059
|city_2 = Zarqa
|div_2 = Zarqa Governorate
|pop_2 = 635,160
|city_3 = Irbid
|div_3 = Irbid Governorate
|pop_3 = 502,714
|city_4 = Russeifa
|div_4 = Zarqa Governorate
|pop_4 = 472,604
|city_5 = Ar-Ramtha
|div_5 = Amman Governorate
|pop_5 = 155,693

|city_6 = Aqaba
|div_6 = Aqaba Governorate
|pop_6 = 148,398

|city_7 = Al-Mafraq
|div_7 = Mafraq Governorate
|pop_7 = 106,008

|city_8 = Madaba
|div_8 = Madaba Governorate
|pop_8 = 105,353

|city_9 = As-Salt
|div_9 = Balqa Governorate
|pop_9 = 99,890

|city_10 = Jerash
|div_10 = Jerash Governorate
|pop_10 = 50,745
}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
Jordan is divided into 12 [[Governorates of Jordan|governorates]] ([[muhafazah]]) informally grouped into three regions: northern, central, southern. The governorates are divided into [[Liwa (Arabic)|''liwa'']] or districts, which are often further subdivided into [[Kaza|''qda'']] or sub-districts.<ref name="Muni">{{Cite web|title=Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector |work=Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities Revitalization Study |date=24 May 2005 |page=4 |publisher=Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Control for each administrative unit is in a "chief town" ([[administrative centre]]) known as a [[Nahias of Jordan|''nahia'']].<ref name="Muni" />
<div class="left">
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Map !! !! Governorate !! Capital !! Population
|-
|rowspan="15"|{{Jordan Labelled Map}}
!colspan="5"|Northern region
|-
|1 ||[[Irbid Governorate|Irbid]] ||[[Irbid]] ||1,770,158
|-
|2 ||[[Mafraq Governorate|Mafraq]] ||[[Mafraq]] ||549,948
|-
|3 ||[[Jerash Governorate|Jerash]] ||[[Jerash]] ||237,059
|-
|4 ||[[Ajloun Governorate|Ajloun]] ||[[Ajloun]] ||176,080
|-
!colspan="5"|Central region
|-
|5 ||[[Amman Governorate|Amman]] ||[[Amman]] ||4,007,256
|-
|6 ||[[Zarqa Governorate|Zarqa]] ||[[Zarqa]] ||1,364,878
|-
|7 ||[[Balqa Governorate|Balqa]] ||[[As-Salt]] ||491,709
|-
|8 ||[[Madaba Governorate|Madaba]] ||[[Madaba]] ||189,192
|-
!colspan="5"|Southern region
|-
|9 ||[[Karak Governorate|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316,629
|-
|10 ||[[Aqaba Governorate|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188,160
|-
|11 ||[[Ma'an Governorate|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144,083
|-
|12 ||[[Tafilah Governorate|Tafilah]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96,291
|}
</div>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Jordan}}

[[File:Queen Rania and King Abdullah II of Jordan, Donald and Melania Trump in the Oval Office, April 2017.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] with [[King Abdullah II]] and [[Queen Rania]] of Jordan at the [[White House]], 2017]]

The kingdom has followed a pro-Western [[foreign policy]] and maintained close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. During the first [[Gulf War]] (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq. Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of [[Sanctions against Iraq|UN sanctions against Iraq]] and in the Southwest Asia peace process. After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rubincenter.org/2002/06/swaidan-and-nica-2002-06-07/|title=The 1991 Gulf War and Jordan's Economy|access-date=20 March 2016|date=7 June 2002|publisher=Rubin Center Research in International Affairs|first1=Ziad|last1=Swaidan|first2=Mihai|last2=Nica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024624/http://www.rubincenter.org/2002/06/swaidan-and-nica-2002-06-07/|archive-date=2 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan is a key ally of the US and UK and, together with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, is one of only three [[Arab world|Arab nations]] to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peace first, normalcy with Israel later: Egypt|work=Al Arabiya News|date=17 August 2009|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/08/17/82112.html|access-date=16 June 2016|agency=Washington|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603125441/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/08/17/82112.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 borders]] as part of the [[two-state solution]] and of supreme national interest.<ref>{{cite web|last=Azoulay|first=Yuval|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1088343.html|access-date=20 March 2016|title=Israel disavows MK's proposal to turn West Bank over to Jordan|work=Ha'aretz|date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406163238/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1088343.html|archive-date=6 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Turmoil in Jerusalem's [[Al-Aqsa]] mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israel-jordan-agree-al-aqsa-mosque-surveillance-151025013415209.html|title=Israel and Jordan agree on Al-Aqsa Mosque surveillance|work=Al Jazeera|date=25 October 2015|access-date=12 March 2016|first=Patrick|last=Strickland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310081913/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/israel-jordan-agree-al-aqsa-mosque-surveillance-151025013415209.html|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan is a founding member of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and of the [[Arab League]].<ref name="ALO">{{cite web|url=http://iinanews.org/page/public/news_details.aspx?id=152675#|title=Jordan signs new charter of OIC|publisher=IINA|access-date=4 June 2016|date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701182330/http://iinanews.org/page/public/news_details.aspx?id=152675|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVKsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=The Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Politics, Problems, and Potential|first=Turan|last=Kayaoglu|publisher=Routledge|date=22 May 2015|access-date=12 March 2016|page=65|isbn=9781317615231|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128093654/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVKsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union and is part of the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours.<ref name="EU">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31315|title=Jordan obtains 'advanced status' with EU |work=The Jordan Times|date=27 October 2010 |access-date=16 June 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220083621/http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31315 |archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> Jordan and [[Morocco]] tried to join the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 March 2016|date=13 September 2016|work=The National|title=GCC agrees five-year aid plan for Morocco and Jordan|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/gcc-agrees-five-year-aid-plan-for-morocco-and-jordan-1.374396|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510210855/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/gcc-agrees-five-year-aid-plan-for-morocco-and-jordan|archive-date=10 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Jordanian Armed Forces}}

The first organised army in Jordan was established on 22 October 1920, named the "[[Arab Legion]]".{{sfn|Salibi|1998|pp=10, 30, 31, 49, 104}} The Arab Legion grew from 150 men in 1920 to 8,000 in 1946.<ref name="encmew"/> Jordan's capture of the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War proved that the Arab Legion, known today as the Jordan Armed Forces, was the most effective among the Arab troops involved in the war.<ref name="encmew">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=10 August 2010|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|access-date=13 March 2016|page=662|isbn=9781851099481|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103019/https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA662|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royal Jordanian Army]], which boasts around 110,000 personnel, is considered to be among the most professional in the region and is particularly well-trained and organised.<ref name="encmew"/> The Jordanian military enjoys strong support and aid from the United States, the United Kingdom and France. This is due to Jordan's critical position in the Middle East.<ref name="encmew"/> The development of [[Special Operation Forces (Jordan)|Special Operations Forces]] has been particularly significant, enhancing the capability of the military to react rapidly to threats to homeland security, as well as training special forces from the region and beyond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=7869|title=Jordan trained 2,500 Afghan special forces: minister|agency=AFP|work=Ammonnews|date=13 May 2010|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324230554/http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=7869|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan provides extensive training to the security forces of several Arab countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.menewsline.com/article-4380-Jordan-Trains-GCC-States.aspx|title=Jordan Trains GCC States|work=Middle East News Line|date=19 August 2009|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609184943/http://www.menewsline.com/article-4380-Jordan-Trains-GCC-States.aspx|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of October 2025, there were 237 Jordanian personnel, mostly military and police, working on United Nations peacekeeping missions.<ref>{{cite web | author = UN | title = Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type | date = 30 October 2025 | url = https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_91_october_2025.pdf}}</ref> This was a steep drop from earlier years; for example at the end of 2013 the count was 3,254.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 December 203|title=Monthly Summary of Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/dec13_1.pdf|access-date=16 June 2016|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729221040/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/dec13_1.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters across the region.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Petra|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/egypt-honours-jordanian-field-hospital-team|title=Egypt honours Jordanian field hospital team|access-date=15 June 2016|date=13 May 2014|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808103828/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/egypt-honours-jordanian-field-hospital-team|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Jordan joined an aerial bombardment campaign by an international coalition led by the United States against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] as part of its intervention in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-confirms-its-planes-joined-strikes-syria|title=Jordan confirms its planes joined strikes on IS in Syria|work=The Jordan Times|date=23 September 2014|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317032644/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-confirms-its-planes-joined-strikes-syria|archive-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Jordan participated in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen]] against the [[Houthis]] and forces loyal to former President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]], who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.<ref>{{cite web|last=Botelho|first=Greg|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/26/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes/|title=Saudis lead air campaign against rebels in Yemen|work=CNN|date=27 March 2015|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116051636/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/26/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes/|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Jordan|Law of Jordan}}

[[File:Jordanian Police automobile (Audi).JPG|thumb|right|An [[Amman]] City Centre Police patrol vehicle. Jordan's law enforcement was ranked 37th globally by the 2016 World Internal Security and Police Index.]]

Law enforcement is under the purview of the [[Public Security Directorate]] (which includes approximately 50,000 persons) and the [[General Directorate of Gendarmerie]], both of which are subordinate to the [[Ministry of Interior (Jordan)|Ministry of Interior]]. The first police force was organised after the fall of the Ottoman Empire on 11 April 1921.<ref name="PSD"/> Until [[Arabization of the Jordanian Army command|1956]] police duties were carried out by the Arab Legion and the [[Transjordan Frontier Force]]. After that year the Public Safety Directorate was established.<ref name="PSD">{{cite web|url=http://www.psd.gov.jo/index.php/ar/2015-03-17-07-10-12|title=لمحة عن المركز|language=ar|publisher=Public Security Directorate|date=3 January 2010|access-date=12 March 2016|trans-title=About the Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811003945/http://psd.gov.jo/index.php/ar/2015-03-17-07-10-12|archive-date=11 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The number of female police officers is increasing. In the 1970s, it was the first Arab country to include women in its police force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/11/187768.html|title=Women police officers lead the way in Jordan|access-date=15 October 2015|date=11 January 2012|work=Al Arabiya News|first=Noora|last=Faraj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/11/187768.html|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan's law enforcement was ranked 37th in the world and 3rd in the Middle East, in terms of police services' performance, by the 2016 World Internal Security and Police Index.<ref name="TDBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html|title=Jordan: The Last Arab Safe Haven|work=The Daily Beast|date=5 October 2013|access-date=12 October 2015|first=Christopher|last=Dickey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200255/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/05/jordan-the-last-arab-safe-haven.html|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wispindex.org/#/global-rankings/|title=Global Rankings|work=World Internal Security and Police Index|access-date=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610053500/http://wispindex.org/#/global-rankings/|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Jordan}}

[[File:GDP per capita development of Jordan.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Jordan, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International Geary-Khamis dollars.]]
Jordan is classified by the [[World Bank]] as a lower middle income country.<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Jordan {{!}} Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/jordan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828103610/http://data.worldbank.org/country/jordan |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> The World Food Programme classified Jordan's economy as upper-middle income, as well as being poor in resources with limited land for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WFP's Country Brief – October 2022 {{!}} United Nations in Jordan |url=https://jordan.un.org/en/211476-wfp%E2%80%99s-country-brief-october-2022 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=jordan.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 15.7% of the population lived on or below the national poverty line in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Jordan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=JO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519205619/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=JO |archive-date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The World Bank}}</ref> while almost a third fell below the national poverty line during some time of the year, known as [[transient poverty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/third-jordan%E2%80%99s-population-lives-below-poverty-line-some-point-one-year-%E2%80%94-study|title=Third of Jordan's population lives below poverty line at some point of one year — study|access-date=1 January 2017|date=2 July 2014|work=The Jordan Times|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231919/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/third-jordan%E2%80%99s-population-lives-below-poverty-line-some-point-one-year-%E2%80%94-study|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The economy, which has a GDP of $39.453 billion ({{as of|2016|lc=yes}}),<ref name="IMFWEO.JO" /> grew at an average rate of 8% per annum between 2004 and 2008, and around 2.6% from 2010 onwards.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> GDP per capita increased by 351% in the 1970s, declined 30% in the 1980s, and rose 36% in the 1990s; it was $9,406 per capita by [[purchasing power parity]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |author1=International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept |title=Jordan : Technical Assistance Report – Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/18/Jordan-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Investment-Management-Assessment-PIMA-45461 |website=IMF |language=en |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115629/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/18/Jordan-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Investment-Management-Assessment-PIMA-45461 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jordanian economy is one of the smallest economies in the region, and the country's populace suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment and poverty.<ref name="CIA factbook"/>

The economy is relatively well diversified. Trade and finance combined account for nearly one-third of GDP; transportation and communication, public utilities, and construction account for one-fifth, and mining and manufacturing constitute nearly another fifth.<ref name=washington>{{cite web|title=Jordan's Economy Surprises|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|access-date=9 April 2016|date=29 June 2015|work=Washington Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122524/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Net [[official development assistance]] to Jordan in 2009 totalled US$761 million; according to the government, approximately two-thirds of this was allocated as grants, of which half was direct budget support.<ref name=oecd-jord>{{cite web |title=Jordan |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/aideffectiveness/Jordan%203.pdf |date=2012|access-date=20 March 2016|publisher=OECD}}</ref>

The official currency is the [[Jordanian dinar]], which is pegged to the International Monetary Fund's [[special drawing rights]], equivalent to an exchange rate of {{nowrap|1 US$ ≡}} 0.709 dinar, or approximately {{nowrap|1 dinar ≡}} 1.41044 dollars.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 March 2016|title=Exchange Rate Fluctuations|url=http://www.pmu.gov.jo/FinanceExcahngeratefulc.htm|publisher=Programme Management Unit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719135641/http://www.pmu.gov.jo/FinanceExcahngeratefulc.htm|date=1 February 2004|archive-date=19 July 2004}}</ref> In 2000, Jordan joined the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]] and signed the [[Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement]], thus becoming the first Arab country to establish a free trade agreement with the United States. Jordan enjoys advanced status with the EU, which has facilitated greater access to export to European markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31315 |title=Jordan obtains 'advanced status' with EU|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220083621/http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31315 |archive-date=20 February 2011|date=27 October 2010}}</ref> Due to slow domestic growth, high energy and food subsidies and a bloated [[Public sector|public-sector]] workforce, Jordan usually runs annual [[budget deficit]]s.<ref name=congresser/>[[File:Jamal Abdul Nasser Circle Amman Jordan.jpg|thumb|View of a part of the capital [[Amman]]|left]]

The [[Great Recession]] and the turmoil caused by the [[Arab Spring]] have depressed GDP growth, damaging trade, industry, construction and tourism.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> the number of tourist arrivals dropped sharply after 2011.<ref name="ftharsh">{{cite web|access-date=20 March 2016|title=Harsh blow to Jordanian economy|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7c904b80-a1a8-11e0-b9f9-00144feabdc0|work=Financial Times|date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021024940/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7c904b80-a1a8-11e0-b9f9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Ii3L4rS7|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Between 2011 and 2016, the [[Arab Gas Pipeline|natural gas pipeline]] in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] supplying Jordan from Egypt was attacked 32 times by Islamic State affiliates. Jordan incurred billions of dollars in losses because it had to substitute more expensive heavy-fuel oils to generate electricity.<ref>{{cite news|title=تفجير خط غاز للمرة الـ30 غرب العريش|language=ar|access-date=13 March 2016|date=8 January 2016|work=Al Arabiya|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/egypt/2016/01/08/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8030-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4.html|trans-title=The bombing of gas pipeline for the 30th time west of El Arish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307190117/http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/egypt/2016/01/08/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8030-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4.html|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the government cut subsidies on fuel, increasing its price.<ref name=oxbiz>{{cite web|title=Jordan: Year in Review 2012|access-date=20 March 2016|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/jordan-year-review-2012|publisher=Oxford Business Group|date=20 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905223641/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/jordan-year-review-2012|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision, which was later revoked, caused large scale protests to break out across the country.<ref name=congresser>{{cite web |last=Sharp |first=Jeremy M. |title=Jordan: Background and US Relations |access-date=20 March 2016 |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/199396.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |pages=7–8 |date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307235140/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/199396.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ftharsh/>

Jordan's foreign debt in 2011 was $19 billion, representing 60% of its GDP. In 2016, the debt reached $35.1 billion representing 93% of its GDP.<ref name="instability1"/> This substantial increase is attributed to effects of regional instability causing a decrease in tourist activity, decreased foreign investments, increased military expenditures, attacks on Egyptian pipelines, the collapse of trade with Iraq and Syria, expenses from hosting Syrian refugees, and accumulated interest from loans.<ref name="instability1"/> According to the World Bank, Syrian refugees have cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion per year, amounting to 6% of the GDP and 25% of the government's annual revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|title=Syrian refugees cost Kingdom $2.5 billion a year — report|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=30 July 2016|date=6 February 2016|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612040635/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|archive-date=12 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Foreign aid covers only a small part of these costs, 63% of the total costs are covered by Jordan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|access-date=12 October 2015|date=5 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|title=Gov't readying for refugee donor conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106061021/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> An austerity programme was adopted by the government which aims to reduce the [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] to 77 percent by 2021.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=9 March 2017|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|title=IMF programme to yield budget surplus in 2019|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111022238/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme succeeded in preventing the debt from rising above 95% in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2018/03/slowing-jordans-slide-into-debt?lang=en|title=Slowing Jordan's Slide Into Debt|access-date=31 May 2018|date=22 March 2018|work=Kirk Sowell|publisher=Carnegie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525102243/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The proportion of well-educated and skilled workers is among the highest in the region in sectors such as ICT and industry, due to a relatively modern educational system. This has attracted large foreign investments and has enabled the country to export its workforce to [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]].<ref name="skwf">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|page=88|title=Management and International Business Issues in Jordan|first1=Hamed|last1=El-Said|first2=Kip|last2=Becker|access-date=15 June 2016|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136396366|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128083534/https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Flows of [[remittance]]s grew rapidly, particularly during the end of the 1970s and 1980s, and remains an important source of external funding.<ref>Al-Assaf, G. and Al-Malki, A., (2014), "Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Jordan", ''International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues'', Vol. 4, issue 3, p. 514–526.</ref> Remittances were $3.8 billion in 2015, making Jordan the fourth-largest recipient in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf|title=Jordan ranks fourth in the region in recipient remittances|access-date=11 January 2016|date=11 January 2016|work=The Jordan Times|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111104952/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Jordan}}

Jordan is ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world, one of the highest rankings in the developing world, according to the 2010 World Economic Forum's Index of Economic Competitiveness. This high infrastructural development is necessitated by its role as a transit country for goods and services mainly to Palestine and Iraq.<ref name="www3.weforum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104835/http://www3.weforum.org//docs//WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to data from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, the road network consisted of {{convert|2878|km|0|abbr=on}} of main roads; {{convert|2592|km|0|abbr=on}} of rural roads and {{convert|1733|km|0|abbr=on}} of side roads. The [[Hejaz railway]], built during the Ottoman Empire which extended from Damascus to Mecca, will act as a base for future railway expansion plans. Currently, the railway has little civilian activity; it is primarily used for transporting goods. A national railway project is currently undergoing studies and seeking funding sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-forward-well-developed-road-and-air-networks-compensate-weak-rail-system|title=Moving forward: Well-developed road and air networks compensate for a weak rail system|publisher=Oxford Business Group|date=1 March 2012|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115524/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-forward-well-developed-road-and-air-networks-compensate-weak-rail-system|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Amman has a network of public transportation buses including the [[Amman Bus]] and the [[Amman Bus Rapid Transit]] and is connected to nearby [[Zarqa]] through the [[Amman-Zarqa Bus Rapid Transit]].

Jordan has three commercial airports, all receiving and dispatching international flights. Two are in Amman and the third is in Aqaba, [[King Hussein International Airport]]. [[Amman Civil Airport]] serves several regional routes and charter flights while [[Queen Alia International Airport]] is the major international airport in Jordan and is the [[airline hub|hub]] for [[Royal Jordanian Airlines]], the [[flag carrier]]. Queen Alia International Airport expansion was completed in 2013 with new terminals costing $700 million, to handle over 16 million passengers annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/queen-alia-airport-launches-second-phase-expansion-project|title=Queen Alia airport launches second phase of expansion project|work=The Jordan Times|date=20 January 2014|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224831/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/queen-alia-airport-launches-second-phase-expansion-project|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It is considered a state-of-the-art airport and was awarded 'the best airport by region: Middle East' for 2014 and 2015 by [[List of Airport Service Quality Award winners|Airport Service Quality]] survey, an airport passenger satisfaction benchmark programme.<ref>{{cite news|title=QAIA maintains ranking as best airport in Middle East|access-date=1 March 2016|date=1 March 2016|work=The Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/qaia-maintains-ranking-best-airport-middle-east|first=Mohammad|last=Ghazal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302053618/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/qaia-maintains-ranking-best-airport-middle-east|archive-date=2 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Port of Aqaba]] is the only port in Jordan. In 2006, the port was ranked as being the "Best Container Terminal" in the Middle East by ''[[Lloyd's List]]''. The port was chosen because it is a port for other neighbouring countries, its location is between four countries and three continents, it is an exclusive gateway for the local market, and it has been recently improved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article-76-top-10-middle-east-ports/4/#.UNdNYLRVjR0|title=Top 10 Middle East Ports|work=Arabian Supply Chain|date=31 October 2006|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011505/http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article-76-top-10-middle-east-ports/4/#.UNdNYLRVjR0|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Jordan}}

[[File: Bethany (5).JPG|thumb|left|[[Al-Maghtas]] ruins on the Jordanian side of the [[Jordan River]], believed to have been the location of the [[Baptism of Jesus]] and the ministry of [[John the Baptist]]]]

The tourism sector is considered a cornerstone of the economy and is a large source of employment, hard currency, and economic growth. In 2010, there were 8 million visitors to Jordan. The majority of tourists are from European and Arab countries.<ref name="tourists"/> Tourism has been severely affected by regional turbulence,<ref name="Jordan in transition">{{cite book|pages=212, 308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmR7vr9SboC&pg=PA212|title=Jordan in Transition|first=E. George|last=H. Joffé|access-date=15 October 2015|year=2002|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=9781850654889|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128060645/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmR7vr9SboC&pg=PA212|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> notably those caused by the Arab Spring. Jordan experienced a 70% decrease in the number of tourists from 2010 to 2016;<ref name="Tourism AJ"/> tourist numbers started to recover in 2017.<ref name="Tourism AJ"/>

According to the [[Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Jordan)|Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities]], Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-home-more-100000-archaeological-tourist-sites%E2%80%99|access-date=9 April 2016|date=4 March 2014|work=The Jordan Times|title=Jordan home to more than 100,000 archaeological, tourist sites|agency=Petra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423044235/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-home-more-100000-archaeological-tourist-sites%E2%80%99|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Some very well preserved historical cities include [[Petra]] and [[Jerash]], the former being the most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom.<ref name="Tourism AJ">{{cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/surrounded-by-fire-jordans-tourists-scared-away.html|access-date=9 April 2016|date=11 June 2015|title=Surrounded by fire, Jordan's tourists scared away|work=Al Jazeera|first=Michael|last=Pizzi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406123859/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/surrounded-by-fire-jordans-tourists-scared-away.html|archive-date=6 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the [[Holy Land]], there are numerous biblical sites, including: [[Al-Maghtas]] (a traditional location for the [[Baptism of Jesus]]), [[Mount Nebo]], [[Umm ar-Rasas]], [[Madaba]] and [[Machaerus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/jordans-historical-and-christian-sites-are-worth-a-middle-eastern-journey-106409/|title=Jordan's Historical and Christian Sites Are Worth a Middle Eastern Journey|access-date=9 April 2016|date=3 October 2013|work=The Christian Post|first=Paul|last=Stanely|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424214335/http://www.christianpost.com/news/jordans-historical-and-christian-sites-are-worth-a-middle-eastern-journey-106409/|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s companions such as [[Abd Allah ibn Rawahah]], [[Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi|Zayd ibn Harithah]] and [[Muadh ibn Jabal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over-30000-people-visited-shrines-prophet%E2%80%99s-companions-2014%E2%80%99#sthash.QOJpiypQ.dpuf|title='Over 30,000 people visited shrines of Prophet's companions in 2014'|access-date=9 April 2016|date=4 January 2015|work=The Jordan Times|agency=Petra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424100225/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over-30000-people-visited-shrines-prophet%E2%80%99s-companions-2014%E2%80%99#sthash.QOJpiypQ.dpuf|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ajloun Castle]], built by Muslim Ayyubid leader [[Saladin]] in the 12th century during his wars with the Crusaders, is also a popular tourist attraction.<ref name="mattel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|pages=173, 408|title=Jordan|first=Matthew|last=Teller|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|access-date=9 April 2016|isbn=9781858287409|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530225119/https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File: Dana Reserve 07.jpg|thumb|The [[Dana Biosphere Reserve]] in southern Jordan lies along the [[Jordan Trail]], a hiking path that is gaining popularity.]]

Modern entertainment, recreation and souqs in urban areas, mostly in Amman, also attract tourists. Recently, the nightlife in Amman, Aqaba and Irbid has started to emerge and the number of bars, discos and nightclubs is on the rise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7306813/Amman-develops-serious-nightlife.html|title=Amman develops serious nightlife|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=9 April 2016|date=24 February 2010|first=Ahmad|last=Khatib|agency=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145439/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7306813/Amman-develops-serious-nightlife.html|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Alcohol is widely available in tourist restaurants, liquor stores and even some supermarkets.<ref name="lpgw"/> Valleys including [[Wadi Mujib]] and hiking trails in different parts of the country attract adventurers. Hiking is gaining popularity among tourists and locals. Places such as Dana Biosphere Reserve and Petra offer numerous signposted hiking trails. The [[Jordan Trail]], a {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}} hiking trail stretching the entire country from north to south, crossing several attractions, was established in 2015.<ref name="JT1" /> The trail aims to revive the tourism sector.<ref name="JT1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/registration-jordan-trail%E2%80%99s-thru-hike-opens|title=Registration for Jordan Trail's Thru-Hike opens|work=The Jordan Times|date=17 February 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031746/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/registration-jordan-trail%E2%80%99s-thru-hike-opens|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, seaside recreation is present on the shores of Aqaba and the Dead Sea through several international resorts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqaba-dead-sea-hotels-fully-booked-eid%E2%80%99|title=Aqaba, Dead Sea hotels fully booked for Eid|access-date=15 June 2016|date=2 October 2014|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104040314/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqaba-dead-sea-hotels-fully-booked-eid%E2%80%99|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan has been a [[medical tourism]] destination in the Middle East since the 1970s. A study conducted by [[Private Hospitals Association (Jordan)|Jordan's Private Hospitals Association]] found that 250,000 patients from 102 countries received treatment in Jordan in 2010, compared to 190,000 in 2007, bringing over $1 billion in revenue. Jordan is the region's top medical tourism destination, as rated by the World Bank, and fifth in the world overall.<ref name=" Ha'aretz medical">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-launches-medical-tourism-advertising-campaign-in-u-s-1.279922|title=Jordan launches medical tourism advertising campaign in U.S.|work=Ha'aretz|access-date=16 June 2016|date=13 July 2009|agency=The Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613224125/http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-launches-medical-tourism-advertising-campaign-in-u-s-1.279922|archive-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of patients come from Yemen, Libya and Syria because of the ongoing civil wars in those countries. Doctors and medical staff have gained experience in dealing with war patients through years of receiving such cases from various conflict zones in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/bill-treating-yemeni-patients-reaches-jd15-million|title=Bill for treating Yemeni patients reaches JD15 million|access-date=16 October 2015|date=15 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|first=Dana|last=Al Emam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224505/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/bill-treating-yemeni-patients-reaches-jd15-million|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Natural treatment methods can be found in both [[Ma'in Hot Springs]] and the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is often described as a 'natural spa'. It contains 10 times more salt than the average ocean, which makes it impossible to sink in. The high salinity of the Dead Sea has been proven therapeutic for many skin diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Proksch |first1=Ehrhardt |last2=Nissen |first2=Hans-Peter |last3=Bremgartner |first3=Markus |last4=Urquhart |first4=Colin |title=Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |date=February 2005 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=151–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02079.x |pmid=15689218 }}</ref> The uniqueness of this lake attracts several Jordanian and foreign vacationers, which boosted investments in the hotel sector in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-jordan-palestine-absence-bahrain-canal-project.html|title=Canal project from Dead Sea to Red Sea makes waves|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=15 October 2015|date=9 December 2013|first=Ahmad|last=Melhem|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005070255/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-jordan-palestine-absence-bahrain-canal-project.html|archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Natural resources ===
{{See also|Energy in Jordan}}
Jordan is among the most water-scarce nations on Earth. At 97 cubic metres of water per person per year, it is considered to face "absolute [[water scarcity]]" according to the Falkenmark Classification.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=Jessica|date=Fall 2020|title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer|url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf|journal=Middle East Report|volume=296|pages=1–9|via=Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP)|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140347/https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Scarce resources to begin with have been aggravated by the massive influx of Syrian refugees, many of whom face issues of access to clean water in informal settlements (see "Immigrants and Refugees" below).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jordan world's second water-poorest country|date=1 January 2014|last=Namrouqa|first=Hana|access-date=14 February 2016|work=The Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-world%E2%80%99s-second-water-poorest-country|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219122306/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-world%E2%80%99s-second-water-poorest-country|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan shares both of its two main surface water resources, the Jordan and Yarmuk rivers, with neighbouring countries, adding complexity to water allocation decisions.<ref name=":1" /> Water from [[Disi Water Conveyance|Disi aquifer]] and ten major dams historically played a large role in providing fresh water.<ref name="jordan-water">{{cite journal|last1=Haladin|first1=Nidal|title=Dams in Jordan Current and Future Perspective|journal=Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences|date=2015|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3279–3290|url=http://www.cjpas.net/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/9/1/12-Nidal-7040%20POK%20Dec%2031%20F.pdf|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312124051/http://www.cjpas.net/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/9/1/12-Nidal-7040%20POK%20Dec%2031%20F.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] in northeastern Jordan, which dates back to the fourth millennium BC, is the world's oldest dam.<ref>Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike", ''Antike Welt'', 2nd special edition: ''Antiker Wasserbau'' (1986), pp.51–64 (52)</ref>

[[File:Aqaba Railway Corporation BW 1.JPG|thumb|A phosphate train at Ram station]]

Natural gas was discovered in 1987; however, the estimated size of the reserve discovered was about 230 billion [[Cubic foot|cubic feet]], a minuscule quantity compared with its oil-rich neighbours. The Risha field, in the eastern desert beside the Iraqi border, produces nearly 35 million cubic feet of gas per day, which is sent to a nearby power plant to generate a small amount of Jordan's electricity needs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/energy-minister-calls-raising-risheh-gas-field-production|title=Energy minister calls for raising Risheh gas field production|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=20 March 2016|date=11 August 2014|agency=Petra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401125754/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/energy-minister-calls-raising-risheh-gas-field-production|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to a reliance on importing oil to generate almost all of its electricity. Regional instability over the decades halted oil and gas supply to the kingdom from various sources, making it incur billions of dollars in losses. Jordan built a [[liquified natural gas]] port in Aqaba in 2012 to temporarily substitute the supply, while formulating a strategy to rationalise energy consumption and to diversify its energy sources.

Jordan receives 330 days of sunshine per year, and wind speeds reach over 7 m/s in the mountainous areas, so renewables proved a promising sector.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 March 2016|url=http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/12/jordan-atomic-energy/|title=Jordan Jumps Forward on Energy Development|last=Balbo|first=Laurie|date=12 December 2011|work=Green Prophet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328205453/http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/12/jordan-atomic-energy/|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> King Abdullah inaugurated large-scale renewable energy projects in the 2010s including the 117 MW [[Tafila Wind Farm]], the 53 MW [[Shams Ma'an Solar Power Plant|Shams Ma'an]], and the 103 MW [[Quweira Solar Power Plant|Quweira]] solar power plants, with several more projects planned. By early 2019, it was reported that more than 1090 MW of renewable energy projects had been completed, contributing to 8% of Jordan's electricity up from 3% in 2011, while 92% was generated from gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hala.jo/2019/01/10/1090-ميجاواط-الاستطاعة-الكلية-لمشاريع-ال|title=1090 MW produced from renewable energy|work=Hala Akhbar|access-date=10 January 2019|date=10 January 2019|language=ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112201123/http://www.hala.jo/2019/01/10/1090-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84/|archive-date=12 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After having initially set the percentage of renewable energy, Jordan aimed to generate by 2020 at 10%, the government announced in 2018 that it sought to beat that figure and aim for 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-23/jordan-eyes-power-storage-as-next-step-in-green-energy-drive|title=Jordan Eyes Power Storage as Next Step in Green Energy Drive|first=Brian|last=Parkin|access-date=23 April 2018|date=23 April 2018|work=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232548/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-23/jordan-eyes-power-storage-as-next-step-in-green-energy-drive|archive-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan has the fifth largest [[Oil shale|oil-shale]] reserves in the world, which could be commercially exploited in the central and northwestern regions.<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21605928-second-shale-revolution-may-be-coming-squeezing-out-yet-more-oil-flaming-rocks|title=Flaming rocks|newspaper=The Economist|date=28 June 2014|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311212007/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21605928-second-shale-revolution-may-be-coming-squeezing-out-yet-more-oil-flaming-rocks|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Official figures estimate reserves at more than 70 billion tonnes. [[Attarat Power Plant]], its first oil-shale power plant, was commissioned in 2023, with a 470 MW capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/all-set-building-oil-shale-fired-power-plant|title=All set for building oil shale-fired power plant|access-date=17 March 2017|date=16 March 2017|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316234009/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/all-set-building-oil-shale-fired-power-plant|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan also aims to benefit from its large uranium reserves by tapping nuclear energy. The original plan involved constructing two 1,000 MW reactors but has been scrapped because of financial constraints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-replace-planned-nuclear-plant-smaller-cheaper-facility|title=Jordan to replace planned nuclear plant with smaller, cheaper facility|date=26 May 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527015408/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-replace-planned-nuclear-plant-smaller-cheaper-facility|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, the [[Jordan Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] is considering building [[small modular reactor]]s instead, whose capacities hover below 500 MW and can provide water sources through [[desalination]]. In 2018, the commission announced that Jordan was in talks with multiple companies to build its first commercial nuclear plant, a helium-cooled reactor that is scheduled for completion by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-china-serious-talks%E2%80%99-build-gas-cooled-1b-reactor|title=Jordan, China in 'serious talks' to build gas-cooled $1b reactor|first=Mohammad|last=Ghazal|work=The Jordan Times|date=28 April 2018|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507101738/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-china-serious-talks%E2%80%99-build-gas-cooled-1b-reactor|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Phosphorite|Phosphate]] mines in the south have made Jordan one of the largest producers and exporters of the mineral in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQb4l-C9zs0C&pg=PA64|page=64|title=Economic Policy and Performance in the Arab World|access-date=15 June 2016|first=Paul|last=Rivlin|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2001|isbn=9781555879327|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128100803/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQb4l-C9zs0C&pg=PA64|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Industry ===
[[File:Aqaba.jpg|thumb|The [[Aqaba Flagpole]] in the southernmost city of [[Aqaba]], Jordan's only coastal outlet]]
The industrial sector, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, and power, accounted for approximately 26% of the GDP in 2004 (including manufacturing, 16.2%; construction, 4.6%; and mining, 3.1%). More than 21% of the labor force was employed in industry in 2002. In 2014, industry accounted for 6% of the GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/jordan-2015/industry-retail|title=Jordan's industry and retail|work=Oxford Business Group |access-date=9 April 2016|date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416093738/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/jordan-2015/industry-retail|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The main industrial products are potash, phosphates, cement, clothes, and fertilisers. The most promising segment of this sector is construction. Petra Engineering Industries Company, which is considered to be one of the main pillars of Jordanian industry, has gained international recognition with its air-conditioning units reaching [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks at Middle East Commercial Center Leadership Dinner|access-date=15 October 2015|date=8 December 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of State|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/12/234830.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121034724/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/12/234830.htm|archive-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan is a pharmaceuticals manufacturer in the [[Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] region, led by [[Hikma Pharmaceuticals|Hikma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/hikma-pharmaceuticals-founder-remembered-man-who-believed-invested-jordan|title=Hikma Pharmaceuticals founder remembered as man who believed, invested in Jordan|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=6 August 2016|date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819022605/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/hikma-pharmaceuticals-founder-remembered-man-who-believed-invested-jordan|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The military industry thrived after the [[Jordan Design and Development Bureau]] defence company was established by King Abdullah II in 1999, to provide an indigenous capability for the supply of scientific and technical services to the Jordanian Armed Forces, and to become a global hub in security research and development. It manufactures all types of military products, many of which are presented at the bi-annually held international military exhibition [[Special Operations Forces Exhibition|SOFEX]]. In 2015, the company exported $72 million worth of industries to over 42 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/kaddb-become-main-provider-army%E2%80%99s-weapons-defence-equipment%E2%80%99|access-date=16 June 2016|date=28 April 2015|title=KADDB to become main provider of army's weapons, defence equipment|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103221216/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/kaddb-become-main-provider-army%E2%80%99s-weapons-defence-equipment%E2%80%99|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Jordan}}

[[File:Tafila Wind Farm 2.jpg|thumb|The 117 MW [[Tafila Wind Farm]] in southern Jordan is the first and largest commercial wind farm in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=285654|title=Masdar appoints IFC to oversee funding of Jordan's largest solar power project|work=Petra News Agency|access-date=18 January 2017|date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131185448/http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=285654|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Science and technology is the fastest developing economic sector. This growth is occurring across multiple industries, including information and communications technology (ICT) and nuclear technology. Jordan contributes 75% of the Arabic content on the Internet.<ref name="usdpict"/> In 2014, the ICT sector accounted for more than 84,000 jobs and contributed to 12% of the GDP. More than 400 companies are active in telecom, information technology, and video game development. 600 companies are operating in active technologies and 300 start-up companies.<ref name="usdpict">{{cite web|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/444376/pdf/2014CCGFinal.pdf|title=Doing Business in Jordan|access-date=14 October 2015|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714023814/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/444376/pdf/2014CCGFinal.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan was ranked 65th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/jorden |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>
Nuclear science and technology are also expanding. The [[Jordan Research and Training Reactor]], which was commissioned in 2016, is a 5 MW training reactor located at the [[Jordan University of Science and Technology]] in [[Ar Ramtha]].<ref name="jrtrjt"/> The facility is the first nuclear reactor in the country and will provide Jordan with radioactive isotopes for medical usage and provide training to students to produce a skilled workforce for the country's planned commercial nuclear reactors.<ref name="jrtrjt">{{cite web|title=Korean soft loan to fund safety features of nuclear research reactor|access-date=15 June 2016|date=28 October 2015|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/korean-soft-loan-fund-safety-features-nuclear-research-reactor|work=The Jordan Times|first=Dana|last=Al Emam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422043442/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/korean-soft-loan-fund-safety-features-nuclear-research-reactor|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan also hosts the [[Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East]] (SESAME) facility, which is the only particle accelerator in the Middle East, and one of only 60 [[synchrotron]] radiation facilities in the world.<ref name="nytsrf"/> SESAME, supported by [[UNESCO]] and [[CERN]], was opened in 2017 and allows for collaboration between scientists from various rival Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="nytsrf">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/08/science/sesame-institute-jordan-synchrotron.html|title=A Light for Science, and Cooperation, in the Middle East|work=The New York Times|first=Dennis|last=Overbye|access-date=16 May 2017|date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512221423/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/08/science/sesame-institute-jordan-synchrotron.html|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Jordan}}

{{see also|List of cities in Jordan}}

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|source = Department of Statistics<ref name="census report">{{cite web|title=2015 census report|publisher=Government of Jordan, Department of statistics|access-date=15 June 2016|date=1 January 2016|url=http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114309/http://census.dos.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Census_results_2016.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1920 |200000
|1922 |225000
|1948 |400000
|1952 |586200
|1961 |900800
|1979 |2133000
|1994 |4139500
|2004 |5100000
|2015 |9531712
|2018 |10171480
}}The 2015 census showed a population of 9,531,712 (female: 47%; males: 53%). Around 2.9 million (30%) were non-citizens, a figure including refugees and illegal immigrants.<ref name="census"/> There were 1,977,534 households in 2015, with an average of 4.8 persons per household, compared to 6.7 persons per household for the census of 1979.<ref name="census" /> The population of Amman was 65,754 in 1946, but exceeded 4 million in 2015.

