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Ramchandra Pandurang Kamat

2026-05-07T10:24:32Z

Jantapost: new

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (1907–2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ramchandra Pandurang Kamat
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|7|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madkai]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{circa}} {{death date and age|2000|5|25|1907|7|30|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| field = Sculpture
| movement =
| alma_mater = {{ubl
| [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| [[Royal Academy of Arts]]
}}
| works = {{ubl
| Abbé Faria Statue
| ''Nagda Putla''
}}
}}
'''Ramchandra Pandurang Kamat''' (30 July 1907 – {{circa}} 25 May 2000) is an Indian sculptor from [[Goa]]. He gained international recognition as the first Indian to win a gold medal at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] in [[London]]. Many popular statues in India, including the [[Abbé Faria]] statue at [[Panjim]], the Nagda Putla at Prabhadevi, and the [[Shivaji]] statue at [[Pratapgad Fort]] are his works.

==Early life and education==
Kamat was born on 30 July 1907 in the village of [[Madkai]], [[Portuguese Goa]], into a family of modest means. After completing his primary education in his native village, he moved to [[Bombay]] to pursue his artistic interests.<ref name="VazEminentGoans">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |author-link=J. Clement Vaz |url=http://archive.org/details/profilesofeminen0000vazj |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=New Delhi : Concept Pub. Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2}}</ref> From a young age, he harboured a desire to become a painter or sculptor.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/430 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=430 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

At the age of 13, he ran away from home and traveled to [[Bombay]] to pursue his artistic interests. Upon arriving in the city, he initially joined the Ketkar Art Institute in [[Girgaon]] to learn painting. However, he soon shifted his focus from painting to the study of sculpture, where he found significant success.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1928, he enrolled at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]. His ability to create independent and distinct artistic works made him a favorite student of the principal, [[Gladstone Solomon]]. Kamat subsequently won several awards for his exhibits, including a silver medal at the [[Bombay Art Society]]'s annual exhibition for a sculpture titled ''Nustekar Busho''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Encouraged by this early success and Principal Solomon, he traveled to [[England]] around 1930–1931 to pursue higher education in sculpture.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
===Time in Europe===
Kamat gained admission to the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] in London. During his time there, he received a special request from the Director, Sir William Macmillan, to create a sculpture. Kamat produced a piece titled ''Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Eden Garden''.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

At the age of 24, his interpretation of the biblical theme earned him the institution's gold medal, a scholarship, and other honours.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> This achievement made him the first Indian in history to receive the Royal Academy's gold medal and brought him international fame.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Kamat spent time in London winning various other prizes and traveled across Europe, visiting France, Portugal, and Italy, where he was acclaimed as a genius among contemporary sculptors.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

===Return to India===
Driven by nostalgia for his homeland, Kamat returned to India. Upon his arrival in Bombay, he was given a public reception at the Goan Institute in Dabul.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /> He was also grandly honored by the Goan community upon his return.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> At the reception, he was praised by Dr. Leonard Raymond, who was then the Principal of St. Sebastian Goan High School and later became the [[Archbishop of Nagpur]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

===Notable works===
[[File:AbaDeFaria.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Abbé Faria]] at [[Panjim]], Goa]]
[[File:Nagda Putla Statue facing Prabhadevi Road.jpg|thumb|Nagda Putla Statue facing Prabhadevi Road]]
Kamat's sculptures are located in various cities including [[Delhi]], [[Jhansi]], and across Goa. Some of his most notable works include:
* The Abbé Faria Statue: A statue of [[Abbé Faria]] located near the Old Secretariat in [[Panaji|Panjim]], [[Goa]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />
* Laxmi (1940): A sculpture of the goddess [[Lakshmi|Laxmi]] situated at the top of the Laxmi Insurance Building on [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] Road, Bombay.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />
* Sir Dinsha Wacha: A life-size standing statue of [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|Sir Dinsha Wacha]] located opposite the main gate of the [[Churchgate railway station]] in Bombay.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />
* Shivaji: A giant statue of [[Shivaji]] guarding the [[Pratapgad Fort]] in [[Maharashtra]]. This statue was inaugurated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />
* Nagda Putla (Naked Statue): A statue of a naked farmer in [[Prabhadevi]], [[Mumbai]]<ref name="IEArt22">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Art Street: How a farmer's figure in Mumbai's Prabhadevi came to be known as the 'naked statue' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-art-street-farmers-figure-prabhudevi-naked-statue-7928966/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Rani Lakshmibai: A 16-foot tall equestrian statue of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] located in [[Jhansi]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Philosophy==
Kamat was known for his simple and unassuming nature. He held the view that "the form of art is very vast and we cannot bind it in any one form."<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He had a strong affinity for the [[Konkani language]]; he had written occasionally in the language and had delivered talks on sculpture for [[All India Radio]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

==Death==
Kamat died on {{circa}} 25 May 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramachandra Pandurang Kamat - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951 |url=https://www.sculpture.gla.ac.uk/mapping/public/view/person.php?id=msib4_1263987590 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII |year=2011}}</ref><ref name="IEArt22" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Ramchandra Pandurang}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]

Eggs Kejriwal

2026-05-06T17:32:55Z

Jantapost: new - done

{{Short description|Egg, cheese, and chili dish served on toast}}
{{Infobox food
| name =
| name_lang =
| name_italics =
| image = Kejriwal- Two fried eggs on chili cheese toast.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alternate_name = Kejriwal
| type =
| course = Breakfast, snack
| place_of_origin = [[South Mumbai]]
| region =
| associated_cuisine =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Eggs, cheese, chilis, bread
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
}}
'''Eggs Kejriwal''', or simply '''Kejriwal''', is a dish of eggs topped with cheese and [[Chili pepper|chilis]], typically served over toast, that was developed in [[South Mumbai]] in the 1960s and became popular outside that area in the 2010s.

== Origin and history ==
The dish was developed in the 1960s in South Mumbai; according to [[Tejal Rao]], it was not well-known outside of that area before the 2010s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Tejal |author-link=Tejal Rao |date=2017-04-06 |title=Egg, Cheese and Toast, Mumbai Style |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/magazine/egg-cheese-and-toast-mumbai-style.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the 2010s it began appearing on the menus of trendier upscale restaurants as part of India's modern dining scene.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-17 |title=Everything you need to know about Eggs Kejriwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us/articles/food-facts/everything-you-need-to-know-about-eggs-kejriwal/photostory/62539929.cms |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The dish's growth in popularity in that decade may have been related to the growing prominence of Indian politician [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Smitha |date=2023-03-11 |title=Bread, Egg, Cheese, Chile—That's Your Ingredient List |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/eggs-kejriwal |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Bon Appétit]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> It was invented at the [[Willingdon Sports Club]] and according to Rao became popular in "Mumbai’s exclusive social-club circuit".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Chandra |date=20 December 2023 |title=Spice Up Your Morning With Cheesy Eggs Kejriwal |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/eggs-kejriwal-8418307 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Food & Wine]] |language=en}}</ref>

The dish is named after a Willingdon Club regular, Devi Prasad Kejriwal, who requested the combination so frequently that the club named it after him and placed it on their menu.<ref name=":1" /> According to food writer Vikram Doctor, Kejriwal was a [[Marwari people|Marwari]], a group that traditionally eat cheese but not eggs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Mehak |date=5 January 2024 |title=Skip the usual sunny side up and try 'Eggs Kejriwal' for breakfast. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/food/story/skip-the-usual-sunny-side-up-and-try-eggs-kejriwal-for-breakfast-recipe-2484326-2024-01-05 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> While Kejriwal loved eggs, he didn't eat them in his home and didn't like to be seen eating them publicly, so ordering them covered in melted cheese and chilis made his departure from tradition less noticeable.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=Eggs Kejriwal Recipe |url=https://food52.com/recipes/83755-eggs-kejriwal-recipe |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Food52]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Ingredients, preparation and serving ==
The original dish was a simple combination of a [[poached egg]] served on toast and topped with a slice of [[processed cheese]], probably [[Amul]], and chilis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The dish always includes eggs and cheese and typically includes chilis; other ingredients such as ghee or butter, and onion or chutney may be included.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Tejal |author-link=Tejal Rao |date=28 January 2024 |title=Eggs Kejriwal |work=[[New York Times Cooking]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It may be baked, broiled or cooked over direct heat, is usually served on toast and may be served with ketchup.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Typically, whole unbeaten eggs are used, but the eggs can also be scrambled.<ref name=":2" />

The dish can be eaten as a meal, often breakfast, or as a snack and is also served in sandwich form as a [[Street food of Mumbai|street food]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-19 |title=Eggs Kejriwal: Would you like to try Mumbai's 'fancy egg breakfast'? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/eggs-kejriwal-recipe-7274983/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Ayesha |date=2019-08-15 |title=Eggs Kejriwal - Indian breakfast |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/food/recipes/a28446204/indian-breakfast-eggs-kejriwal/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Good Housekeeping]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In 2016, ''New York Times'' restaurant critic [[Pete Wells]] named the version at [[Floyd Cardoz]]'s Paowalla one of the top ten New York City restaurant dishes of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Pete |date=2016-12-13 |title=The Top 10 New York Dishes of 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/dining/best-restaurant-dishes-in-nyc-pete-wells.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunny |first=Ancy K |date=18 January 2017 |title=Eggs Kejriwal makes it to NYT's best dishes of 2016 |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/lifestyle/eggs-kejriwal-makes-it-to-NYT-best-dishes-of-2016.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

In 2024, ''New York Times Cooking'' featured a version in a recipe on their site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Tejal |date=2024-01-19 |title=Egg Kejriwal |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018717-eggs-kejriwal |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Similar dishes ==

* [[Creamed eggs on toast]]
* [[Egg in the basket]]
* [[Eggs Benedict]]
* [[Fried egg sandwich]]
* [[Scotch woodcock]]
* [[Strata (food)|Strata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Mumbai topics}}
[[Category:Indian egg dishes]]
[[Category:Cheese dishes]]

Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T16:51:32Z

Jantapost: creating initial stub basic info!

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 63
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruvannamalai.svg
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| mla = [[E. V. Velu]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Tiruvannamalai
| electors = 249,848
| reservation =
}}

'''Tiruvannamalai''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 63. It comprises portions of [[Chengam taluk|Chengam]] and [[Tiruvannamalai taluk]]s and is a part of [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref>
Most successful party: DMK (ten times). It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Thangavelu Ramachandra Reddiar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[P. U. Shanmugam]] [[P. S. Santhanam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| P Palani Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1963
| P. U. Shanmugam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D Vijayaraj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan=2 |[[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| K. Narayanasamy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| A. S. Ravindran
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. Pitchandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| V. Kannan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=3 |K. Pitchandi
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=4 |[[E. V. Velu]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=63}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#1963 by-election|1963 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|0.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|29.42}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Elumalai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vignesh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Arul Arumugam|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249848 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a063|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=137,876 |percentage=66.72 |change=+9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thanigaivel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,203 |percentage=20.91 |change=+19.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kamalakkannan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,995 |percentage=6.77 |change=+5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Arul |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=6,246 |percentage=3.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,194 |percentage=1.06 |change=+0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. G. Panchatcharam |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,108 |percentage=1.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=94,673 |percentage=45.81 |change= 21.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=206,642 |percentage=72.16 |change= -7.71 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=130|percentage=0.06 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,380 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=116,484 |percentage=57.15 |change=+7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal Nagar K. Rajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,136 |percentage=32.45 |change=-13.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Pandian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,916 |percentage=3.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manikandan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,075 |percentage=2.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalapathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,935 |percentage=0.95 |change=+0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,803 |percentage=0.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kamalakkannan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,686 |percentage=0.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,348 |percentage=24.70 |change= 21.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=203,825 |percentage=79.87 |change= -0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,195 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. V. Velu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,802 |percentage=49.40 |change=-0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,676 |percentage=46.41 |change=+5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arjunan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,519 |percentage=0.88 |change=-0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathasivaraja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,186 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=955 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,126 |percentage=2.99 |change= -5.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=171,679 |percentage=80.82 |change= 11.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,430 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,773 |percentage=49.88 |change=+2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pavan Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,970 |percentage=41.34 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,660 |percentage=4.44 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayana Gandhi @ G. Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,635 |percentage=1.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalingan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,289 |percentage=0.86 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Pichandi |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,803 |percentage=8.54 |change= 5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,893 |percentage=69.67 |change= 9.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,158 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,115 |percentage=47.75 |change=-18.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shunmugasundaram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=60,025 |percentage=44.70 |change=+39.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Senthil Kumar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,140 |percentage=2.34 |change=+0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,518 |percentage=1.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Alagesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,720 |percentage=1.28 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=764 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Pakkiri |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,090 |percentage=3.05 |change= -39.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,281 |percentage=60.17 |change= -9.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,433 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,731 |percentage=66.55 |change=+33.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arunachalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,753 |percentage=24.44 |change=-34.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sekar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,040 |percentage=5.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Elango |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,231 |percentage=1.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pandurangan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=671 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52,978 |percentage=42.11 |change= 16.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,822 |percentage=69.50 |change= 1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,514 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,034 |percentage=58.94 |change=+36.97 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,115 |percentage=33.51 |change=-21.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugasundaram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=6,887 |percentage=6.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,919 |percentage=25.43 |change= -7.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,737 |percentage=68.26 |change= -3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,857 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,556 |percentage=54.61 |change=+8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Ravindran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,154 |percentage=21.97 |change=-29.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,061 |percentage=17.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,431 |percentage=4.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=887 |percentage=0.84 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,402 |percentage=32.64 |change= 27.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,394 |percentage=71.68 |change= -6.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,265 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Ravindran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,782 |percentage=51.31 |change=-7.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugaiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,409 |percentage=45.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramanujam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,385 |percentage=2.46 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,373 |percentage=5.54 |change= -14.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,027 |percentage=78.17 |change= -0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,693 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narayanasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,437 |percentage=58.78 |change=+28.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. U. Shanmugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,052 |percentage=38.93 |change=+14.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Narayanasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,385 |percentage=19.85 |change= 18.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,609 |percentage=78.19 |change= 5.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,155 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. U. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,148 |percentage=32.22 |change=-29.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Pattuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,786 |percentage=30.61 |change=-7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Venkatesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,525 |percentage=24.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thandavarayan |party=Janata Party |votes=8,689 |percentage=10.31 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Sugunapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=2,100 |percentage=2.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,362 |percentage=1.62 |change= -22.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,248 |percentage=72.94 |change= -4.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,397 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -29.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. U. Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,633 |percentage=62.21 |change=+16.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Annamalai Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,323 |percentage=37.79 |change=-11.6 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,310 |percentage=24.43 |change= 20.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,956 |percentage=77.36 |change= -7.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,261 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Vijayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,153 |percentage=49.39 |change=-0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. U. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,968 |percentage=45.26 |change=-2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,134 |percentage=5.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,185 |percentage=4.12 |change= 1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,255 |percentage=84.43 |change= 10.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,545 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1963 by-election===
P. U. Shanmugam won.

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Palani Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,148 |percentage=50.06 |change=+30.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. U. Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,399 |percentage=47.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kanna Kandar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,663 |percentage=2.37 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,749 |percentage=2.49 |change= -2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,210 |percentage=73.57 |change= -15.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,596 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 20.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. U. Shanmugham]] |party=Independent politician |votes=48,447 |percentage=29.42 |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Santhanam (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=39,622 |percentage=24.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Annamalai Kounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,273 |percentage=19.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[A. Arumugam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,328 |percentage=17.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arunachalam (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=8,555 |percentage=5.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnasamy (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=2,537 |percentage=1.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subbarayan (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=2,002 |percentage=1.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Perumal Nainar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,888 |percentage=1.15 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,825 |percentage=5.36 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,652 |percentage=89.52 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,923 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandra Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,579 |percentage=20.60 |change=20.60 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,895 |percentage=18.04 |change=18.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivalu Gounder |party=Commonweal Party |votes=18,283 |percentage=17.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Devaraja Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=14,970 |percentage=14.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raghavan |party=Commonweal Party |votes=9,620 |percentage=9.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhanam |party=Republican Party of India |votes=6,195 |percentage=5.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickavelu Mudalier |party=Independent politician |votes=5,304 |percentage=5.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajagopal Naidu |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Maha Sabha |votes=3,009 |percentage=2.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vettaraya Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=3,008 |percentage=2.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,262 |percentage=2.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyadurai Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,635 |percentage=1.56 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,684 |percentage=2.56 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,760 |percentage=73.23 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,057 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12|14|27.38|N|79|01|40.99|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]

Love jihad conspiracy theory

2026-05-03T16:54:02Z

Jantapost: stub

{{short description|Islamophobic conspiracy theory}}
{{distinguish|Sexual jihad|A Jihad for Love}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Islamophobia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Love jihad''' (or '''Romeo jihad'''){{refn |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khatun |first=Nadira |date=14 December 2018 |title='Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other' |url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8 |journal=Journal of Religion & Film |publisher=University of Nebraska Omaha |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1092-1311 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120204931/https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gupta-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Charu |year=2009 |title=Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=51 |pages=13–15 |jstor=25663907 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Rao-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mohan |date=1 October 2011 |title=Love Jihad and Demographic Fears |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.1177/097152151101800307 |s2cid=144012623 |issn=0971-5215}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khalid |first=Saif |date=24 August 2017 |title=The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003175039/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is an [[Islamophobic]]{{refn |name=Islamophobia |<ref name="Farokhi-2020" />{{rp |226–227 |q=The exponents of this conspiracy assert that innocent Hindu women are converted to Islam in order to increase the Muslim population, thereby waging jihad or holy war against Hindus (Gupta, 2009). By evoking demographic fears and anxiety, this campaign demonizes Muslims and works to advance the patriarchal idea of saving Hindu girls from an imagined Muslim menace (Das, 2010).}}<ref name="Jenkins-2019">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |chapter=Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |year=2019 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |s2cid=242173559 |quote=The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge." |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114814/https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sharma-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajita |title=Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad |journal=Jindal Global Law Review |date=1 April 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5 |publisher=Springer |s2cid=220512241 |quote=The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.| issn = 0975-2498}}</ref><ref name="Upadhyay-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Nishant |title=Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India |journal=Interventions |date=18 May 2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=464–480 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=218822737 |via=Academia.edu |quote=Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right. |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328033737/https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frydenlund-2018">{{cite book |last1=Frydenlund |first1=Iselin |editor1-first=Asbjørn |editor1-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=David G. |editor2-last=Robertson |editor3-first=Egil |editor3-last=Asprem |chapter=Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |year=2018 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004382022 |s2cid=201409140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ |via=Academia.edu |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37554959}}</ref>{{rp |289 |q=The third trope concerns capitalism and market competition, while the latter three consider another aspect of global Islamophobic discourses, namely that there is a plot to spread Islam around the world through population growth, or so-called Demographic Jihad. This in turn can be divided into three subfields according to the means by which Muslims are claimed to use in their Demographic Jihad to eradicate Buddhism: 'Birth Jihad', 'Rape Jihad', and 'Love Jihad'.}}}} [[conspiracy theory]]{{refn |name=conspiracy theory |<ref name="Farokhi-2020">{{Cite book |last=Farokhi |first=Zeinab |chapter=Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad" |editor-last=Boler |editor-first=Megan |pages=226–239 |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Elizabeth |title=Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-016917-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |chapter-url-access=limited |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506153834/https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp |226–227 |q=This chapter examines the conspiracy theory of "Love Jihad" across traditional and social media discourse in India as a way to show how affective strategies promoting Islamophobia are employed through logics of "digital governmentality" (Badouard et al., 2016). "Love Jihad" is a campaign started by right-wing Hindu nationalists in 2009 (Gökarıksel et al., 2019) alleging that Muslim men feign love to lure non-Muslim women to marry them in order to convert them to Islam (Rao, 2011).}}<ref name="Strohl-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Strohl |first=David James |date=11 October 2018 |title=Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=Routledge |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209 |s2cid=149838857 |issn=0958-4935 }}</ref>{{rp |1–2 |q=Since at least 2009, a host of activists have used grassroots campaigns and mass-media to spread rumors throughout India of a vast conspiracy by the Muslim community to train young men to seduce, marry, and convert Hindu women. Some politicians and activists draw on these conspiracy theories to drum up support from Hindus in electoral campaigns and to fuel moralizing crusades throughout the country aimed at saving women from these imagined threats.}}<ref name="Nair-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Rashmi |last2=Vollhardt |first2=Johanna Ray |date=6 May 2019 |title=Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170 |journal=Political Psychology |publisher=Wiley |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=2 |doi=10.1111/pops.12593 |s2cid=164693982 |via=ResearchGate |quote=Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009). |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133532/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170_Intersectional_Consciousness_in_Collective_Victim_Beliefs_Perceived_Intragroup_Differences_Among_Disadvantaged_Groups |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="George-2016">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy |publisher=MIT Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-262-33607-9 |pages=96–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4wnDQAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428152240/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4wnDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp |96–97 |q=The "love jihad" is a bizarre myth about a Muslim campaign to conquer Hindus by stealing their girls, one heart at a time. [...] It is apparently easier to blame a mythical love jihad conspiracy than to confront uglier truths—that the obsession with social status sometimes turns young romance into needless tragedy; or that poverty and ignorance makes families easy prey for dowry-bearing human traffickers.}}<ref name="George-2020">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |chapter=The Scourge of Disinformation-Assisted Hate Propaganda |editor-last1=Zimdars |editor-first1=Melissa |editor-last2=McLeod |editor-first2=Kembrew |editor-link2=Kembrew McLeod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age |publisher=MIT Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53836-7 |pages=147–148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145109/https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cropped-ocr_icon11.jpg?w=192 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp |147 |q=Elaborate and influential conspiracy theories have been manufactured in the United States by the Islamophobia industry about the incursion of sharia law; in India, by the Hindu Right about Muslim men mounting "love jihad" on Hindu women and girls; in Indonesia, by Muslim hard-liners about a resurgent communist threat; and in Europe, by anti-immigrant groups against sexual predators or "rapefugees."}}<ref name="Anand-2011">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim" |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-60385-1 |pages=51, 63–69 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114813/https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp |69 |q=If they are not conjuring this story up, why not encourage the Hindutva youth to search for the Maulavi who they accuse of ordering Muslim men to seduce Hindu girls? They do no such thing because it is clear that they are indulging in scare mongering. In the blogosphere, the tales of a love jihad conspiracy circulate without any serious questioning of what the evidence is. One extremist Web site quotes another, and when you check the second one, they would cite the first one.}}<ref name="George-2017">{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Journalism's crisis of reason |journal=Media Asia |date=3 April 2017 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=158269410 |issn=0129-6612 }}</ref>{{rp |74 |q=One example of clever disinformation is the "love jihad" conspiracy theory. The story is that young Muslim men are seducing away innocent Hindu girls and then forcing them to convert to Islam. The grand plan is to turn India, which is now almost 80% Hindu, into a Muslim nation.}}<ref name="Udupa-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Shriram |last3=Khan |first3=Aasim |title="Millennial India": Global Digital Politics in Context |journal=Television & New Media |publisher=SAGE |date=11 September 2019 |volume=21 |issue=4 |page=353 |doi=10.1177/1527476419870516 |doi-access=free |quote=Vigilante action is targeted against what right-wing attackers describe as "love jihad," finding cause in the conspiracy theory of conniving Muslim men seducing gullible Hindu women into marriage and submission. "Love jihad" is a violent expression of the broader politics of regulating female sexuality—a core element of online Hindu nationalism manifest variously as shaming and abuse (Udupa 2017). }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. Mohsin Alam |title=The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India |journal=Law & Policy Brief |date=1 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=9 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |publisher=[[O. P. Jindal Global University]] |ssrn=3367329 |via=Social Science Research Network |quote=A Muslim migrant worker was bludgeoned to death and his dead body set on fire, with all this being recorded on video, while his attacker blamed him for "love jihad" — a phrase used by the extremist members of Hindu right-wing organizations to refer to a conspiracy theory that Muslims are forcibly or fraudulently converting Hindu women on the pretext of marriage. |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401185959/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Purewal-2020">{{cite news |last1=Purewal |first1=Navtej K. |date=3 September 2020 |title=Indian Matchmaking: a show about arranged marriages can't ignore the political reality in India |url=http://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441 |work=The Conversation UK |quote=One popular conspiracy theory shared by the Hindu right is "Love Jihad". This is the idea that Muslim men target women belonging to non-Muslim communities to convert them to Islam by feigning love. It is an invention to incite suspicion and hatred against Muslims in India. |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911172440/https://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Byatnal |first1=Amruta |date=13 October 2013 |title=Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-Muslim couples |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece |issn=0971-751X |quote=They see themselves as warriors against what they call "Love Jihad," a conspiracy theory floated by Hindutva groups like the Hindu Janjagruti Samiti which claims that Muslim men lure Hindu women into marriage with the aim of increasing their own population. |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}} promoted by right-wing [[Hindutva]] activists that aims to misrepresent consensual marriages between Hindu women and Muslim men to be a part of broader agenda of initiating religious conversions into [[Islam]].<ref name="i821">{{cite web | title=UP Police Investigation of 'Love Jihad' Concludes What We Already Know | website=The Swaddle | date=2020-11-24 | url=https://www.theswaddle.com/up-police-investigation-of-love-jihad-concludes-what-we-already-know-it-doesnt-exist | access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="a327">{{cite web | last=Engage | first=EPW | title='Love Jihad' is an Islamophobic Campaign: Why Honour is about Controlling Women's Bodies | website=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2020-12-14 | url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/love-jihad-islamophobic-campaign-whose-honour-is-it-anyway | access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="r795">{{cite journal | last=Krishnan | first=Kavita | title=Gendered Discipline in Globalising India | journal=Feminist Review | volume=119 | issue=1 | date=2018 | issn=0141-7789 | doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0119-6 | pages=72–88 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/s41305-018-0119-6 | access-date=2026-02-08| url-access=subscription }}</ref>.{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Strohl-2018" />{{rp |4 |q=As I explore below, a variety of moral entrepreneurs further the Hindutva cause by stoking fears about love jihad to further marginalize Muslims, mobilize Hindu voters, and renew people's commitments to traditional religious values. I situate these activities within a broader range of Hindutva campaigns in contemporary India and discuss the ways in which earlier Hindu majoritarian campaigns to 'save' women prefigure the current uproar about love jihad.}}<ref name="Sarkar2018">{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |date=1 July 2018 |title=Is Love without Borders Possible? |journal=Feminist Review |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0 |s2cid=149827310 |issn=0141-7789}}</ref><ref name="Waikar-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Waikar |first=Prashant |year=2018 |title=Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi's Political Discourse |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=161–180 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |issn=2325-8381 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} The conspiracy theory purports that [[Muslim]] men target [[Hindu]] women for [[conversion to Islam]] by means such as seduction,{{refn |<ref name="George-2020" /><ref name="Anand-2011" /><ref name="Nair-2014"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=4 December 2020 |title=Hindu nationalists raise spectre of 'love jihad' with marriage law |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201204035221/https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>}} feigning love,{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Nair-2019" /><ref name="Purewal-2020" /><ref name="Leidig-2020" />}} deception,{{refn |<ref name="Waikar-2018" /><ref name="Nair-2014" />}} [[Bride kidnapping|kidnapping]],{{refn |<ref name="Gupta-2009" /><ref name="Grewal-2014">{{cite news |last=Grewal |first=Inderpal |author-link=Inderpal Grewal |date=7 October 2014 |title=Narendra Modi's BJP: Fake Feminism and 'Love Jihad' Rumors |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/narendra-modis-bjp-fake-f_b_5940276 |work=Huffington Post |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218132228/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/narendra-modis-bjp-fake-f_b_5940276 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Banaji-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Banaji |first=Shakuntala |date=2 October 2018 |title=Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India |journal=Javnost – the Public |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=333–350 |doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349 |issn=1318-3222 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} and marriage,{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Waikar-2018" /><ref name="Ramachandran-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=Sudha |year=2020 |title=Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15–20 |jstor=26918077 |issn=2382-6444 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravindran |first=Gopalan |title=Deleuzian and Guattarian Approaches to Contemporary Communication Cultures in India |publisher=Springer |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxHUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |isbn=978-981-15-2140-9 |pages=78 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114816/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxHUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} as part of a broader demographic "war" by Muslims against India,{{refn |<ref name="Rao-2011" /><ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Chacko-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Chacko |first=Priya |date=March 2019 |title=Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=377–410 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000051 |hdl=2440/117274 |s2cid=149588748 |issn=0026-749X |hdl-access=free}}</ref>}} and an organised international conspiracy,{{refn |<ref name="Gupta-2009" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punwani |first=Jyoti |year=2014 |title=Myths and Prejudices about 'Love Jihad' |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=42 |pages=12–15 |jstor=24480870 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Jayal-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Jayal |first=Niraja Gopal |date=2 January 2019 |title=Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 |issn=0085-6401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} for domination through [[demographic growth]] and replacement.{{refn |<ref name="Gökarıksel-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Gökarıksel |first1=Banu |last2=Neubert |first2=Christopher |last3=Smith |first3=Sara |date=15 February 2019 |title=Demographic Fever Dreams: Fragile Masculinity and Population Politics in the Rise of the Global Right |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/701154 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=561–587 |doi=10.1086/701154 |s2cid=151053220 |issn=0097-9740 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419054500/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/701154 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maiorano |first=Diego |date=3 April 2015 |title=Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership |journal=The International Spectator |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=75–92 |doi=10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511 |s2cid=155228179 |issn=0393-2729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tyagi |first1=Aastha |last2=Sen |first2=Atreyee |date=2 January 2020 |title=Love-Jihad (Muslim Sexual Seduction) and ched-chad (sexual harassment): Hindu nationalist discourses and the Ideal/deviant urban citizen in India |journal=Gender, Place & Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=104–125 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2018.1557602 |s2cid=165145583 |issn=0966-369X}}</ref>}}

The conspiracy theory relies on [[disinformation]] to conduct its hate campaign,<ref name="George-2020" /> and is noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns as well as contemporary [[white nationalist]] conspiracy theories and Western Islamophobia.<ref name="Gökarıksel-2019" /><ref name="George-2020" /><ref name="Farokhi-2020" /> It features [[Orientalism |Orientalist]] portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and [[hypersexual]],<ref name="Leidig-2020" /> and carries the [[paternalistic]] and [[patriarchal]] notions that Hindu women are passive and victimised, while "any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored".<ref name="Gupta-2009"/> It has consequently been the cause of [[vigilante]] assaults, murders and other violent incidents,{{refn |<ref name="Strohl-2018" />{{rp |2 |q=Other right-wing activists use the hysteria surrounding love jihad to file false legal cases and launch vigilante campaigns against women and men in inter-religious relationships.}}<ref name="Udupa-2019" /><ref name="Trivedi-2020" /><ref name="Waikar-2018" /><ref name="Banaji-2018" /><ref name="Ramachandran-2020" /><ref name="Jayal-2019" />}} including the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]].{{refn |name=third}}

Created in 2009{{refn |<ref name="Anand-2011" /><ref name="Gökarıksel-2019" />}} as part of a campaign to foster fear and paranoia, the conspiracy theory was disseminated by Hindutva publications, such as the ''[[Sanatan Prabhat]]'' and the [[Hindu Janajagruti Samiti]] website, calling Hindus to protect their women from Muslim men who were simultaneously depicted to be attractive seducers and lecherous rapists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-60385-1 |pages=51, 63–69 |chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim" |url-access=limited |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624144955/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hindu_Nationalism_in_India_and_the_Polit/BYbFAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisations including the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) have since been credited for its proliferation in India and abroad, respectively.{{refn |<ref name="Banaji-2018" /><ref name="Chacko-2019" />}} The conspiracy theory was noted to have become a significant belief in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] by 2014 and contributed to the success of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) campaign in the state.<ref name="George-2016" />

The concept was institutionalised in India after the election of the Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Waikar-2018" /><ref name="Gökarıksel-2019" />}} [[Right-wing]] pro-government television media, such as [[Times Now]] and [[Republic TV]], and social media disinformation campaigns are generally held responsible for the growth of its popularity.<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /> Legislation against the purported conspiracy has been initiated in a number of states ruled by the party and implemented in the state of Uttar Pradesh by the [[Yogi Adityanath]] government, where it has been used as a means of [[state repression]] on Muslims and crackdown on [[interfaith marriage]]s.{{refn |<ref name="Wire Nov 2020" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=8 December 2020 |title=Love jihad: The Indian law threatening interfaith love |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55158684 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193012/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55158684 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In [[Myanmar]], the conspiracy theory has been adopted by the [[969 Movement]] as an allegation of Islamisation of Buddhist women and used by the [[Tatmadaw]] as justification for [[Rohingya genocide |military operations against Rohingya civilians]].{{refn |<ref name="Frydenlund-2018" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Jeff |title=The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4422-7688-8 |pages=117–119}} </ref>}} It has extended among the non-Muslim [[Indian diaspora]] and led to formation of alliances between Hindutva groups and Western [[far-right]] organisations such as the [[English Defence League]].<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /> It has also been adopted in part by the clergy of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Kerala]] to dissuade [[interfaith marriage]] among Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Laura Dudley |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |chapter=Chapter 6. Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |pages=180–215 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |s2cid=242173559 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Young Christians being targeted through 'love and narcotics jihad': Catholic Bishop in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/young-christians-targeted-through-love-narcotics-jihad-catholic-bishop-kerala-7499399/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
=== Regional historical tensions ===
[[File:India religion map 1909 en.jpg |alt= |thumb |The Indian subcontinent has been religiously pluralistic for centuries. This map from 1909 shows Muslim regions in the northwest in green mixing with Hindu regions stretching across most of the region into Buddhist Burma.]]

In a piece picked up by the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' correspondent Siddhartha Mahanta reports that the modern Love Jihad conspiracy has roots in the 1947 [[partition of India]].<ref name="Mahanta-2014" /> This partition led to the creation of India and Pakistan. The creation of two countries with different majority religions led to large-scale migration, with millions of people moving between the countries and rampant reports of sexual predation and forced conversions of women by men of both faiths.<ref name="Mahanta-2014" /><ref name="Bhavnani-2014">{{cite book |last=Bhavnani |first=Nandita |title=The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_8aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT253 |date=29 July 2014 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-84030-33-9 |pages=253–255 }}</ref><ref name="Huynh-2015" /> Women on both sides of the conflict were impacted, leading to "recovery operations" by both the Indian and Pakistani governments of these women, with over 20,000 Muslim and 9,000 non-Muslim women being recovered between 1947 and 1956.<ref name="Huynh-2015">{{cite book |last1=Huynh |first1=Kim |author2=Bina D'Costa |author3=Katrina Lee-Koo |title=Children and Global Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276 |date=30 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-29876-3 |pages=274–275 |access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133434/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> This tense history caused repeated clashes between the faiths in the decades that followed as well, according to Mahanta, as cultural pressure against interfaith marriage for either side.<ref name="Mahanta-2014" />

As of 2011, Hindus were the leading religious majority in India, at 80%, with Muslims at 14% an increase from 9% from 1951 while the Hindu population of Pakistan has remained at 2% and that of Bangladesh fallen to 8%.<ref name="Mandhana-2014">{{Cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/hindu-activists-in-india-warn-women-to-beware-of-love-jihad-1409874089 |title=Hindu Activists in India Warn Women to Beware of 'Love Jihad' |last=Mandhana |first=Niharika |date=4 September 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019135920/http://online.wsj.com/articles/hindu-activists-in-india-warn-women-to-beware-of-love-jihad-1409874089 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm|title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan|date=2 March 2007|accessdate=7 August 2023|via=news.bbc.co.uk|archive-date=14 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814193916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|date=26 May 2018|website=The Express Tribune|accessdate=7 August 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930130928/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1951 census, [[West Pakistan]] (now [[Pakistan]]) had 1.3% Hindu population, while [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) had 22.05%.<ref name="D'Costa-2011">{{cite book |last=D'Costa|first=Bina|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA100|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-56566-0|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217071856/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |archive-date=17 December 2003 |work=Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Government of Pakistan |title=Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm |title=Census of Bangladesh |publisher=Banbeis.gov.bd |access-date=2013-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132048/http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Marriage traditions and customs ===
{{See also |Interfaith marriage in Islam |Interfaith marriage#Views of Hinduism}}
India has a long tradition of [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriages]], wherein the bride and groom do not choose their partners. Through the 2000s and 2010s, India witnessed a rise in [[love marriages]]; however, tensions continue around interfaith marriages, along with other traditionally discouraged unions.<ref name="VOA Aug 2002">{{Cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/indian-laws-culture-boost-inter-faith-marriages-147373205/180237.html |title=Indian Laws, Culture Boost Inter-Faith Marriages |date=12 August 2002 |work=Voice of America |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907171718/http://www.voanews.com/content/indian-laws-culture-boost-inter-faith-marriages-147373205/180237.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mumbai Mirror">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Jihad-in-the-time-of-love/articleshow/41290908.cms |title=Jihad in the time of love |date=31 August 2014 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825201102/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Jihad-in-the-time-of-love/articleshow/41290908.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that illegal intimidation against consenting couples engaging in such discouraged unions, including inter-religious marriage, had surged.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/law-commissions-new-draft-wants-khap-panchayats-on-marriages-declared-illegal/article2829231.ece |title=Law Commission's new draft wants khap panchayats on marriages declared illegal |last=Dhar |first=Aarti |date=24 January 2012 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301200257/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/law-commissions-new-draft-wants-khap-panchayats-on-marriages-declared-illegal/article2829231.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> That year, Uttar Pradesh saw the proposal of an amendment to remove the requirement to declare religion from the marriage law in hopes of encouraging those who were hiding their interfaith marriage due to social norms to register.<ref name="VOA Aug 2002" />

One of the tensions surrounding interfaith marriage relates to concerns of required, even [[Forced conversion |forced]], [[marital conversion]].<ref name="Mumbai Mirror" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Two booked for forcing wives to embrace Islam in Madhya Pradesh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-booked-for-forcing-wives-to-embrace-Islam-in-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/41251910.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 February 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427202619/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-booked-for-forcing-wives-to-embrace-Islam-in-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/41251910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Marriage in Islam]] is a legal contract with requirements around the religions of the participants. While Muslim women are only permitted within the contract to marry Muslim men, Muslim men may marry "[[People of the Book]]", interpreted by most to include [[Jews]] and [[Christians]], with the inclusion of [[Hindus]] disputed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of life : family, home, and society |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-275-98735-0 |page=61 |quote=This includes Jew, Christians and Sabeans (a sect that most Muslims believe no longer exists). Zoroastrians, certain types of Hindus, and Buddhists are accepted by some Muslims as 'People of the Book' as well, but this is a matter of dispute.}}</ref> According to a 2014 article in the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', some non-Muslim brides in Muslim-Hindu marriages convert, while other couples choose a [[civil marriage]] under the [[Special Marriage Act of 1954]].<ref name="Mumbai Mirror" /> Marriage between Muslim women and Hindu men (including Sikh, Jaina, and Buddhist) is legal civil marriage under The Special Marriage Act of 1954.