[[Arabs]] make up about 98% of the population. The remaining 2% consist largely of peoples from the Caucasus including [[Circassians]], [[Armenians]], and [[Chechens]], along with smaller minority groups.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> About 84.1% of the population live in urban areas.<ref name="CIA factbook"/>

=== Refugees, immigrants and expatriates ===
Jordan was home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees in December 2016. Most of them had been granted Jordanian citizenship.<ref name="wwwj" /> The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and peaked in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1990 Gulf War. In the past, Jordan had given many Palestinian refugees citizenship, however recently citizenship is given only in rare cases. 370,000 of these Palestinians live in UNRWA refugee camps.<ref name="wwwj">{{cite web|date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan|title=Jordan|work=UNRWA |access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181426/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the capture of the West Bank by Israel in 1967, Jordan revoked the citizenship of thousands of Palestinians to thwart any attempt to permanently resettle from the West Bank to Jordan. West Bank Palestinians with family in Jordan or Jordanian citizenship were issued yellow cards guaranteeing them all the rights of citizenship if requested.<ref name="revokecitizen">{{cite news|last1=Abu Toameh|first1=Khaled|title=Amman revoking Palestinians' citizenship|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Amman-revoking-Palestinians-citizenship|access-date=13 March 2016|work=Jerusalem Post|date=20 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055827/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Amman-revoking-Palestinians-citizenship|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:An Aerial View of the Za'atri Refugee Camp.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of a portion of the [[Zaatari refugee camp]] which contains a population of 80,000 [[Syrians in Jordan|Syrian refugees]], the largest Syrian refugee camp in the world]]
Up to 1,000,000 [[Iraqis in Jordan|Iraqis moved to Jordan]] following the Iraq War in 2003,<ref>{{cite news|last=Leyne|first=Jon|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|title=Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis|publisher=BBC|date=24 January 2007|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403063927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and most of them returned. By 2015, their number was 130,911. Many Iraqi Christians, the vast majority of whom being ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], settled temporarily or permanently in Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiccourier.com/cc/index.cfm/news/world-nation/iraqi-refugees-in-jordan-are-guests-with-few-privileges|title=Iraqi refugees in Jordan are 'guests' with few privileges|access-date=20 March 2016 |last=Pattison|first=Mark|work=Catholic Courier|date=29 September 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723023721/http://www.catholiccourier.com/cc/index.cfm/news/world-nation/iraqi-refugees-in-jordan-are-guests-with-few-privileges/ |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Immigrants include 15,000 Lebanese who arrived following the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/664362|title=The Impact of the Summer 2006 War on Migration in Lebanon: Emigration, Re-Migration, Evacuation, and Returning|publisher=Lebanese Emigration Research Center|year=2006|access-date=16 June 2016|first=Guita|last=Hourani|page=231|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713121132/https://www.academia.edu/664362|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2010, over 1.4 million [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war|Syrian refugees]] have fled to Jordan to escape the violence in Syria,<ref name="census" /> the largest population being in the [[Zaatari refugee camp]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The kingdom has continued to demonstrate hospitality, despite the substantial strain the flux of Syrian refugees places on Jordanian communities, as the vast majority of Syrian refugees do not live in camps. The refugee crisis effects include competition for job opportunities, water resources and other state provided services, along with the strain on the national infrastructure.<ref name="UNHCR" />

In 2007, there were up to 150,000 [[Assyrian People|Assyrian]] [[Christians]]. Most are [[Eastern Aramaic]] speaking refugees from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ireland|first1=Michael|title=Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan|url=http://www.christianheadlines.com/news/assyrian-and-chaldean-christians-flee-iraq-to-neighboring-jordan-11542438.html|access-date=15 March 2016|work=Christian Headlines|date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315112811/http://www.christianheadlines.com/news/assyrian-and-chaldean-christians-flee-iraq-to-neighboring-jordan-11542438.html|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kurds]] number some 30,000, and like the Assyrians, many are refugees from Iraq, Iran and Turkey.<ref name="kurd-language">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Khatib |first1=Mahmoud A. |last2=Al-Ali |first2=Mohammed N. |title=Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan |journal=Finnish Journal of Linguistics |date=2010 |issue=23 |pages=7–36 |url=https://journal.fi/finjol/article/view/152941 }}</ref> Descendants of [[Armenians]] that sought refuge in the Levant during the 1915 [[Armenian genocide]] number approximately 5,000 persons, mainly residing in Amman.<ref>{{cite web|title=مئة عام على مجزرة الأرمن: ما بقي للأحفاد|url=http://7iber.com/2015/04/photos-stories-armenian-genocide-centennial/|work=7iber|access-date=16 June 2016|date=23 April 2015|language=ar|trans-title=One hundred years after the Armenian Genocide: what is left for the descendants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817002043/http://7iber.com/2015/04/photos-stories-armenian-genocide-centennial/|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A small number of ethnic [[Mandaeans|Mandeans]] live in Jordan, again mainly refugees from Iraq.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Syria_09_11_xx_Mandaean_human_rights_annual_report.pdf|title=Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report|access-date=16 July 2016|date=1 November 2009|work=Mandaean Human Rights Group|page=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026193629/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Syria_09_11_xx_Mandaean_human_rights_annual_report.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 12,000 [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraqi Christians]] have sought refuge in Jordan after the Islamic State took the city of [[Mosul]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/mosul-christian-exiles-hope-return-161031083345637.html|title=Mosul's Christian exiles have little hope of return|access-date=5 November 2016|work=Aljazeera|date=4 November 2016|first=Alisa|last=Reznick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104151037/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/mosul-christian-exiles-hope-return-161031083345637.html|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Several thousand Libyans, Yemenis and Sudanese have sought asylum to escape instability and violence in their respective countries.<ref name="UNHCR" /> The 2015 census recorded 1,265,000 Syrians, 636,270 Egyptians, 634,182 Palestinians, 130,911 Iraqis, 31,163 Yemenis, 22,700 Libyans and 197,385 from other nationalities residing in Jordan.<ref name="census" />

In 2012, there were around 1.2 million illegal and 500,000 legal migrant workers and expatriates in the kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jordantimes.com/jordan-faces-challenge-of-meeting-migrants-health-demands----study |title=Jordan faces challenge of meeting migrants' health demands –– study|work=The Jordan Times|date=28 August 2012 |access-date=16 June 2016|last=Malkawi|first=Khetam |url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430080659/http://jordantimes.com/jordan-faces-challenge-of-meeting-migrants-health-demands----study}}</ref> Thousands of foreign women, mostly from the Middle East and Eastern Europe, work in nightclubs, hotels and bars across the kingdom.<ref name="N. Zaqqa 2006, p. 11">{{cite book |last=Zaqqa |first=Nadim |title=Economic Development and Export of Human Capital – a Contradiction? |access-date=20 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbhHcOzn32EC&pg=PA11 |year=2006 |publisher=Kassel University Press |isbn=978-3-89958-205-5 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412171218/https://books.google.com/books?id=mbhHcOzn32EC&pg=PA11 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="womendialogue1">{{cite web|last=Abimourched|first=Rola |url=http://www.womendialogue.org/magazine/conditions-domestic-workers-middle-east|title=The conditions of domestic workers in the Middle East|publisher=WoMen Dialogue|date=26 November 2010|access-date=16 June 2016|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009191849/http://www.womendialogue.org/magazine/conditions-domestic-workers-middle-east|archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=11349|title=3% of Nightclub women are Jordanian|work=Ammonnews|date=19 January 2011|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430050157/http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=11349|archive-date=30 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> American and European expatriate communities are concentrated in the capital, as the city is home to many international organisations and diplomatic missions.<ref name="lpgw" />

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Jordan}}

[[Sunni Islam]] is the dominant religion. Muslims make up about 95% of the population. 93% of those self-identify as Sunnis.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a small number of [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|work=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and some [[Shiite]]s. Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|access-date=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|work=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325000103/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|archive-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims who convert to another religion as well as missionaries from other religions face societal and legal discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title=Jordan 2014 International Religious Freedom Report|date=1 January 2014|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328070414/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238674.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| width1 = 200
| width2 = 200
| image1 = Aqaba Mosque.jpg
| caption1 = [[Marsa Zayed]] mosque in [[Aqaba]]
| image2 = Orthodox church in Amman1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Christianity in Jordan|An eastern Orthodox church]] during a snowstorm in [[Amman]]
}}

Jordan contains some of the [[Christianity in Jordan|oldest Christian communities]] in the world, dating as early as the 1st century AD after the [[crucifixion of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015|title=Four refugee families living in Jordan share their stories with Mid-East delegation|first=Anthony|last=Moujaes|publisher=United Church of Christ|access-date=27 July 2016|date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072503/http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Christians today make up about 4% of the population,<ref name="abouna"/> down from 20% in 1930, though their absolute number has grown.<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news |last=Vela |first=Justin |date=14 February 2015 |title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL |work=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil-1.36000 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> This is due to high immigration rates of Muslims into Jordan, higher emigration rates of Christians to the [[Western world|West]], and higher birth rates for Muslims.<ref name=lat>{{cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Fleishman |title=For Christian enclave in Jordan, tribal lands are sacred |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-tribal-catholic10-2009may10-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=10 May 2009 |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184643/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/10/world/fg-tribal-catholic10 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Christians number around 250,000, all of whom are Arabic-speaking, according to a 2014 estimate by the Orthodox Church, though the study excluded minority Christian groups and the thousands of Western, Iraqi and Syrian Christians residing in Jordan.<ref name="abouna">{{cite web|title=الأب د. حنا كلداني: نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68%|first=Hanna|last=Kildani|publisher=Abouna.org|access-date=17 July 2016|date=8 July 2015|url=http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83|language=ar|trans-title=Father Hanna Kildani: the percentage of Christians residing in Jordan is 3.68%|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230434/http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Christians are well integrated in society and enjoy a high level of freedom.<ref name="angilican">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Duane Alexander |title=The Episcopal Church in Jordan: Identity, Liturgy, and Mission |journal=Journal of Anglican Studies |date=November 2011 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=134–153 |doi=10.1017/S1740355309990271 }}</ref> Christians are also influential in the media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html|title=Jordan's Christian Arabs, A Small Minority, Play A Major Role|work=The New York Times|date=7 January 1987|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526214650/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html|archive-date=26 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Smaller religious minorities include [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] and [[Mandaeans]]. Most Druze live in Azraq, some villages on the Syrian border, and in Zarqa. Most Jordanian Baháʼís live in Adassiyeh bordering the Jordan Valley.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|title=Minority Rights in the Middle East|access-date=12 October 2015|date=25 April 2013|first1=Joshua|last1=Castellino|first2=Kathleen A.|last2=Cavanaugh|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=9780199679492|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201435/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It is estimated that 1,400 Mandaeans live in Amman. They came from Iraq after the 2003 invasion fleeing persecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|work=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
The official language is [[Modern Standard Arabic]], a literary language taught in the schools.<ref name="lang">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1921|page=1921|title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society|access-date=15 June 2016|year=2006|publisher=Ulrich Ammon|first=Walter|last=de Gruyter|isbn=9783110184181|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110448/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1921|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Jordanians natively speak one of the non-standard Arabic dialects known as [[Jordanian Arabic]]. [[Levantine Arabic Sign Language|Jordanian Sign Language]] is the language of the deaf community. English, though without official status, is widely spoken throughout Jordan and is the ''de facto'' language of commerce and banking, as well as a co-official status in the education sector. Almost all university-level classes are held in English, and almost all public schools teach English along with Standard Arabic.<ref name="lang"/>

[[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Circassian languages|Circassian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and [[Russian language|Russian]] are popular among their communities.<ref name="John A. Shoup 2007">{{cite book|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dm7Ups_zsbcC&pg=PA45|access-date=12 October 2015|year=2007|title=Culture and Customs of Jordan|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|first=John|last=Shoup|isbn=9780313336713|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603020705/https://books.google.com/books?id=dm7Ups_zsbcC&pg=PA45|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[French language|French]] is offered as an elective in many schools, mainly in the private sector.<ref name="lang"/> [[German language|German]] is an increasingly popular language. It has been introduced at a larger scale since the establishment of the [[German Jordanian University]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/german-language-becoming-opportunity-professional-development%E2%80%99|title=German language becoming opportunity for professional development|work=The Jordan Times|date=12 February 2015|access-date=7 March 2016|first=Sascha|last=Luebbe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322073423/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/german-language-becoming-opportunity-professional-development%E2%80%99|archive-date=22 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health and education ===
{{Main|Health in Jordan|Education in Jordan}}

[[File:Young girls reading - Government primary school in Amman, Jordan.jpg|thumb|Jordanian school girls pictured reading in a public school. Jordan's youth female literacy rate (15 – 24 years) was 99.37% in 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://litbase.uil.unesco.org/?menu=12&country=JO&programme=162|title=Country Profile: Jordan|last=Learning|first=UNESCO Institute for Lifelong|date=8 September 2017|website=litbase.uil.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727021307/http://litbase.uil.unesco.org/|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Life expectancy in Jordan was around 74.8 years in 2017.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> The leading cause of death is cardiovascular diseases, followed by cancer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cancer second most common cause of death in Jordan|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/cancer-second-most-common-cause-death-jordan%E2%80%99|access-date=13 March 2016|date=14 March 2015|work=The Jordan Times|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522185351/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/cancer-second-most-common-cause-death-jordan%E2%80%99|archive-date=22 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Childhood immunisation rates have increased steadily over the past 15 years. In 2002, immunisations and [[vaccine]]s reached more than 95% of children under five.<ref name=cp/> In 1950, [[Water supply and sanitation in Jordan|water and sanitation]] was available to 10% of the population. In 2015, it reached 98% of Jordanians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller[type]=country_files|title=Jordan: estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation facilities (1980–2015)|access-date=17 June 2016|date=1 June 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232903/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

Health services are some of the best in the region.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14631981|title=Jordan profile – Overview|publisher=BBC|date=18 November 2012|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211063859/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14631981|archive-date=11 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Qualified medics, a favourable investment climate, and economic stability have contributed to the success of this sector.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sector leaders highlight potential for further growth in medical tourism|access-date=13 March 2016|date=30 May 2015|work=The Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/sector-leaders-highlight-potential-further-growth-medical-tourism#sthash.yz9kdu6B.dpuf|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030324/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/sector-leaders-highlight-potential-further-growth-medical-tourism#sthash.yz9kdu6B.dpuf|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The health care system is divided between public and private institutions. In 2007, [[Jordan Hospital]], as the biggest private hospital, was the first general specialty hospital to gain the international accreditation [[Joint Commission|JCAHO]].<ref name=cp>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Jordan.pdf |title=Jordan country profile |work=US Library of Congress |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616000931/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Jordan.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[King Hussein Cancer Center|King Hussein Cancer Centre]] is a cancer treatment centre.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiECgAAQBAJ|page=640|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society|access-date=13 October 2015|date=11 August 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|first=Graham|last=Colditz|isbn=9781506316635|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080327/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiECgAAQBAJ|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 66% of Jordanians have medical insurance.<ref name="census"/>

The educational system comprises 2 years of pre-school education, 10 years of compulsory basic education, and two years of secondary academic or vocational education, after which the students sit for the General Certificate of Secondary Education Exam (''[[Tawjihi]])'' exams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.jo/en/MenuDetails.aspx?MenuID=32|title=المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية – وزارة التربية و التعليم Ministry of Education – Hashemit Kingdom of Jordan|website=www.moe.gov.jo|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213141843/http://www.moe.gov.jo/en/MenuDetails.aspx?MenuID=32|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary education is free.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak35WB7jX8IC&pg=PA61|title=The Politics of Education Reform in the Middle East: Self and Other in Textbooks and Curricula|last1=Alayan|first1=Samira|last2=Rohde|first2=Achim|last3=Dhouib|first3=Sarhan|date=15 June 2015|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9780857454614|page=61|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080225/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak35WB7jX8IC&pg=PA61|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Scholars may attend either private or public schools. According to the [[UNESCO]], the literacy rate in 2015 was 98.01% and is considered to be the highest in the Middle East and the Arab world, and one of the highest in the world.<ref name=":0" />

In 2009, UNESCO ranked Jordan's educational system 18th out of 94 nations for providing gender equality in education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/200910213278/Culture/education-system-in-jordan-scoring-well.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729054824/http://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/200910213278/Culture/education-system-in-jordan-scoring-well.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|title=Education system in Jordan scoring well|date=21 October 2009|publisher=[[Global Arab Network]]|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> Jordan has the highest number of researchers in research and development per million people, among all the 57 countries that are members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. There are 8,060 researchers per million people, while the world average is 2,532 per million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sesric.org/files/article/394.pdf|title=Research and Scientific Development in OIC Countries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808043707/http://www.sesric.org/files/article/394.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan has 10 public universities, 19 private universities and 54 community colleges, of which 14 are public, 24 private and others affiliated with the Jordanian Armed Forces, the Civil Defence Department, the Ministry of Health and UNRWA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/225199.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301103617/http://www.ameinfo.com/225199.html|archive-date=1 March 2010|title=Jordan raises admission scores for private universities|work=AMEinfo.com|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> In 2016, there were over 200,000 students enrolled in universities each year. An additional 20,000 pursue higher education abroad primarily in the United States and Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPEWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45|page=45|title=Youth and Education in the Middle East: Assessing the Performance and Practice of Urban Environments|access-date=16 June 2016|date=27 January 2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|first=Daniele|last=Cantini|isbn=9780857729378|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128063240/https://books.google.com/books?id=JPEWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities]], the top-ranking universities in Jordan are the [[University of Jordan]] (UJ) (1,220th worldwide), [[Jordan University of Science & Technology]] (JUST) (1,729th) and [[Hashemite University]] (2,176th).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jordan|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Jordan|publisher=Ranking Web of Universities|access-date=6 March 2018|date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112171528/http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Jordan|archive-date=12 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> UJ and JUST occupy 8th and 10th between Arab universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iu.qs.com/arab-region-rankings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118032549/http://www.iu.qs.com/arab-region-rankings/|archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead|title=2014 QS University Rankings – Arab Region|date=1 January 2016|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Jordan}}

=== Art and museums ===
[[File:Pipers jordaniens (Jerash) (6949582694).jpg|thumb|Jordanian folklore band playing [[bagpipes]] in [[Jerash]]]]

Many institutions aim to increase cultural awareness of [[Jordanian art]] and to represent artistic movements in fields such as paintings, sculpture, graffiti and photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=الفن التشكيلي|language=ar|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715045842/http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|archive-date=15 July 2014|work=Jordan Ministry of Culture|trans-title=Fine Arts}}</ref> The art scene has been developing in the past few years,<ref>{{cite news|title=Jordanian artists seeks to connect local, int'l art scenes|work=The Jordan Times|date=24 February 2015|first=Saeb|last=Rawashdeh|access-date=13 March 2016|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordanian-artist-seeks-connect-local-int%E2%80%99l-art-scenes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312020833/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordanian-artist-seeks-connect-local-int%E2%80%99l-art-scenes|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Jordan has been a haven for artists from surrounding countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boarini|first1=Silvia|title=Jordan a 'haven' for regional artists|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/04/jordan-haven-regional-artists-150429061445164.html|access-date=15 March 2016|work=Al Jazeera|date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315100159/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/04/jordan-haven-regional-artists-150429061445164.html|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2016, for the first time ever, a [[Cinema of Jordan|Jordanian film]] called [[Theeb]] was nominated for the [[List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/theeb%E2%80%99-becomes-first-jordanian-film-receive-oscar-nod|title='Theeb' becomes first Jordanian film to receive Oscar nod|work=The Jordan Times|agency=Agencies|date=14 January 2016|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417080114/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/theeb%E2%80%99-becomes-first-jordanian-film-receive-oscar-nod|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The largest museum is [[The Jordan Museum]]. It contains much of the valuable archaeological findings in the country, including some of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], the Neolithic limestone statues of [[Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)|'Ain Ghazal]] and a copy of the [[Mesha Stele]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/scrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman-1.458097/|title=Scrolling through the millennia at the new Jordan Museum in Amman|access-date=25 September 2015|date=13 March 2014|work=The National|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926083840/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/scrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Most museums are located in Amman including [[The Children's Museum Jordan]], [[The Martyr's Memorial and Museum]] and the [[Royal Automobile Museum]]. Museums outside Amman include the [[Aqaba Archaeological Museum]].<ref name="Bradt" /> The [[Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts]] is a major contemporary art museum located in Amman.<ref name="Bradt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcGcDdi20SwC&pg=PA122|title=Jordan|first=Carole|last=French|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2012|pages=122, 35, 81|access-date=15 October 2015|isbn=9781841623986|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603014622/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcGcDdi20SwC&pg=PA122|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Music of Jordan|Music in Jordan]] is developing a lot of new bands and artists who are popular in the Middle East. Artists such as [[Omar Al-Abdallat]], [[Toni Qattan]], [[Diana Karazon]] and [[Hani Mitwasi]] have increased the popularity of Jordanian music.<ref name="jf" /> The [[Jerash Festival]] is an annual music event that features popular Arab singers.<ref name="jf">{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stars-come-out-jordans-jerash-festival-720188|access-date=15 June 2016|date=16 July 2016|title=The stars come out for Jordan's Jerash Festival|work=Al Bawaba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504115943/http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stars-come-out-jordans-jerash-festival-720188|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pianist and composer [[Zade Dirani]] has gained wide international popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/06/19/pianist-finds-positano-enchanting/|title=Pianist finds Positano enchanting|access-date=14 June 2016|date=19 June 2010|work=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809081917/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-06-19/travel/sc-trav-0615-celeb-20100615_1_favorite-weekend-getaways-positano-amalfi-coast|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There is also an increasing growth of alternative [[Arabic rock]] bands, who are dominating the scene in the Arab world, including: [[El Morabba3]], [[Autostrad]], [[JadaL]], [[Akher Zapheer]] and [[Aziz Maraka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/the-promise-of-ammans-independent-music-scene_32052|title=The promise of Amman's independent music scene|first=Madeline|last=Edwards|access-date=23 September 2015|work=Your Middle East|date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923055934/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/the-promise-of-ammans-independent-music-scene_32052|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jordan unveiled its first underwater military museum off the coast of Aqaba. Several military vehicles, including tanks, troop carriers and a helicopter are in the museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49102824|title=Jordan unveils underwater military museum|date=24 July 2019|access-date=2 August 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726120812/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49102824|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Jordanian cuisine}}

[[File:Préparation du mansaf-Jordanie (8).jpg|thumb|right|[[Mansaf]], the traditional dish of Jordan, originates from Bedouin life and is a symbol of Jordanian hospitality.]]
As the eighth-largest producer of [[olive]]s in the world, [[olive oil]] is the main cooking oil in Jordan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-among-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-producers-olive-olive-oil%E2%80%99|title=Jordan among world's top 10 producers of olive, olive oil|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=18 June 2016|date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421035637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-among-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-producers-olive-olive-oil%E2%80%99|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A common appetiser is [[hummus]], which is a puree of [[chickpea]]s blended with [[tahini]], lemon, and garlic. [[Ful medames]] is another well-known appetiser. A typical worker's meal, it has since made its way to the tables of the upper class. A typical [[meze]] often contains [[Kibbeh|koubba maqliya]], [[Strained yogurt|labaneh]], [[baba ghanoush]], [[tabbouleh]], [[olive]]s and [[Pickled cucumber|pickles]].<ref name="Mansaf">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA269|access-date=13 October 2015|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|date=25 May 2012|first=Ken|last=Albala|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=269, 273|isbn=9780313376276|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603021656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA269|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Meze is generally accompanied by the Levantine alcoholic drink [[Arak (drink)|arak]], which is made from grapes and aniseed and is similar to [[ouzo]], [[rakı]] and [[pastis]]. [[Jordanian wine]] and [[Beer in Jordan|beer]] are also sometimes used. The same dishes, served without alcoholic drinks, can also be termed "muqabbilat" (starters) in Arabic.<ref name="lpgw">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x2pJuvWeOQC&pg=PA77|title=Jordan|access-date=13 October 2015|first1=Anthony|last1=Ham|first2=Paul|last2=Greenway|publisher=Lonely Planet|pages=26, 76|year=2003|isbn=9781740591652|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/https://books.google.com/books?id=5x2pJuvWeOQC&pg=PA77|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most distinctive dish is [[mansaf]], the national dish of Jordan. The dish is a symbol for hospitality and is influenced by the Bedouin culture. Mansaf is eaten on different occasions such as funerals, weddings and on religious holidays. It consists of a plate of rice with meat that was boiled in thick yogurt, sprinkled with pine nuts and sometimes herbs. As an old tradition, the dish is eaten using one's hands, but the tradition is not always used.<ref name="Mansaf"/> Simple fresh fruit is often served towards the end of a meal, but there is also dessert, such as [[baklava]], hareeseh, [[knafeh]], [[halva]] and [[qatayef]], a dish made specially for [[Ramadan]]. Drinking coffee and tea flavoured with [[Mentha|na'na]] or [[Salvia officinalis|meramiyyeh]] is commonplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alghad.com/articles/879262-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1|title=الحلويات في رمضان.. متعة ما بعد الإفطار|language=ar|work=Al-Ghad|date=30 June 2015|access-date=16 June 2016|trans-title=Sweets in Ramadan .. what fun after breakfast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026183115/http://www.alghad.com/articles/879262-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Jordan}}

While both team and individual sports are widely played, the kingdom has enjoyed its biggest international achievements in [[taekwondo]]. The highlight came at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympic Games]] when [[Ahmad Abughaush]] won Jordan's first ever medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020|title=Jordan's first ever Olympic champion Ahmad Abughaush looks forward to Tokyo 2020 – Olympic News|date=8 April 2019|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> of any colour at the games by taking gold in the −67 kg weight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beinsports.com/ar/other-sports/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-2016-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A/320133|title=ريو 2016 – تايكواندو: الأردني أحمد أبوغوش يحرز الميدالية الذهبية في وزن 68 كغ|website=beIN SPORTS|language=ar|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709183815/http://www.beinsports.com/ar/other-sports/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-2016-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A/320133|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Medals have continued to be won at world and Asian level in the sport since to establish taekwondo as the kingdom's favourite sport alongside [[association football|football]]<ref name="lpgw" /> and [[basketball]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/|title=Jordan Basketball Federation|website=Jordan Olympic Committee|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231458/https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Football is the most popular sport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm|title=Sport in Jordan|website=Topend Sports|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231447/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jordan national football team|national football team]] came within a play-off of reaching the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] in [[Brazil]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589|title=World Cup 2014: Uruguay clinch final spot with Jordan win|date=21 November 2013|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> but lost the [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|two-legged tie]] against [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf|title=Jordan remains in 82nd spot in FIFA World Rankings|last=Bannayan|first=Aline|date=5 March 2016|access-date=13 March 2016|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313111319/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> They previously reached the quarter-finals of the [[AFC Asian Cup]] in [[2004 AFC Asian Cup|2004]] and [[2011 AFC Asian Cup|2011]], and lost in the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup final|final]] against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] in [[2023 AFC Asian Cup|2023]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |title=Afif stars as Qatar defeat Jordan to retain title |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219062450/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jordan has a strong policy for inclusive sport and invests heavily in encouraging girls and women to participate in all sports. The [[Jordan women's national football team|women's football team]] gaining reputation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html|title=Jordan taking giant strides in women's football|last=El-Shamayleh|first=Nisreen|date=23 June 2015|access-date=13 March 2016|work=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312003804/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and in March 2016 ranked 58th in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women|title=Fifa world ranking for women|date=1 March 2016|publisher=FIFA|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063018/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, Jordan hosted the [[2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]], with 16 teams representing six continents. The tournament was held in four stadiums in the three Jordanian cities of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid. It was the first women's sports tournament in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html|title=Women's football increasingly popular in Jordan|last=Omari|first=Raed|date=1 January 2014|access-date=8 March 2016|work=Al Arabiya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015004/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Basketball is another sport that Jordan continues to excel in, having qualified to the [[2010 FIBA World Championship|FIBA 2010 World Basketball Cup]] and more recently reaching the [[2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup|2019 World Cup in China]].<ref>{{Cite book|date=2017|publisher=Francis Academic Press|doi=10.25236/iclla.2017.43|isbn=9781912407064|doi-access=free |chapter=Transmission Strategy of the Competition -2017 FIBA 3X3 U18 Basketball World Cup |title=2017 4th International Conference on Literature, Linguistics and Arts (ICLLA 2017) }}</ref> Jordan came within a point of reaching the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympics]] after losing the final of the 2010 Asian Cup to China, 70–69, and settling for silver instead. The [[Jordan men's national basketball team|national basketball team]] participates in various international and Middle Eastern tournaments. Local basketball teams include: Al-Orthodoxi Club, Al-Riyadi, Zain, Al-Hussein and Al-Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney|title=Jordan counts down to Asian basketball tourney|last=Bannayan|first=Aline|date=14 September 2015|access-date=15 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Boxing]], [[karate]], [[kickboxing]], [[Muay Thai]], and [[Jujutsu|ju-jitsu]] are also popular. Less common sports are also gaining popularity. [[Rugby football|Rugby]] is increasing in popularity, a rugby union is recognised by the Jordan Olympic Committee which supervises three national teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023|title=Against all odds, Jordan's rugby greats are set to storm the Dubai Sevens|access-date=9 April 2016|date=4 November 2014|work=Al Bawaba|first=Jack|last=Eastwood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026154217/http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Although [[cycling]] is not widespread, the sport is developing as a lifestyle and a new way to travel especially among the youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87|title=مشروع "بسكليتات المدينة الرياضية" يجمع هواة الدراجات لممارسة الرياضة والترفيه|language=ar|access-date=16 July 2016|work=Al-Ghad|date=30 September 2013|trans-title="Project" Bisklitat Sports City "brings together amateur cycling for exercise and recreation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520050951/http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, a NGO [[Make Life Skate Life]] completed construction of the [[7Hills Skatepark]], the first skatepark in the country located in [[Downtown Amman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html|title=Volunteers open Jordan's first skate park|date=12 February 2015|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=30 September 2015|first1=Zab|last1=Mustefa|first2=Alisa|last2=Reznick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001071615/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Jordan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last1=Salibi |first1=Kamal S. .|author-link=Kamal Salibi|title=The Modern History of Jordan |date=1998 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860643316}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC|year=2001|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-508-2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Ashton|first=Nigel|title=King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2008}} [https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203913/https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 |date=8 March 2021 }}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=El-Anis |first1=Imad H. |title=Jordan and the United States : the political economy of trade and economic reform in the Middle East |date=2011 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies |location=London |isbn=9781848854710}} case studies of trade in textiles, pharmaceuticals, and financial services.
* Goichon, Amélie-Marie. ''Jordanie réelle''. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer (1967–1972). 2 vol., ill.
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Robins |first1=Philip |title=A history of Jordan |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521598958}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Ryan |first1=Curtis R. |title=Jordan in transition : from Hussein to Abdullah |date=2002 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=9781588261038}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Teller |first1=Matthew |title=The Rough Guide to Jordan |date=1998 |publisher=Rough Guides |location=London}} Sixth edition 2016.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=JO Key Development Forecasts for Jordan] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [https://jordan.gov.jo Jordan Portal] – gateway to government sites
* [https://kingabdullah.jo/en King Abdullah II] – official website of the king of Jordan
* [https://www.pm.gov.jo Prime Minister] – official website of the prime minister of Jordan
* [https://dosweb.dos.gov.jo Statistics] – official website of Department of Statistics

=== History ===
* [http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html "History"] – Jordanian History at the website of King Hussein

=== Tourism ===
* [https://visitjordan.com Visit Jordan] – Jordan's official tourism portal

=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{OSM relation|184818}}

{{Jordan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Jordan
|list =
{{Middle East}}
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}}
{{Subject bar|Jordan|Asia|Middle East|Countries|auto=yes|voy=Jordan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|31|36.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Jordan| ]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in Jordan]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Member states of the Arab League]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1946]]
[[Category:Countries in West Asia]]

Buli Mahato

2026-03-13T11:13:41Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Buli Mahato
| birth_date = ?
| birth_place = [[Sonahatu]], [[Ranchi district]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1834|06|14}}
| death_place = [[Cellular Jail]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause =
| known_for = Leader of [[Kudmi Mahato]]s in [[Bhumij rebellion]] and [[Kol uprising]]
| citizenship =
}}

'''Buli Mahato''' was a revolutionary leader of the [[Bhumij rebellion|Bhumij Rebellion]] and [[Kol uprising|Kol Rebellion]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1HWAAAAMAAJ&q=buli+mahato |title=Proceedings and Transactions of the Indian Oriental Conference |date=1966 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=buli+Mahato |title=People of India: (pts. 1-2) Bihar, including Jharkhand |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-303-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=buli+Mahato |title=West Bengal |last2=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first2=Śekhara |last3=Bagchi |first3=Tilak |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Ranjit Kumar |last5=India |first5=Anthropological Survey of |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-300-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He was a zamindar, social leader and revolutionary struggle leader of the [[Kudmi Mahato|Kudmi community]] of Karadih village in [[Sonahatu|Sonahatu Thana]], [[Jharkhand]]. He mostly rode on horseback.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mahto |first=Shailendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgEoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |title=Jharkhand Mein Vidroh Ka Itihas |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90366-63-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=कोल विद्रोह के नायक बुली महतो के पैतृक गांव में होगा स्मृति निर्माण समारोह, सुदेश महतो होंगे शामिल |url=https://thefollowup.in/jharkhand/news/commemoration-ceremony-will-be-held-in-the-native-village-of-bully-mahto-the-hero-of-kol-rebellion-19525.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=The Follow Up |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
He revolted in 1831 against the exploitation of British rule to avenge the exploitation of the British. He joined the [[Kol uprising|Kol Rebellion]] as a prominent revolutionary leader in the eastern frontier [[Silli]], Tamar, [[Sonahatu]] and then [[Jungle Mahals|Jangalmahal]] areas, [[Ranchi district]] of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Barabhum railway station|Barabhum]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māhāta |first=Paśupati Prasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXhuAAAAMAAJ&q=buli+Mahato |title=Sanskritization Vs Nirbakization |date=2000 |publisher=Sujan Publications |isbn=978-81-85549-29-3 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jhalda]], [[Manbazar]], [[Hura, Purulia|Hura]], [[Jaypur, Purulia|Jaipur]], [[Baghmundi]] etc. in [[Manbhum]].<ref name=":1" /> Govardhan Bhumij who captured and killed the envoy sent to negotiate with [[Ganga Narayan Singh|Ganga Narain]]. Bauri Naya, one of the Ghatwals, who was associated with [[Ganga Narayan Singh|Ganga Narain's]] party to attack the troops at [[Barabazar]] in May, while Buli Mahato and Jardre Bhumij who helped kill Madhav Singh. Which is known in the pages of history as [[Bhumij rebellion|Bhumij Rebellion]] or [[Ganga Narayan Singh|Ganga Narain Hungama]]. Later again, there was a Kol rebellion involving tribals and non-tribals in that area of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-1tAAAAMAAJ&q=buli+mahato |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=1965 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veC1AAAAIAAJ&q=buli+Mahato |title=The Bhumij Revolt, 1832-33: Ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil |date=1967 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}</ref> Then the [[Barabhum railway station|Barabhum]] [[Kurmali language|Kudmali]] folk songs also mention revolutionary rebel leaders such as Jagannath Dhal, Lal Singh, [[Ganga Narayan Singh|Ganga Narain]], Buli Mahato etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&dq=buli+Mahato&pg=PA49 |title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007 |last2=Paty |first2=Chittaranjan Kumar |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-686-2 |language=en}}</ref> Buli Mahato was instrumental in igniting the rebellion in the plateau region of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur]] to reclaim lands of the exploited, deprived, revenue expropriation and abuse of moneylenders. He played a role. He tired the British and the landlords with his bravery and solidarity. Buli Mahato was arrested by the British police at village Jhunjhka in [[Purulia district]] and deported to the [[Andaman and Nicobar jail|Andaman Nicobar Jail]], where he died on 14 June 1834.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2023}}

Attur, Salem

2026-03-07T15:33:51Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Other uses|Attur (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Attur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Aathur
| nickname = Sago City of India
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = "A long Shot of Fort of Attur".jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Attur Fort
| coordinates = {{coord|11.598300|N|78.597400|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Selection Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Attur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 244
| population_total = 61,793
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Atturkaran
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636 102
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 04282
| registration_plate = TN-77, TN-54 X, Y, Z
| website = {{URL|www.salem.tn.nic.in/aprofile.htm}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Attur''' or '''Aathur''' is a [[Subdivisions of India#Municipalities|municipality]] and headquarters of [[Attur Taluk, Salem|Attur taluk]] in the [[Salem district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. As of the 2011 census, the town had a population of 61,793. Attur is growing economically.