=== Hindutva and right-wing politics ===
Love jihad in politics has been closely tied to [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] movement, which is associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Chandra Pandey-2013" /> The anti-Islamic stances of many right wing Hindutva groups like [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) are usually hostile to inter-religious marriage and religious pluralism, which can sometimes result in mob violence motivated by allegations of love jihad.<ref name="Sarkar2018"/>

== Timeline ==
=== Early origins and beginnings ===
Similar controversies over inter religious marriage were relatively common in India from the 1920s until independence in 1947, when allegations of forced marriage were typically called "abductions".<ref>{{cite news |first=Chandrima |last=Banerjee |title=Ram Sene coined 'love jihad', but first 'case' goes back a century |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-sene-coined-love-jihad-but-first-case-goes-back-a-century/articleshow/78744013.cms |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120101539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-sene-coined-love-jihad-but-first-case-goes-back-a-century/articleshow/78744013.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They were more common in religiously diverse areas, including campaigns against both Muslims and Christians, and were tied to fears over religious demographics and political power in the newly emerging Indian nation. Fears of women converting was also a catalyst of the [[Violence against women during the partition of India |violence against women]] that occurred during that period. However, allegations of Love Jihad first rose to national awareness in September 2009.<ref name="Piqued">{{cite news |date=6 September 2011 |title='Love jihad' piqued US interest |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Love-jihad-piqued-US-interest/articleshow/9877883.cms?referral=PM |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914070513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Love-jihad-piqued-US-interest/articleshow/9877883.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council, by October 2009 up to 4,500 girls in Kerala had been targeted, whereas [[Hindu Janajagruti Samiti]] claimed that 30,000 girls had been [[conversion to Islam |converted]] in Karnataka alone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/14/is-love-jihad-terrors-new-mantra.htm |title=Is 'Love Jihad' terror's new mantra? |work=Rediff |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211052832/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/14/is-love-jihad-terrors-new-mantra.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=66952 |title=Mangalore: Eight Hindu Organisations to Protest Against 'Love Jehad' |work=Daijiworld.com |date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105102617/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=66952 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana]] general secretary Vellapally Natesan said that there had been reports in Narayaneeya communities of "Love Jihad" attempts.<ref>{{cite news |title=SNDP to campaign against Love Jihad: Vellappally |url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/sndp-protest-love-jihad-vellappally-2_91229.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310203936/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/sndp-protest-love-jihad-vellappally-2_91229.html |archive-date=10 March 2012 |work=[[Asianet (TV channel) |Asianet]] |date=19 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SNDP to join fight against 'Love Jihad' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article140981.ece |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 October 2009 |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084257/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article140981.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the controversy's initial flare-up in 2009, it flared again in 2010, 2011 and 2014.<ref name="Criticized">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-27/news/27572286_1_love-jihad-love-jihad-hindu |title=Kerala CM criticised for speaking out against 'love jihad' |date=27 July 2010 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812053206/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-27/news/27572286_1_love-jihad-love-jihad-hindu |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hate">{{cite news |title=Love jihad sparks hate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-sparks-hate/articleshow/11140332.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |date=17 December 2011 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-sparks-hate/articleshow/11140332.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IT Sep 2012" /> On 25 June 2014, Kerala Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] informed the state legislature that 2,667 young women converted to Islam in the state between 2006 and 2014. However, he stated that there was no evidence for any of them being forced to convert, and that fears of Love Jihad were "baseless".<ref name="IT Sep 2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/love-jihad-oommen-chandy-islam-kerala-muslim-marriage-115150-2012-09-03 |title=Over 2500 women converted to Islam in Kerala since 2006, says Oommen Chandy |work=India Today |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=16 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904045700/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/love-jihad-oommen-chandy-islam-kerala-muslim-marriage/1/215942.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslim organizations such as the ''[[Popular Front of India]]'' and the ''Campus Front'' have been accused of promoting this activity.<ref name="Nelson-2009">{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=13 October 2009 |title=Handsome Muslim men accused of waging 'love jihad' in India |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124190122/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Kerala, some movies have been accused of promoting Love Jihad, a charge which has been denied by the filmmakers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rohit |last=Raj |title=Filmmakers protest Love Jihad slur in social media |date=27 July 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/local/kochi/filmmakers-protest-love-jihad-slur-social-media-082 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081046/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/local/kochi/filmmakers-protest-love-jihad-slur-social-media-082 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bollywood films [[PK (film)|PK]] and [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]] were accused of promoting Love jihad by Hindu outfits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/449522/pk-supports-love-jihad-hindu.html |title='PK' supports 'Love Jihad', Hindu outfit seeks a ban |date=24 December 2014 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308162832/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/449522/pk-supports-love-jihad-hindu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bajrangi-bhaijaan-is-not-about-love-jihad-2039556 |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan is not about Love Jihad |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506153833/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bajrangi-bhaijaan-is-not-about-love-jihad-2039556 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/02/bollywood-film-pk-hindu-nationalist-protests-india-aamir-khan |title=Bollywood film fans fall in love with PK despite Hindu nationalist protests |date=2 January 2015 |work=the Guardian |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202152/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/02/bollywood-film-pk-hindu-nationalist-protests-india-aamir-khan |url-status=live }}</ref> The actors and directors denied that their films promoted Love jihad.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-pk-anti-hindu-hindutva-love-jihad-rajkumar-hirani-twitter-anti-religion-232488-2014-12-23 |title=Aamir Khan defends PK: Not targetting any particular religion |date=December 26, 2014 |magazine=India Today |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308162830/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-pk-anti-hindu-hindutva-love-jihad-rajkumar-hirani-twitter-anti-religion-232488-2014-12-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-bajrangi-bhaijaan-kabir-khan-kareena-kapoor-229316-2014-12-01 |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan is a masala film, not about love jihad: Kabir Khan |date=December 1, 2014 |magazine=India Today |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308162830/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-bajrangi-bhaijaan-kabir-khan-kareena-kapoor-229316-2014-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around the same time that the conspiracy theory was beginning to spread, accounts of Love Jihad also began becoming prevalent in [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Formatting Religion: Across Politics, Education, Media, and Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yj6IDwAAQBAJ |page=89 |author=Marius Timmann Mjaaland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-63827-5 |year=2019 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yj6IDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wirathu]], the leader of [[969 Movement]], has said that Muslim men pretend to be Buddhists and then the Buddhist women are lured into Islam in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article43249 |title=South Asia: Murderous majorities |author=Kesavan Mukul |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809181028/https://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article43249 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/37554959 |title=Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts |author=Iselin Frydenlund |journal=Academia |date=2018 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014 |isbn=978-90-04-38202-2 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145005/https://www.academia.edu/37554959 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has urged to "protect our Buddhist women from the Muslim love-jihad" by introducing further legislation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/417974/buddhist-backlash-against-fear-of-love-jihad-in-myanmar |title=Buddhist backlash against fear of 'love-jihad' |year=2014 |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145026/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/417974/buddhist-backlash-against-fear-of-love-jihad-in-myanmar |url-status=live }}</ref> Reports of similar activities also began emerging from the United Kingdom's Sikh diaspora.<ref>{{cite news |author=Yudhvir Rana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Not-just-White-girls-Pak-Muslim-men-sexually-target-Hindu-and-Sikh-girls-as-well/articleshow/7254035.cms?referral=PM |title='Not just White girls, Pak Muslim men sexually target Hindu and Sikh girls as well |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828021118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Not-just-White-girls-Pak-Muslim-men-sexually-target-Hindu-and-Sikh-girls-as-well/articleshow/7254035.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/police-protect-girls-forced-to-convert-to-islam-7256407.html |title=Police protect girls forced to convert to Islam |work=[[Evening Standard |London Evening Standard]] |date=22 February 2007 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=16 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216023003/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/police-protect-girls-forced-to-convert-to-islam-7256407.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, The Sikh Council alleged that it had received reports that girls from [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom |British Sikh]] families were becoming victims of Love Jihad. Furthermore, these reports alleged that these girls were being exploited by their husbands, some of whom afterwards abandoned them in Pakistan. According to the Takht Jathedar, he alleged that "The Sikh council has rescued some of the victims (girls) and brought them back to their parents".<ref name="HT Correspondent">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar/love-jihad-exploitation-of-uk-sikh-girls-by-pak-youths-worries-akal-takht/article1-1177246.aspx |title='Love jihad': UK Sikh girls' exploitation worries Takht |date=27 January 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906234735/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar/love-jihad-exploitation-of-uk-sikh-girls-by-pak-youths-worries-akal-takht/article1-1177246.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Congress Party era (2009–2014) ===
The initial formations of the conspiracy theory were solidified when various organisations began joining. Christian groups, such as the Christian Association for Social Action, and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) banded against it, with the VHP establishing the "Hindu Helpline" that it started answered 1,500 calls in three months related to "Love Jihad".<ref name="Ananthakrishnan G-2009">{{cite news |author=Ananthakrishnan G |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Love-Jihad-racket-VHP-Christian-groups-find-common-cause/articleshow/5117548.cms |title='Love Jihad' racket: VHP, Christian groups find common cause |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2009 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805051759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Love-Jihad-racket-VHP-Christian-groups-find-common-cause/articleshow/5117548.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Union of Catholic Asian News]] (UCAN) has reported that the [[Catholic Church]] was concerned about this alleged phenomenon.<ref name="Concerned">{{cite news |date=13 October 2009 |title=Church, state concerned about ´love jihad´ |work=Union of Catholic Asian News |url=http://www.ucanews.com/2009/10/13/church-state-concerned-about-love-jihad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018162826/http://www.ucanews.com/2009/10/13/church-state-concerned-about-love-jihad |archive-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> In September, posters of right-wing group [[Shri Ram Sena]] warning against "Love Jihad" appeared in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="Babu Thomas-2009">{{cite news |author=Babu Thomas |title=Poster campaign against 'Love Jihad' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article157178.ece |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 September 2009 |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084303/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article157178.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group announced in December that it would launch a nationwide "Save our daughters, save India" campaign to combat "Love Jihad".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Rama-Sene-to-launch-Save-our-daughters-Save-India/articleshow/5181924.cms?referral=PM |title='Rama Sene to launch 'Save our daughters Save India' |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Rama-Sene-to-launch-Save-our-daughters-Save-India/articleshow/5181924.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslim organizations in Kerala called it a malicious misinformation campaign.<ref name="misinformation">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Love-Jihad-a-misinformation-campaign-Kerala-Muslim-outfits/articleshow/5189444.cms?referral=PM |title='Love Jihad' a misinformation campaign: Kerala Muslim outfits |work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822125655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Love-Jihad-a-misinformation-campaign-Kerala-Muslim-outfits/articleshow/5189444.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular Front of India (PFI) committee-member Naseeruddin Elamaram denied that the PFI was involved in any "Love Jihad", stating that people convert to Hinduism and Christianity as well and that religious conversion is not a crime.<ref name="Concerned" /> Members of the Muslim Central Committee of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]] districts responded by claiming that Hindus and Christians have fabricated these claims to undermine Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title='Anti Muslim forces phrase 'Love Jihad' |work=Sahilonline.org |date=23 October 2009 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.sahilonline.org/english/news.php?catID=coastalnews&nid=6624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620153619/http://www.sahilonline.org/english/news.php?catID=coastalnews&nid=6624 |archive-date=20 June 2010 }}</ref>

In July 2010, the "Love Jihad" controversy resurfaced in the press when Kerala Chief Minister [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] referenced the alleged matrimonial conversion of non-Muslim girls as part of an effort to make Kerala a Muslim majority state.<ref name="Criticized" /><ref name="Reignites">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-CM-reignites-love-jihad-theory/articleshow/6216779.cms?referral=PM |title=Kerala CM reignites 'love jihad' theory |date=26 July 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-CM-reignites-love-jihad-theory/articleshow/6216779.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> PFI dismissed his statements due to the findings of the Kerala probe,<ref name="Reignites" /> but the president of the BJP Mahila Morcha, the women's wing of the conservative Bharatiya Janata Party, called for an [[National Investigation Agency (India) |NIA]] investigation, alleging that the Kerala state probe was closed prematurely due to a tacit understanding with PFI.<ref name="NIA">{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article186554.ece |title=Love jihad cases: Mahila Morcha for NIA probe |date=25 July 2010 |newspaper=New Indian Express |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084238/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article186554.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress |Congress Party]] in Kerala responded strongly to the Chief Minister's comments, which they described as deplorable and dangerous.<ref name="Criticized" />

In December 2011, the controversy erupted again in Karnataka legislative assembly, when [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] Mallika Prasad of the Bharatiya Janata Party asserted that the problem was ongoing and unaddressed{{snd}} with, according to her, 69 of 84 Hindu girls who had gone missing between January and November of that year confessing after their recovery that "they'd been lured by Muslim youths who professed love".<ref name="hate" /> According to ''The Times of India'', response was divided, with Deputy Speaker N. Yogish Bhat and House Leader [[S. Suresh Kumar]] supporting governmental intervention, while Congress members [[B. Ramanath Rai]] and [[Abhayachandra Jain]] argued that "the issue was being raised to [[Communal violence|disrupt communal harmony]] in the district".<ref name="hate" />

=== Bharatiya Janata Party era (2014–present) ===
During the resurgence of the controversy in 2014, protests turned violent at growing concern, even though, according to ''[[Reuters]]'', the concept was considered "an absurd conspiracy theory by mainstream, moderate Indians".<ref name="Nair-2014">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-religion-modi-idINKBN0GZ2OC20140904 |title='Love Jihad' and religious conversion polarise in Modi's India |last1=Nair |first1=Rupam Jain |date=5 September 2014 |work=Reuters |last2=Daniel |first2=Frank Jack |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611172913/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-religion-modi-idINKBN0GZ2OC20140904 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then BJP MP [[Yogi Adityanath]] alleged that Love Jihad was an international conspiracy targeting India,<ref name="IndiaTV Sep 2014" /> announcing on television that the Muslims "can't do what they want by force in India, so they are using the love jihad method here".<ref name="Mandhana-2014" /> Conservative Hindu activists cautioned women in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to avoid Muslims and not to befriend them.<ref name="Mandhana-2014" /> In Uttar Pradesh, the influential committee Akhil Bharitiya Vaishya Ekta Parishad announced their intention to push to restrict the use of cell phones among young women to prevent their being vulnerable to such activities.<ref name="Mishra-2014">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-UP-community-bans-mobiles-for-girls-to-fight-love-jihad/articleshow/41472311.cms |title=In UP, community bans mobiles for girls to fight 'love jihad' |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2 September 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=5 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905015225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-UP-community-bans-mobiles-for-girls-to-fight-love-jihad/articleshow/41472311.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following this announcement, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that the [[Superintendent of police (India) |Senior Superintendent of Police]] in UP, Shalabh Mathur, "said the term 'love jihad' had been coined only to create fear and divide society along communal lines".<ref name="Mishra-2014" /> Muslim leaders referred to the 2014 rhetoric around the alleged conspiracy as a campaign of hate.<ref name="Mandhana-2014" /> [[Feminism |Feminists]] voiced concerns that efforts to protect women against the alleged activities would negatively impact [[women's rights]], depriving them of free choice and agency.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Amid rage over 'Love Jihad' what about what women want? |last=Saha |first=Abhishek |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2014 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amid-rage-over-love-jihad-what-about-what-women-want/article1-1258796.aspx |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904065743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amid-rage-over-love-jihad-what-about-what-women-want/article1-1258796.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Love Jihad campaign treats women as if they are foolish: Charu Gupta |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |date=6 September 2014 |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/love-jihad-campaign-treats-women-as-if-they-are-foolish-charu-gupta-114090600699_1.html |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907004729/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/love-jihad-campaign-treats-women-as-if-they-are-foolish-charu-gupta-114090600699_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Netas-using-love-jihad-as-a-tool-for-polarization/articleshow/41142292.cms |title=Netas using love jihad as a tool for polarization |last=Akram |first=Maria |date=29 August 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901091628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Netas-using-love-jihad-as-a-tool-for-polarization/articleshow/41142292.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2014, BJP MP [[Sakshi Maharaj]] claimed that Muslim boys in [[madrasa]]s are being motivated for Love Jihad with proposals of rewards of "Rs 11 lakh for an 'affair' with a Sikh girl, Rs 10 lakh for a Hindu girl and Rs 7 lakh for a Jain girl". He claimed to know this through reports to him by Muslims and by the experiences of men in his service who had converted for access.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/bjp-unnao-mp-sakshi-maharaj-claims-madrasas-offering-cash-rewards-for-love-jihad/ |title=BJP Unnao MP Sakshi Maharaj claims madrasas offering cash rewards for love jihad |date=15 September 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705141240/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/bjp-unnao-mp-sakshi-maharaj-claims-madrasas-offering-cash-rewards-for-love-jihad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdul Razzaq Khan, the vice-president of Jamiat Ulama Hind, responded by denying such activities, labeling the comments "part of conspiracy aimed at disturbing the peace of the nation" and demanding action against Maharaj.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Muslim-cleric-blasts-Sakshi-Maharaj-for-jihad-factory-remark/articleshow/42701489.cms |title=Muslim Cleric Blasts Sakshi Maharaj for Jihad Factory Remark |work=The Times of India |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Muslim-cleric-blasts-Sakshi-Maharaj-for-jihad-factory-remark/articleshow/42701489.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh minister Mohd [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] indicated the statement was "trying to break the country".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/azam-khan-rapist-sakshi-maharaj-madrassa-bjp-love-jihad-isi-20173.html |title=Azam slams Sakshi Maharaj on madarssa issue, calls him "rapist" |work=India TV News |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705130442/http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/azam-khan-rapist-sakshi-maharaj-madrassa-bjp-love-jihad-isi-20173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In January, [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]'s women's wing, [[Durga Vahini]] used actor [[Kareena Kapoor]]'s morphed picture half covered with [[burqa]] issue of their magazine, on the theme of Love Jihad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Power Kareena Used As Warning Against Love Jihad |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/star-power-kareena-used-as-warning-against-love-jihad/article1-1304415.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119155853/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/star-power-kareena-used-as-warning-against-love-jihad/article1-1304415.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The caption underneath read: "conversion of nationality through religious conversion".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor is now the face of VHP's love jihad campaign |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/love-jihad-kareena-kapoor-vhp-campaign-234660-2015-01-08 |work=India Today |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119121847/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/love-jihad-kareena-kapoor-vhp-campaign/1/412032.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018, Jharkhand High Court granted a divorce to national level shooter [[Tara Shahdeo Case|Tara Shahdeo]] in an alleged love jihad case in which the accused lied about his religion and forced the victim to convert to Islam after marriage.<ref name="dnaindia2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jharkhand-love-jihad-case-former-national-shooter-tara-shahdeo-granted-divorce-from-raqibul-hassan-2630045 |title=Jharkhand love jihad case: Former national shooter Tara Shahdeo granted divorce from Raqibul Hassan |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118014152/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jharkhand-love-jihad-case-former-national-shooter-tara-shahdeo-granted-divorce-from-raqibul-hassan-2630045 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2017 Hadiya court case ====
{{Main |Hadiya case}}

In May 2017, the [[Kerala High Court]] annulled a marriage of a converted Hindu woman Akhila alias Hadiya to a Muslim man Shafeen Jahan on the grounds that the bride's parents were not present, nor gave consent for the marriage, after allegations by her father of conversion and marriage at the behest of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] (ISIS).<ref name=ITangle /> Hadiya's father had claimed that his daughter had been influenced to marry a Muslim man by some organisations so she no longer remained in her parents' custody.<ref name=ITchallenge /> However, Hadiya claimed that she had been following Islam since 2012 and had left her home of her own will. Akhila was married to Shafeen by the time her father's petition was taken up by the court, following which her marriage was annulled.<ref name="ITangle">{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court nullifies woman's marriage with Muslim man after bride's father raises Islamic State angle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-high-court-hindu-muslim-islamic-state-979157-2017-05-25 |work=India Today |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817054227/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kerala-high-court-hindu-muslim-islamic-state/1/962622.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ITchallenge" />

The decision of the court was challenged by Shafeen in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in July 2017.<ref name="ITchallenge">{{cite news |title=Kerala Muslim man challenges HC decision to nullify marriage with Hindu woman over ISIS link |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/love-jihad-muslim-youth-kerala-supreme-court-hindu-woman-islam-1022644-2017-07-06 |work=India Today |date=6 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811030254/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/love-jihad-muslim-youth-kerala-supreme-court-hindu-woman-islam/1/995321.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Voluntary marriage not love jihad: man's plea against Kerala HC ruling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/voluntary-marriage-not-love-jihad-mans-plea-against-kerala-hc-ruling/article19246201.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2017 |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714000218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/voluntary-marriage-not-love-jihad-mans-plea-against-kerala-hc-ruling/article19246201.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ToI04082017">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court hears its 1st 'love jihad' case, demands proof from NIA |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-hears-its-1st-love-jihad-case-demands-proof-from-nia/articleshow/59923249.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827004932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-hears-its-1st-love-jihad-case-demands-proof-from-nia/articleshow/59923249.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court sought the response from the [[National Investigating Agency]] (NIA) and the Kerala government,<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Hears Case Of 'Love Jihad', Seeks Response From The NIA |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/05/supreme-court-hears-case-of-love-jihad-seeks-response-from-th_a_23065890/ |work=Huffington Post |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816191218/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/05/supreme-court-hears-case-of-love-jihad-seeks-response-from-th_a_23065890/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ordering an NIA probe headed by former SC Judge [[R. V. Raveendran]] on 16 August. The NIA had earlier submitted that the woman's conversion and marriage was not "isolated" and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state.<ref name="Rajagopal-2017">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court orders NIA probe into Kerala woman's conversion and marriage case |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-court-orders-nia-probe-into-kerala-womans-conversion-and-marriage/article19501689.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 August 2017 |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712163752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-court-orders-nia-probe-into-kerala-womans-conversion-and-marriage/article19501689.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2017 |title=Hadiya's 'husband' was in touch with IS men before their marriage: NIA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hadiyas-husband-was-in-touch-with-is-men/articleshow/61908549.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203234415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hadiyas-husband-was-in-touch-with-is-men/articleshow/61908549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Supreme Court on 8 March 2018 overturned the annulment of Hadiya's marriage by the Kerala High Court and held that the she had married of her own free will. However, it allowed NIA to continue investigation into the allegations of a terror dimension.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hadiya-s-marriage-to-shefin-stays-supreme-court-overturns-kerala-high-court-order-1184561-2018-03-08 |title=Hadiya's marriage restored, Supreme Court says no love jihad |work=India Today |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308120945/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hadiya-s-marriage-to-shefin-stays-supreme-court-overturns-kerala-high-court-order-1184561-2018-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NIA examined 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala and completed its investigation in October 2018, concluding that "the agency has not found any evidence to suggest that in any of these cases either the man or the woman was coerced to convert".<ref name="Ahuja-2018">{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Rajesh |title=NIA ends Kerala probe, says there's love but no jihad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-ends-kerala-probe-says-there-s-love-but-no-jihad/story-wlpWR7BMNcdJHkb1MUso4J.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2018 |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303134924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-ends-kerala-probe-says-there-s-love-but-no-jihad/story-wlpWR7BMNcdJHkb1MUso4J.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2020 legislation and outcomes ====
{{See also |Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020}}
Despite drawing severe criticisms,{{By whom |date=April 2021}} the [[Syro Malabar Church]] continued to repeat its stand on "love jihad". According to the church, Christian women are being targeted, recruited to terrorist outfit Islamic State, making them [[Sexual slavery |sex slaves]] and even killed. Detailing this, a circular, issued by Church chief [[Cardinal (Catholic Church) |Cardinal]] Mar George Alencherry, was read out in many parishes at the [[Sunday mass]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Raghunathan |first=Arjun |date=15 January 2020 |title=Kerala Church says Love Jihad is real, claims Christian women being lured into IS trap |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-church-says-love-jihad-is-real-claims-christian-women-being-lured-into-is-trap-794814.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301201430/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-church-says-love-jihad-is-real-claims-christian-women-being-lured-into-is-trap-794814.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2020 |title=Love Jihad making Kerala girls sex slaves: Church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/love-jihad-church-says-its-real/articleshow/73281383.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120072430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/love-jihad-church-says-its-real/articleshow/73281383.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the circular (dated 15 January 2020) that was read out in [[church (building) |churches]] on Sunday, it is stated that [[Christians |Christian]] women are being targeted under a conspiracy through inter-religious relationships, which often grow as a threat to religious harmony. "Christian women from Kerala are even being recruited to [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |Islamic State]] through this", the circular read.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amidst-criticisms-kerala-catholic-churches-read-out-love-jihad-circular-sunday-mass-116403 |title=Kerala Catholic churches read out 'love jihad' circular |newspaper=[[The News Minute]] |date=19 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119153627/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amidst-criticisms-kerala-catholic-churches-read-out-love-jihad-circular-sunday-mass-116403 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference's (KCBC) Commission for Social Harmony and Vigilance, claimed that there were 4,000 instances of "love jihad" between 2005 and 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christian girls targeted and killed in name of love jihad: Kerala's Syro-Malabar church |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/15/christian-girls-targeted-and-killed-in-name-of-love-jihad-kerala-syro-malabar-church.html |date=15 January 2020 |work=The Week |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022754/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/15/christian-girls-targeted-and-killed-in-name-of-love-jihad-kerala-syro-malabar-church.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 September 2020, protests occurred after a young Muslim man attempted to kidnap a 21-year-old Hindu woman near her college campus, and fatally shot her when she resisted. Her family said that he had tried to force her to convert to Islam and marry him.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2020 |title='Love jihad' protests erupt in India after video shows Hindu woman gunned down outside college |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/faridabad-love-jihad-shooting-video-protests-hindu-muslim-cctv-b1370135.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031135239/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/faridabad-love-jihad-shooting-video-protests-hindu-muslim-cctv-b1370135.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joseph |first=Alphonse |date=27 October 2020 |title=Faridabad: Family members of deceased woman claims she was 'forced to convert, marry accused' |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/faridabad-family-members-of-deceased-woman-claims-she-was-forced-to-convert-marry-accused-3168658.html |work=One India |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029230202/https://www.oneindia.com/india/faridabad-family-members-of-deceased-woman-claims-she-was-forced-to-convert-marry-accused-3168658.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many BJP-ruled states, such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Karnataka]], then began mulling over laws designed to prevent "forcible conversions" through marriage, commonly referred to as "love jihad" laws.<ref name="Trivedi-2020" /><ref name="Wire Nov 2020" /> In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent "religious conversions in the name of love".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2020 |title=Adityanath govt mulls ordinance against 'love jihad' |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027135411/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=18 September 2020 |title=Adityanath govt. mulls ordinance against 'love jihad' -IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920022252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 October, he announced that a law to curb "love jihad"{{Efn |As of November 2020, "love jihad" is a term not recognised by the Indian legal system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |work=The Wire |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124140103/https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |url-status=live }}</ref> |name= |group=}} would be passed by his government. The law in Uttar Pradesh, which also includes provisions against "unlawful religious conversion", declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to "change a girl's religion" and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title='Love jihad': Madhya Pradesh proposes 10-year jail term in draft bill |work=[[Scroll.in]] |url=https://scroll.in/latest/979497/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-proposes-10-year-jail-term-in-draft-bill |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126043801/https://scroll.in/latest/979497/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-proposes-10-year-jail-term-in-draft-bill |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Seth |first1=Maulshree |date=26 November 2020 |title=UP clears 'love jihad' law: 10-year jail, cancelling marriage if for conversion |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126095622/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2020 |title=Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh -IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124211523/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2020 |title=UP Governor Anandiben Patel gives assent to ordinance on 'unlawful conversion' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html |work=Mint |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128065626/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as the [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020 |Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance]]. In December 2020, [[Madhya Pradesh]] approved an anti-conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Iram |date=27 December 2020 |title=MP 'love jihad' Bill tougher, but limits who can file FIR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-love-jihad-bill-tougher-but-limits-who-can-file-fir-7121497/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127024435/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-love-jihad-bill-tougher-but-limits-who-can-file-fir-7121497/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2020 |title=MP approves 'love Jihad' law; up to 10 years of jail, Rs 1 lakh fine for forced conversion |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mp-approves-love-jihad-law-up-to-10-years-of-jail-rs-1-lakh-fine-for-forced-conversion/story/426144.html |via=[[Business Today (India) |Business Today]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229205609/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mp-approves-love-jihad-law-up-to-10-years-of-jail-rs-1-lakh-fine-for-forced-conversion/story/426144.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/26/another-bjp-governed-indian-state-plans-anti-conversion-law |title=India's Madhya Pradesh state now plans 'love jihad' law |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=26 December 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228134710/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/26/another-bjp-governed-indian-state-plans-anti-conversion-law |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/madhya-pradesh-to-take-ordinance-route-to-enforce-anti-conversion-law-932653.html |title=Madhya Pradesh to take ordinance route to enforce anti-conversion law |date=28 December 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145022/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/madhya-pradesh-to-take-ordinance-route-to-enforce-anti-conversion-law-932653.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/latest/982365/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-bill |title='Love jihad': Madhya Pradesh Cabinet approves anti-conversion bill |work=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230015640/https://scroll.in/latest/982365/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-bill |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-to-enforce-love-jihad-ordinance/story-5kgxJqx27sK39zmwoNSB5O.html |title=Madhya Pradesh to enforce 'love jihad' ordinance |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228224526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-to-enforce-love-jihad-ordinance/story-5kgxJqx27sK39zmwoNSB5O.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 25 November 2020, Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances.<ref name="Trivedi-2020">{{Cite news |title=India's Most Populous State Brings Law to Fight 'Love Jihad' |work=Bloomberg News |date=25 November 2020 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-25/india-s-most-populous-state-brings-law-to-fight-love-jihad |first1=Upmanyu |last1=Trivedi |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125065307/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-25/india-s-most-populous-state-brings-law-to-fight-love-jihad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wire Nov 2020">{{Cite news |title=After MP, Haryana Says a Committee Will Draft Anti-'Love Jihad' Law |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-draft-anti-love-jihad-law |date=18 November 2020 |work=The Wire |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126121032/https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-draft-anti-love-jihad-law |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2021, the Gujarat Assembly amended the Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=2021-04-01 |title=Gujarat Assembly passes 'love jihad' law -IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-passes-love-jihad-law/article34217780.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060929/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-passes-love-jihad-law/article34217780.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-04-02 |title=Gujarat passes Bill to stop 'love jihad' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-passes-bill-to-stop-love-jihad-7255067/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060929/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-passes-bill-to-stop-love-jihad-7255067/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti-conversion ‘love jihad’ bill, making it a law in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka state cabinet approves anti-conversion 'love jihad' bill |url=https://www.siasat.com/karnataka-state-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-love-jihad-bill-2244826/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=20 December 2021 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172815/https://www.siasat.com/karnataka-state-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-love-jihad-bill-2244826/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Like UP law, Karnataka anti-conversion Bill addresses right wing demands on 'love jihad' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-anti-coversion-bill-right-wing-love-jihad-7684737/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123022114/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-anti-coversion-bill-right-wing-love-jihad-7684737/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Congress-led government scrapped the law in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Cabinet decides to repeal anti-conversion law introduced by BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-cabinet-decides-to-repeal-anti-conversion-law-introduced-by-bjp-1228018.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

While campaigning for the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's 'Love Jihad' Card in the Upcoming Kerala Polls |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/bjps-love-jihad-card-in-the-upcoming-kerala-polls/ |date=March 2021 |work=The Diplomat |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318035402/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/bjps-love-jihad-card-in-the-upcoming-kerala-polls/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-02-27 |title=Will bring in law to prevent 'love jihad' in Kerala if voted to power: BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-bring-in-law-to-prevent-love-jihad-in-kerala-if-voted-to-power-bjp-7207570/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318035056/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-bring-in-law-to-prevent-love-jihad-in-kerala-if-voted-to-power-bjp-7207570/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-27 |title=BJP will tackle 'love jihad', 'land jihad': Amit Shah in Assam |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/amit-shah-love-land-jihad-elections-7246974/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407125618/https://indianexpress.com/elections/amit-shah-love-land-jihad-elections-7246974/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-24 |title=BJP pledges to enact laws on 'Love Jihad' and 'Land Jihad' in Assam |url=https://thenewsmill.com/bjp-pledges-laws-on-love-jihad-land-jihad-in-assam/ |work=The News Mill -US |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324143622/https://thenewsmill.com/bjp-pledges-laws-on-love-jihad-land-jihad-in-assam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the BJP promised that if it won the elections, it would enact a law that would ban "love jihad" in these states.<ref>{{cite news |title=We are not against love but 'jihad', says Narottam Mishra; bats for 'love jihad' law in WB if BJP forms govt |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/we-are-not-against-love-but-jihad-says-narotam-mishra-bats-for-love-jihad-law-in-wb-if-bjp-forms-govt/732106 |access-date=2021-06-06 |work=Times Now |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060931/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/we-are-not-against-love-but-jihad-says-narotam-mishra-bats-for-love-jihad-law-in-wb-if-bjp-forms-govt/732106 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-08 |title=Video: 'Will Bring 'Love Jihad' Law if BJP forms govt in Bengal' says Narottam Mishra |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/politics/will-bring-love-jihad-law-if-bjp-forms-govt-in-bengal-says-narottam-mishra-689623 |work=India TV News |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060931/https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/politics/will-bring-love-jihad-law-if-bjp-forms-govt-in-bengal-says-narottam-mishra-689623 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-03-02 |title=TMC 'Ram-Drohi', BJP Will Bring Law Against Love Jihad Once in Power: Yogi Adityanath at Bengal Rally |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tmc-ram-drohi-bjp-law-against-love-jihad-once-in-power-yogi-adityanath-at-bengal-rally-3490469.html |work=News18 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060929/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tmc-ram-drohi-bjp-law-against-love-jihad-once-in-power-yogi-adityanath-at-bengal-rally-3490469.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reliance on tropes==
{{See also|Islamophobic trope}}

The conspiracy theory has been noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns and Western Islamophobia.{{refn |name=first |<ref name="George-2020" /><ref name="Gökarıksel-2019" /><ref name="Leidig-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Leidig |first=Eviane |date=26 May 2020 |title=Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=215–237 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861 |issn=0031-322X |doi-access=free|hdl=10852/84144 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}}<ref name="Farokhi-2020" /> It features [[Orientalism |Orientalist]] portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and [[hypersexual]],<ref name="Leidig-2020" /> and carries the [[paternalistic]] and [[patriarchal]] notions that Hindu women are passive and victimised, while "any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored".<ref name="Gupta-2009"/>{{refn |name=second |<ref name="Gupta-2009" /><ref name="Farokhi-2020" /><ref name="Udupa-2019" /><ref name="Grewal-2014" /><ref name="Gökarıksel-2019" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravindran |first=Gopalan |title=Deleuzian and Guattarian Approaches to Contemporary Communication Cultures in India |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-981-15-2140-9 |pages=38–39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Amrita |date=2 October 2018 |title=Whither Democracy, Secularism, and Minority Rights in India? |journal=The Review of Faith & International Affairs |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=34–46 |doi=10.1080/15570274.2018.1535035 |issn=1557-0274 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} It has consequently been the cause of [[vigilante]] assaults, murders, and other violent incidents,{{refn |<ref name="Strohl-2018" />{{rp |2 |q=Other right-wing activists use the hysteria surrounding love jihad to file false legal cases and launch vigilante campaigns against women and men in inter-religious relationships.}}<ref name="Udupa-2019" /><ref name="Trivedi-2020" /><ref name="Waikar-2018" /><ref name="Banaji-2018" /><ref name="Ramachandran-2020" /><ref name="Jayal-2019" />}} including the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]].{{refn |name=third |<ref name="George-2016" /><ref name="George-2017" />{{rp |74 |q=The worst riots in India before the 2015 election were in a place called Muzaffarnagar, and subsequent investigations showed that the love jihad narrative had been deliberately stoked up to turn a minor fight into a full-scale riot.}}<ref name="Chandra Pandey-2013">{{cite news |last1=Chandra Pandey |first1=Manish |last2=Pathak |first2=Vikas |date=12 September 2013 |title=Muzaffarnagar: 'Love jihad', beef bogey sparked riot flames |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muzaffarnagar-love-jihad-beef-bogey-sparked-riot-flames/article1-1120889.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140323022044/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muzaffarnagar-love-jihad-beef-bogey-sparked-riot-flames/article1-1120889.aspx |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

== Official investigations ==
=== India ===
In August 2017, the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) stated that it had found a common "mentor" in some love jihad cases, "a woman associated with the radical group Popular Front of India", in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2017 |title=NIA finds a common mentor in Kerala 'love jihad' cases |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-finds-a-common-mentor-in-kerala-love-jihad-cases/articleshow/60250975.cms |access-date=10 September 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811143253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-finds-a-common-mentor-in-kerala-love-jihad-cases/articleshow/60250975.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a later article in ''[[The Economist]]'', "Repeated police investigations have failed to find evidence of any organised plan of conversion. Reporters have repeatedly exposed claims of 'love jihad' as at best fevered fantasies and at worst, deliberate election-time inventions".<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news |date=30 September 2017 |title=India is working itself into a frenzy about interfaith marriages |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729806-hindu-nationalists-warn-muslim-plot-seduce-hindu-women-india-working-itself-frenzy |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215011632/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729806-hindu-nationalists-warn-muslim-plot-seduce-hindu-women-india-working-itself-frenzy |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the same report, the common theme regarding many claims of "love jihad" has been the frenzied objection to an interfaith marriage while "Indian law erects no barriers to marriages between faiths, or against conversion by willing and informed consent. Yet the idea still sticks, even when the supposed 'victims' dismiss it as nonsense".<ref name="veconomist" />

In 2022, the [[Observer Research Foundation]] and Indian government stated that no more than 100-200 Indians had joined Islamic State, a figure so low that one researcher remarked that "academics and experts often ask the question ‘What had prevented Indian Muslims from joining the Islamic State?'".<ref name="Alt News-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title='32000 Kerala women in ISIS': Misquotes, flawed math, imaginary figures behind filmmaker's claim |url=https://www.altnews.in/32000-kerala-women-in-isis-misquotes-flawed-math-imaginary-figures-behind-filmmakers-claim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203221700/https://www.altnews.in/32000-kerala-women-in-isis-misquotes-flawed-math-imaginary-figures-behind-filmmakers-claim/ |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Karnataka ====
In October 2009, the Karnataka government announced its intention to counter "love jihad", which "appeared to be a serious issue".<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka to take steps to counter 'Love Jihad' movement |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31814/karnataka-take-steps-counter-love.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=26 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026175629/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31814/karnataka-take-steps-counter-love.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A week after the announcement, the government ordered a probe into the situation by the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India) |CID]] to determine if an organised effort existed to convert these girls and, if so, by whom it was being funded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Govt-directs-CID-to-probe-love-jihad/articleshow/5166639.cms?referral=PM |title=Govt directs CID to probe 'love jihad' |work=The Times of India |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Govt-directs-CID-to-probe-love-jihad/articleshow/5166639.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> One woman, whose conversion to Islam came under scrutiny as a result of the probe, was temporarily ordered to the custody of her parents, but eventually was permitted to return to her new husband after she appeared in court, denying pressure to convert.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-HC-orders-thorough-probe-by-DGP/articleshow/5146769.cms?referral=PM |title=Love jihad: HC orders thorough probe by DGP |work=The Times of India |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-HC-orders-thorough-probe-by-DGP/articleshow/5146769.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/woman-denies-love-jihad-court-lets-her-to-go-with-lover_100274297.html |title=Woman denies 'love jihad', court lets her to go with lover |newspaper=Thaindian News |date=13 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102221900/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/woman-denies-love-jihad-court-lets-her-to-go-with-lover_100274297.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2010, police used the term to characterize the alleged kidnapping, forced conversion and marriage of a 17-year-old college girl in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Love-Jihad-girl-rescued/articleshow/5767968.cms?referral=PM |title=Love Jihad: girl rescued |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2010 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822190328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Love-Jihad-girl-rescued/articleshow/5767968.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late 2009, The Karnataka [[Crime Investigation Department (India) |CID]] (Criminal Investigation Department) reported that although it was continuing to investigate, it had found no evidence that a "love jihad" existed.<ref name="thehindu_2009-11-13">{{Cite news
|date=13 November 2009
|title=Karnataka CID finds no evidence of 'Love Jihad'
|newspaper=The Hindu
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article47922.ece
|access-date=26 June 2013
|archive-date=3 November 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130212/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article47922.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In late 2009, [[Director general of police]] Jacob Punnoose reported that although the investigation would continue, there was no evidence of any organised attempt by any group or individual using men "feigning love" to lure women to convert to Islam.<ref name="thehindu_2009-11-13" /><ref name="deccanherald_2009-11-11">{{cite news |title=Kerala police have no proof on 'Love Jihad' |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=11 November 2009 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/35486/kerala-police-have-no-proof.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914070452/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/35486/kerala-police-have-no-proof.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Investigators did indicate that many Hindu girls had converted to Islam of their own will.<ref name="thehindu_2010-04-23">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2010 |title=No love jihad movement in State' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lsquoNo-love-jihad-movement-in-State/article16024518.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914070453/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lsquoNo-love-jihad-movement-in-State/article16024518.ece |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=16 August 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In early 2010, the [[State Government of Karnataka |State Government]] reported to the [[Karnataka High Court]] that, although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam, there was no organised attempt to convince them to do so.<ref name="thehindu_2010-04-23" /> According to ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Justice [[K. T. Sankaran]]'s conclusion that "such incidents under the pretext of love were rampant in certain parts of the state" ran contrary to Central and state government reports.<ref name="check">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-calls-for-law-to-check--love-jehad-/552275 |title=HC calls for law to check 'love jehad' |date=10 December 2009 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020309/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-calls-for-law-to-check--love-jehad-/552275 |url-status=live }}</ref> A petition was also put before Sankaran to prevent the use of the terms "love jihad" and "romeo jihad", but Sankaran declined to overrule an earlier decision not to restrain media usage.<ref name="check" /> Subsequently, the High Court [[Stay of proceedings |stayed]] further police investigation, both because no organised efforts had been disclosed by police probes and because the investigation was specifically targeted against a single community.<ref name="Padanna-2012">{{cite news |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/9af0ebf3-d10f-4592-bd7e-9a0dc0d37bc6.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211064437/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/9af0ebf3-d10f-4592-bd7e-9a0dc0d37bc6.aspx |archive-date=11 December 2013 |title=Kerala police probe crack 'love jihad' myth |work=[[The Gulf Today]] |first=Ashraf |last=Padanna |date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="ibnlive">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-cops-fail-to-establish-love-jihad-conspiracy/107581-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006062249/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-cops-fail-to-establish-love-jihad-conspiracy/107581-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2012 |title=Kerala cops fail to establish 'love jihad' conspiracy |newspaper=CNN-IBN |date=23 December 2009 }}</ref>

==== Kerala ====
Following the launching of a poster campaign in [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], purportedly by the organisation Shri Ram Sena, state police began investigating the presence of that organisation in the area.<ref name="Babu Thomas-2009" /> In late October 2009, police addressed the question of "love jihad" itself, indicating that while they had not located an organisation called "Love Jihad", "there are reasons to suspect 'concentrated attempts' to persuade girls to convert to Islam after they fall in love with Muslim boys".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31958/no-love-jihad-kerala.html |title=No 'Love Jihad' in Kerala |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211030946/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31958/no-love-jihad-kerala.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-hc-wants-probe-into-love-jihad/523630/2 |title=Kerala HC wants probe into 'love jihad' |work=The Indian Express |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020847/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-hc-wants-probe-into-love-jihad/523630/2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2009, Director general of police [[Jacob Punnoose]] stated there was no organisation whose members lured girls in Kerala by feigning love with the intention of converting. He told the Kerala High Court that three out of 18 reports he received questioned the tendency. However, in absence of solid proof, the investigations were still continuing.<ref name="deccanherald_2009-11-11" /> In December 2009, Justice K.T. Sankaran, who had refused to accept Punnoose's report, concluded from a case diary that there were indications of forceful conversions and stated it was clear from police reports there was a "concerted effort" to convert women with "blessings of some outfits". The court, while hearing the bail plea of two individuals accused in "love jihad" cases, stated that there had been 3,000-4,000 such conversions in the past four years.<ref name="Stop" /> The Kerala High Court in December 2009 stayed investigations in the case, granting relief to the two accused, though it criticised the police investigation.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-love-jihad-kerala-high-court-stays-police-investigation-1324828 'Love jihad': Kerala high court stays police investigation] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226224757/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-love-jihad-kerala-high-court-stays-police-investigation-1324828 |date=26 December 2017 }} DNA News</ref> The investigation was closed by Justice M. Sasidharan Nambiar following Punnoose's statements that no conclusive evidence could be found for the existence of "love jihad".<ref name="Padanna-2012" />

On 9 December 2009, Justice K T Sankaran for the Kerala High Court weighed in on the matter while hearing bail for a Muslim youth arrested for allegedly forcibly converting two female students. According to Sankaran, police reports revealed the "blessings of some outfits" for a "concerted" effort for religious conversions, some 3,000 to 4,000 incidences of which had taken place after love affairs within a four-year period.<ref name="Stop">{{cite news |title=Kerala HC asks govt to frame laws to stop 'love jihad' |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/news/28410696_1_love-jihad-religious-conversions-religions |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211061729/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/news/28410696_1_love-jihad-religious-conversions-religions |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sankaran "found indications of 'forceful' religious conversions under the garb of 'love'", suggesting that "such 'deceptive' acts" might require legislative intervention to prevent them.<ref name="Stop" />

In January 2012, Kerala police declared that "love jihad" was "[a] campaign with no substance", bringing legal proceedings instead against the website hindujagruti.org for "spreading [[religious hatred]] and false propaganda".<ref name="Padanna-2012" /> In 2012, after two years of investigation into the alleged "love jihad", [[Kerala Police]] declared it as a "campaign with no substance". Subsequently, a case was initiated against the hindujagruti website, where counterfeit posters of Muslim organisations offering money to Muslim youths for luring and trapping women were found.<ref name="Padanna-2012" />

In 2017, after the Kerala High Court had ruled that a marriage of a Hindu woman to a Muslim man was invalid on the basis of"'love jihad", and an appeal was filed in the Supreme Court of India by the Muslim husband. The court, based on the "unbiased and independent" evidence requested by the court from the NIA, instructed the NIA to investigate all similar cases to establish whether there was any "love jihad". It allowed the NIA to explore all similar suspicious cases to find whether banned organisations, such as [[Students Islamic Movement of India |SIMI]], were preying on vulnerable Hindu women to recruit them as terrorists.<ref name="lovewar1">[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-asks-nia-to-examine-kerala-love-jihad-cites-blue-whale-1738417 "Top Counter-Terror Agency, NIA, To Probe Kerala 'Love Jihad' Marriage."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904052610/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-asks-nia-to-examine-kerala-love-jihad-cites-blue-whale-1738417 |date=4 September 2019 }}, [[NDTV]], 16 August 2017.</ref><ref name="lovewar2">[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60089937.cms "NIA probe on 'love jihad' may cover all suspicious cases."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416165534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60089937.cms |date=16 April 2019 }}, [[The Economic Times]], 16 August 2017.</ref><ref name="ToI04082017"/><ref name="lovewar4">[https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-apos-love-jihad-apos-100217357.html "Kerala 'Love Jihad' Case: NIA to Assess Ramifications on National Security."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235920/https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-apos-love-jihad-apos-100217357.html |date=16 August 2017}}, CNN News18, 10 August 2017.</ref> The NIA had earlier submitted before the court that the case was not an "isolated" incident and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state, stating that another case involved the same individuals who had previously acted as instigators.<ref name="Rajagopal-2017" /> In 2018, the NIA concluded its probe, after investigating 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala without finding proof of coercion, and an NIA official concluded that "we didn't find any prosecutable evidence to bring formal charges against these persons under any of the scheduled offences of the NIA", adding that "Conversion is not a crime in Kerala and also helping these men and women convert is also within the ambit of the [[Constitution of India |constitution of the country]]".<ref name="Ahuja-2018" />

In 2021, Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] stated that "no complaints or clear information were received regarding forced conversion", and that, of the data available to the ministry, "none of the figures validate the propaganda that girls are being lured into conversion and terrorist organizations".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=646343&u=100-malayalis-joined-isis-all-except-six-born-into-muslim-community-says-cm-vijayan-646343 |title=100 Malayalis joined ISIS, all except six born into Muslim community, says CM Vijayan |work=Kaumudi |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503052308/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=646343&u=100-malayalis-joined-isis-all-except-six-born-into-muslim-community-says-cm-vijayan-646343 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
In September 2014, following the resurgence of national attention,<ref name="IT Sep 2012" /> ''Reuters'' reported that police in Uttar Pradesh had found no credence in the five or six recent allegations of "love jihad" that had been brought before them, with state police chief A.L. Banerjee stating that, "In most cases we found that a Hindu girl and Muslim boy were in love and had married against their parents' will".<ref name="Nair-2014" /> The police stated that occasional cases of trickery by dishonest men are not evidence of a broader conspiracy.<ref name="Nair-2014" />

That same month, the [[Allahabad High Court]] gave the government and election commission of Uttar Pradesh ten days to respond to a petition to restrain the use of the word "love jihad" and to take action against Yogi Adityanath.<ref name="Mahanta-2014">{{Cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/04/indias-fake-love-jihad/ |title=India's Fake 'Love Jihad' |first=Siddhartha |last=Mahanta |date=5 September 2014 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401230837/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/04/indias-fake-love-jihad/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IndiaTV Sep 2014">{{Cite news |author=PTI |title=Love Jihad: High Court asks UP govt, EC to file response |date=4 September 2014 |work=India TV |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/love-jihad-high-court-up-govt-ec-pil-yogi-adityanath-41383.html |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031345/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/love-jihad-high-court-up-govt-ec-pil-yogi-adityanath-41383.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-love-jihad-row-allahabad-high-court-issues-notice-to-centre-uttar-pradesh-government-2016143 |title='Love-jihad' row: Allahabad High Court issues notice to Centre, Uttar Pradesh government |date=4 September 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223818/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-love-jihad-row-allahabad-high-court-issues-notice-to-centre-uttar-pradesh-government-2016143 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In 2018, a report by the fundamentalist Sikh activist organisation, ''Sikh Youth UK'', entitled "The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK" (RASE report) made similar allegations of Muslim men targeting Sikh girls for the purposes of conversion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Layton |first=Josh |date=2018-12-03 |title=Sikh girls 'abused by grooming gangs for decades' |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/sikh-girls-abused-grooming-gangs-15492360 |work=BirminghamLive |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311211229/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/sikh-girls-abused-grooming-gangs-15492360 |url-status=live }}</ref> The report was severely criticised in 2019 by academic researchers and an official [[British government]] report, led by two Sikh academics, for false and misleading information.<ref name="Cockbain-2020">{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396819895727 |doi=10.1177/0306396819895727 |title=Failing victims, fuelling hate: Challenging the harms of the 'Muslim grooming gangs' narrative |year=2020 |last1=Cockbain |first1=Ella |last2=Tufail |first2=Waqas |journal=Race & Class |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=3–32 |s2cid=214197388 |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203535/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396819895727 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jagbir Jhutti">Jagbir Jhutti-Johal; Sunny Hundal (August 2019). ''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841033/the-changing-nature-of-activism-among-sikhs-in-the-uk-today-221019.pdf The changing nature of activism among Sikhs in the UK today]''. The Commission For Countering Extremism. University of Birmingham. p. 15. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200217022921/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841033/the-changing-nature-of-activism-among-sikhs-in-the-uk-today-221019.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref> It noted: ''"The RASE report lacks solid data, methodological transparency and rigour. It is filled instead with sweeping generalisations and poorly substantiated claims around the nature and scale of abuse of Sikh girls and causal factors driving it. It appealed heavily to historical tensions between Sikhs and Muslims and narratives of honour in a way that seemed designed to whip up fear and hate"''.<ref name="Jagbir Jhutti" />