==Transport==
[[File:Attur railway station.JPG|thumb|180 px|Aaththur railway station, part of the Salem- Virudhachalam branch line]]
Attur is located at the junction of NH 79 and [[National Highway 136 (India)|NH 136]].<ref>[[National Highway 136 (India)]]{{Circular reference|date=January 2018}}</ref> One National Highway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/three-more-state-highways-get-upgraded-as-nh/article19532154.ece |title=Three more State highways get upgraded as NH - TAMIL NADU |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 August 2017 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> and two state highways originate from Attur.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|90.7}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|7.24}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.88}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.04}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.11}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.0}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Attur had a population of 61,793 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 6,147 were under the age of six, constituting 3,209 males and 2,938 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 22.33% and 0.62% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 74.65%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 16,371 households. There were a total of 25,949 workers, comprising 1,417 cultivators, 3,740 main agricultural labourers, 735 in household industries, 17,482 other workers, 2,575 marginal workers, 36 marginal cultivators, 703 marginal agricultural labourers, 176 marginal workers in household industries and 1,660 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Attur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=686538|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Attur had 90.7% [[Hindus]], 7.24% [[Muslims]], 1.88% [[Christians]], 0.03% [[Sikhs]], 0.01% [[Buddhists]], 0.04% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.11% following other religions and 0.0% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur assembly constituency]] is part of [[Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=9 October 2008
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> Jayashankar is the current Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing the Attur constituency as of 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Attur}}
* [http://www.salem.tn.nic.in/aprofile.htm Official District Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531055206/http://www.salem.tn.nic.in/aprofile.htm |date=31 May 2017 }}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Salem District}}
{{Vasishta Nadi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Salem district]]

Janumada Gelathi

2026-03-06T03:49:08Z

Jatta Goswami: updated details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Janumada Gelathi
| image = Janumada Gelathi.JPG
| caption = movie poster
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| screenplay =
| producer = [[C. R. Manohar]]

| starring = [[Srinagar Kitty]] [[Pooja Gandhi]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2008|12|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| country = India
}}

'''''Janumada Gelathi''''' is a 2008 [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada language]] film directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and produced by [[C. R. Manohar]]. it stars [[Srinagar Kitty]] and [[Pooja Gandhi]] in the lead roles. The film's music was composed by [[V. Manohar]]. The film was released statewide on 5 December 2008.

==Cast==

*[[Srinagar Kitty]] as Gowri Shankar
*[[Pooja Gandhi]]
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* Suresh Mangalore
*Harish Rai

==Soundtrack==

The film has five songs composed by [[V. Manohar]] with lyrics written by V. Manohar, [[Yogaraj Bhat]], [[Jayanth Kaikini]] and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Janumada Gelathi
| type = studio
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover = JG Audio cover.jpg
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Akshaya Audio</div>
| producer = [[C. R. Manohar]]
| year = 2008
}}

# "Noorentu Maatu"
# "Mugile Kodale"
# "Hrudaya Mugulu Nagalu"
# "Dhaga Dhagiso"
# "Simran Simran"

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Srinagara Kitty makes efforts to give a convincing performance. Pooja Gandhi has also done well in her small role, though she would have looked better with make-up on! Veteran artists Jayanthi, Avinash, Suresh Mangalore and Harish Rai have limited scope in the film to perform. V Manohar's music is just okay. One song is well composed, but picturisation lacks quality".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-janumadha-gelathi/20081205.htm|title=Review: Janumadha Gelathi|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 December 2008}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "There are moments in the film that have the classic Dinesh touch especially in scenes where both the lead actors play dumb and in the climax which could have retained a little more suspense. This film too has failed to launch Srinagar Kitti into Sandalwood star orbit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/janumada-gelati-life-sentence/articleshow/22301760.cms|title=Janumada Gelati : Life sentence|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=5 December 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626070202/http://janumadagelathi.com/ Official site]
* {{IMDb title|14236730}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)

2026-03-06T03:47:21Z

Jatta Goswami: quick fix

{{Short description|Non-profit circulation-audit
organisation}}
{{morefootnotes|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)
| type = [[private company|Private]]
| logo = ABC lndia logo.jpg
| caption =
| foundation = {{start date|1948}}
| founder =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|Karunesh Bajaj {{small|(Chairman)}}|Mohit Jain {{small|(Deputy Chairman)}}}}
| homepage = {{url|www.auditbureau.org}}
}}

The '''Audit Bureau of Circulations''' ('''ABC''') of India is a [[non-profit]] circulation-audit organisation. It certifies and audits the circulations of major publications, including newspapers and magazines in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/nic/nrs.htm |title=National Readership Studies Council |publisher=Hindu.com |date=2006-08-29 |access-date=2011-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/contact.htm |title=Audit Bureau of Circulations |publisher=Auditbureau.org |date= |access-date=2011-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717082623/http://www.auditbureau.org/contact.htm |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{See also|List of newspapers in India by circulation}}
ABC is a voluntary organisation initiated in 1948 that operates in different parts of the world. Until 1948, the concept of circulation audit was yet to be made in India and the publishers had no means to verify the actual circulation number of publications that they used for advertising and had to depend more on their own judgement. Publishers also found it difficult to convince advertisers of the relative values of their publication for the purpose of advertising. It is with this background that eminent representatives of the advertising profession and publishing industry came together to establish an organisation which could serve the common interest. Since then, the benefit of ABC certificates of circulation have been availed by advertisers, advertising agencies, publishers and organisations connected with print media advertising.

==History==
ABC (India) was founded in 1948, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timm.indiatimes.com/timm/mediasurveys.jsp |title=Times International Media Marketing |publisher=Timm.indiatimes.com |date= |access-date=2011-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025155/http://www.timm.indiatimes.com/timm/mediasurveys.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Qualifications==
The Publisher should be a Member of [[The Indian Newspaper Society]] (INS) and the Publications should be registered with [[Registrar of Newspapers for India]] (RNI).

Publisher members must maintain essential books and records to facilitate a proper ABC audit and also appoint an independent firm of Chartered Accountants from amongst the approved panel of auditors named by ABC. Admission of publishers to ABC membership is subject to a satisfactory admission audit. ABC has a system of recheck audit and surprise check audits of publications to be carried out as and when ABC deems appropriate.

The Bureau certifies audited Net Paid circulation figures of publications enrolled with it for a continuous and definite six-monthly audit periods and supplies copies of the ABC Certificates issued for such publications to each member. Free distribution and bulk sales are also shown on the certificates provided the relevant records are adequately maintained. Such records are checked and facts and figures are scrutinised by impartial Auditors, and only then is the Certificate of Net Paid Circulation issued.

==See also==
* [[Newspaper circulation]]
* [[Magazine circulation]]
* International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations
* [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)]]
* [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (North America)]]
* [[OJD Morocco]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.auditbureau.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Newspapers circulation audit]]
[[Category:Publishing in India]]
[[Category:Publishing organizations]]
[[Category:Newspaper publishing in India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)

2026-03-05T09:36:50Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Vikramarka
| image = Raja Vikramarka 2021 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sri Saripalli
| producer = 88 Rama Reddy
| writer = Sri Saripalli
| starring = [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] [[Tanya Ravichandran]] [[P. Sai Kumar]]
| music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| cinematography = P. C. Mouli
| editing = Jesvin Prabu
| studio = Sree Chitra Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|11|12}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Raja Vikramarka''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action-thriller|action spy thriller film]] written and directed by Sri Saripalli in his directorial debut and produced by Rama Reddy. The film stars [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]], [[Tanya Ravichandran]] and [[P. Sai Kumar]] in the lead roles, while [[Sudhakar Komakula]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], and [[Harsha Vardhan]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=Kartikeya Gummakonda announces his next movie titled Raja Vikramarka; First look released |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kartikeya-gummakonda-announces-his-next-movie-titled-raja-vikramarka-first-look-released-782730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026214504/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kartikeya-gummakonda-announces-his-next-movie-titled-raja-vikramarka-first-look-released-782730 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartikeya announces title and first-look poster of Raja Vikramarka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kartikeya-announces-title-and-first-look-poster-of-raja-vikramarka-1817192-2021-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213001/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kartikeya-announces-title-and-first-look-poster-of-raja-vikramarka-1817192-2021-06-20 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=20 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]] with cinematography by P. C. Mouli and editing by Jesvin Prabu. The film was released on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2021|title=RX 100 star Kartikeya looks intense in new poster of Raja Vikramarka; reveals release date of film|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/kartikeya-gummakonda-and-tanya-ravichandrans-raja-vikramarka-to-release-next-month-details-here-article-87154779|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213003/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/kartikeya-gummakonda-and-tanya-ravichandrans-raja-vikramarka-to-release-next-month-details-here-article-87154779|archive-date=26 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2021|website=Zoom TV|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] agent Raja Vikramarka 'Vikram', a cool and reckless but smart IPS officer, works under Mahendra who is also his mentor and father figure. One day, they catch a [[Nigerian]] agent once who supplied arms to the gang of Guru Narayan, a former Naxalite. He informs them that Guru Narayan is alive and came back with vengeance against Chakravarthy, so he supplied the arms again to kill Chakravarthy, a former sincere IPS officer turned Home Minister of the state. In the interrogation, Vikram accidentally kills him before he reveals their entire plan. However, Mahendra manages to send Vikram in a secret mission as an insurance policy agent under Muddu Krishna a classical dancer turned insurance agent who teaches classical dance to Kanthi, Chakravarthy's daughter, by hiding his identity to investigate the matter. Vikram falls in love with Kanthi. Although she initially turns down his advances, she likes him and eventually expresses her feelings for him.

Meanwhile [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Govind Narayan, a sincere and hot-headed IPS officer who takes care of Chakravarthy's security, finds Vikram's and Kanthi's relationship and suddenly visits Vikram's home. There, he finds out Vikram's secret operation. Left with no option, Vikram reveals his identity to Govind. Mahendra intervenes and convinces Govind to cooperate with them; then Vikram and Govind decide to work together to catch Guru Narayan. As expected, Guru Narayan attacks Chakravarthy in Muddu Krishna's meeting, who became a manager by taking Chakravarthy's life insurance policy, which is worth 10 crore. Vikram stops and arrests him. While everyone else feels relaxed, Vikram still doubts Guru Narayan's intentions behind his arrest. As Vikram anticipated, Guru Narayan's men kidnap Kanthi at her dance performance in front of Chakravarthy and demand him to be released.

A flashback episode reveals that Chakravarthy has an enmity with Guru Narayan. When Chakravarthy was an IPS officer, he attacked and annihilated the gang of Guru Narayan, who used to carry out contract killings under the disguise of Maoism. Chakravarthy shoots Guru Narayan, who escapes but is hospitalized in a comatose condition. After waking up from a 15 year-coma, Guru Narayan wished to destroy Chakravarthy's goodwill in public executed the current plan. Guru Narayan, who is now in jail, negotiates Kanthi's release in exchange for his release. Vikram realizes that Guru Narayan wants to kill Kanthi in front of Chakravarthy and escapes, which makes him morally wounded and challenges the entire department.

Chakravarthy accompanies him along with Govind, who wants to free his daughter without letting him escape. In an unfortunate turn of events, Chakravarthy accidentally gets killed in the hands of Govind. An enraged Vikram chases and kills Guru Narayan, who is trying to escape. Kanthi still remains with the kidnappers. On his deathbed, Chakravarthy reveals that Kanthi told him about Vikram, and he accepted their relationship, Vikram promises to save Kanthi, then Chakravarthy advises him not to leave anyone who involved in the conspiracy.

It is revealed that Govind is Guru Narayan's son and the mastermind behind the kidnap. It is revealed that he killed Chakravarthy on purpose but passed it off as an accident. Oblivious to this, Vikram is on his way to nab the criminals. Meanwhile, the enraged Govind attempts to kill Kanthi for killing his father and calls Vikram under a disguise to kill Kanthi on hearing of him. While talking with Govind, Vikram finds out a minor clue, which is a news channel regular tune. Then he goes to the office and announces Rs 10 Crores (the insurance amount of Chakravarthy) in exchange for Kanthi to lure the kidnappers. While Govind does not bother about the money and wants to kill her, his gang convinces him to get the money. After a cat and mouse game in a final confrontation, Vikram recognizes Govind as the mastermind, saves Kanthi, arrests the kidnappers, and kills Govind.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] as Raja Vikramarka IPS 'Vikram', an [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] officer
* [[Tanya Ravichandran]] as Kanthi, Chakravarthy's daughter and Vikram's love interest
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as [[Home Minister]] Chakravarthy, a former [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer
* [[Sudhakar Komakula]] as ACP Govind Narayan IPS, Guru Narayan's son who hides his identity and joins the police department
** Master Harsh Roshan as Young Govind Narayan, who saves Guru Narayan from severe injuries.
* [[Pasupathy]] as Guru Narayan, a former [[Naxalite]] who is vengeful against Chakravarthy
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Mahendra IPS, Vikram's boss and Chakravathy's former colleague
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Muddu Krishna, an insurance agent and Kanthi's classical dance teacher
* Naga Mahesh as Bhadram
* Dayanand Reddy as Veerabhadram
* Surya
* Gemini Suresh
* Jabardhasth Naveen
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by debutant Sri Saripalli, who earlier worked as an assistant director of ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013), ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' (2014), and ''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2021 |title=The film marks the directorial debut of 'Sri Saripalli', who earlier worked as an assistant director for films such as Nuvvu Thopu Raa, Alludu Seenu, and Naayak. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vikramarka-first-look-meet-kartikeya-gummakonda-as-nia-officer-in-sri-saripallis-film/articleshow/83713299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vikramarka-first-look-meet-kartikeya-gummakonda-as-nia-officer-in-sri-saripallis-film/articleshow/83713299.cms |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was announced in October 2019, and the [[principal photography]] was started in late 2019. The filming was resumed in February 2020 after being delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] the entire shoot in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=Hero Kartikeya's Raja Vikramarka Gets Ready For Release!! |url=https://telugustop.com/hero-kartikeyas-raja-vikramarka-gets-ready-for-release-raja-vikramarka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213002/https://telugustop.com/hero-kartikeyas-raja-vikramarka-gets-ready-for-release-raja-vikramarka/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=TeluguStop.com |language=te}}</ref> The title of the film was adapted from the 1990 film ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'', directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2021|title=Karthikeya: చిరు టైటిల్‌తో కార్తికేయ కొత్త సినిమా - karthikeya new movie title out now|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/karthikeya-new-movie-title-out-now/0201/121124941|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213002/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/karthikeya-new-movie-title-out-now/0201/121124941|archive-date=26 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2021|website=www.eenadu.net|language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Vikramarka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=16|s=19}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Prashanth R Vihari
| prev_title = [[Dorasaani]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Sehari]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|J0thUDKfgvY|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]] and was released by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Raja Vikramarka 1st Single: Energetic And Peppy |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/raja-vikramarka-1st-single-energetic-and-peppy-116032 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026213003/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/raja-vikramarka-1st-single-energetic-and-peppy-116032 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length4 = 3:25
| note1 = Backing vocals: Santhosh Hariharan, Deepak, Shenbagaraj
| lyrics4 = Sa Na Re
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| lyrics1 = Krishnakanth
| length3 = 4:32
| all_music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| extra4 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Ritesh G Rao
| title4 = Kaalam Kadalai
| total_length = 16:19
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Manisha Eerabathini]]
| title3 = Rama Kanavemira
| length2 = 4:12
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]
| title2 = Sammathame
| length1 = 4:09
| extra1 = David Simon
| title1 = Raja Garu Bayatakosthe
| note3 = Backing vocals: RItesh, Naresh, Kavya, Aparna
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2/5 and cited the film as "dull and disappointing fare". He felt that "Raja Vikramarka was seen in the past, in the form of many films and the beats feel familiar. This one fails to engage."<ref>{{Citation|title=Raja Vikramarka Movie Review: A dull and disappointing fare|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/raja-vikramarka/movie-review/87665586.cms|access-date=2021-11-29}}</ref> In contrast, Y Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that the film has a refreshing narrative. She further wrote that "the film is a good watch" and praised the writing department.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2021-11-12|title='Raja Vikramarka' movie review: Refreshing narrative|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/raja-vikramarka-movie-review/article37456286.ece|access-date=2021-11-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar criticized the story and screenplay. He also opined that "a talent like Pasupathy, who entertained all with his acting prowess in ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'', is wasted here".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Raja Vikramarka movie review: Comedy is the only saving grace |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-movie-review/kartikeya-gummakonda-raja-vikramarka-movie-review-7619763/ |website=The Indian Express |language=english}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' also criticized the story narration, screenplay and cited the film as "an inept action-comedy that is shorn of logic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Raja Vikramarka Movie Review: An inept action-comedy that is shorn of logic |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/raja-vikramarka-movie-review-inept-action-comedy-shorn-logic-939587 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129141844/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/raja-vikramarka-movie-review-inept-action-comedy-shorn-logic-939587 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the film has collected a gross collection of ₹1.25 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=Raja Vikramarka First Day Collection: Karthikeya Movie A Gun Shot Hit At Box Office |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/raja-vikramarka-first-day-collection-karthikeya-movie-gun-shot-hit-box-office-146485 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=14893376}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Prashanth R Vihari]]

Anbe Vaa (1966 film)

2026-03-05T02:01:32Z

Jatta Goswami: New

{{short description|1966 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anbe Vaa 1966 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| story = A. C. Tirulokchandar
| producer = {{plainlist|
*M. Murugan
*M. Kumaran
*[[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]
*[[A.V. Meiyappan]]

}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
*[[B. Saroja Devi]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[S. Maruti Rao]]
*[[P. N. Sundaram]]
}}
| editing = R. G. Gope
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1966|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref name="iffi" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}} 3 million
}}
'''''Anbe Vaa''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|n|b|eɪ|_|v|ɑː}} {{translation|Come, My Love}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Nagesh]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[P. D. Sambandam]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] in supporting roles. Based on the 1961 American film ''[[Come September]]'', it follows JB, a wealthy industrialist who goes on vacation to his [[bungalow]] in [[Shimla]], only to discover that his caretaker and his wife have left for [[Varanasi|Kasi]] after renting the bungalow to a family. The rest of the film revolves around JB's response to this situation.

''Anbe Vaa'' was the first colour film of [[AVM Productions]], and was shot in [[Eastmancolor]]. It was also the studio and Tirulokchandar's only collaboration with Ramachandran. [[Principal photography]] began in August 1965 and shooting took place in Shimla, [[Ooty]], and at the hill station of [[Kufri, India|Kufri]]. The soundtrack and background music were composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] while the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].

''Anbe Vaa'' was released on 14 January 1966, during the festive occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. It received positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Ramachandran's performance, as he was known for doing mainly [[Action film|action]] and [[Drama (film and television)|drama films]] up until that point in his career. The film was also a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 23 weeks.

== Plot ==
J. Balasubramaniam "JB" is a wealthy and popular industrialist who has been working without a vacation for two years straight. Exhausted after a Europe and New York trip, he decides to take a vacation at his [[bungalow]] in [[Shimla]]. Upon his arrival, he discovers that his caretaker Krishnaiah has rented the bungalow to a [[Bangalore]]-based couple, Punyakodi and Pappamma, and their daughter, Geetha.

Krishnaiah and his wife leave for [[Varanasi|Kasi]] after taking the money for the rent, leaving Krishnaiah's daughter Kannamma, and his brother-in-law Ramaiah, in charge of the house and the guests. JB decides not to reveal his true identity, instead pretending to be JB's personal secretary Balu, and pays the rent for a place in his own house. Ramaiah, who has never met JB, takes the money and gives JB's room to Balu without realising they are the same man.

Balu plays continual pranks on Geetha, during the course of which he also falls in love with her. She too falls in love with him, but circumstances and their egos, prevent them both from expressing their feelings. One day, Balu pretends to suffer from chest pain, which scares Geetha, causing her to finally admit that she loves him.

The next morning, when Geetha and Ramaiah go to Balu to enquire about his health, Balu, exiting from the bathroom, fails to see that Geetha is there. He tells Ramaiah about the prank he played on her. Enraged at having been deceived by Balu, Geetha begins to question whether or not his professed love for her is real. She brings her friends, who are vacationing in Shimla, to the residence and tries to drive Balu out of the house. When her plan backfires and her friends start supporting Balu, she becomes spiteful and tells her parents to move forward with a planned marriage to Sekar, her maternal cousin.

Geetha reconciles with Balu after he saves her from a weightlifter named Sitting Bull. But by the time Balu confesses his love for her, Geetha's engagement is already fixed to Sekar. Sekar turns out to be a school friend of JB, but he agrees to play along with the trick. When he discovers that Balu and Geetha are truly in love, he steps aside, wishing the couple well. When Balu finally reveals himself as JB, Geetha, again not knowing what to believe, thinks the wedding plans are yet another of his pranks and tries to run away. He finds her and clears up all of the misunderstandings between them. The two then get married.

== Cast ==

;Lead actors
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as J. Balasubramaniam (JB/Balu)<ref name="South Stream" />
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Geetha<ref name="South Stream" />

;Male supporting actors
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Sekar
* [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]] as Ramaiah<ref name="South Stream" />
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Punyakodi
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Krishnaiah<ref name="BFTP Guy" />

;Female supporting actors
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kannamma<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 October 2015 |title=Mistress of arts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012164002/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=17 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Pappamma<ref name="AVcinemaexpress" />
* [[Madhavi Krishnan (dancer)|Madhavi]] as Mary<ref name="AVcinemaexpress" />
* M. S. S. Bhagyam as Govindhammal<ref name="BFTP Guy" />

[[Pasi Narayanan]], uncredited, plays a college student.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Actor's family gets aid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Actor%E2%80%99s-family-gets-aid/article14507515.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824001414/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Actor%E2%80%99s-family-gets-aid/article14507515.ece |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Production ==


=== Development ===
As a fan of [[M. G. Ramachandran]] since childhood, [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] had wished to see him in an [[AVM Productions]] film.<ref name="ramachandran" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=159-160}} Director [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] prepared the story of ''Anbe Vaa'' based on the American [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Come September]]'' (1961), with Ramachandran in mind, contrary to AVM's general practice of choosing actors for completed scripts.<ref name="ramachandran" />{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=161}} He was paid ₹70,000 for directing the film.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=188}} The film was produced by Saravanan and his brothers Murugan and Kumaran.<ref name="Sport and Pastime" /> [[Aaroor Dass]] wrote the dialogues,<ref name="AVcinemaexpress" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and [[S. P. Muthuraman]] worked as an assistant director.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=63}} [[S. Maruti Rao]], R. G. Gope and A. K. Shekar were in charge of the cinematography, editing, and art direction, respectively.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Anbe Vaa |date=14 January 1966 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |time=00:30 to 03:20 |time-caption=From}}</ref> A. K. Chopra was in charge of the dance choreography,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Karthik |last2=Naig |first2=Udhav |date=1 December 2013 |title=Veteran choreographer Raghuram Master dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/veteran-choreographer-raghuram-master-dead/article5409036.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704055144/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/veteran-choreographer-raghuram-master-dead/article5409036.ece |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Raghuram]], who went on to become a successful dance choreographer in Indian cinema, worked as an assistant to him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2013 |title=Choreographer Raghuram Passes Away |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Choreographer-Raghuram-Passes-Away/2013/12/01/article1921288.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126061335/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Choreographer-Raghuram-Passes-Away/2013/12/01/article1921288.ece |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> This was their first film together.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=8 December 1992 |title=Special footwork |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921208&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Although the script differed from what Ramachandran was generally known for: [[action film|action]] or [[drama (film and television)|drama films]],<ref name="word kept" /> he agreed to do the film because he liked the story. Tirulokchandar recalled, "I found [M. G. Ramachandran] smiling throughout the storytelling session. At the end he said, 'I'll do it. We will be mere puppets in your hands and the credit will go only to you.'".<ref name="Tirulok" /> Ramachandran gave a [[Daily call sheet|call sheet]] of 72 days for participating in the film.<ref name="MGR Remembered 34" />{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=170}} Saravanan states in his 2005 book ''AVM 60 Cinema'' that {{INR}} 300,000 was Ramachandran's salary, but the latter demanded an additional {{INR}} 25,000; his final pay was {{INR}} 325,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=15 August 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 29 {{!}} Salary and 'Black Money' |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505185109/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-29/ |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>{{efn|The exchange rate in 1966 was 4.79 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829085318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>|name = exchange1966}} ''[[The Economic Times]]'' stated in 2010 that Ramachandran was paid 10% of the film's {{INR}} 3 million budget.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2010 |title=AVM productions finds Gen-Next heirs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/avm-productions-finds-gen-next-heirs/articleshow/5703662.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006211657/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-20/news/27598199_1_avm-productions-hindi-films-ms-guhan |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>{{efn|name = exchange1966}} ''Anbe Vaa'' remained his only collaboration with both Tirulokchandar and AVM.<ref name="Tirulok" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2005 |title=AVM heading for a third partition? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/29/stories/2005032901800200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930155323/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/29/stories/2005032901800200.htm |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{efn|Tirulokachandar had previously worked as an assistant director to [[R. Padmanaban]] on ''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumari]]'' (1952), which starred M. G. Ramachandran.<ref name="Tirulok" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 June 2016 |title=A director who stood tall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-director-who-stood-tall/article14429883.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080951/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actors-share-memories-of-a-c-trilokchander/article8745794.ece |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}}

[[S. A. Ashokan]], who helped Tirulokchandar cast Ramachandran,<ref>{{Cite news |last=நெல்பா |date=28 February 2014 |title=பெண்ணைக் கடத்தினார் அசோகன்- பாராட்டி மகிழ்ந்தார் எம்.ஜி.ஆர்! |trans-title=Ashokan kidnapped a woman – MGR praises him! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183894-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120094348/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183894-.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> portrayed the role of Sekar.<ref name="kamadenu" /> Ramachandran recommended [[J. Jayalalithaa]] for the role of the female lead Geetha, but it eventually went to [[B. Saroja Devi]].<ref name="Scroll" /> She was paid {{INR}} 90,000 for acting in the film.<ref name="anbevaa50 dinamalar" />{{efn|name = exchange1966}} Her costume design was done by the [[Anna Salai]]-based Indian Silk House.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 23" /> Ramachandran initially recommended [[K. A. Thangavelu]] for the role of Geetha's father Punyakodi, but Saravanan said that his father wanted [[T. R. Ramachandran]] in the role due to their long-standing friendship. M. G. Ramachandran accepted the decision and told Saravanan not to tell T. R. Ramachandran about his initial choice.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=170–171}}<ref name="word kept" /><ref name="saravanan" />

=== Filming ===

''Anbe Vaa'' was AVM Production's first colour film and was made in [[Eastmancolor]].<ref name="Scroll" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=172}} [[Principal photography]] began with a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' ceremony held on 12 August 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=18 June 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 9. சக்கரக்கட்டி ராசாத்தி...! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/jun/18/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-9.-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A-2527134.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623102309/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/06/18/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-9.-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A/article3487056.ece |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Although the story is set in Shimla, most of the film was shot in [[Ooty]].<ref name="anbe" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manik |date=1 May 2015 |title=A Passage to Shimla |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/passage-shimla/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629125851/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/passage-shimla/3 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |work=[[Caravan (magazine)|Caravan]]}}</ref> Shooting in Shimla took place for only five days.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=164}}<ref name="anbe" /> For the sequences filmed in Shimla, [[P. N. Sundaram]] was hired as the cinematographer as Maruti Rao was taken ill at the time.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 23" /> The song "Pudhiya Vaanam" was shot in the small hill station of [[Kufri, India|Kufri]], located 13 kilometres from Shimla, as well as at [[Mall Road, Shimla]].<ref name="Making" /> Portions of the film were also shot at a 200-year-old bungalow covering 15 acres in Ooty.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=30 June 2015 |title='Jinn' is a horror movie with friendship |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jinn-is-a-horror-movie-with-friendship/articleshow/47864892.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704101234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jinn-is-a-horror-movie-with-friendship/articleshow/47864892.cms |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2015 |title=A Horror Comedy Inspired by Real-Life Experience |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/A-Horror-Comedy-Inspired-by-Real-Life-Experience/2015/05/07/article2800762.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620075410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/A-Horror-Comedy-Inspired-by-Real-Life-Experience/2015/05/07/article2800762.ece |archive-date=20 June 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In a scene where Punyakodi eats [[Chicken as food|chicken]], Tirulokchandar requested his caterer to make a cake shaped like a chicken for T. R. Ramachandran to eat as he was a vegetarian. Three or four [[lovebird]]s were bought for the filming of the song "Love Birds".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=2 September 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 24- உதய சூரியனின் பார்வையிலே எம்.ஜி.ஆர்! |trans-title=Try making a film, part 24: MGR in the sight of the rising sun! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58417-24.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120091248/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58417-24.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Savi, an editor who worked for the Tamil magazine, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', accompanied the production unit and published an article on the making of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2016 |title=எம்.ஜி. ஆர் படத்தில் நடித்த சாவி! ( சாவி நூற்றாண்டு: 100 தகவல்கள் – பகுதி – 3 ) |trans-title=Savi acted in an MGR film! ( Writer Savi's 100th Birth Anniversary: 100 Facts — Part – 3 ) |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/67018-writer-saavi-100th-anniversary.art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903115457/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/67018-writer-saavi-100th-anniversary.art |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> He even appeared in "Pudhiya Vaanam" as an [[Extra (acting)|extra]].{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=179}}<ref name="MGR 100 38" /> "Naan Paarthathile" was one of the film's few songs that was shot outdoors, as M. G. Ramachandran did not want to attract attention from his large fan following.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=173–175}} The [[Government Botanical Garden]] in Ooty was also used as a shooting location.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2002 |title=Film units maul Ooty's ecology |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9993057.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403012308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Film-units-maul-Ootys-ecology/articleshow/9993057.cms |archive-date=3 April 2010 |access-date=29 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2014 |title=சிபி |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/tamil-thodar/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-7/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723051803/http://www.nilacharal.com/tamil-thodar/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-7/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=23 July 2016 |website=Nilacharal |language=ta}}</ref> The production unit, composed of 20 crew members, along with Tirulokchandar, M. G. Ramachandran, Saroja Devi and Savi, initially flew to Delhi. From Delhi, they travelled to [[Kalka]] by train, then continued on to Shimla, using three first-generation [[Chevrolet Impala]]s.<ref name="Making" />

The film's skating scenes, involving Ramachandran and Saroja Devi, were completed in two days. Both Ramachandran and Saroja Devi were initially hesitant to perform the scene, but went through with it after they received encouragement from the local population.<ref name="Making" /><ref name="anbe" /> For some scenes in the film, Saroja Devi was made to walk with mincing steps and flutter her eyelashes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Riti |first=M. D. |date=15 November 1987 |title=Speak Memory |url=https://ibb.co/8N5r1xS |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113420/https://ibb.co/8N5r1xS |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=46–47 |volume=108}}</ref> She and Ramachandran also performed the [[twist (dance)|twist]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vaidyanathan |first=T. G. |year=1974 |title=M. G. R. Charisma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22free+adaptation%22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127045933/https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22free+adaptation%22 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=26 October 2020 |magazine=Film World |pages=87–88 |volume=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=9 September 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 25- அந்த நாட்கள்! |trans-title=Try making a film Part 25 – Those days! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58384-25.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120092013/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58384-25.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> For the action sequence in which JB fights a wrestler, Tirulokchander asked Ramachandran to lift the wrestler overhead and hold him in the air for some time before trampling him, and Ramachandran obliged.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=16 September 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 26- 'அன்பே வா' |trans-title=Try making a film, part 26 – 'Anbe Vaa' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58670-26.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120092411/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58670-26.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> For the climax, Ramachandran initially came with an idea of his and Ashokan's characters fighting vigorously, but Tirulokchandar felt it would not fit in a film of this nature and a soft natured ending was more suitable, to which Ramachandran agreed.<ref name="saravanan" /> The final length of the film was {{Convert|4854.70|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 1966 |title=ANBE VAA (Celluloid) |url=https://archive.org/details/AnbeVaaCbfc |access-date=16 June 2016 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Themes ==
Although Saravanan has acknowledged to ''Anbe Vaa'' being based on ''Come September'',{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=161}} music historian [[Vamanan]] wrote for ''[[The Times of India]]'' that it was "structured as a ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' with a man as the protagonist".<ref name="versatility" /> Folklorist and writer M. D. Muthukumaraswamy, writing for the same newspaper, compared JB to the sage [[Vishvamitra]], describing the former as "the archetypal male figure who resists the advances of the beautiful damsels", similar to Vishvamitra resisting the temptations of [[Menaka]] the [[apsara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |date=18 January 2016 |title=M G {{sic|nolink=y|Ramachan}}: Fantasy for males, innocence for females |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/m-g-ramachan-fantasy-for-males-innocence-for-females/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616133919/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/m-g-ramachan-fantasy-for-males-innocence-for-females/ |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sujatha Narayan, writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', noted that ''Anbe Vaa'', like other films starring Ramachandran, reflected his personal belief of not being arrogant towards women, stating, "I recall one of my uncles telling me how MGR would never chase the heroine on screen, never display interest in her first, and how the heroine will always pine for him, even in an out-and-out romantic story like ''Anbe Vaa''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Sujatha |date=30 October 2017 |title=Baby, don't hurt me |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/29/baby-dont-hurt-me-1686511.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171031030941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/29/baby-dont-hurt-me-1686511.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

According to Tamil historian and author [[Sachi Sri Kantha]], the song "Pudhiya Vaanam" had "delicately introduced" the symbol for the political party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), a rising sun, through the lyrics which roughly translate to "While [the] rising sun shines, the world will become aware, the cool wind from [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] will touch the heart" in that pre-election year.<ref name="MGR Remembered 34" /> Writing for the website ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Karan Bali noted that though ''Anbe Vaa'' was not as "overtly political" as Ramachandran's other films, the black and red clothes he sports as JB in "Pudhiya Vaanam" was a reference to the colours of the DMK.<ref name="Scroll" /> V. Ramji of the magazine ''[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]]'' noted that, unlike most Ramachandran films which have seven or eight villains, the main villain in ''Anbe Vaa'' is [[egoism]].<ref name="kamadenu" />

== Music ==

The soundtrack and score were composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbe Vaa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anbe-vaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1338720741 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127045934/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anbe-vaa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1338720741 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> while the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=172}} Kalyan Subrahmanyam, an [[Anesthesiology|anaesthetist]] and alumnus of [[Madras Medical College]] and [[Stanley Medical College]], made his musical debut with this film, singing as part of the chorus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sujatha |first=R. |date=19 May 2006 |title=An anaesthetist with an aesthetic passion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/an-anaesthetist-with-an-aesthetic-passion/article3166197.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318151309/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/an-anaesthetist-with-an-aesthetic-passion/article3166197.ece |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. Sampath, a sound engineer who joined AVM Productions in the mid-1950s, created the ''chick mungu'' (also spelt ''chik mang'') sound effect for the title track.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=11 September 2015 |title=SOUND bytes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sound-bytes/article7638463.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616131423/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sound-bytes/article7638463.ece |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=23 June 2016 |title=Sound knowledge |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sound-knowledge/article8764767.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624094636/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sound-knowledge/article8764767.ece |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Naadodi", picturised on JB and Geetha performing a twist, was a [[rock and roll]] number.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=K. V. |date=2 September 2017 |title=Come September again |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/come-september-again/article19608480.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170921152916/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/come-september-again/article19608480.ece |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

"Pudhiya Vaanam" originally had the lyrics "''udaya sooryanin paarvayile''" (in the eyes of the rising sun), but after Meiyappan stated that the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] would not accept it, Vaali amended the lyrics to "''puthiya sooryanin paarvayile''" (in the eyes of the new sun).<ref name="MGR 100 38" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen Kumar |first=K. |date=22 November 2017 |title=MGR's birth centenary: Actor's political career an offshoot of films which dwelt on meticulously-crafted political image |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mgrs-birth-centenary-actors-political-career-an-offshoot-of-films-which-dwelt-on-meticulously-crafted-political-image-4223009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190725093749/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mgrs-birth-centenary-actors-political-career-an-offshoot-of-films-which-dwelt-on-meticulously-crafted-political-image-4223009.html |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Regarding this change, Vaali said that if Ramachandran enunciated the words, they would sound like "''udaya sooryanin''", and he was proven right.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=99}} The sound effect of the horses' footfall in "Rajavin Paarvai" was created by [[Meesai Murugesan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=J. |date=9 November 2014 |title='Meesai' Murugesan Redefined Music Effects |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Meesai-Murugesan-Redefined-Music-Effects/2014/11/09/article2514657.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128033615/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Meesai-Murugesan-Redefined-Music-Effects/2014/11/09/article2514657.ece |archive-date=28 November 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The song "Once A Pappa" belongs to [[Baila (genre)|Baila]], a [[Music of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan musical genre]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=6 February 2018 |title=His Surangani ferried Baila tunes from Lankan shores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/his-surangani-ferried-baila-tunes-from-lankan-shores/articleshow/62795609.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210071340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/his-surangani-ferried-baila-tunes-from-lankan-shores/articleshow/62795609.cms |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

All the songs from the soundtrack were popular, especially "Rajavin Parvai",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=16 July 2015 |title=The 'music creator' falls silent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-music-creator-falls-silent/article7428830.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132226/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-music-creator-falls-silent/article7428830.ece |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Pudhiya Vaanam".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2013 |title=Vaali, Tamil cinema's prolific lyricist passes away |url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/vaali-tamil-cinemas-prolific-lyricist-passes-away-528821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630105556/http://www.ndtv.com/south/vaali-tamil-cinemas-prolific-lyricist-passes-away-528821 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Gopal Ethiraj, writing for the ''[[Asian Tribune]]'', noted that "Pudhiya Vaanam" was one of several songs written by Vaali for Ramachadran that "helped the latter galvanize masses".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ethiraj |first=Gopal |date=19 July 2013 |title=Noted lyricist and poet Vaali passes away |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/63154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132600/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/63154 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2016 |work=[[Asian Tribune]]}}</ref> This view was also shared by B. Kolappan of ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=18 July 2013 |title=Lyricist Vaali leaves a void |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lyricist-vaali-leaves-a-void/article4927939.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929143441/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lyricist-vaali-leaves-a-void/article4927939.ece |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Following Vaali's death in 2013, Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' included "Pudhiya Vaanam" in her collection, ''Best of Vaali: From 1964–2013''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 July 2013 |title=The one and only Vaalee |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-one-and-only-vaalee/article4931661.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127090724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-one-and-only-vaalee/article4931661.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