Previously, in 2011, Sikh academic Katy Sian had conducted research into the matter, exploring how "forced conversion narratives" arose within the [[Sikh diaspora]] in the United Kingdom and why they became so widespread.<ref name="Sian-2011">{{cite journal |title='Forced' conversions in the British Sikh diaspora |first=Katy P. |last=Sian |date=6 July 2011 |journal=South Asian Popular Culture |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=115–130 |doi=10.1080/14746681003798060 |s2cid=54174845 |url=https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/22953295/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711063451/https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/22953295/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> Sian, who reports that claims of conversion through courtship on campuses are widespread in the UK, says that rather than relying on actual evidence, the Sikh community primarily rest their beliefs on the word of "a friend of a friend" or personal [[anecdote]]s. According to Sian, the narrative is similar to 19th-century [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] accusations of "[[white slavery]]" made in the West against Jews, mirroring the [[Islamophobia]] displayed by the modern narrative. Sian expanded on these views in her 2013 book, ''Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations''.<ref name="Katy P. Sian-2013">{{cite book |author=Katy P. Sian |title=Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict: Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9AZ2atcd-kC&pg=PA127 |date=4 April 2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7874-4 |pages=55–71 |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419133357/https://books.google.com/books?id=-9AZ2atcd-kC&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In response to a flurry of sensational news stories on the subject, ten Hindu academics in the UK signed an [[open letter]] wherein they argued that claims of British Hindu and Sikh girls being forcefully converted were "part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right-wing [[Hindutva|Hindu supremacist organisations]] in India".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hundal |first=Sunny |title=Where is the Hindu Forum's evidence? |url=http://www.pickledpolitics.com/archives/1045 |newspaper=Pickled Politics |date=13 March 2007 |quote= :Dear Ian Blair, :As academics teaching at British universities, we are disturbed by your recent announcement reported in the Daily Mail (22 February), Metro (23 February) and elsewhere, that the police and universities are working together to target extremist Muslims who force vulnerable teenage Hindu and Sikh girls to convert to Islam. Your statements appear to have been made on the basis of claims by the Hindu Forum of Britain who have not presented any evidence that such forced conversions are taking place. In fact the notion of forced conversions of young Hindu women to Islam is part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right-wing Hindu supremacist organisations in India and used to incite violence against minorities. For example, inflammatory leaflets referring to such conversions were in circulation before the massacres of the Muslim minority in Gujarat exactly five years ago which left approximately 2,000 dead and over 200,000 displaced :In our view, it is highly irresponsible to treat such allegations at face value or as representative of the views of Hindus in general. While we would condemn any type of pressure on young women to conform to religious beliefs or practices (whether of their own community or another) we can only see statements such as yours as contributing to the further stigmatising of the Muslim community as a whole and as a pretext for further assaults on civil liberties in Britain. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192236/http://www.pickledpolitics.com/archives/1045 |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Muslim Council of Britain]] issued a press release pointing out there was a lack of evidence of any forced conversions, and suggested it was an underhanded attempt to smear the British Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcb.org.uk/media/presstext.php?ann_id=242 |title=MCB Calls For Evidence Of Alleged 'Forced Conversions' |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123171030/http://www.mcb.org.uk/media/presstext.php?ann_id=242 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== "Reverse" love jihad ==
{{See also|Bahu Lao, Beti Bachao}}
In response to the purported conspiracy of love jihad, affiliates of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] have stated that they have launched a ''Reverse Love Jihad'' campaign to marry Hindu men with Muslim women.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS affiliate plans to marry 2,100 Muslim women to Hindu men from next week |url=https://scroll.in/latest/859907/rss-affiliate-plans-to-marry-2100-muslim-women-to-hindu-men-from-next-week |access-date=2021-05-24 |work=[[Scroll.in]] -US |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420192452/https://scroll.in/latest/859907/rss-affiliate-plans-to-marry-2100-muslim-women-to-hindu-men-from-next-week |url-status=live }}</ref> Cases related to the campaign were reported from various parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (U.P.), where rape and abduction of Muslim women have taken place. The perpetrators of these incidents are alleged to be the members of these affiliates who are being rewarded by the affiliates for their activities. Between 2014 and October 2016, 389 cases of underage girls missing or kidnapped were registered by the police in [[Kushinagar district]], and a similar trend was found in a number of districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh, in areas with high communal tensions.<ref name="Desai-2017">{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Shweta |date=2017-01-09 |title=Reverse love jihad surfaces in UP |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-reverse-love-jihad-surfaces-in-up-2290453 |work=DNA India |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420192453/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-reverse-love-jihad-surfaces-in-up-2290453 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Shahnawaz Ahmed |date=2020-03-01 |title=Love Jihad: Victimization of Women through Media; Violation of their Basic Human Rights |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3576061 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3576061 |ssrn=3576061 |s2cid=236797666 |journal=SSRN |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145043/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3576061 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The term ''Reverse Love Jihad'' has also been used by the [[Bajrang Dal]] to refer to the Love Jihad conspiracy theory where the purported victim is a Hindu man being "lured" to Islam with the prospects of a job and marriage to a Muslim woman.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rana |first=Uday Singh |date=2018-04-26 |title=In Poll-bound Kairana, Bajrang Dal Peddles New Theory – 'Reverse Love Jihad' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/in-poll-bound-kairana-bajrang-dal-peddles-new-theory-reverse-love-jihad-1730339.html |work=News18 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613085559/https://www.news18.com/news/india/in-poll-bound-kairana-bajrang-dal-peddles-new-theory-reverse-love-jihad-1730339.html}}</ref>

The Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory, which alleges that Hindu men lure Muslim women into relationships with the intention of converting them to Hinduism, has been popularised on social media.<ref name="Khan-2023">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Fatima | title=Muslim Women Seen with Hindu Men Harassed, Doxed - All In the Name of 'Bhagwa Love Trap' | website=TheQuint | date=31 May 2023 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/muslim-woman-harassed-doxed-by-muslim-men-bhagwa-love-trap | access-date=2 June 2023 | archive-date=1 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601172043/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/muslim-woman-harassed-doxed-by-muslim-men-bhagwa-love-trap | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[The Kerala Story]]''
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]
* [[Anti-mosque campaigning in India]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in India]]
* [[White genocide conspiracy theory]]
* [[Great replacement conspiracy theory]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Amarasingam |first1=A. |last2=Umar |first2=S. |last3=Desai |first3=S. |title=Fight, Die, and If Required Kill": Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India |journal=Religions |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=380 |doi=10.3390/rel13050380 |doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
* {{wikiquote inline}}

{{Conspiracy theories}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religion in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religion in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Love jihad conspiracy theory| ]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]

Ravi Agrawal

2026-04-30T00:46:02Z

Jantapost: new

{{short description|Indian journalist and television producer}}
{{for|the Hindi film producer|Ravi Agrawal (film producer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Agrawal
| image = Davos RaviAgrawal.jpg
| caption = Ravi Agrawal moderating a discussion at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on January 16, 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|10|16}}
| birth_place = London, UK
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])
| occupation = Journalist
| employer = ''[[Foreign Policy]]''
| title =
| spouse = Emma Vaughn (m. 2013)
}}
'''Ravi Agrawal''' (born 16 October 1982) is a journalist and global affairs commentator. He is the editor in chief of ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine and the host of FP Live, a podcast and video show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/staff/|title=Meet The Staff – Foreign Policy|language=en|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref> Previously, Agrawal worked for the U.S. news channel [[CNN]] for 11 years, spanning full-time roles on three continents.<ref name="cnn">{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/profiles/ravi-agrawal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520120017/http://edition.cnn.com/profiles/ravi-agrawal |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 May 2015 |title=CNN Profiles – Ravi Agrawal – India bureau chief – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> He is the author of ''India Connected''.

== Early life and education ==
Agrawal was born in London, England and raised in Calcutta, India. After finishing high school in India, he attended college at [[Harvard University]] where he worked for ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''.<ref name="thecrimson">{{cite web |title=Salaam Bombay! | Opinion | The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/7/21/salaam-bombay-calcutta-indiaafter-new-yorks/ |accessdate=2016-01-02 |publisher=thecrimson.com}}</ref>

==Career==

=== ''Foreign Policy'' ===
Agrawal began working at ''Foreign Policy'' magazine in April 2018 as its managing editor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ravi Agrawal on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ravireports/status/981996860968751105 |access-date=2018-04-15 |work=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> He was named Editor in Chief in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((Foreign Policy Media Room)) |date=Nov 24, 2020 |title=Press Release: Foreign Policy Announces New Editor-in-Chief |url=https://twitter.com/ForeignPolicyPR/status/1331329073105219584 |access-date=2020-12-05 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Agrawal launched FP Live, a video show and podcast in which he interviews world leaders, policymakers, and experts. He is a regular moderator at conferences such as the World Economic Forum in Davos,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXT7TOHCYx4 |title=Greek PM Mitsotakis on Improving Cooperation with the Global South |date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2025-12-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref> the Munich Security Conference, and Doha Forum<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sopnRzGBoYE |title=Hillary Clinton's Full Interview With Foreign Policy’s Ravi Agrawal at Doha Forum 2025 |date=2025-12-07 |last=DWS News |access-date=2025-12-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>. During Agrawal's tenure as editor, the magazine launched weekly newsletters focused on Africa, China, Latin America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Newsletters – Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/newsletters/,%20https://foreignpolicy.com/newsletters/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Agrawal's essay "India Has a Mindset Problem" was part of a selection of FP articles nominated for the 2020 National Magazine Award for columns and commentary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Columns and Commentary 2020 |url=https://asme.memberclicks.net/columns-and-commentary-2020 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=asme.memberclicks.net}}</ref>

He is a frequent commentator on world affairs on CNN, [[MSNBC]], the BBC, and on [[NPR]].

=== CNN ===
Agrawal began his career in TV journalism at CNN International in 2006, where he worked across the network's news and business programs. In 2009, he helped launch the London prime time program ''Connect the World'' and served as its senior producer.

From 2011 to 2014, Agrawal lived and worked in New York City. He was the senior producer of CNN's Sunday world affairs program ''Fareed Zakaria GPS''.
Agrawal was part of the program's 2012 Peabody Award-winning team,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fareed Zakaria GPS: Interpretation and Commentary on Iran and The GPS Primetime Special: Restoring the American Dream—Fixing Education |url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/restoring-the-american-dream-fixing-education-and-cnns-fareed-zakaria-gps-i |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=www.peabodyawards.com}}</ref> as well as its three Emmy nominated programs across 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees Announced for the 33rd Annual News & Documentary Emmy® Awards {{!}} The Emmy Awards – The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences |url=http://emmyonline.com/news_33rd_nominations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123155712/http://emmyonline.com/news_33rd_nominations |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=emmyonline.com}}</ref> and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees Announced for the 34th Annual News & Documentary Emmy® Awards {{!}} The Emmy Awards – The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences |url=http://emmyonline.com/news_34th_nominations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929083745/http://emmyonline.com/news_34th_nominations |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=emmyonline.com}}</ref>
[[File:Ravi ABF.jpg|thumb|Ravi Agrawal presenting the CNN Asia Business Forum in Mumbai in 2016]]
From 2014 to 2017, Agrawal served as the network's New Delhi bureau chief, managing CNN's multi-platform news gathering in South Asia.
[[File:AgrawalIMF.jpg|thumb|Ravi Agrawal interviewing IMF managing director Kristalina Georgieva at the [https://meetings.imf.org/en/2019/Annual/Schedule/2019/10/15/imf-seminar-gender-one-on-one-conversation-kristalina-georgieva IMF's annual meeting] on 15 October 2019]]
[[File:GPS peabody 2012.jpg|thumb|Ravi Agrawal at the Peabody Awards in 2012 in New York City]]
Agrawal reported regularly on-air for CNN International<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/05/26/intv-agrawal-one-year-of-modi.cnn|title=Assessing India's Narendra Modi – CNN Video|website=CNN|date=26 May 2015 |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> and CNN.com. He covered a breadth of stories from the region, including economics, foreign policy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi doing away with Indian non-alignment – CNN Video |url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/08/17/narendra-modi-visits-uae-india-agrawal-pkg.cnn |website=CNN |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> and breaking news stories. Agrawal reported for CNN International's award-winning Freedom Project series, including a report on child slaves in rural Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/india-and-donald-trump-how-make-in-india-could-trump-america-first/544966/|title=India and Donald Trump: How 'Make in India' could trump 'America First'|date=10 February 2017|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Book==
Agrawal's ''India Connected: How the Smartphone is Transforming the World's Biggest Democracy'' released in September 2018 in India, November 2018 in the United States, and January 2019 in the United Kingdom.

Writing for the ''Wall Street Journal'', novelist [[Megha Majumdar]] picked ''India Connected'' as among the "five best" books on India today.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Megha|date=18 September 2020|title=Five Best: Megha Majumdar on India Today|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/five-best-megha-majumdar-on-india-today-11600440051|access-date=2020-12-05|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> A review in the UK's ''Financial Times'' described the book as "timely and absorbing" and "hard to put down",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4afa3862-256f-11e9-b20d-5376ca5216eb|title=India Connected by Ravi Agrawal — the smartphone revolution|website=Financial Times|date=8 February 2019 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> while the ''New Statesman''<nowiki/>'s reviewer Oliver Balch called it "smart, sympathetic, and highly readable." ''India Today'' said "most books on India's tech and telecom boom quickly get dated. The stories in ''India Connected'' are timeless and will age well into nice snapshots of history."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20181105-connected-stories-for-the-smartphone-age-1376043-2018-10-26|title=Connected Stories for the Smartphone Age|date=5 November 2018|first=Prasanto K.|last=Roy|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref>

==Personal==

He married Emma Vaughn in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/santacatalinaschool/docs/scs_fall_bulletin_2013_final_c92c3e9fe4b3fc/69 |title=Santa Catalina School Fall Bulletin 2013 |date=10 December 2013 |publisher=}}</ref> They live in New York City.

Agrawal was named an Asia21 Young Leader by the Asia Society in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-25 |title=The Asia 21 Young Leaders Initiative {{!}} Asia Society |url=https://asiasociety.org/policy/asia-21/asia-21-young-leaders-initiative |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}</ref>. Until 2016, Agrawal was a ''Young Global Shaper'' with the [[World Economic Forum]],<ref name="globalshapers">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalshapers.org/shapers/ravi-agrawal |title=Ravi Agrawal | Global Shapers Community |publisher=globalshapers.org |accessdate=2016-01-02}}</ref> and has served a two-year term on the group's Global Agenda Council on India, and a four-year term on its Global Futures Council on Geopolitics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Agenda Council on India |url=http://www.weforum.org/communities/global-agenda-council-on-india |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Ravi}}
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:The Harvard Crimson people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Foreign Policy editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:53:32Z

Jantapost: creating new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Tirupati {{Small|AP-23}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Tirupati.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]] [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]] [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]] [[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]] [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]] [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]] [[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Portrait of Maddila Gurumoorthy.jpg
| mp = [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
| electors = 17,29,832
}}
'''Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to Tirupati and Nellore districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
The seven [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segments of Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency are:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!width="200px"|Name
!District
!Members
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|119
|[[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|-
|120
|[[Gudur Assembly constituency|Guduru]](SC)
|[[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
|-
|121
|[[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]](SC)
|rowspan="5"|[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|[[Nelavala Vijayasree]]
|-
|122
|[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|[[Kurugondla Ramakrishna]]
|-
|167
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Arani Srinivasulu]]
|{{Party color cell|Jana Sena Party}}
|[[Jana Sena Party|JSP]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|168
|[[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|[[Bojjala Venkata Sudhir Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|169
|[[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]](SC)
|[[Koneti Adimulam]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Dass]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Thamburu Balakrishnaiah
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chinta Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Nelavala Subrahmanyam]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Chinta Mohan]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chinta Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Velagapalli Varaprasad Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
|-
|[[2021 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== General elections 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Tirupati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 406,057
| percentage = 54.36
| change = +1.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =M Muragaiah
| votes = 333,557
| percentage = 44.66
| change = -2.45
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 72,500
| percentage = 9.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 746,951
| percentage = 69.30
| change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Tirupati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 391,534
| percentage = 61.98
| change = +7.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =P Subbaiah
| votes = 205,345
| percentage = 32.51
| change = -12.15
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 186,189
| percentage = 29.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 631,717
| percentage = 58.44
| change = -10.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Tirupati}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Nelavala Subrahmanyam]]
| votes = 344,738
| percentage = 46.38
| change = -15.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Gali Rajasree]]
| votes = 292,406
| percentage = 39.34
| change = +6.83
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 52,332
| percentage = 7.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 743,283
| percentage = 61.50
| change = +3.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Tirupati}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 288,904
| percentage = 38.52
| change = -7.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Dr N Sivaprasad]]
| votes = 279,558
| percentage = 37.27
| change = -2.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dr Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
| votes = 178,773
| percentage = 23.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,346
| percentage = 1.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 749,990
| percentage = 63.14
| change = +1.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Tirupati<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dr Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
| votes = 386,478
| percentage = 48.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 373,981
| percentage = 47.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,497
| percentage = 1.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 790,437
| percentage = 65.89
| change = +2.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 510,961
| percentage = 60.06
| change = +12.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dr Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
| votes = 311,633
| percentage = 36.63
| change = -12.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[K Eswar Rao]]
| votes = 16,508
| percentage = 1.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prabhakar Kattamanchi
| votes = 11,685
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 199,328
| percentage = 23.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 850,787
| percentage = 69.99
| change = +4.10
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 428,403
| percentage = 40.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Varla Ramaiah]]
| votes = 409,127
| percentage = 38.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
| votes = 171,638
| percentage = 16.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dr Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
| votes = 21,696
| percentage = 2.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = [[Juvvigunta Venkateswarlu]]
| votes = 11,389
| percentage = 1.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Yalavadi Munikrishnaiah
| votes = 8,057
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 19,276
| percentage = 1.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 106,1533
| percentage = 72.52
| change = +2.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
|votes = 580,376
|percentage = 47.84
|change = +47.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karumanchi Jayaram
|votes = 542,951
|percentage = 44.76
|change = +42.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
|votes = 33,333
|percentage = 2.75
|change = -37.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kothapalli Subramanyam
|votes = 11,168
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Andhra Rastra Praja Samithi|ARPS]]
|candidate = M. Solmon
|votes = 9,816
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,690
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Neerugutta Nageswara
|votes = 7,280
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = U. Ramachandra
|votes = 6,036
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 37,425
| percentage = 3.08
| change = +1.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,213,064
| percentage = 77.04
| change = +4.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
| votes = 722,877
| percentage = 54.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 494,501
| percentage = 37.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 25,781
| percentage = 1.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
|votes = 24,039
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Doctor Daggumati Sreehari Rao
|votes = 20,971
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bommi Srihari Rao
|votes = 16,125
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -43.64
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 228,376
| percentage = 17.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,13,515
| percentage = 79.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,50,453
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-poll 2021 ===
{{Election box begin | title= Bye-election, 2021: Tirupati}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]|votes=626,108|percentage=56.67|change=+1.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]|votes=354,516|percentage=32.09|change=-5.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Ratna Prabha|votes=57,080|percentage=5.17|change=+3.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=15,568|percentage=1.41|change=-0.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chinta Mohan]]|votes=9,585|percentage=0.85|change=-0.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Nellore Yadagiri|votes=5,977|percentage=0.53|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=271,592|percentage=24.59|change=+7.21}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,105,468|percentage=64.60|change=-14.76}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Tirupati]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
| votes = 632,228
| percentage = 46.20
| change = {{decrease}}10.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
| votes = 617,659
| percentage = 45.13
| change = {{increase}}39.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chinta Mohan]]
| votes = 65,523
| percentage = 4.78
| change = {{increase}}3.93
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 16,118
| percentage = 1.17
| change = {{down}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,569
| percentage = 1.06
| change = {{decrease}}23.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,87,466
| percentage = 80.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/tirupati/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tirupati lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Tirupati district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|13.6|79.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

IFFI Best Film Award

2026-04-23T19:23:20Z

Jantapost: made a article

{{short description|Indian film festival award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = IFFI Best Film Award
| subheader = [[Golden Peacock]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = "Outstanding film of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf# |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211420/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf# |archive-date=2017-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| sponsor = [[International Film Festival of India]]
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|1965||}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref>
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =''Skin of Youth''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 38
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =''[[Gamperaliya (film)|Gamperaliya]]''
| website =
}}
The '''IFFI Best Film Award''' (officially known as the '''Golden Peacock for the Best Feature Film''') is the main prize of the [[International Film Festival of India]] presented annually by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], the organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in India.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://iffigoa.org/asias-first-film-festivals-iffi-over-years/|title=One of Asia's First Film Festivals – IFFI over the years.|date=3 October 2017|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175457/http://iffigoa.org/asias-first-film-festivals-iffi-over-years/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the 46th International Film Festival of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=132010/|work=PIB|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with the ''Golden Peacock'' a representation of the [[Peafowl|Peacock]], India’s national bird, with a permanent motto of the festival [[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]] (The whole world is a family).<ref name="GiovacchiniSklar2011">{{cite book|author1=Saverio Giovacchini|author2=Robert Sklar|title=Global Neorealism: The Transnational History of a Film Style|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vv09EtmRzUcC&pg=PA179|access-date=31 October 2012|date=1 December 2011|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-122-9|pages=179–}}</ref> The award is announced for films produced in a year across the world. The award was instituted in 1965 from the [[3rd International Film Festival of India|3rd IFFI]] competitive edition.<ref name="GiovacchiniSklar2011">{{cite book|author1=Saverio Giovacchini|author2=Robert Sklar|title=Global Neorealism: The Transnational History of a Film Style|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vv09EtmRzUcC&pg=PA179|access-date=31 October 2012|date=1 December 2011|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-122-9|pages=179–}}</ref><ref name="iffi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm3IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=3IIFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2018-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822074133/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm3IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=3IIFA.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of recipients==
The award carries a cash prize of {{INRconvert|40|l}} shared equally between the director and producer. The director will receive the Golden Peacock and a certificate in addition to the cash prize. The producer will receive a certificate in addition to the cash.<ref name="iffiaw:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/iffi-goa-2024-winners-toxic-1236226082/ |title= Lithuanian Drama ‘Toxic’ Wins Top Prize at 55th International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Patrick Frater |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Golden Peacock Award winners (Best Feature Film)===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Original Title !! Director !! Country
|-
||[[3rd International Film Festival of India|1965]]|| ''[[Gamperaliya (film)|Gamperaliya]]''||||[[Lester James Peries]] ||{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|-
||[[4th International Film Festival of India|1969]]||''[[The Damned (1969 film)|The Damned]]'' || || [[Luchino Visconti]]||{{flag|Italy}}
|-
||[[5th International Film Festival of India|1974]] ||''Dreaming Youth'' || ||[[János Rózsás]] ||{{flag|Hungary}}
|-
||[[6th International Film Festival of India|1977]] ||''[[Brother and Sister (1976 film)|Brother and Sister]]'' ||''[[Brother and Sister (1976 film)|Ani Imōto]]''||[[Tadashi Imai]] ||{{flag|Japan}}
|-
||[[7th International Film Festival of India|1979]] ||''[[Hungarian Rhapsody (1979 film)|Hungarian Rhapsody]]'' |||| [[Miklós Jancsó]] ||{{flag|Hungary}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[8th International Film Festival of India|1981]] || ''The Unknown Soldier’s Patent Leather Shoes''|| || [[Rangel Valchanov]] ||{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|-
|''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]''
|
|[[Govind Nihalani]]
|{{flag|India}}
|-
||[[9th International Film Festival of India|1983]] ||Not Awarded ||Not Awarded || Not Awarded ||Not Awarded
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[10th International Film Festival of India|1985]] ||''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]'' || ||[[James Ivory]] ||{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|''[[A Cruel Romance|Ruthless Romance]]''
|
|[[Eldar Ryazanov]]
|{{flag|Russia}}
|-
||[[11th International Film Festival of India|1987]]||''Farewell Green Summer''||''Proshal Zelen Leta''||Elyer Ishmukhamedov|| {{flag|Russia}}
|-
|| [[27th International Film Festival of India|1996]] || ''[[Blush (1995 film)|Blush]]'' || ||[[Li Shaohong]] || {{flag|China}}
|-
|| [[29th International Film Festival of India|1998]] || ''[[The King of Masks]]'' || ||[[Wu Tianming]] || {{flag|China}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[31st International Film Festival of India|2000]] || ''[[Karunam]]''|| Karunam ||[[Jayaraj]]|| {{flag|India}}
|-
|''[[Poppoya|Railroad Man]]''
|[[Poppoya]]
|[[Yasuo Furuhata]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|| [[33rd International Film Festival of India|2002]] || ''Letters to Elza'' || ||[[Igor Maslennikov]] || {{flag|Russia}}
|-
|| [[34th International Film Festival of India|2003]] || ''[[At Five in the Afternoon]]'' ||Panj é asr||[[Samira Makhmalbaf]] ||{{flag|Iran}} / {{flag|France}}
|-
||[[35th International Film Festival of India|2004]] || ''[[The Beautiful City]]'' ||Shah-re ziba||[[Asghar Farhadi]] ||{{flag|Iran}}
|-
||[[36th International Film Festival of India|2005]] || ''[[Iron Island (film)|Iron Island]]'' ||Jazireh ahani||[[Mohammad Rasoulof]] ||{{flag|Iran}}
|-
|| [[37th International Film Festival of India|2006]] || ''The Old Barber'' || ||[[Hasi Chaolu]] ||{{flag|China}}
|-
| [[38th International Film Festival of India|2007]] || ''The Wall'' ||||Lin Chih Ju ||{{flag|Taiwan}}
|-
|| [[39th International Film Festival of India|2008]] || ''[[Tulpan]]'' ||||[[Sergey Dvortsevoy|Sergei Dvortsevoy]] ||{{flag|Kazakhstan}} / {{flag|Russia}}
|-
||[[40th International Film Festival of India|2009]]|| ''[[Cannot Live Without You]]''||||[[Leon Dai]] ||{{flag|Taiwan}}
|-
||[[41st International Film Festival of India|2010]] || ''[[Moner Manush]]'' ||||[[Gautam Ghose]]|| {{flag|India}}
|-
||[[42nd International Film Festival of India|2011]] || ''[[Porfirio (film)|Porfirio]]'' ||||[[Alejandro Landes]]||{{flag|Colombia}} / {{flag|Argentina}}
|-
||[[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012]] || ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'' ||||[[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]||{{flag|India}}
|-
||[[44th International Film Festival of India|2013]] || ''[[Beatriz's War]]'' ||A Guerra da Beatriz||Luigi Acquisto / [[Bety Reis]]||{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|-
||[[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]] || ''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]'' ||Leviafan||[[Andrey Zvyagintsev]] || {{flag|Russia}}
|-
||[[46th International Film Festival of India|2015]] || ''[[Embrace of the Serpent]]'' ||El abrazo de la serpiente||[[Ciro Guerra]] || {{flag|Colombia}}
|-
|[[47th International Film Festival of India|2016]] || ''[[Daughter (2016 film)|Daughter]]'' || [[:it:Dokhtar|Dokhtar]] || [[Reza Mirkarimi]] || {{flag|Iran}}
|-
|[[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]] || ''[[BPM (Beats per Minute)]]'' |||| [[Robin Campillo]] || {{flag|France}}
|-
|[[49th International Film Festival of India|2018]] || ''[[Donbass (film)|Donbass]]'' |||| [[Sergei Loznitsa]] || {{flag|Ukraine}}
|-
|[[50th International Film Festival of India|2019]] || ''[[Particles (film)|Particles]]'' ||''Les particules'' || Blaise Harrison || {{flag|France}} / {{flag|Switzerland}}
|-
|[[51st International Film Festival of India|2020]] || ''Into the Darkness'' ||''De forbandede år'' || [[Anders Refn]] || {{flag|Denmark}}
|-
|[[52nd International Film Festival of India|2021]] || ''[[Ring Wandering]]'' ||リング・ワンダリング || [[Masakazu Kaneko]] || {{flag|Japan}}
|-
|[[53rd International Film Festival of India|2022]] || ''[[I Have Electric Dreams]]'' || ''Tengo sueños eléctricos'' || [[Valentina Maurel]] || {{flag|Spain}}
|-
|[[54th International Film Festival of India|2023]] || ''Endless Borders'' || || Abbas Amini || {{flag|Iran}}
|-
|[[55th International Film Festival of India|2024]] || ''[[Toxic (2024 film)|Toxic]]'' ||''Akiplėša'' || [[Saulė Bliuvaitė]]||{{flag|Lithuania}}
|-
|[[56th International Film Festival of India|2025]] ||'' Skin of Youth''|| || Ash Mayfair||{{flag|Vietnam}}
|}

== Discontinued awards ==

===Silver Peacock Award winners (Best Feature Film)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Edition !! Film !! Director !! Country
|-
||[[3rd International Film Festival of India|3rd]]|| [[Nirjan Saikate]] ||[[Tapan Sinha]] ||{{flag|India}}
|-
||[[29th International Film Festival of India|29th]]|| Paper Airplanes || Farhad Mehhranfar || {{flag|Iran}}
|-
||[[45th International Film Festival of India|45th]]|| [[Ek Hazarachi Note]] || [[Shrihari Sathe]] || {{flag|India}}
|-
|}

===Golden Peacock Award winners (Best Short Film)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Edition !! Film !! Country
|-
||[[3rd International Film Festival of India|3rd]]|| ''Cyclone''||{{flag|Cuba}}
|-
||[[4th International Film Festival of India|4th]]||''Taking off at 1800 Hours''||{{flag|Cuba}}
|-
||[[5th International Film Festival of India|5th]] ||''Automatic''||{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
|-
||[[6th International Film Festival of India|6th]] ||''After the Silence''||{{flag|India}}
|-
||[[7th International Film Festival of India|7th]] ||''An Encounter with Faces'' ''Olympic Games''||{{flag|India}} {{flag|Poland}}
|-
||[[8th International Film Festival of India|8th]] ||''A Period of Transition''||{{flag|Denmark}}
|-
||[[9th International Film Festival of India|9th]] ||Not Awarded||Not Awarded
|-
||[[10th International Film Festival of India|10th]] ||''[[Narcissus (1983 film)|Narcissus]]''||{{flag|Canada}}
|-
||[[11th International Film Festival of India|11th]] ||Not Awarded||Not Awarded
|-
|}

===Silver Peacock Award winners (Best Short Film)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Edition !! Film !! Country
|-
||[[4th International Film Festival of India|4th]]|| Man and the Crow || {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
{{IFFI Best Film Award}}
{{International Film Festival of India}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Awards for best film]]

K. P. Ramachandran Nair

2026-04-23T06:50:32Z

Jantapost: made new entry

{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office1 = Minister for Health
| term_start1 = 1 September 1983
| term_end1 = 29 May 1985
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1982<ref>http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_7.htm Members of 7th KLA 1982-87</ref>
| term_end2 = 1987
| predecessor2 = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| successor2 = [[Rosamma Punnoose]]
| term_start3 = 1991<ref>http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_9.htm Members of 9th KLA 1991-96</ref>
| term_end3 = 1996
| predecessor3 = [[Rosamma Punnoose]]
| successor3 = [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| constituency3 = [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| constituency = Alappuzha
| death_date = 28 February 2004
| birth_date = 1 January 1922
| party = [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party]]
}}

'''K. P. Ramachandran Nair''' (1922-2004) was the founder of [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party]] and the Minister for Health from 1 September 1983 to 29 May 1985 in Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m558.htm|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=29 February 2004|agency=PTI |title=NDP founder Ramachandran Nair passes away {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/NDP-founder-Ramachandran-Nair-passes-away/articleshow/526912.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

He was born on 1 January 1922 to Dr. K. P. Panikkar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|publisher=Government of Kerala|last2=|date=|title=K.P. Ramachandran Nair|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/k_p_ramachandran_nair.php|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-13|website=www.stateofkerala.in|language=en}}</ref> He married T. Ratnamma.<ref name=":2" /> He died on 28 February 2004.<ref name=":2" />

== Political career ==
K. P. Ramachandran Nair was closely associated with the activities of [[Nair Service Society|Nair Service Society (NSS)]]. He was once the treasurer of the NSS and even its director board member.<ref name=":1" /> Though he entered politics through [[Indian National Congress]], he later helped to found National Democratic Party (NDP), the political arm of the NSS.

He was the Chairman of Alleppey Municipal Council from 1968-79.<ref name=":0" /> In 1982 Kerala State Assembly Election K. P. Ramachandran Nair defeated P. K Vasudevan Nair of [[Communist Party of India]] by a margin of 1590 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results 1982: ALLEPPEY- K. P. Ramachandran Nair|url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/1982/1982100.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.keralaassembly.org}}</ref> In 1991 Kerala State Assembly Election he won by 746 votes by defeating P.S Somasekharan of [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=DETAILED RESULTS OF KERALA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES: ELECTION 1991|url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8298d350-d0ba-4bf6-9ff8-07a37330433c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612232630/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8298d350-d0ba-4bf6-9ff8-07a37330433c|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both the times he secured victory from [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha state assembly constituency]]. In [[Third K. Karunakaran ministry|third K Karunakaran Ministry]], he assumed the office of Minister for Health from 1 September 1983 to 29 May 1985.<ref name=":0" />

=== Electoral Performance ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha Legislative Assembly Constituency (1982)]]
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
|-
|
|National Democratic Party (NDP)
|K.P Ramachandran Nair
|35,014
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]
|P. K. Vasudevan Nair
|33,424
|-
|
|Independent
|K. P. M. Sheriff
|420
|-
|
|Independent
|Acko
|213
|-
|
|Invalid
|
|502
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha Legislative Assembly Constituency (1991)]]
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
|-
|
|National Democratic Party (NDP)
|K.P Ramachandran Nair
|42,269
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]
|P. S Somasekharan
|41,519
|-
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
|Arumugham Pillai
|2,513
|-
|
|Independent
|S Seethilal
|637
|-
|
|Lokdal
|Vijayan Velu
|336
|-
|
|Independent
|Usman Mohammed Yoosuf
|201
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Kerala]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:49Z

Jantapost: info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Punjab|Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mansa
| mla = Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel (J.s. Patel)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:231203}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 37
}}

'''Mansa''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mansa Taluka
# Kalol Taluka (Part) Villages – Veda-Himmatpura, Jamla, Vagosana, Dhendhu, Sobhasan, Itla, Limbodara, Aluva, Mubarakpura, Balva-Rampura, Pratappura – 1, Chandisana, Amaja, Nadri, Soja, Paliyad, Khorajdabhi

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Mangalbhai Patel]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] Bypoll
| [[Thakor Babusinhji Mohansinhji]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Amitbhai Chaudhary]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sureshkumar Chaturdas Patel]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Jayantibhai Patel|Jayantibhai Somabhai Patel]]||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantibhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=98144|percentage=59.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babusinhji Mohansinhji Thakor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58878|percentage=35.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhaskarbhai Babubhai Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2965|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2232|percentage=1.35|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=23.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:230847}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mansa<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sureshkumar Chaturdas Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,902
|percentage = 48.00
|change = -2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amitbhai Chaudhary
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,378
|percentage = 47.67
|change = +2.65
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 524
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,304
|percentage = 76.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amitbhai Chaudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78068
|percentage = 50.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = D D Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70040
|percentage = 45.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8028
|percentage = 5.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155565
|percentage = 80.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gandhinagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Mehasana}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.43|72.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arecio D'Souza

2026-04-18T22:14:16Z

Jantapost: new a details first draft

{{Short description| Indian politician and businessman (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arecio D'Souza
| birth_name = Arecio Agapito D'Souza
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|9|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority = 5,294 (39.71%)
| constituency = [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
| term_start = 1994
| term_end = 2002
| predecessor = [[Manu Fernandes]]
| successor = [[Joaquim Alemao]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1998–2002)
| other_party = [[United Goans Democratic Party]] (1994–1998)
| spouse = Sunita D'Souza
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman}}
}}

'''Arecio Agapito D'Souza''' (born 7 September 1949) is an Indian politician and businessman who is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency]] from 1994 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=98 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former MLA bats for NIT at Cuncolim |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/former-mla-bats-for-nit-at-cuncolim/68604 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odds Stacked Against Defectors |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/odds-stacked-against-defectors/80649.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=Now, ex-Cuncolim MLA Arecio pledges support to NIT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/now-ex-cuncolim-mla-arecio-pledges-support-to-nit/articleshow/22645080.cms |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life==
Arecio Agapito D'Souza was born on 7 September 1949 in [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). He completed his M.A.B and is married to Sunita Dsouza. He currently resides at Cuncolim.

==Career==
In July 1998, D'Souza left [[United Goans Democratic Party]] to join [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/470487/ |title=Indian Kanoon |access-date=2022-09-01 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901081320/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/470487/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Former chairman of the board of Goa State Pollution Control Board (1999–2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman of the Board since inception |url=https://goaspcb.gov.in/about-us/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=goaspcb.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Sousa, Arecio}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:United Goans Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]

Parbatsar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:18Z

Jantapost: entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parbatsar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-114-Parbatsar.svg
| mla = [[Ramniwas Gawriya]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur (lLok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:250433}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 114
}}
'''Parbatsar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|Mohan Lal Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color |Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|Rakesh Meghwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Man Singh Kinsariya]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ramniwas Gawriya]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Parbatsar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramniwas Gawriya
|votes = {{formatnum:91530}}
|percentage = 46.52
|change = +1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mansingh Kinsariya
|votes = {{formatnum:81214}}
|percentage = 41.27
|change = +5.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Lachchharam Badarda
|votes = {{formatnum:20195}}
|percentage = 10.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1342}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10316}}
|percentage = 5.25
|change = -3.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196771}}
|percentage = 78.57
|change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Parbatsar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramniwas Gawdiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:76373}}
|percentage = 44.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Man Singh Kinsariya
|votes = {{formatnum:61888}}
|percentage = 36.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:26006}}
|percentage = 15.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2485}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14485}}
|percentage = 8.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170623}}
|percentage = 77.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.89|74.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Worli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:51Z

Jantapost: creating first stub needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Worli
| map_image = 182-Worli.svg
| map_caption = Aaditya Thackeray, present MLA of Worli
| mla = [[Aaditya Thackeray]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Mumbai City]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 264,583
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Aaditya Thackeray - 2020 (cropped).jpg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 182
}}

'''Worli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].