"Rajavin Parvai" was performed live by French actor and singer Pascal Heni (popularly known as [[Pascal of Bollywood]]) during his visit to India in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=16 December 2003 |title=The French connection |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/16/stories/2003121600340100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625164433/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/16/stories/2003121600340100.htm |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mala |date=15 December 2003 |title=Monsieur MGR |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/15/stories/2003121501630100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625164532/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/15/stories/2003121501630100.htm |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Naan Paarthathilae" was performed live by the Chennai-based music group Square Band at the concert "Isai Kaveri" hosted by the [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]] in August 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gerald |first=Olympia Shilpa |date=20 August 2012 |title=Band sets the tune reinventing original compositions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/band-sets-the-tune-reinventing-original-compositions/article3798622.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704052140/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/band-sets-the-tune-reinventing-original-compositions/article3798622.ece |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Susheela performed "Rajavin Paarvai" live in 2006 with [[S. Janaki]], in a concert organised by the T. V. K. Cultural Academy,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2006 |title=Duet of a rare sort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/duet-of-a-rare-sort/article3230201.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930172336/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/duet-of-a-rare-sort/article3230201.ece |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and performed a solo version of the song in ''Magalir 2007'', an event organised at the Indian Medical Association Hall.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2007 |title=Musical vision |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/musical-vision/article2242620.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930172946/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/musical-vision/article2242620.ece |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Naan Paarthathile" was remixed in the [[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|2020 TV series]] named after the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJrLROZyom8 |title=Naan Paarthathile Song – Anbe Vaa Title song TV Serial {{!}} Sun Tv Serial |date=30 October 2020 |last=Saregama TV Shows Tamil |author-link=Saregama |access-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126163315/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJrLROZyom8 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adios Good Bye
| extra1 = Ms. Liban Bindey
| length1 = 3:17
| title2 = Anbe Vaa
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Love Birds
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Naan Paarthathile
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Nadodi Nadodi
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length5 = 6:49
| title6 = Once Apappa
| extra6 = A. L. Raghavan and Chorus
| length6 = 1:19
| title7 = Puthiya Vaanam
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length7 = 4:06
| title8 = Rajaavin Paarvai
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length8 = 4:34
| title9 = Vetkammilai
| extra9 = P. Susheela and Chorus
| length9 = 3:33
| total_length = 35:45 
}}

== Release ==
''Anbe Vaa'' was released on 14 January 1966,{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=159}} during the festive occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name="Scroll" /> When AVM first discussed making the film a Pongal release with Ramachandran, he objected to the suggestion at first as his other film, ''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]'', was already set to release at that time. Ramachandran eventually negotiated a deal with ''Naan Aanaiyittal''{{'}}s producer [[R. M. Veerappan]] to postpone that film's release and allow ''Anbe Vaa'' to release on Pongal,{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=162–163}} while ''Naan Aanaiyittal'' was released on 4 February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR' s Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

''Anbe Vaa'' was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Prema Manasulu'' and released on 25 April 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 1969 |title=ప్రేమ మనసులు |url=https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/803957_ANDHRAPRABHA_25_04_1969_Volume_No_34_Issue_No_113/00000008.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705114020/https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/803957_ANDHRAPRABHA_25_04_1969_Volume_No_34_Issue_No_113/00000008.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |pages=8 |language=te}}</ref> In November 2008, the Tamil original was screened at the [[39th International Film Festival of India]] under the segment "Lifetime Classics".<ref name="iffi" /> On 18 April 2010, it was screened at the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South Indian Film Chamber Theatre]] for the Dignity Film Festival held in Chennai along with: ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964) and, ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Dignity Foundation announces the opening of first of its kind Film Festival for the 50+ citizens |url=http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135845/http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=Chennai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=The good ole days |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-good-ole-days/article785628.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127070134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-good-ole-days/article785628.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Moser Baer]] released the DVD of ''Anbe Vaa'' on 30 August 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2010 |title=Platinum Series – Anbe Vaa |url=https://www.amazon.in/Platinum-Anbe-Vaa-M-G-R/dp/B0062UB2TK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930173708/http://www.amazon.in/Platinum-Anbe-Vaa-M-G-R/dp/B0062UB2TK |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon.in]]}}</ref> The film was later made available for viewing on [[Amazon Prime Video]] when it was launched in India in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=16 December 2016 |title=Tamil movie buffs welcome Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-movie-buffs-welcome-Amazon-Prime-Video/article16842033.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227124330/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-movie-buffs-welcome-Amazon-Prime-Video/article16842033.ece |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
On 19 February 1966, T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' said ''Anbe Vaa'' "provides entertainment with a capital "E". It has been deliberately shaped in that fashion" and the story "is used only as a peg to hang the numerous songs and dances on." He said the colour photography was "eyefilling, particularly as regards the scenic beauty of the Himalayas", praised M. G. Ramachandran's performance, especially his twist dance, and added that Saroja Devi provided a "good foil", while appreciating the performances of the other supporting cast members. T. M. Ramachandran praised Maruthi Rao's cinematography and Tirulokchandar's direction, concluding, "The producers, M. Murugan, M. Kumaran and M. Saravanan, could well be proud of their work but this should inspire them to make bigger pictures in the future."<ref name="Sport and Pastime" /> The review in ''Ananda Vikatan'' described ''Anbe Vaa'' as an [[Cinema of the United States|English film]] in Tamil, and felt that though it did not have any story, viewers could spend three hours in an entertaining manner with the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சேகர் |last2=சுந்தர் |date=1966 |title=அன்பே வா |trans-title=Come, my love |url=https://ibb.co/w4Q6LZy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110161125/https://ibb.co/w4Q6LZy |archive-date=10 January 2025 |access-date=10 January 2025 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |page=19 |url-status=usurped |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Tirulokchander's direction, the capturing of Shimla on camera, the colouring process, [[Nagesh]]'s humour and the performance of the lead pair.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 January 1966 |title=அன்பே வா |trans-title=Come, my love |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-01-30/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250120102616/https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-01-30/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Anbe Vaa'' had a theatrical run of 23 weeks and was a box office success,{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=178}} grossing {{INR}} 6 million{{efn|name=exchange1966}} against a budget of {{INR}} 3 million{{efn|name=exchange1966}} according to estimates by ''[[Dinamalar]]'' and Ramachandran's biographer R. Kannan.<ref name="anbevaa50 dinamalar" />{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=133}} The scenes featuring Ramachandran and Nagesh were immensely popular, bringing repeat audiences to theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=10 Best Films of late Nagesh |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123070732/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |archive-date=23 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Anbe Vaa'' attained [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Urmimala |date=11 July 2013 |title=I start losing my sleep only 10 days before my film releases: Prabhu Deva |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-start-losing-my-sleep-only-10-days-before-my-film-releases-prabhu-deva/222041 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706092849/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-start-losing-my-sleep-only-10-days-before-my-film-releases-prabhu-deva/222041 |archive-date=6 July 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> and was one of the first [[Cinema of South India|South Indian films]] to be shot in Shimla, inspiring many other South Indian films to choose Shimla as a shooting location.{{sfn|Chaudhry|2012|page=57}} According to Vamanan, it emerged an "uncommon triumph" for M. G. Ramachandran, who had previously acted mainly in "scrappily made cop and robber flicks".<ref name="versatility" /> It was one of several films featuring Ramachandran which he used to propagate his ideologies during his election campaigns.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Subramanian |first=T.S. |date=July 2004 |title=The celluloid connection |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525153955/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2016 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=30 September 2004 |title=Passage from the reel to real life not easy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/30/stories/2004093006920400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127082449/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/30/stories/2004093006920400.htm |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Actor and film historian [[Mohan Raman]] noted that Ramachandran's acceptance of the role "that went against the then accepted formula for an MGR film" was a demonstration of the actor's faith in Tirulokchandar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=16 June 2016 |title=A.C. Thirilogachander: A legend is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/A.C.-Thirilogachander-a-legend-is-no-more/article14425895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616080824/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-legend-who-created-many-a-star-is-no-more/article8734614.ece |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Likewise, Vamanan noted that Tirulokchandar "had imbibed the deportment by observing his role model [[L. V. Prasad|L V Prasad]] – that film stars looked up to him. So much so that even the usually interfering MGR allowed himself to be moulded under the filmmaker's baton" in ''Anbe Vaa''.<ref name="versatility" /> The hat worn by Ramachandran onscreen attained popularity, at a time where there was a "minor hat-mania" in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R. K. |date=14 April 2017 |title=The case of the disputed symbol |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/the-case-of-the-disputed-symbol/article9604748.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508074052/http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/the-case-of-the-disputed-symbol/article9604748.ece |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=8 May 2017 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

Sujatha Narayanan considered ''Anbe Vaa'' the "forerunner to what we see today in the urban romance genre – of flirtatious interactions and ego in a relationship".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=28 October 2018 |title=Thamizh Talkies: The forgotten trendsetters |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/oct/28/thamizh-talkies-the-forgotten-trendsetters-8511.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707062934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/oct/28/thamizh-talkies-the-forgotten-trendsetters-8511.html |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> As of February 2010, the costumes that Ramachandran used in the film are still preserved at AVM Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 February 2010 |title=History created ... and preserved! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/History-created-%E2%80%A6-and-preserved/article15693297.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127084618/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/history-created-and-preserved/article896098.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> As of 2017, the [[MG T-type|MGTB car]] driven by Ramachandran in the film is preserved at the Madras Heritage Club's Vintage cars display.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2017 |title=சென்னையில் பழமையான கார்கள் கண்காட்சி – எம்.ஜி.ஆர். பயன்படுத்திய கார் பங்கேற்பு |trans-title=Vintage Car Exhibition in Chennai — The car used by MGR also participated |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2017/08/21034938/1103467/vintage-car-show-in-chennai.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190707062824/https://www.maalaimalar.com/News/TopNews/2017/08/21034938/1103467/vintage-car-show-in-chennai.vpf |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Madras Heritage Club's Vintage cars display at Vivanta by Taj Connemara |url=http://chennaionline.com/City360/Events/20143918053954/Madras-Heritage-Clubs-Vintage-cars-display.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160801151407/http://chennaionline.com/City360/Events/20143918053954/Madras-Heritage-Clubs-Vintage-cars-display.col |archive-date=1 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> In August 2016, the [[Studebaker President]] car driven by Saroja Devi in the film was on display at the 14th annual exhibitions held at [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=சென்னையில் பழங்கால கார்கள் கண்காட்சி-அணிவகுப்பு எம்.ஜி.ஆர்., சரோஜா தேவி பயன்படுத்திய கார்கள் பங்கேற்பு |trans-title=Old cars exhibition in Chennai – Car driven by MGR and Saroja Devi takes part |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2016/08/01021103/Exhibitionparade-of-vintage-cars-in-Chennai.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929140027/http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2016/08/01021103/Exhibitionparade-of-vintage-cars-in-Chennai.vpf |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> In July 2019, Saravanan ruled out the possibility of a remake, saying, "Some films will work only with a particular star [...] This was why I refused when a popular actor approached me wanting to remake ''Anbe Vaa'' as it was a vehicle written specifically for MGR."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 July 2019 |title=Movie Milestone: 30 Years of Raja Chinna Roja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190724080539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=25 July 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
References to ''Anbe Vaa'' are made in various films. In ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]'' (1999), Kundalakesi ([[Goundamani]]) imagines himself as M. G. Ramachandran in "Pudhiya Vaanam" by dancing with children, which results in him being mistaken for a kidnapper by the police.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga |date=1999 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] |time=1:43:00 to 1:44:11 |time-caption=From}}</ref> In ''[[Dhool]]'' (2003), Aarumugam ([[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]) echoes a single line, "Pudhiya Vaanam", to signal his arrival to his friends.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Dhool |date=2003 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Suriya Movies |time=19:00}}</ref> The 2005 film ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' was named after the 1966 film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2005 |title=Anbe Vaa |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-vaa-review-tamil-14013685.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127101028/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-vaa-review-tamil-14013685.html |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2009 |title=Old movie titles still retain charm |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-movie-titles-still-retain-charm/article231261.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930170609/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-movie-titles-still-retain-charm/article231261.ece |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> as was the 2020 TV series.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2020 |title=Delna Davis makes TV debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/231020/delna-davis-makes-tv-debut.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124215301/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/231020/delna-davis-makes-tv-debut.html |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A clip from the song "Love Birds" is featured in ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Saroja |date=2008 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Amma Creations |time=1:33:48}}</ref> Scenes from the film were interposed in ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009);<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 January 2009 |title=The focus is clear – Villu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-focus-is-clear-villu/article3021033.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127085837/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-focus-is-clear-villu/article3021033.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2009 |title=Villu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Villu/movie-review/4035512.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410155751/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Villu/movie-review/4035512.cms |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> in some scenes, Pugazh ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) tries to woo Janavi ([[Nayanthara]]) in the same manner that JB woos Geetha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=21 January 2009 |title=Tested and tired? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article28105.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929140949/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article28105.ece |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A portion of "Rajavin Paarvai" is used in the song "Vaa Machi" from ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=23 February 2013 |title=Songs to perk up your mood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/songs-to-perk-up-your-mood/article4446258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126172337/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/songs-to-perk-up-your-mood/article4446258.ece |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="iffi">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2008 |title=Screening schedule for press & delegates |url=http://iffi.nic.in/2008/25nov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704065117/http://iffi.nic.in/2008/25nov.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="South Stream">{{Cite news |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=7 June 2020 |title=South Stream: MGR's Anbe Vaa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/south-stream-mgr-anbe-vaa-6444608/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624032421/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/south-stream-mgr-anbe-vaa-6444608/ |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BFTP Guy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=10 November 2012 |title=Anbe Vaa 1966 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anbe-vaa-1966/article4084816.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126044933/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anbe-vaa-1966/article4084816.ece |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AVcinemaexpress">{{Cite news |title=திருப்புமுனை திரைப்படங்கள் – 38: அன்பே வா (1966) |trans-title=Pathbreaking films – 38: Anbe Vaa (1966) |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+-+38&artid=110733&SectionID=128&MainSectionID=128&SectionName=News&SEO= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160709030242/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+-+38&artid=110733&SectionID=128&MainSectionID=128&SectionName=News&SEO= |archive-date=9 July 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="ramachandran">{{Cite magazine |date=20 March 2005 |title=பால் தாக்கரே போட்ட கண்டிஷன்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-03-20/kalki2005-03-20.pdf |access-date=14 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Sport and Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=19 February 1966 |title=Anbe Vaa |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n387/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230302135336/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n387/mode/2up |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=42 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=20}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1966 – அன்பே வா – ஏ.வி.எம். கலர் 21 வாரம். |trans-title=1966 – Anbe Vaa – A.V.M. Colour 21 weeks. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails3.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190220064355/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails3.asp |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="word kept">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 November 2014 |title=A word kept |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-avm-saravanan/article6594598.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113165714/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-avm-saravanan/article6594598.ece |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Tirulok">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 March 2011 |title=Moorings and musings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Moorings-and-musings/article14959853.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127113934/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/moorings-and-musings/article1567568.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MGR Remembered 34">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=16 March 2016 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 34 {{!}} 1966 and Prelude to the M.R. Radha shooting incident |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-34/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525154632/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-34/ |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=14 May 2018 |title=அன்பே வா – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/2636-anbe-vaa-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190512174811/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/2636-anbe-vaa-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Scroll">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=14 January 2016 |title=Films that are 50: Come, fall in love again with 'Anbe Vaa' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/801827/films-that-are-50-come-fall-in-love-again-with-anbe-vaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316155833/http://thereel.scroll.in/801827/films-that-are-50-come-fall-in-love-again-with-anbe-vaa |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="anbevaa50 dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2015 |title=50வது ஆண்டில் 'அன்பே வா'! |trans-title='Anbe Vaa' in its 50th year! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26078/special-report/Anbe-Vaa-in-50th-Year.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629143536/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26078/special-report/Anbe-Vaa-in-50th-Year.htm |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 23">{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=26 August 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 23- எம்.ஜி.ஆருக்கு அப்படி ஒரு செல்வாக்கு! |trans-title=Try making a film 23- Such fame MGR has! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/54913-23-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120090526/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/54913-23-1.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="saravanan">{{Cite magazine |date=3 April 2005 |title=சைவப்படத்தில் அசைவமா? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-04-03/kalki2005-04-03.pdf |access-date=14 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=36–39 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="anbe">{{Cite magazine |date=27 March 2005 |title=எக்ஸ்ட்ரா பணம் கேட்ட எம்.ஜி.ஆர்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-03-27/kalki2005-03-27.pdf |access-date=14 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Making">{{Cite magazine |last=Savi |title=அன்பே வா – எம் ஜி ஆர் – ஷூட்டிங்க் |trans-title=Anbe Vaa – MGR – Shooting |url=https://www.adrasaka.com/2012/05/blog-post_2999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126080748/http://www.adrasaka.com/2012/05/blog-post_2999.html |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="MGR 100 38">{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Sridhar |date=7 April 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 {{!}} 38 – நினைத்ததை முடிப்பவர்! |trans-title=MGR 100 {{!}} 38 – He, who finishes anything he thinks! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/77455-100-38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120093632/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/77455-100-38.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="versatility">{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=17 June 2016 |title=Storyteller who found his flair in versatility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Storyteller-who-found-his-flair-in-versatility/articleshow/52789439.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618154333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Storyteller-who-found-his-flair-in-versatility/articleshow/52789439.cms |archive-date=18 June 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Minakshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW188k3WYvYC |title=Whispering Deodars : Writings from Shimla hills |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-8129114532}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India|1960s}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Ek Baar Phir

2026-03-03T23:23:51Z

Jatta Goswami: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Baar Phir
| image = Ek-Baar-Phir-1980.jpg

| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Vinod Pande]]
| producer = Vinod Pande
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Vinod Pande
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], Chitto Chopra, Pradeep Verma, Vinod Pande
| music = [[Raghunath Seth]] Vinod Pande (lyrics)
| cinematography = Nadeem Khan
| editing = Kant Pan, Pradeep Roy
| studio =
| distributor = Image Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1979|7|28|UK|1980|3|7|[[India]]|ref1=<ref name=SI/>|ref2=<ref name=flixster>{{cite web|url=http://www.flixster.com/movie/ek-baar-phir|title=Ek Baar Phir (1980)|publisher=Flixster|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612021715/http://www.flixster.com/movie/ek-baar-phir/|archive-date=12 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 147 min <ref name=flixster/>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ek Baar Phir''''' ({{langx|hi|एक बार फिर}}; [[translation]]: Once Again) is a 1979 film produced and directed by [[Vinod Pande]]. This offbeat social drama casts [[Suresh Oberoi]] and [[Deepti Naval]] as lead pair with [[Saeed Jaffrey]], Chitto Chopra, Pradeep Verma, Vinod Pande in support cast. It was the first Indian-language film to be made in England.<ref name=SI>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=28 July 1979|page=24|title=Indian film opens}}</ref>

The story is about the incompatibility between a film star husband and a traditional wife resulting in an extra-marital relationship.

==Critical reception==

The film was later featured in Avijit Ghosh's book, 40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May have Missed. Ek Baar Phir was described as "a bold movie that refreshingly speaks out for women's freedom of choice in a failed marriage at a time when Bollywood was still making Maang Bharo Sajna."

==Plot==
Kalpana (Deepti Naval), a middle class girl, is excited about her marriage with a film star Mahendar Kumar (Suresh Oberoi). The star is busy with his profession and is a flirt. Kalpana learns this after marriage and finds Mahendar has no time to spend with her. Both happen to visit London on Mahendar's project. There she meets a young student Vimal (Pradeep Verma), studying arts at London University, who makes art works of the people around and exhibits them. He requests Kalpana for a sketch, which she obliges. They meet very often and fall in love with each other. With him, Kalpana sees the new phase and joy of life, which she has not seen earlier. They get intimate and Kalpana fells guilty about this. She stops meeting Vimal for some time. One day she finds a letter from Vimal and replies him. She starts meeting him again and finds herself swaying between Mahendar and Vimal. At this juncture, she decides to break away from Mahendar and joins Vimal to lead a joyful life. The rest story shows the turn of events thereafter, in the lives of Mahendar, Kalpana and Vimal.

==Cast==
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Mahender Kumar
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Kalpana Kumar
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Saeed
*Pradeep Verma
*Avtar Singh
*Chitto Chopra
*Collin Alexander
*Dilip
*Kalpana Pandya
*Kinsan
*Krishan Gould
*Leena Patel
*Mansur
*Maria
*Meenu Budhwar
*Mohammed
*Paravati Meharaj
*Prem Prakash
*Salim Shaikh
*Vinod Gurani
*Vinod Pande
*Wasim Siddiqui
*Yolande
*Zubair Zalaria

==Release==
The film had its gala opening at the Liberty West End cinema on [[Edgware Road]] in London on 28 July 1979.<ref name=SI/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Vinod Pande
| all_music = [[Raghunath Seth]]

| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Baby I Have A Crush On You
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = Kittu
| length1 = 4:35

| title2 = Bambai Se Aaya Hoon
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = Suresh Wadkar
| length2 = 5:45

| title3 = Jeevan Ek Sauda Hai
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Anuradha Paudwal
| length3 = 6:35

| title4 = Jane Yeh Mujhko Kya Ho Raha Hai
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = Bhupinder
| length4 = 7:35

| title5 = Yeh Paude Yeh Patte Yeh Phool
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = Anuradha Paudwal, Bhupinder
| length5 = 4:55

| title6 = Orchestral Music
| note6 = Ek Baar Phir
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 = 4:40
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0249491|Ek Baar Phir}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]

Savari (2009 film)

2026-03-03T21:47:21Z

Jatta Goswami: Made info!

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Savari
| image = SavaariKannadaFilmPoster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Jacob Verghese]]
| screenplay = Jacob Verghese
| story = [[Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi]]
| based_on = ''[[Gamyam]]'' (2008)
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| starring = [[Srinagar Kitty]] [[Raghu Mukherjee]] [[Kamalini Mukherjee]] [[Suman Ranganathan]]
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]] E. S. Murthy
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Ushakiran Movies]] [[Arka Media Works]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|4|10}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Savari''''' ({{Translation|The Ride}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Jacob Verghese]] and produced by [[Ramoji Rao]] of [[Ushakiran Movies]] in association with [[Arka Media Works]]. The film stars [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Kamalini Mukherjee]] and [[Srinagar Kitty]] in main roles. It is a remake of Telugu film ''[[Gamyam]]'' (2008) directed by [[Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi]].

The film released on 10 April 2009 across Karnataka and upon release, the film generally met with positive reviews from the critics and audience. It was one of the hit films of the year 2009 completing a successful 50 days run in many cinema halls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2009 |title=Savaari is a hit |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-saawari-completes-50-days/20090526.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-saawari-completes-50-days/20090526.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned 5 Filmfare awards nominations at the [[57th Filmfare Awards South]] in various categories including the Best Film. Kitty was selected for the [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Jury Award]] for his performance in the film.

In 2014, a sequel to this film titled ''[[Savaari 2]]'' was released which retained the actor [[Srinagar Kitty]] while replacing the other two main roles.

== Plot ==
Abhiram (Raghu) is a rich spoilt brat who believes only in class and hates the company of poor people with low profiles. He is in deep love with Dr. Janaki, an orphan who aims to serve poor people as a doctor and give them proper medication. Though he is in love with her, Abhiram does not like the path traversed by Janaki in helping poor and needy. This breaks their relationship apart and Janaki walks away to remote place on her job. Not able to withstand the agony of separation, Abhiram sets on a journey in finding Janaki again to carry on the relationship. Meanwhile, he meets Gaali Seenu (Kitty), a petty thief who is an expert in robbing the two wheeler vehicles. He strikes a deal with Seenu and further embarks his journey in search of Janaki. En route his search, Abhiram begins to slowly realize the real world and the noble intentions Janaki had in her service. Finally, the lovers meet up and what happens next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Gaali Seena
* [[Raghu Mukherjee]] as Abhiram
* [[Kamalini Mukherjee]] as Dr. Janaki
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]]
* [[C. R. Simha]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Lokanath]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru|Dinesh Mangalore]]
* [[Saurav Lokesh (Bhajarangi Loki)|Saurav Lokesh]] as Salman
}}

== Production ==
Jacob Verghese announced his desire to remake the successful Telugu film ''[[Gamyam]]'' as his maiden Kannada venture. He teamed up with [[Ramoji Rao]] from the famous [[Ushakiran Movies]] production and first signed in actress [[Kamalini Mukherjee]] to reprise her original role in this remake version too. He told the reporters that he has only retained the original concept while the narrative pattern is dealt with freshly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2009 |title=Kamalini goes head to head with a young brigade |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/08sld1-savaari-vs-josh-at-box-office.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219090853/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/08sld1-savaari-vs-josh-at-box-office.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He later roped in Mr. India contest winner [[Raghu Mukherjee]] and [[Srinagar Kitty]] to play the roles of [[Sharwanand]] and [[Allari Naresh]] respectively. The film was shot at the temple town of Kukke Subramanya, Sakleshpur, Kuduremukha and Yadiyur, all in Karnataka state.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Savaari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Manikanth Kadri]] E S Murthy
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 March 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Mano Murthy
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack totally consists of 6 songs out of which 4 are composed by [[Manikanth Kadri]] and remaining two are by E. S. Murthy. The audio launch was held on 14 March 2009 at a hotel in Bangalore.

Upon release, the soundtrack was popular and was on top of the charts for many weeks. "Marali Mareyagi" and "Ale Aleyo" songs were very well received.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ale Ale
| music1 = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Reeta]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length1 = 04:49
| title2 = Marali Mareyagi
| music2 = Manikanth Kadri
| extra2 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sudhir Attavar|Sudheer Attavar]]
| length2 = 04:48
| title3 = Poli Putta
| music3 = Manikanth Kadri
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], Manikanth Kadri
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length3 = 04:24
| title4 = Marali Mareyagi
| music4 = Manikanth Kadri
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics4 = [[Sudhir Attavar|Sudheer Attavar]]
| length4 = 04:46
| title5 = Bisilu Thaagi
| music5 = E S Murthy
| extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics5 = [[Sudhir Attavar|Sudheer Attavar]]
| length5 = 04:31
| title6 = Rhythm Ide
| music6 = E S Murthy
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| lyrics6 = [[Sudhir Attavar|Sudheer Attavar]]
| length6 = 04:16
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "The musical work in the film has just complemented the narration, but certainly not top class. Compared to the level of technical supremacy seen in Kannada films recently, neither Welraj's photography nor Srikar's editing can be called exceptional. Savaari could have been a better film yet it is a good entertainer for those who have not seen the original".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2009 |title=Savaari is engaging |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/10/review-savaari-is-engaging.htm |url-status=live |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162333/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/10/review-savaari-is-engaging.htm }}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Meanwhile, Abhi goes in search of Janaki. He happens to meet Seena alias Gaali Seenu (Kitty) on the way, a habitual thief. Seenu becomes friendly with Abhi with an intention to steal his motorcycle, but circumstances make Seenu help Abhi. But unfortunately, Seenu falls to Naxalites’ bullets and Abhi reunites with his sweetheart. A well made film, it is sure to appeal to the classes as well as the masses".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2009 |title=Savari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Jul/22/savari-69803.html |url-status=live |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829103840/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/jul/22/savari-69803.amp }}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "However, the story mostly revolves around the three characters (with Janaki's character for the most part appearing in flashes of recall) who have put up good performances. An interesting film that you would not like to miss".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2009 |title=Savari: One more for the road |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/savari-one-more-for-the-road/articleshow/22174459.cms |url-status=live |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829103918/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/savari-one-more-for-the-road/articleshow/22174459.cms }}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "''Savari'' is a man’s journey of self discovery. Described delightfully in ''Gamyam'', the same tale pales somewhat in comparison. Yet, ''Savari'' is not without its attractions, [beginning] with Raghu Mukherjee".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2009 |title=Savari |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr112009/movies20090410129410.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531143436/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr112009/movies20090410129410.asp |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Savaari'' succeeds because of the twists and turns in the second half and refined performances from the major and minor artists".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/savaari-remade-but-not-rehashed-kannada-film-review_11759|title='Savaari': Remade but not rehashed (Kannada film review)|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=India Forums|date=11 April 2009 |access-date=19 February 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Jacob Verghese}}

[[Category:2000s drama road movies]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jacob Verghese]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Motorcycling films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]

Boni (film)

2026-03-03T18:03:15Z

Jatta Goswami: added structure and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Boni
| image = Boni_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Raj Pippalla
| producer = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| writer = Raj Pippalla
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Rajasimha Lakshmi Bhoopal
}}
| starring = [[Sumanth]] [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = I. Andrew
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = Green Mangoes Cinema
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|6|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Boni''''' ({{translation|Maiden/inaugural}}) is a 2009 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by Raj Pippalla and starring [[Sumanth]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]]. [[Ramana Gogula]] composed the music as well as producing the film.

==Plot==
DD and Chinna are close friends who are raised in an orphanage. They are fond of Saraswatamma who took care of them there. Saraswatamma was very good at preparing tamarind rice (pulihora). DD wishes to start a pulihora center in memory of Saraswatamma when he grows up. In order to earn the money to do so, he joins a mafia gang doing small odd jobs. Pragati is the daughter of a millionaire politician. She is kind hearted and works for an NGO. She learns that a certain landlord has cheated the people of a village. The court, out of no choice, tells the farmers that they need to pay 40 million to the landlord if they wish to regain their land. Pragati asks her father to help out the villagers and he says, yes. Later when she finds out that her father has actually lied to her, she argues with him and leaves his house. Pragati's friend sketches a self-kidnap plan in order to demand 40 million as ransom from her father. Things go awry when DD and Chinna accidentally kidnap Pragathi at the same time as she is to be kidnapped by someone else. The rest of the story regards how DD and Pragati realise their goals while falling in love with each other.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sumanth]] as DD
*[[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Pragati
*Trinetrudu as Chinna
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Das
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Saraswatamma
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Giri
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Sub-Inspector
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as a police officer
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as a police officer
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*Surekha Vani
*Kota Shankar
*Babloo
*[[Antara Biswas]] as item number
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Raj Pippialla met [[Sumanth]] on the sets of ''[[Pourudu]]'' with two scripts with the first one involving a high budget. Sumanth okayed the second script but needed a producer. Raj met Sumanth again during the interval shoot of ''Pourudu'' with [[Ramana Gogula]] as the producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-sumanth-boni.html|title=Sumanth about Boni chitchat - Telugu film actor|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> Gogula revealed that he accidentally became the producer of the film when he tried to help Raj find a producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/launch-greenmangoes.html|title=Green Mangoes cinema banner launch - Telugu cinema - Sumanth, Raj & Ramana Gogula|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film's title was announced in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-boni.html|title=Boni title announcement - Telugu cinema - Sumanth & Kriti Kharbanda|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film is a bout a ''[[goonda]]'' in a ''basti'' ({{translation|slum}}). The film was planned to be shot in 75 days but was shot in 100 days due to the heavy rain. Around 100,000 foot of [[Spooling|spool]] was used for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajpippalla.html|title=Raj Pippalla interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film director|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]] and released by [[Aditya Music]]. All lyrics were written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]. The audio launch was held in Hotel Novotel (now Novotel Hyderabad Convention Centre) on 20 April 2009 with [[Mani Sharma]], [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[R. P. Patnaik]] and [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] attending as guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-boni.html|title=Boni music launch - Telugu cinema - Sumanth & Kriti Kharbandha|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Boni
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 April 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 27:55
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Ramana Gogula
| prev_title = [[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Ko Ko]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:55
| title1 = Nammaleni Kale Nijamayena
| extra1 = Deepu, [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Kadantana
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length2 = 3:12
| title3 = Modati Choope Nalona
| extra3 = [[N. C. Karunya]], Pranavi
| length3 = 4:38
| title4 = Maa Jatakadithe
| extra4 = Linus Madiri, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length4 = 4:06
| title5 = Boni
| extra5 = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| length5 = 2:47
| title6 = Boni
| note6= Di Bi Daba
| extra6 = Ramana Gogula
| length6 = 2:48
| title7 = Arere Chejarinde
| note7= Male
| extra7 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| length7 = 1:18
| title8 = Arere Chejarinde
| extra8 = Sreerama Chandra, Sudha Jeevan
| length8 = 4:44
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "It is always better to fail while making a different film than failing while making a routine formula film. Boni is an attempt to come up with something different".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-boni.html|title=Boni review – Telugu cinema Review – Sumanth & Kriti Kharbanda|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=12 June 2009|author=Jeevi|access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "All in all a glossy effort if you can overlook the loose ends".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/boni-quite-a-mish-mash/20090612.htm|title=Boni: Quite a mish-mash|date=12 June 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1552983}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boni}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]

Arundhati Nair

2026-02-25T21:19:44Z

Jatta Goswami: New

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arundhati Nair
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2014{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Arundhati Nair''' is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Tamil and Malayalam films.

== Career ==
Arundhati starred in ''Ponge Ezhu Manohara'' (2014) and ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]'' (2016) before gaining recognition for her role as [[Vijay Antony]]'s wife in ''[[Saithan]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/arundhati-nair-gets-her-big-break-in-saithan-1.1937340 |title=Arundhati Nair gets her big break in 'Saithan' |website=Gulf News |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724133940/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/arundhati-nair-gets-her-big-break-in-saithan-1.1937340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/251016/cant-pull-off-a-modern-look-arundhati-nair.html |title=Can't pull off a modern look: Arundhati Nair |first=Janani |last=K |date=25 October 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145402/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/251016/cant-pull-off-a-modern-look-arundhati-nair.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160117/arundhati-nair-picks-homely-characters.html |title=Arundhati Nair picks homely characters |first=Janani |last=K |date=16 January 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145409/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160117/arundhati-nair-picks-homely-characters.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="P">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290617/arundhati-nair-goes-places.html |title=Arundhati Nair goes places |first=Janani |last=K |date=29 June 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624202421/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290617/arundhati-nair-goes-places.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review of the film by the ''Deccan Chroncicle'', the critic noted that "Arundhati Nair too has played two good characters and she deserves good praise".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/041216/bethaludu-movie-review-not-completely-impressive.html |title=Bethaludu movie review: Not completely impressive |first=Suresh |last=Kavirayani |date=4 December 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627024046/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/041216/bethaludu-movie-review-not-completely-impressive.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She debuted in Malayalam with ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' (2018) and portrayed the love interest if [[Shine Tom Chacko]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ottakkoru-kaamukan/movie-review/66768205.cms|title=Ottakkoru Kaamukan Movie Review {2.5/5}|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 November 2018|first=Arya|last=UR|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="P"/> She plays one of the female leads in ''Pistha'' opposite [[Shirish Saravanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040817/arundhathi-nair-picks-village-based-scripts.html |title=Arundhathi Nair picks village-based scripts |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 August 2017 |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626063828/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/040817/arundhathi-nair-picks-village-based-scripts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
;Films
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language!! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pongi Ezhu Manohara]]'' || Anandhi || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]'' || Nandhini ||
|-
| ''[[Saithan]]'' || Aishwarya / Jayalakshmi ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Annie || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' || Herself || rowspan="4" | Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Pistha (2022 film)|Pistha]]'' || Nandini ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Aayiram Porkaasukal]]'' || Poongothai ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Seeran'' || Yazhini ||
|-
|}
; Television serials
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Role !! Channel!! Language
|-
|2019-2020||Kerala Samajam||Riya||Asianet||Malayalam
|}
; Web series
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Role !! Channel!! Language
|-
|2021||Padmini||Padmini||Premiere Padmini||Malayalam
|-
|2021
|Don't think
|Suja
|Voot Colours
|Tamil
|}

==Road Accident==
Arundhati Nair met with an accident on 14 March 2024 was travelling on a bike with her brother on Kovalam bypass road. She was on her way back after giving an interview to a YouTube channel.
She is critically injured and fighting for her life and kept on a ventilator at the Ananthapuri Hospital in Trivandrum.<ref name="Actor Arundhathi Nair On Ventilator Support After Major Bike Accident">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |title=Actor Arundhathi Nair On Ventilator Support After Major Bike Accident |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/actor-arundhathi-nair-on-ventilator-support-after-major-bike-accident-5262701 |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320100752/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/actor-arundhathi-nair-on-ventilator-support-after-major-bike-accident-5262701 |archive-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8614208}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Arundhati}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Siege of Bijapur

2026-02-16T18:18:17Z

Jatta Goswami: refine intro further and improved wording

{{Short description|17th century siege in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Bijapur
| partof = the Mughal–Bijapur Wars
| image = Malik E Maidan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The "[[Malik-i-Maidan]]" cannon, stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world, was employed in the defence of the city
| date = {{start and end dates|1685|4|15|1686|9|12|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=15|year1=1685|month2=9|day2=12|year2=1686}})}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cousens|first=Henry|title=Bijapur and its Architectural Remains|publisher=|year=1916|isbn=|location=|pages=17}}</ref><ref name="y884">{{cite web | last = Lal | first = Muni | title=Aurangzeb| url=https://ia903200.us.archive.org/15/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149369/2015.149369.Aurangzeb.pdf | page = 19 | access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
| place = [[Bijapur Fort]] (now in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur District]], [[Karnataka]])
| result = Mughal victory
| territory = Mughal Empire annexes the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] ([[Adil Shahi Dynasty]]) '''Supported by:''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Aurangzeb]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Azam Shah]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Diler Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ruhullah Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Syed Mian]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Qasim Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Khanzada Khan{{sfn|Lal|1988|p=260}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Kilich Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]]
| commander2 = [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] Sarza Khan Pam Naik Muiz-ud-Din Sher Khan Lodi Bahlul Khan<ref>{{harvnb|Kruijtzer|2009|p=183}}.</ref>
| strength1 = 100,000–110,000 men 250 [[cannon]]s 22,000 [[Matchlock]]s 
| strength2 = 35,000 men 120 [[cannon]]s 12,000 [[Matchlock]]s
| casualties1 = 5,000
| casualties2 = 12,000{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
}}

The '''siege of Bijapur''' began in April 1685 and ended in September 1686 with a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory. The siege began when [[Aurangzeb]] dispatched his son, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], with a force of nearly 50,000 men to capture [[Bijapur Fort]] and defeat [[Sikandar Adil Shah]], the then [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Sultan of Bijapur]], who had refused to be a vassal of the Mughal Empire. The siege of Bijapur was one of the longest military engagements of the Mughals, lasting more than 15 months, until Aurangzeb personally arrived to organise a victory.

==Background==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}[[File:F.3' Citadel of Bejapoor. Plan..jpg|thumb|320px|A map of Bijapur Fort.]]

In 1637, the young prince Aurangzeb was the [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] under the reign of his father, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]. He led a 25,000-strong Mughal army and besieged [[Bijapur Fort]], protecting the capital of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], and its ruler [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]. The siege, however, was unsuccessful as the Adil Shahi dynasty sought peace with Shah Jahan, mainly through the cooperation of his son and Aurangzeb's brother [[Dara Shikoh]].