==Demographics==
Worli (constituency number 182) is one of the 10 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai City district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=267}}</ref> Number of electorates in 2009 was 283,507 (male 160,641, female 122,866) 55,376 are from minority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]], [[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]], [[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]] and [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Bhandare Ramchandra Dhondiba || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Madhav Narayan Birje || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Sharad Dighe]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kurane Pralhad Krushna || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Sharad Dighe]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Vinita Datta Samant || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Nalawade Datta Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | [[Dattaji Nalawade]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Nalawade Datta Shankar
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Sachin Ahir]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sunil Shinde|Sunil Govind Shinde]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Aaditya Thackeray]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Aaditya Thackeray]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 63,324 |percentage = 44.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Milind Deora]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 54,523 |percentage = 38.47% |change={{decrease}}34.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep Sudhakar Deshpande |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 19,367 |percentage = 13.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Anand Nikalje |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,885 |percentage = 2.04% |change={{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,562 |percentage = 1.10% |change={{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,801 |percentage = 6.21% |change= {{decrease}}48.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,301 |percentage = 54.16% |change= {{increase}}6.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,739}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,583|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}28.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Aaditya Thackeray]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 89,248 |percentage = 72.70% |change={{increase}}31.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. (Dr.) Suresh Mane |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,821 |percentage = 17.77% |change={{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gautam Anna Gaikwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,572 |percentage = 5.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 6,305 |percentage = 5.14% |change={{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishram Tida Padam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,932 |percentage = 1.57% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Rupesh Lilachandra Turbhekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 829 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhijit Wamanrao Bichukale |party=Independent politician |votes = 781 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 67,427 |percentage = 54.92% |change= {{increase}}39.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,499 |percentage = 48.14% |change= {{decrease}}7.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,769}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,003|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}31.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Shinde|Sunil Govind Shinde]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,625 |percentage = 41.34% |change={{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sachin Ahir]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,613 |percentage = 25.65% |change={{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Dattatray Rane |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,849 |percentage = 21.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kudtarkar Vijay Bhau |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,423 |percentage = 5.74% |change={{decrease}}17.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Ramchandra Naughane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,941 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaiswar Raju Terasnath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,901 |percentage = 1.30% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,559 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,012 |percentage = 15.69% |change= {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,261 |percentage = 55.93% |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,653}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,091|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=26 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sachin Ahir]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,398 |percentage = 37.83% |change={{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashish Chemburkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,104 |percentage = 34.01% |change={{decrease}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jamdar Sanjay Chandrakant |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 32,542 |percentage = 23.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajanish Shivaji Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,381 |percentage = 1.72% |change={{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Shantaram Mane |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,537 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Mane Vijay Baburao |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,294 |percentage = 3.82% |change= {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,522 |percentage = 48.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,526|ref = |change= {{increase}}119.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nalawade Datta Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,106 |percentage = 44.13% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kudatarkar Vijay Bhau |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,012 |percentage = 30.80% |change={{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahir Vijay Gulab (Gawli) |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 15,083 |percentage = 22.11% |change={{increase}}20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Jagannath Jagtap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,027 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shivnarayan Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes = 452 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,094 |percentage = 13.33% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,228 |percentage = 52.80% |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,224}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,208|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dattaji Nalawade]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 26,993 |percentage = 43.95% |change={{decrease}}13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Bhau Kudtarkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 16,063 |percentage = 26.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vijaya Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,308 |percentage = 24.92% |change={{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amarbahadur Sitaram Pasi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. C. Chavan |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 736 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chougule P. H. |party=Independent politician |votes = 494 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,930 |percentage = 17.80% |change= {{decrease}}6.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,437 |percentage = 46.12% |change= {{decrease}}19.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,418}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,225|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}13.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dattaji Nalawade]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 49,802 |percentage = 57.28% |change={{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vasantrao Vittal Suryawanshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,267 |percentage = 32.51% |change={{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dawane Santoo Bhagoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,916 |percentage = 5.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Walekar Laxman Ganpat |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,236 |percentage = 2.57% |change={{decrease}}23.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajjal Ramdas |party=Independent politician |votes = 786 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Sahdeo More |party=Independent politician |votes = 542 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,535 |percentage = 24.77% |change= {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,432 |percentage = 66.59% |change= {{increase}}7.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,793|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nalawade Datta Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,718 |percentage = 42.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanaware Vasant Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,312 |percentage = 29.96% |change={{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinita Datta Samant |party=Janata Dal |votes = 19,489 |percentage = 26.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,406 |percentage = 12.63% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,293 |percentage = 58.43% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,475}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,864|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vinita Datta Samant |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,412 |percentage = 45.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Pandurang Nanaware |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,892 |percentage = 34.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Rane |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,357 |percentage = 15.37% |change={{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. K. Ghodke |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Samhbajirao Bhanudas |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,520 |percentage = 10.71% |change= {{decrease}}9.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,586 |percentage = 60.69% |change= {{increase}}17.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,876}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,469|ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sharad Dighe]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,841 |percentage = 50.33% |change={{increase}}32.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kurane Pralhad Krushna |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 14,803 |percentage = 29.99% |change={{decrease}}22.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kinare Panduran Rajaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,809 |percentage = 17.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bijjamaster V. V. |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Raj Narain]] |votes = 642 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,038 |percentage = 20.34% |change= {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,946 |percentage = 43.50% |change= {{decrease}}21.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,358}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,828|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kurane Pralhad Krushna |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 37,466 |percentage = 52.66% |change={{increase}}46.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanaware Vasant Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,786 |percentage = 17.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawade Balkrishna Raghunath |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,693 |percentage = 15.03% |change={{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dighe Sharad Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,622 |percentage = 13.52% |change={{decrease}}40.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,680 |percentage = 34.69% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,353 |percentage = 65.10% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,148}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,146|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sharad Dighe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,000 |percentage = 53.91% |change={{increase}}15.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nalawade Datta Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,126 |percentage = 18.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mani Shankar N. Kavthe |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,785 |percentage = 9.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapu Chandra Sen Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,080 |percentage = 8.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. K. Kurne |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,134 |percentage = 5.86% |change={{decrease}}25.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Ravji Mane |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,825 |percentage = 2.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,874 |percentage = 35.29% |change= {{increase}}28.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,736 |percentage = 68.98% |change= {{increase}}4.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,487}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,000|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhav Narayan Birje |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,743 |percentage = 38.32% |change={{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. K. Kurane |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 18,748 |percentage = 31.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. B. Worlikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,448 |percentage = 15.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. C. Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,805 |percentage = 11.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,143 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. S. Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 470 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,995 |percentage = 6.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,025 |percentage = 66.78% |change= {{increase}}1.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,357}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,383|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhav Narayan Birje |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,041 |percentage = 43.39% |change={{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Yashwant Mohite |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 18,008 |percentage = 32.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashirao Maruti Bandisode |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,232 |percentage = 11.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sambhajirao Bhanudas Chavan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,132 |percentage = 9.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tajbhahadursinha Kailas Sinha Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,033 |percentage = 10.89% |change= {{decrease}}19.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,219 |percentage = 62.94% |change= {{decrease}}9.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,906|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Scheduled Castes Federation |swing= {{decrease}}22.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Worli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhandare Ramchandra Dhondiba |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 32,882 |percentage = 65.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Matkar Waman Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,365 |percentage = 34.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,517 |percentage = 30.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,247 |percentage = 70.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,908|ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Scheduled Castes Federation |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.0039694|72.8007003}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Osian Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:36Z

Jantapost: pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Osian Assembly constituency
| mla = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| preceded_by = [[Divya Maderna]]
| map_caption = Location of Osian Assembly constituency in [[Rajasthan]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| division = [[Jodhpur Division]]
| district = [[Jodhpur district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| established = 1957
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 125
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-125-Osian.svg
}}
'''Osian Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency]]. Senior Congress leaders like Paras Ram Maderna, Narendra used contest election from this seat.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1.|| 1952 || Mangal Singh<ref name=election1952/> || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 2.|| 1957 || [[Parasram Maderna]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 3. ||1962 || [[Parasram Maderna]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 4.|| 1967 || R. Singh<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 5. ||1972 || Ranjit Sing<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 6. ||1977 || Ranjeet Singh<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 7.|| 1980 || Narendra Singh Bhati<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 8.|| 1985 || Narendra Singh Bhati<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 9.|| 1990 ||Ram Narayan Bishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 10.|| 1993 || Narendra Singh Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 11.|| 1998 || Narendra Singh Bhati<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 12. ||2003 || Banne Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 13.|| 2008 || [[Mahipal Maderna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 14.|| 2013 || [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2013">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]</ref>
|-
| 15.|| 2018 ||[[Divya Maderna]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Vidhansabha%202018/indexw.html |title=General Election of State Assembly Elections- 2018 |date= |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| 16.|| 2023 ||[[Bhairaram Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20125.htm |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 Assembly Constituency 125 - Osian(Rajasthan) | website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date= 4 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205044037/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20125.htm |archive-date=5 December 2023 |agency=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:103746}}
|percentage = 49.46
|change = {{increase}}19.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Divya Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:100939}}
|percentage = 48.12
|change = {{increase}}2.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1913}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2807}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change = {{decrease}}13.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209762}}
|percentage = 78.78
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2018/?do=download&r=23073&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=724ced13c40e16d11b2e28de0c81e4cb |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Divya Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83629}}
|percentage = 45.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56039}}
|percentage = 30.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendrasingh Bhati
|votes = {{formatnum:37746}}
|percentage = 20.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jyotika
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3054}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishek Vishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:2312}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1862}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27590}}
|percentage = 14.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184642}}
|percentage = 78.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2013/ |title=Rajasthan 2013 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,363
|percentage = 50.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Leela Maderna
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,967
|percentage = 39.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Umrao Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,524
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mehramaram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,918
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arjunram
|party = Jago Party
|votes = 2,159
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mrigendra Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,375
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rampal Bhawad
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 945
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhoma Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 642
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,597
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,396
|percentage = 10.23
|change = +7.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,50,490
|percentage = 75.08
|change = +8.88
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election2008 name="election2008-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2008/ |title=Rajasthan 2008 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahipal Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37,212
|percentage = 30.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shambu Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 33,814
|percentage = 27.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 25,837
|percentage = 21.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Deora
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 18,315
|percentage = 15.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chhotu Ram Siyota
|party = Indian Justice Party
|votes = 1,811
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,172
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Singh Rathore
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
|votes = 1,123
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manoj Chhajer
|party = Bharatiya Rashtrawadi Samanta Party
|votes = 1,036
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhanwarlal Meghwal
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|votes = 690
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,398
|percentage = 2.81
|change = -1.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,21,010
|percentage = 66.2
|change = +7.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election2003 name="election2003-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2003/ |title=Rajasthan 2003 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2003"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Banne Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,414
|percentage = 46.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,100
|percentage = 42.30
|change = -8.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sharavan Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,895
|percentage = 5.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Singh Bhalasaria
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,774
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajni
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 2,704
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,314
|percentage = 4.24
|change = -17.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,01,887
|percentage = 58.61
|change = -0.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1998 name="election1998-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1998/ |title=Rajasthan 1998 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1998"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,947
|percentage = 51.02
|change = -6.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raghvendra Pratap Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 25,189
|percentage = 29.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohan Lal Bishnoi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 9,257
|percentage = 10.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,750
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,758
|percentage = 21.78
|change = +1.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 86,143
|percentage = 59.47
|change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1993 name="election1993-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1993/ |title=Rajasthan 1993 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1993"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,056
|percentage = 57.78
|change = +9.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Narayan Bishnoi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 29,499
|percentage = 37.83
|change = -11.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hari Ram
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 815
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madhuram Devda
|party = Doordarshi Party
|votes = 561
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mo. Harun
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 447
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chetan Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 349
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhanraj Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 317
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Netha Laxminarayan
|party = Socialist Party (Lohia)
|votes = 287
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ragunath Singh Chouhan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 232
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jayanti Datt
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 210
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Munna Ram Meghwal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 99
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanwar Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 84
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdul Nisar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 27
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,557
|percentage = 19.95
|change = +19.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 77,983
|percentage = 58.41
|change = +3.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1990 name="election1990-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1990/ |title=Rajasthan 1990 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1990"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Narayan Bishnoi]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 32,484
|percentage = 48.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32,405
|percentage = 48.72
|change = -18.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhan Raj
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 546
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Charna Ram
|party = Doordarshi Party
|votes = 536
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ghevar Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 193
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahavir Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 181
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagdish
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 97
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surender Dan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 72
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 79
|percentage = 0.12
|change = -36.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 66,514
|percentage = 54.93
|change = -3.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1985 name="election1985-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1985/ |title=Rajasthan 1985 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1985"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37,128
|percentage = 67.12
|change = +23.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjit Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 16,750
|percentage = 30.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagdish Singh Parmar
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 838
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madu Ram Devra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 533
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ladhu Ram Bishnoi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 67
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,378
|percentage = 36.84
|change = +19.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 55,316
|percentage = 58.10
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1980 name="election1980-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3387-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1980/ |title=Rajasthan 1980 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1980"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = 20,629
|percentage = 43.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Badan Singh Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|votes = 12,313
|percentage = 25.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Baney Singh Rathore
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 8,766
|percentage = 18.49
|change = -28.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madanlal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,997
|percentage = 6.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivnath
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|votes = 1,177
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Kachhwaha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 585
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sajan Ram Dogiyal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 350
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kishandan Charan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 203
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Girdharilal Daga
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 165
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Budharam
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 118
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanwarlal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 101
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,316
|percentage = 17.55
|change = +14.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 47,406
|percentage = 58.20
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1977 name="election1977-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1977/ |title=Rajasthan 1977 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1977"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,141
|percentage = 50.33
|change = -24.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Banney Singh
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 18,800
|percentage = 46.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ridmal Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 837
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rewat Dan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 236
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,341
|percentage = 3.35
|change = -50.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 40,014
|percentage = 58.44
|change = +1.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1972 name="election1972-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1972/ |title=Rajasthan 1972 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1972"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,679
|percentage = 74.62
|change = +18.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ratan Singh
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 8,838
|percentage = 20.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhanvar Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,935
|percentage = 4.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,841
|percentage = 53.80
|change = +38.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 42,452
|percentage = 56.86
|change = -2.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1967 name="election1967-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1967/ |title=Rajasthan 1967 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1967"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,236
|percentage = 55.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = J. Singh
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 14,562
|percentage = 40.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rewat Dan
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 1,385
|percentage = 3.83
|change = -30.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,674
|percentage = 15.68
|change = -7.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 36,183
|percentage = 58.94
|change = +1.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1962"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1962 name="election1962-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1962/ |title=Rajasthan 1962 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1962"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,964
|percentage = 56.78
|change = -8.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rewat Dan
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 10,721
|percentage = 33.89
|change = -1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Karna
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,951
|percentage = 9.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,243
|percentage = 22.89
|change = -6.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 31636
|percentage = 57.72
|change = +13.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1962"/>

===1957===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1957"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Osian<ref name=election1957 name="election1957-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3379-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1957/ |title=Rajasthan 1957 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1957"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,303
|percentage = 64.79
|change = +32.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rewat Dan
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 8,317
|percentage = 35.21
|change = +29.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,986
|percentage = 29.58
|change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 23,620
|percentage = 44.09
|change = -7.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1957"/>

===1952===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1952"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jodhpur Tehsil North<ref name=election1952>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3378-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1951/ |title=Rajasthan 1951 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangal Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 19,419
|percentage = 61.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,148
|percentage = 32.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rewat Dan
|party = Socialist Party
|votes = 1,925
|percentage = 6.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,271
|percentage = 29.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 31,492
|percentage = 51.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1952"/>

==See also==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.73|72.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Nandu Satam

2026-04-11T10:16:32Z

Jantapost: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nandu Satam
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Mayor of Mumbai]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[Vishakha Raut]]
| successor = Hareshwar Patil
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (2009–present)
| other_party = [[Shiv Sena]] (1966–2009)
| occupation = Politician
| known_for = First [[Mayor of Mumbai]] under the [[Mayor-Council|Mayor-in-Council]] system
}}

'''Nandu Satam''' is an Indian politician who served as the 67th [[Mayor of Mumbai]] from 1998 to 1999. He was a member of the [[Shiv Sena]] for over two decades before joining the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] in 2009. He joined the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] in 2009.<ref name="Ht">{{cite news |title=Former Mumbai mayor joins MNS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/former-mumbai-mayor-joins-mns/story-yqCc8s7dJRjbB7QOMbFiyL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 April 2009}}</ref>

Satam is known for being the first person to hold the office of mayor under the experimental [[Mayor-Council|Mayor-in-Council]] governance model. Prior to his election as Mayor, he served as the Leader of the House in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sena leaders elected as Bombay civic heads under new system |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/22bmc.htm |work=[[Rediff News|Rediff.com]] |date=22 April 1998}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Satam was elected Mayor in April 1998. In his tenure, the [[Mayor-Council|Mayor-in-Council]] system was introduced, which granted executive powers to elected representatives. However, the system led to administrative conflicts and delays and was abolished in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor-in council system played havoc |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mayor-in-council-system-played-havoc/articleshow/1306344134.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High-Stakes Politics Behind Mumbai's Prestigious Mayoral Post |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/high-stakes-politics-behind-mumbais-prestigious-mayoral-post |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

In April 2009, Satam was expelled from the [[Shiv Sena]] by party chief [[Bal Thackeray]]. Party sources cited his lack of activity in party work and alleged involvement in anti-party activities, as the reasons for his removal.<ref name="Ht"/>

Immediately following his expulsion, Satam joined the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] in the presence of its founder, [[Raj Thackeray]]. He was later appointed as a General Secretary of the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]].<ref name="Ie">{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Dhaval |title=I wonder if it was just madness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/i-wonder-if-it-was-just-madness/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=September 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907061817/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/i-wonder-if-it-was-just-madness/ |archive-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref>

In 1992, while serving as a corporator in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], he led a group of 70 fellow corporators to [[Ayodhya]] to perform [[kar seva]].<ref name="Ie"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of mayors of Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satam, Nandu}}
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dharma Durai (1991 film)

2026-04-04T20:57:25Z

Jantapost:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dharma Durai 1991 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]''|M. D. Sundar}}
| producer = [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] [[Shivaram|S. Sivaraman]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Gautami]]
| cinematography = V. Ranga
| editing = Vittal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Raasikala Mandhir International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|1|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dharma Durai''''' ({{Translation|Righteous Lord}}){{efn|Also the title character.}} is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. A remake of the 1989 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Gautami]], with [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] and [[Vaishnavi Aravind|Vaishnavi]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around the title character seeking revenge on his younger brothers for taking advantage of his innocence.

Rajasekhar initially began work on a film titled ''Kaalam Maaripochu'' ({{Translation|The Times Have Changed}}) with Rajinikanth starring, but the project was dropped, with the same crew instead deciding to remake ''Deva''. The film was released on 14 January 1991, and emerged a major success, running for over 175 days in theatres. It was the last film directed by Rajasekhar, who died 100 days after its release.

== Plot ==
The story begins with a young couple, Balu and Ishwarya, being chased by some goons. Ishwarya is the daughter of Rajadurai and had eloped with her boyfriend Balu against the wishes of Rajadurai. Rajadurai sends his goons to track down the couple. When the goons finally track down the couple in a forest and start beating up Balu, a man comes to the couple's rescue. When Rajadurai and his brother Ramadurai find out about this man, they rush over to his hideout in the forest, only to escape in fear when they see him. The couple is scared and puzzled as to how the man could induce so much fear in the brothers. The man's wife Parvathi then tells the couple the story of the man, whose name is Dharmadurai.

Dharmadurai was a farmer in the village [[Valliyur]]. He was the elder brother of Rajadurai and Ramadurai. He had showered so much love and affection on his younger brothers and even borrowed {{INR}} 30,000 for their "education", much against his father's wishes, who fully knew that his younger sons were crooked and evil. He even got Rajadurai married to Vaibhavi, a girl whom Rajadurai had raped, to save him from a jail term. The brothers however, showed no sort of affection for Dharmadurai and used his innocence for their sinister desires. Rajadurai convinced Dharmadurai to borrow {{INR}} 6 lakhs so that he could "start a business". Using this money, Rajadurai and Ramadurai moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] and went into smuggling. They later double-crossed their smuggler boss Jose by keeping all the items meant to be smuggled and also lodging a police complaint against his son Ajay for their own benefit and soon became rich due to their illegal activities.

One day, Dharmadurai went to Madras when he heard that Ramadurai was going to get engaged to a rich girl and leave with her for the United States to "pursue higher studies". The brothers did not receive him warmly and humiliated him that evening at a farewell party organised for Ramadurai. Later that night, Ajay, who had been released from jail, entered their house to kill Ramadurai in retaliation for having double-crossed Jose and his gang. Ramadurai killed Ajay and convinced Dharmadurai to take the blame for the murder, who was sentenced to seven years imprisonment as a result. The brothers then got Jose and his henchmen also arrested. While Dharmadurai was in jail, Parvathi gave birth to a baby boy.

A few years later, Rajadurai and Ramadurai decided to sell off their father's house and property to "repay the {{INR}} 6 lakhs Dharmadurai had borrowed". When their father opposed their move, the brothers killed him and drove Parvathi and her son out of the house. With nowhere else to go, Parvathi and her son moved to Madras. The small boy was also eventually killed by Ramadurai when he recognised him as the murderer of his grandfather. With no home, her husband imprisoned and her son dead, a grieving Parvathi took up the job of a housemaid in Madras. Soon, Dharmadurai completed his jail sentence. When he found out about Parvathi's plight and how his brothers had betrayed him, he rushed over to the brothers' house and thrashed them mercilessly, only stopping when their wives intervene. Following this, he disowned them and moved to the forest with Parvathi.

In the present day, Jose and his henchmen get released from jail and kidnap Rajadurai and Ramadurai in retaliation for betraying them. On Parvathi's advice, a reluctant Dharmadurai goes to rescue his brothers. He rescues them, following which they seek his forgiveness, which he accepts.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Dharmadurai
*[[Gautami]] as Parvathi Dharmadurai
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Pandidurai Thevar
*[[Charan Raj]] as Rajadurai
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Ramadurai
*[[Shivaram|Sivaraman]] as Jose's uncle (guest appearance)
*[[Vaishnavi Aravind|Vaishnavi]] as Vaidehi
*[[Senthil]] as Alagappan
*[[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dilip]] as Balu
*[[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]] as Jose
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Ajay
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Ve. Aadai Moorthy]] as Velappan
}}

== Production ==
The director [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]] initially started a film titled ''Kaalam Maaripochu'', with [[Rajinikanth]], Manjula, [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Senthil]] among others starring. After some days of filming, the project and story were dropped. The same crew instead decided to remake the 1989 Kannada film [[Deva (1989 film)|''Deva'']], and the project was titled ''Dharma Durai''.<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 403 – எஸ்.கணேஷ் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/75043?fbclid=IwAR1KqawX_vVOrP00oJXrx7dxwbccbHSAUZocWp1f1j4mQuwJsORP_S4WS-g |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190907155726/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/75043?fbclid=IwAR1KqawX_vVOrP00oJXrx7dxwbccbHSAUZocWp1f1j4mQuwJsORP_S4WS-g |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=131 |orig-date=2012}}</ref> The film was already scheduled to release for [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] 1991, but production was disrupted due to certain circumstances. To avoid disappointing his fans, Rajinikanth worked continuously for 72 hours to ensure the film was completed and released per schedule.<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - தர்மதுரை |trans-title=Forgettable? - Dharmadurai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/91028/cinema/Kollywood/Marakka-Mudiyuma---Dharmadurai.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021053352/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/91028/cinema/Kollywood/Marakka-Mudiyuma---Dharmadurai.htm |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Initially, the role of Pandidurai was supposed to be played by [[Sivaji Ganesan]], but due to health issues, he could not accept the project and suggested [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pil5Uk-q1oQ |title=A Legend in Conversation {{!}} Padma Shri Madhu {{!}} Jagadhish {{!}} Vellithira |date=31 July 2025 |last=Vellithira KFPA |access-date=13 August 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The lyrics for all the songs were written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]] except "Aanenna Pennena", which was written by [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darma Dorai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/darma-dorai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021062221/https://mossymart.com/product/darma-dorai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 1991 |title=Dharma Durai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dharma-durai/HB4K,rxFoeY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801131052/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dharma-durai/HB4K,rxFoeY_ |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Onnu Rendu" is set to the [[raga]] [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=150}} and "Maasi Maasam" is set to either Agni Kopam,{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=143}} or [[Shuddha Dhanyasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaamarai |date=25 March 2011 |title=Maasi Maasam (Dharma Dhurai 1991) |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/maasi-maasam-dharma-dhurai-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223135246/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/maasi-maasam-dharma-dhurai-1991 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]]}}</ref> This song was reused by Ilaiyaraaja as "Enno Ratrulosthayi" in the Telugu film ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' (1992),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=4 February 2023 |title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 209 – February 5, 2023 |url=https://milliblog.com/2023/02/04/milliblog-weeklies-week-209-february-5-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518044423/https://milliblog.com/2023/02/04/milliblog-weeklies-week-209-february-5-2023/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> which was remixed for the Telugu film ''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title='Enno Ratrulostayi Gani' song remixed for 'Amigos' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/enno-ratrulostayi-gani-song-remixed-for-amigos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323133852/https://telugucinema.com/news/enno-ratrulostayi-gani-song-remixed-for-amigos |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> The original Tamil version was remixed by [[Srikanth Deva]] for ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Pandi audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pandi-audio-launched/articleshow/3022096.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021061717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pandi-audio-launched/articleshow/3022096.cms |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| all_lyrics = [[Panchu Arunachalam]], except where noted
| title1 = Aanenna Pennena
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:45
| title2 = Annan Enna Thambi Enna
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Maasi Maasam
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 4:59
| title4 = Onnu Rendu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = Santhaikku Vantha Kili
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 5:27
| note1 = Lyrics:[[Gangai Amaran]]
| total_length = 26:00
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Dharma Durai'' was released on 14 January 1991, during Pongal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Baashha to Darbar: Here is a list of Rajinikanth's Pongal releases that turned super hits |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/lifestyle/baashha-to-darbar-here-is-a-list-of-rajinikanth-s-pongal-releases-that-turned-super-hits-q3s7ap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326162049/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/lifestyle/baashha-to-darbar-here-is-a-list-of-rajinikanth-s-pongal-releases-that-turned-super-hits-q3s7ap#image9 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the film "has sequences that hold water" praising Rajinikanth because he "shows split second timing in delivering comic lines in a good part of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=22 February 1991 |title=Dharmadurai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' reviewed the film more negatively, criticising the writing and calling it strictly for Rajinikanth's fans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=3 February 1991 |title=தர்மதுரை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-02-03/page/n37/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230912053751/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-02-03/page/n37/mode/2up |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> On the 100th day celebrations, Rajasekhar died in a car accident, making this his last release.<ref name="dinamalar" /> The film ran for over 175 days in theatres,<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /> and became a commercial hit. Gangai Amaran won the Cinema Express Award for Best Lyrics Writer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510080013/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1990s action drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Neethaane En Ponvasantham

2026-04-02T08:09:51Z

Jantapost: pg

{{short description|2012 film by Gautham Menon}}
{{for|the Tamil television series|Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neethaane En Ponvasantham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| producer = [[Elred Kumar]] Reshma Ghatala Gautham Vasudev Menon Venkat Somasundaram
| story = Reshma Ghatala
| screenplay = Reshma Ghatala Gautham Vasudev Menon
| starring = [[Jiiva]] [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]] [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]] [[S. R. Kathir]] [[Jomon T. John]] Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] 
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony Gonsalvez]] Praveen Antony S. Kubenderan S. Raghunath Varma Jyoti Chetia Renganaath Ravee
| studio = [[Photon Kathaas]]
| distributor = [[RS Infotainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|12|13|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Neethaane En Ponvasantham''''' ({{translation|You are my Golden Springtime}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] co written, co produced and directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], starring [[Jiiva]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]. It was shot and released simultaneously in Telugu as ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'', with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] replacing Jiiva, while the team also briefly filmed an incomplete Hindi version, ''Assi Nabbe Poorey Sau'', with [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]] in the male lead, and Samantha playing the female lead in all the three versions. The film was based on a story written by Reshma Ghatala, who produced the film alongside [[Elred Kumar]], Venkat Somasundaram, and Menon. The cinematography was handled by [[M. S. Prabhu]] and [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]].

The film's background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] which went on to become a chartbuster, and the soundtrack album sold a record 8.5 million units through various platforms on its release. The film was released on 13 December 2012, receiving positive to mixed reviews from critics, before enduring a good run at the box office.

The film was praised for its ravishing music and the chemistry between the lead actors; Jiiva and Samantha were appreciated for their performances, although the film's screenplay was criticised. At the end of its theatrical run ''Neethane En Ponvasantham'' received a number of awards, including the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] for Samantha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615085637/https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film begins with Varun ([[Jiiva]]) gaining admission to an engineering college. He and his friends one day participate in a cultural programme, where Varun finds his childhood sweetheart Nithya ([[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]) participating in a dance show. He begins wooing her by singing on stage and later meeting her. As they meet, the film rewinds to their early days when both were in third standard. They had become good friends after a small incident and their friendship had blossomed. But due to a misunderstanding, Nithya had decided not to meet Varun and to never talk with him. However, as destiny would have it, they meet again in their tenth standard. Nithya initially hesitates to talk with Varun, but sheds her inhibitions once Varun breaks the ice between them, and resumes her friendship with him. Nithya is elected as the pupil leader in school and as a pupil leader she is in constant interaction with Deepak, another pupil leader and her classmate, much to the dismay of Varun. As a result, they have another fallout.

The film moves to their current meeting in the college. Both forget their past misgivings and become friends again. This time, they fall in love. During the vacations, Nithya leaves India and Varun is left for himself. Varun's elder brother who works in a software company, wants to marry his colleague and confesses the same to his parents. His parents oblige by offering to negotiate with the girl's parents. However, his parents are humiliated at the negotiations. Varun, in the process of consoling them, realises that despite their embarrassment, his brother and parents care about him rather than themselves. He then decides to take his studies more seriously and begins preparing for CAT. Nithya comes back to India and sees Varun not spending enough time with her due to his busy schedule. Nithya too initially understands his situation. However, when she learns that Varun is going to IIM Kozhikode, she too proposes to go with him. Varun rejects her proposal citing that he is going to stay in a hostel as staying outside in a rented house would be too costly for his family. This leads to a heated argument between the two and eventually ends up in another break-up between them.

After graduating from IIM and landing a job, Varun goes about finding Nithya. He goes to Manapad in Tamil Nadu where Nithya is working as a school teacher at a tsunami relief camp. Nithya refuses to talk to him even after many attempts by Varun to start a conversation. When he finally gets her to talk, she rejects his advances saying that she is happy with her current position. Disgusted at her rejection, Varun leaves the place. After some days, Nithya invites Varun to her sister's marriage. At the same time, Varun also invites Nithya to his engagement. Nithya, shocked and surprised at this sudden development realizes that she couldn't fully understand Varun and breaks down before her sister. However, to the surprise of Varun, she attends his reception, which makes him think twice about his marriage. He realises that he is still in love with Nithya. So he breaks his current engagement with the consent of his father and goes to Nithya's home to win back her confidence. Nithya too apologizes to Varun about her past behaviour. They confess their feelings to each other and the film ends with a note being shown that they are happily married and continue to quarrel and love each other.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jiiva]] as Varun Krishnan
**Manav as Young Varun
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Nithya Vasudevan
**Khushi Jain as Young Nithya
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Harish
**[[Saran Shakthi]] as Young Harish
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Prakash
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Jenny
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Krishnan
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Nithya's mother
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Varun's mother
* Christine Thambuswamy as Vidya Vasudevan
* Abhilash Babu as Deepak
* Abhishek Jain
* Arjun Rajkumar
* Rajkumar Pichumani as Varun's friend
* Ashwathy Ravikumar as Radhika
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Nithya's friend
* Kavita Srinivasan
* Kota Prasanth
* Preethi Rajendran
* Rajesh Trakkia
* [[Sahithya Jagannathan]] as Nithya's friend
* [[Shriya Sharma]] as Kavya Vasudevan
* Swetha Shekhar
* Vaidyanathan
* Vetri
* Vivek Pathak
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as a train passenger (special appearance in "Kaatrai Konjam")
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Ganesh (special appearance)
* [[Sathish Krishnan]] as a dancer at Vidya's wedding (special appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
After agreeing terms with [[RS Infotainment]] to direct their next venture, Gautham Menon co-wrote a screenplay based on a story by Reshma Ghatala. The director then met [[Jiiva]] to discuss a potential collaboration in May 2011 for his next venture, which would begin following the completion of his current project ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=What Transpired Between Gautham Menon And Jiiva? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-02/gautham-menon-jiiva-12-05-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903025058/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-02/gautham-menon-jiiva-12-05-11.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=5 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Menon then cast Jiiva in the Tamil version of a bilingual film that he had originally planned to make featuring [[Ram (actor)|Ram]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2011 |title=Gautham's bilingual with Ram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-s-bilingual-with-ram-news-telugu-lbkpasiaegb.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142018/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-s-bilingual-with-ram-news-telugu-lbkpasiaegb.html?ref=false |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=5 September 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Gautham's does it for second time in 'Neethane En Ponvasantham' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70694.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924130337/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70694.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=23 January 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Film editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], cinematographer [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] and composer [[A. R. Rahman]] were all touted to be a part of the film;<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2011 |title=Samantha is Jiiva's heroine! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-is-jiiva-s-heroine-news-tamil-liunz5ddggb.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114932/http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-is-jiiva-s-heroine-news-tamil-liunz5ddggb.html?ref=false |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=5 September 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> however M. S. Prabhu replaced Paramahamsa and in December 2011 sources indicated that Rahman too would probably not work for this film, owing to his other commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2011 |title=A.R. Rahman opts out of Gautham Menon's next? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/ar-rahman-opts-out-gautham-menon%E2%80%99s-next-257 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106181618/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/ar-rahman-opts-out-gautham-menon%E2%80%99s-next-257 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Reports subsequently suggested that [[Harris Jayaraj]] may work with Menon again,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Harris to compose for NEP? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74970.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025000/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74970.html |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=23 January 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> but the composer dismissed those few days later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=Rumours trashed! |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article231486.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531091703/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article231486.ece |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Menon clarified that he never announced any music director for the film and that he wanted to keep it as a surprise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2011 |title=I didn't announce any music director: Gautham Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-didnt-announce-any-music-director-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/10979134.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708003923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-04/news-interviews/30474094_1_gautham-menon-music-hindi-film |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=31 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late January 2012, [[Ilaiyaraaja]] confirmed that he would be working with Gautham Menon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2012 |title=Ilaiyaraaja, Gautham Menon to join hands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ilaiyaraaja-Gautham-Menon-to-join-hands/articleshow/11683333.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518174732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/news-interviews/31005298_1_gautham-menon-marathi-films-music |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=31 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilayaraja to compose for Gautham's NEP |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/77371.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203022854/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/77371.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

A Telugu and a Hindi version, titled ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' and ''Assi Nabbe Poorey Sau'', were also being simultaneously made, with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in the former and [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]] playing the lead role in the latter, while Samantha played the female lead in all versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Ram-Gautham's film titled as Nithya |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70638.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925150401/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70638.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Gautham's triple dose |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70696.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925150405/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70696.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2011 |title=One Role for Jiiva, Ram, Aditya Roy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/One-Role-for-Jiiva-Ram-Aditya-Roy/articleshow/9943841.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519105954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/One-Role-for-Jiiva-Ram-Aditya-Roy/articleshow/9943841.cms |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initial suggestions indicated that the film was also set to be titled ''Nithya'', after Samantha's character in the film, but this turned out to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2011 |title=Gautham Menon's Title For Jiiva Starrer |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-01/gautham-menon-jiiva-05-09-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021035000/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-01/gautham-menon-jiiva-05-09-11.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=5 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The title was revealed through the first publicity posters to be ''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'', inspired by a song from the 1982 film ''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]''. An official announcement was made by the producers of the film, RS Infotainment, that a photo shoot was planned in August and the film would also shoot portions across the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=Jiiva-gautham Menon Project Details |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-05/jiiva-gautham-menon-30-06-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902004227/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-05/jiiva-gautham-menon-30-06-11.html |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=5 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Jiiva had to lose weight for the film and had to undertake diet regimens and work out sessions to get in shape for the character. Furthermore, it was revealed that he would sport three different looks in the film as the film encompasses 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=Jiiva – Tamil Cinema Actor Interview |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/jiiva-15-09-2011.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164111/http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/jiiva-15-09-2011.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Ravi Raghavendra and [[Anupama Kumar]] were added to the cast to play Jiiva's parents, while [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] was also chosen to play a college student in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=No hero roles right now: Santhanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/No-hero-roles-right-now-Santhanam/articleshow/11043039.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715180439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news-interviews/30497667_1_santhanam-films-comedian |archive-date=2012-07-15 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Gautham's does it for second time in 'Neethane En Ponvasantham' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70694.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924130337/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70694.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Film historian [[Mohan Raman]]'s daughter Vidyullekha Raman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=15 December 2012 |title=Etcetera: Debuting with comedy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/etcetera-debuting-with-comedy/article4203494.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127224329/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/etcetera-debuting-with-comedy/article4203494.ece |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> a theatre artist,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Vidyullekha credits theatre for 'NEP' chance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vidyullekha-credits-theatre-for-NEP-chance/articleshow/17625278.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127195942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-15/news-interviews/35835799_1_theatre-groups-nep-film-actor |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> made her acting debut in this film as the female lead's friend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2012 |title='Neethaane En Ponvasanthama' happened due to theatre: Vidyullekha |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/neethaane-en-ponvasanthama-happened-due-to-theatre-vidyullekha/310309-71-181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217051308/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/neethaane-en-ponvasanthama-happened-due-to-theatre-vidyullekha/310309-71-181.html |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=5 July 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film had been set to begin the first schedule on 15 August 2011 but delays led to it only starting fortnight later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2010 |title=Jiiva-Gautham project delayed |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/69952.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024070205/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/69952.html |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=5 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It eventually commenced the initial shoot from 29 August 2011 with a photo shoot held and publicity posters were released the following week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2011 |title=Jiiva A College Student Again |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-11-04/jiiva-goutham-menon-27-08-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928115016/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-11-04/jiiva-goutham-menon-27-08-11.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=5 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The team shot across [[Chennai]] in the first week of the first schedule, with scenes filmed at the cinema multiplex Mayajaal and at a coffee shop, Cafe Coffee Day, on the East Coast Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2011 |title=Gautham Menon, Jiiva And Samantha Spotted at Mayajaal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-02/gautham-menon-jiiva-08-09-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720024946/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-02/gautham-menon-jiiva-08-09-11.html |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Many scenes were shot in SSN College of Engineering near [[Kelambakkam]], a college in Chennai, where Jiiva's character was shown to be studying. The film was shot alongside the two other versions, with the film shooting the same scene thrice with the various casts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=Gautham creates history with a trilingual |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-creates-history-with-a-trilingual-news-tamil-ljoloBjijei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022155923/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-creates-history-with-a-trilingual-news-tamil-ljoloBjijei.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In late August 2012, important scenes were canned in [[Kalpakkam]].

The [[Hindi]] remake of the film was temporarily stalled, following the box office failure of ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' and Menon noted he planned to observe the reception of the Tamil and Telugu versions and then probably go ahead with its remake in Hindi after completing pending projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title=Gautham Menon drops his Bollywood outing |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-04/gautham-menon-vinnai-thaandi-varuvaaya-26-04-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428165300/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-04/gautham-menon-vinnai-thaandi-varuvaaya-26-04-12.html |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> However, Gautham Menon insisted that only Aditya's dates had been a problem and that instead the team would go ahead with the Tamil and Telugu release while postponing the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=Gautham Menon in a pickle |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-in-a-pickle-news-bollywood-mgbjH8hcebe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602155222/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-in-a-pickle-news-bollywood-mgbjH8hcebe.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=Sify}}</ref> Although statements were released by [[Photon Kathaas]] suggesting the venture was set to resume, it has been indefinitely shelved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=Neethaane En Ponvasantham's Hindi remake on hold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Neethaane-En-Ponvasanthams-Hindi-remake-on-hold/articleshow/13688193.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604161008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-01/news-interviews/31958445_1_hindi-version-hindi-film-production-house |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2012 |title=Gautham Menon's NEP Hindi version put on hold! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/gautham-menon-neethaane-en-hindi-096151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090848/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2012/gautham-menon-neethaane-en-hindi-096151.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2012 |publisher=OneIndia Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2012 |title=REG- Photon Kathaas – Final Results |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/05/29/idUS44842+29-May-2012+RNS20120529 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116195934/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/05/29/idUS44842+29-May-2012+RNS20120529 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |agency=Reuters UK}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Neethaane En Ponvasantham (soundtrack)}}

Menon approached [[Ilaiyaraaja]] to compose music for the film. The soundtrack album consists of eight tracks, with lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]], replacing Gautham Menon's usual associate lyricist [[Thamarai]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Gautham Menon's choice changed for NEPV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gautham-Menons-choice-changed-for-NEPV/articleshow/12467995.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707014745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/news-interviews/31260105_1_gautham-lyrics-pen |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=6 April 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> 7 singers have lent their voices for the songs, including composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Raaja's son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]'s grand daughter [[Ramya NSK]], [[Suraj Jagan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Bela Shende]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2012 |title=The MAESTRO'S MAGIC continues |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3854443.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907014134/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3854443.ece? |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=7 September 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Touted as one of the most anticipated musicals of 2012 in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2012 |title=Samantha says Ilayaraja is great |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Samantha-says-Ilayaraja-is-great/articleshow/12935048.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520070738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/news-interviews/31505949_1_ilayaraja-samantha-gautham-menon |archive-date=20 May 2012 |access-date=1 May 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the production house sold the musical rights at an altitudinous price of {{INRConvert|22|m}}, setting a record price for audio rights acquirement which were sold to [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2012 |title=Sony Music acquires Neethane Enn Ponvasantham |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-12/news-interviews/32193903_1_sony-music-audio-rights-santhanam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104025413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-12/news-interviews/32193903_1_sony-music-audio-rights-santhanam |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2012 |title=2 crore for NEP audio rights! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/2-crore-for-NEP-audio-rights/articleshow/13065333.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/2-crore-for-NEP-audio-rights/articleshow/13065333.cms |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=10 May 2012 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Over one lakh audio CDs were booked in advance, prior to the audio launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2012 |title=Neethane En Ponvasantham audio sees record sales |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/news-interviews/33614655_1_rs-infotainment-nep-ilaiyaraaja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103075133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/news-interviews/33614655_1_rs-infotainment-nep-ilaiyaraaja |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'''s soundtrack was released on 1 September 2012 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai]] in a grand event,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2012 |title=The countdown has begun: Two back to back days of gala celebration and legendary music on the 1st & 2nd of September. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=517220904970566&set=a.140874092605251.24415.138529366173057&type=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202151619/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=517220904970566&set=a.140874092605251.24415.138529366173057&type=1 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=23 August 2012 |publisher=[[Sony Music]] South via Facebook}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2019}} during which the songs were performed live by the original artists along with the Anglo-Indian Music Productions orchestra and Hungarian session musicians who had also worked on the film's score.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2012 |title=NEP- A nostalgic musical night from Gautham Menon! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nep-a-nostalgic-musical-night-from-gautham-menon-news-tamil-mjcrE9bjejd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903033248/http://www.sify.com/movies/nep-a-nostalgic-musical-night-from-gautham-menon-news-tamil-mjcrE9bjejd.html |archive-date=3 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2012 |title=Raja Kayya Vecha... Adhu Wrong'a ponadhillae... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/Neethane-En-Ponvasantham-Audio-Launch-02-09-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904234008/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/Neethane-En-Ponvasantham-Audio-Launch-02-09-12.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=7 August 2012 |title=Raja to captivate fans at NEP audio launch |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/raja-captivate-fans-nep-audio-launch-424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202151619/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/raja-captivate-fans-nep-audio-launch-424 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=8 August 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Release==
''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'' was given a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] by the [[Indian Censor Board]], without any cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Censor clears Gautham Vasudev Menon's 'Neethane En Ponvasantham' with a U certificate- Tamil News- IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gautham-vasudev-menons-much-awaited-neethane-en-ponvasantham-gets-a-successful-u/309442-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211014051/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gautham-vasudev-menons-much-awaited-neethane-en-ponvasantham-gets-a-successful-u/309442-71-180.html |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> The movie along with its [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version saw worldwide release on 14 December 2012, clashing with [[Prabhu Solomon|Prabu Solomon]]'s ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'', both becoming the most anticipated films of the year, because of the success of the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kumki vs Neethane En Ponvasantham on Dec 14th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-vs-Neethane-En-Ponvasantham-on-Dec-14th/articleshow/17191152.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722034446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-vs-Neethane-En-Ponvasantham-on-Dec-14th/articleshow/17191152.cms |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Two days before the release of ''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'' along with ''Kumki'', the advanced bookings for the first weekend were sold out.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NEP-Kumki weekend bookings sold out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/NEP-Kumki-weekend-bookings-sold-out/articleshow/17598871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720235502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/NEP-Kumki-weekend-bookings-sold-out/articleshow/17598871.cms |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
''Neethanae En Ponvasantham'' took a grand opening, grossing around {{INRConvert|8.7|m}} in its first two days in Chennai. The film grossed {{INRConvert|175.5|m}} at the Chennai box office in the 16th weekend. It totally grossed {{INRConvert|475|m}}.