[[Ali Adil Shah II]] inherited a troubled kingdom. He had to face the onslaught of the [[Marathi people|Marathas]], led by [[Shivaji]], who had fought and killed [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a capable commander of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. The leaderless troops of Bijapur were henceforth consequently routed by Shivaji's rebels. As a result, the sultanate was greatly weakened mainly due to the rebellious [[Maratha Kingdom]], led by Shivaji and his son [[Sambhaji]].

Sikandar Adil Shah, son of Ali, next ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur. He allied himself with [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] and refused to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire. Angered by his refusal to submit to Mughal authority, Aurangzeb declared war on Bijapur.

==Siege==
In 1685, Aurangzeb dispatched his son [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] alongside [[Ruhullah Khan]], the ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' (paymaster-general), with a force of nearly 50,000 men to capture Bijapur Fort. The [[Mughal Army]] arrived at Bijapur in March 1685. Elite Mughal [[Sowar]]s led by [[Diler Khan]] and Qasim Khan began to surround and capture crucial positions around Bijapur Fort. After the encirclement was complete, Prince Muhammad Azam Shah initiated siege operations by positioning cannons around Bijapur Fort.

Bijapur Fort, however, was well-defended by 30,000 men led by [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] and his commander Sarza Khan. Attacks by Mughal cannon batteries were repulsed by the large and heavy Bijapur cannons such as the famous "''[[Malik-i-Maidan]]''" (King of the Field), which fired cannonballs 69 cm in diameter. Instead of capturing territories on open ground, the Mughals dug long trenches and carefully placed their artillery but made no further advancements.

The Mughals could not cross through the deep 10-ft moat surrounding Bijapur Fort. Moreover, the 50-ft high 25-ft wide fine [[granite]] and [[limestone]] mortar walls were almost impossible to breach. The situation for the Mughals worsened when [[Maratha Army|Maratha forces]] led by Melgiri Pandit under [[Sambhaji|King Sambhaji]] had severed food, gunpowder and weapon supplies arriving from the Mughal garrison at [[Solapur]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1919|pp=264–265}} The Mughals were now struggling on both fronts and became overburdened by the ongoing siege against the Adil Shahi and the roving Maratha forces. Things worsened when a Bijapuri cannonball struck a Mughal gunpowder position causing a massive explosion into the trenches that killed 500 infantrymen.

In response to their hardships, Aurangzeb sent his son [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]] and his celebrated commander Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang.{{sfn|Lal|1988|p=287}} Unable to allow the collapse of the Mughal Army outside Bijapur Fort, the Mughal commander [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] led a massive expeditionary reinforcement force to alleviate the hardships of the [[Mughal Army]] and drive out the Maratha forces. Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang, a highly experienced Mughal commander positioned at the outpost of Rasulpur, routed a 6,000-strong infantry contingent led by Pam Naik intended to carry supplies to Bijapur Fort during a night attack.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}}

The Mughals regained control of supply routes leading to Solapur, but no successful advances had been made into Bijapur Fort. The lengthy siege turned into a stalemate; therefore, Aurangzeb himself gathered a massive army in July 1686 and marched slowly towards Bijapur Fort. He finally arrived outside Bijapur Fort and established encampments beside Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang on 4 September 1686. Aurangzeb personally rode out, inspiring his army of almost 100,000 men to begin a full-scale assault. After eight days of intense fighting, the Mughals had successfully damaged the five gates of Bijapur Fort and collapsed substantial portions of the fortified walls, thus enabling them to breach the moat and conquer the city. They captured [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] who was bound in silver chains and presented before Aurangzeb.

==Aftermath==
[[Sikandar Adil Shah]] had suffered many wounds and was imprisoned at [[Daulatabad Fort]] along with his ally [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=%22siege+of+bijapur%22&pg=PA531 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=532 |language=en}}</ref> He ultimately died in 1700 in Daulatabad Fort, and the Adil Shahi dynasty came to an end. [[Aurangzeb]] then appointed [[Syed Mian]] (father of the [[Sayyid brothers]]) as the first Mughal [[Subedar]] of [[Bijapur Subah|Bijapur]].

The Mughals had annexed and conquered a weakened Bijapur, but their control of the region began to weaken after the death of [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1712. The [[Nawab]]s in the region declared their independence after a few decades. Eventually, after 1753, the Marathas occupied much of the former Bijapuri territories.

==See also==
*[[Mughal weapons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath (Sir) |url=https://archive.org/stream/studiesinmughali00sarkuoft#page/30/mode/2up |title=Studies in Mughal India |date=1919 |publisher=Calcutta M.C. Sarkar |access-date=20 May 2015}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Kruijtzer |first=Gijs |year=2009 |title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-068-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C&pg=PA183 183]}}
*{{citation |last=Lal |first=Muni |date=1988 |title=Aurangzeb |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA260 260], 287}}
*{{citation |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2011|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA37 37]}}
{{refend}}

{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Bijapur]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1685|Bijapur]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1686|Bijapur]]
[[Category:1680s in India]]
[[Category:1686 in India]]

K. T. Rama Rao

2026-02-15T08:53:47Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018 }}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=August 2020}}
{{fan POV|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. T. Rama Rao
| image = Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao.jpg
| caption = KTR in 2015
| office = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Working President of Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| term_start = 17 December 2018
| 1blankname = President
| 1namedata = [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| office1 = [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister for Industries]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 8 September 2019<ref name="MinistersAllocation">{{Cite web|url=https://tggazette.cgg.gov.in/viewDocument/1583560647561|title=ALLOCATION OF BUSINESS AMONG THE MINISTERS|date=8 September 2019|website=www.tggazette.cgg.gov.in}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 6 December 2023
| governor1 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]])}}
| successor1 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| office2 = [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister for Municipal Administration & Urban Development]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start2 = 7 February 2016
| term_end2 = 12 December 2018
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]])}}
| term_start3 = 8 September 2019<ref name="MinistersAllocation"/>
| term_end3 = 6 December 2023
| governor3 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor3 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]])}}
| successor3 = [[Revanth Reddy]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]])}}
| office4 = [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister for Information Technology]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start4 = 2 June 2014
| term_end4 = 12 December 2018
| governor4 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor4 = ''Office established''
| successor4 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| term_start5 = 8 September 2019<ref name="MinistersAllocation"/>
| term_end5 = 6 December 2023
| governor5 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor5 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]])}}
| successor5 = [[D. Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| office6 = [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister for Panchayat Raj]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start6 = 2 June 2014
| term_end6 = 12 December 2018
| governor6 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor6 = ''Office established''
| successor6 = [[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
| office7 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start7 = 2 June 2014
| term_end7 =
| predecessor7 = ''Telangana Assembly Created''
| successor7 =
| constituency7 = [[Sircilla Assembly constituency]]
| office8 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start8 = 30 July 2010
| term_end8 = 28 April 2014
| predecessor8 = ''Himself'' (''Resigned for Telangana Statehood'')
| successor8 = ''Telangana Assembly Created''
| constituency8 = [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
| term_start9 = 3 June 2009
| term_end9 = 14 February 2010
| predecessor9 = [[Chennamaneni Rajeshwara Rao]]
| successor9 = ''Himself'' (''Resigned for Telangana Statehood'')
| constituency9 = [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|07|24|df=y}}
| birth_name = Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao
| birth_place = [[Karimnagar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present day [[Telangana]]), India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktramarao.com/biography/|title=Biography | K. T. Rama Rao|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930025131/https://www.ktramarao.com/biography/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mother = K. Shobha
| father = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| relatives = [[K. Kavitha]] (sister) [[Joginapally Santosh Kumar]] (Cousin)
| spouse = Shailima
| children = 2
| education = * [[BSc]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]) in Hyderabad
*[[MSc]] ([[University of Pune|Pune]])
*[[MBA]] ([[Baruch College]]) in United States
| alma_mater = *[[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|St. George's Grammar School]], Abids [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] present ([[Telangana]])
*Vignan Junior College, [[Vadlamudi]] Guntur ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
*[[Nizam College]], Abids, Hyderabad, [[Andhra Pradesh]] present (Telangana)
*[[University of Pune]], [[Pune]] ([[Maharashtra]])
*[[Baruch College]], New York City of United States
}}

'''Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao''' (born 24 July 1976), commonly known as '''KTR''', is an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He is a former Minister for Panchayat Raj, [[Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (Telangana)|Municipal Administration and Urban Development]], Industries and [[Department of Information Technology, Electronics and Communications (Telangana)|Information Technology and Communications]] of [[Telangana]]. He represents [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla assembly constituency]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], he is also the working president of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=KTR gets Municipal Administration portfolio|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-gets-municipal-administration-portfolio/article8207542.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2016|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208013239/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-gets-municipal-administration-portfolio/article8207542.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.it.telangana.gov.in/ministers-profile/|title=Minister's Profile {{!}} IT, Electronics & Communication Department|website=it.telangana.gov.in|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408230638/http://www.it.telangana.gov.in/ministers-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/a-roadmap-for-manufacturing-these-five-steps-can-power-an-industrial-revival-in-the-aftermath-of-corona/|title=A roadmap for manufacturing: These five steps can power an industrial revival in the aftermath of corona|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2020|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509150636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/a-roadmap-for-manufacturing-these-five-steps-can-power-an-industrial-revival-in-the-aftermath-of-corona/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is the son of [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], former [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] and the founder of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (earlier Telangana Rashtra Samiti). He is also brother [[K. Kavitha]]. Rama Rao has been awarded ''Most Inspirational Icon'' of the Year 2015 by [[CNN-IBN]] and [[Ritz Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN-IBN's most inspirational icon award for KTR|url=http://www.metroindia.com/cities/article/03/12/2015/cnn-ibn-s-most-inspirational-icon-award-for-ktr/23952|access-date=10 September 2016|work=Metroindia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128145818/http://www.metroindia.com/cities/article/03/12/2015/cnn-ibn-s-most-inspirational-icon-award-for-ktr/23952|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Rao visited Mahabububad for mega dharna on 25 November 2024.

==Early life and education==
K. T. Rama Rao was born in the [[Karimnagar district]] of [[Telangana]] (erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]]), India, on 24 July 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minister's Profile of IT, Electronics & Communication Department|url=http://www.it.telangana.gov.in/ministers-profile/|website=it.telangana.gov.in|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408230638/http://www.it.telangana.gov.in/ministers-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]], founded the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] political party and is the ex [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]. His mother K. Shobha, is a home maker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalvakuntla Kavitha Profile|url=https://www.telanganastateofficial.com/kalvakuntla-kavitha-profile/|publisher=www.telanganastateofficial.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 March 2015|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417015003/http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/kalvakuntla-kavitha-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> His younger sister, [[K. Kavitha]], is a former [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] for the [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=KCR's Ayutha Maha Chandi Yagam commences|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-12-23/KCRs-Ayutha-Maha-Chandi-Yagam-commences/195070|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305015803/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-12-23/KCRs-Ayutha-Maha-Chandi-Yagam-commences/195070|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pic Talk: KCR's Family with President|url=http://www.gulte.com/news/45452/Pic-Talk-KCRs-Family-with-President|publisher=Gulte.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915154129/http://www.gulte.com/news/45452/Pic-Talk-KCRs-Family-with-President|url-status=live}}</ref>, Also many people commonly refer Rama Rao as KTR.

At the age of ten, he moved to [[Hyderabad]] and joined the Amravati Public School at [[Yousufguda]] before shifting to Nalanda Public School at Mehdipatnam.<ref name="c6">{{cite web|title=The son also rises (Dec'11)|url=http://www.channel6.in/the-son-also-rises/2012/01/03/|publisher=Channel 6|access-date=10 September 2016|date=3 January 2012|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902043810/http://www.channel6.in/the-son-also-rises/2012/01/03/|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his Schooling at [[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|St. George's Grammar School]], Abids Road. Further, he pursued Intermediate from Vignan Junior College, [[Vadlamudi]], [[Guntur district]].

He earned [[BSc]] in Microbiology, Chemistry and Botany from [[Nizam College]], a constituent College of [[Osmania University]] at Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile and Biodata of KT Rama Rao – Son of KCR – Hello AP and Telangana|url=http://helloap.com/profile-and-biodata-of-kt-rama-rao-son-of-kcr/|publisher=Helloap.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910011731/http://helloap.com/profile-and-biodata-of-kt-rama-rao-son-of-kcr/|url-status=live}}</ref> He holds two Post-Graduate degrees—[[MSc]] in Bio-Technology from [[University of Pune]] and [[Master of Business Administration]] in Marketing and E-Commerce from [[Zicklin School of Business]] at [[Baruch College]], a constituent college of the [[City University of New York]].<ref name="ritz">{{cite web|title=The complete man Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao aka KTR|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2015/07/the-complete-man-kalvakuntla-taraka-rama-rao-aka-ktr/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711224653/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2015/07/the-complete-man-kalvakuntla-taraka-rama-rao-aka-ktr/|archive-date=11 July 2016|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[Ritz Newspaper]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kalvakuntla Taraka Ramarao(TRS):Constituency- SIRCILLA(KARIMNAGAR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1317|website=myneta.info|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409025828/http://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1317|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 1998–99, Rao began his stint as an IT professional and interned at the shipping and ocean logistics firm INTTRA Inc on [[Madison Avenue]], New York, United States.<ref name="c6" />

2001–2006, KTR quit his job and returned to India to support his father's struggle for a separate Telangana state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=ktr+life+story+from+telangana+moment&rlz=1C1VDKB_enIN1121IN1121&oq=ktr+life+story+from+telangana+moment&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRigATIHCAIQIRigATIHCAMQIRigATIHCAQQIRifBTIHCAUQIRifBTIHCAYQIRiPAjIHCAcQIRiPAtIBCDcxOTlqMGo0qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao is married to Shailima.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Poor Politico, Rich Spouse |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/231118/poor-politico-rich-spouse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222849/https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/231118/poor-politico-rich-spouse.html |archive-date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref> The couple has two children – son Himanshu and daughter Alekhya.<ref>{{cite news |title=KTR's Wife Shailima urges people to use their voting rights |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-02/KTRs-Wife-Shailima-urges-people-to-use-their-voting-rights/204254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914220715/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-02/KTRs-Wife-Shailima-urges-people-to-use-their-voting-rights/204254 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2017-01-08 |title=KTR the tense parent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/KTR-the-tense-parent/article17005808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407043218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/KTR-the-tense-parent/article17005808.ece |archive-date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2020-12-18 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
KTR began his political career in 2009 when he contested the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections]] from the [[Sircilla (Assembly constituency)|Sircilla Assembly constituency]]. He won by a close margin of 171 votes, defeating independent candidate K. K. Mahender Reddy.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report AP 2009 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf#59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804205034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf#59 |archive-date=2016-08-04 |access-date=2016-09-10 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=332}}</ref>

Soon after, KTR and 10 other members from the TRS resigned from the Legislative Assembly in support of a [[Telangana movement|separate State for Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-07-31 |title=TRS wins 11 out of 12 seats in by-elections |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/trs-wins-11-out-of-12-seats-in-byelections/article544179.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802191839/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/TRS-wins-11-out-of-12-seats-in-by-elections/article16217074.ece |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2016-09-10 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In July 2010, the [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] ordered the [[Election Commission of India]] to conduct by-polls in [[Sircilla]] and [[Vemulawada (Assembly constituency)|Vemulawada]] among other towns across the Telangana region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hold bypolls in Sircilla, Vemulawada: HC tells|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article162640.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405205542/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article162640.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Rao contested again from Sircilla and again defeated K. K. Mahender Reddy (now with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)), this time with a margin of 68,219 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2010-07-30 |title=Form 21D |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/2010/Form_21D_%20%26_21E/029_Sircilla_Form_21E.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024601/http://ceoandhra.nic.in/2010/Form_21D_%20%26_21E/029_Sircilla_Form_21E.PDF |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-09-10 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}</ref>

He held Rail Roko agitation after police and paramilitary forces were deployed by the [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] government to control the ongoing situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana: KT Rama Rao in preventive custody|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/politics/telangana-phono-409713.html|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[News18]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 27 January 2013, Rao courted arrest when he attempted to participate in the 'Samara Deeksha' (protest) at [[Indira Park]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=K T Rama Rao: Latest News, Photos, Videos on K T Rama Rao – NDTV.COM|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/k-t-rama-rao|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408054338/http://www.ndtv.com/topic/k-t-rama-rao|url-status=live}}</ref>

KTR demanded that a Bill be introduced in Parliament in an interview to a National News Channel.<ref name="news18">{{cite news|title=Telangana: Is a divided Andhra in the interest of the nation?|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/talking-point-telangana-642932.html|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[News18]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He also declared that the impending "Telangana government will not compromise on any aspect of administration being delegated to the union government with regard to (the city of) Hyderabad."<ref name="news18" />

In the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|first Legislative Assembly elections for Telangana]], as the 29th state of the Indian Union, Rao contested as the MLA candidate for TRS from Sircilla against Konduri Ravider Rao from the INC, winning the seat for the third consecutive time by a margin of 53,004 votes.<ref name="trs">{{cite news|date=23 April 2014|title=We are for inclusive Telangana, asserts TRS|publisher=[[News18]]|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/we-are-for-inclusive-telangana-asserts-trs-683218.html|access-date=10 September 2016}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> TRS emerged as the ruling party with the single largest majority in the assembly, winning a decisive mandate of 66 out of 119 seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legislative Assembly|url=http://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/home|publisher=The Government of Telangana|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318112619/https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/home|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 2 June 2014, KTR was sworn in as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for Telangana, and [[Cabinet Minister]] for Information Technology and Panchayat Raj.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana Cabinet: List of ministers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/k-chandrasekhara-rao-first-telangana-cm-cabinet-ministers-195402-2014-06-02|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|archive-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131110134/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/k-chandrasekhara-rao-first-telangana-cm-cabinet-ministers/1/364858.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was appointed Executive Working President of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi Party (TRS) by the President and Chief Minister Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indtoday.com/k-t-rama-rao-appointed-working-president-of-trs/|title=K.T. Rama Rao Appointed Working President of TRS | INDToday|date=14 December 2018|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026113329/https://indtoday.com/k-t-rama-rao-appointed-working-president-of-trs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He won the same seat in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] against Kondam Karuna Mahender Reddy, with a margin of 89,009 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Results - State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Telangana |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2018/?do=download&r=23481&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=c5b47e5feebc83afbea4dbfce36d402e#page=16 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204051211/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2018/?do=download&r=23481&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=c5b47e5feebc83afbea4dbfce36d402e#page=16 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=16}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], Rao officially submitted his nominations at the RDO office located in Sircilla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mustafa |first=Gulam |date=2023-11-09 |title=KTR files nominations at RDO office in Sircilla |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/ktr-files-nominations-at-rdo-office-in-sircilla-836400 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109090051/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/ktr-files-nominations-at-rdo-office-in-sircilla-836400 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> He won the seat for the fifth consecutive time, by a margin of 29,845 votes against K. K. Mahender Reddy once again.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Results - State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Telangana |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/telangana/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> However, his party lost the election and became the opposition party after a defeat to the [[Indian National Congress]].

In August 2024, he and other BRS MLAs were evicted from the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] by marshals. This was in response to them protesting against [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]] [[Revanth Reddy]]'s disrespectful remarks against women legislators. They were released later at the Telangana Bhavan, the headquarters of their party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-01 |title=Former minister KTR and BRS MLAs evicted out of assembly by marshals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/former-minister-ktr-and-brs-mlas-evicted-out-of-assembly-by-marshals/articleshow/112197899.cms |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803181804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/former-minister-ktr-and-brs-mlas-evicted-out-of-assembly-by-marshals/articleshow/112197899.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: KTR Dragged Out By Marshals From Telangana Assembly For Protesting Outside CM's Chamber |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/video-brs-mlas-including-ktr-dragged-out-by-marshals-from-telangana-assembly-for-protesting-outside-cms-chamber |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Role as Minister==
He served as a minister in various portfolios from 2014-2023 -

===Minister for Information Technology===
[[File:K.T.Ramarao-IT Minister of Telangana.jpg|thumb|right|Rao at the ''Interactive Session with the ICT Industry'' event on 27 June 2014]]
Soon after assuming office, [[Information Technology]] (IT) Minister K. T. Rama Rao briefed the [[Chief Minister]] on large-scale projects for a progressive [[Hyderabad]] in a review meeting of the Information Technology and Investment Region (ITIR) Policy.<ref>{{cite web|title=IT Minister plans to make Hyderabad WiFi-enabled|date=11 June 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140611/nation-current-affairs/article/it-minister-plans-make-hyderabad-wifi-enabled|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075544/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140611/nation-current-affairs/article/it-minister-plans-make-hyderabad-wifi-enabled|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2014, along with the [[Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]] (TSIIC) Chairman, Rao held discussions with the CEO of Smart City in [[Dubai]] with regard to developing Hyderabad under the ambit of ITIR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana, Dubai discuss Smart City|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141215/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-dubai-discuss-smart-city|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145704/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141215/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-dubai-discuss-smart-city|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao also called on [[Yusuff Ali Musaliam Veettil Abdul Kader|Yusuff Ali M A]], chairman of the Abu Dhabi-based [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Group]] who said that his company would invest Rs 2,500 crore in Telangana's FMCG domain for 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai-based Lulu Group to invest Rs 2,500 crore in Telangana – Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/dubai-based-lulu-group-to-invest-rs-2500-cr-in-telangana-1999887.html|publisher=Firstpost.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=15 December 2014|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019223828/http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/dubai-based-lulu-group-to-invest-rs-2500-cr-in-telangana-1999887.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the same time, Rama Rao visited the Sonapur camp in Dubai to interact with about 20,000 migrant workers from [[Telangana]] who resided there.<ref>{{cite web|title=KT Rama Rao visits migrant workers in Dubai|date=16 December 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141216/nation-current-affairs/article/k-t-rama-rao-visits-migrant-workers-dubai|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611043618/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141216/nation-current-affairs/article/k-t-rama-rao-visits-migrant-workers-dubai|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, Rao led an IT department delegation on a two-week tour to the United States with the agenda of discussing and reaching partnerships with corporate giants on various areas of collaboration with the [[Government of Telangana]]. The top brass of 30 leading companies which include [[John T. Chambers|John Chambers]] of [[Cisco]], [[Mark Hurd]] of [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] and [[John Veihmeyer]], the global chairman of [[KPMG]], met Rao to discuss the new industrial policy and ease of doing business in Telangana.<ref name="Businesstoday.in">{{cite web|title=Attracted half a billion dollars worth of investments in Telangana in three weeks, more to follow: KT Rama Rao|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/interviews/telangana-investments-kt-rama-rao-on-the-funds-in-state/story/219927.html|website=businesstoday.in|publisher=Businesstoday.in|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163422/http://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/interviews/telangana-investments-kt-rama-rao-on-the-funds-in-state/story/219927.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He met [[Microsoft]] CEO, [[Satya Nadella]], and Amazon executives Monique Meche & John Schoettler who assured their continued support to the State's initiatives in the IT space. The Minister had also exhorted Non Resident Indians in a meeting at [[Seattle]] to be Goodwill Ambassadors in representation of the state government outside India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana IT Minister Rama Rao meets Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-19/news/62368978_1_telangana-government-microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-monique-meche|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407033424/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-19/news/62368978_1_telangana-government-microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-monique-meche|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He set up the largest start-up incubator, [[T-Hub]] on 5 November 2015. The platform located at Gachibowli is one of Rao's landmark initiatives for the state's young talent pool to innovate, incubate and incorporate new ideas for entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minister for IT Minister KTR Amusing Speech at Innofest 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYXrvxgKFD0|publisher=YouTube.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=2 December 2015|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308083640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYXrvxgKFD0|url-status=live}}</ref> Up to 300 start-ups and provides a futuristic workspace for up to 800 people at once.<ref name="Ndtv.com">{{cite web|title=With 'T-Hub', This City Wants To Be India's Start-Up Headquarters|url=http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/with-t-hub-this-city-wants-to-be-indias-start-up-headquarters-1239309|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904214836/http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/with-t-hub-this-city-wants-to-be-indias-start-up-headquarters-1239309|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao conceptualised the cell a step further than the norm by including public-private partnership and mentorship as core features of the facility.<ref name="Ndtv.com" />

Rao invited several industry leaders including [[Adobe Inc.]] [[CEO]] [[Shantanu Narayen]], [[Biocon]] chairman [[Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]] and [[Infosys]] co-founder [[N R Narayana Murthy]] among others to mentor young [[entrepreneurs]] of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Here's what you need to know about Telangana's start-up ecosystem, T-hub|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-telangana-s-start-up-ecosystem-t-hub-2141588|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=4 November 2015|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106120643/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-telangana-s-start-up-ecosystem-t-hub-2141588|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2015, Infosys CEO [[Vishal Sikka]] met with Rao during his visit to T-Hub. Soon after, the company announced that it was going to expand its Pocharam campus to double the capacity to 25,000 employees as compared to 12,000 employees, making it Infosys' biggest campus.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bureau|first1=Our|title=Hyderabad to host Infosys' biggest campus|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/hyderabad-to-host-infosys-biggest-campus/article8037569.ece|publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=28 December 2015|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824032629/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/hyderabad-to-host-infosys-biggest-campus/article8037569.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dalai Lama]] Centre for [[Ethics]] and Transformative Values at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) has decided to establish its South Asia centre in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalai Lama Centre for Ethics to Come up in Hyderabad|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Dalai-Lama-Centre-for-Ethics-to-Come-up-in-Hyderabad/2016/03/01/article3305136.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302093646/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Dalai-Lama-Centre-for-Ethics-to-Come-up-in-Hyderabad/2016/03/01/article3305136.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2016|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

On 19 March 2016, Rao urged Union Information Technology Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] to sanction Rs 100 crore for the second phase of T-Hub. Mr. Prasad was also urged to sanction Rs 3,000 crore due to the State for implementation of IT Investment Region.<ref>{{cite news|title=KTR meets four Union Ministers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-meets-four-union-ministers/article8373142.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=Thehindu.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=19 March 2016|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010602/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-meets-four-union-ministers/article8373142.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

During a 2014 (CII) conference on [[cyber security]], Rao had urged industry to collaborate with the government to combat cyber crimes. This, while emphasising a dedicated workforce to defeat the threat that hackers pose to the IT infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|title=K T Rama Rao urges industry to partner with government to curb cyber crimes|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-18/news/51708605_1_cyber-security-cyber-lab-cyber-crimes|publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407030757/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-18/news/51708605_1_cyber-security-cyber-lab-cyber-crimes|url-status=dead}}</ref> Towards a Swachh Digital Telangana, in July 2015, two important MoUs were signed in the presence of Rao. As a result, One [[MoU]] between the Government of Telangana and C.R. Rao Institute of [[Mathematics]], [[Statistics]] and [[Computer Science]] to make cyber security part of the state's multi-policy framework.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt of Telangana launched Swachh Digital Telangana Program {{!}} Swachh Bharat|url=http://www.swachhbharat.org.in/smart-city/govt-of-telangana-launched-swachh-digital-telangana-program/|website=swachhbharat.org.in|publisher=Swachhbharat.org.in|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003130309/http://www.swachhbharat.org.in/smart-city/govt-of-telangana-launched-swachh-digital-telangana-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another was signed between TASK and Samsung South-West Asia in offering courses on [[software]] development and testing operations. In August 2015, the state government partnered with [[NASSCOM]] and Data Security Council of India (DSCI) towards making Hyderabad a cyber-safe destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to be Made 'Cyber-Safe' City: Telangana Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/hyderabad-to-be-made-cyber-safe-city-telangana-minister-1203833|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408103257/http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/hyderabad-to-be-made-cyber-safe-city-telangana-minister-1203833|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 March 2016, Governor E S L Narasimhan stated in his address to the joint session of Assembly that, with Rao as the first IT Minister of the state, the IT sector recorded huge exports of Rs 68,258 crore through 1,300 IT units, including 500 global companies, which shows 16% growth.<ref name="Thehansindia.com">{{cite web|title=Telangana aims at 15 per cent growth|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-03-11/Telangana-aims-at-15-per-cent-growth/212813|access-date=10 September 2016|website=The Hans India|date=11 March 2016|publisher=Thehansindia.com|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404174428/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-03-11/Telangana-aims-at-15-per-cent-growth/212813|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been invited to speak at international conferences on Telangana's growth such as the Bridge India Ideas for India Conference<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Bridge |title=Ideas for India 2023 brings together ministers, central bankers, policy and business leaders from across the world. |url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/ideas-for-india-2023-brings-together-ministers-central-bankers-policy-and-business-leaders/ |website=bridgeindia.org.uk |publisher=Bridge India |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807032813/https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/ideas-for-india-2023-brings-together-ministers-central-bankers-policy-and-business-leaders/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in May 2023. His speech at this conference attracted media attention on Telangana's growth as a pattern for the rest of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=Growth model of Telangana is an idea whose time has come: KTR |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/growth-model-of-telangana-is-an-idea-whose-time-has-come-ktr/article66846621.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726102358/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/growth-model-of-telangana-is-an-idea-whose-time-has-come-ktr/article66846621.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=World |first1=Asian |title=More Than 100 Business and Policy Leaders Travelled From Across India to Attend EPG's Inaugural India Week in the UK |url=http://asianworldnews.co.uk/home/more-than-100-business-and-policy-leaders-travelled-from-across-india-to-attend-epgs-inaugural-india-week-in-the-uk/ |website=asianworldnews.co.uk |publisher=Asian World News |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624075648/http://asianworldnews.co.uk/home/more-than-100-business-and-policy-leaders-travelled-from-across-india-to-attend-epgs-inaugural-india-week-in-the-uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Minister for Panchayat Raj===
On 19 January 2015, Rao announced that at least 26 government employees of various departments will be brought to work under the chairmanship of village sarpanches through a new Act that will strengthen village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s in Telangana. He also assured that his government will appoint special tribunals and ombudsmen for the purpose of accountability and grievance redressal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana government plans to bolster panchayats|date=19 January 2015|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150119/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-government-plans-bolster-panchayats|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611043228/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150119/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-government-plans-bolster-panchayats|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao stated that the government has plans to spend Rs. 642 crore in 150 most backward mandalstill the year 2020 for improving livelihood and human development index under the Telangana PallePragathiprogramme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana to focus on improving livelihood in 150 mandals|url=http://www.ruralmarketing.in/industry/policy/telangana-to-focus-on-improving-livelihood-in-150-mandals|website=Rural Marketing|publisher=Ruralmarketing.in|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205231425/https://ruralmarketing.in/industry/policy/telangana-to-focus-on-improving-livelihood-in-150-mandals|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 2015, Rao urged Union Panchayat Raj Minister, [[Nihalchand|Nihal Chand]], to give priority to the new state and ensure that arrears of the 13th Finance Commission funds be released from the central pool with immediate effect. This, while appraising him of important programmes that include Our Village- Our Plan, Harithaharam and the much sought after construction of two bed room houses with basic amenities for the poor and weaker sections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Release funds on priority, KTR asks Nihalchand|url=http://tsnewstoday.com/political-news/release-funds-on-priority-ktr-asks-nihalchand.html|publisher=Tsnewstoday.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=30 June 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405105718/http://tsnewstoday.com/political-news/release-funds-on-priority-ktr-asks-nihalchand.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Cabinet Sub-Committee chaired by Minister Rao had formulated guidelines for the implementation of "GramaJyothi", a flagship programme of the state government which was launched on 15 August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana to Launch Rs 25,000 Crore Rural Development Scheme|url=http://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/telangana-to-launch-rs-25-000-crore-rural-development-scheme-1200768|newspaper=Ndtv.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408095433/http://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/telangana-to-launch-rs-25-000-crore-rural-development-scheme-1200768|url-status=live}}</ref> The guidelines envisaged that the perspective plan should focus on provision of basic amenities for rural development. To meet them, Rao emphasised the allocation of funds to various works like provision of drinking water, health, education, electricity, sanitation and roads among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-panel begins formulation of guidelines|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-07-29/Sub-panel-begins-formulation-of-guidelines/166518|website=The Hans India|date=29 July 2015|publisher=Thehansindia.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404162908/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-07-29/Sub-panel-begins-formulation-of-guidelines/166518|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rao also unveiled that the State Government was planning to increase the bank linkage to SHG women from the earlier Rs 5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh. He directed officials to construct Mahila Bhavans for SERP offices at the village level.<ref name="Newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|title=T Govt Eyeing Rs 1,000-cr World Bank Aid|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/T-Govt-Eyeing-Rs-1000-cr-World-Bank-Aid/2014/07/05/article2315629.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405232909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/T-Govt-Eyeing-Rs-1000-cr-World-Bank-Aid/2014/07/05/article2315629.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2016|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> In July 2014, Rao had expedited the clearance of dues to the tune of Rs 14.96 crore for women beneficiaries of the Bangaru Talli scheme.<ref name="Newindianexpress.com"/>

During a review meeting of the Department of Panchayat Raj held on 18 September 2015, Rao announced that e-panchayat system would be rolled out across Telangana in the forthcoming months,<ref name="Panchayats to go online from Oct 2">{{cite web|title=Panchayats to go online from Oct 2|url=http://www.editorial.timesofap.com/politics/panchayats-to-go-online-from-oct-2.html|website=timesofap.com|publisher=Editorial.timesofap.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206015300/http://www.editorial.timesofap.com/politics/panchayats-to-go-online-from-oct-2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the TRS government's flagship project in the e-governance space for a progressive state.

Towards women empowerment, he declared that about 10,000 women would be provided employment through the proposed comprehensive village service centers or PalleSamagraSevaKendram.<ref name="GRAMAJYOTHI">{{cite web|title=::GRAMAJYOTHI::|url=http://tspri.cgg.gov.in/|website=tspri.cgg.gov.in|publisher=Tspri.cgg.gov.in|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326142059/http://tspri.cgg.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These women, besides qualified youth, are trained and appointed as Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs) to operate, supervise and implement government schemes at the village level.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=e-Panchayats to Provide Jobs to 10,000 Women in State|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/e-Panchayats-to-Provide-Jobs-to-10000-Women-in-State/2015/09/29/article3053076.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/e-Panchayats-to-Provide-Jobs-to-10000-Women-in-State/2015/09/29/article3053076.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2015|access-date=10 September 2016|publisher=Newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

Interacting with a group of women at a VLE training programme held at the Telangana State Institute for Panchayat Raj and [[Rural Development]] (TSIPARD), Rao appreciated women from over 4 lakh self-help groups for successfully repaying Rs. 5,000 crore loans availed by thrift groups adhering to fiscal discipline.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India|first1=Metro|title=e-panchayat will usher in great change|url=http://metroindia.com/cities/article/29/09/2015/e-panchayat-will-usher-in-great-change/16146|website=Metroindia|publisher=Metroindia.com|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405015934/http://metroindia.com/cities/article/29/09/2015/e-panchayat-will-usher-in-great-change/16146|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Rao launched the Water Grid Scheme (Telangana Drinking Water Supply Project – Water Grid) in September 2015, with an estimated outlay of Rs. 35,000 crore.<ref name="Thehindu.com">{{cite news|title=KTR launches water grid project works|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ktr-launches-water-grid-project-works/article7673036.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=Thehindu.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=21 September 2015|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328170306/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ktr-launches-water-grid-project-works/article7673036.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to him, the State government is fully determined to complete the project, also known as Mission Bhagiratha, one that is expected to find a lasting solution to the drinking water needs of people in the State, much ahead of the stipulated time frame of three-and-a-half years. The government would also use hydraulic modelling [[software]] for determining the size of water pipelines, pumping capacity and height to which water would be pumped.

Wide spread success of the concept and implementation in the initial month impressed the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]], who wished to replicate the model for the Bundelkhand Region. Rao and a team of IT department officials had flown to [[Lucknow]] in October 2015 to give a presentation in respect of the Water Grid Scheme, alongside inviting Yadav to visit Telangana for a ground-level assessment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana minister presents water model that Akhilesh Singh wants for Bundelkhand|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/telangana-minister-presents-water-model-that-akhilesh-singh-wants-for-bundelkhand/#sthash.iSCARBpS.dpuf|publisher=Indianexpress.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=16 October 2015|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802191831/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/telangana-minister-presents-water-model-that-akhilesh-singh-wants-for-bundelkhand/#sthash.iSCARBpS.dpuf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Earlier, Rao had also inaugurated the Rs. 10 crore Comprehensive Protected Drinking Water Supply (CPWS) Scheme at Puttakota in Raghunadhapalem mandal and a new rural water supply scheme at Edulapuram village in [[Khammam]] rural mandal.<ref name="Thehindu.com"/>

On 27 January 2016, the [[Government of India]], the [[Government of Telangana]], and the [[World Bank]] signed a US$75 million credit agreement for the Telangana Rural Inclusive Growth Project. This was hailed as a significant boost to the rural development department on the ministerial watch of Rao that would enhance the agricultural incomes of small and marginal farmers in the state, and ensure increased access to services related to health, nutrition, sanitation and social entitlements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of India and World Bank Sign US$ 75 Million Agreement to Improve Incomes of Farmers and Health in Rural Telangana|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/01/27/government-india-world-bank-sign-usd-75-million-agreement-improve-incomes-farmers-health-rural-telangana|publisher=Worldbank.org|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403203530/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/01/27/government-india-world-bank-sign-usd-75-million-agreement-improve-incomes-farmers-health-rural-telangana|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rao told the State Assembly in March 2016 that the state government would construct as many as 1,000 new Gram Panchayat buildings across the state in the first phase at a cost of Rs 130 crore. The new buildings will replace the dilapidated ones. The government has sanctioned Rs 13 lakh for each building.<ref>{{cite web|title=1,000 Grama Panchayats to Get New Buildings|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/1000-Grama-Panchayats-to-Get-New-Buildings/2016/03/14/article3325785.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314135654/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/1000-Grama-Panchayats-to-Get-New-Buildings/2016/03/14/article3325785.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> He also told the House that a total of 2.75 lakh LED bulbs would be fitted in 25 municipalities and nagar panchayats of Telangana government at a cost of Rs.10 per bulb as fitting charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=LED bulbs to light up streets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/led-bulbs-to-light-up-streets/article8339239.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=Thehindu.com|access-date=10 September 2016|date=11 March 2016|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409070321/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/led-bulbs-to-light-up-streets/article8339239.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Role in GHMC elections===
Elections to the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC), the urban local government body of Hyderabad, were conducted in February 2016. Rao was made in-charge of the party's campaign for the election. He was entrusted with the complete responsibility of the party's campaign and publicity strategy since KCR was preoccupied with MLC polls. The odds were against the party in the city election since it had won only 2 out of 24 Assembly seats in previous GHMC elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=KT Rama Rao to oversee TRS' GHMC fight|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151129/nation-current-affairs/article/kt-rama-rao-oversee-trs%E2%80%99-ghmc-fight|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610161554/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151129/nation-current-affairs/article/kt-rama-rao-oversee-trs%E2%80%99-ghmc-fight|url-status=live}}</ref>

The election has seen Rao actively touring all 150 wards of the city in a span of one week, conducting more than 100 public meetings while canvassing for TRS.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|title=Son-shine state: KTR is the new 'Nizam' of Hyderabad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Son-shine-state-KTR-is-the-new-Nizam-of-Hyderabad/articleshow/50873602.cms|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205214242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Son-shine-state-KTR-is-the-new-Nizam-of-Hyderabad/articleshow/50873602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting as early as 6 am every day, he worked round the clock to participate and engage with important leaders in the campaign sending a strong message to party cadre.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> He was seen to use his marketing skills and political experience to promote the party as a strong contender in the election.

Hyderabad is a bastion for urban-centric parties like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) which draw their support from the large Seemandhra population and working class residing in the city. Proving the allegations that the ruling party was trying to conduct elections during the [[Sankranti]] vacation were wrong, Rao asserted that he believed in inclusive leadership and that the party would win with the votes of Seemandhra people, exuding confidence that the people of Andhra region would also vote for the TRS seeing the development works of the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=We'll Conquer GHMC with Andhra Vote: KTR|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Well-Conquer-GHMC-with-Andhra-Vote-KTR/2016/01/01/article3206001.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101184402/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Well-Conquer-GHMC-with-Andhra-Vote-KTR/2016/01/01/article3206001.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2016|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

His initiatives as the IT minister of the State won the confidence of both the people and industry leaders making his campaign a success. He also reached out to [[Bengalis]], [[Jains]], [[Sikhs]], [[Muslims]] and "basti log". The induction of local basti leaders, announcement of the double-bedroom scheme, regularisation of house sites and uninterrupted water supply attracted people from the basti to vote for the party in large numbers.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|title=GHMC election results: TRS win is complete|date=6 February 2016|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/060216/ghmc-election-results-trs-win-is-complete.html|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232738/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/060216/ghmc-election-results-trs-win-is-complete.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result, TRS won in 99 out of the 150 wards in the city, virtually wiping out the BJP, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and TDP.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRS responsibility has increased with GHMC win: KTR|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-05/TRS-responsibility-has-increased-with-GHMC-win-KTR-/205026|website=The Hans India|date=6 February 2016|publisher=Thehansindia.com|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404155513/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-05/TRS-responsibility-has-increased-with-GHMC-win-KTR-/205026|url-status=live}}</ref> Political analysts attributed this to the articulate speeches of the double master's degree holder turned-politician that won the hearts of Hyderabadis and positioned him as the most preferred leader among young voters.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Rao is lauded for the victory of TRS in the GHMC polls since the party had a bitter loss when it contested for the local government (Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad) elections in 2002, when it ended up winning just one division.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/>

===Municipal Administration and Urban Development and Brand Hyderabad===
[[File:Narendra Modi taking a ride in Hyderabad Metro along with the Governor of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Shri E.S.L. Narasimhan, the Chief Minister of Telangana.jpg|right|thumb|Rao (second from right) with the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (third from right) in [[Hyderabad Metro]] in 2017|250x250px]]
Rao was assigned the [[Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (Telangana)|Municipal Administration and Urban Development]] portfolio in addition to the [[Department of Information Technology, Electronics and Communications (Telangana)|Information Technology, Electronics and Communications]] portfolio.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news |date=2016-02-08 |title=KTR gets Municipal Administration portfolio |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-gets-municipal-administration-portfolio/article8207542.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208013239/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ktr-gets-municipal-administration-portfolio/article8207542.ece |archive-date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-09-11 |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=}}</ref>

To rejuvenate the polluted [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]], Rao announced that the state government would seek a Rs 3,000 crore loan from the [[Green Climate Fund]] (GCF) in [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]].<ref name="ReferenceE">{{cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=GHMC Will Desilt Nalas Before Monsoon: KTR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Mar/13/ghmc-will-desilt-nalas-before-monsoon-ktr-911026.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314174010/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/GHMC-Will-Desilt-Nalas-Before-Monsoon-KTR/2016/03/13/article3324708.ece |archive-date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2016-09-11 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also urged [[Business magnate|industrialists]], manufacturers, and hoteliers not to discharge waste into the drains, warning of action against violators.<ref name="ReferenceE" />

In March 2016, Rao said that the government was prepared to establish special-purpose [[vehicle]]s, provide speedy clearances and ensure proper dispute redressal mechanism for firms investing in key [[infrastructure]] projects, including [[Overpass|flyovers]], expressways, in the capital region.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-03-16 |title=TS goes the extra mile to attract investors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/ts-goes-the-extra-mile-to-attract-investors/article8358966.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409070326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/ts-goes-the-extra-mile-to-attract-investors/article8358966.ece |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2016-09-11 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Rao aimed at revitalising Hyderabad and boosting the state's economy by launching the ''Happening Hyderabad'' initiative for 52 events across 52 weeks a year. The concept encourages the hosting of various events in the city, from music and dance programs to food and art events. with the Telangana government supporting event organizers financially or through branding, a first for any state government in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulshrestha |first1=Ashish |date=2016-03-02 |title=Telangana to host global events in major turnaround |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telangana-to-host-global-events-in-major-turnaround/articleshow/51220340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308203938/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telangana-to-host-global-events-in-major-turnaround/articleshow/51220340.cms |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-09-11 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Rao replied to a query in the State Assembly in March 2016 that 74 per cent of the [[Hyderabad Metro|Hyderabad Metro Rail]] project was completed. He informed members of the House that the metro line had been laid to an extent of 43 km in a short span of time and claimed that it is a world record for the world's biggest metro project in public private partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=74% of Hyderabad metro project completed: Minister |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/74-of-hyderabad-metro-project-completed-minister-129733.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027225445/https://www.thestatesman.com/business/74-of-hyderabad-metro-project-completed-minister-129733.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2020-11-27 |website=The Statesman}}</ref>

In March 2016, Rao announced that the long-pending Charminar Pedestrianisation Project (CPP) in [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] area of Hyderabad would be completed by August, and it would be opened to public.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=2016-03-18 |title=Charminar Pedestrianisation Project Works to be Expedited, Says KTR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Mar/18/charminar-pedestrianisation-project-works-to-be-expedited-says-ktr-912951.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075119/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/mar/18/Charminar-Pedestrianisation-Project-Works-to-be-Expedited-Says-KTR-912951.html |archive-date=2018-07-06 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Rao laid the foundation stone for the IMAGE (Innovation in Multimedia, Animation, Gaming and Entertainment) Tower at Hyderabad Knowledge City, [[Raidurg]]am on 5 November 2017. The tower was launched as a centre of excellence with state-of-the-art facilities for animation, visual effects, gaming and comics sectors in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-04 |title=KTR to lay foundation for IMAGE multimedia tower in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-lay-foundation-world-class-multimedia-tower |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055251/https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-lay-foundation-world-class-multimedia-tower |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-11-06 |work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

In December 2024, case was registered against KTR in connection with alleged mismanagement of funds and payments made in bringing the Formula E car racing event to Hyderabad in February 2023, when KTR was the state’s minister for MAUD.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Case filed against KTR over Rs 45-crore payment to hold Formula E race in Hyderabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ktr-bsr-case-45-crore-payment-formula-e-race-9734444/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-19 |title=Rs 55 crore: KTR booked as prime accused in Formula E case in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/acb-booked-ktr-as-prime-accused-in-formula-e-rs-55-crore-illegal-diversion/articleshow/116474155.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
*Inspirational Icon Of The Year - For Politics, by [[News18]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-12-22 |title=Inspirational Icon Of The Year - For Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/the-audi-ritz-icon-awards-2015-dazzle-bengaluru-1179758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427092343/http://www.news18.com/news/politics/the-audi-ritz-icon-awards-2015-dazzle-bengaluru-1179758.html |archive-date=2016-04-27 |access-date=2016-06-23 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
*Ritz Magazine Skoch Challenger of the Year 2015 <ref>{{cite web |title=Skoch Awards for KTR, Venkaiah |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Skoch-Awards-for-KTR-Venkaiah/2016/03/03/article3307428.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094135/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Skoch-Awards-for-KTR-Venkaiah/2016/03/03/article3307428.ece |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-06-23 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=}}</ref>
*IT Minister of the year 2017 by Skoch.<ref>{{cite web|title=2017: Best IT Minister of the Nation by Skoch Awards for KTR|url=https://www.telanganastateofficial.com/ktr-best-it-minister-country-skoch-award-2017/|publisher=TSO|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210063708/https://www.telanganastateofficial.com/ktr-best-it-minister-country-skoch-award-2017/|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

===Telangana Legislative Assembly===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| 89,244
| 47.28
| rowspan="2"|Kondam Karuna Mahender Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 59,557
| 31.56
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 29,687
| 15.72
|-
! [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=4}}
| 125,213
| 70.89
| 36,204
| 20.50
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 89,009
| 50.39
|-
! [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 92,135
| 58.36
| rowspan="2"|Konduru Ravinder Rao
| 39,131
| 24.79
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 53,004
| 33.57
|-
! [[List of by-elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|2010]]
| [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla ''(by-election)'']]
| 87,876
| 66.05
| 19,757
| 14.77
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 68,119
| 32.48
|-
! [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
| 36,783
| 26.9
| Kondam Karuna Mahender Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| 36,612
| 26.8
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 171
| 0.1
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cabinet of K Chandrashekar Rao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. T. Rama}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Baruch College alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

King Chandrasena

2026-02-13T03:15:03Z

Jatta Goswami: Stub...

{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}{{Short description|King of Haihayas kingdom}}
'''Raja Chandrasena''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: चन्द्रसेन; also known as Soma Raja or सोमराज) was a king of an ancient [[Haihayas]] dynasty who ruled the [[Ujjain]] kingdom. Chandrasena was the descendent of [[Kartavirya Arjuna|Kartavirya Arjuna]], king of the Haihayas and a devotee of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu Social Club |first=Poona |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnographicalno00chanrich |title=Ethnographical notes on Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu |last2=Gupte |first2=T. V. |date=1904 |publisher=Poona |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple: What Makes This Shiva Linga So Powerful? |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/mahashivratri/shiva/mahakaleshwar-jyotirlinga-temple/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Mahakaleshwar temple ==
{{Main|Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga}}
[[File:Mahakaleshwar ujjain.jpg|thumb|Mahakaleshwar Ujjain]]
According to legend, Chandrasena ruled Ujjain and was a devotee of Shiva, who appeared in his Mahakal form and destroyed the enemies of the king. Upon the request of his devotees, Shiva agreed to reside in the city and become its chief deity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Mahakal temple in Ujjain: Why it holds special significance in Hinduism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/mahakal-temple-in-ujjain-why-it-holds-special-significance-in-hinduism-8202228/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Chandrasena was an intellectual and a dedicated follower of Shiva. One day, his friend Maheswari's disciple Manibahdra gifted him a stunning gemstone known as Sundara Chintamani. It glimmered so brightly and beautifully when Chandrasena wore it around his neck that he appeared more magnificent than the divine gods. On one occasion, several kings approached Chandrasena, requesting that he relinquish the gem, but he declined their request. This infuriated the kings, prompting them to attack Chandrasena's realm. Upon realizing that he was encircled by the adversaries, Chandrasena sought the assistance of Mahakal. Shiva was gratified by his prayers and presented him with a solution.

An uneducated boy once spotted the king conducting Puja at the stone and placed it in his vacant home. He believed it to be a manifestation of Shiva and began to venerate it. The boy became so absorbed in prayers and chants that he completely forgot about food. When his mother came to summon him, no amount of calling affected him. He was engaged in silent prayer. Incensed by this, the mother, who was still tethered by worldly affection, discarded the Siva Linga. She eliminated all items of worship. The boy felt profound over his mother's actions. He devoted himself entirely to praying to Shiva, and Shiva came to his aid.

This stone [[Lingam|Siva Linga]], brought by the son of a cowherd, quickly became adorned with jewels and transformed into a [[Jyotirlinga]]. After singing praises to Shiva, when the boy returned home, he was astonished to discover a magnificent palatial dwelling in its place. Thus, due to the blessings of Shiva, the boy became wealthy and lived a joyful life.

Meanwhile, the enemy kings who had attacked Chandrasena's empire began to quarrel among themselves. They started proclaiming that King Chandrasena is a devotee of Siva and that Ujjain itself is the city of Mahakal. Therefore, it was deemed impossible for anyone to conquer it. They then chose to extend an olive branch to Chandrasena, and together they all worshipped Mahakal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple: What Makes This Shiva Linga So Powerful? |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/mahashivratri/shiva/mahakaleshwar-jyotirlinga-temple/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Kaleshwar jyothirlinga |url=http://sstourstravels25in.cluster2.hostgator.co.in/maha-kaleshwar-jyothirlinga |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=sstourstravels25in.cluster2.hostgator.co.in}}</ref>

== Descendants ==
The descendants of Raja Chandrasen were called Chandrasena Kayasthas. They successfully ruled Kashmir for a long period. They were later known as [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|Chandraseniya Kayasths]], and their subjects addressed them as ''prabhu'' (master) with love and respect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-04 |title=Why Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu |url=https://www.ckp.in/world/why-chandraseniya-kayastha-prabhu/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=CKP World |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=February 2026}}
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Kings]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Ujjain]]

Moloy Roy

2026-02-08T17:51:25Z

Jatta Goswami: Made entry...

{{Short description|Indian bodybuilder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moloy Roy মলয় রায়
| image = Moloy Roy MA01.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Body Builder]]
| spouse =
| parents = [[Monotosh Roy]] (father)
| children = 1
}}

'''Moloy Roy''' ({{langx|bn|মলয় রায়}}) is an Indian bodybuilder, a recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]], and a winner (several times) of both the Mr. India and the Mr. Asia titles. He has also acted in Indian films.

== Early life ==
Moloy Roy was born into a family of bodybuilders. His father [[Monotosh Roy]] was not only a well-known bodybuilder in his time, but the first Asian (and thus, of course, the first Indian) to hold the [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]] title,<ref name="ibbf">{{cite web |url=http://worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |title=Monotosh Roy: The first Asian to be crowned Mr. Universe (1917 - 2005) |work=Mr. Universe 2011 |publisher=Indian Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210118/http://www.worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which he won in the Group III Amateur Division in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ব্যায়ামে বাঙালী |language=bn |trans-title=Byame Bangali |last=Ghosh |first=Anil Chandra |orig-year=1927 |date=February 2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-04-6 |pages=55–56}}</ref><ref name="ie03072005">{{cite news |title=The Indian Atlas |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/73754/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="sandow">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |title=Monotosh Roy |work=Sandow and the Golden Age of Iron Men: The Online Physical Culture Museum |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021227004108/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |archive-date=27 December 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Roy started exercising at an early age, inspired by his father; many other bodybuilders visited his house regularly, including his father's mentor [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh]], and their encouragement helped him as well.

== Career ==
Roy was a successful bodybuilder, and won several titles and awards in his career. He won the Mr. India title eight times, and Mr. Asia three times.

He also acted in Indian films, notably Satyajit Ray's [[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]], where he performed as the bodybuilder "Gunamoy Bagchi".<ref name="Roy1">{{cite web |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/eisamaygold/people/moloy-roy-body-builder-role-in-joy-baba-felunath/story/76214268.cms |title=আমাকে বোধহয় কেউ মনে রাখেনি'|work=radiobanglanet|date=23 June 2020 |publisher=Radio Bangla Net |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

In addition, over his working life he held a variety of day jobs, ranging from a position in the Income tax department to work at [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]].

== Later life ==
Roy has a daughter. His wife died in 2000.<ref name="Roy">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9LaPScGlDM |title=Malay Roy:সত্যজিতের 'মাইকেল অ্যাঞ্জেলো' মলয় রায়|work=TV9 Bangla |date=5 May 2021 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

He continues to take care of the multi-gym near their house, which his father [[Monotosh Roy]] set up in 1998.<ref name="ie03072005"/> At the age of 74 (as of 2021), he exercises there daily.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Moloy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Balbir Singh (Haryana politician)

2026-01-25T10:55:46Z

Jatta Goswami: Done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balbir Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Israna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Israna]]
| term_start = 25 October 2019
| term_end = 8 October 2024
| predecessor = [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
| successor = [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3827-haryana-2014/ |title=Haryana 2014 - Haryana - |website=Election Commission of India |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|3|5}}<ref name=Haryanaassembly>{{cite web |url=http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=49117 |title=MLA Details |website=haryanaassembly.gov.in |date=17 July 2018 |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Chandgi Ram<ref name=Haryanaassembly/>
| relatives =
| education = [[Matriculation]]<ref name=Haryanaassembly/>
| website =
|spouse = Geetha Rani
|children= 1 Son, 4 Daughters
}}

'''Balbir Balmiki Singh''' (born 5 March 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]] State.<ref name=":0">https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/in-israna-constituency-bjps-krishan-lal-panwar-faces-congress-balbir-balmiki-for-fourth-time/</ref> He was an MLA from [[Israna Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community. Representing [[Indian National Congress]] he won the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Israna Election Results 2019 Live Updates (इसराना): Balbir Singh of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/israna-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359155.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated again to contest from this seat in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 Haryana election]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=Vinesh Phogat, 28 sitting MLAs in Cong's first 'safe' list of 32 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/vinesh-phogat-28-sitting-mlas-in-congs-first-safe-list-of-32/articleshow/113149253.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> but lost this time.

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Israna]], [[Panipat district]], Haryana. His father Chandi Ram is a farm labourer. He completed Class 12 and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balbir Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- ISRANA (SC)(PANIPAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://www.myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7680 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Israna Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 61,376 votes and defeated his nearest rival and former minister, [[Krishan Lal Panwar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 20,015 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Israna (SC) (Haryana) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/israna-sc-haryana-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6073669/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Israna Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Israna Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/haryana-election/israna-assembly-election-result-2019-26.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was defeated by Panwar in 2024 by 13,895 votes.

{{update after|2024|10}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Balbir}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Panipat district]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Balumamachya Navan Changbhala

2026-01-25T07:49:16Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Short description|Indian Marathi mythological series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Balumama Chya Navan Chang Bhala.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = Santosh Ayachit
| screenplay =
| teleplay =
| story =
| director = Nishant Surve
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| open_theme = "Balumamachya Navan Changbhala" by Saurabh Salunke
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_series =
| num_episodes = 1848
| num_specials =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Darshana Ayachit
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Sajiri Creations
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2018|08|13}}
| released =
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2024|07|28}}
| related =
}}

'''''Balumamachya Navan Changbhala''''' ({{translation|Good in the name of Balumama}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series airing on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show Balumamachya Navan Changbhala all set for a new twist - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-show-balumamchya-navana-changbhala-all-set-for-a-new-twist/articleshow/69338437.cms|access-date=2019-05-15|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show premiered from 13 August 2018 by replacing ''[[Tu Majha Saangaati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बाळूमामाच्या नावानं चांगभलं: विजयादशमीच्या शुभमुहूर्तावर सुरू होणार बाळूमामांच्या दैवी सामर्थ्याचा नवा अध्याय|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/balumamanchya-navan-changbhala-serial-balumama-started-new-journey-of-life-129016467.html|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It stars Sumeet Pusavale in title role.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Balumamachya Navan Changbhala, a new historical show to start soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/balumamachya-navana-changbhala-a-new-historical-show-to-start-soon/articleshow/65335504.cms|access-date=2018-08-09|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Saint "[[Balumama]]" was born in Akkol, [[Belgaum district]], into the [[Dhangar]] community. He has followers from [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Telangana]]. He would take care of his sheep. His sheep are recognized to be very sacred and auspicious. Balumama is believed to be one of Lord Mahadev's incarnations and he devoted his existence to help needy people.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daily soap Pavada Purusha to feature a new twist - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-pavada-purusha-to-feature-a-new-twist/articleshow/93523361.cms|access-date=2022-08-12|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Prakash Dhotre as Elder [[Balumama]]
** Sumeet Pusavale as Young [[Balumama]]
*** Samarth Patil as Child [[Balumama]]

=== Recurring ===
* Rohit Deshmukh as Mayappa, Balumama's father
* Ankita Panvelkar as Sundara, Balumama's mother
* Mayur Khandage as Panch
* Advait Kulkarni as Small Gundappa
** Akshay Dandekar as Young Gundappa
* Sajari Ayachit as Small Satyavva
** Komal More as Young Satyavva
* Akshay Tak as Tatya
* Chaitrali Rode as Tatya's wife
* Ashok Kangude as Manglu
* Vaibhav Rajendra as Bheema
* Meenakshi Rathod as Panch Bai
* Sanjana Kale as Narmada
* Bhagyashree Pawar as Lagamwa
* Bhausaheb Sonawane as Kaasha
* Sonali Salunke as Shanta
* Babasaheb Gaikwad as Raghu
* Ashish Wadde as Shejari Nigpaa
* Purshottam Wagh as Kariappa
* Prathamesh Jadhav as Mr. Patil
* Vijay Shejwal as Keshav Vaidya
* Namrata Sumiraj as Yamuna
* Vikram Gaikwad as Patil
* Akshay Dandekar as Gundappa
* Yashwant Suryavanshi as Balya
* Pratibha Vale as Nigpaa's mother-in-law
* Pallavi Patil as Shejarin Sakhu
* Amruta Uttarwar as Sakhutai
* Meghana Hoshing as Usha
* Mayur More as Sarkar Inamdar
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] as Akka

== Reception ==
It gained fifth position in Week 28 of 2019 with 3.4 TRP in Top 5 Marathi TV Shows.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko tops the TRP charts; Balumama in top 5 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mazhya-navryachi-bayko-tops-the-trp-charts-balumama-in-top-5/articleshow/70292138.cms|access-date=2019-07-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Special episode (2 hours) ===
* 31 March 2019 (Balu helps Malappa)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor Sumeet Pusavale shares his happiness as balumamachya Navana Changbhala completes 1200 episodes, says, "May balumama's blessings always be there" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-sumeet-pusavale-shares-his-happiness-as-balumamachya-navana-changbhala-completes-1200-episodes-says-may-balumamas-blessings-always-be-there/articleshow/93815632.cms|access-date=2022-08-27|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13868474}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/balumama-chya-navan-chang-bhala/1971002087 ''Balumamachya Navan Changbhala''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case

2026-01-21T06:47:26Z

Jatta Goswami: Made post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Hunt - The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|*[[Crime film|Crime]]
*[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Ninety Days: The True Story of the Hunt for Rajiv Gandhi's Assassins''|Anirudhya Mitra}}
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Rohit G. Banawlikar Nagesh Kukunoor Sriram Rajan
| story =
| director = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Amit Sial]]
*[[Sahil Vaid]]
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]]
*[[Girish Sharma]]
}}
| narrator =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi,Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Moiz Tarwadi
| music = [[Tapas Relia]]
| producer = Nagesh Kukunoor [[Sameer Nair]]
| cinematography = Sangram Giri
| editor = Farooq Hundekar
| screenplay =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] Kukunoor Movies
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| network2 =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|07|04}}
| first_aired2 =
| last_aired2 =
}}

'''''The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[web series]] streaming on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=You think you know Rajiv Gandhi assassination story, but you don’t: Nagesh Kukunoor on ‘The Hunt’|url=https://theprint.in/feature/the-hunt-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-nagesh-kukunoor/2677308/|access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Print|language=en}}</ref> It is directed by [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] and produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] and
Kukunoor Movies .<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case’ trailer: Amit Sial leads investigation around infamous suicide bombing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-trailer-amit-sial-leads-investigation-around-infamous-suicide-bombing/article69711989.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-07-02 |title=The Hunt - Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case out on OTT: Where to stream Amit Sial's political thriller online|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-hunt-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-amit-sial-political-thriller-online/a929d83bde315|access-date=2025-07-02 |work=OTT Play |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It stars [[Amit Sial]], [[Sahil Vaid]], [[Bagavathi Perumal]] and [[Girish Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Sahil Vaid on returning to his roots in The Hunt: 'Have been dying to tell people I speak Tamil' Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/sahil-vaid-on-returning-to-his-roots-in-the-hunt-have-been-dying-to-tell-people-i-speak-tamil-exclusive/a61629459f920|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=OTT Play |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2025-07-05 |title=The Hunt - The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case actor Bagavathy Perumal: How well a supporting role is written is criteria to judge good writing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-actor-bagavathy-perumal-how-well-a-supporting-role-is-written-is-criteria-to-judge-good-writing/9a7c72cef8529|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=OTT Play |language=en}}</ref> and the was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title='The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case' to reach the audience this July|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-to-reach-the-audience-this-july/articleshow/121936553.cms|access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
It's based on the book "Ninety Days: The True Story of the Hunt for Rajiv Gandhi's Assassins" by Anirudhya Mitra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hunt trailer: Nagesh Kukunoor's series explores Rajiv Gandhi assassination case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-hunt-trailer-nagesh-kukunoor-series-explores-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-2742720-2025-06-18|date=2025-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case’: Amit Sial leads a complex crime drama|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-amit-sial-leads-a-complex-crime-drama-1503447119.html|date=2025-06-19|website=The Statesman|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show explores the events surrounding the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination of former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi]], who was killed on 21 May 1991 in a suicide bombing carried out by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) during an election rally in Tamil Nadu. The series follows the subsequent high-profile investigation led by a Special Investigation Team of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Through archival footage and firsthand interviews, the show delves into the planning of the attack, focusing on key figures like LTTE operative Sivarasan, while shedding light on the complex political dynamics between India and the LTTE. It provides a detailed and dramatic account of one of India's most significant and controversial assassination cases.

== Cast ==
*[[Amit Sial]] as [[D.R. Karthikeyan|D.R. Kaarthikeyan]]
*[[Sahil Vaid]] as Amit Verma
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]] as K Ragothaman
*[[Girish Sharma]] as [[Radha Vinod Raju|Radhavinod Raju]]
*[[Abhishek Shankar]] as [[Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan]]
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as [[Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar]]
*Danish Iqbal as [[Amod Kanth|Amod Kant]]
*Vidyut Gargi as [[Major Ravi|Capt. AK. Raveendran]]
*Shafeeq Mustafa as Sivarasan
*Anjana Balaji as Nalini
*Vivek R Venkatram as S.I. Muthusamy
*Gouri Padmakumar as Subha
*[[Sruthy Jayan]] as Dhanu
*Rajiv Kumar as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
*Akash Sahani as [[Reporter]]
*Saurabh Dubey as Vijay Karan
*Rama Rao Jadhav
*Sukanya Nagda
*Ajay Madhok
*Saurabh Dubey
*Apeksha Iyer
*Vishal Saxena as Lab expert
*Amol Deshmukh

== Release ==
It was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hunt: Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case Series to Stream on Sony LIV from July 4|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/the-hunt-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-series-to-stream-on-sony-liv-from-july-4-1886065|access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The official trailer was unveiled on 18 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=The Hunt--The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case trailer: Amit Sial heads the team investigating the former PM’s killing in political-thriller series|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jun/18/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-trailer-amit-sial-heads-the-team-investigating-the-former-pms-killing-in-political-thriller-series|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
==Reception==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Amit Sial-Sahil Vaid show is a welcome addition to shows looking back at recent times, which attempt to pin-point historical and political flashpoints in India with archival documentary footage."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhra|first=Gupta|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt – The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case review: Gripping series gives ringside view of CBI investigation, hews close to what happened|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-review-gripping-series-gives-ringside-view-of-cbi-investigation-hews-close-to-what-happened-10105938/|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "The series proves that a gripping narrative doesn’t require non-stop action to deliver edge-of-the-seat thrills."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy|first=Dhaval|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt - The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case Season 1 Review : A gripping procedural that unfolds with precision and pace|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-season-1/seasonreview/122178517.cms|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
Anurag Singh Bohra of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and commented that "The show is meant for all media professionals, academicians and those inquisitive about politically sensitive events. It also needs to be on the binge-watch list of individuals seeking the truth about India as concerned citizens."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohra|first=Anurag Singh|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt review: A bold, unflinching thriller digging deep into Rajiv Gandhi case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assasination-case-review-nagesh-kukunoor-amit-sial-2748982-2025-07-04|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "The overall feeling is of a job well done, despite the hiccups and the meddling. The motives behind the political double-dealing and Indian links to the storied separatist movement are left to other, more ambitious creators."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2025-07-04 |title=‘The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case’ review: A balancing act between fact and drama|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084086/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-review-a-balancing-act-between-fact-and-drama|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3/5 stars and writes in his review that "It’s also fitting that Kukunoor and his writers Sriram Rajan and Rohit Banawlikar opt for a streaming format to tell this bone-chilling story of a dark chapter in Indian history. But they don’t treat the subject as a documentary. It unfolds like a whodunnit. We have been told how it happened."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur|first=Vinamra|date=2025-07-04 |title='The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case' web-series review: Nagesh Kukunoor's take on one of India's darkest chapters scores with its restrained telling|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-web-series-review-nagesh-kukunoors-take-on-one-of-indias-darkest-chapters-scores-with-its-restrained-telling-13902884.html|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' praise the series and said that "It’s never easy to tell a story that doesn't have the luxury of twists and revelations. Most of us know how it ended, but The Hunt does a solid job of jogging through the timeline with the rigour of a seasoned journalist. The film-making replicates the no-nonsense spirit of its source material: more a true-crime procedural than a fiery op-ed. To understand what the show does right, it’s important to recognise the pitfalls it avoids."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai|first=Rahul|date=2025-07-04 |title='The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination' Series Review: Welcome Back, Nagesh Kukunoor|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-web-series-review-nagesh-kukunoors-take-on-one-of-indias-darkest-chapters-scores-with-its-restrained-telling-13902884.html|access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>

Syes Firdaus Ashraf of ''[[rediff.com]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "You are hooked from the first episode."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf|first=Syed Firdaus|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt Review: A MUST WATCH!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-hunt-review/20250704.htm|access-date=2025-07-05|website=rediff.com|language=en}}</ref>
Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said that "Almost 35 years after the death of former PM Rajiv Gandhi, the seven-episode SonyLiv series based on Anirudhya Mitra’s book and directed by Nagesh Kukunoor makes a gripping watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam|first=Lakshmi|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt review: A bold, gripping series on Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination, with not one tiring moment for the audience|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/07/04/the-hunt-review-a-bold-gripping-series-on-rajiv-gandhi-s-assassination-with-not-one-tiring-moment-for-the-audience.html|access-date=2025-07-05|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
Subhash K Jha of ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and commented that "The Hunt knows which side it is on, but gives us the room to decide where we want to be, not only while watching the series but in the larger picture."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha|first=Subhash K|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt-The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case Review: Much More Than A Series|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/the-hunt-the-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-review-much-more-than-a-series/599690/|access-date=2025-07-05|website=News 24|language=en}}</ref>
Shreyas Pande of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said that "The Hunt is at once a textbook investigative thriller and a rarity. It embraces a style that is deeply humbling, returning to the bare necessities of storytelling, and adopts a gaze that is both revelatory and inquisitive."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande|first=Shreyas|date=2025-07-04 |title=The Hunt—The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case Review: A poised Amit Sial leads a riveting investigation|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Jul/04/the-huntthe-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-review-a-poised-amit-sial-leads-a-riveting-investigation|access-date=2025-07-05|website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt37365626|title=The Hunt - The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Bhateali

2026-01-20T06:29:05Z

Jatta Goswami: added info

{{Short description|Western Pahari language of northern India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bhateali
| nativename = भटियाली
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| speakers = 15,347 ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]])
| date =
| ref = <ref name=":0" />
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| iso3 = bht
| glotto = bhat1263
| glottorefname = Bhattiyali
| image = Bhateali.svg
| script = [[Takri script|Takri]], [[Devanagari]]
| imagecaption = The word "Bhateali" written in Devanagari script
}}

'''Bhateali''', or '''Bhattiyali''', is a [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari language]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northern India. It Is spoken majorily in the [[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat division]] of [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]] as well as [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur division]] of [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and hilly parts of [[Pathankot district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The 2011 Indian Census counted ''15,347'' speakers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Himachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731143754/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205 |archive-date=2022-07-31 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> of which 15,107 were found in [[Chamba district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=2011 Census District level statistics|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref>

Bhateali has sometimes been counted as a dialect of either [[Kangri language|Kangri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verbeke|first=Saartje|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=bhattiyali+dialect&pg=PA163|title=Argument structure in Kashmiri: Form and Function of Pronominal Suffixation|date=2017-11-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-34678-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=bhatiyali++Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref> It is listed under Western Pahari languages group.

It was historically written using the [[Takri script]].

== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}, {{IPA link|ʏ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}, {{IPA link|yː}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|æː}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
| colspan=2|
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|p}}⠀{{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}⠀{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}⠀{{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}⠀{{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}⠀{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{IPA link|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l̪|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r̪|r}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)

2025-12-15T13:01:52Z

Jatta Goswami: Made place

{{short description|Former women's cricket club in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Velocity
| image = Velocity (WT20C) Logo.png
| colours = {{color box|#4B0082}} [[Purple]]
| coach = [[Devika Palshikar]]
| captain = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| ground =
| title1 = {{nowrap|[[Women's T20 Challenge|T20 Challenge]]}}
| title1wins = 0
| h_pattern_la =
| h_pattern_b =
| h_pattern_ra =
| h_pattern_pants =
| h_leftarm = 4B0082
| h_body = 4B0082
| h_rightarm = 4B0082
| h_pants = 9400D3
| h_title = T20
}}

'''Velocity''' were an Indian women's [[cricket]] team. They were founded in 2019 to compete in the [[Women's T20 Challenge]], which they played in until the tournament concluded in 2022. They reached the final of the competition twice, in 2019 and 2022, but lost on both occasions.

==History==
===2019===
Velocity were founded in [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|2019]] as part of the expansion of the [[Women's T20 Challenge]], which had started in [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-challenge-a-step-towards-an-ipl-for-harmanpreet-mandhana-and-co-1183353|title=Women's T20 Challenge a step towards an IPL for Harmanpreet, Mandhana and Co|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ashes-2025-26-pat-cummins-nathan-lyon-likely-return-adelaide-but-what-about-usman-khawaja-1514917|url-status=live}}</ref> They were captained by [[Mithali Raj]] and included overseas players [[Hayley Matthews]], [[Danni Wyatt]] and [[Amelia Kerr]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/179295/bcci-announces-teams-for-women-s-t20-challenge|title=TEAMS FOR WOMEN’S T20 CHALLENGE|work=Indian Premier League|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426091431/https://www.iplt20.com/news/179295/bcci-announces-teams-for-women-s-t20-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref>

In their first match, Velocity beat [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]] by three wickets, with Wyatt top-scoring with 46 and [[Ekta Bisht]] and Amelia Kerr taking two wickets apiece.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/trailblazers-vs-velocity-2nd-match-1181894/full-scorecard|title=Trailblazers v Velocity, May 8 2019 Scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140503/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/trailblazers-vs-velocity-2nd-match-1181894/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> Velocity then lost to [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] in their second match by 12 runs, despite 43 from Wyatt and 40* from Mithali Raj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/supernovas-vs-velocity-3rd-match-1181895/full-scorecard|title=Velocity v Supernovas, May 8 2019 Scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140511/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/supernovas-vs-velocity-3rd-match-1181895/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>

Velocity still qualified for the final, finishing second on Net Run Rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/19201/season/2019/womens-t20-challenge|title=Women's T20 Challenge - Points Table|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508034837/http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/19201/season/2019/womens-t20-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref> They faced Supernovas once again, batting first and scoring 121/6, mainly thanks to a 71-run partnership between [[Sushma Verma]] (40*) and Amelia Kerr (36). A half-century from opposition captain [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] brought the Supernovas close, and Velocity were beaten off the final ball, which [[Radha Yadav]] hit to the boundary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-1181896/match-report|title=Harmanpreet Kaur 51 sets up Supernovas' last-ball win in final|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140511/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2019-1181892/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-1181896/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020===
The [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge]] was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], eventually getting underway in November.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly: Women's T20 Challenge during IPL 'very much on' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29581951/sourav-ganguly-women-t20-challenge-ipl-very-much-on |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 August 2020 |language=en |date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070206/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29581951/sourav-ganguly-women-t20-challenge-ipl-very-much-on |url-status=live }}</ref> Velocity beat Supernovas by five wickets with one ball to spare in their first game, with [[Sune Luus]] top-scoring with 37*, after Ekta Bisht took 3/22 with the ball. In their second match, however, against Trailblazers, Velocity collapsed to 47 all out, with opposition bowler [[Sophie Ecclestone]] taking 4/9, and lost by nine wickets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2020-21-1228311/velocity-vs-trailblazers-2nd-match-1235587/full-scorecard|title=Velocity v Trailblazers, November 5 2020 Scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140527/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2020-21-1228311/velocity-vs-trailblazers-2nd-match-1235587/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> The damage to their Net Run Rate meant Velocity failed to qualify for the final, finishing bottom of the group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/19201/season/2020/women's-t20-challenge|title=Women's T20 Challenge - Points Table|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

===2022===
The [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge]] took place in May 2022. [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] replaced Mithali Raj as captain of the side.<ref name="squad">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-t20-challenge-deepti-replaces-raj-as-velocity-captain-dunkley-cross-king-wolvaardt-among-overseas-stars-1315230|title=Women's T20 Challenge: Deepti replaces Raj as Velocity captain; Dunkley, Cross, King, Wolvaardt among overseas stars|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140536/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-t20-challenge-deepti-replaces-raj-as-velocity-captain-dunkley-cross-king-wolvaardt-among-overseas-stars-1315230|url-status=live}}</ref> Velocity beat Supernovas in their first match of the tournament, with [[Shafali Verma]] and [[Laura Wolvaardt]] scoring half-centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/supernovas-vs-velocity-2nd-match-1314904/full-scorecard|title=2nd Match (D/N), Pune, May 24 2022, Women's T20 Challenge: Supernovas v Velocity|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/supernovas-vs-velocity-2nd-match-1314904/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> They lost their second match, against Trailblazers, but managed to limit the damage to their Net Run Rate and qualify for the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/trailblazers-vs-velocity-3rd-match-1314905/match-report|title=Meghana, Rodrigues power Trailblazers to win, but Velocity in final with better NRR|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140537/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/trailblazers-vs-velocity-3rd-match-1314905/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> In the final, they faced Supernovas. Chasing 166 for victory, Velocity fell four runs short despite Wolvaardt's unbeaten 65*.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-1314906/match-report|title=Dottin and Ecclestone bring the crown home for Supernovas|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208140545/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-1314906/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2022 season proved to be the final edition of the Women's T20 Challenge, with the tournament being replaced by the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] from the 2023 season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121647/bcci-proposes-six-team-womens-ipl-from-next-year|title=BCCI proposes six-team women's IPL from next year|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313152442/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121647/bcci-proposes-six-team-womens-ipl-from-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Players==
Final squad, 2022 season.<ref name="squad"/>
* No. denotes the player's squad number, as worn on the back of their shirt.
* {{double-dagger}} denotes players with international caps.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|-
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | No.
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Name
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Nationality
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Birth date
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Batting style
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Bowling style
!style="background:#4B0082; color:white" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" | Batters
|-
|style="text-align:center"|17|| [[Shafali Verma]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|2004|1|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off break]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Natthakan Chantam]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|Thailand}} || {{Birth date and age|1996|1|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas player
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Kiran Navgire || {{crw|India}} || Unknown || Right-handed || Unknown ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Shivali Shinde || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1996|6|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Laura Wolvaardt]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|South Africa}} || {{Birth date and age|1999|4|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas player
|-
! colspan="7" | All-rounders
|-
|style="text-align:center"|6|| [[Deepti Sharma]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1997|8|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off break]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1994|2|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Club captain]]
|-
! colspan="7" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Yastika Bhatia]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|2000|11|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Bowlers
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Simran Bahadur]] || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1999|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Pranavi Chandra || {{crw|India}} || Unknown || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Kate Cross]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|England}} || {{Birth date and age|1991|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas player
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Keerthi James || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1997|1|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off break]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Aarti Kedar || {{crw|India}} || Unknown || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–||[[Ayabonga Khaka]] {{double-dagger}}|| {{crw|South Africa}} || {{Birth date and age|1992|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas player
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| Maya Sonawane || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|1999|3|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin|leg break]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"|–|| [[Radha Yadav]] {{double-dagger}} || {{crw|India}} || {{Birth date and age|2000|4|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|}

===Overseas players===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{criconw|NZL}} [[Amelia Kerr]] (2019)
* {{criconw|WIN}} [[Hayley Matthews]] (2019)
* {{criconw|ENG}} [[Danni Wyatt]] (2019–2020)
* {{criconw|BAN}} [[Jahanara Alam]] (2019–2020)
* {{criconw|NZL}} [[Leigh Kasperek]] (2020)
* {{criconw|RSA}} [[Suné Luus]] (2020)
* {{criconw|THA}} [[Natthakan Chantam]] (2022)
* {{criconw|ENG}} [[Kate Cross]] (2022)
* {{criconw|RSA}} [[Ayabonga Khaka]] (2022)
* {{criconw|RSA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]] (2022)
}}

==Seasons==
===Women's T20 Challenge===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Final standing
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! P !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! Pts !! NRR !! Pos
|-
! [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|2019]]
| style="background:#dddddd;"| {{sort|1|Runners-up}}
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || +0.045 || 2nd
|| Lost to [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)]] in the final
|-
! [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|2020]]
| {{sort|2|Group stage}}
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || −1.869 || 3rd ||
|-
! [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|2022]]
| style="background:#dddddd;"| {{sort|1|Runners-up}}
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 || −0.022 || 2nd
|| Lost to [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)]] in the final
|}

==Statistics==
===Women's T20 Challenge===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:25%;"
|+ Women's T20 Challenge – summary of results<ref name="Women's T20 Challenge Records">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/1228311.html?view=records|title=Women's T20 Challenge Records|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145907/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/1228311.html?view=records|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Played !! Wins !! Losses !! Tied !! NR !! Win %
|-
! [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|2019]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|-
! [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|2020]]
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
! [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|2022]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|-
! Total
| '''8''' || '''3''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''37.50'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Women's T20 Challenge – teamwise result summary<ref name="Women's T20 Challenge Records"/>
|-
! Opposition !! Mat !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! NR !! Win %
|-
| [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)]] || 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 40.00
|-
| [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)]] || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's T20 Challenge}}

[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2019]]
[[Category:Women's T20 Challenge teams]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs disestablished in 2022]]

Slama Carol

2025-11-15T12:11:43Z

Jatta Goswami: quick update

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The '''Slama Carol''' or '''Slama Kali''' (literally "Play of peace") is a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] traditional musical artform that originated in the coastal areas of [[Alappuzha]] and [[Cochin]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="indiavideo">[http://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/folk-art-forms/slama-carol-musical-dance-8587.php Slama Carol - a musical dance related to resurrection of Christ]</ref><ref name="Valiyaveettil">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=JgOZm4vV4iw Fr. V.P. Joseph Valiyaveettil on Slama Carol]</ref>

==Etymology==
Slama ({{langx|ml|ശ്‌ലാമ}}, {{langx|syr|ܫܠܡ}}) means peace in [[Aramaic language]].<ref name="glosbe">[https://glosbe.com/syc/en/%DC%AB%DC%A0%DC%A1%DC%90 Classical Syriac-English Dictionary]</ref> Kali ({{langx|ml|കളി}}) means a [[Play (theatre)|play]] or [[drama]].