==Marketing==
The first poster of ''Neethane En Ponvasantham'' depicting the lead pair was unveiled in early September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Jiiva – Samantha's 'Neethane En Ponvasantham' – First Look |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70546.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009215503/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70546.html |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=7 September 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On Valentine's Day 2012, a teaser trailer of 50 seconds featuring Samantha and Jiiva with an instrumental version of the song "Neethaane En Ponvasantham" playing in the background was released, claiming the film to be a Summer 2012 release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Nee Thane Enthan Pon Vasantham set for Valentine's Day release! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNgnxLES79o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228015546/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNgnxLES79o |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=funnychannel4u}}</ref> However, due to the lead actors' other commitments that shifted dates of filming, eventually release was rescheduled to 4th quarter of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neethane en ponvasantham review |url=http://cinewire.net/neethane-en-ponvasantham-movie-review/}}</ref> On 1 September 2012, the official theatrical trailer of the film was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2012 |title=Neethaane En Ponvasantham Official Theatrical Trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG8PWUgAIiM&feature=player_embedded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213080614/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG8PWUgAIiM&feature=player_embedded |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Sony Music South via Youtube}}</ref> The response to the theatrical trailer was highly positive, that it crossed 1.2 million views in two days of its release, breaking the record of the most ever viewed Tamil film trailer held earlier by ''[[Billa 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Neethanae En Ponvasantham: Trailer got 1.2 million views on internet in two days |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nep-trailer-got-12-million-views-in-two-days/289695-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002063205/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nep-trailer-got-12-million-views-in-two-days/289695-71-180.html |archive-date=2 October 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=Neethanae En Ponvasantham |url=http://movieblackbox.com/neethane-en-ponvasantham-music-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202151619/http://movieblackbox.com/neethane-en-ponvasantham-music-review |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=27 September 2012 |publisher=Movieblackbox.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'' received mixed reviews upon release. ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and called it "an ideal date movie, despite the slow pace and the flaws".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=15 December 2012 |title=Neethaane En Ponvasantham |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/nep/movie-review/17622934.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202151619/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/nep/movie-review/17622934.cms |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=3 January 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of [[in.com]] rated it 3 out of 5 and wrote, "''Neethaane En Ponvasantham'' is not a bad film at all and has its moments, but one expects more from director of Gautham's calibre. Overall, it's a one-time watch!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Neethane En Ponvasantham is a decent watch! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/neethaane-en-ponvasantham-is-a-decent-watch-50153864-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217035252/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/neethaane-en-ponvasantham-is-a-decent-watch-50153864-in-1.html |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=in.com}}</ref> [[OneIndia]] gave the film 3/5 stars, saying, "Like ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' and ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'', the film runs in a slow pace and at parts it is boring."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=6 November 2008 |title=Neethane En Ponvasantham Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/reviews/2012/neethane-en-ponvasantham-review-101937.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206181540/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/reviews/2012/neethane-en-ponvasantham-review-101937.html#slide31100 |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> However, Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the movie 2.5/5 stars, calling the movie "disappointing... The second half of the story is full of tears, recriminations and quarrels that make little sense. The arguments and debates...fall flat, and you get tired of the back-and-forth."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2012 |title=Review: Needhane En Ponvasantham is disappointing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-needhane-en-ponvasantham-is-disappointing/20121214.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015223/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-needhane-en-ponvasantham-is-disappointing/20121214.htm |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[IBN Live]] said the movie "sadly...fails to engage the audience with its clichéd presentation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2012 |title='Neethaane En Ponvasantham' Review: Love seems so boring in this Tamil film |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/neethaane-en-ponvasantham-review-love-seems-so-boring-in-this-tamil-film/310560-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218071635/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/neethaane-en-ponvasantham-review-love-seems-so-boring-in-this-tamil-film/310560-71-178.html |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| Vikatan Awards
| Best Actress
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Jiiva]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Best Actress- Special Prize]]
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Ramya NSK]]
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Tamil|Best Music Director]]
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer- Tamil]]
| [[Ramya NSK]]
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2342227}}

{{Gautham Menon}}

[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Elred Kumar]]

Brahmin

2026-03-28T01:39:45Z

Jantapost: enhanced details per standard format

{{short description|Varna in Hinduism, one of four castes}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Brahman]] (a metaphysical concept in Hinduism), [[Brahma]] (a Hindu god), [[Brahmana]] (a layer of text in the Vedas), or [[Brahmi script]]}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Image taken from page 40 of 'The Land of Temples (India)' (11151912296).jpg|thumb|Brahmins worshipping river [[Ganges]], ''The Land of Temples (India)'', 1882]]{{Hinduism}}
'''Brahmin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɑː|m|ɪ|n}}; {{langx|sa|ब्राह्मण|brāhmaṇa}}) is a ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' (theoretical social classes) within [[Hindu]] society. The other three varnas are the ''[[Kshatriya]]'' (rulers and warriors), ''[[Vaishya]]'' (traders, merchants, and farmers), and ''[[Shudra]]'' (labourers).<ref name="Wren2004">{{cite book | author = Benjamin Lee Wren | date = 2004 | title = Teaching World Civilization with Joy and Enthusiasm | publisher = University Press of America | pages = 77– | isbn = 978-0-7618-2747-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XdvfevJAsgMC&pg=PA77|quote=At the top were the Brahmins(priests), then the Kshatriyas(warriors), then the vaishya(the merchant class which only in India had a place of honor in Asia), next were the sudras(farmers), and finally the pariah(untouchables), or those who did the dirty defiling work}}</ref><ref name="Valpey2019">{{cite book | author = Kenneth R. Valpey | date = 2 November 2019 | title = Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics | publisher = Springer Nature | pages = 169– | isbn = 978-3-03-028408-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EJO7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|quote=The four varnas are the brahmins (brahmanas—priests, teachers); kshatriyas (ksatriyas—administrators, rulers); vaishyas (vaisyas—farmers, bankers, business people); and shudras(laborers, artisans)}}</ref><ref name="BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018">{{cite book | author1 = Richard Bulliet | author2 = Pamela Crossley | author3 = Daniel Headrick | author4 = Steven Hirsch | author5 = Lyman Johnson | date = 11 October 2018 | title = The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume I | publisher = Cengage Learning | pages = 172– | isbn = 978-0-357-15937-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJRUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|quote=Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/ administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.}}</ref><ref name="Iriye1979">{{cite book | author = Akira Iriye | date = 1979 | title = The World of Asia | publisher = Forum Press | isbn = 978-0-88273-500-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tM-CAAAAIAAJ|quote=The four varna groupings in descending order of their importance came to be Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and administrators), Vaishya (cultivators and merchants), and Sudra (peasants and menial laborers)|page=106}}</ref><ref name="ludo14" /> The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood ([[purohit]], [[pandit]], or [[pujari]]) at Hindu temples or at socio-religious ceremonies, and the performing of [[rite of passage]] rituals, such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers.<ref name=lochtefeld125>James Lochtefeld (2002), Brahmin, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, page 125</ref><ref name=ghurye15/>

Traditionally, Brahmins are accorded the supreme ritual status of the four social classes,<ref name=doniger141/> and they also served as spiritual teachers ([[guru]] or [[acharya]]). In practice, Indian texts suggest that some Brahmins historically also became agriculturalists, warriors, traders, and had also held other occupations in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=ghurye15>GS Ghurye (1969), Caste and Race in India, Popular Prakashan, {{ISBN|978-81-7154-205-5}}, pages 15–18</ref><ref name=doniger141>{{cite book | last=Doniger | first=Wendy | title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions | publisher=Merriam-Webster | location=Springfield, MA, US | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/141 141–142, 186] | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/141 }}</ref><ref name="David Shulman 1989 page 111">David Shulman (1989), The King and the Clown, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-00834-9}}, page 111</ref> Within the ''[[Jāti|jati]]'' (caste) system, Brahmins similarly occupy the highest position, though that is complicated by strict stratification even among Brahmins and historical attempts by other castes and sub-castes to challenge Brahminical dominance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=9780511006845}}</ref>
[[File:The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana.jpeg|thumb|Vedic Brahmin [[Rishi]] worshipping Shakti]]

==Origin and history ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg
| caption1 = A Brahmin soldier
| image2 = Four Ascetic Brahmans MET 16459.jpg
| caption2 = Four ascetic Brahmins from Gandhara, 2nd century
| image3 = Candi Prambanan - 102 Brahmins, Visnu Temple (12042036684).jpg
| caption3 = A Brahmin family, 9th century. [[Prambanan]], Indonesia.
| image4 = A Brahmin standing praying in the corner of the streets 1863.jpg
| caption4 = A Brahmin standing praying in the corner of the streets. India, 1863.
| image5 = Officers 1st Brahmins, 1922.jpg
| caption5 = Brahmin Officers from [[1st Brahmans]] Infantry Regiment
| image6 = Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh statue - Kolkata.JPG
| caption6 = Maharaja Lakhmeshwar Singh statue
| image7 = Chanakya artistic depiction.jpg
| caption7 = 1915 depiction of ancient Indian economist and military strategist [[Chanakya]]
| image8 =
| caption8 = Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer [[Aryabhatta]]
}}

It seems likely that [[Kannauj]] and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |first=André|last=Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE|page=42|date=2020|publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=978-1-108-41774-7 }}</ref> Coming from Kannauj is a frequent claim among Brahmins in areas distant from Madhyadesha or Ganges heartland.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Romila|last=Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFY8wFz-Pj8C |title=Somanatha|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-93-5118-021-0 }}</ref>

===Generic meaning of the term "Brahmin"===
[[File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Chapter 5 - The Brahmin Jujaka with his wife Amittapana - Walters 35239.jpg|thumb|Buddhist painting of Brahmins from the 1800s, Thailand]]

The term Brahmin appears extensively in ancient and medieval [[sutra]]s and commentary texts of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name="lopez2004busc1">{{cite book|author=Donald Lopez |title=Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-190937-0 |pages=xi–xv}}</ref> Modern scholars state that such usage of the term Brahmin in ancient texts does not imply a caste, but simply "masters" (experts), guardian, recluse, preacher or guide of any tradition.<ref name="Jaini2001p123"/><ref name="Jayatilleke2013">{{cite book|author=K N Jayatilleke|title=Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pBTAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54287-1|pages=141–154, 219, 241 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |year=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |page=31 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternate synonym for Brahmin in the Buddhist and other non-Hindu tradition is ''Mahano''.<ref name="Jaini2001p123">{{cite book|author=Padmanabh S. Jaini |title=Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlyDot9RyGcC&pg=PA123 |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1776-0 |page=123 }}</ref>

Strabo cites Megasthenes, highlighting two Indian philosophical schools [[Sramana]] and [[Brahmins|Brahmana]]:
{{blockquote|Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds, one of which he calls the [[Brahmins|Brachmanes]], and the other the [[Sramana|Sarmanes]]...|source=[[Strabo]] XV. 1. 58-60<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119 |title=Strabo XV.1 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-date=2007-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227232800/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Patrick Olivelle states that both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature repeatedly define "Brahmin" not in terms of family of birth, but in terms of personal qualities.<ref name=olivelleaab60/> These virtues and characteristics mirror the values cherished in Hinduism during the [[Sannyasa]] stage of life, or the life of renunciation for spiritual pursuits. Brahmins, states Olivelle, were the social class from which most ascetics came.<ref name=olivelleaab60>Patrick Olivelle (2011), Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions, Anthem, {{ISBN|978-0-85728-432-7}}, page 60</ref> The term Brahmin in Indian texts has also signified someone who is good and virtuous, not just someone of priestly class.<ref name=olivelleaab60/>

=== Purusha sukta ===
The earliest inferred reference to "Brahmin" as a possible social class is in the [[Rigveda]], occurs once, and the hymn is called [[Purusha Sukta]].<ref>[[Max Müller]], [https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/570/mode/2up A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature], [[Oxford University Press]], pages 570–571</ref> According to a hymn in [[Mandala 10|''Mandala'' 10]], Rigveda 10.90.11-2, Brahmins are described as having emerged from the mouth of [[Purusha]], being that part of the body from which words emerge.<ref>{{cite book |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |first=Romila |last=Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780520242258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA125 |page=125}}</ref>

The Purusha Sukta varna verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a [[Origin myth|charter myth]].<ref name="Jamison 2014 57–58"/> Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality".<ref name="Jamison 2014 57–58">{{cite book | last=Jamison| first=Stephanie | title=The Rigveda: the earliest religious poetry of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 |pages=57–58|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

According to Vijay Nath, in the [[Markandeya Purana]] (250 CE), there are references to Brahmins who were born into the families of [[Rakshasa|Raksasas]]. He posits that this is an indication that some Brahmins are immigrants and some are also mixed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Vijay |date=2001 |title=From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |pages=25 |doi=10.2307/3518337 |jstor=3518337 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Gupta era ===
[[File:(A) Bhumi Puja, yajna.jpg|thumb|Brahmins in North West London, joined by Brent and Harrow politicians, in white dress performing the Bhumi Puja ritual [[yajna]] around fire]]
[[File:Ascetic.jpg|thumb|160px|An ascetic from renunciation tradition (1914)]]

According to [[Abraham Eraly]], "Brahmin as a varna hardly had any presence in historical records before the [[Gupta Empire]] era" (3rd century to 6th century CE), when Buddhism dominated the land. "No Brahmin, no sacrifice, no ritualistic act of any kind ever, even once, is referred to" in any Indian texts between third century BCE and the late first century CE. He also states that "The absence of literary and material evidence, however, does not mean that Brahmanical culture did not exist at that time, but only that it had no elite patronage and was largely confined to rural folk, and therefore went unrecorded in history".<ref name=eraly283>Abraham Eraly (2011), ''The First Spring: The Golden Age of India,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-670-08478-4}}, page 283</ref> Their role as priests and repository of sacred knowledge, as well as their importance in the practice of Vedic Shrauta rituals, grew during the Gupta Empire era and thereafter.<ref name=eraly283/>

However, the knowledge about actual history of Brahmins or other varnas of Hinduism in and after the first millennium is fragmentary and preliminary, with little that is from verifiable records or archaeological evidence, and much that is constructed from ahistorical Sanskrit works and fiction. [[Michael Witzel]] writes:
{{blockquote|Current research in the area is fragmentary. The state of our knowledge of this fundamental subject is preliminary, at best. Most Sanskrit works are a-historic or, at least, not especially interested in presenting a chronological account of India's history. When we actually encounter history, such as in ''Rajatarangini'' or in the ''Gopalavamsavali'' of Nepal, the texts do not deal with brahmins in great detail.<ref>Michael Witzel (1993) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/603031 Toward a History of the Brahmins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001041949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/603031 |date=1 October 2018 }}, ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' Vol. 113, No. 2, pages 264–268</ref>}}

=== Role in the bhakti movement and involvement in social reform ===
[[Image:Ram Mohan Roy.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Ram Mohan Roy]], a Brahmin, who founded [[Brahmo Samaj]]]]

Many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the [[Bhakti movement]] were Brahmins, a movement that encouraged a direct relationship of an individual with a personal god.<ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009), The Language of the Gods in the World of Men, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520260030}}, pages 423–431</ref><ref name=bhakti2/> Among the many Brahmins who nurtured the Bhakti movement were [[Ramanuja]], [[Nimbarka]], [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabha]] and [[Madhvacharya]] of Vaishnavism,<ref name=bhakti2>{{cite book|author=Oliver Leaman|title=Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-68919-4|page=251}}; {{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1098-3|pages=32–33}}</ref> [[Ramananda]], another devotional poet [[Sant (religion)|sant]].<ref name=ronald>Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02413-6}}, pages 42–44</ref><ref name=william>William Pinch (1996), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B7cwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 Peasants and Monks in British India]'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20061-6}}, pages 53–89</ref> Born in a Brahmin family,<ref name=ronald/><ref name=lorenzen>[[David Lorenzen]], Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, {{ISBN|978-81-902272-6-1}}, pages 104–106</ref> Ramananda welcomed everyone to spiritual pursuits without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion (such as Muslims).<ref name=lorenzen/><ref name=larsonvair>Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2412-4}}, page 116</ref><ref name=julia>Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0303-6}}, pages 117–119</ref> He composed his spiritual message in poems, using widely spoken vernacular language rather than Sanskrit, to make it widely accessible. The Hindu tradition recognises him as the founder of the Hindu [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]],<ref name=schomer>Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0277-3}}, pages 4–6</ref> the largest [[Sannyasa|monastic]] renunciant community in Asia in modern times.<ref name=selva>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-6708-4}}, pages 165–166</ref><ref name=lochtefeld553>James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3180-4}}, pages 553–554</ref>

Other medieval era Brahmins who led spiritual movements without social or gender discrimination included [[Andal]] (9th-century female poet), [[Basava]] (12th-century Lingayatism), [[Dnyaneshwar]] (13th-century Bhakti poet), [[Vallabha Acharya]] (16th-century Vaishnava poet), [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (14th-century Vaishnava saint) were among others.<ref>John Stratton Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-18746-7}}, pages 304–310</ref><ref>Rachel McDermott (2001), Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kālī and Umā from Bengal, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513434-6}}, pages 8–9</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf "Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224314/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |date=26 September 2007 }}, An Orissa movement by Brahmin Mukunda Das (2005)</ref>

Many 18th and 19th century Brahmins are credited with religious movements that criticised [[idolatry]]. For example, the Brahmins [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] led [[Brahmo Samaj]] and [[Dayananda Saraswati]] led the [[Arya Samaj]].<ref>Noel Salmond (2004), Hindu iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and nineteenth-century polemics against idolatry, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, {{ISBN|0-88920-419-5}}, pages 65–68</ref><ref>Dorothy Figueira (2002), Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority through Myths of Identity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5531-9}}, pages 90–117</ref>

==Role in the society ==

===Vedic duties===
The [[Dharmasutra]] and [[Dharmashastra]] texts of Hinduism describe the expectations, duties and role of Brahmins.

According to Kulkarni, the Grhya-sutras state that [[Yajna]], Adhyayana (studying the vedas and teaching), dana pratigraha (accepting and giving gifts) are the "peculiar duties and privileges of brahmins".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kulkarni, A.R. |year=1964 |title=Social and Economic Position of Brahmins in Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=26 |pages=66–67 |jstor=44140322}}</ref> John Bussanich states that the ethical precepts set for Brahmins, in ancient Indian texts, are similar to Greek virtue-ethics, that "Manu's dharmic Brahmin can be compared to Aristotle's man of practical wisdom",<ref>John Bussanich (2014), Ancient Ethics (Editors: Jörg Hardy and George Rudebusch), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, {{ISBN|978-3-89971-629-0}}, pages 38, 33–52, Quote: "Affinities with Greek virtue ethics are also noteworthy. Manu's dharmic Brahmin can be compared to Aristotle's man of practical wisdom, who exercises moral authority because he feels the proper emotions and judges difficult situations correctly, when moral rules and maxims are unavailable".</ref> and that "the virtuous Brahmin is not unlike the Platonic-Aristotelian philosopher" with the difference that the latter was not sacerdotal.<ref>John Bussanich (2014), Ancient Ethics (Editors: Jörg Hardy and George Rudebusch), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, {{ISBN|978-3-89971-629-0}}, pages 44–45</ref>

The Brahmins were expected to perform all six Vedic duties as opposed to other [[Dvija|twice-borns]] who performed three.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vedic duties of twice-born Varnas<ref name="ludo14">{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|editor=Donald R. Davis Jr.|title=Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra|chapter=9.Caste and occupation in classical India: The normative texts|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dziNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|year=2014|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=205–206|isbn=9781783083152}}</ref>
|-
! !!''Adhyayana'' (Study Vedas)!!''Yajana'' (performing sacrifice for one's own benefit)!!''Dāna'' (Giving Gifts)!!''Adhyāpana'' (Teaching Vedas)!!''Yājana'' (Acting as Priest for sacrifice)!!''Pratigraha'' (accepting gifts)
|-
| Brāhmaṇa|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||✓ ||✓
|-
| Kṣatriya|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || No||No||No
|-
| Vaiśya|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || No||No||No
|-
|-
|}

===Actual occupations===
[[File:Shri Gaudapadacharya Statue.jpg|thumb|x216px|right|[[Gaudapadacharya]], a proponent of Advaita Vedanta, was born into a Brahmin family. His disciple, Adi Shankara, is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism.<ref>Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, {{ISBN|978-1-4724-1913-2}}, page 105, Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."</ref><ref>''Shankara'', Student's Encyclopædia Britannica – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-85229-760-5}}, page 379, Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived." David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, page 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."</ref><ref>Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-10335-0}}, page 2, Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".</ref>]]

Historical records, state scholars, suggest that Brahmin varna was not limited to a particular status or priest and the teaching profession.<ref name="ghurye15"/><ref name="David Shulman 1989 page 111"/><ref name=baileymabbett114/> [[Chanakya]], a Brahmin born in 375 BCE, was an ancient Indian polymath who was active as a teacher, author, strategist, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, who assisted the first Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in his rise to power and is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas R. |last=Trautmann |author-link=Thomas Trautmann |title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Brill |pages=11–13}}</ref> Historical records from mid 1st millennium CE and later, suggest Brahmins were agriculturalists and warriors in medieval India, quite often instead of as exception.<ref name="ghurye15"/><ref name="David Shulman 1989 page 111"/> Donkin and other scholars state that [[Hoysala Empire]] records frequently mention Brahmin merchants who "carried on trade in horses, elephants and pearls" and transported goods throughout medieval India before the 14th-century.<ref>RA Donkin (1998), Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing, American Philosophical Society, {{ISBN|978-0-87169-224-5}}, page 166</ref><ref>SC Malik (1986), Determinants of Social Status in India, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0073-1}}, page 121</ref>

The [[Pāli Canon]] depicts Brahmins as the most prestigious and elite non-Buddhist figures.<ref name="baileymabbett114"/> They mention them parading their learning. The Pali Canon and other [[Buddhist texts]] such as the ''Jataka Tales'' also record the livelihood of Brahmins to have included being farmers, handicraft workers and artisans such as carpentry and architecture.<ref name=baileymabbett114/><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1994), Exploring India's Sacred Art, Editor: Stella Miller, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1208-6}}, pages 60–64</ref> Buddhist sources extensively attest, state Greg Bailey and Ian Mabbett, that Brahmins were "supporting themselves not by religious practice, but employment in all manner of secular occupations", in the classical period of India.<ref name=baileymabbett114>Greg Bailey and Ian Mabbett (2006), The Sociology of Early Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-02521-8}}, pages 113–115 with footnotes</ref> Some of the Brahmin occupations mentioned in the Buddhist texts such as ''[[Jataka tales|Jatakas]]'' and ''[[Sutta Nipata]]'' are very lowly.<ref name=baileymabbett114/> The ''[[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmasutras]]'' too mention Brahmin farmers.<ref name="baileymabbett114"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=RITSCHL | first=Eva | title=Brahmanische Bauern. Zur Theorie und Praxis der brahmanischen Ständeordnung im alten Indien | journal=Altorientalische Forschungen | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=7 | issue=JG | year=1980 | doi=10.1524/aofo.1980.7.jg.177 | pages=177–187 | s2cid=201725661 |language=de|issn=0232-8461 }}</ref>

According to Haidar and Sardar, unlike the Mughal Empire in Northern India, Brahmins figured prominently in the administration of [[Deccan sultanates]]. Under [[Golconda Sultanate]] Telugu [[Niyogi]] Brahmins served in many different roles such as accountants, ministers, in the revenue administration, and in the judicial service.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haidar|first1=Navina Najat|last2=Sardar|first2=Marika|title=Sultans of Deccan Indian 1500–1700|date=2015|publisher=Museum Of Metropolitan Art |location=New Haven, CT, US|isbn=978-0-300-21110-8|pages=11–12|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> The Deccan sultanates also heavily recruited [[Maharashtrian Brahmin|Marathi Brahmins]] at different levels of their administration.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=deshastha&pg=PR9}}</ref> During the days of [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th and 18th century, the occupation of [[Maharashtrian Brahmin|Marathi Brahmins]] ranged from being state administrators, being warriors to being de facto rulers as [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Peshwa]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA129 |title=The Satara Raj, 1818–1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture – Sumitra Kulkarni |access-date=23 March 2013|isbn=978-81-7099-581-4 |year=1995 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sumitra |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46988/Rise-of-the-peshwas |title=India : Rise of the peshwas - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=23 March 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426031917/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46988/Rise-of-the-peshwas |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the collapse of Maratha empire, Brahmins in Maharashtra region were quick to take advantage of opportunities opened up by the new British rulers. They were the first community to take up Western education and therefore dominated lower level of British administration in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hanlon|first1=Rosilind|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth-century Western India|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press.|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0-521-52308-7|pages=122–123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&q=phule+vedas&pg=PR9|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Similarly, the Tamil Brahmins were also quick to take up English education during British colonial rule and dominate government service and law.<ref name="Seal1971">{{cite book|author=Anil Seal|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR13|date=2 September 1971|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09652-2|page=98}}</ref>

Eric Bellman states that during the Islamic Mughal Empire era Brahmins served as advisers to the Mughals, later to the British Raj.<ref name=bellmanwsj/> The [[East India Company]] also recruited [[sepoy]]s (soldiers) from the Brahmin communities of [[Bihar]] and [[Awadh]] (in the present day Uttar Pradesh)<ref name="Pandey2002">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh: Class, Community and Nation in Northern India, 1920–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxmed64K7d8C&pg=PP10|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-057-0|page=6}}</ref> for the [[Bengal army]].<ref name="Omissi2016">{{cite book|author=David Omissi|title=The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suG-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=27 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-14768-7|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Groseclose|first1=Barbara|title=British sculpture and the Company Raj : church monuments and public statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858|date=1994|publisher=University of Delaware Press|location=Newark, Del.|isbn=0-87413-406-4|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR6F_ZdieAUC&pg=PA67 |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Many Brahmins, in other parts of South Asia lived like other varna, engaged in all sorts of professions. Among Nepalese Hindus, for example, Niels Gutschow and Axel Michaels report the actual observed professions of Brahmins from 18th- to early 20th-century included being temple priests, ministers, merchants, farmers, potters, masons, carpenters, coppersmiths, stone workers, barbers, and gardeners, among others.<ref>Niels Gutschow and Axel Michaels (2008), Bel-Frucht und Lendentuch: Mädchen und Jungen in Bhaktapur Nepal, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 23 (table), for context and details see 16–36</ref>

Other 20th-century surveys, such as in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], recorded that the primary occupation of almost all Brahmin families surveyed was neither priestly nor Vedas-related, but like other varnas, ranged from crop farming (80 per cent of Brahmins), dairy, service, labour such as cooking, and other occupations.<ref name=noormohammad45/><ref>Ramesh Bairy (2010), Being Brahmin, Being Modern, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-58576-7}}, pages 86–89</ref> The survey reported that the Brahmin families involved in agriculture as their primary occupation in modern times plough the land themselves, many supplementing their income by selling their labour services to other farmers.<ref name=noormohammad45>Noor Mohammad (1992), New Dimensions in Agricultural Geography, Volume 3, Concept Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7022-403-9}}, pages 45, 42–48</ref><ref>G Shah (2004), Caste and Democratic Politics in India, Anthem, {{ISBN|978-1-84331-085-3}}, page 40</ref>

== Stratification among Brahmins==
According to [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (12th cent. CE) and [[Sahyadrikhanda]] (5th–13th cent. CE) of Skandapurana, Brahmins are broadly classified into two groups based on geography.<ref name="JGL_2002">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |author=James G. Lochtefeld |publisher=Rosen |year=2002 |isbn=9780823931804 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/491 491] }}</ref> The northern [[Pancha Gauda]] group comprises five Brahmin communities, as mentioned in the text, residing north of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya mountain range]].<ref name="JGL_2002"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXyWE6KbG8oC&pg=PA168 |title=Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities |editor=D. Shyam Babu and [[R. S. Khare|Ravindra S. Khare]] |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131754399 |page=168}}</ref> Historically, the Vindhya mountain range formed the southern boundary of the ''[[Āryāvarta]]'', the territory of the ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], and Gauda has territorial, ethnographic and linguistic connotations.{{sfnp|Narasimhacharya|1999|p=8}} Linguistically, the term "Gauda" refers to the Sanskrit-derived languages of northern India.{{sfnp|Narasimhacharya|1999|p=8}} The Pancha Gauda Brahmins are:<ref name="JGL_2002"/>
* [[Saraswat Brahmins|Sarasvata]]
* [[Kanyakubja Brahmins|Kanyakubja]]
* [[Gauda Brahmins|Gauda]]
* [[Utkala Brahmins|Utkala]]
* [[Maithil Brahmins|Maithila]]
Subcastes of [[Gaur Brahmins]] are:

* Sanadhya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=K. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQHpEQ8HkRMC&dq=titles+of+sanadhya+brahmins&pg=PA28 |title=Selection From Ramachndrika Of Keshv |date=1976 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2789-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* Paliwal<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2018 |title=This community does not believe in the tradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/this-community-does-not-believe-in-the-tradition/articleshow/65546929.cms |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Subcastes of Kanyakubja Brahmins are:
*Jujhatiya Brahmin<ref name="Sherring 1977">{{Cite book |last=Sherring|first=Matthew Atmore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTXXAAAAMAAJ |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes Volume 1
|date=1977 |publisher=Thacker, spink and company|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Saryupareen Brahmin]]<ref name="Sherring 1977"/>
*Bengali [[Kulin Brahmin]]<ref name="Sherring 1977"/>
*[[Anavil|Anavil Brahmins]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=André |last=Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries|date=1990 |publisher=E.J. Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFfVAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhāratīya sāhitya, Volume 19|date=1974 |publisher=Agra University. K.M. Institute of Hindi Studies and Linguistics.}}</ref> ( Though they are generally not accepted as Brahmins)
*[[Bahun|Khas Brahmins]] – Nepali Bahuns<ref name="Sherring 1977"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shyam lal (Rai bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91ACAAAAMAAJ |title=In Fraternity with Nepal, An Account of the Activities Under the Auspices of the Wider Life Movement for the Furtherance and Consolidation of the Indo-Nepalese Cultural Fellowship |page=65|date=1945|language=en}}</ref>

The Pancha [[Dravidian peoples|Dravida]] Brahmins reside to the south of the Vindhya mountain range.<ref name="JGL_2002"/> The term "Dravida" too has territorial, linguistic and ethnological connotations, referring to southern India, the Dravidian people, and to the Dravidian languages of southern India.{{sfnp|Narasimhacharya|1999|p=8}} The Pancha Dravida Brahmins are:
* Karnataka ([[Karnataka Brahmins]])
* Tailanga ([[Telugu Brahmins]])
* Dravida (Brahmins of [[Tamil Brahmins|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Malayali Brahmin|Kerala]])
* Maharashtraka ([[Maharashtrian Brahmin]]s)
* Gurjara ([[:Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat|Gujarati]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Abu in Bombay State: A Scientific Study of the Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM8BAAAAMAAJ&q=pancha+dravida+gurjara+rajasthan|quote=It is interesting to note here that the Brahmin groups of Marwar and Mewar belong to the Gurjara group of the Pancha Dravida division|first=A V|last=Pandya|publisher=Charutar Vidya Mandal|year=1952|page=29}}</ref>

==Outside the Indian subcontinent==
{{further|Hinduism in Southeast Asia}}

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een pedanda istri (preisteres) met offergereedschap Bali TMnr 10001214.jpg|thumb|Among the Hindus of [[Bali]], Indonesia, Brahmins are called ''Pedandas''.<ref>Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1533-6}}, page 256</ref> The role of Brahmin priests, called ''Sulinggih'',<ref>Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1533-6}}, page 80</ref> has been open to both genders since medieval times. A Hindu Brahmin priestess is shown above.]]
Some Brahmins formed an influential group in Burmese Buddhist kingdoms in 18th- and 19th-century. The court Brahmins were locally called ''Punna''.<ref name="leider"/> During the [[Konbaung dynasty]], Buddhist kings relied on their court Brahmins to consecrate them to kingship in elaborate ceremonies, and to help resolve political questions.<ref name="leider">{{cite journal |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |year= 2005|title=Specialists for Ritual, Magic and Devotion: The Court Brahmins of the Konbaung Kings |journal=The Journal of Burma Studies |volume=10 |pages=159–180 |doi=10.1353/jbs.2005.0004|s2cid=162305789 }}</ref> This role of Hindu Brahmins in a Buddhist kingdom, states Leider, may have been because Hindu texts provide guidelines for such social rituals and political ceremonies, while Buddhist texts do not.<ref name="leider"/>

The Brahmins were also consulted in the transmission, development and maintenance of law and justice system outside India.<ref name="leider"/> Hindu [[Dharmasastras]], particularly Manusmriti written by the Prajapati Manu, states Anthony Reid,<ref name=reidseasia/> were "greatly honored in Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Cambodia and Java-Bali (Indonesia) as the defining documents of law and order, which kings were obliged to uphold. They were copied, translated and incorporated into local law code, with strict adherence to the original text in Burma and Siam, and a stronger tendency to adapt to local needs in Java (Indonesia)".<ref name=reidseasia>Anthony Reid (1988), Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The lands below the winds, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-04750-9}}, pages 137–138</ref><ref>Victor Lieberman (2014), Burmese Administrative Cycles, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-61281-2}}, pages 66–68; Also see discussion of 13th century Wagaru Dhamma-sattha / 11th century Manu Dhammathat manuscripts discussion</ref><ref>On Laws of Manu in 14th century Thailand's [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayuthia kingdom]] named after [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], see David Wyatt (2003), Thailand: A Short History, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-08475-7}}, page 61; Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-01898-3}}, pages 269–272</ref>

The mythical origins of [[Cambodia]] are credited to a Brahmin prince named Kaundinya, who arrived by sea, married a Naga princess living in the flooded lands.<ref name=trevorranges48/><ref>Jonathan Lee and Kathleen Nadeau (2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1, ABC, {{ISBN|978-0-313-35066-5}}, page 1223</ref> Kaudinya founded Kambuja-desa, or Kambuja (transliterated to Kampuchea or Cambodia). Kaundinya introduced Hinduism, particularly Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Harihara (half Vishnu, half Shiva), and these ideas grew in southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=trevorranges48>Trevor Ranges (2010), Cambodia, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0520-0}}, page 48</ref>

The ''[[Chams]] Balamon'' (Hindu Brahmin Chams) form a majority of the Cham population in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Sơn p.105">Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam) By Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese p.105</ref>

Brahmins have been part of the Royal tradition of [[Thailand]], particularly for the consecration and to mark annual land fertility rituals of Buddhist kings. A small Brahmanical temple [[Devasathan]], established in 1784 by King [[Rama I]] of Thailand, has been managed by ethnically Thai Brahmins ever since.<ref name=wales54/> The temple hosts ''Phra Phikhanesuan'' (Ganesha), ''Phra Narai'' (Narayana, Vishnu), ''Phra Itsuan'' (Shiva), [[Parvati|Uma]], [[Brahma]], [[Indra]] (''Sakka'') and other Hindu deities.<ref name=wales54>HG Quadritch Wales (1992), [https://archive.org/stream/siamesestatecere030661mbp#page/n73/mode/2up Siamese State Ceremonies], Curzon Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0269-5}}, pages 54–63</ref> The tradition asserts that the Thai Brahmins have roots in Hindu holy city of Varanasi and southern state of Tamil Nadu, go by the title ''Pandita'', and the various annual rites and state ceremonies they conduct has been a blend of Buddhist and Hindu rituals. The [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation ceremony]] of the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]] is almost entirely conducted by the royal Brahmins.<ref name=wales54/><ref>Boreth Ly (2011), Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia (Editors: Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani, Geoff Wade), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, {{ISBN|978-981-4311-16-8}}, pages 461–475</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Brahmin population distribution.svg|thumb|alt=|Percentage of Brahmins in each state. Data is from recent caste censuses. {{Legend|#550000|16–20%}}{{Legend|#800000|12–16%}}{{Legend|#D40000|9–12%}}{{Legend|#FF2A2A|4–8%}}{{Legend|#FF8080|1–4%}}{{Legend|#FFD5D5|0–1%}}]]

The last caste census, conducted by the government of British Raj, was in the year 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=The last caste census was in 1931. A look back at its findings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/modi-govt-caste-census-exercise-1931-9974935/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Out of the total population 27 crores (270 millions) of the undivided India, Brahmins were over 1.5 crores (15 millions) in population.

According to 2007 reports, Brahmins in India are about 5% of its total population, and back then were numbering 56 million.<ref name="bellmanwsj">{{cite news |last1=Bellman |first1=Eric |title=Reversal of Fortune Isolates India's Brahmins |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119889387595256961 |access-date=21 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=30 December 2007 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610055905/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119889387595256961 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="outlookbgraph">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/brahmins-in-india/234783 |title=Brahmins In India |magazine=Outlook India |date=4 June 2007 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531222946/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/brahmins-in-india/234783 |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

The Himalayan states of [[Uttarakhand]] (20%) and [[Himachal Pradesh]] (14%) have the highest percentage of Brahmin population relative to respective state's total Hindus, followed by [[Delhi]] (12%), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (11%), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (10%), in other states the Brahmins being less than 10% of the population, the lowest being in the southern states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], where they form 1%.<ref name="outlookbgraph" />

According to the Center for the Study of Developing Societies, in 2004 about 65% of Brahmin households in India earned less than $100 a month compared to 89% of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], 91% of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] and 86% of Muslims.<ref name="bellmanwsj" />

==See also==
{{Div col}}
*[[Viswa Brahman Diwas]]
*[[Vedic priesthood]]
*[[Brahmavarta]]
*[[List of Brahmins]]
*[[List of Brahmin dynasties and states]]
* [[1st Brahmans|1st Brahman Regiment]] and [[3rd Brahmans|3rd Brahman Regiment]]
*[[Brahmin Tamil]]
*[[Historical Vedic religion]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Narasimhacharya | first =Ramanujapuram | year =1999 | title =The Buddha-Dhamma, Or, the Life and Teachings of the Buddha | publisher =Asian Educational Services}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Baldev Upadhyaya]], Kashi Ki Panditya Parampara, Sharda Sansthan, [[Varanasi]], 1985.
* [[Christopher Alan Bayly]], Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, [[Cambridge University Press]], 1983.
* Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, [[University of California Press]], 1999.
* [[M. N. Srinivas]], Social Change in Modern India, [[Orient Longman]], [[Delhi]], 1995.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Brahmins}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/brahminspariahsa00londrich#page/n3/mode/2up Brahmins and Pariah], An appeal and record of colonial era conflict in Bengal
* [https://archive.org/stream/wisdombrahminad00rcgoog#page/n14/mode/2up The wisdom of the Brahmin], Friedrich Ruckert (translated from German by Charles Brooks)

{{Brahmin communities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brahmins]]
[[Category:Priestly castes]]
[[Category:Varnas in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Historical Vedic religion]]

Andh people

2026-03-25T14:35:38Z

Jantapost: new basic details more to come

{{Short description|Scheduled Indo-Aryan Tribe of Central and Southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Andh
| native_name = आंध ఆంధ
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image = Shirral diety of Andh Tribe.jpg
| caption = Deity statue of the Andh tribe at Jodeghat Tribal Museum, Telangana
| population = ~493,450<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop1 = 478,000
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Telangana]]
| pop2 = 13,000
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop3 = 1,300
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| pop4 = ~300
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region5 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop5 = ~300
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Gujarat]]
| pop6 = ~200
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region7 = [[Delhi]]
| pop7 = ~200
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region8 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop8 = ~70
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region9 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| pop9 = ~40
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Kerala]]
| pop10 = ~20
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| region11 = [[Goa]]
| pop11 = ~20
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Andh in India (People group profile) |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16215/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
| langs = [[Andh language|Andh]] (Native) [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Andh''' are a designated [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=19–22 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archivedate=7 November 2013 }}</ref> They are one of the oldest communities in [[India]]. They call themselves Tribals and are relatively well-educated.

==History==

The Andh people are believed to have originated from the ancient [[Satavahana dynasty]]<ref>{{cite web |title=From which ancient dynasty do the Andh tribe primarily descend? |url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/from-which-ancient-dynasty-do-the-andh-tribe-primarily-descend-503255/ |website=GKToday |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>, also known as the [[Satavahana dynasty|Andhra dynasty]], which ruled parts of [[South India|southern]] and [[central India]] between the third century BCE and the second century CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> At the time of Satavahana rule, the king was considered the owner of the lands and forests, but after the death of the last Satavahana ruler, the [[East India Company]] eventually took control of all lands and forests under its governance, contributing to the Andh becoming isolated and economically stagnant in later centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India (Part 2) |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india-2/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> It is possible that the name Andh is a corruption of the [[Sanskrit]] "''Andhra"'', a designation given by ancient Aryans to a tribe living in the [[Andhra region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From which ancient dynasty do the Andh tribe primarily descend? |url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/from-which-ancient-dynasty-do-the-andh-tribe-primarily-descend-503255/ |website=GKToday |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

The Satavahana clan is said to have established one of the earliest empires in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and their inscriptions were in the [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Maharashtri variant of Prakrit]] language.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22010/22010-h/22010-h.htm |website=Project Gutenberg |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> Even today, the Andhs living in [[Telangana]] (across erstwhile [[Adilabad district]]) speak Marathi and an Indo-aryan language named after themselves called [[Andh language|Andh]]. It can be surmised that Andhs also has its origins in Telangana.<ref>3.Dr. D. Satyanarayana. "Various languages spoken by tribal people of TS". Published in Telangana Today daily on 30.8.2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Tribal Report (PDF) |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/896294437/District-Tribal-Report |website=Scribd |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> The Andhs are sometimes described as descendants of the Andhra or Satavahana dynasty, although their political status changed over time as central India faced foreign invasions and shifting regional powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> After the decline of the Satavahana dynasty, many became settled agricultural communities and gradually lost any former royal status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India (Part 2) |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india-2/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The name "Andh" is possibly derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term "[[Andhra region|Andhra]]," a designation for a tribe historically living in the Andhra region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribes Overview |url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/from-which-ancient-dynasty-do-the-andh-tribe-primarily-descend-503255/ |website=GKToday |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Distribution==

The Andh people live primarily in the hills of the [[Adilabad district]] in [[Telangana]]. The Andhs comprise a population of approximately 474,110 according to the 2011 census. The Andh are also distributed in the [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] and [[Akola district|Akola]] districts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra – Census Details |url=https://maharashtra.pscnotes.com/geography-maharashtra/scheduled-tribes-of-maharashtra/ |website=Maharashtra PSC Notes |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution and Demographic Characteristics of the Andh Tribe |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india-2/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> According to the [[Anthropological Survey of India]], there are over 74,000 Andhs in Maharashtra. Historically, the Andh were concentrated in [[central India]], including the [[Marathwada|Marathwada region]] of Maharashtra and parts of Telangana, reflecting their long-standing presence in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Tribal Report (PDF) |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/896294437/District-Tribal-Report |website=Scribd |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

Aundha is located in the [[Hingoli district]] of [[Maharashtra]] and its [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]] is considered one of the eight important [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotirlingas]] out of the twelve in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aundha Nagnath, Hingoli District |url=https://divcomcsn.maharashtra.gov.in/en/places-centres/aundha-nagnath-hingoli/ |website=Divisional Commissioner Office, Maharashtra |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Culture==
Andh people celebrate [[Dussehra]], [[Diwali]], [[Sankranti]], and Pola<ref>{{cite web |title=Bail Pola Festival |url=https://maharashtratourism.gov.in/festivals/bail-pola/ |website=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> ([[Bull worship]]), as they are predominantly [[Hindus|Hindu]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. S. Singh|author2=B. V. Bhanu|author3=Anthropological Survey of India|title=Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&pg=PA65|accessdate=29 May 2011|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-100-6|page=65}}</ref> and have an agrarian, nature-based social structure. They also follow some ancient traditions, such as the 12 Shivkathi worship, known as Mahadevachi Kathi Puja, which is dedicated to 12 shrines of [[Shiva]]. At the end of the 12 days, amhil (jowar millet amhil) is offered to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] for prosperity and agricultural wealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Handbook of Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74041/1/APTM_2004_0074_Statisticalhandbook.pdf |website=Tribal Research and Cultural Foundation (Government repository) |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TCR Studies: Andh (Archived) |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155405/http://www.aptribes.gov.in/html/tcr-studies-eci-andh.htm |website=AP Tribes (Archived via Wayback Machine) |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Social organization==

They are further subdivided into the Vertali and the Khaltali. The Vertali consider themselves superior and avoid marrying the Khaltali.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled tribes of Maharashtra |url=https://maharashtra.pscnotes.com/geography-maharashtra/scheduled-tribes-of-maharashtra/ |website=Maharashtra PSC Notes |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andh Tribe Culture in India |url=https://photofrem.com/andh-tribe-culture-in-india-2/ |website=Photofrem |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andh and Sadhu Andh: The Tribes of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.auchitya.com/andh-and-sadhu-andh-the-tribes-of-andhra-pradesh/ |website=Auchitya |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Ethnographic profile of Tribes of A.P. (Andh) |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74229/1/APTM_2018_0098_handbook.pdf |website=Tribal Research and Training Institute |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic Tribal Diversity of Eastern Ghats and Adjacent Deccan Region (Ethnobotany of India) |url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351737661_A41289404/preview-9781351737661_A41289404.pdf |website=PagePlace |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Language==
{{main|Andh language}}
Historically, the Andhs used to speak a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]], but they have since shifted to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Andh language]]. The Andhs of Maharashtra speak Andh and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], about 100,000 Andhs speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

==Notable people==

===Social activist===
* [[Sri Sri Sri Sant Paramahamsa Sadhguru Phulaji baba Patnapur, Mungsajee mouli and Kranthi veer Soma Doma Andh]]

===Indian Freedom fighters===
* [[Shomaji Umare]]
* [[Shivajirao Moghe]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155405/http://www.aptribes.gov.in/html/tcr-studies-eci-andh.htm

{{Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra]]

List of airports in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-22T06:33:25Z

Jantapost: new

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Location map many | Tamil Nadu |caption=Airports in Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = right
| label1 = [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
| pos1 = top
| bg1 = white
| label1_width= 8
| mark1size = 8
| mark1 = Blue pog.svg
| coordinates1 = {{coord|12.99|80.17}}
| label2 = [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]]
| pos2 = left
| bg2 = white
| mark2size = 8
| mark2 = Blue pog.svg
| coordinates2 = {{coord|11.01|77.02}}
| label3 = [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]]
| pos3 = left
| bg3 = white
| mark3size = 8
| mark3 = Blue pog.svg
| coordinates3 = {{coord|09.83|78.09}}
| label4 = [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]]
| pos4 = left
| bg4 = white
| mark4 = Blue pog.svg
| mark4size = 8
| coordinates4 = {{coord|10.76|78.71}}
| label5 = [[Thoothukudi Airport|Thoothukudi]]
| pos5 = left
| bg5 = white
| mark5 = Green pog.svg
| mark5size = 8
| coordinates5 = {{coord|08.72|78.02}}
| label6 = [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]]
| pos6 = right
| mark6 = Green pog.svg
| bg6 = white
| coordinates6 = {{coord|11.78|78.06}}
| label7 = [[Neyveli Airport|Neyveli]]
| pos7 = right
| bg7 = white
| mark7 = Green pog.svg
| coordinates7 = {{coord|11.61|79.52}}
| label8 = [[Hosur Aerodrome|Hosur]]
| pos8 = left
| bg8 = white
| mark8 = Green pog.svg
| coordinates8 = {{coord|12.66|77.76}}
| label9 = [[Vellore Airport|Vellore]]
| pos9 = bottom
| bg9 = white
| mark9 = Green pog.svg
| coordinates9 = {{coord|12.90|79.06}}
| label10 = [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram]]
| pos10 = bottom
| bg10 = white
| coordinates10 = {{coord|12.91| 80.14}}
| label11 = [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]]
| pos11 = lightgreen
| bg11 = white
| coordinates11 = {{coord|11.03|77.16}}
| label12 = [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur]]
| pos12 = bottom
| bg12 = white
| coordinates12 = {{coord|10.72|79.10}}
| label13 = [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam]]
| pos13 = left
| bg13 = white
| coordinates13 = {{coord|13.07|79.69}}
| label14 = [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli]]
| pos14 = bottom
| bg14 = white
| coordinates14 = {{coord|9.32|78.97}}
}}

The Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] has four [[international airport|international]], and six domestic or private airports.<ref name="NOCAS">{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073533/https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AAI">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212185132/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport]], which is the fifth [[List of busiest airports in India|busiest airport by passenger traffic]] in India, is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="Data">{{cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, 2024-25|publisher=[[Airport Authority of India]]|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> Other international airports in the state include [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]], and [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="AAI"/> Domestic flights are operational to certain airports like [[Thoothukudi Airport|Thoothukudi]] and [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]] while flights are planned to be introduced to more domestic airports by the [[UDAN]] scheme of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf|title=Regional Connectivity Scheme|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002225126/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] operates three air bases in the state{{nbsp}}[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]], [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram]] and [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur]].<ref name="IAF">{{cite web|title=Indian Air Force Commands|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|publisher=[[Indian Air Force]]|access-date=29 June 2010|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Eastern Naval Command]] of the [[Indian Navy]] operates airbases at [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli]] and Chennai.<ref name="ENC_Navy">{{cite web|title=ENC Authorities & Units|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072321/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Southern Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy operates an airbase at [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam]].<ref name="SNC_Navy">{{cite web|title=Organisation of Southern Naval Command|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206221912/https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Coast Guard]] operates an air station in Chennai.<ref name="CG">{{cite web|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/east/organisation-east|title=East organisation|work=[[Indian Coast Guard]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when [[Giacomo D'Angelis]] built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in [[Island Grounds]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|title=History of Indian Air Force|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208172949/https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1915, [[Tata Sons|Tata Air Mail]] started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras, marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|title=100 years of civil aviation|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226224125/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 October 1932, [[J. R. D. Tata]] flew a [[De Havilland Puss Moth|Puss Moth]] aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to [[Bombay]]'s [[Juhu aerodrome|Juhu Airstrip]] and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator [[Nevill Vintcent]] marking the first scheduled commercial flight.<ref>{{cite book|language=en|title=Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939|last=Higham|first=Robin|page=168|publisher=Shoe String Press|year=1961|isbn=978-0-208-00171-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=De Havilland Gazette|year=1953|page=103|publisher=De Havilland Aircraft Company}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Civilian airports==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Civilian airports<ref name="NOCAS"/><ref name="AAI"/>
!Airport
!Location
![[IATA]] Code
![[ICAO]] Code
!Type
!Operational
!Owned/operated by
|-
|[[Chennai International Airport]]
|[[Chennai]]
|MAA
|VOMM
|style="background:orange;"|International
|Yes
|rowspan="2"|[[Airports Authority of India]]<ref name="AAI_South">{{cite web|title=Southern Region Airports|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/southern-region-airports|access-date=31 December 2023|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Coimbatore International Airport]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|CJB
|VOCB
|style="background:orange;"|International
|Yes
|-
|[[Hosur Aerodrome]]
|[[Hosur]]
|
|VO95
|style="background:violet;"|State/Private
|Limited{{efn|name=Hosur|Used for maintenance, repair and overhaul operations}}
|Taneja Aerospace<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/maintenance-repair-and-overhaul/taneja-aerospace-and-aviation-taal|title=Taneja Aerospace and Aviation|work=Centre for Aviation|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madurai Airport]]
|[[Madurai]]
|IXM
|VOMD
|style="background:orange;"|International
|Yes
|[[Airports Authority of India]]<ref name="AAI_South"/>
|-
|[[Neyveli Airport]]
|[[Neyveli]]
|NVY
|VONY
|style="background:violet;"|State/Private
|No
|[[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/9-seater-air-taxi-to-fly-between-neyveli-chennai-802168|title=9-seater air taxi to fly between Neyveli, Chennai|work=[[DT Next]]|date=3 September 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|quote=...Neyveli Airport in the Cuddalore district, owned by the Neyveli Lignite Corporation...}}</ref>
|-
|[[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]]
|[[Salem, India|Salem]]
|SXV
|VOSM
|style="background:skyblue;"|Domestic
|Yes
|[[Airports Authority of India]]<ref name="AAI_South"/>
|-
|[[Thanjavur Airport]]{{efn|name=Thanjavur|Though designated to operate civilian flights as well, the airport is currently used exclusively by the [[Indian Air Force]].}}
|[[Thanjavur]]
|TJV
|VOTJ
|style="background:skyblue;"|Domestic
|No
|[[Airports Authority of India]] and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|-
|[[Thoothukudi Airport]]
|[[Thoothukudi]]
|TCR
|VOTK
|style="background:skyblue;"|Domestic
|Yes
|rowspan="3"|[[Airports Authority of India]]<ref name="AAI_South"/>
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|TRZ
|VOTR
|style="background:orange;"|International
|Yes
|-
|[[Vellore Airport]]
|[[Vellore]]
|
|VOVR
|style="background:skyblue;" |Domestic
|No
|}

==Military airbases==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
|+Military airbases
!Airbase
!Location
![[IATA]] Code
![[ICAO]] Code
!Owned/operated by
|-
| Coast Guard Air Station<ref name="CG"/>
| [[Chennai]]{{efn|name=CGAS|The Coast Guard Air Station operates in the premises of the [[Chennai International Airport]] and shares the facilities.}}
| MAA
| VOMM
| [[Indian Coast Guard]]
|-
| [[INS Parundu]]<ref name="ENC_Navy"/>
| [[Uchipuli]]
|
| VORM
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian Navy]]
|-
| [[INS Rajali]]<ref name="SNC_Navy"/>
| [[Arakkonam]]
|
| VOAR
|-
| Naval Air Enclave<ref name="ENC_Navy"/>
| [[Chennai]]{{efn|name=NAE|The Naval Air Enclave operates in the premises of the [[Chennai International Airport]] and shares the facilities.}}
| MAA
| VOMM
|-
| [[Sulur Air Force Station]]<ref name="IAF"/>
| [[Coimbatore]]
|
| VOSX
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Tambaram Air Force Station]]<ref name="IAF"/>
| [[Chennai]]
|
| VOTX
|-
| [[Thanjavur Air Force Station]]<ref name="IAF"/>
| [[Thanjavur]]
| TJV
| VOTJ
|}

== Defunct ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
|+Defunct airports
!Airport
!Location
|-
| [[Chettinad Airport]]<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 2017|title=Chettinad Group ready to support efforts for mini airport|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/chettinad/article17378317.ece|access-date=1 June 2025|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| [[Karaikudi]]
|-
| [[Cholavaram Airstrip]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kabirdoss|first1=Yogesh|date=28 December 2018|first2=V.|last2=Ayyappan |title=IAF notice: Squatters near Sholavaram airstrip get IAF notice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/squatters-near-sholavaram-airstrip-get-iaf-notice/articleshow/67279143.cms|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Chennai]]
|-
| [[Kayathar Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|date=2 August 2016|title=Historic airfield seems to be no man’s land|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Historic-airfield-seems-to-be-no-man%E2%80%99s-land/article14547098.ece|access-date=1 June 2025|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| [[Kayathar]]
|-
| [[Ulundurpettai Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Land on the runway of memories|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/feb/04/land-on-the-runway-of-memories-1566724.html|date=4 February 2017|access-date=26 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| [[Ulundurpettai]]
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Tamil Nadu|*]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|TAMIL NADU]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu|Airports]]

The Lunchbox

2026-03-21T14:46:32Z

Jantapost: minor edit

{{short description|2013 Indian film by Ritesh Batra}}
{{Other uses|Lunch box (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Lunchbox
| image = The Lunchbox poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ritesh Batra]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
* [[Guneet Monga]]
* Arun Rangachari
}}
| writer = Ritesh Batra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Irrfan Khan]]
* [[Nimrat Kaur]]
* [[Bharti Achrekar]]
* [[Nakul Vaid]]
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
}}
| music = [[Max Richter]]
| cinematography = Michael Simmonds
| editing = John F. Lyons
| studio = [[DAR Motion Pictures]] [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] [[Essel Vision Productions]] [[Sikhya Entertainment]] [[AKFPL]] The Match Factory Rohfilm ASAP Films [[Arte|Arte France Cinema]] Medienboard Berlin Brandenburg Aide Aux Cinemas Du Monde [[Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée|CNC]] Ministère des Affaires étrangères Institut Français
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Dharma Productions]] (India) [[Sony Pictures Classics]] (United States and Canada)<ref name=SonyPC/> NFP Marketing & Distribution (Germany)<ref name="uni">{{cite web|title=The Lunchbox (2013)|website=[[UniFrance]]|access-date=24 February 2023|url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/35480/the-lunchbox#}}</ref> Happiness Distribution (France)<ref name="uni" />
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|19|Cannes|2013|09|20|[[India]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 105 Minutes
| country = India United States Germany France
| language = Hindi English
| budget = {{INR|22 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name=boibudgetwwg/>
| gross = {{INR|110 crore}} ({{estimation}})
}}

'''''The Lunchbox''''' is a 2013 [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Ritesh Batra]]. Produced by [[Guneet Monga]], [[Anurag Kashyap]] and Arun Rangachari, ''The Lunchbox'' is an international co-production of studios in India, the US, Germany and France. It stars [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Nimrat Kaur]] alongside [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Bharti Achrekar]] and [[Nakul Vaid]] in supporting roles.

''The Lunchbox'' was screened at [[2013 Cannes Film Festival#Critics' Week|Critics' Week]] at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]], and later won the Critics' Week Viewers Choice Award also known as Grand Rail d'Or. It was shown at the [[2013 Toronto International Film Festival]]. The film was released in theatres in India on 20 September 2013. ''The Lunchbox'' was a box-office success and received unanimous critical acclaim. It was Khan's highest-grossing Hindi film, until it was surpassed by ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' (2017). ''The Lunchbox'' was nominated for [[Best Film Not in the English Language]] at the [[2015 British Academy Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Ila ([[Nimrat Kaur]]) is a young [[housewife]] seeking the attention of her husband, Rajeev ([[Nakul Vaid]]), and searching for ways to bring the romance back into her marriage; one of her ideas is to cook delicious [[lunch]]es for him. Through a rare mix-up of the ''[[dabbawala]]s'' (a complicated [[food delivery]] system in [[Mumbai]] that picks up and delivers lunches from [[restaurant]]s or homes to people at work), the [[tiffin carrier]] ([[lunchbox]]) Ila prepares for her husband gets accidentally delivered instead, to Saajan Fernandes ([[Irrfan Khan]]), a middle-aged [[widower]] who is about to retire from his job of an [[accountant]]. Ila eventually realises the mistake and with the advice of her neighbour aunt, Mrs. Deshpande ([[Bharti Achrekar]] - voice only), living in the [[apartment]] above her, writes a [[Letter (message)|letter]] to Saajan about the mix-up and places it in the lunchbox (along with her husband's favourite meal) the next day. An exchange of letters sent back and forth with the lunches ignites a friendship between the two, as they share memories and events from their own lives.

At work, Saajan is tasked with training his replacement, Aslam Shaikh ([[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]). Socially distant after his wife's death, Saajan is initially reluctant to interact with Shaikh and train him. After Shaikh reveals that he is an [[orphan]] who taught himself [[accounting]], Saajan gradually warms up to him, and eventually the duo strike a close friendship. At one point, Saajan saves Shaikh's job by covering for his blatant mistakes and becomes the best man at his marriage with Mehrunissa ([[Shruti Bapna]]). Meanwhile, Ila discovers that Rajeev is having an [[extramarital affair]] and gives up hope of rekindling her marriage. In one of the lunchbox letters, she suggests moving to [[Bhutan]] where the cost of living is much cheaper than [[India]]. Saajan writes back with the suggestion that the two move there together. Ila then offers to meet in person at a popular restaurant but at the appointed time, Saajan does not show up. Upon receiving an empty lunchbox in disappointment the next day, Saajan writes back to the dejected Ila and apologises to her, stating that he did arrive and watched her from a distance, but could not approach her. He explains how young and beautiful she looked, while surmising that he is too old for her and advising her to move on.

Some time later, Ila's father, battling [[lung cancer]], dies in the care of her mother ([[Lillete Dubey]]), who confesses how unhappy her marriage was. She gives Ila the advice “Sometimes, the wrong train takes us to the right station”. Ila receives the address of Saajan's office from the ''dabbawalas'' only to learn from Shaikh that he has already retired and headed to [[Nashik]]. She writes a farewell message to Saajan announcing that she has decided to leave Rajeev and move to Bhutan with her young daughter, Yashvi. Meanwhile, Saajan changes his mind en route to Nashik and returns to Mumbai. The film ends with Ila waiting for Yashvi to return from school and Saajan heading to her house with the ''dabbawalas'' who regularly picked up and delivered the [[eponym]]ous lunchbox.

==Cast==
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Saajan Fernandes
* [[Nimrat Kaur]] as Ila Singh
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Aslam Shaikh, Saajan's colleague
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Ila's mother
* [[Nakul Vaid]] as Rajeev Singh, Ila's husband
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Mrs. Deshpande a.k.a. "Auntie", Ila's neighbour (voice only)
* Yashvi Puneet Nagar as Yashvi Singh, Ila & Rajeev's daughter
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Mr. Shroff, Saajan's office boss
* [[Shruti Bapna]] as Mehrunissa, Shaikh's wife

==Production==

=== Development ===
Ritesh Batra, who had made the short films ''The Morning Ritual'', ''Gareeb Nawaz Ki Taxi'' and ''Cafe Regular'', ''Cairo'', started researching a documentary on the famous [[dabbawala]] Lunchbox delivery system of Mumbai which is known for its efficiency, however after spending a week with them in 2007, he heard many interesting personal stories the workers would overhear while waiting outside apartments. This experience birthed the idea for the film, and instead of making a documentary, he began writing a film script.<ref name=toiaug>{{cite news| title = Indian audience to get a taste of Batra's Lunchbox | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Indian-audience-to-get-a-taste-of-Batras-Lunchbox/articleshow/21817822.cms| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130923100246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/news-interviews/41409570_1_ritesh-batra-nimrat-kaur-the-lunchbox| url-status =live| archive-date =23 September 2013|date=14 August 2013| access-date = 16 September 2013| work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=zee>{{cite news |title='Lunchbox' is a very personal film: Ritesh Batra|publisher=Zee News |date=5 May 2013|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/lunchbox-is-a-very-personal-film-ritesh-batra_133696.html |access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> In time the film became a joint production between Sikhya Entertainment, [[DAR motion pictures]], [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC), India, ROH Films, Germany, ASAP Films, France and the Cine Mosaic, a production company based in New York City and founded by [[Lydia Dean Pilcher]] who had previously produced films such as ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr Ripley]]'' (1999) and ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' (2007). Germany's ''Match Factory'' became its international sales agent.<ref name=variety-review/><ref name=hol23/>

=== Writing ===
Batra completed the first draft of the screenplay in 2011.<ref name=zee/> He was assisted by Rutvik Oza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/nominations/|title=ZEE Cine Awards nominations|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181606/http://www.zeecineawards.com/nominations/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It went on to win an Honorable Jury Mention at the 2012 Cinemart at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam International Film Festival]]. Thereafter the project was part of the Talent Project Market of [[Berlin International Film Festival]] and was mentored at the screenwriter's lab (Torino Film Lab) at the [[Torino Film Festival]].<ref name=hol23>{{cite news |title=Cannes: 'The Lunchbox' Director Ritesh Batra|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-lunchbox-director-ritesh-batra-524943 |date=23 May 2013 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=27 May 2013 |first=Nyay |last=Bhushan}}</ref> The character of Ila played by Nimrat Kaur, six months prior to the shooting, and the character played by Nawazuddin Siddiqui was further developed and improvised during shooting.<ref name=zee/>

=== Casting ===
Irrfan Khan liked the script of the film and the concept of his character, not speaking much but talking through notes. After seeing Batra's short film and having a couple of meetings he agreed to act in the film. Batra wanted to work with Nawazuddin Siddiqui, another principal character in the film, for a long time. For the female lead, auditions were conducted, wherein Nimrat Kaur was selected. Kaur had extensive experience at the Mumbai theatre and had worked in films like ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]''.<ref name=zee/><ref name=hol23/> Some of the [[dabbawala]]s whom the director befriended while researching the film were also cast in minor roles.<ref name=toiaug/>

=== Filming ===
The film was shot in 2012 in Mumbai<ref name=zee/> at a budget of [[₹]]220 million. Prior to the filming, the cast rehearsed for six months. It was shot using the [[Arri Alexa]] digital film camera.<ref name=hol23/> Many of the scenes were logistically broken down to make way for last minute location changes. According to Ritesh Batra, scenes on the train involved the use of only one compartment, and even included actual local commuters when needed.<ref name="travelleisure">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/blogs/qanda-with-ritesh-batra-director-of-the-film-the-lunchbox|title=Q&A With Ritesh Batra: Director of the Film 'The Lunchbox'|author=Aarti Virani|publisher=[[Travel + Leisure]]|access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Principal photography lasted 29 days, with a majority of the film's scenes done in three weeks. Afterwards, footage taken in a documentary manner were shot. Mumbai's famous [[dabbawala]]s were provided actual lunchboxes to deliver, and followed by a four-member film crew, which filmed the process in documentary style.<ref name=hol23/><ref name="quora">{{cite web|url=http://www.quora.com/What-was-the-process-of-shooting-The-Lunchbox|title=What was the process of shooting The Lunchbox?|author=Ritesh Batra|publisher=[[Quora]]|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="eagle">{{cite web|url=http://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2014/01/qa-ritesh-batra-director-of-the-lunchbox|title=Q&A: Ritesh Batra, director of "The Lunchbox"|author=Helen Hu|publisher=The Eagle|date=January 27, 2014|access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

==Release and reception==

===Screenings and film festivals===
The film was screened on 19 May 2013 as a part of the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival#Critics' Week|Critics' Week]] at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]], where it received a standing ovation and positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Lunchbox gets standing ovation at Cannes TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/news-interviews/39444424_1_lunchbox-ritesh-batra-cannes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053514/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/news-interviews/39444424_1_lunchbox-ritesh-batra-cannes|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2013|date=22 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes 2013: A delicious Lunchbox and a Shootout gone awry|author=Saibal Chatterjee|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/cannes-2013-a-delicious-lunchbox-and-a-shootout-gone-awry-369555 |publisher=NDTV Movies |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ritesh Batra's Lunchbox wins critics week viewers choice award at Cannes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1838678/report-ritesh-batra-s-lunchbox-wins-critics-week-viewers-choice-award-at-cannes|website=DNA India |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> It won the Critics' Week Viewers Choice Award also known as Grand Rail d'Or.<ref>{{cite news |title='Lunchbox' wins critics week viewers choice award at Cannes |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news/39475679_1_wins-critics-ritesh-batra-cannes-film-festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609045234/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news/39475679_1_wins-critics-ritesh-batra-cannes-film-festival |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 |work=The Economic Times|date=23 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called it "a notable debut from tyro helmer-scripter Ritesh Batra", for creating a film with the "crossover appeal of ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''", and also praised the acting of Irrfan Khan and Nimrat Kaur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes Film Review: 'The Lunchbox' |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-the-lunchbox-1200483926/ |date=19 May 2013 |publisher=Variety |access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

Thereafter, [[Sony Pictures Classics]] picked up North American distribution rights.<ref name=variety-review>{{cite news |title= Ritesh Batra's feature debut appeared in Cannes Critics' Week |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/sony-pictures-classics-picks-up-lunchbox-exclusive-1200487504/|date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Variety|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>

In India, this film was released on more than 400 screens on 20 September 2013.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Low-budget-Lunchbox-fares-well-at-box-office/Article1-1125884.aspx |title=Low budget Lunchbox fares well at box office |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924160228/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Low-budget-Lunchbox-fares-well-at-box-office/Article1-1125884.aspx|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title = Eating Oscar for Lunch?| journal = Tehelka| url = http://www.tehelka.com/eating-oscar-for-lunch/| date = 21 September 2013| issue = 38| volume = 10| access-date = 25 September 2013| archive-date = 25 September 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925135730/http://www.tehelka.com/eating-oscar-for-lunch/| url-status = dead}}</ref> In Japan, a Japanese dubbed version of the film was released on 9 August 2014, screening in a hundred theaters.<ref name="rakuten">{{cite news |title=めぐり逢わせのお弁当【Blu-ray】 |trans-title=The Lunchbox【Blu-ray】 |url=https://books.rakuten.co.jp/rb/13038874/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Rakuten Books |publisher=[[Rakuten]] |date=18 March 2015 |language=ja}}</ref>

===Box office===
''The Lunchbox'' grossed ₹71 million in its first weekend of release in India,<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1002/date/2013-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926042537/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1002/date/2013-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2013 |title=Midweek: 'Phata Poster Nikola Hero' has ordinary weekend! |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> and ₹110 million in its first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6105&nCat=|title=Warning Dull Phat Poster Nikhla Hero Low First Week|publisher=Box Office India|date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006072417/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6105&nCat=|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> The film continued to gross significant amounts over the next few weeks, earning over ₹200 million in the first three weeks and another estimated ₹40–50 [[lakh]]s on its fourth weekend.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6153&nCat=|title=The Lunchbox Does Well At The Box Office|publisher=Box Office India|date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018183818/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6153&nCat=|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The Lunchbox Worldwide Box Office
!Territories
!Gross Revenue
!Footfalls
!ref.
|-
|[[List of highest-grossing Indian films|India]]
|{{Currency|282500000|INR}}
|20,14,000
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lunchbox - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1516 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
!Overseas
!{{Currency|20750000}}- {{Currency|126.75|inr}} Cr
!
!
|-
|[[United States]] & [[Canada]]
|{{Currency|4235151}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lunchbox |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2350496/credits/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|-
!Europe
!{{Currency|11920000}}
!1,196,812
!<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 Mar 2026 |title=The Lunchbox |url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/43325 |access-date=19 Mar 2026 |website=Lumiere}}</ref>
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|{{Currency|493282|gbp}}
|74,400
|
|-
|[[France]]
|{{Currency|3350000|eur}}
|481,368
|
|-
|[[Germany]]
|{{Currency|1436440|eur}}
|210,418
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die erfolgreichsten Filme in Deutschland 2013 |url=https://www.insidekino.de/DJahr/D2013.htm |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.insidekino.de}}</ref>
|-
|[[Switzerland]]
|{{Currency|950000|chf}}
|60,969
|
|-
|[[Sweden]]
|{{Currency|3800000|sek}}
|43,197
|
|-
|[[Italy]]
|{{Currency|485000|eur}}
|80,886
|
|-
|[[Norway]]
|{{Currency|1670000|nok}}
|18,502
|
|-
|[[Netherlands]]
|{{Currency|318000|eur}}
|42,897
|
|-
|[[Austria]]
|{{Currency|177860|eur}}
|23,804
|
|-
|[[Belgium]]
|{{Currency|154085|eur}}
|17,417
|
|-
|[[Finland]]
|{{Currency|77740|eur}}
|8,533
|
|-
|[[Spain]]
|{{Currency|133676|eur}}
|22,303
|
|-
|[[Portugal]]
|{{Currency|79610|eur}}
|15,323
|
|-
|[[Poland]]
|{{Currency|485000|pln}}
|26,718
|
|-
|[[Denmark]]
|{{Currency|800000|dkk}}
|10,173
|
|-
|[[Hungary]]
|{{Currency|18575000|huf}}
|13,950
|
|-
|[[Slovenia]]
|{{Currency|41000|eur}}
|8,306
|
|-
|[[Slovakia]]
|{{Currency|12900|eur}}
|2,532
|
|-
|[[Bulgaria]]
|{{Currency|56700|bgn}}
|6,764
|
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
|{{Currency|1940000|czk}}
|13,047
|
|-
|[[Greece]]
|{{Currency|62600|eur}}
|9,711
|
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|{{Currency|50743|try}}
|5,594
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 Mar 2026 |title=The Lunchbox |url=https://boxofficeturkiye.com/film/sefer-tasi--2012220 |url-status=live |access-date=20 Mar 2026 |website=Turkey Box Office}}</ref>
|-
!Latin America
!{{Currency|646625}}
!
!
|-
|[[Argentina]]
|{{Currency|1977831|ars}}
|
|
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|{{Currency|272572|brl}}
|
|
|-
|[[Colombia]]
|{{Currency|239381792|cop}}
|
|
|-
|[[Mexico]]
|{{Currency|1885972|mxn}}
|
|
|-
|[[Peru]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Uruguay]]
|
|
|
|-
!Asia & Pacific
!{{Currency|3687000}}
!
!
|-
|[[Australia]]
|{{Currency|1554000|AUD}}
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2013-09-20 |title=The Lunchbox Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-lunchbox/box-office/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Japan]]
|{{Currency|150000000|jpy}}
|
|<ref name="rakuten" />
|-
|[[South Korea]]
|{{Currency|108991000|krw}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KOFIC 영화관 입장권 통합전산망 :: 영화정보 |url=https://www.kobis.or.kr/kobis/business/mast/mvie/searchMovieList.do |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.kobis.or.kr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Taiwan]]
|{{Currency|888050|twd}}
|
|
|-
|[[Thailand]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Singapore]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[New Zealand]]
|{{Currency|431109|nzd}}
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Hong Kong]]
|{{Currency|1435851|hkd}}
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!Worldwide
!{{Currency|1550000000|inr}}
!
!
|}
In the United States, ''The Lunchbox'' grossed $4.23 million, and was 2014's third highest grossing foreign film behind ''[[Cantinflas (film)|Cantinflas]]'' and ''[[PK (film)|P.K.]]''.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lunchbox.htm |title=The Lunchbox (2014)|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="2014foreignbox">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=foreign.htm|title=Foreign Language Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 7, 2015}}</ref> By 28 May 2014, the film's worldwide collection was {{INR|84.92 [[crore]]|link=yes}}.<ref name=gross>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-lunchbox-rakes-in-big-moolah-overseas/1/362388.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524124531/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-lunchbox-rakes-in-big-moolah-overseas/1/362388.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2014 |title=The Lunchbox rakes in big moolah overseas |publisher=India Today}}</ref> The film's total worldwide gross for the original Hindi version was {{INR|100.85 crore}}<ref name=boibudgetwwg>{{cite news|title=The Lunchbox|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1516|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> ({{US$|17.24 million|long=no}}).<ref name="exchange">{{cite web|title=Yearly Average Rates (58.5 INR per USD)|url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/|website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]|year=2013}}</ref> Most of its gross was from overseas with {{US$|11.71 million|long=no}} ({{INR|72.602 crore}}) for the Hindi version, becoming 2013's third [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film overseas]] after ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' and ''[[Chennai Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Overseas Grossers|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2013|website=[[Box Office India]]|year=2013}}</ref> It was Irrfan Khan's highest-grossing [[Hindi film]], up until it was surpassed by ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' (2017).<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news|title=Hindi Medium records higher box office opening than Dangal, Bajrangi Bhaijaan in China; Irrfan's highest grosser worldwide|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hindi-medium-records-higher-box-office-opening-than-dangal-bajrangi-bhaijaan-in-china-irrfans-highest-grosser-worldwide-4420391.html|access-date=6 April 2018|work=Firstpost}}</ref>

In France, it collected over 4m Euros making it one of the top 5 Indian movies of all time in France.

The Japanese dubbed version, released later in 2014, screened in a hundred theaters for ten weeks. The film grossed over {{Yen|150 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|150|JPN|year=2014}} million|long=no}} or {{INR|{{#expr:1.42*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=2014}})/10 round 1}} crore}}) in Japan.<ref name="rakuten"/> Combined, the Hindi and Japanese versions grossed an estimated {{US$|{{#expr:11.71+1.42 round 1}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:72.602+8.7 round 1}} crore}}) overseas and {{INR|{{#expr:100.85+8.7 round 0}} crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:17.24+1.42 round 0}} million}}) worldwide.

===Critical reception===
''The Lunchbox'' received critical acclaim from critics and audiences. {{RT prose|{{RT data|score}}|{{RT data|average}}|{{RT data|count}}|Warm, affectionate, and sweet but not cloying, ''The Lunchbox'' is a clever crowd-pleaser from first-time director Ritesh Batra.|ref=yes|access-date=2024-02-26}} {{MC film|76|28|ref=yes|access-date=2024-02-26}}

Critic [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film a rating of 5 out of 5 stating, "The greatest love stories are the ones that make you root for the protagonists to come together, despite their destinies. This film illustrates how love transforms the unlikeliest of people."<ref>{{cite news |title='The Lunchbox' review: It'll leave you with a craving to seek your own little happiness |first=Rajeev |last=Masand |author-link= Rajeev Masand |date=20 September 2013 |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-lunchbox-review-itll-leave-you-with-a-craving-to-seek-your-own-little-happiness/423546-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923011223/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-lunchbox-review-itll-leave-you-with-a-craving-to-seek-your-own-little-happiness/423546-47-84.html |archive-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pratim D. Gupta]] of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' gave ''The Lunchbox'' two thumbs up calling it "as much a moving and muted love story as it is an evocative portrayal of loneliness."<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Pratim D.|title=The Lunchbox|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130921/jsp/t2/story_17373582.jsp#.UnHoJBbMAUU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031054312/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130921/jsp/t2/story_17373582.jsp%23.UnHoJBbMAUU|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 September 2013|location=Calcutta, India|date=24 September 2013}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the movie a 4 out of 5 rating, stating "A well-told old-fashioned romance, ''The Lunchbox'' gracefully unknots the trials, tribulations, fears and hopes of everyday people sans the glamour that the city of Mumbai has become synonymous with."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lunchbox|first1=Taran|last1=Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/588497 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820073418/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/588497 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2013 |date=20 September 2013|work=BollyHungama}}</ref> [[Karan Anshuman]] of ''Mumbai Mirror'' also gave the film a perfect 5 out of 5 saying the film was, "one of the best films to come out of India in a long time."<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Review: The Lunchbox|first1=Karan|last1=Anshuman |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-The-Lunchbox/articleshow/22808402.cms |date=20 September 2013|work=Mumbai Mirror }}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] of ''Rediff.com'' also praised the film, giving it 5 out of 5 and offering particular compliments to the director Ritesh Batra, stating "Batra, who has also written ''The Lunchbox'', has allowed his smashing actors tremendous room to improvise, all the while himself sketching in nuanced details about the city, its food-ferriers, and the many disparities Mumbai is crammed with."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|title=Review: The Lunchbox is the best Indian film in years|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-the-lunchbox-is-the-best-indian-film-in-years/20130920.htm|website=rediff movies|date=20 September 2013}}</ref> Filmmaker/critic [[Khalid Mohammed]] of the ''Deccan Chronicle'' said "What stays in the mind at the end of ''The Lunchbox'' is pretty much what stays in mind at the end of a memorable set by jazzmen – not their lapses but the heights they scale."<ref>{{cite web|title='The Lunchbox' Review: Here's sumptuous food for thought|first1=Khalid|last1=Mohammed|website=Deccan Chronicle |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130920/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/lunchbox-review-here%E2%80%99s-sumptuous-food-thought |date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921091248/http://deccanchronicle.com/130920/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/lunchbox-review-here%E2%80%99s-sumptuous-food-thought|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aditya Grover of ''YouthTimes'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars and said, "''The Lunchbox'' is delicious and delightful! If you're in the mood to witness genuinely moving cinema, you're in for a treat. The delectable taste of this lunchbox remains in your mouth much after you've left the theatre. Go for it!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grover|first1=Aditya|title=Movie Review: 'The Lunchbox' is delicious and delightful!|url=http://youthtimes.in/the-lunchbox-review/|website=Youth Times|access-date=22 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925165415/http://youthtimes.in/the-lunchbox-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Asian Age]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars and said: "''The Lunchbox'' is a gently pulsating sweet-sad story of loneliness and love, of wilting spirits finding water again. There are three women in three marriages in this film, of which two are ailing. The third one is over, almost, only the last rites haven't been performed. There are two men in the film – one who has lived a full life and is getting ready to quietly slip off the face of the earth; the other is eager to begin… What's both shocking and soothing is what the film shows us — that it takes very little for a soul to come back to life. Mostly, just a hint of hope will do."<ref>{{cite web|title=Cooked to perfection|first1=Suparna|last1=Sharma|website=The Asian Age|url=http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/cooked-perfection-843|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172447/http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/cooked-perfection-843|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trisha Gupta in the ''Sunday Guardian'' wrote "''The Lunchbox'' is a lovely little film. But it does tick all the boxes that might appeal to festival audiences: quaint Asian urbanism (Mumbai trains, dabba delivery), Indian home-cooking, romance. It provides local colour, without being demandingly untranslatable."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/unpacking-the-lunchbox-layers-of-language-and-time |title=Unpacking The Lunchbox: Layers of language and time |publisher=Sunday-guardian.com |first1=Trisha |last1=Gupta |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206095623/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/unpacking-the-lunchbox-layers-of-language-and-time |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a less positive review for the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'', J. R. Jones criticized the film's premise as a gimmick and its purported use of an "irritating comic foil" in reference to Nawazuddin Siddiqui's and Bharati Achrekar's characters as Shaikh and Mrs. Deshpande, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-lunchbox/Film?oid=12392478|title=The Lunchbox|first1=J.R.|last1=Jones|date=6 March 2014|publisher=Chicago Reader|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617020909/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-lunchbox/Film?oid=12392478|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Oscar selection controversy===
''The Lunchbox'' was considered by many people {{who|date=April 2025}} to be a lock as India's selection for the [[86th Academy Awards]] [[List of submissions to the 86th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film Category]], with many critics enthusiastically praising it and voting for it to serve as India's nomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Critics Want The Lunchbox For Oscars |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-lunchbox-critics-choice-for-the-oscars/20130916.htm|first1=Subhash K|last1=Jha|website=rediff movies|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Director [[Karan Johar]] also put his support behind the film saying "All kinds of audience can connect with it and yet within the parameters of love story it is completely unusual. You feel all the love in the world for the protagonists and the unusual aspect of it is they haven't met."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hope The Lunchbox wins an Oscar: Karan Johar|first1=Parmita|last1=Uniyal|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Hope-The-Lunchbox-wins-an-Oscar-Karan-Johar/Article1-1123347.aspx|website=Hindustan Times|date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918033407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Hope-The-Lunchbox-wins-an-Oscar-Karan-Johar/Article1-1123347.aspx|archive-date=18 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, the selection committee of the [[Film Federation of India]] (FFI) deliberated on 17 September 2013 and decided to send the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] ''[[The Good Road]]'' instead.<ref>{{cite web |title=India nominates The Good Road for Oscars in Best Foreign Film Category |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/india-nominates-the-good-road-for-oscars-in-best-foreign-film-category/|website=Bihar Prabha |date=20 September 2013}}</ref> This decision sparked outrage from many supporters of ''The Lunchbox'', including its cast and crew. The film's producer [[Anurag Kashyap]] quickly took to [[Twitter]] and expressed his disgust, saying "I don't know who the Federation is, but it goes to show the complete lack of understanding to make films that can travel across borders."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anurag Kashya Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/ankash1009/status/381369072216059904 |date=20 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He later deleted both his Twitter and [[Facebook]] accounts, saying, "this is a moment of defeat for me, and for independent cinema, because, for once, our chances were great."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.tehelka.com/the-community-of-independent-filmmakers-in-india-is-essentially-crabs-in-a-basket/ |title=The Community Of Independent Filmmakers In India Is Essentially Crabs In A Basket |last=Kashyap |first=Anurag |author-link=Anurag Kashyap |date=26 September 2013 |website=Tehelka |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> Karan Johar also said he felt very disappointed that such a wonderful chance at Oscar glory with ''The Lunchbox'' was spoiled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Johar Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/karanjohar/status/381371716934459393|date=20 September 2013|quote=Really shocked and disappointed ....#LUNCHBOX had every factor working in its favour...we may have just lost our golden chance....SAD!!!}}</ref> [[Guneet Monga]], ''The Lunchbox''{{'s}} other producer, said she was flabbergasted as to how the Federation could select a movie that didn't even have an American distributor, and also listed the number of global festivals and appreciation her film received, concluding that it sadly and supposedly "wasn't enough for the FFI".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunnet Monga Tweet #1 | url=https://twitter.com/guneetm/status/381378921477853185 | date=20 September 2013|quote=Cannes, Telluride, Toronto, Sony was not enough for us the judge... I wish FFI success with their decision...!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guneet Monga Tweet #2 | url=https://twitter.com/guneetm/status/381369570973323264 | date=20 September 2013|quote=@ankash1009 how do they even nominate a film without an american distributor... !!!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= The Lunchbox Film review| url=http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/the-lunchbox-film-review/|author=cinebuzz| date=23 September 2013 | publisher =Cinema News Today}}</ref>

In an interview with [[Siddharth Sivakumar]] of ''[[Tinpahar]]'', [[Goutam Ghose]], the chairman of the committee blamed the decision on the media and a backlash based on the hurt pride of the selection committee, revealing:

{{Blockquote|Personally I liked ''The Lunch Box''{{sic}}{{efn|The article in ''[[Tinpahar]]'' chose to print the name of the titular object in the film as two words, ''Lunch Box'', throughout the article. Also, beyond the first mention, Ghose dropped the ''The'' from the title as he discussed the film, though this is simply shortening during a discussion, not a misspeaking of the title. To avoid clutter, {{sic}} has not been included at all seven mentions in this quote.}} very much. But eventually the eighteen member jury supported ''The Good Road''. Now I can say that some people from Bombay felt that the basic premise of ''The Lunch Box'' was wrong. Because the Dabbawala never do such mistakes. Films are after all works of fiction, with the right to cinematic liberty! Although ''Lunch Box'' was my personal favourite, but as a chairman one should not impose his or her choice on others. And as you know this became suddenly a big controversy. And I think the media was again to some extent responsible for this decision. Because every day during the deliberation or the screenings, the media projected ''Lunch Box'' as the chosen one. It's my assumption, that the members probably thought, "My God! If the media has already taken the decision then why we are here?" It was a Chomskian '[[Manufacturing Consent|manufacturing consent]]' – ''Lunch Box'', ''Lunch Box'', ''Lunch Box'' every day!! So the members, who are all very important people from the industry, had an opposite impulse. I don't know, but maybe that's the way it happened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tinpahar.com/article/416 |title=The Goutam Ghosh Interview|first1=Siddharth|last1=Sivakumar|publisher=Tinpahar |access-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224420/http://tinpahar.com/article/416|archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

Once it had been submitted to the Oscar selection committee, that committee did not nominate, nor shortlist, ''The Good Road''; that year's Academy Award winner was Italy's ''[[The Great Beauty]]''.

== Adaptations ==
A musical adaptation based on the film is currently in development. It was commissioned by Lincoln Center Theater and will feature songs co-written by The Lazours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“The Lazour Brothers: A Lifelong Collabrotion” (2024-08-23) |url=https://hermitageartistretreat.org/event/the-lazour-brothers-a-lifelong-collabroation/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=hermitageartistretreat.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ritesh Batra is adapting his own script and co-writing lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lazours |url=https://americantheatrewing.org/recipients/the-lazours/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The American Theatre Wing |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2025, it was announced that [[Rachel Chavkin]] would direct the world premiere of the musical at [[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]], with an opening in May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |title=THE LUNCHBOX World Premiere and More Set for Berkeley Repertory Theatre 2025/26 Season |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/san-francisco/article/THE-LUNCHBOX-World-Premiere-and-More-Set-for-Berkeley-Repertory-Theatre-202526-Season-20250423 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Asia-Pacific Film Festival]]
| rowspan="7"| 13 – 15 December 2013
| Best Film
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Batra|[[Ritesh Batra]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://apff2013.com/awards/nominated_film/|title=Nominated Film|website=The 56th Asia-Pacific Film Festival|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/japans-like-father-like-son-665852|title=Japan's 'Like Father Like Son' Wins Big at Asia-Pacific Film Festival Awards|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=16 December 2013|access-date=4 April 2014|first=Patrick|last=Brzeski}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Khan|[[Irrfan Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Achievement Award
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{sort|Kaur|[[Nimrat Kaur]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{sort|Siddiqui|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[7th Asia Pacific Screen Awards|15 December 2013]]
| [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificscreenacademy.com/2013/12/2013-apsa-winners/|title=Winners announced at the 7th Annual Asia Pacific Screen Awards|publisher=[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]|date=12 December 2013|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[ASPA Jury Grand Prize|Jury Grand Prize]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Asian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[8th Asian Film Awards|27 March 2014]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''The Lunchbox''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/|title=8th AFA Nominees and Winners|publisher=[[Asian Film Awards]]|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424045304/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/8th-afa-nominees-and-winners/|archive-date=24 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Khan|Irrfan Khan}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenwriter
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[68th British Academy Film Awards|8 February 2015]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Awards - Film {{!}} Film Not in the English Language in 2015|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2015/film/film-not-in-the-english-language|website=BAFTA 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Dubai International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3"| 6 – 14 December 2013
| Best Film – Feature
| {{sort|Kashyap|[[Anurag Kashyap]]}}, {{sort|Rangachari|Arun Rangachari}}, {{sort|Monga|[[Guneet Monga]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/muhr-award-winners-celebrate-as-curtains-begin-to-close-on-dubai-film-festival-1.644803/|title=Muhr Award winners celebrate as Dubai film festival nears its conclusion|first1=Kelly Ann|last1=Crane|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|date=13 December 2013|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Special Mention – Feature
| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor – Feature
| {{sort|Khan|Irrfan Khan}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[59th Filmfare Awards|26 January 2014]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Best Film (Critics)]]
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=13 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-5220.html|title=Winners of 59th Idea Filmfare Awards|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=25 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Siddiqui|Nawazuddin Siddiqui}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Lyons|John F. Lyons}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| {{sort|Kaczmarek|Michael Kaczmarek}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Flanders International Film Festival Ghent|Ghent International Film Festival]]
| 8 – 19 October 2013
| Canvas Audience Award
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfestival.be/en/2013/the-lunchbox/13-0785|title=The Lunchbox|publisher=[[Flanders International Film Festival Ghent]]|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085129/http://www.filmfestival.be/en/2013/the-lunchbox/13-0785|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Hong Kong Asian Film Festival
| 25 October – 19 November 2013
| New Talent Award
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=美味情書 |url=https://bc.cinema.com.hk/adhoc/hkaff_2013/newtalent/The_Lunchbox.html |website=bc.cinema.com.hk |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115093705/https://bc.cinema.com.hk/adhoc/hkaff_2013/newtalent/The_Lunchbox.html |archive-date=January 15, 2020 |language=en, zh |date=2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Critics' Week]] ([[Cannes Film Festival]])
| [[2013 Cannes Film Festival|15 – 26 May 2013]]
| Grand Rail d'Or (Viewers' Choice Award)
| ''The Lunchbox''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=SonyPC>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/sony-pictures-classics-acquires-cannes-critics-week-winner-the-lunchbox|title=Sony Pictures Classics Acquires Cannes Critics' Week Winner 'The Lunchbox'|publisher=[[Indiewire]]|date=24 May 2013|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[15th IIFA Awards|23 – 26 April 2014]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Kaur|Nimrat Kaur}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/539885/20140221/iifa-awards-2014-nominations-deepika-padukone-bhaag.htm|title=IIFA Awards 2014 Nominations: Deepika Padukone and 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' Lead; Complete List of Nominees |work=[[International Business Times]]|first1=Ankita|last1=Mehta|date=21 February 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{sort|Siddiqui|Nawazuddin Siddiqui}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[London Film Festival]]
| 9 – 20 October 2013
| Best Film
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=lunchbox|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213082256/https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=lunchbox|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2013|title=The Lunchbox|first1=Cary Rajinder|last1=Sawhney|publisher=[[London Film Festival]]|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Films from the South|Oslo Films from the South Festival]]
| 10 – 20 October 2013
| Best Feature Film
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfrasor.no/filmbase/2013/the-lunchbox|title=The Lunchbox|website=Films from the South|access-date=4 April 2014|language=no|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407123532/http://www.filmfrasor.no/filmbase/2013/the-lunchbox|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| 16 January 2014
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Kashyap|Anurag Kashyap}}, {{sort|Rangachari|Arun Rangachari}}, {{sort|Monga|Guneet Monga}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2014/renault-star-guild-awards-2014-nominees-list-129818.html|title=Nominations for Renault Star Guild Awards 2014|publisher=[[Oneindia.in|One India Entertainment]]|author=Smitha|date=16 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119200133/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6035|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2014|title=Winners of 9th Renault Star Guild Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=17 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut Director
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Story
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Khan|Irrfan Khan}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Performer of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Kaur|Nimrat Kaur}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{sort|Siddiqui|Nawazuddin Siddiqui}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Reykjavík International Film Festival]]
| 26 September – 6 October 2013
| Church of Iceland Award
| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.riff.is/content/riff-2013-awards-still-life-wins-golden-puffin|title=RIFF 2013 Awards: Still Life wins Golden Puffin|publisher=[[Reykjavík International Film Festival]]|date=5 October 2013|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215205722/http://en.riff.is/content/riff-2013-awards-still-life-wins-golden-puffin|archive-date=15 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[20th Screen Awards|14 January 2014]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Kashyap|Anurag Kashyap}}, {{sort|Rangachari|Arun Rangachari}}, {{sort|Monga|Guneet Monga}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/533445/20140108/annual-screen-award-2014-complete-list-nominees.htm|title=Annual Screen Awards 2014: The Complete List of Nominees|work=[[International Business Times]]|first1=Ankita|last1=Mehta|date=8 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners/445419-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117112943/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners/445419-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2014|title=Screen Awards 2014: The complete list of winners|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=14 January 2014|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Most Promising Debut Director
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Khan|Irrfan Khan}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Kaur|Nimrat Kaur}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Siddiqui|Nawazuddin Siddiqui}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 8 February 2014
| Best Debut Director
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Batra|Ritesh Batra}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations|publisher=[[Zee News]]|first1=Aparna|last1=Mudi|date=6 February 2014|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065411/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/winners/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014|publisher=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806034920/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
| {{sort|Siddiqui|Nawazuddin Siddiqui}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi films of 2013|Bollywood films of 2013]]
* [[Parallel Cinema]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|India|Europe|Film}}
* {{Official website|http://www.thelunchboxmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|the-lunchbox}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Ritesh Batra}}
{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}
{{TFCA Award for Best First Feature}}

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Vijayanagara literature in Kannada

2026-03-20T07:46:28Z

Jantapost: creating new post added tags!

{{short description|14th–16th century body of literature composed in the Kannada language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Karnataka Hampi IMG 0730.jpg|thumb|right|Virupaksha temple at [[Hampi]], the sacred centre at [[Vijayanagara]], the royal capital]]
'''Vijayanagara literature in Kannada''' is the body of literature composed in the [[Kannada language]] of [[South India]] during the ascendancy of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] which lasted from the 14th through the 16th century. The Vijayanagara empire was established in 1336 by [[Harihara I|Harihara I]] and his brother [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka Raya I]]. Although it lasted until 1664, its power declined after a major military defeat by the Shahi Sultanates in the [[battle of Talikota]] in 1565. The empire is named after its capital city [[Vijayanagara]], whose ruins surround modern [[Hampi]], now a [[World Heritage Site]] in Karnataka.

[[Kannada literature]] during this period consisted of writings relating to the socio-religious developments of the [[Veerashaiva]] and [[Vaishnava]] faiths, and to a lesser extent to that of [[Jainism]].<ref name="oldest">Sastri 1955, pp. 359–365</ref><ref name="ramendra">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 21–23</ref> Writing on secular topics was popular throughout this period.<ref name="sec">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 61–65</ref> Authorship of these writings was not limited to poets and scholars alone. Significant literary contributions were made by members of the royal family, their ministers, army commanders of rank, nobility and the various subordinate rulers.<ref name="depa"/><ref name="pampa"/><ref name="ganapathi"/> In addition, a vast body of devotional folk literature was written by musical bards, mystics and saint-poets, influencing society in the empire. Writers of this period popularised use of the native [[Meter (poetry)|metres]]: {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} (six-line verse), {{Transliteration|kn|sangatya}} (compositions meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument), and {{Transliteration|kn|[[tripadi]]}} (three-line verse).<ref name="sang">Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), pp. 190–200</ref>

The development of Veerashaiva literature was at its peak during the reign of [[Deva Raya II|King Deva Raya II]], the best-known of the [[Sangama dynasty]] rulers.<ref name="fame">Sastri (1955), p244</ref> The rule of [[Krishnadevaraya|King Krishnadeva Raya]] of the [[Tuluva dynasty]] and his successors was a high point in Vaishnava literature.<ref name="highpoint">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 70</ref> The influence of Jain literature, which had dominated Kannada language in the previous centuries, was on the wane with increasing competition from the resurgent Veerashaiva faith and Vaishnava [[bhakti movement]] (devotional movement of the [[haridasa]]s).<ref name="resurgent">Rice E. P. (1921), pp. 45–46</ref> Interaction between Kannada and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literatures left lasting influences that continued after the Vijayanagara era.<ref name="last">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 27–28</ref>

==Court literature==

===Overview===
{{See also|Vijayanagara Empire}}
[[File:Part of Kumaravyasa's epic Mahabharata in Kannada dated to c.1425-1450 (Gada parva-Battle of the clubs section).JPG|thumb|upright|{{Transliteration|kn|Gada Parva}} ("Battle of the clubs") section of Kumaravyasa's epic {{Transliteration|kn|Kumaravyasa Bharata}} in Kannada (c.1425-1450)]]
[[File:The Kannada classic Ekottara Satasthala by Jakkanarya (c.1425-1450) at the Shivappa Nayaka palace and museum.jpg|thumb|upright|The Kannada classic {{Transliteration|kn|Ekottara Satasthala}} (also called {{Transliteration|kn|Noorondu Sthala}}) by Jakkanarya (c.1425-1450), a minister in the royal court, was written during the rule of King Deva Raya II]]
[[File:Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1513 AD) at entrance to main mantapa in Vitthala temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Kannada inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya dated 1513 A.D., at the Vitthala temple in Hampi. In addition to grants, the inscription provides useful information about his three queens, his father Narasa Nayaka, and his mother Nagala Devi]]
Before the 12th century, Jain writers had dominated Kannada literature with their {{Transliteration|kn|champu}} (verses mixed with prose) style of writings popular in court literature. In the later medieval period, they had to contend with the Veerashaivas who challenged the very notion of royal literature with their {{Transliteration|kn|[[vachana]]}} poetry, a stylised form of spoken language, more popular in folk genres.<ref name="nemi">Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 356</ref> The popular growth of Veerashaiva (devotees of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]) literature began in the 12th century, while Vaishnava (devotees of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]) writers began to exert their influence from the 15th century. Jain writers had to reinvent their art, moving away from the traditional themes of renunciation and tenets to focus on contemporary topics. [[Andayya]]'s 13th century classic {{Transliteration|kn|Kabbigara Kava}} ("Poets defender") was an early example of the change in literary style, and also reflected the hostility toward the Veerashaivas; the Jain author found it ideal to narrate the story of [[Manmatha]], the God of Love, who turned Shiva into a half woman.<ref name="anda">Nagaraj (2003), p. 366</ref> The Veerashaivas had initiated an important change, casting aside the concept of formal literature and making way for shorter local genres. The Vaishnava haridasas later popularised musical forms that were more acceptable to the common man.<ref name="hayday">Shiva Prakash (1997) p. 163</ref> Written classics eulogising kings and commanders were a thing of the past. Kannada literature had moved closer to the spoken and sung folk traditions, with singability being its hallmark, and devotion to God its goal.<ref name="sing">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 167, 202</ref>

This significant shift in the literary landscape was coupled with major political changes that were taking place in [[South India|southern India]] in the early 14th century. With the decline of the regional Hindu kingdoms, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] had risen as a bulwark against Muslim incursions from the north while creating an atmosphere conducive to development of the fine arts.<ref name="golden">Kamath (2001), p. 157</ref><ref name="turb">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 164</ref> In an important age of Kannada literature, competition between Vaishnava and Veerashaiva writers came to the fore. Literary disputations between the two sects were common, especially in the court of [[Deva Raya II|King Deva Raya II]]. Acute rivalry led to "organised processions" in honour of the classics written by poets of the respective sects.<ref name="ganapathi">Sastri (1955), p. 363</ref> With the exception of the best-known writers from these faiths, many authors produced lesser quality writings with a sectarian and propagandist bent.<ref name="sectarian">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 164, 211</ref>

The Vaishnava writers consisted of two groups who seemed to have no interaction with each other: the [[Brahmin]] commentators who typically wrote under the patronage of royalty; and the [[Bhakti]] (devotion) poets who played no role in courtly matters, instead taking the message of God to the people in the form of melodious songs composed using folk genres. [[Kumara Vyasa]] and Timmanna Kavi were well known among the Brahmin commentators, while [[Purandara Dasa]] and [[Kanaka Dasa]] were the most famous of the Bhakti writers.<ref name="thimmanna">Nagaraj (2003), p. 368</ref> The philosophy of [[Madhvacharya]], which originated in the Kannada–speaking region in the 13th century, spread beyond its borders over the next two centuries. The itinerant haridasas, best described as mystic saint-poets, spread the philosophy of Madhvacharya in simple Kannada, winning mass appeal by preaching devotion to God and extolling the virtues of {{Transliteration|kn|jnana}} (enlightenment), {{Transliteration|kn|bhakti}} (devotion) and {{Transliteration|kn|vairagya}} (detachment).<ref name="nemi"/><ref name="bhaktimusic">Sharma (1961), p. 514–555</ref>

This was the age of the {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre, although only the most skilled of poets, such as [[Chamarasa]], Kumara Vyasa, Kanaka Dasa and Bhaskara used it to the best effect.<ref name="useshatpadi">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 212</ref> Mentioned for the first time in Kannada literature by Nagavarma I in his {{Transliteration|kn|Chhandombudhi}} (c. 990) and successfully used by the 12th century [[Hoysala literature|Hoysala]] poet [[Raghavanka]],<ref name="mention">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1181</ref> this hexa-metre style suited for narrative poetry found immense popularity throughout the Vijayanagara period.<ref name="hexa">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4002</ref> The {{Transliteration|kn|shataka}} metre (string of 100 verses) was put to best use by the Veerashaivas who produced most of the didactic writings in this metre, although the Jain poet [[Ratnakaravarni]] is the most famous exponent of it. The writings of Ratnakaravarni and Kanaka Dasa in {{Transliteration|kn|sangatya}} metre are considered masterpieces from this period.<ref name="useshatpadi"/>

In the royal courts, there was increased interaction between Kannada and [[Telugu literature]]s, continuing a trend which had begun in the Hoysala period. Translations of classics from Kannada to Telugu and vice versa became popular. Well-known bilingual poets of this period were Bhima Kavi, Piduparti Somanatha and Nilakanthacharya. Some Telugu poets, including [[Dhurjati]], were so well versed in Kannada that they freely used many Kannada terms in their Telugu writings. It was because of this "familiarity" with Kannada language that the notable writer [[Srinatha]] called his Telugu writings "Kannada". Translations by bilingual writers continued in the centuries to follow.<ref name="viceversa">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 27–28</ref>

With the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the centres of Kannada literature moved to the courts of the emerging independent kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s. Writers in these courts, many of whom were Veerashaiva by faith, were not only adept in Kannada but often also in Sanskrit and/or Telugu. Two such writers were Kalale Nanjaraja and [[Kempe Gowda]], the founder of [[Bangalore]]. This multi-linguality was perhaps a lingering legacy of the cosmopolitan Vijayanagara literary culture<ref name="legacy">Nagaraj (2003), p. 377</ref> and the emerging social responsibilities of the Veerashaiva monastic order which no longer confined itself to a Kannada only audience, but rather sought to spread its influence across southern India.<ref name="spread">Nagaraj (2003), p. 378</ref>

In the Kingdom of Mysore, the Veerashaiva literary school was challenged by the growing influence of the [[Srivaishnavism|Srivaishnava]] intelligentsia in the [[Wodeyar]] court. The Srivaishnava writers (followers of a sect of Vaishnavism) of Kannada literature were also in competition with Telugu and Sanskrit writers, their predominance continuing into the [[British Raj|English colonial rule]] over the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref name="intelli">Nagaraj (2003), pp. 378–379</ref> Meanwhile, the radical writings of 16th-century poet Ratnakaravarni had made way for a new kind of poetry heralded by those who were not poets in the traditional courtly sense, rather [[itinerant poet]]s who travelled across the Kannada-speaking region, cutting across court and monastery, writing poems (in the {{Transliteration|kn|tripadi}} metre) and influencing the lives of people with their humanistic values which overcame the social barriers of caste and religion. [[Sarvajna]] (often compared to Telugu poet [[Vemana]]), Sisunala Sherif, Mupina Sadakshari, Navalingayogi and Kadakolada Madivalappa are the best-known among them. These maverick poets heralded yet another epoch of unconventional literature in Kannada language, free of courtly conservatism and established literary tastes.<ref name="intelli"/>

===Vaishnava writings===
{{See also|Madhvacharya|Dvaita|Advaita}}
[[File:Vijayanagara.jpg|thumb|right|Patron of Vaishnava literature, King Krishnadeva Raya (1509–1529)]]
[[File:Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1513 AD) on shrine wall at the Krishna temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|right|Kannada inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya dated 1513 AD, a {{Transliteration|kn|danashasana}} (grant record) on shrine wall at the Krishna temple in Hampi]]
Vaishnava authors wrote treatments of the Hindu epics, the {{Transliteration|kn|[[Ramayana]]}}, the {{Transliteration|kn|[[Mahabharata]]}} and the {{Transliteration|kn|[[Bhagavata]]}}, as well as the [[Vedanta]] and other subjects from the Hindu [[puranas|puranic]] traditions.<ref name="trad">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 61</ref> This was the age of Kumara Vyasa, an influential Vaishnava poet and a [[wikt:doyen|doyen]] of medieval Kannada epic poetry. Historians have drawn parallels between [[Adikavi Pampa]] (c. 941) and Kumaraya Vyasa, while identifying fundamental differences in their style. Both are considered masters of their respective periods; while Pampa is identified as a stylist of the classical age, Kumara Vyasa is considered a generalist of the medieval age. Unlike Pampa, a product of the {{Transliteration|kn|marga}} (Sanskritic-mainstream) period of Kannada literature, Kumara Vyasa successfully wielded the flexibility of the {{Transliteration|kn|desi}} (native) {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre, which used a range of language that included metaphors, similes, humour and even vulgarity.<ref name="bhamini">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 208–209</ref>

Kumara Vyasa wrote {{Transliteration|kn|Gadugina Bharata}} in 1430 in the [[Vyasa]] tradition. The title of the work is a reference to {{Transliteration|kn|Gadagu}} (modern [[Gadag]]), where the author lived. The writing is based on the first ten chapters of the Hindu epic Mahabharata and is also alternatively titled {{Transliteration|kn|Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari}} or {{Transliteration|kn|Kumaravyasa Bharata}}. It is a dedication to the deity of Gadag and emphasises the divinity and grace of the Hindu god Krishna.<ref name="bhamini"/> Unlike Pampa, who adhered to a strictly Jain interpretation of the epic in his {{Transliteration|kn|[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]}} (941), eulogising [[Pandava]] [[Arjuna]] as the hero, making [[Draupadi]] solely Arjuna's wife and casting the [[Kaurava]] prince [[Duryodhana]] and his loyal companion [[Karna]] as lofty individuals, Kumara Vyasa portrays all characters with the exception of Krishna as deeply human with foibles. His depiction of the secondary characters, such as the cunning Keechaka and the coward Uttara Kumara, is also noteworthy.<ref name="wife">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 31</ref><ref name="foible">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 37</ref> An interesting aspect of the work is the sense of humour exhibited by the poet and his hero, Krishna. This work marks the transition in Kannada literature from old to modern.<ref name="brahminical">Sastri (1955), p. 364</ref> Particularly known for his use of sophisticated [[metaphor]]s, Kumara Vyasa earned the title {{Transliteration|kn|Rupaka Samrajya Chakravarti}} ("Emperor of the land of Metaphors"). The remaining chapters of the epic were translated by Timmanna Kavi (1510) of the court of [[Krishnadevaraya|King Krishnadevaraya]]. The poet named his work {{Transliteration|kn|Krishnaraya Bharata}} after his patron king.<ref name="brahminical"/><ref name="thimmakavi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 69</ref><ref name="kam">Kamath (2001), p. 182</ref> {{Transliteration|kn|Airavata}} (1430) by Kumara Vyasa recounts an episode from the Mahabharata and is a story of the elephant ridden by god [[Indra]].<ref name="pampa"/>

Inspired by Kumara Vyasa, the first complete [[Vedic Brahmanism|brahminical]] adaptation of the epic Ramayana was written by Kumara Valmiki (a pseudonym of Narahari, 1500) and is called {{Transliteration|kn|Torave Ramayana}} after the village Torave, where it was composed. As with the Mahabharata, this adaptation veers away from the Jain version by Nagachandra (1105). Nagachandra had used the {{Transliteration|kn|champu}} metre popular in Sanskrit works and sought to portray [[Ravana]] as a tragic hero. In a departure from the original version (by [[Valmiki]]), the Jain epic ends with Rama's asceticism and {{Transliteration|kn|[[nirvana]]}}.<ref name="nrivana">Sastri (1955), p. 357–358</ref> Kumara Valmiki's account, written in the Valmiki tradition, is in the {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre and is steeped in the author's devotion for the god [[Rama]], an incarnation of the god Vishnu.<ref name="torave"/> According to the author, the epic he wrote was actually a recounting of Shiva's conversation with his consort Parvati.<ref name="torave"/> In this version of the epic, King Ravana, the villain, is one of the suitors at [[Sita]]'s [[Swayamvara]] (a ceremony of "choice of a husband"). His failure in winning the bride's hand results in jealousy towards Rama, the eventual bridegroom. As the story progresses, [[Hanuman]], for all his services, is heaped with [[encomium]] and is exalted to the status of "the next creator". At the end of the story, during the war with Rama, Ravana realises that Rama is none other than the god Vishnu and hastens to die at his hands to achieve salvation. The chapter narrating the war ({{Transliteration|kn|Yuddhakanda}}) is given prominence over all other chapters. The writing has remained popular for centuries and inspired folk theatre such as the [[Yakshagana]], which draws from episodes of {{Transliteration|kn|Torave Ramayana}} for enactment.<ref name="torave">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 38</ref> The influence of the Puranic tradition and that of [[Madhvacharya]] are visible in this lively yet religious narration that uses every opportunity to glorify its hero, Rama. However, the author has been criticised for dwelling in abstractions and for not reaching the graceful poetic level of his predecessor Kumara Vyasa.<ref name="yudda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 39</ref>

The early Bhagavata writings in Sanskrit by well-known {{Transliteration|kn|acharyas}} (gurus) were solely meant to have a proselytising effect on the masses, encouraging them to a theistic way of life and belief in the god Krishna.<ref name="yati"/> Chatu Vitthalanatha, who flourished as a court poet of King Krishnadeva Raya and his successor [[Achyuta Deva Raya|King Achyuta Raya]], was the first to translate the {{Transliteration|kn|Bhagavata}} into Kannada in a voluminous writing comprising 12,247 stanzas divided into 280 sections. The work covered the entire original version in {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre.<ref name="devaranama"/> Two other names appear in the colophons, Sadananda Yati and Nityatma Sukayogi, prompting some scholars to attribute the work to the group while others consider them alternate names of the same writer.<ref name="yati">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 36</ref> The work covers all ten [[avatar]]s of the god Vishnu, though it is essentially centred on the depiction of Krishna as the supreme Lord. The purana covers stories of Vishnu's famous devotees such as [[Prahlad]] and [[Dhruva]] in detail, as well as stories of demons Vritasura, [[Hiranyakashipu]] and others who sought to attain salvation by dying at the hands of Vishnu. Most noteworthy is the epic's influence on the compositions of the Haridasas. Though the writing is not considered as important as the other two epics of the period, its significance to religiously minded people is well accepted.<ref name="yati"/> Chatu Vitthalanatha wrote a fuller version of portions of the epic Mahabharata as well.<ref name="devaranama">Sastri (1955), p. 365</ref> Other notable writers of the 16th century were Tirumala Bhatta ({{Transliteration|kn|Siva Gite}}) and Ramendra ({{Transliteration|kn|Saundarya Katharatna}}, using {{Transliteration|kn|tripadi}} metre).<ref name="ramendra"/>

===Veerashaiva writings===
{{Main|Lingayatism|Basavanna|Allama Prabhu|Akka Mahadevi}}
[[File:Basava statue crop.png|right|thumb|Basavanna, protagonist of many a Veerashaiva biography]]
[[File:Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1509 AD) at the underground Shiva (Prasanna Virupaksha) temple in Hampi.jpg|thumb|right|Kannada grant inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya dated 1509 A.D., in the Prasanna (underground) Virupaksha temple describes grants made to the 14th-century temple]]
The Veerashaiva writers were devotees of the Hindu god Shiva, his 25 forms, and the expositions of [[Shaivism]].<ref name="trad"/> An important development in their literature during this period was the recasting the saints of the 12th century Veerashaiva movement ([[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and others) as the protagonists of their writings.<ref name="proto">Nagaraj (2003), p. 355</ref>

Bhima Kavi paved the way for the {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre tradition in his work {{Transliteration|kn|Basavapurana}} (c.1369), a form first experimented with by the 12th century [[Hoysala]] poet Raghavanka. Bhima Kavi's work, a biography of Basavanna, is an important Veerashaiva {{Transliteration|kn|purana}}. It was inspired by earlier biographies of Basavanna by the Hoysala poet [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]] (the author of the first biographical narrative poem of the protagonist's life called {{Transliteration|kn|Basavaraja Ragale}}) and the Telugu writings of [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] of the 13th century. Bhima Kavi humbly acknowledges and eulogises his predecessors in a writing full of well-known personalities.<ref name="life">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 512</ref>

The author starts with Basavanna's birth and weaves episodes of other famous {{Transliteration|kn|sharanas}} (devotees of Hindu god Shiva)—such as Allama Prabhu—into his life history. Basavanna is depicted as a saintly person, a great devotee of Shiva, an incarnation of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], a man of miracles and one with a mission, sent to re-establish the Veerashaiva faith on earth. The work is arranged into eight {{Transliteration|kn|aswasas}} (divisions) containing sixty-one {{Transliteration|kn|sandhis}} (chapters) and 3,621 verses. The narration includes stories of devotees of Shiva who overcame their egos. Apart from a few variations, the writings of Bhima Kavi and his predecessors are complementary. Two lost works of Bhima Kavi are the {{Transliteration|kn|Bhimakaviswara Ragale}} and the {{Transliteration|kn|Bhringidandaka}}.<ref name="life1">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 513</ref><ref name="life2">Sastri (1955), pp. 362–363</ref>

Chamarasa, Lakkanna Dandesa and Jakkanarya flourished under the patronage of King Deva Raya II.<ref name="thimmakavi"/><ref name="honour">Rice E. P. (1921), pp. 68, 70</ref> Chamarasa, champion of the Veerashaiva faith, was a rival of Kumara Vyasa in the court of King Deva Raya II. His {{Transliteration|kn|magnum opus}}, the {{Transliteration|kn|Prabhulinga Lile}} (1430) was a eulogy of 12th-century saint Allama Prabhu; it was translated into Telugu and [[Tamil language]] at the behest of his patron king, and later into the Sanskrit and [[Marathi language]]s.<ref name="marathi">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 617</ref> In the story, the saint is considered an incarnation of Hindu god [[Ganapathi]] while [[Parvati]] took the form of a princess of Banavasi.<ref name="ganapathi" /> In stark contrast to Kumara Vyasa's war-torn epic, Chamarasa delivered a writing full of spirituality.<ref name="raghu"/> A remark made by the poet in the writing, that his story is "not about ordinary Sivatattva Ratnakara mortals", implied that the Vaishnava epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata were about mortals; this was evidence of rivalry between the two faiths.<ref name="marathi"/>
[[File:Kudala Sangama.jpg|right|thumb|{{Transliteration|kn|[[Samādhi]]}} (mausoleum) of 12th century Veerashaiva social reformer Basavanna at Kudala Sangama in Karnataka]]
Lakkanna Dandesa, the king's prime minister and provincial governor, wrote an encyclopedia on the beliefs and rites of the Veerashaiva faith titled {{Transliteration|kn|Sivatattva Chintamani}}. This work is an account of the life of Basavanna, the progenitor of the faith, and hundreds of his followers, making it valuable material for students of the Lingayat movement.<ref name="student">Sahitya Akademi (1996), p. 4003</ref> Numerous references are made in this work to the capital city of Vijayanagara and its suburbs.<ref name="pampa"/> Jakkanarya, a minister in the court, not only wrote {{Transliteration|kn|Nurondusthala}} (one hundred and one stories) but also was patron to Kumarabanka Natha and Mahalinga Deva, poet-saints who wrote {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poems and books on the Shaiva philosophy (called {{Transliteration|kn|shatsthala}}).<ref name="ganapathi" /><ref name="highpoint" /> Other writers of the 15th century worthy of mention are Kavi Linga (1490), court poet of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|King Saluva Narasimha I]], Adrisappa ({{Transliteration|kn|Praudaraya Charitra}}),<ref name="adris">Rice B. L. (1895), p. 501</ref> Bommarasa ({{Transliteration|kn|Soundara Purana}}), Kallarasa ({{Transliteration|kn|Janavasya}}), Chaturmukha Bommarasa ({{Transliteration|kn|Revanasiddhesvara Purana}}), Suranga Kavi ({{Transliteration|kn|Trisashti Puratanara Charitre}}), and Nilakanthacharya ({{Transliteration|kn|Aradhya Charitra}}), court poet of the Ummattur chieftain Virananjendra.<ref name="suranga">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 22, 69</ref>

In 1500, inspired by Palkuriki Somanatha (a bilingual poet in Kannada and Telugu), Singiraja synthesised an account on the life of Basavanna titled {{Transliteration|kn|Maha Basavaraja Charitra}} (or {{Transliteration|kn|Singiraja Purana}}), using the protagonist's {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poems and giving details of his 88 famous deeds, as well as information about his opponents in the court of [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Southern Kalachuri]] [[Bijjala II|King Bijjala II]].<ref name="singi">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 67</ref> An eminent poet of this time was Guru Basava, known for his authorship of seven famous poems ({{Transliteration|kn|Sapta Kavya}}), all but one being written in the {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre. He expounded on religious teachings in the form of formal discussions between the [[guru]] and disciple. His {{Transliteration|kn|kavyas}} (classical epic poems) deal with spiritualism and extrasensory perception.<ref name="highpoint"/><ref name="snsory">Sahitya akademi (1992), p. 4003</ref>

Mallanarya of [[Gubbi]], a poet bilingual in Kannada and Sanskrit, enjoyed the patronage of King Krishnadeva Raya. His important writings in Kannada in the {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre are the {{Transliteration|kn|Bhava Chintaratna}} (also called {{Transliteration|kn|Satyendra Chole Kathe}}, 1513) and the {{Transliteration|kn|Virasaivamrita Purana}} (1530). The former was based on a 7th-century Tamil work and about a [[Chola]] King in the context of the Shaiva faith; the latter is a writing of encyclopedic proportions that goes beyond philosophical content, describing the various forms (or sports, called {{Transliteration|kn|lila}}) of god Shiva and the lives of famous Shaiva saints.<ref name="chola">{{Transliteration|kn|Bhava Chintaratna}} is said to be based on a work by Nanasambandar (Sastri 1955, p. 364)</ref><ref name="pradipika">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 71</ref>

In 1584, Virupaksha Pandita, the head priest at the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]] in Vijayanagara, wrote an account on the life and deeds of the 12th-century saint and {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poet [[Channabasavanna|Chennabasava]]. The writing, titled {{Transliteration|kn|Chenna Basava Purana}}, regards the protagonist as an incarnation of god Shiva and describes the glory of Shiva and his famous devotees. The book gives valuable information, including dates, about early Veerashaiva saints and {{Transliteration|kn|vachanakaras}} ({{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poets).<ref name="channa">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 68</ref> In addition to religious content, the writing provides useful insights about the former capital Vijayanagara, its royal palace, its market places and merchants, its military encampments, specialisations and divisions and the guilds of workers who served the military in various capacities.<ref name="capacity">Sinopoli (2003), p. 134</ref> Other authors from the 16th century were Chermanka ({{Transliteration|kn|Chermanka Kavya}}), Virabhadraraja ({{Transliteration|kn|Virabhadra Vijaya}}), Chennabasavanka ({{Transliteration|kn|Mahadevi Akkanna Purana}}), Nanjunda of [[Ikkeri]] ({{Transliteration|kn|Bhairavaesvara Kavya}}) and Sadasiva Yogi ({{Transliteration|kn|Ramanatha Vilasa}}).<ref name="suranga"/>

===Jain writings===
[[File:Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|Jain temple complex at Chandragiri hill, [[Shravanabelagola]], the centre of Jainism in Karnataka since 3rd century BCE]]
[[File:Poetic Kannada inscription of Manjaraja dated 1398 CE at Vindyagiri hill in Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|Poetic inscription in Kannada by Vijayanagara poet Manjaraja (1398) at Shravanabelagola]]

The cultural supremacy of the [[Jainism|Jains]] steadily diminished from the 12th century; the decline began in the 10th century after the conquest of the predominantly Jain [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] by the [[Western Chalukya Empire]], and the defeat of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] kingdom by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] of [[Tanjore]]. While Veerashaivism flourished in northern Karnataka from the time of Basavanna, [[Sri Vaishnavism]] (a branch of Vaishnavism) thrived in the South due to the influence of [[Ramanujacharya]].<ref name="sriv">Kamath (2001), p. 112</ref> The Hoysala king [[Vishnuvardhana]] and his descendants took to Vaishnavism.<ref name="rituals">Kamath (2001), p. 132</ref> Though tolerant of all faiths, the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire and the succeeding kings of the Sangama dynasty were Shaivas by faith (devotees of Shiva) while the later Tuluva dynasty kings were Sri Vaishnavas (followers of Sri Vaishnavism).<ref name="faith">Kamath (2001), p. 177</ref> The Jain population appears to have begun its decline from this period; however, available records include a decree by [[Bukka Raya I|King Bukka Raya I]] giving Jains freedom of worship, following their complaint of persecution.<ref name="resurgent"/> Although the influence of Jainism and its literature was on the wane, the coastal areas of modern Karnataka, where important Jain monuments and monoliths were constructed, remained a stronghold.<ref name="salva">Sastri (1955), p. 360</ref> As in earlier centuries, Jain authors wrote about [[tirthankar]]s, princes and other personages important to the Jain religion.<ref name="trad"/> Most famous among Jain poets from the coastal Karnataka region were Ratnakaravarni, Abhinava Vadi Vidyananda, Salva and Nemanna.<ref name="salva" />

Ratnakaravarni of [[Mudabidri]] (1557), court poet at [[Karkala]] under the patronage of Bhairasa Wodeyar, is famous for successfully integrating an element of worldly pleasure into asceticism and for treating the topic of eros with discretion in a religious epic, his ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' the {{Transliteration|kn|Bharatadesa Vaibhava}}. One of the most popular poets of Kannada literature, Ratnakaravarni's writings were popular across religions and sects. He appears to have had tense relationships with both court and monastery, however, owing to writings on erotics and the science of pleasure, rather than purely spiritual poetry.<ref name="spirit">Nagaraj (2003), pp. 374–375, 377</ref> A radical and sensitive poet, he once claimed that spiritual meditation "was boring".<ref name="bore">Nagaraj (2003), p. 373</ref> Tradition has it that Ratnakaravarni converted to Veerashaivism when his {{Transliteration|kn|Bharatadesa Vaibhava}} (also called {{Transliteration|kn|Bharatesvara Charite}}) was initially scorned, later to return to the Jain fold and pen other important writings.<ref name="reject">Nagaraj (2003), p. 376</ref> The {{Transliteration|kn|Bharatadesa Vaibhava}} is written in eighty [[canto]]s and includes 10,000 verses. His other important writings include the 2,000 spiritual songs called {{Transliteration|kn|Annagalapada}} ("Songs of the Brothers") and the three {{Transliteration|kn|shatakas}}: the {{Transliteration|kn|Ratnakara sataka}}, the {{Transliteration|kn|Aparajitesvara shataka}} (a discourse on Jain morals, renunciation and philosophy) and the {{Transliteration|kn|Trilokya shataka}}, an account of the universe as seen by Jains, consisting of heaven, hell and the intermediate worlds.<ref name="style">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 210</ref><ref name="undisputed"/><ref name="bhai">Mukherjee (1999), p. 328</ref><ref name="moral">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 47</ref>
[[File:Bharatha.jpg|thumb|right|Saint Bharata at Chandragiri hill complex in Shravanabelagola]]

{{Transliteration|kn|Bharatadesa Vaibhava}} is a version of the earlier {{Transliteration|kn|Poorvapurana}} by [[Jinasena]]charya and reflects a different perspective than the {{Transliteration|kn|[[Adipurana]]}} written by Adikavi Pampa c. 941. Centred on the glorification of the enlightened Bharata, the son of the first Jain {{Transliteration|kn|tirthankar}} [[Rishabha|Adinatha]], Ratnakaravarni cleverly focuses on those aspects that the original by Pampa ignored.<ref name="adi">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 211</ref> Ratnakaravarni goes into minute detail about prince Bharata who, according to the author, serves as the ideal balance between detachment ({{Transliteration|kn|yoga}}) and attachment ({{Transliteration|kn|bhoga}}). Though married to "96,000 women", Bharata is depicted as one who at once could separate himself from worldly pleasures. Unlike Pampa, who focused on the conflict between the brothers [[Bahubali]] and Bharata, ending with Bahubali's asceticism and Bharata's humiliation, Ratnakaravarni's eulogy of Bharata leaves room only for Bahubali's evolution towards sainthood. Eventually, Bharata attains {{Transliteration|kn|[[moksha]]}} (liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth) by burning himself in ascetic fire.<ref name="adi"/> The author showers encomium on Bharata in his various roles as monarch, husband, son, friend and devotee, a rare description of a "perfect human being" among Jain writings. Since details of the early life of Bharata as a young ruler did not exist in previous writings or in tradition, much of Ratnakaravarni's vivid description of that period was a product of his imagination. This work finds its pride of place in Kannada's epic poetry as the longest poem in the folk {{Transliteration|kn|sangatya}} metre.<ref name="undisputed">Sahitya Akademi (1987), pp. 453–454</ref>

Salva (1550), who was the court poet of a [[Konkan]] prince named Salvamalla, wrote a propagandist work called the {{Transliteration|kn|Salva Bharata}}.<ref name="thimmakavi"/> This was a Jain version of the epic Mahabharata in sixteen {{Transliteration|kn|parvas}} (divisions), intended to compete with the Vaishnava version of the epic written by Kumar Vyasa in the mid-15th century.<ref name="salva"/><ref name="rasa">Mukherjee (1999), p. 342</ref> Abhinava Vadi Vidyananda of Gerosoppa (1553) wrote {{Transliteration|kn|Kavya Sara}}, a 1,143 verse anthology of extracts of subjects written about by earlier poets between 900 and 1430. The text closely resembles an anthology written by Hoysala poet Mallikarjuna (1245), with some additions to account for writings in the post Mallikarjuna era.<ref name="malli">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 191</ref> A staunch Jain and a disputant, Vidyananda argued for the cause of his faith in the Vijayanagara court and other provincial courts. Nemanna (1559) wrote {{Transliteration|kn|Jnana Bhaskara Charite}} on the importance of inner contemplation rather than rituals as the correct path towards emancipation.<ref name="moral" />

In Vijayanagara, Madhura was the court poet of [[Harihara II|King Harihara II]] and [[Deva Raya I|King Deva Raya I]] under the patronage of their respective prime ministers.<ref name="thimmakavi"/> He is famous for his account of the 15th tirthankar titled {{Transliteration|kn|Dharmanatha Purana}} (1385), written in a style similar to that of Jain poets of earlier centuries. Madhura is also credited with a poem about [[Gomateshwara]] of [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="dodda">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 46</ref><ref name="gom1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 21</ref> Ayata Varma, who is tentatively dated to 1400, translated from Sanskrit a {{Transliteration|kn|champu}} (mixed prose-verse) titled {{Transliteration|kn|Ratna Karandaka}} describing Jain ideologies.<ref name="eman1">Narasimhacharya in Rice E. P. (1921), p. 47</ref> Manjarasa, a feudatory king of Kallahalli and a Vijayanagara general of rank, wrote two books. {{Transliteration|kn|Nemijinesa Sangata}}, completed in 1508, was an account of the life of the 22nd Jain tirthankar; {{Transliteration|kn|Samyukta Koumudi}}, written in 1509, comprised 18 short stories on religious values and morals.<ref name="pampa"/><ref name="dodda"/>

An important {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} writing from this period is the {{Transliteration|kn|Jivandhara Charite}} (1424) by Bhaskara, a story of Prince Jivanadhara, who regained the throne usurped by his father.<ref name="useshatpadi"/> Other well-known Jain writers were Kalyanakirti ({{Transliteration|kn|Jnanachandrabhyudaya}}, 1439), Santikirtimuni ({{Transliteration|kn|Santinathacharite}}, 1440), Vijayanna ({{Transliteration|kn|Dvadasanuprekshe}}, 1448), Bommarasa of Terakanambi ({{Transliteration|kn|Sanatkumara Charite}}, 1485), Kotesvara (1500),<ref name="dodda"/><ref name="charite">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 22</ref><ref name="dharma"/> Mangarasa III ({{Transliteration|kn|Jayanripa Kavya}}), Santarasa ({{Transliteration|kn|Yogaratnakara}}), Santikirti ({{Transliteration|kn|Santinatha Purana}}, 1519), Doddayya ({{Transliteration|kn|Chandraprabha Purana}}, 1550), Doddananka ({{Transliteration|kn|Chandraprabha Purana}}, 1578) and Bahubali Pandita of Sringeri ({{Transliteration|kn|Dharmanathapuranam}}, 1352).<ref name="dodda" /><ref name="dharma">Singh (2001), p. 982</ref><ref name="ratna">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 23</ref>

===Secular writings===
{{see also|Vijayanagara musicological nonet}}
[[File:Kannada inscription (1516 AD) of Krishnadeva Raya in Vitthala temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|right|Kannada inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya dated 1516 A.D., at the Vitthala temple in Hampi]]

Although most of the writings that have survived from this period are religious in nature, there is sufficient literary evidence that secular writing was also popular in the imperial court. Some of these writings carry useful information on urban life, grandeur of the imperial and provincial courts, royal weddings and ceremonies. Other works refer the general town planning, fortifications and ordnance details at Vijayanagara and other important cities, irrigation reservoirs, merchants and shops dealing in a variety of commodities. On occasion, authors dwell on mythical cities that reflect their idealised views on contemporary life.<ref name="comtem">Sinopoli (2003), p. 130</ref> Commonly found in these works are description of artists and professionals and their relationship with the court. These included poets, bards, composers, painters, sculptors, dancers, theatrical performers and even wrestlers. Others who find mention are political leaders, ambassadors, concubines, accountants, goldsmiths, moneylenders and even servants and door keepers.<ref name="concubine">Sinopoli (2003), pp. 130–133</ref>

Writings in various literary genres such as romance, fiction, erotica, folk songs and musical compositions were popular. A wealth of literature dealing in subjects such as astronomy, meteorology, veterinary science and medicine, astrology, grammar, philosophy, poetry, prosody, biography, history and lexicon, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias, were written in this era.<ref name="topics">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 61–64</ref>

In 1360, Manjaraja I wrote a book on medicine called {{Transliteration|kn|Khagendra Mani Darpana}}, basing it on the 5th century writings of [[Pujyapada]].<ref name="toxic">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 45</ref> Padmananka (1385) wrote a biography of his ancestor Kereya Padmarasa, a Hoysala minister and poet, in a work titled {{Transliteration|kn|Padmaraja Purana}}. The writing provides details about the [[Hoysala Empire]] and notable personalities such as the poets Harihara and Raghavanka.<ref name="pampa"/><ref name="raghu">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4003</ref> Chandrashekara (or Chrakavi), a court poet of Deva Raya II, wrote an account on the Virupaksha temple, its precincts and settlements at Pampapura (modern [[Hampi]]) in the {{Transliteration|kn|Pampasthana Varnanam}} in 1430.<ref name="pampa">Kotraiah in Sinopoli (2003), p. 131</ref> Mangaraja II authored a lexicon called {{Transliteration|kn|Mangaraja Nighantu}} in 1398, while Abhinava Chandra gave an account on veterinary science in his book called {{Transliteration|kn|Asva Vaidya}} in the 14th century. Kavi Malla wrote on erotics in the {{Transliteration|kn|Manmathavijaya}} in the 14th century. In the 15th century, Madhava translated an earlier Sanskrit poem by Dandi and called it {{Transliteration|kn|Madhavalankara}}, and Isvara Kavi (also called Bana Kavi) wrote a prosody called {{Transliteration|kn|Kavijihva Bandhana}}.<ref name="ramendra"/><ref name="pros">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 62–64</ref>

Deparaja, a member of the royal family, authored {{Transliteration|kn|Amaruka}} and a collection of romantic stories called the {{Transliteration|kn|Sobagina Sone}} (1410), written in the form of a narration by the author to his wife.<ref name="ganapathi" /><ref name="raghu"/> However, according to Kotraiah, {{Transliteration|kn|Sobagina Sone}} was actually written by King Deva Raya II. The writing contains interesting details on the king's hunting expeditions and on the professional hunters who accompanied him.<ref name="depa">Kotraiah in Sinopoli (2003), pp. 130, 134</ref> In 1525, Nanjunda Kavi, a feudatory prince wrote on local history, published a eulogy of prince Ramanatha (also called [[Kumara Rama]]) titled {{Transliteration|kn|Ramanatha Charite}} (or {{Transliteration|kn|Kumara Rama Sangatya}}) in the {{Transliteration|kn|sangatya}} metre. The poem is about the prince of [[Kampili]] and his heroics at the dawn of the Muslim invasion into southern India.<ref name="pampa"/> This work combines folk and epic literature. The protagonist rejects the advances of his stepmother, only to be condemned to death. He is rescued by a minister, but eventually achieves martyrdom fighting Muslim invaders at the capital.<ref name="kumara">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1182</ref>

In 1567, Jain ascetic Srutakirti of Mysore translated from Sanskrit a biographic poem of a Hoysala lady Vijayakumari in {{Transliteration|kn|Vijayakumari Charite}}.<ref name="pampa"/> The writing goes into detail about a city (believed to be Vijayanagara, the royal capital), discussing its shops, guilds and businesses. The text describes the rigid [[caste system|caste]]-based human settlements and notes that people involved in mundane duties such as washing, barbering, pot-making and carpentry lived outside the fort walls in streets constructed specifically for them.<ref name="merchants">Kotraiah in Sinopoli (2003), pp. 133–134</ref> Salva (1550) authored two poems called {{Transliteration|kn|Rasa Ratnakar}} and {{Transliteration|kn|Sharada Vilas}}. The former is about {{Transliteration|kn|rasa}} (poetical sentiment or flavour) and the latter, only portions of which have been recovered, is about the {{Transliteration|kn|dhvani}} (suggested meaning) in poems.<ref name="salva"/><ref name="rasa"/> Thimma's {{Transliteration|kn|Navarasalankara}} of the 16th century also discusses poetical flavour.<ref name="rasa10">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 62</ref> In the 16th century, lexicons were written by Lingamantri ({{Transliteration|kn|Kabbigarakaipidi}}) and Devottama ({{Transliteration|kn|Nanaratha Ratnakara}}).<ref name="suranga"/><ref name="ratna"/> At the turn of the 17th century, [[Bhattakalanka Deva]] wrote comprehensively on old Kannada grammar. His {{Transliteration|kn|Karnataka Sabdanusasanam}} is modelled on the lines of Sanskrit grammar and is considered an exhaustive work.<ref name="gram">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 476</ref>

==Bhakti literature==

===Vaishnava writings===
{{Main|Haridasa|Haridasas and Carnatic music|Dasa Sahitya|}}
[[File:Gopura (tower) over entrance to Gopala Krishnaswamy temple at Timmalapura.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Gopala Krishnaswamy temple was built in 1539 AD, Timmalapura, Bellary district]]
[[File:Kannada inscription (1539 AD) from the reign of Achyuta Raya at Gopala Krishnaswamy temple in Timmalapura.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kannada inscription of 1539 AD at the Gopala Krishnaswamy temple in Timmalapura]]
[[File:Kannada inscription (1521 AD) of Krishnadeva Raya in the Hazara Rama temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Kannada inscription of King Krishnadeva Raya dated 1521 AD, at the Hazara Rama temple in Hampi]]
Unlike the Veerashaiva movement which preached devotion to the god Shiva with an insistence on a [[classless society]] and had its inspiration from the lower classes of society, the haridasa movement started from the higher echelons and preached devotion to the god Vishnu in a more flexible caste-based society, eventually becoming popular among the common people.<ref name="vish">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 193</ref> The beginnings of the haridasa tradition can be traced to the Vaishnava school of [[Dvaita]] philosophy pioneered by Madhvacharya.<ref name="madhva">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 192</ref> Its influence on Kannada literature in the early 14th century is seen in the earliest known compositions written by Naraharitirtha, a prominent disciple of Madhvacharya.<ref name="madhva1">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 194</ref>

The Vaishnava [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] (devotional) movement involving well-known [[haridasa]]s (devotee saints) of the 14th through 16th centuries made an indelible imprint on Kannada literature, with the development of a body of literature called {{Transliteration|kn|Haridasa Sahitya}} ("Haridasa literature"). This philosophy presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions, similar to the effects of the Veerashaiva movement of the 12th century. The haridasas conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through esoteric Sanskrit writings (written by {{Transliteration|kn|Vyasa kuta}} or Vyasa school) and simple Kannada language compositions, appealing to the common man, in the form of devotional songs (written by the {{Transliteration|kn|Dasa Kuta}} or Dasa school).<ref name="devaranama" /><ref name="madhva1"/><ref name="devaranam1">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 200</ref> The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as [[Naraharitirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]], Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa and others.<ref name="yathi trayaru">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 192–200</ref>

Compositions in the haridasa literature are sub-divided into four types: {{Transliteration|kn|kirthane}}, {{Transliteration|kn|suladi}}, {{Transliteration|kn|ugabhoga}} and {{Transliteration|kn|mundige}}. {{Transliteration|kn|Kirthanes}} are devotional musical compositions with refrains based on [[raga]] and {{Transliteration|kn|[[Tala (music)|tala]]}} and celebrate the glory of god. The {{Transliteration|kn|suladi}} are tala based, the {{Transliteration|kn|ugabhoga}} are [[melody]] based while the {{Transliteration|kn|mundige}} are in the form of [[riddle]]s. Compositions were also modelled on {{Transliteration|kn|jogula}} (lullaby songs) and {{Transliteration|kn|sobane}} (marriage songs). A common feature of haridasa compositions are influences from the Hindu epics, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and Bhagavata.<ref name="madhva1"/>