==Theme==
The [[resurrection of Jesus]] is the central theme of this artform. It uses colourful costumes for Characters of such as [[Jesus]], [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]], [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]], etc. In this musical dance, happiness is the predominant emotion.<ref name="indiavideo"/><ref name="Valiyaveettil"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Christian folklore]]
[[Category:Performing arts in Kerala]]

{{India-stub}}
{{Christian-music-stub}}

Akshaykumar Patel

2025-11-07T03:06:13Z

Jatta Goswami: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Akshay kumar Ishwarbhai Patel''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akshaykumar Ishvarbhai Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KARJAN(VADODARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6007 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Karjan Assembly constituency in [[Vadodara district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Karjan]], Vadodara district, Gujarat. He is the son of Ishwarbhai Shantilal Patel. He completed his B.Sc. in 1989 at the Navsari Agricultural University, [[Navsari]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Karjan Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,748 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Priteshkumar Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 26,306 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06147.htm?ac=147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131162037/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06147.htm?ac=147 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Karjan Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate AKSHAYKUMAR ISHVARBHAI PATEL wins from Karjan , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/karjan-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568299 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first as a Congress candidate winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 3,564 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karjan Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Karjan constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/karjan-147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203040754/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/karjan-147 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He shifted to the BJP and retained the seat in the bye election held in 2020. He won for the third time in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]]. Earlier, he lost the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] to Satishbhai Motibhai Patel of the BJP by a margin of 3,489 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karjan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Akshaykumar Ishvarbhai Patel Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/karjan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6559963.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Akshaykumar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]

Bankapura

2025-10-30T17:15:46Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankapura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.9167|N|75.2667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 578
| population_total = 20264
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 2533
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]Bankapura
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 581 202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08378
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|bankapurtown.mrc.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bankapura''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Haveri district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is in [[Shiggaon]] taluk, is just 2.5 km from the [[Pune]]-[[Bangalore]] national highway NH-4, 22 km from [[Haveri]] town. Bankapura is about 45 km from [[Hubli-Dharwad]]. An historical site, Bankapura is famous for the ''[[Nagareshvara Temple, Bankapura|Nagareshwara temple]], Bankapura fort, The [[Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary]]''. [[Baada, Shiggaon|Baada]], the birthplace of [[Kanakadasa]] is near to Bankapura.

==History==
[[File:Nagaresvara Temple oldKannada inscription.JPG|thumb|left|''Old [[Kannada]]'' inscription (late 11th - early 12th century) at ''Nagaresvara Temple in Bankapura'', [[Karnataka]]]]
Under the ''[[Chalukyas]]'', many temples were built here, but during an invasion by [[Ali Adil Shah I]], the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Bijapur Sultanate|Sultan of Bijapur]] in about 1565 most of the temples were destroyed. A fort, now in ruins, at Bankapura houses the Ranganatha Nagareshwara temple, which has ''66 pillars carved out of grey stone''. There is also a mosque in the fort. The place is of historical significance to [[Jain communities|Jains]]. Adipuran, a Jain religious text was composed here.
Bankapura fort (454 CE), was ruled by ''[[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] of [[Banavasi]], [[Gangas]], [[Cholas]], [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Hoysalas]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperors of Vijayanagara]], [[Turko-Persian]] [[Adil Shahi|Adilshahis]] of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan''.
During the 9th century, Bankapura was in the honour of ''Bankeyarasa'' (in 898 CE) who was a feudatory of the [[Rashtrakuta]] Emperor [[Amoghavarsha I]].
In the 11th century the [[Kadambas]] took over, followed by the [[Hoysalas]] ruler ''Vishnuvardhana''.

;Invasion by the Bahamnis
In the 16th century, the [[Turko-Persian]] Bahmanis invaded Bankapura and Mustapha Khan of Bijapur annexed the fortress after a pitched battle for more than a year. The Nawabs of Savanur and the Marathas ruled for a short duration before [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] took possession. Later, Bankapura was ceded to the British.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21250/F
|title=Many pillared wonder - Nagareshwara temple at Bankapura
|publisher=B V Prakash - Deccanherald
|access-date=2013-06-03
}}</ref>

;Inscriptions

In the Nagareshwara temple, at the entrance to the mukhamantapa, there are large clear inscriptions written in old Kannada.

{{See also|Mahapurana (Jainism)|Kadamba of Hangal#Coinage of Hangal Kadambas}}

It is known from history that the great poet of Kannada literature, Ranna, visited Bankapura to meet Ajithsenacharya, who became his teacher.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=637&cat=42 |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101180119/http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=637&cat=42 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bankapura Fort==

Inside the ruined Bankapura fort, conquered by the [[Turko-Persian]][[Bahamani]]s, there is a temple built by the [[Chalukyas]] known as ''Aravattaru Kambada Gudi''. Bankapura is an important historical place where many battles were fought by a succession of rulers. In spite of the vandalism the Nagareshwara temple remains ornate.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==Nagareshwar temple==
{{main|Nagareshvara Temple, Bankapur}}
[[File:Ornate porch entrance in Nagaresvara Temple at Bankapura.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Bankapur Nagaresvara Temple door panels]]
[[File:Bankapura Nagareswara temple 2.JPG|thumb|300px|right| Bankapura Nagareswara temple]]
[[File:Bankapura Nagareswara temple 1.JPG|thumb|300px|right| Bankapura Nagareswara temple]]

The impressive Bankapur fort area has the eye catching 66 pillared Nagareshwar temple (locals call it as ''Aravattu Kambada Gudi'' - means ''60 pillars temple'' in Kannada) was built (in a depression to conceal it from invaders) in the 11th century in Chalukya style (in a depression). There are many well carved pillars. The fort area comprises {{convert|139.10|acre|km2}} of land of, which {{convert|52.10|acre|m2|sing=on}} is reserved for the popularly known ''Mayura Vana'', the abode of the peacocks for three decades. As per the 16 inscriptions, has references to the history of this place, it was dedicated to Shiva. The temple also once it was a centre for study and research on Jainism. During rule of ''Mustafa Khan'' the temple, the back corners of the temple hall completely damaged including number of carvings in the exterior wall panels
but the pillars, the artistic carvings and the ceiling designs are intact.

==The peacock sanctuary==
{{Main|Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary}}
Bankapura is a conservation reserve for [[peafowl|peacocks]] by the [[Government of India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bankapura had a population of 20,264. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bankapur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bankapura}}
* [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=bankapura&aq=&sll=15.423793,75.431421&sspn=0.00726,0.012467&ie=UTF8&hq=bankapura&hnear=&ll=14.923243,75.252292&spn=0.009413,0.013754&t=h&z=16 Bankapura Fort on Google Maps]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Haveri district]]

Ripon Building

2025-10-28T00:54:13Z

Jatta Goswami:

{{Short description|Heritage building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ripon Building
| native_name_lang = Ripon Building
| alternate_names = Greater Chennai Corporation Headquarters
| image = Ripon_Building_aerial_view.jpg
| caption = The Ripon Building in [[Chennai]], India
| image_alt =
| map_type = India Chennai
| map_caption = Location of the Ripon Building in [[Chennai]], India
| building_type = [[Government Buildings]]
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| structural_system =
| cost = {{INR}}750,000 (in 1913)
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| current_tenants = Seat of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0817|80.2716|display=inline}}
| start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1909}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1913}}
}}
The '''Ripon Building''' is the seat and headquarters of the [[Chennai Corporation|Greater Chennai Corporation]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is an example of [[neoclassical architecture]], a combination of [[Ionic order|Ionic]] and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] styles. The Ripon Building is an all-white structure and is located near the [[Chennai Central railway station]].

==History==
Commissioned in 1909, the Ripon Building was designed by G.T.S. Harris. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Minto, Viceroy of India, on 11 December 1909.<ref>[https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/centenary-of-a-civic-landmark/ Centenary of a civic landmark // Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music]</ref> It was built by Loganatha Mudaliar, and took four years to build at a cost of {{INR}}750,000, including a sum of {{INR}}550,000 paid to Mudaliar.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The Ripon building was named after [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]], Governor-General of British India and the Father of local self-government. [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Earl of Minto]], the then Viceroy and Governor General of India laid the foundation on 12 December 1909.

The Municipal Corporation of Madras, after functioning from several other places including Errabalu Chetty Street, settled at Ripon building in 1913, with P. L. Moore as the President of the Municipal Corporation at the time of the inauguration. The inaugural function was attended by over 3,000 of the city's elites.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==Building details==
[[File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the Ripon Building]]
The building is rectangular, {{convert|85|m|ft}} long and {{convert|32|m|ft}} wide, with a {{convert|43|m|ft}} high central tower containing a clock {{convert|2.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{fact|date=May 2023}} The first of its three floors has approximately {{convert|2800|sqm|sqft|0|abbr=on}} of space.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The walls were constructed with stock bricks, set and plastered with lime mortar and the roof is supported with teak wood joists.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The original flooring of the ground floor was [[Cuddapah]] Slate that has been replaced with marble.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In 1913, one of the building's main attractions, the [[Westminster Quarters|Westminster Quarter]] chiming clock,{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} was installed by Oakes and Co. The clock has a mechanical key system, which must be wound daily. There are four bells, which were cast by [[Gillett & Johnston|Gillet and Johnston]] in 1913.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Annexe building==
To the rear of the main building is an annexe building ([[American English]]: "annex"), inaugurated in September 2015 under the name "Amma Maaligai".<ref>{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = 'Amma maaligai' to be inaugurated tomorrow
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 September 2015
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amma-maaligai-to-be-inaugurated-tomorrow/article7650016.ece
| access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref> All departments of the Chennai Corporation, except the offices of the Mayor and Commissioner, function from the annexe building. The offices of the Mayor and the Commissioner offices are in the main building. The annexe building was constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 230 million and has a built-up area of 150,000 sq. ft. and a parking space for 50 cars and 150 motorcycles. The building, built with aspects of a green building, could accommodate about 1,000 officials. The building also features a 500-seat auditorium, a 100-seat conference hall and 70 toilets with facilities for disabled people. The building has been able to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent by means of a water-cooled air-conditioning system and heat-reflective tiles on the roof. The building has been designed in a post-modern style, with some elements of traditional architecture. Some design elements would suit the colonial-style architecture of the Ripon Buildings.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = 'Amma Maaligai' emerges as hub
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 August 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/amma-maaligai-emerges-as-hub/article6268928.ece
| access-date = 9 Aug 2014}}</ref>

==Restoration==
In 2012, a massive renovation was initiated at a cost of {{INR}}77 million under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM), to preserve the building's original grandeur. Under this, an annexe building measuring 12,540 sq m will be constructed alongside the main structure to house all the departments of the corporation, and all structures in the premises that do not blend in with the main structure aesthetically will be demolished in June 2013 when the annexe building is completed.

The annex building, with an auditorium to seat 500 persons, will be built in a contemporary and post-modern style, highlighting with elements of regional architecture, to blend with the Indo-Saracenic style of the main building. The main building is also being renovated under the process with the use of lime mortar for plastering. It is the first heritage building in the country to have received funds from JNNURM for renovation.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = Eyesores on Ripon Buildings premises to go
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 January 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/eyesores-on-ripon-buildings-premises-to-go/article4288972.ece
| access-date = 9 Jan 2013}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Chennai corp.jpg|Entrance View
File:Ripon Building Chennai.JPG|Alternate view
File:Ripon building, Chennai 2.jpg|The Ripon Building under dark clouds
File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|The building's front façade
File:Ripon building (12232197345).jpg|The Ripon Building in 1990
File:Ripon Building panorama 2.jpg|A panoramic view of the Ripon Building
File:Ripon Building aerial view.jpg|Aerial view
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Ripon Building}}
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm The First Corporation - ''The Hindu'', 2 April 2003]
* [http://www.tourtravelworld.com/hot_spots/chennai/ripon_building/ Ripon Building - Chennai]

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Office buildings in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Municipal buildings in India]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1913]]
[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]

Surinder Kumar (academic)

2025-10-04T20:04:11Z

Jatta Goswami: Made bio!

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Surinder Kumar''' is an academic and entrepreneur. He was a professor and holder of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council's Industrial Chair in Telecommunications at the [[University of Saskatchewan]] from 1987 to 1997,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Surinder Kumar|url=http://www.vecima.com/board.php|work=Vecima Networks Inc.|access-date=17 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191146/http://www.vecima.com/board.php|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> President and chief executive officer of [[Vecima networks]].

From 1982 to 1987, Kumar was Vice President of Research for SED Systems where he was involved in the design of a variety of satellite earth stations. Prior to 1982, he worked with a government research laboratory in India. Dr Kumar received his Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical communication engineering in 1967 from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]], India and his Masters of Technology degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]], Kanpur, India in 1971. He received his PhD in Electronics Engineering from [[Carleton University]], [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada where he was a Commonwealth Scholar. Dr Kumar was named 1998 Entrepreneur of the Year for Western Canada and 2005 Entrepreneur of the Year for the Pacific Region in Information Technology.

Kumar is an expert in microwave engineering and has a number of patents and papers in this area. Kumar is listed in Who's Who in America (Marquis), Who's Who in Canada, Who's Who Amongst Business Executives. He conducts market and technical research in the microwave communications area and is heading the [[Vecima networks|Vecima Networks]] Microwave Research Laboratory in Victoria, British Columbia.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Surinder}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Carleton University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]

Nandipaku Venkataswamy

2025-09-20T15:45:57Z

Jatta Goswami: Made new stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
'''Nandipaku Venkataswamy''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who served as [[Member of 13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirteenth Lok Sabha State wise Details Andhra Pradesh |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Andhra+Pradesh&lsno=13 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> and [[State Vice President of Bharatiya Janta Party]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Thirteenth Lok Sabha Members Bio Profile Venkataswamy, Dr. Nandipaku |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=503&lastls=13 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He is the only winner of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=How the BJP is trying to make inroads into Andhra with the Tirupati bye-poll |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-bjp-trying-make-inroads-andhra-tirupati-bye-poll-146273 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dara |first=Gopi |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy meets party leaders on Tirupati bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jagan-meets-party-leaders-on-tirupati-bypoll/articleshow/79309516.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In [[1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]], he defeated [[Indian National Congress]] by a thin margin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Tirupati Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tirupati-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-party-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-6666911.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 5 June 1931 in [[Chittoor]] and married D. Savithri in 15 May 1963.<ref name=":0" /> He died in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-06 |title=బిజెపి మాజీ ఎంపి వెంకట స్వామి కన్నుమూత|url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/2012/02/06/andhrapradesh-bjp-ex-mp-venkataswamy-passes-away-aid0108.html|access-date=2024-11-26 |website=On India|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataswamy, Nandipaku}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Ananta Chaturdashi

2025-09-06T14:27:02Z

Jatta Goswami: Stub

{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Ananta Chaturdashi
| type = Hindu
| image = Bishnu.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Vishnu sheltered by Ananta at Parsurameswara Temple, Bhubaneswar
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s.
| longtype = Religious, [[Indian subcontinent]]
| date = *6 September 2025
*[[Bhadrapada]] [[Paksha|Shukla]] [[Chaturdashi]]
| scheduling = same day each year according to calendars
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = annual
| observances = Immersion of Ganesha idols, Wearing sacred thread ([[yajnopavita]]), Prayers, Religious rituals (see [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], [[prasada]])
}}
'''Ananta Chaturdashi''' ({{Langx|sa|अनंतचतुर्दशी|translit=Anantacaturdaśī}}) is a festival dedicated to [[Vishnu]], observed and celebrated by [[Hindu]]s. It is marked on the fourteenth day of the moon's waxing phase during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]]. According to the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', the [[Shesha|Ananta]] (Shesha; the divine serpent) manifestation of Vishnu is venerated on this occasion to free adherents from sins.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Monika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwtpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anantacaturda%C5%9B%C4%AB&pg=PT198 |title=Women and the Puranic Tradition in India |date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-82639-9 |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref>

Ananta Chaturdashi is also marked as the last day of the ten-day-long [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festival and is also called Ganesh Chaudas, when devotees bid adieu to the deity [[Ganesha]] by immersing (''visarjana'') his [[Murti|idols]] in water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&dq=anant+chaturdashi&pg=PA32 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=32–33 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==
{{Vaishnavism}}
A legend behind the Ananta Chaturdashi is found in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It recounts the story of a woman named Sushila, who encountered a group of women worshipping Ananta near a riverbank. They explained that the performance of this [[vrata]] (pious observance) would earn great [[Punya (Hinduism)|merit]] for the performer and offer them safety. The form of Ananta was made out of [[Kusha grass|darbha]] (sacred grass) and placed in a basket, whereby it was offered worship with scented flowers, oil lamp, incense sticks, and food they had prepared. Sushila joined the women in undertaking the ritual, whereupon a 14 knotted-sacramental thread was tied to her wrist. She then returned to join her husband, a sage called Kaundinya.<ref name=":0" />

The couple reached a town called Amaravati, whose residents welcomed them for their piety and offered them a spacious house. Kaundinya began to prosper and became very rich. One day, Kaundinya noticed the thread on Sushila's wrist. When he heard from her that the reason behind his wealth was her observance of the vrata, he was displeased and maintained that their wealth was not because of Ananta, but because of his own efforts. Saying hence, Kaundinya took the thread from Sushila's hand and threw it into the fire, despite her pleas.

Following this, misfortune fell upon them: they were reduced to extreme poverty, their neighbours turned away from them, and their house caught fire. The repentant Kaundinya understood that it was punishment for having dishonoured Ananta. He roamed from place to place, asking a number of creatures and lakes if they could tell him where he could find the deity, coming across a number of unusual sights. Finally, Ananta assumed the guise of an old [[Brahmin]] man and appeared before him, following which Kaundinya pleaded for forgiveness. After explaining the significance of the unusual sights Kaundinya had observed during his wanderings, Ananta forgave Kaundinya. He asked him to observe the Ananta Chaturdashi vow for fourteen years, promising him prosperity and an eternal abode in the stars after his demise. Thus, Kaundinya and Sushila observed the vow and led a happy life thereafter.<ref name=":1" />

==Jain religious observance==
{{see also|Jain rituals and festivals}}
This is an important day in the Jain calendar of festivities. Jains observe the Parv Paryushana in the last 10 days of the bhado month- Digambar Jains observe ten days of the Dus Lakshan Parv and Chaturdashi (also known as Ananta Chaudas) is the last day of Daslakshan Parv. [[Kshamavani]], the day the Jains ask for forgiveness for mistakes they have made intentionally or otherwise, is observed one day after Ananta Chaturdashi. This is the day when [[Vasupujya]], the 12th [[tirthankara]] of the present cosmic cycle, attained [[nirvana]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Hindu religious observance==

In parts of [[Nepal]], [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], the festival is closely linked to ''[[Kshira Sagara]]'' (Ocean of Milk) and [[Vishnu]]'s ''Anantarupa'' (form of Ananta). Fourteen ''tilakas'' (small vertical strips) of [[kumkum|kumkuma]] or [[sindoor]] (vermilion powder) are made on a wooden plank. Fourteen [[Puri (food)|''puris'']] (fried wheat bread) and 14 ''pua''s (deep fried sweet wheat bread) are placed on the vermilion strips. A bowl containing ''[[panchamrita]]'' (made of [[milk]], [[Curd (India)|curd]], [[jaggery]] or [[sugar]], [[honey]] and [[ghee]]) symbolizing the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]] is placed on this wooden plank. A thread with 14 knots, symbolizing the Anantarupa of [[Vishnu]], is wrapped on a cucumber and is swirled five times in the panchamrita. Later, this Ananta thread is tied on the right arm above the elbow by men. Women tie this on their left arm. This Ananta thread is removed after 14 days. In addition to the special rituals, devotees perform a fast (''upavasa'') on this day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
* [[Cultural depictions of elephants]]
* [[Durga Puja]]
* [[Mantrapushpanjali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ganesha}}
{{Hindu Festivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Jain festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant

2025-09-06T08:40:18Z

Jatta Goswami: Made a data...

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power station in Kayamkulam, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant
| name_official =
| image = File:NTPC Kayamkulam Floating Solar Power Plant.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of the NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant
| coordinates = {{coord|9|14|20|N|76|25|49|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = Choolatheruvu, [[Haripad]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]].
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: 22 MW March 2022 Unit 2: 35 MW May 2022 Unit 3: 35 MW June 2022
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]
| th_fuel_primary =
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 92 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''NTPC Haripad Floating Solar Power Plant''' is a floating [[photovoltaic power station]] in [[Haripad]], [[India]].

== History ==
The 92 MW floating solar power plant is constructed upon a number of reservoirs owned by the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]'s [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant]]. The last phase of the plant went online in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-07-30 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi launches floating solar power plant at NTPC-Haripad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/prime-minister-narendra-modi-launches-floating-solar-power-plant-at-ntpc-kayamkulam/article65702800.ece |access-date=2023-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=PM Modi to launch Haripad NTPC floating solar plant on Saturday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/30/pm-modi-to-launch-kayamkulam-ntpc-floating-solar-plant-on-saturday-2482095.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The plant supplies power to the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], utilizing the 22 0kV GIS substation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Uma |date=25 June 2022 |title=NTPC's 92 MW NTPC Haripad floating solar project now fully operational |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2022/06/25/ntpcs-92-mw-kayamkulam-floating-solar-project-now-fully-operational/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=PV Magazine}}</ref>

The implementation of the project costs {{INRConvert|465|c}}. About 2.16 lakh solar panels will be installed on floaters. There was a delay in completing the project, which was initially planned to be operational in 2021. The delay occurred due to issues in importing solar cells from China, causing a setback in the project timeline. The contractors involved are Tata Power Solar for 70 MW and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd for 22 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=Floating solar plant to generate power soon in Haripad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/13/floating-solar-plant-to-generate-power-soon-inkayamkulam-2429517.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Renewable energy power stations in India]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}
{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}

Krishna Hospital, Cuddalore

2025-08-15T22:52:19Z

Jatta Goswami: formatting fix

{{Short description|Hospital in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Krisha Hospital, Cuddalore''' is a [[hospital]] in [[Cuddalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. A division of the [[non-profit]] [[Krishna Hospital & Research Foundation]], it offers reasonable to free medical care to area residents from its main hospital and two rural health centers, depending on need. The hospital was founded by K. Krishnamurthy and Lakshmi Krishnamurthy in 1968. It provides services in a wide range of specialties, including [[pediatrics]], [[cardiology]], [[obstetrics]], [[neurology]], [[psychiatry]] and [[plastic surgery]]. In addition to [[inpatient]] services, it offers 24-hour [[emergency medicine|emergency medical care]] and a [[pharmacy]] and is equipped to provide a wide range of [[diagnostic test]]ing. The hospital also hosts a [[blood bank]]. It is affiliated with the [[Krishna Hospital School of Nursing]].<ref>[http://www.tamilnadunursingcouncil.com/institution/Krishna/focus.htm Krishna Hospital School of Nursing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006070840/http://www.tamilnadunursingcouncil.com/institution/Krishna/focus.htm |date=6 October 2009 }}, Tamil Nadu Nurses and Midwives Council. Retrieved 2009-02-18.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://krishnahospitalcuddalore.com/index.php Official Site]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Karam Apnaa Apnaa

2025-08-10T19:16:43Z

Jatta Goswami: New...

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karam Apnaa Apnaa.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| creative_director = {{ubl|[[Nivedita Basu]]|Doris Dey|Ipshita Deb}}
| writer = Deepti Rawal (dialogues)
| story = {{ubl|[[Mahesh Pandey]]|Manish Paliwal}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[Anirudh Pathak]]|[[Manish Paliwal]]|[[Mahesh Pandey]]}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Santram Varma]]|[[Anil V. Kumar]]|Ravindra Gautam|Sangeeta Rao| Satish Kashyap Anoop Chaudhary|Vivek Kumar|V.G Roy}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|[[Mohd Salim]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Malwankar]]|[[Suhas Rao]]}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]
| opentheme = ''Karam Apnaa Apnaa'' by [[Priya Bhattacharya]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2006|08|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2009|03|27}}
| num_episodes = 603
}}

'''''Karam Apnaa Apnaa''''' is an Indian soap opera which aired on [[StarPlus]] from 29 August 2006 to 27 March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goodbye Tulsi, hello Gauri|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060818/ttlife.htm#5|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Soaps drop off air without fanfare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Soaps-drop-off-air-without-fanfare/articleshow/4265387.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2009 }}</ref> It was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bizasialive.com/kasturi-and-karam-apna-apna-to-end/ | title='Kasturi' and 'Karam Apna Apna' to end? | work=BizAsia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music | date=17 January 2009 }}</ref> It starred Sumeet Sachdev, Pallavi Subash, Muhammad Iqbal Khan and Yash Tonk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Its Gauri vs Saloni as Star Plus slots KAA for 9:30 pm; to launch on 29 August|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug80.htm|website=Indian Television|date=7 August 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chemical locha!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/Chemical-locha/articleshow/2080862.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2007 }}</ref>
Sanyogita Maheshwari as Kamya

==Plot==
Gauri Chatterjee is a charming and innocent middle-class Bengali girl who lives with her family. Her father Alok's best friend and wealthy businessman Mahen Kapoor and his wife Nikhila dote on Gauri who is motherless. Mahen finds a good match for Gauri, Shashank. However, on the day of her wedding, Gauri is told that Shashank has refused to marry her and the Kapoors have forced Shiv to stand in as the bridegroom. She runs away from the venue but is convinced by an understanding stranger, Anupam, to face her problem. She returns and Shiv is forced to marry her. Over time, Gauri falls in love with Shiv without expecting anything in return and Shiv becomes friendly to her.

After the marriage, Gauri is in a series of mishaps. It is revealed that Shiv's horoscope has a major flaw according to which his first wife will die soon. Nikhila was aware of this and had made Shiv marry Gauri. Shiv has been in love with his childhood friend Ipshita and wanted to save her from the effects of his horoscope. Gauri refuses to abandon Shiv. She meets with an accident but survives. Meanwhile, Ipshita gets engaged to Anupam as camouflage. However, after Gauri's accident, Shiv consummates their marriage and refuses to leave Gauri, who is now pregnant.

=== 5 years later ===
Shiv and Gauri have three children, twin sons - Om and Priam and a daughter, Shanti. While Gauri is busy with the kids, Shiv sometimes misses Ipshita who is now a famous writer and has separated from Anupam. Nikhila wants Ipshita back in Shiv's life. Shiv's long-lost twin brother, Samar, is found. Nikhila, Ipshita and Mahen's sister, Maya join hands against Gauri. Ipshita takes advantage of Shiv's emotional vulnerability and has a one-night stand with him. Gauri exposes Nikhila's evil plans. Nikhila is thrown out of the Kapoor family. Nikhila, Ipshita and Maya, with the help of doctors, fake a report that Gauri has a brain tumor. Gauri learns about Shiv's one-night stand, after which Ipshita is apparently pregnant. Expecting an early death for herself, Gauri forces Shiv to marry Ipshita. However, Gauri realizes that she has been tricked and, with Samar's help, exposes Ipshita's true colors. Shiv throws Ipshita out of the house.

Meanwhile, Nikhila has a change of heart and re-enters the Kapoor family. Mahen's nephews, Moksh and Asim enter the Kapoor mansion, accompanied by Shashank, their business associate. Shiv is brutally murdered by Moksh, Asim and Shashank. After his death, they harass the Kapoors. Samar encounters Shiv's ghost which tells him about Shiv's murder. Samar promises to take revenge. Samar and Gauri get Moksh and Asim convicted for Shiv's murder, but Shashank escapes. Shiv's ghost also disappears after this. The Kapoors start pressuring Samar to marry Gauri. However, Samar and Gauri reject the idea. Nikhila is murdered. Samar and Gauri suspect each other. Gauri runs away and is assumed to be dead.

=== 5 years later ===
Samar has turned into a cold-hearted business tycoon, and Gauri, who has lost her memory, is living in another town as Shivangi. Samar hates Gauri whom he believes to be his mother's killer. Anupam is now paralyzed, as Ipshita had tried to kill him to be with Shiv. His sister, Nisha wants to take revenge against the Kapoors. She traps Samar into getting engaged to her. Gauri regains her memory and becomes aware of Nisha's true intentions. On Samar's wedding day, Gauri replaces Nisha as the veiled bride. Samar is furious when he learns that he has been tricked into marrying Gauri. They constantly fight.

Eventually, it is revealed that Nikhila's killer was Maya. Samar and Gauri work out their differences and their love blossoms. Gauri's old friend Prateek, a doctor, diagnoses that Samar is suffering from a tumor. Prateek treats Samar and cures the tumor.

Samar's cousins, Vivaan and Dhruv, want to take over the wealth of the Kapoor family. Gauri and Samar are forced to migrate to [[Kolkata]] with their three children. They lead a modest life until a spoilt rich girl named Kamya falls in love with Samar. Kamya and her mother poison Samar's mind and make him believe that Gauri is having an affair. Gauri is pregnant with Samar's baby but he begins to suspect that her supposed lover has fathered the child. Gauri decides to separate from Samar but Kamya's truth is exposed. Gauri gives birth to a baby girl. After some time, Samar and Gauri move to London in order to establish their business. Dhruv and Vivaan are fighting each other for the Kapoor inheritance. At last, Samar and Gauri return to India and solve the problem. The Kapoor family is re-united.

==Cast==
* [[Pallavi Subhash]] as Gauri Chatterjee Kapoor – Alok's elder daughter; Kaya's sister; Shiv's widow; Samar's wife; Om, Priam and Shanti's mother (2006–2009)
* [[Yash Tonk]] as
** Shiv Kapoor – Mahen and Nikhila's elder son; Samar and Palak's brother; Ipshita's ex-fiancé; Gauri's late husband; Om, Priam and Shanti's father (2006–2007) (Dead)
*** [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] as Shiv Kapoor (Earlier) (2006)
** Samar Kapoor – Mahen and Nikhila's younger son; Shiv and Palak's twin brother; Gauri's second husband; Om, Priam and Shanti's adoptive father (2007–2009)
* [[Sumeet Sachdev]] as Shashank Bose – Shiv's murderer; Kaya's abusive divorced husband; Dhaani's father (2006–2008) (antagonist)
* Shaika Parween as Kaya Chatterjee Bose – Alok's younger daughter; Gauri's sister; Shashank's wife; Dhaani's mother (2006–2008)
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Dr. Prateek – Gauri's childhood friend; Samar's doctor; Aarti's husband (2008–2009)
* [[Karan Patel]] / Mayank Sharma as Vivan Kapoor – Shyala's son; Dhruv's brother; Shiv, Samar and Palak's cousin; Kaya's fiancé; Aastha's husband (2006–2009)
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Aastha Kapoor – Vivan's wife (2007–2009)
* Anurag Nigam as Dhruv Kapoor – Shyala's son; Vivan's brother; Shiv, Samar and Palak's cousin; Gayatri's husband (2006–2009)
* [[Pallavi Subhash Chandran]] as Gayatri Kapoor – Dhruv's wife (2007–2009)
* [[Ayush Mahesh Khedekar|Ayush Khedekar]] as Om Kapoor – Gauri and Shiv's elder son; Samar's adoptive son; Priam and Shanti's brother (2007–2009)
* Sahil Chauhan as Priam Kapoor – Gauri and Shiv's younger son; Samar's adoptive son; Om and Shanti's brother (2007–2009)
* [[Salil Ankola]] as Mahen Kapoor – Maya's brother; Nikhila's widower; Shiv, Samar and Palak's father; Om, Priam and Shanti's grandfather (2006–2009)
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Nikhila Kapoor – Mahen's wife; Shiv, Samar and Palak's mother; Om, Priam and Shanti's grandmother (2006–2008) (Dead)
* Andrea Cyrill as Palak Kapoor – Mahen and Nikhila's daughter; Shiv and Samar's sister; Ram's wife (2006–2008)
* Amit Khanna as Ram – Shiv's employee; Palak's husband (2006–2008)
* [[Geetanjali Tikekar]] as Maya Kapoor – Mahen's sister; Ayush's wife; Shiv, Samar and Palak's aunt; Nikhila's murderer (2006–2008)
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Devika Chatterjee – Alok's mother; Gauri and Kaya's grandmother (2006–2007)
* Amit Bhalla as Alok Chatterjee – Devika's son; Gauri and Kaya's father; Om, Priam, Shanti and Dhaani's grandfather (2006–2007)
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Mr. Kapoor – Mahen and Maya's father; Shiv, Samar and Palak's grandfather (2006–2009)
* [[Apara Mehta]] / Praveena Deshpande / Gargi Patel as Mrs. Kapoor – Mahen and Maya's mother; Shiv, Samar and Palak's grandmother (2006–2009)
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Anupam Bhattacharya – Nisha's half-brother; Ipshita's husband (2006–2008)
* Shriya Bisht as Ipshita Bhattacharya – Sukna's daughter; Shiv's ex-fiancée; Anupam's wife (2006–2007)
* [[Reshmi Ghosh]] as Nisha Bhattacharya – Anupam's half-sister; Samar's obsessed lover (2007–2009)
* Arbaaz Ali Khan as Moksh Kapoor – Mahen's nephew; Shiv, Samar and Palak's cousin; Shiv's murderer (2007–2008)
* Ashish Sharma as Asim Kapoor – Mahen's nephew; Shiv, Samar and Palak's cousin; Shiv's murderer (2007–2008)
* [[Sanyogita mayer]] as Kamya – Samar's obsessed lover (2008–2009)
* Deepak Dutta as Ayush – Maya's husband (2006–2008)
* Swati Anand as Sudeshna Chatterjee – Gauri and Kaya's sister-in-law (2006–2007)
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Suguna – A writer (2006)
* Smita Sarvade as Divya Kapoor
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Shaila Daksh Kapoor
* Vinay Jain / Vineet Sharma as Daksh Kapoor
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Sumit Malhotra (2006)
* Sanyogita Maheshwari as Kamya

==Production==
===Filming===
Based on the backdrop of [[Kolkata]], the series was initially filmed in Kolkata and mainly filmed in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pallavi joins Balaji|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pallavi-joins-balaji-1047585|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

===Casting===
During premiere, Pallavi Subhash was cast as the show's female lead Gauri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With stardust in their eyes|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/with-stardust-in-their-eyes/186782/|website=The Financial Express|date=17 December 2006 }}</ref> Mohammad Iqbal Khan was cast as male lead Shiv.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Role Apnaa Apnaa|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/role-apna-apna/articleshow/15666496.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> Besides, Sumeet Sachdev, Aparna Mehta, Amarnath Kapoor, Rajiv, Delnaaz Paul, Salil Ankola, Geetanjali Tikekar, Achint Kaur, Rupa Ganguly, Jaya Battacharya, Karan Patel, Karan Kapoor, Rahul Jagtiani were cast then.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Destiny's children|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-destiny-s-children-1050113|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=30 August 2006 }}</ref>

In December 2006, Iqbal Khan quit the series on not being interested to continue in the series and was replaced by Yash Tonk.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=After Hrs|date=2006-11-28|title=Tiff with Ektaa led to Iqbal's exit?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tiff-with-ektaa-led-to-iqbal-s-exit-1066650|access-date=2020-06-22|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

===Development===
Initially titled as ''Kasturi'', it was later renamed to ''Karam Apnaa Apnaa'' before premiere.<ref name=":0" />

Speaking about the series Producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] said, "Karam is a simple identifiable story. We wanted viewers to get something to chew on. I won't call this show different or out of this world. I'm accused of becoming distanced from reality in my recent shows."<ref>{{Cite web|title=I can't move far from my style: Ekta Kapoor|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-cant-move-far-from-my-style-ekta-kapoor-245798.html|website=News18 India|date=5 September 2006 }}</ref>

In November 2006, Kapoor filed a petition in [[Bombay High Court]] when [[Salil Ankola]] quit the series for participating in [[Bigg Boss]] show of rival channel [[Sony Entertainment Television]] which violated his contract to work only for Balaji Telefilms and not any other programs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ankola cannot act in Big Boss: HC|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/ankola-cannot-act-in-big-boss-hc/story-eAOO8TPAyzrQPGXRxAMYSM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=9 November 2006|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119062423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ankola-cannot-act-in-big-boss-hc/story-eAOO8TPAyzrQPGXRxAMYSM.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, soon he returned to the series after he was made to leave the show by the channel Sony after court orders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A close shave|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-close-shave-1067205|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=December 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepak Tijori enters Bigg Boss|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/15tijori.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In the same month Pallavi Subhash playing Gauri suffered an electric shock while shooting and she fainted and soon recovered, causing the shooting to be delayed for a few hours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pallavi suffers a shock|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pallavi-suffers-a-shock-1066471|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=27 November 2006 }}</ref>

===Broadcast===
On 27 January 2007, it was shifted from its 9:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) to 8:00 pm (IST) slot paving way for ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/jan/jan76.htm|title=Star Plus prepares ground for KBC arrival|website=Indian Television|date=8 January 2007 }}</ref> However, with the not expected ratings delivered in the slot, it was shifted to an afternoon slot of 2:00pm (IST) in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Playing safe|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/playing-safe/cid/1554554|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In November 2008, the shootings and telecast of all the Hindi television series including this series and films were stalled on 8 November 2008 due to dispute by the technician workers of [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees|FWICE]] (Federation of Western India Cine Employees) for increasing the wages, better work conditions and more breaks between shootings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cine technicians go on strike|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cine-technicians-go-on-strike/368228/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> FWICE first took a strike on 1 October 2008 when they addressed their problems with the producers and production was stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Work hit as 1.5 lakh cine workers strike work|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/work-hit-as-15-lakh-cine-workers-strike-work/10878|website=Outlook India}}</ref> A contract was signed after four days of discussions and shooting were happening only for two hours content in a day then after which differences increased between them while channels gave them time until 30 October 2008 to sort it out.<ref name=":3" /> Failing to do so lead to protests again from 10 November 2008 to 19 November 2008 during which channels blacked out new broadcasts and repeat telecasts were shown from 10 November 2008.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Strike off, TV shooting to resume|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strike-off-tv-shooting-to-resume/387871/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No more repeat of TV soaps as TV industry strike ends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/no-more-repeat-of-tv-soaps-as-tv-industry-strike-ends-33649-2008-11-19|website=India Today|date=19 November 2008 }}</ref> On 19 November 2008, the strike was called off after settling the disputes and the production resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more repeat telecast of TV soaps as strike ends|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lFsrye8ynEtEnU4oD9NEdL/No-more-repeat-telecast-of-TV-soaps-as-strike-ends.html|website=Live Mint|date=20 November 2008 }}</ref> The new episodes started to telecast from 1 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New look return|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-look-return/cid/515296|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Ratings===
In September 2006, it became the fifth most watched Hindi GEC with 7.12 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus Seeks It Break; GA Improves: Hindi Czech Q Study|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/gec_q3.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=14 October 2006 }}</ref> In first week of December 2006, it garnered its highest rating of 8.6 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smorgasbord of reality and high drama|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/smorgasbord-of-reality-and-high-drama/187534/|website=The Financial Express|date=4 November 2014 }}</ref> In last week of 2006, it garnered 7.37 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The KBC effect|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-kbc-effect/cid/1008613|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

===Critics===
[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] stated, "The serial is truly different from the usual stuff dished out by Balaji Telefilms, and that's perhaps the reason it's gaining popularity by the day."<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV's top new shows|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/08sld1.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070817161517/http://starplus.indya.com/serials/karam/index.html Official Website]

{{SP Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

Samabiyong Tea Garden

2025-08-08T13:19:17Z

Jatta Goswami: brief expanded formatting also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samabiyong Tea Garden
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.055000|N|88.655556|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,608
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]]
| website = {{URL|kalimpong.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Samabiyong Tea Garden''' (also spelt as Samabeyong) is a village in the [[Gorubathan (community development block)|Gorubathan]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kalimpong Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Kalimpong district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=280| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|40|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision in Kalimpong district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: municipality, F: facility, NP: national park Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village) Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|27|7|4|N|88|35|1|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Algarah| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Algarah]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|5|33|N|88|28|53|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhalukhop| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Bhalukhop]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|8|45|N|88|38|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Bich Kagay| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Bich Kagay]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|5|53|N|88|52|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Bindu| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bindu, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|57|18|N|88|41|42|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Gorubathan| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Gorubathan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|7|55|N|88|34|32|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Icche Gaon| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Icche Gaon]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|2|0|N|88|52|23|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Jaldhaka| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Jaldhaka]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|2|40|N|88|52|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jhalong| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jhalong]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|0|2|N|88|49|39|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Kumai TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kumai Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|5|10|N|88|39|38|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Lava| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Lava, West Bengal]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|1|14|N|88|33|54|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Loleygaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Loleygaon]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|56|59|N|88|42|47|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Lower Fagu TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|52|39|N|88|30|7|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Mongpong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Mongpong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|56|35|N|88|26|30|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Kalijhora| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kalijhora]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|9|36|N|88|36|56|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Pedong| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Pedong]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|7|17|N|88|34|0|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Ramdhura| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Ramdhura]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|59|33|N|88|24|49|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17= Rambi Bazar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rambi Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|43|N|88|39|40|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Rishyap| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Rishyap]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|2|36|N|88|50|6|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19= Rongo| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Rongo, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|3|18|N|88|39|20|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20= Samabiyong TG| numbered20=R| mark-title20= Samabiyong Tea Garden (R)|shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|8|44|N|88|34|48|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Sillery Gaon| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sillery Gaon]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|0|48|N|88|47|16|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22= Suntalekhola| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Suntalekhola]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|27|3|36|N|88|25|48|E}}| label-pos23=top|label23= Teesta Bazaar| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Teesta Bazaar]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|49|30|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24= Todey|labela24= Tangta| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Todey Tangta]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|58|37|N|88|35|26|E}}| label-pos25=left|label25= Nimbong| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Nimbong]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|6|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26= Kolakham| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Kolakham]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|46|N|88|34|50|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Mansong| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Mansong]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|3|25|N|88|28|12|E}}| label-pos28=right |label28=Kalimpong| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Kalimpong]] (M)| shape-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|4|32|N|88|29|50|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dungra| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dungra, Kalimpong]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|27|5|22|N|88|29|50|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Dr. Graham's Homes| numbered30=F| mark-title30= [[Dr. Graham's Homes]] (F) |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|27|5|30|N|88|45|0|E}}| label-pos31=bottom|label31=Neora Valley |labela31= National Park| numbered31=NP| mark-title31= [[Neora Valley National Park]] (NP)| shape-color31=#228B22
|mark-coord32={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|26|10|E}}|label32= Teesta |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=75| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|58|50|N|88|52|23|E}}|label33= Jaldhaka River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=85| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33=none
|mark-coord34={{coord|26|55|42|N|88|27|21|E}}| label34= Teesta Low|labela34= Dam IV| label-color34 = #C42222 | label-angle34=0| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=12| numbered34=D|mark-title34 =[[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|27|0|6|N|88|26|35|E}}| label35= Teesta Low|labela35= Dam III| label-color35 = #C42222 | label-angle35=0| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=12| numbered35=D|mark-title35 =[[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color35=#C42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|10|0|N|88|54|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=50| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Samabiyong Tea Garden is located at {{coord|27.055000|N|88.655556|E|display=inline}}.

Samabeyong Tea Garden is 8 km from [[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]].<ref name="tourism">{{cite web | url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/tourism/| title = Tourism|work= Samabeyong| publisher = Kalimpong District Administration |accessdate = 2 April 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision of Kalimpong district. Physiographically, this area forms the Kalimpong Range, with the average elevation varying from {{convert|300 to 3000|m}}. This region is characterized by abruptly rising hills and numerous small streams.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 77.67% of the population living in rural areas and only 22.23% living in the urban areas. While [[Kalimpong]] is the only municipality, [[Dungra, Kalimpong|Dungra]] is the sole [[census town]] in the entire area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The economy is agro-based and there are 6 tea gardens in the Gorubathan CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/about-kalimpong/ |title = About Kalimpong District |work = Tea Gardens |publisher = District administration |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> In 2011, Kalimpong subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.85%, comparable with the highest levels of literacy in the districts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 4.5 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 2012-06-20 }}</ref> While the first degree college in the subdivision was established at [[Kalimpong]] in 1962<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/KalimpongCollege/Kalimpong_College.shtml | title = Kalimpong College | publisher = College Admission | accessdate = 6 April 2020 | archive-date = 6 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200406112603/https://www.collegeadmission.in/KalimpongCollege/Kalimpong_College.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref> the entire subdivision (and now the entire district), other than the head-quarters, had to wait till as late as 2015 (more than half a century) to have their first degree colleges at [[Pedong]] and [[Gorubathan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pedongcollege.in/ |title = Government General Degree College at Pedong |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gorubathanggdc.co.in/ |title = Government General Degree College, Gorubathan |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Samabiyong Tea Garden had a total population of 1,608 of which 824 (51%) were males and 784 (49%) were females. There were 156 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Samabiyong Tea Garden was 1,216 (83.75% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Samabeyong Tea Garden was established by the British Planters in 1887. The garden is located along hill slopes at an altitude of {{convert|6500|ft}}.<ref name="tourism"/>

==Tourism==
"Samabeong is one of the most scenic places in the entire region." There is a hill-top lodge for tourists.<ref name="tourism"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalimpong District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kalimpong district]]

Radha Namboodiri

2025-07-31T00:25:46Z

Jatta Goswami: New New Post Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic vocalist (born. 1946)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Radha|Namboodiri|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Namboodiri
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Radha Warrier
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Singer
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website =
|years_active =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2021)
}}
'''Radha Namboodiri''' (born 1946) is an Indian [[Indian classical music|classical vocalist]] and music teacher from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. In 2021 she received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.

==Biography==
Radha P. Namboodiri was born on 14 January 1946, to A.R. Warrier and Narayani in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="musicacademymadras">{{Cite book |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/catalogue/files/souv/Academy%20Souvenir-2017.pdf |title=The Music Academy Madras, Souvenir 2017 |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]] |year=2017 |location=[[Chennai]] |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Radha Namboothiri |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741026522_Radha%20Namboodiri_11zon.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> It was on the advice of her sister's music teacher that her parents decided to give her musical training.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-01 |title=Teacher, guardian of Thanjavur bani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/teacher-guardian-of-thanjavur-bani/articleshow/62321259.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926013345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/teacher-guardian-of-thanjavur-bani/articleshow/62321259.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She did [[Bachelor of Arts]] in English Literature and Sanskrit from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="musicacademymadras"/>

Radha worked with [[All India Radio]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] as program executive for music in 1975 and later transferred to [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Pradeep |first1=K. |title=Radha Namboodiri, a torchbearer of the Semmangudi bani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/radha-namboodiri-a-torchbearer-of-the-semmangudi-bani/article25112123.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 October 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221111259/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/radha-namboodiri-a-torchbearer-of-the-semmangudi-bani/article25112123.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She served as director of Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram till 1999 and director of central sales unit, All India Radio, Mumbai from 2002 to 2006.<ref name="musicacademymadras"/>

Radha, who started her musical training in 1960 under T. V. Ramamurthy of Mumbai, did advanced training under eminent Carnatic musicians like [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[T. M. Thiagarajan]], and [[T. Brinda]] before joining Sangita Vidwan course at the then Central College of Carnatic music, Adyar.<ref name="Hindu"/> She received a scholarship from the Department of Culture, Government of India for her training under Semmangudi.<ref name="SNA"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Namboodiri Entertainment Photo Carnatic vocalist ... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/entertainment/radha-namboodiri/557410 |access-date=2025-07-30 |newspaper=Times Of India | date=31 December 2017 | language=en}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Radha is married to Purushothaman Namboodiri and they have one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Congratulations to Smt Radha Namboodiri |url=https://www.warriers.org/post/congratulations-to-smt-radha-namboodiri |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Warriers Org |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519183253/https://www.warriers.org/post/congratulations-to-smt-radha-namboodiri |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Radha has performed in various venues across the country, written articles on music in various newspapers and magazines and also conducted many seminars and workshops on Carnatic music in India and abroad.<ref name="SNA"/>

Other than working with All India Radio and Doordarshan, Radha has also worked with Sri Shanmukhananda Bharatiya Sangeetha Mahavidyalaya, under the [[University of Mumbai]] as Director-Principal during the period 2006–2017.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. Vasanth |date=2017-12-28 |title=Radha Nambodiri, teacher par excellence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/radha-namboodiri-teacher-par-excellence/article22296065.ece |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221111347/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/radha-namboodiri-teacher-par-excellence/article22296065.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She also served as the editor of ''Shanmukha'', the cultural journal of Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts and Sangeetha Sabha, Mumbai.<ref name="thehindu"/>

==Awards and honors==
In 2021 Radha received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contribution to Carnatic vocal music. She was also honoured with the titles including ''Sangita Kala Acharya'' by the [[Madras Music Academy]], ''Dr. M.S. Subbulakshmi Sangeetha Pracharya'' by the Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts & Sangeetha Sabha, and the ''Sangeetha Bhooshana'' given by Sriranjani Sangeetha Sabha, Mumbai.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radha, Namboodiri}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian writers about music]]

Kārākāt

2025-06-26T02:02:33Z

Jatta Goswami: New...

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karakat
| other_name = Kārākāt
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Karakat block map.png
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.18234|N|84.28869|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10790870/karakat.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Kārākāt''|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2563<ref name="Census 2011" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 802212<ref name="Census 2011" />
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kārākāt''' is a village and corresponding [[Community Development Block]] in [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]], India. As of 2011, the village of Karakat has a population of 2563, in 400 households; the total population of Karakat block is 209,284.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Rohtas, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=25, 27–28, 33, 44–70, 508–571, 1191–1192|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The population of Karakat block increased from 179,195 in 2001 to 209,284 in 2011, a 16.8% increase. This was a slightly decadal lower growth rate than the average of Rohtas district.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

As of 2011, Karakat block had a [[sex ratio]] of 920 females for every 1000 males, which was about average for Rohtas district. The ratio was slightly higher among the 0-6 age group, with 926 females for every 1000 males. There were 37,804 members of [[scheduled castes]] in the block, representing 18.06% of the population, which was about average for Rohtas district. Members of [[scheduled tribes]] in the block numbered 455, or 0.22% of the population, which was somewhat lower than the district average 1.12%. The [[literacy rate]] in Karakat block was 73.94%, which was lower than the district average of 73.37%. Literacy was higher in men (85.26%) than in women (61.61%); the corresponding 23.65% gender gap was the highest in Rohtas district.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

=== Employment ===
A majority of the population of Karakat block is employed in [[agriculture]]. In 2011, 24.97% of the workforce was employed as cultivators who owned or leased their own land, and 46.82% of the workforce was employed as agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages. A further 8.81% was employed as household industry workers, the highest proportion in Rohtas, and the remaining 17.97% were engaged in other forms of work.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

=== Amenities ===
All 128 inhabited villages in Karakat block, including Karakat itself, have access to clean [[drinking water]], but none have [[tap water]]; instead, water is supplied by [[well]] and [[hand pump]]. 103 of the villages (80.47%) had [[school]]s, which served 94.14% of the block's population. 61 had medical facilities, serving 59.37% of the population, which was above the Rohtas district average of 35.63% served by medical facilities. 36 villages had [[post office]]s. 60 villages had [[telephone]] service, serving 62.11% of the block's population; this was about average for Rohtas district. 72 villages had transport communications (bus, [[rail transport|rail]], or navigable waterways). 20 villages had [[bank]]s, and 19 had [[agricultural credit society|agricultural credit societies]]. 82 villages had [[Indian vernacular architecture#pukka|pucca roads]]. 118 villages, Karakat among them, had access to [[National Grid (India)|electricity]]; 89.47% of the overall block population had access to electricity.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Villages ==
Karakat block has 128 inhabited villages and 22 uninhabited ones, for a total of 150 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Sajhaulimath || 21 || 1,007
|-
| Bharat Kasba || 146 || 1,288
|-
| Sugibal || 75 || 663
|-<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhakar_Bigha</ref>
| [[Jhakar Bigha]] || 46|| 460
|-
| Shahpur || 48 || 736
|-
| Munji || 229 || 2,672
|-
| Adhaura || 66 || 341
|-
| Dehra || 168 || 1,291
|-
| Karam Kiliya || 63 || 0
|-
| Murarpur || 57 || 397
|-
| Mahuari || 63 || 518
|-
| Dhanchhuha || 83 || 767
|-
| Punai Dih || 39 || 0
|-
| Mohanpur || 207 || 2,675
|-
| '''Karakat''' ''(capital)'' || 151 || 2,563
|-
| Jaisari English || 55 || 304
|-
| Misrauliya || 35 || 1,007
|-
| Jaisari || 292 || 3,787
|-
| Bensagar || 422 || 3,827
|-
| Khairadih || 154 || 738
|-
| Bhopatpur || 121 || 1,079
|-
| Baisadih || 26 || 0
|-
| Gopalpur || 106 || 453
|-
| Itharia || 350 || 2,646
|-
| Karup || 150 || 900
|-
| Amratha || 510 || 4,050
|-
| Nanhu || 166 || 945
|-
| Karma || 39 || 640
|-
| Banye Dehri || 63 || 833
|-
| Subiya || 45 || 280
|-
| Ahan || 45|| 418
|-
| Tirma Chaughadi || 71 || 908
|-
| Gachhai || 159 || 1,379
|-
| Chaughari || 91 || 890
|-
| Kulhariya || 76 || 666
|-
| Chauri || 32 || 0
|-
| Majhariya || 129 || 771
|-
| Nawada || 151 || 2,032
|-
| Beiwai || 136 || 1,780
|-
| Sakhua || 44 || 58
|-
| Manik Parasi || 143 || 1,631
|-
| Padumanpur || 92 || 381
|-
| Sahri || 48 || 3,090
|-
| Jaisari English || 29 || 0
|-
| Dharmagat Parasi || 80 || 931
|-
| Gorakh Parasi || 110 || 1,120
|-
| Itwa || 205 || 1,315
|-
| Biraini || 65 || 782
|-
| Motha || 408 || 5,420
|-
| Pipra || 75 || 1,159
|-
| Narayandih || 37 || 0
|-
| Raghunathpur || 229 || 2,613
|-
| Gera || 66 || 791
|-
| Chandi || 82 || 1,337
|-
| Rampur || 53 || 288
|-
| Kishundasdih || 73 || 692
|-
| Sansar Dehri || 66 || 869
|-
| Kurur || 408 || 3,159
|-
| Chiksil || 136 || 2,006
|-
| Bedwalia || 54 || 378
|-
| Pardiha || 107 || 811
|-
| Duari || 163 || 1,730
|-
| Manidih || 62 || 0
|-
| Mangra || 68 || 899
|-
| Thumhia || 74 || 777
|-
| Daudpur || 25 || 0
|-
| Khirsa || 83 || 0
|-
| Chamar Dehri || 56 || 655
|-
| Mathurapur || 42 || 0
|-
| Ahibaranpur || 29 || 0
|-
| Panredih || 94 || 1,552
|-
| Sakla || 258 || 4,555
|-
| Kumbhi || 34 || 0
|-
| Kopa || 39 || 1,238
|-
| Kopa || 64 || 1,345
|-
| Kopa || 60 || 0
|-
| Kopa || 66 || 0
|-
| Kechua || 82 || 1,527
|-
| Bharkundia || 168 || 1,375
|-
| Dhorhandih || 134 || 1,398
|-
| Niranjanpur || 104 || 2,263
|-
| Chak Niranjan || 84 || 0
|-
| Mathia || 33 || 0
|-
| Danwar || 1465 || 5,174
|-
| Gujru || 51.23 || 821
|-
| Soni || 146 || 568
|-
| Ibrahimpur || 84 || 1,855
|-
| Sohda || 199 || 2,322
|-
| Bharetha Rampur || 73 || 1,086
|-
| Tarwa || 20 || 222
|-
| Amona || 308 || 4,034
|-
| Belarhi || 250 || 1,100
|-
| Samhuta || 289 || 3,458
|-
| Sarbanand Dehri || 68 || 1,122
|-
| Kusi || 214 || 1,366
|-
| Koni || 126 || 1,182
|-
| Lewa || 76 || 654
|-
| Malpura || 148 || 1,624
|-
| Sonbarsa || 208 || 1,958
|-
| Chaugai || 110 || 1,939
|-
| Hariharpur || 110 || 1,049
|-
| Barmadih || 61 || 582
|-
| Badladih || 61 || 679
|-
| Bharthadih || 64 || 671
|-
| Kirhi || 217 || 2,014
|-
| Parsar || 411 || 4,023
|-
| Hatia || 165 || 1,612
|-
| Kurawan || 78 || 798
|-
| Nawadih || 72 || 823
|-
| Amaura || 166 || 1,792
|-
| Lori Bandh || 219 || 1,052
|-
| Jamua || 179 || 1,508
|-
| Karup || 115 || 2,672
|-
| Nad || 179 || 1,558
|-
| Nok Parasi || 76 || 594
|-
| Shah Parasi || 34 || 0
|-
| Gamhariya || 150 || 2,256
|-
| Budhai Dehri || 27.8 || 0
|-
| Titho || 65 || 570
|-
| Dhawani || 180 || 2,494
|-
| Sukhara || 146 || 1,203
|-
| Chilha || 98 || 1,501
|-
| Bad || 234 || 1,979
|-
| Gorari || 202 || 5,621
|-
| Kaeth Bahuara || 179 || 1,498
|-
| Kanh Bahuara || 89 || 713
|-
| Bara Dih || 166 || 4,272
|-
| Zorawarpur || 222 || 2,486
|-
| Karma || 46 || 2,597
|-
| Kesuari || 94 || 802
|-
| Gadura || 153 || 1,609
|-
| Tenua || 115 || 735
|-
| Denri || 167 || 1,778
|-
| Jagdishpur || 94 || 1,236
|-
| Burhawal || 291 || 4,914
|-
| Paraiya || 106 || 1,504
|-
| Gajpatipur || 72 || 0
|-
| Deo Arazi || 27 || 0
|-
| Deo || 761 || 4,699
|-
| Dhanhara || 172 || 2,209
|-
| Osawan || 144 || 1,952
|-
| Gharwasdih || 132 || 2,074
|-
| Paharma || 134 || 2,522
|-
| Nawadih || 101 || 1,363
|-
| Dahiari || 78 || 1,634
|-
| Saidanpur || 32 || 0
|-
| Sikaria English || 82 || 528
|-
| Sikaria || 241 || 3,961
|-
| Chandipatti || 109 || 1,724
|-
| Asmardih || 44 || 0
|-
| Basdiha || 82 || 1,542
|}

== See also ==
*[[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]

Family and descendants of Genghis Khan

2025-01-06T03:16:29Z

Jatta Goswami: quick refined page for clarity and added references

#REDIRECT [[Chinggisids]]

Sanjay Singh (Haryana politician)

2024-12-21T06:06:45Z

Jatta Goswami: improved article

{{Short description|Indian politician from Haryana}}
{{other people|Sanjay Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Singh
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart = 2019
|termend = 2024
| succeeded = Tejpal Tawar
| preceded = [[Tejpal Tawar]]
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|44|2019|10|21}}<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| constituency = [[Sohna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohna]]
| profession = Politician, farmer
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]] (BA, 1997)
}}

'''Sanjay Singh''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna-Taoru constituency]] in the [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] and [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp|title=Haryana – JJP Election Result 2019|accessdate=29 October 2019|website=Times Now|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024024507/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/haryana-assembly-election/story/haryana-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-inld-jjp-1612526-2019-10-24|title=Haryana election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, INLD, JJP|date=24 October 2019|magazine=India Today|access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Analiza |title=Haryana Election Results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/haryana-assembly-polls-2019-haryana-assembly-election-results-2019-full-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-bjp-congress-others-558754 |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=India TV News |date=24 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He was an Environment, Forests, Wildlife and Sports minister in the [[First Saini ministry|Nayab Singh Saini government]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |date=23 March 2024 |title=Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini allocates portfolios, keeps key home department with himself |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haryana-chief-minister-nayab-singh-saini-allocates-portfolios-keeps-key-home-department-council-of-ministers-kanwar-pal-latest-updates-2024-03-23-922850 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106174142/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haryana-chief-minister-nayab-singh-saini-allocates-portfolios-keeps-key-home-department-council-of-ministers-kanwar-pal-latest-updates-2024-03-23-922850 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |work=India TV News |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Cabinet Expansion: CM Nayab Saini Allotts Portfolios; Check Complete List">{{cite news |last=Shahi |first=Ghazi Abbas |date=23 March 2024 |title=Haryana Cabinet Expansion: CM Nayab Saini Allotts Portfolios; Check Complete List |url=https://www.india.com/news/haryana-cabinet-expansion-cm-nayab-saini-allotts-portfolios-check-complete-list-6807037/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106174406/https://www.india.com/news/haryana-cabinet-expansion-cm-nayab-saini-allotts-portfolios-check-complete-list-6807037/ |archive-date=6 November 2024 |work=One India |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh is son of former minister Surajpal Singh and an [[agriculturist]] by profession.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Bagish|date=2 October 2019|title=BJP's new faces in Gurugram are all organisation men|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/bjps-new-faces-in-gurgaon-are-all-organisation-men/articleshow/71400901.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="MyNeta"/> He graduated from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]], in Bachelor of Arts in 1997.<ref name="MyNeta">{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Sohna (Gurgaon) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7891|access-date=14 July 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Sohna Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2019}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bharathi Kannamma (2014 TV series)

2024-10-28T06:44:32Z

Jatta Goswami: Put Up The Info More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = பாரதி கண்ணம்மா
| image = Bharathi-kannama.jpg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator = [[V. J. Chitra]]
| based_on =
| writer = A.K.Pandiya '''Dialogues written by''' V. Vetrivel Santhirasekar
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director = Nimesh (Episode 125-219) S.Senthil Kumaran B.E (Episode 88-124) S.Bala (Episode 1-87)
| starring = remona Mithira Sri Selvaraj Sai Latha Mohana Rithiya Birla boss
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 219
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|6|1}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2015|7|3}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Bharathi Kannamma''''' ({{langx|ta|பாரதி கண்ணம்மா}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera that aired on [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]] from 1 June 2014 to 3 July 2015 on Monday through Friday at 07:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 219 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m_rL982HWQ&list=PLCrDzaGUSi1QmuK77lLzuRVsxSkC7vCUL|title=Bharathi Kannamma Serial Full Episode|newspaper=Vendhar TV youtube}}</ref>

The show stars remona, Mithira Sri, Selvaraj, Sai Latha, Mohana, Birla boss and Ilavarasan. The show directed by Nimesh, S.Senthil Kumaran B.E and S.Bala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://vendharmedia.in/programs/bharathi-kannamma/|title=Bharathi Kannamma Serial Page|newspaper=Vendhar TV|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181116/http://vendharmedia.in/programs/bharathi-kannamma/|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/a-serial-bharathi-kannamma-on-vendhar-tv-033788.html|title=Bharathi Kannamma Serial on Vendhar TV|newspaper=Tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> It was also aired in [[Malaysia]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Astro Vaanavil]].

==Plot==
Barathi Kanamma is a story about two girls who hate each other from their childhood, but later become best friends.

==Cast==
* Mithrasri
* Selvaraj
* Vidhya boss
* Sai Latha
* Rithiya
* Gowthami
*Brila Bose
* Ilavarasan
* [[Mohana (actress)|Mohana]] as Karpagam (Bharathi's mother)
* Ramakirushnan
* Annamalai
* Sobhana
* [[Kandukondain Kandukondain (TV series)|Kandukondain kandukondain]] fame Madhu Mohan as Maaran

==International broadcast==
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} In [[Malaysia]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Astro Vaanavil]]. It aired Monday through Friday at 11:00AM and 4:30PM.

==References==
{{reflist}}
Check Latest updates Bharathi Kannamma (TV series) with [http://www.pakka.tv www.pakka.tv]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071530/http://vendharmedia.in/%3D Vendhar TV Website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VendharTV Vendhar TV on YouTube]

{{Vendhar TV shows}}

[[Category:Vendhar TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Marjing

2024-10-26T18:45:50Z

Jatta Goswami: small changes

{{Short description|Meitei God of polo, horses and warfare}}
{{Distinguish|Marching}}
{{See also|Marjing Polo Statue|Marjing Polo Complex|Daughters of the Polo God}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Marjing
| deity_of = God of polo, hockey, horse, sports and war<ref name="Mārg̲">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3HrAAAAMAAJ&q=marjing+horses|title=Mārg̲|date=1960|publisher=Marg Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lightfoot 1958">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDMYAAAAIAAJ&q=marjing+polo+inventor|title=Dance-rituals of Manipur, India: An Introduction to "Meitei Jagoi"|last=Lightfoot|first=Louise|date=1958|publisher=Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs|isbn=978-1-01-374640-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Anvīkshā">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Sd30LF2fUC&q=marjing+polo|title=Anvīkshā|date=2004|publisher=Jadavpur University|language=en}}</ref>
| member_of = Divine polo players
| image = Lord Marjing in a mosaic style by Goutamkumar Oinam.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = God Marjing riding on [[Samaton]], the winged horse
| other_names = Marching, Ibudhou Marjing, Ebudhou Marjing, Iputhou Marjing, Eputhou Marjing
| hiro =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center = Marjing Hills
| abode = Marjing Hills
| planet = 
| weapon = Kangjei (Polo mallet)
| battles =
| artifacts =
| animals = [[Meitei horse]]<ref name="Mārg̲"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQeAAAAMAAJ&q=marjing+horse|title=Religion and Culture of Manipur|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1988|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-021-0|language=en}}</ref>
| symbol = 
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consort = Humu Leima
| parents =
| siblings =
| offspring = [[Loyalakpa]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount = [[Samadon Ayangba]]
| texts = [[Kangjeirol]], [[Leikharol]]
| gender = Male
| Greek_equivalent = [[Ares]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent = [[Perun]]
| Hinduism_equivalent = [[Kartikeya]]
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type = Norse
| equivalent1 = [[Odin]]
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei People|Meitei]]
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]]
| dynasty = [[Salai Leishangthem]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAuDwAAQBAJ&q=Lord+Marjing%2C+chieftain+of+the+Chenglei+tribe%2C+introduced+the+game+of+Sagol+Kangjei%2C+the+predecessor+of+modern+polo&pg=PA152|title=Where Have All the Horses Gone?: How Advancing Technology Swept American Horses from the Road, the Farm, the Range and the Battlefield|last=Levin|first=Jonathan V.|date=2017-10-04|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-6713-3|language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Marjing''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ}}}}) is the God of horses, polo, hockey, sports and war in [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qQwmFjoQRIC&q=Marjing+Lord+horses+&pg=PA73|title=Tribal Thought and Culture: Essays in Honour of Surajit Chandra Sinha|last=Saraswati|first=Baidyanath|date=1991|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-340-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharjee">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMA7Ve2-VuIC&q=Divine+guardian+Marjing+watches+sport+rituals+performed+Umang+Lai+%28sylvan+deities+representing+ancestors%29+worship+mime+Maibi+%28priestess%29%2C+holding+mallet+her+hand+polo&pg=PT22|title=Che in Paona Bazar|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kishalay|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-4741-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDHyCAAAQBAJ&q=marjing+Lord+horses&pg=PA129|title=Philosophie asiatique/Asian philosophy|last=Fløistad|first=Guttorm|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-2510-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/148/mode/2up?q=Marjing+animals+polo+hockey+ball+animal+sick|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|via=archive.org|year=1998|pages=148|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|last1=Vijaylakshmi Brara|first1=N.|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> The guardianship of the north eastern direction is alluded to Marjing and the other directions to [[Koupalu]] (north west), [[Thangching]] (south west) and [[Wangpulen]] (south east).<ref name="Devi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=In+the+popular+myths+of+Manipur%2C+Marjing+has+been+credited+with+the+invention+of+Sagol+Kangjei+or+polo+and+introducing+it+as+a+national+game.&pg=PA21|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3HrAAAAMAAJ&q=marjing+north+east|title=Mārg̲|date=1960|publisher=Marg Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&q=Guardianship+stipulated+marjing+northeast&pg=PA74|title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society|last1=Muthukumaraswamy|first1=M. D.|last2=Kaushal|first2=Molly|date=2004|publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org|isbn=978-81-901481-4-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&q=Guardianship+alluded+marjing+north+east&pg=PT355|title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation|last1=Dzüvichü|first1=Lipokmar|last2=Baruah|first2=Manjeet|date=2017-11-13|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-27134-9|language=en}}</ref> According to the legend, he invented the game of [[polo]] ([[Sagol Kangjei]]) and introduced it as the national game.<ref name="Lightfoot 1958"/><ref name="Anvīkshā"/><ref name="Devi"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=marjing|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1998|publisher=Parimal Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=The+most+popular+legend+attributes+its+origin+to+Lainingthou+%28Lord+%29+Marjing+introducing+the+game+during+the+reign+of+king+Kangba+before+the+birth+of+Christ&pg=PA5|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|language=en}}</ref> He and his divine creature, [[Samadon Ayangba]], reside in the top of the Heingang Ching (Marjing hills).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2019.Manipur_female_polo_players_are_riding_up_a_storm_20190323|title=Manipur's female polo players are riding up a storm|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Origin ==
According to the [[:simple:Leithak Leikharol|Leithak Leikharol]] [[PuYa]], God Marjing (mentioned as ''"Maraching"'') originated from the [[intestine]]s of [[Atingkok|Atiya Sidaba]]. He was created to control [[Samadon Ayangba]], the divine horse ({{langx|omp|Sakon}}). The horse was created from the foot of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Ashiba (Sanamahi)]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n57/mode/2up?q=Marjing+Leithak+Leikhalon+intestines+Atiya+Sidaba+horse+Ashiba+human+souls+Sagol+Kangjei+Parratt+Meitei+mythology|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|via=archive.org|date=August 1991|page=57}}</ref>

== Description ==
God Marjing is one of the five gods who enter into the human body and position themselves as one of the [[soul]]s.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/48/mode/2up?q=Marjing|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|via=archive.org|year=1998|pages=48|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|last1=Vijaylakshmi Brara|first1=N.|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> Marjing dwells in the [[heart]] of human body.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/152/mode/2up?q=Marjing|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|via=archive.org|year=1998|pages=152|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|last1=Vijaylakshmi Brara|first1=N.}}</ref> The God is also associated with [[Sagol Kangjei]] ([[Polo]]), the main sports of the [[Meitei people]]. Parratt says ''"His main importance in Meitei mythology is that he is credited with the invention of polo, the national game."''<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n59/mode/2up?q=Marjing+kangchei+kangdrum+Khagemba|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|via=archive.org|date=August 1991|page=59}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
[[Sagol Kangjei]] ({{langx|en|Polo}}) is originally the game of gods. There are 7 players on each side. They used ''Kangdrum'' (a ball made from bamboo root). This is what the human beings imitate from them. The first divine polo match was played during the festival of [[Lai Haraoba]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

== Worship ==
During the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival, a [[maibi]] (priestess) performs a ritual in the form of a mime. She holds a mallet in her hand and enacts the game of polo.<ref name="Bhattacharjee"/>

Every year, in the top of the Heingang Hills, devotees offer polostick ({{langx|omp|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯆꯩ}}|kangchei}}, {{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|kangjei}}) and bamboo-root-ball ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ}}|kangdrum}}) to God Marjing.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> This is done even when any animal in one's house become sick.<ref name="archive.org"/>

In 1618 AD, during the reign of King [[Khagemba]], a public worship took place at his abode and also at every watery place on the river side. [[Wild boar]]s, [[duck]]s, [[Cock (bird)|cock]]s, [[Chicken|hen]], [[pigeon]]s and other creatures were offered to God Marjing. This was recorded in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/31/mode/2up?q=Marjing|title=Religion Of Manipur|via=archive.org|year=1980|pages=31|publisher=Firma Klm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/121/mode/2up?q=Marjing|title=Religion Of Manipur|via=archive.org|year=1980|pages=121|publisher=Firma Klm}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons}}

[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Arts gods]]
[[Category:Earth gods]]
[[Category:Guardians of the directions (Meitei)]]
[[Category:Kings in Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Mountain gods]]
[[Category:Nature gods]]
[[Category:Pastoral gods]]
[[Category:Peace gods]]
[[Category:Sports gods]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]

{{Sanamahism-stub}}

Baragaon, Karnataka

2024-03-19T23:15:39Z

Jatta Goswami: New

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{About|a village in Belagavi district||Baragaon (disambiguation){{!}}Baragaon}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baragaon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|40|04|N|74|31|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Baragaon''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Khanapur-geo-stub}}