Haridasa poetry, which faded for a century after the death of Naraharitirtha, resurfaced with Sripadaraya, who was for some time the head of the Madhva [[matha]] (monastery of Madhvacharya) at Mulubagilu (in modern [[Kolar district]]). About a hundred of his {{Transliteration|kn|kirthanes}} have survived, written under the pseudonym "Sriranga Vithala". Sripadaraya is considered a pioneer of this genre of devotional songs.<ref name="madhva1"/> Sripadaraya's disciple, Vyasatirtha (or Vyasaraya), is most famous among the latter day Madhva saints. It was he who created the {{Transliteration|kn|Vyasa kuta}} and {{Transliteration|kn|Dasa kuta}} schools within the Madhva order. He commanded respect from King Krishnadeva Raya, who honoured him with the title {{Transliteration|kn|kuladevata}} (family god). A poet of merit in Kannada and the author of seminal works in Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha was the guru responsible for shaping the careers of two of Kannada's greatest saint-poets, Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa.<ref name="dasakuta">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 195–196</ref><ref name="dasakuta1">Sastri (1955), p. 324</ref> Another prominent name in the age of {{Transliteration|kn|Dasa}} (devotee) literature is Vadirajatirtha, a contemporary of Purandara Dasa and the author of many works in Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref name="vadi">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 200</ref>

Purandara Dasa (1484–1564), a wandering bard who visited Vijayanagara during the reign of [[Achyuta Deva Raya|King Achyuta Raya]], is believed to have composed 475,000 songs<ref name="alankara"/> in the Kannada and Sanskrit languages, although only about 1,000 songs are known today. Composed in various [[raga]]s, and often ending with a salutation to the Hindu deity [[Vittala]], his compositions presented the essence of the [[Upanishads]] and the [[Puranas]] in simple yet expressive language. He also devised a system by which the common man could learn [[Carnatic music]], and codified the [[musical composition]] forms {{Transliteration|kn|[[Swarajatis|svaravalis]]}}, {{Transliteration|kn|alankaras}} and {{Transliteration|kn|[[geethams]]}}. Owing to his contributions in music, Purandara Dasa earned the honorific {{Transliteration|kn|Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha}} ("Father of Carnatic Music").<ref name="alankara">Moorthy (2001), p. 67</ref><ref name="pita">Iyer (2006), p. 93</ref><ref name="pita1">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 196–197</ref>

Kanaka Dasa (whose birth name was Thimmappa Nayaka, 1509–1609) of Kaginele (in modern [[Haveri district]]) was an [[ascetic]] and spiritual seeker, who according to historical accounts came from a family of [[Kuruba]] (shepherds) or {{Transliteration|kn|beda}} (hunters). Under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king,<ref name="pampa"/> he authored such important writings as {{Transliteration|kn|[[Mohanatarangini]]}} ("River of Delight", 1550), written in dedication to King Krishnadevaraya, which narrates the story of Krishna in {{Transliteration|kn|sangatya}} metre. His other famous writings are {{Transliteration|kn|Narasimhastava}}, a work dealing with glory of God [[Narasimha]], {{Transliteration|kn|Nalacharita}}, the story of [[Nala]], which is noted for its narration, and {{Transliteration|kn|Hari Bhaktisara}}, a spontaneous writing on devotion in {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre. The latter writing, which is on {{Transliteration|kn|niti}} (morals), {{Transliteration|kn|bhakti}} (devotion) and {{Transliteration|kn|vairagya}} (renunciation), continues to be a popular standard book of learning for children.<ref name="niti">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 80</ref> A unique allegorical poem titled {{Transliteration|kn|Ramadhanya Charitre}} ("Story of Rama's Chosen Grain") which exalts [[Finger millet|ragi]] over [[rice]] was authored by Kanaka Dasa.<ref name="devaranama" /> In this poem, a quarrel arises between ragi, the food grain of the poor, and rice, that of the rich, as to which is superior. Rama decides that ragi is superior because it does not rot when preserved. This is one of the earliest poetic expressions of class struggle in the Kannada language. In addition to these classics, about 240 songs written by Kanaka Dasa are available.<ref name="Ayya">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 198–200</ref>

For a brief period following the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the devotional movement seemed to lose momentum, only to become active again in the 17th century, producing an estimated 300 poets in this genre; famous among them are [[Vijaya Dasa]] (1682–1755), Gopala Dasa (1721–1769), [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] (1728–1809), Mahipathi Dasa (1750), Helavanakatte Giriamma and others.<ref name="pro10">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 200–201</ref> Over time, their devotional songs inspired a form of religious and [[didactic]] performing art of the Vaishnava people called the {{Transliteration|kn|[[Harikatha]]}} ("Stories of Hari"). Similar developments were seen among the followers of the Veerashaiva faith, who popularised the {{Transliteration|kn|Shivakatha}} ("Stories of Shiva").<ref name="harikatha">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1551</ref>

===Veerashaiva writings===
{{See also|Vachana}}
[[File:Akkamahadevi Udathadi1.JPG|thumb|right|12th century {{Transliteration|kn|Vachana}} poet [[Akka Mahadevi]]]]
{{Transliteration|kn|Vachana}} poetry, developed in reaction to the rigid caste-based Hindu society, attained its peak in popularity among the under-privileged during the 12th century. The Veerashaivas, who wrote this poetry, had risen to influential positions by the Vijayanagara period.<ref name="position">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 188</ref> Following the Muslim invasions in the early 14th century, Brahmin scholars methodically consolidated writings of Hindu lore. This inspired several Veerashaiva anthologists of the 15th and 16th centuries to collect Shaiva writings and {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poems, originally written on palm leaf manuscripts.<ref name="position"/> Because of the cryptic nature of the poems, the anthologists added commentaries to them, thereby providing their hidden meaning and esoteric significance.<ref name="eso">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 761</ref> An interesting aspect of this anthological work was the translation of the Shaiva canon into Sanskrit, bringing it into the sphere of the Sanskritic cultural order.<ref name="sanskritic">Nagraj (2003), p. 368</ref>

Well known among these anthologies are {{Transliteration|kn|Ganabhasita Ratnamale}} by Kallumathada Prabhudeva (1430), {{Transliteration|kn|Visesanubhava Satsthala}} by Channaviracharya (16th century) and {{Transliteration|kn|Bedagina Vachanagalu}} by Siddha Basavaraja (1600). The unique {{Transliteration|kn|[[Shunyasampadane]]}} (the 'mystical zero') was compiled in four versions.<ref name="zero">Sahitya Akademi (1987), pp. 191, 199–200</ref> The first among them was anthologised by Shivaganaprasadi Mahadevaiah (1400), who set the pattern for the other three to follow. The poems in this anthology are essentially in the form of dialogues between patron saint Allama Prabhu and famous {{Transliteration|kn|Sharanas}} (devotees), and was meant to rekindle the revolutionary spirit of the 12th century. Halage Arya (1500–1530), Gummalapura Siddhalinga Yati (1560) and Gulur Siddaveeranodaya (1570) produced the later versions.<ref name="hale">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 189</ref>

Though the writing of {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poems went into decline after the passing of the Basavanna era in the late 12th century, latter day {{Transliteration|kn|vachanakaras}} such as Tontada Siddhesavara (or Siddhalinga Yati), a noted Shaiva saint and guru of [[Virupaksha Raya II|King Virupaksha Raya II]], started a revival. He wrote {{Transliteration|kn|Shatsthala Jnanamrita}} (1540), a collection of 700 poems.<ref name="garden">Sastri (1955), p. 362</ref> In 1560, Virakta Tontadarya made the life of Tontada Siddhesavara the central theme in his writing {{Transliteration|kn|Siddhesvara Purana}}.<ref name="tonta">Rice (1921), p. 71</ref> Virakta Tontadarya, Gummalapura Siddhalinga, Swatantra Siddhalingeshwara (1560) and Ghanalingideva (1560) are some well-known {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} poets who tried to recreate the glory days of the early poets, though the socio-political expediency did not exist.<ref name="hale"/>

Mystic literature had a resurgence towards the beginning of the 15th century, in an attempt to synthesise the Veerashaiva and [[advaitha]] (monistic) philosophies; this trend continued into the 19th century.<ref name="devaranam1"/> Prominent among these mystics was [[Nijaguna Shivayogi]], by tradition a petty chieftain near the [[Kollegal]] region (modern [[Mysore district]]) turned Shaiva saint, who composed devotional songs collectively known as {{Transliteration|kn|Kaivalya sahitya}} (or {{Transliteration|kn|Tattva Padagalu}}, literally "songs of the pathway to emancipation").<ref name="devaranam1"/> Shivayogi's songs were reflective, philosophical and concerned with [[yoga]]. They were written in almost all the native metres of Kannada language with the exception of {{Transliteration|kn|shatpadi}} metre.

Shivayogi's other writings include a scientific encyclopedia called {{Transliteration|kn|Vivekachintamani}}, so well regarded that it was translated into Marathi language in 1604 and Sanskrit language in 1652 and again in the 18th century. The writing categorises 1,500 topics based on subject and covers a wide array such as poetics, dance and drama, musicology and erotics.<ref name="eros">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1165</ref> His translation of the {{Transliteration|kn|Shiva Yoga Pradipika}} from Sanskrit was done to elucidate the [[Shaiva]] philosophy and benefit those ignorant of the original language.<ref name="pradipika" />

In the post-Vijayanagara era, the {{Transliteration|kn|Kaivalya}} tradition branched three ways. The first consisted of followers of the Nijaguna Shivayogi school, the second was more elitist and brahminical in nature and followed the writings of Mahalingaranga (1675), while the third was the branch that kept the {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} tradition alive.<ref name="muppu">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 191</ref> Well-known poet-saints from this {{Transliteration|kn|vachana}} tradition were Shivayogi's contemporary Muppina Sadakshari, whose collection of songs are called the {{Transliteration|kn|Subodhasara}}; Chidananda Avadhuta of the 17th century; and Sarpabhushana Shivayogi of the 18th century. So vast is this body of literature that much of it still needs to be studied.<ref name="devaranam1"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|15em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last= Iyer|first= Panchapakesa A. S.|title= Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Zion Printers|location= Chennai}}
* {{cite book|last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041|lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book|last= Lewis|first= Rice|title=Nagavarmma's Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana|year=1985|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn= 81-206-0062-2}}
* {{cite book|last= Moorthy|first= Vijaya|title= Romance of the Raga|orig-year=2001|year=2001|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-382-5}}
* {{cite book|last= Mukherjee|first= Sujit|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature|orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-1453-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagaraj|first=D. R.|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&q=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture&pg=PA323|isbn=0-520-22821-9|pages=323–383}}
* {{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn=81-206-0303-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Pranesh|first= Meera Rajaram|title= Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Vee Emm|location= Bangalore}}
* {{cite book|last= Rice|first= E. P.|title= Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
* {{cite book|last= Sastri|first= K. A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book|last= Sharma|first= B. N. K|title= History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature|orig-year=1961|year=2000|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|location= Bombay|isbn= 81-208-1575-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Shiva Prakash|first=H.S.|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-0365-0|chapter= Kannada}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Narendra|title=Encyclopaedia of Jainism|year=2001|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=81-261-0691-3|chapter= Classical Kannada Literature and Digambara Jain Iconography}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M|title= The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India c.1350–1650|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-82613-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Various|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1|orig-year=1987|year=1987|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
* {{cite book|last= Various|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Various|editor=Mohan Lal|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm|title=History of Kannada Literature-I|access-date=2008-03-08|work=History of Kannada Literature}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC|title= History of Kannada Literature|access-date=2008-03-08|author=Rice E. P | isbn=978-81-206-0063-8 | year=1982 | publisher=Asian Educational Services}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Culture of the Vijayanagara Empire]]

Rupa Dash

2026-03-19T12:10:33Z

Jantapost: new

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur and filmmaker|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Rupa Dash
| image = Rupa dash.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Rupa Dash
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| othername =
}}
'''Rupa Dash''' is an Indian entrepreneur and filmmaker. She was born in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]] and lives in Los Angeles. An ardent advocate for social entrepreneurship, democracy building and leadership development for women, she was the first Indian American Managing Director of World's Largest Women Entrepreneurship Network. She has been leading eWomenNetwork, Los Angeles to assist women in building business relationships and finding new ways scaling business. She holds a bachelor's degree in Business Management from [[Utkal University]] and Executive Program in International Business, International Trade from IIFT, New Delhi. She also studied entrepreneurship from Anderson School Management, UCLA, Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/17/rupa-dash-turning-dreams-into-plans-and-cants-into-cans/ |title=Rupa Dash: Turning dreams into plans and Can'ts into Cans – OdishaSunTimes.com |website=odishasuntimes.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612004536/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/17/rupa-dash-turning-dreams-into-plans-and-cants-into-cans/ |archive-date=2016-06-12}}</ref>

She is the youngest woman to receive the National Award for the Best Telecom Brand Market, 2012 by the Ministry of Telecom and United Nation, International Telecom Union (ITU) in India. She runs two successful media and entertainment companies in Los Angeles. In 2014 she Co-Founded World Woman Foundation with Upendra K. Kar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imbert |first=Estelle |date=2025-06-25 |title=Rupa Dash, CEO of Woman World Foundation: "Let's replace equality with harmony" |url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2025/06/rupa-dash-ceo-of-woman-world-foundation-lets-replace-equality-with-harmony/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Monaco Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> The Foundation is widely recognized "Premier Women's Leadership Institute" to support, promote and build legacy of women leadership in areas of Business, Entertainment, Science and Technology for gender harmony.<ref name="sambad">{{cite news|title=ହଲିଉଡ୍ ଫିଲ୍ମ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିବେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଝିଅ|url=http://sambadepaper.com/epaperpdf%5C11102014%5C11-md-bm-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018003120/http://sambadepaper.com/epaperpdf%5C11102014%5C11-md-bm-1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2014|accessdate=12 October 2014|publisher=The Sambad|date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dash, Rupa}}
[[Category:Businesswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Racharikam

2026-03-18T11:46:26Z

Jantapost: stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Suresh Lankalapalli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Racharikam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Suresh Lankalapalli
| writer = Suresh Lankalapalli
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Esshwar
| starring = {{plain list|
* Vijay Shankar
* [[Varun Sandesh]]
* [[Apsara Rani]]
}}
| cinematography = Arya Sai Krishna
| editing = JP
| music = Vengi
| studio = Chill Bross Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racharikam |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzE4MTIyMDI0MDAwMjA= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Racharikam''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political drama]] film written and directed by Suresh Lankalapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Suresh Lankalapalli Wraps Up Filming For His Thriller Racharikam |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-suresh-lankalapalli-wraps-up-filming-for-his-thriller-racharikam-8951762.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012634/https://www.news18.com/movies/director-suresh-lankalapalli-wraps-up-filming-for-his-thriller-racharikam-8951762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features Vijay Shankar, [[Varun Sandesh]] and [[Apsara Rani]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-24 |title=Racharikam makers release second single titled 'Yem Mayani' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/24/racharikam-makers-release-second-single-titled-yem-mayani |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927002354/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/24/racharikam-makers-release-second-single-titled-yem-mayani |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-28 |title='Racharikam' pre-release event makes buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-pre-release-event-makes-buzz-940408 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129232440/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-pre-release-event-makes-buzz-940408 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film is set in Rachakonda in the 1980s, 'Racharikam' revolves around siblings Bhargavi and Vivek Reddy, who aspire to gain political dominance. Their journey intersects with Shiva, a passionate youth leader of the Mana Sakthi Party, who follows his mentor Kranthi, an RSF leader.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Vijay Shankar as Shiva
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Vivek Reddy
* [[Apsara Rani]] as Bhargavi Reddy, Vivek Reddy's elder sister
* Vijay Ram Raju
* Esshwar as Kranthi
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Raja Reddy; Bhargavi Reddy's father
* [[Hyper Aadi]]
* Satish Saripalli
}}

== Music ==
Music of the film is composed by Vengi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racharikam Review: Varun Sandesh shines in this passable political drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/racharikam-review-varun-sandesh-shines-in-this-passable-political-drama/9aa1b816a2811 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Vengi
| title1 = Yem Mayani
| length1 = 3:49
| lyrics1 = Vengi
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| title2 = Tikku Tikku
| length2 = 3:30
| lyrics2 = [[Penchal Das]]
| extra2 = Penchal Das, [[Mangli]]
| title3 = Managala Swarupame
| length3 = 2:33
| lyrics3 = Suresh Lankalapalli
| extra3 = Harshita Pasala
| title4 = Maula Maula
| length4 = 4:51
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Sai Veda Vagdevi
| title5 = Nippuvi Ningi Egi
| length5 = 2:48
| lyrics5 = Penchal Das
| extra5 = Harshitha Pasala
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Racharikam'' was originally scheduled to release on 1 February 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racharikam trailer: A tale of gritty village politics with intense characters |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/racharikam-trailer-a-tale-of-gritty-village-politics-with-intense-characters/a04ad645be604 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114140335/https://www.ottplay.com/news/racharikam-trailer-a-tale-of-gritty-village-politics-with-intense-characters/a04ad645be604 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-09 |title='Racharikam' trailer promises high-stakes drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-trailer-promises-high-stakes-drama-936185 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110201356/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-trailer-promises-high-stakes-drama-936185 |url-status=live }}</ref> but was released a day ahead on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-01-27 |title=Racharikam: వరుణ్ సందేశ్ నెగెటివ్ పాత్రలో రాచరికం.. జనవరి 31న రిలీజ్ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/racharikam-to-release-on-january-31-747320.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5, and wrote that "''Racharikam'' is a well-crafted political thriller with strong performances and engaging storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-28 |title='Racharikam' pre-release event makes buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-pre-release-event-makes-buzz-940408 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129232440/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-pre-release-event-makes-buzz-940408 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a mixed review saying that "while the performances are arresting, the predictable nature of the film is obvious".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racharikam Review: Varun Sandesh shines in this passable political drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/racharikam-review-varun-sandesh-shines-in-this-passable-political-drama/9aa1b816a2811 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Streaming rights ===
The streaming rights of this movie was given to [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Racharikam OTT release date: When, where to watch Apsara Rani, Varun Sandesh film online|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/racharikam-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-varun-sandeshs-film/61b89f4dd6135?amp|work=OTTPlay|accessdate=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=33337133|title=Racharikam}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]

Yogamaya

2026-03-13T18:32:43Z

Jantapost:

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Redirect|Yogmaya|the temple|Yogmaya Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Raja Ravi Varma, Kamsa maya (1890).jpg
| caption = 19th century painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting Yogamaya (above) issuing a warning to Kamsa
| deity_of = Goddess of Illusion<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVsoDwAAQBAJ&dq=yogamaya+goddess+of+illusion&pg=PT83 | isbn=9781594775376 | title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine | date=September 2000 | publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref>
| affiliation = {{hlist|Aspect of [[Vishnu]] or [[Durga]] (in Vaishnavism)|Aspect of [[Mahadevi]] (in Shaktism)}}
| venerated_in = {{hlist|[[Vaishnavism]]|[[Shaktism]]}}
| birth_place =
| parents = [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]] (parents of her earthly manifestation)
| dynasty = [[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]]
| name = Yogamaya
| abode = [[Vindhya Range]]
| temple = [[#Temples|Vindhyavasini Devi Temple, Vindhyachal]]
| festivals = [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Vindhyavasini|Mahamaya|Narayani| [[Ekanamsha]]}}
| texts = [[Bhagavata Purana]]
| siblings = [[Vishnu]] (ceremonial brother)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=durga+sister+visnu&pg=PA122 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |language=en}}</ref>
| avatar_birth = [[Gokul]]am
}}

'''Yogamaya''' ({{Langx|sa|योगमाया|lit=illusory potency}}, {{IAST3|Yogamāyā}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu goddess]] who serves as the personification of [[Vishnu]]'s powers of illusion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC&dq=yogamaya+vishnu&pg=PA170 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, she is accorded the epithet '''Narayani'''—"the sister of Narayana<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=yogamaya+narayani&pg=PA247 |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman & Company, Limited |pages=247 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parthasarathy |first1=V. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyAoAQAAIAAJ&q=yogamaya+narayani |title=Devi: Goddesses in Indian Art and Literature |last2=Parthasarathy |first2=Indu |date=2009 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8090-203-1 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref>"—and is regarded as the benevolent aspect of the goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Śb 10.4.12">{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/4/12/|website=vedabase.io/en/|language=en|access-date=24 February 2020|title=Śb 10.4.12}}</ref>

According to [[Hindu texts]], Yogamaya plays the role of the facilitator of the earthly birth of [[Krishna]], an avatar of Vishnu. She took the [[avatar]] of the daughter of [[Yadava]] cowherd [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]], after which her place is swapped with Krishna to protect the latter from the tyrant ruler [[Kamsa]]. After warning Kamsa about his impending death, Yogamaya vanished and resided in the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hills, due to which she is accorded the epithet '''Vindhyavasini'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIqyv8A9XBAC&dq=yogamaya+yashoda&pg=PT32 |title=Hindu Gods & Goddesses |date=2012 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-366-4 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

Yogamaya is also an important goddess in [[Shaktism]] sect, and is worshipped as a form of [[Mahadevi]].

== Etymology ==
Yogamaya refers to “the internal potency of [[Vishnu|Bhagavan]], that arranges and enhances all his pastimes” in the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-04-30 |title=Yogamaya, Yogamāyā, Yoga-maya: 13 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yogamaya |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The goddess Vindhyavasini gets her name from the [[Vindhya Range]], literally meaning, "''she who resides in Vindhya''".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C |title=Devī: Goddesses of India |last2=Wulff |first2=Donna Marie |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2 |pages=49}}</ref>

==Legend==
At the time of the [[birth of Krishna]] as the eighth child of [[Devaki]] and [[Vasudeva]], Yogamaya had been born at the same time at the house of [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]], as instructed by [[Vishnu]]. Vasudeva replaced Krishna with this daughter of Yashoda. When [[Kamsa]] tried to kill this infant, believing that she was his prophesied killer, she escaped from the grasp of Kamsa, and turned into her form of [[Durga]]. She informed the tyrant that his killer had already been born elsewhere, and subsequently vanished from the prison of [[Mathura]].
[[File:Episodes Surrounding the Birth of Krishna.jpg|thumb|280x280px|The goddess Yogamaya emerges as Kamsa kills Yashoda's daughter]]
{{blockquote|The child, Yoga-māyā-devī, the younger sister of Lord Viṣṇu, slipped upward from Kaṁsa’s hands and appeared in the sky as Devī, the goddess Durgā, with eight arms, completely equipped with weapons|source=[[Srimad Bhagavatam]], Canto 10, Chapter 4, Verse 9<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/4/9/|website=vedabase.io/en/|language=en|access-date=24 February 2020|title=Śb 10.4.9}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|O Kaṁsa, you fool, what will be the use of killing me? The Supreme Personality of Godhead, who has been your enemy from the very beginning and who will certainly kill you, has already taken His birth somewhere else. Therefore, do not unnecessarily kill other children|source=[[Srimad Bhagavatam]], Canto 10, Chapter 4, Verse 12<ref name="Śb 10.4.12">{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/4/12/|website=vedabase.io/en/|language=en|access-date=24 February 2020|title=Śb 10.4.12}}</ref>}}

Thereafter, she is believed by local lore to have chosen to reside at the Vindhyachala mountains, where her temple is located at present.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishnan|first=S. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2ZEDwAAQBAJ&q=is+subhadra+yogmaya&pg=PA70|title=Abhimanyu: The Warrior Prince|date=2017-05-20|publisher=SA Krishnan|language=en}}</ref>

== Shaktism ==
Authors Constance Jones and James D. Ryan opine that Vindhyavasini is mentioned in the [[Devi Mahatmya]], an important text that presents various incarnations or forms of the Supreme Goddess of [[Shaktism]] ([[Mahadevi]]). She is also mentioned in an early 19th-century local text called Vindhya Mahatmya. In both, she is understood to be the Ultimate Reality in its totality. She is also assimilated with [[Parvati]], conceived of as "ultimate divinity".{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=489}}

== Vaishnavism ==
[[File:Narayani Dham idol.jpg|thumb|Shrine of the goddess Narayani, [[Lonavala]]]]
{{Vaishnavism}}
Yogamaya is regarded to be the embodiment of either the internal or the external potency of Vishnu, or his avatar of Krishna, in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIqyv8A9XBAC&dq=yogamaya+krishna+birth&pg=PT32 |title=Hindu Gods & Goddesses |date=2012 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-366-4 |language=en}}</ref> The goddess, also referred to as ''Vaishnavi Mahamaya'', assumes a number of manifestations like [[Durga]], Ambika, Kshemada, and [[Bhadrakali]], according to the [[Vishnu Purana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=yogamaya+power+vishnu&pg=PA15 |title=Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1016-4 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Bhagavata Purana, the asura [[Hiranyaksha]] mocks [[Varaha]] and references Vishnu's ''Yogamaya'':<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-07-24 |title=Hiraṇyākṣa's Fight with Varāha [Chapter 18] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1127066.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Are you employed by our enemies for destroying us? You kill Asuras by Māyā and thus conquer them by fraudulent means. Oh dunce, I shall wipe out the sorrows of my friends by killing you, whose strength lies in yoga-māyā, but have little personal bravery.|title=[[Bhagavata Purana]]|source=Chapter 18}}

According to a 17th century literary poem called the ''Mukundavilasa'', when [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] and [[Brahma]] petition Vishnu to intervene in earthly affairs due to the oppression of [[Kamsa]] and [[Shishupala]], he recruits a number of deities to assist him in his Krishna avatar: [[Lakshmi]] is to be born as [[Rukmini]], Bhudevi is to manifest as [[Satyabhama]], [[Shesha]] is to incarnate as [[Balarama]], and Yogamaya is tasked to be born as the [[Rohini (Krishna's wife)|daughter]] of [[Yashoda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Unni |first=N. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbK-jb7i_KcC&dq=yogamaya+rukmini&pg=PA25 |title=Nilakantha Diksita |date=1995 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-803-0 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref>

In the narratives of Krishna, the deity employs the phenomenon of ''Yogamaya'' in order to spend time with the cowherd women of [[Gokul]]am, the [[gopi]]s. During his blissful dalliance with the gopis, it is Yogamaya who creates spiritual doppelgangers of each gopi at their houses so that they can also act as chaste wives to their husbands, while also dwelling on the deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweig |first=Graham M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4ZeDwAAQBAJ&dq=yogamaya+potency&pg=PA130 |title=Dance of Divine Love: India's Classic Sacred Love Story: The Rasa Lila of Krishna |date=2018-06-26 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19017-4 |pages=136 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], when [[Arjuna]] wonders why Krishna's pastimes and true form are not visible to mortals, he responds by stating that his manifestations are not visible to all men, and that he is veiled by his illusory potency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-05-08 |title=Verse 7.25 [Bhagavad-gita] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shrimad-bhagavad-gita/d/doc419992.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

When the [[asura]] [[Jalandhara]] wages a war against [[Shiva]] to abduct [[Parvati]], Vishnu employs Yogamaya as an illusory form to break the chastity of the asura's wife, [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Vrinda]]. This allows Shiva to prevail in his war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KcEotmV2MAC&dq=yogamaya+goddess+lakshmi&pg=PA81 |title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |date=2005-08-25 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6595-0 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>

Due to Yogamaya's service to Vishnu, the deity offers her the occasion of ''[[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Ekadashi]]'' (the eleventh day of every month) for veneration in her honour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&dq=yogamaya+vishnu&pg=PA142 |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref>

==Temples==
[[File:Vindhyavasini mata.jpg|thumb|upright|Shrine of Vindhyavasini, near Mirzapur]]
* [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]: Yogamaya's temple is located at [[Vindhyachal]], 8 km away from [[Mirzapur]] on the banks of river [[Ganges]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vindhyachal Dham |url=https://mirzapur.nic.in/tourist-place/vindhyachal-dham/ |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=District Mirzapur, Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref>https://vindhyachalmandir.com/history-of-vindhyachal-temple/</ref> A huge crowd visits the temple, especially during [[Navaratri]] in the Hindu months of [[Chaitra]] and [[Ashwin|Ashvin]]. In the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]], the Kajali competition, is held here.<ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://vindhyachaltemple.com/|title=Vindhyachal Temple {{!}} Vindhyachal Mandir {{!}} Download {{!}} Website|website=vindhyachaltemple.com}}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite web |title=Complete Information on Vindhyachal Temple, Distance, Hotels & Tourist Attraction |url=https://vindhyachalmandir.com/complete-information-on-vindhyachal-temple/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.vindhyachalmandir.com|date=19 March 2023 }}</ref> The temple is one of the most revered [[Shakta pithas]] of India. The Vindhyavasini Devi is also known popularly by name of Kajala devi. The goddess Kali is adorned in the form of Vindhyavasini Devi.<ref name="b" /><ref name="c" /> There is a nearby temple of [[Saraswati]] named Ashtbhuja Temple, 3 km away on a hillock, and a temple of goddess [[Kali]] in cave called Kali khoh temple. The pilgrims prefer to visit these three temples, which is a part of rite called Trilokan [[Parikrama]].<ref name="b" /><ref name="c" />
* [[Sehore district|Sehore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]: The shrine of [[Bijasan Mata Temple, Salkanpur|Bijasan Mata Temple]] in Salkanpur is located 70 kms away from [[Bhopal]].
* [[New Delhi]]: The [[Yogmaya Temple|Yogmaya or Jogmaya temple in Mehrauli]], New Delhi is said to have been built by the [[Pandava]]s at the end of the [[Mahabharata]] war. Jain scriptures from the twelfth century state that the ancient city of [[Mehrauli]] was once called ''Yoginipura'' after the temple.
* [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]: Goddess Durga in her incarnation as Yoga-Nidra or Yogamaya is worshiped in the sacred forest temple of [[Iringole Kavu]], situated in the state's [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district. This temple is one of Kerala's famed ''[[kavu]]'', or [[Sacred groves of India|sacred grove]]. It is also considered to be one among the 108 Durga temples in the state consecrated by Lord [[Parashurama|Parasurama]] himself.
* [[Nepal]]: There is also a temple dedicated to this goddess in [[Pokhara]] named [[Bindhyabasini Temple]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Galen Rowell |author2=John Everingham |author3=Jim Goodman |title=Pokhara in the shadow of the Annapurnas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=620MAQAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Book Faith India |isbn=978-974-89765-4-9 |page=29 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shakta pithas]]
*[[Rukmini]]
*[[Yashoda]]
*[[Subhadra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}5.↑ [https://vindhyachalmandir.com/history-of-vindhyachal-temple/ Uncovering the Rich History of Vindhyachal Temple]

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|first1=Constance|last1=Jones|first2=James D.|last2=Ryan|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=9780816075645}}

{{Authority control}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Vishnu]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Durga]]

Chauntra, Himachal Pradesh

2026-03-13T18:18:01Z

Jantapost: done

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chauntra
| native_name = Laka Bhanghal
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Lower Chauntra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32|00|53|N|76|44|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mandi
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 175032
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 1908
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Joginder Nagar
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mandi
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Jogindernagar
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chauntra''' is a small market town in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northern India located along National Highway 20 (Updated 154) which connects [[Pathankot]] (in Punjab) to Mandi.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Chauntra Population - Mandi, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/13238-chauntra-himachal-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> It is also home to a Tibetan refugee community consisting of a settlement, several monasteries, and two schools. It is an important developmental block of Mandi district. Situated near to Joginder Nagar this town is very much suitable for tea growing.

==Geography==

The town stands at an altitude of about {{convert|4250|ft|m}} above sea level and is lined by the [[Dhauladhar]] range in the north. The range includes the famous paragliding spot of Billing which has hosted several international paragliding competitions. A small river, Bajgad Khad, on the east side of the town originates from nearby Gunher in the north and runs south towards Bhaterh in the south. The landscape slopes slightly to the south with terraced fields towards what is called Lower Chauntra (which includes small rural villages of Bhaterh and Sainthal). Another notable land feature is the tea field, which once covered a good portion of the area where the Tibetan settlement is now located, although only a small portion of it now remains.

==Tibetan Community==

The Tibetan refugees, mainly from the [[Kham]] region of Tibet, settled in Chauntra in the 1970s set up two small settlements, colloquially called 'Khang-sarma' and 'Khang-nyingma' (literally 'of new houses' and 'of old houses'). The original settlers consisted of about sixty families. The settlement at present has two Tibetan schools, [[Sambhota]] Chauntra and TCV Chauntra. In recent years, the settlement has seen the establishment of several monasteries such as Bhumang Jampaling (of [[Drikung Kagyu]] sect) and Zabsang Choekhor Ling (of [[Nyingma]] sect). There is also the monastic college, [[Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö]] Institute (better known as Dzongsar Shedra), the college holds a sizable amount monastic population.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandi district]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Villainous Freestyle

2026-03-05T03:30:36Z

Jantapost:

{{Short description|2025 single by Hanumankind and ColorsxStudios}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Villainous Freestyle
| cover =
| type = single
| artist = [[Hanumankind]]
| released = July 11, 2025
| recorded = 2025
| genre = *[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
*[[Trap music|trap]]
| length = 2:34
| label = [[Capitol Records]]
| writer = [[Hanumankind|Sooraj Cherukat]]
| producer = [[Kalmi]]
| prev_title = [[Holiday - A COLORS SHOW]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = Ez-Ez (From "Dhurandar")
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|qQrlVJVcaPs|"Villainous Freestyle"}}}}
}}

'''Villainous Freestyle''' is a [[Single (music)|single]] by [[Indian people|Indian]] rapper [[Hanumankind]]. Produced by [[Kalmi]], it was released under [[Capitol Records]] and [[UMG Recordings]]. "Villainous Freestyle" serves as one of the [[lead single]]s to Hanumankind's [[mixtape]], ''[[Monsoon Season]]''. The track was released on July 11, 2025, two weeks before the mixtape's official release.

The track fuses [[Indian hip hop]] with [[Southern hip-hop]].

==Background==
The track was originally released as a [[freestyle rap|freestyle]] onto the ''On The Radar'' [[YouTube]] channel on October 24, 2024.<ref>{{cite web
|title = The Hanumankind "On The Radar" Freestyle
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcHTpqWcWFY
|access-date = November 6, 2025
|publisher = YouTube
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web
|last = Lane
|first = Vincent
|date = July 12, 2025
|title = Hanumankind Announces 'Monsoon Season' Mixtape
|website = The Garnette Report
|url = https://thegarnettereport.com/art/music/hanumankind-announces-monsoon-season-mixtape/
|access-date = November 6, 2025
}}</ref>

==Release==
Following the freestyle's release on October 24, 2024, Hanumankind would later release it nine months later on July 11, 2025, as one of the [[lead single]]s for his upcoming mixtape, which he announced in the video.<ref name=":3">{{cite web
|last = Paul
|first = Bryson “Boom”
|date = July 27, 2025
|title = Hanumankind Speaks the Truth as New Mixtape Approaches, Led by New Song “Villainous Freestyle”
|website = [[HotNewHipHop]]
|url = https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/932825-humankind-truth-mixtape-approaches-song-villianous-freestyle-hip-hop-news
|access-date = November 6, 2025
}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web
|last = Hussain
|first = Shazaib
|date = July 28, 2025
|title = Hanumankind Shares 'Monsoon Season' Mixtape
|website = [[Clash Magazine|Clash]]
|url = https://www.clashmusic.com/news/hanumankind-shares-monsoon-season-mixtape/
|access-date = November 6, 2025
}}</ref>

==Music video==
The [[Visual narrative|cinematic]] [[music video]] for the track, directed by Bijoy Shetty, sees Hanumankind jump off a cliff to announce the release and debut of his next [[mixtape]], titled ''[[Monsoon Season]]''. In the video, a [[slow-motion]] cinematic teaser features him leaping off a cliff with a crew of friends.<ref>{{cite web
|last = Hirwani
|first = Peony
|date = July 11, 2025
|title = Hanumankind jumps off a cliff to announce 'Monsoon Season' mixtape
|website = Rolling Stone India
|url = https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-new-mixtape-monsoon-season-release-date/
|access-date= November 6, 2025
}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Critical response==
"Villainous Freestyle" received positive reviews from critics. Bryson "Boom" Paul of ''[[HotNewHipHop]]'' wrote how the track "is short but explosive—packed with razor-edged bars, commanding delivery, and the kind of unfiltered confidence that’s become a staple in his catalog". Paul also gave praise to Hanumankind's vocal flows, writing how "his flow cuts through the track like a blade, navigating rapid-fire cadences and bold declarations". To end off his review, Paul wrote how "the freestyle doesn't rely on hooks or gimmicks—it’s all muscle, all movement. Hanumankind’s tone remains both grounded and godlike, balancing his underground roots with cinematic vision".<ref name=":3" />

The track also went viral on platforms such as [[Reddit]] and [[YouTube]], with fans calling the track “pure heat” and “one of the best freestyles in recent memory".

Luna of ''Rating Games Music'' wrote how "Villainous Freestyle" is one of the most fun tracks off the mixtape. She wrote how "upbeat, dramatic, and cinematic" the song is; "like something straight out of a movie soundtrack. It strikes that perfect balance where you could either dance along or just rock your head to the rhythm". Following her review, she wrote how the track showcases Hanumankind's ability to deliver sharp, fast, and commanding bars and flows, making his voice stand out.<ref>{{cite web
|last = Luna
|first = Mrs
|date = July 27, 2025
|title = Hanumankind – Monsoon Season (Album Review)
|website = Ratings Game Music
|url = https://ratingsgamemusic.com/2025/07/27/hanumankind-monsoon-season-album-review/
|access-date = November 6, 2025
}}</ref>

==Credits==
Credits adapted from [[Apple Music]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Villainous Freestyle – Song by Hanumankind
| website = [[Apple Music]]
| url = https://music.apple.com/ca/song/villainous-freestyle/1821354308
| access-date = November 15, 2025
}}</ref>

*Vocals - Sooraj Cherukat
*Composer - Sooraj Cherukat, Sai Nikhil Kalmireddy
* Recording engineer - Sai Nikhil Kalmireddy
*Mastering engineer - Akash Shravan, Chennai
*Mixing engineer - Akash Shravan, Chennai
*Immersive mixing engineer - Brian Stanley

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hanumankind}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Indian hip-hop songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Hanumankind]]

Modalasala

2026-03-03T21:29:07Z

Jantapost: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Modalasala
| image = Modalasala.jpg
| caption =
| director = Purushottham C. Somanathapura
| producer = Yogesh Narayan
| screenplay = Purushottham C. Somanathapura
| story = Purushottham C. Somanathapura
| starring = [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
| narrator = 
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = H. C. Venugopal
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Karnataka Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2010|12|8|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Modalasala''''' ({{langx|kn|ಮೊದಲಾಸಲ}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Purushottham C. Somanathapura in his debut, produced by Yogesh Narayan and stars [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/32924/bhamas-modala-sala.html|title=Bhama's 'Modala Sala'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 October 2009}}</ref> in the lead roles. [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] and [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] feature in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Dec/22/get-ready-for-another-love-story-213256.html|title=Get ready for another love story|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about two youngsters, both of whom are quite the ideal children. Imagine a girl who makes a guy wait hoping to get her parents to approve his proposal; or a guy who says, "I’ve met the girl's parents, I see them in her eyes". These are the things most typical families dream of, as they plan their kids’ futures.

The film has its funny moments and occasionally an overdose of sentimental scenes. The director has done a fairly decent job with the narrative and Yash impresses in his role as the lovelorn urban lad. His dancing skills deserve special mention — he’s easily one of the best in Sandalwood.

New girl Bhama makes a decent debut, though Deepu, who has dubbed for her, deserves equal applause. Rangayana Raghu and Tara excel, and the film shows Raghu in a different light, as opposed to his over-the-top comical roles.

==Cast==
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as Karthik
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Deepu
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Deepu's father
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Deepu's mother
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Karthik's father
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as mechanic manju
* Master Rakesh
* Master Manja
* Vishwa
* Lakshman
* Thimme Gowda
* Ramanand

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Modalasala
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = July 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Swasthik Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] scored the film's background music and its soundtrack, with its lyrics written by V. Nagendra Prasad and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]. The track "Love Me Or Hate Me" was taken from the 1978 film ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'', the lyrics for which was written by [[Chi. Udayashankar]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks. The album was released in July 2010 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Audio Release Of Modhala Sala|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/audio-release-of-modhala-sala_100403876.html|publisher=thaindian.com|date=29 July 2010|accessdate=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/124933/gandhinagar-grapevine.html|title=Sacrifice of a different kind|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 December 2010}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maleye Maleye
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics1 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length1 =
| title2 = Modalasala
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length2 =
| title3 = Modalasala Manadolage
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Love Me Or Hate Me
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| lyrics4 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Prathama Prathama
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Watch the movie with your family and wards to know the climax. Yash steals the show while Bhama too is superb. Rangayana Raghu and Tara are graceful. Hats off to brilliant cinematography by H C Venu. Music director V Harikrishna has scored some melodious tunes, especially the song Prathamaa (penned by V Nagendra Prasad)".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/modala-sala/movie-review/11989753.cms?from=mdr|title=MODALA SALA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh from [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] wrote "New girl Bhama makes a decent debut, though Deepu, who has dubbed for her, deserves equal applause. Rangayana Raghu and Tara excel, the film shows Raghu in a different light, as opposed to his over-the-top comical roles".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-modala-sala-is-a-one-time-watch-1489026|title=Review: 'Modala Sala' is a one-time watch|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=21 November 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Venu’s camera work, which initially develops a cataract, and V Harikrishna’s score add polish to this neat film with a few cute moments. Modala Sala also makes some squirm at its climax, but then that’s again cinema".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/127304/modala-sala.html|title=Modala Sala|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The star of the film, however, is HC Venugopal, the cinematographer, by doing away with artificial lighting, but manages to show natural images as if he has invented some new colours. (A few trees are actually painted in artificial colour in one scene). The picturesque Coorg (hills, trees and waterfalls) gets a new showcase in his frames. The dialogues meander between being mundane and striking. But it is mostly the former. Easily avoidable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/just-two-much-modalasala/articleshow/21718976.cms|title=Just two much Modalasala|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=30 December 2010}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[58th Filmfare Awards South]]
* nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]] — [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]] — [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
* nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] — [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] for "Prathama"

;2010 [[Suvarna Film Awards]]
* Best Supporting Actor — [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* Find of the Year — Purushottham C. Somanathapura

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4460744}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]

Oram Po

2026-03-03T04:37:56Z

Jantapost: general enhanced intro after review and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|2007 Tamil Indian film}}
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oram Po
| image = Oram Po (movie poster).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| writer = [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] (Dialogue)
| screenplay = Pushkar–Gayathri
| story = Pushkar–Gayathri
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[John Vijay]]
| producer = A.P. Film Garden
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| distributor = A P Film Garden
| released = {{Film date|2007|11|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Oram Po''''' ({{translation|Move Aside}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy]] film starring [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], while [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and [[John Vijay]] play supporting roles. The film, written and directed by the debutant husband-wife duo, [[Pushkar–Gayatri]], was produced by V. Palanivel and A. C. Anandan for A.P. Film Garden. [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] was the music director, [[Nirav Shah]] was the cinematographer, and [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]] handled the editing. The film, revolving around [[auto rickshaw]] racing, was released after almost a year of production on 30 November 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oram Po / ஓரம் போ (2007) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/oram-po |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061243/https://screen4screen.com/movies/oram-po |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Chandru and Bigilu are close friends. Chandru is an expert auto driver and racer, while Bigilu is a mechanic expert at customising autos to run at the dream speed of 130 km/h. Pichchai aka Son of Gun is the chief of a rival group who wants to outsmart the duo. Chandru, the race champ, tries to settle the dues for his auto through a race, which is almost a cake walk for him. He and Bigilu challenge Son of Gun to a race, and a date is fixed. Bigilu, meanwhile, introduces Chandru to his sister, who runs a biriyani shop. Chandru is attracted to her daughter Rani and woos her. The affair grows stronger, and the couple have sex. However, Chandru, is not interested in long-term commitment and tells Rani so. Shocked, Rani curses at him and moves away. On the D-day, Chandru is distracted by the memories of his love affair and loses the race and his auto. Later, Bigilu learns of the affair. The subplot of a smuggler's search for missing pearls adds flavour to the proceedings. The unpredictable and fun-filled climax puts everything in order.

== Cast ==
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Chandru
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Bigil
* [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] as Rani
* [[John Vijay]] as Pichchai (son of Gun)
*[[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]] as Bigil's wife
* [[K. P. Jagan|Jagan]] as Supply
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Annachi

== Production ==
The film was earlier titled ''Auto''.<ref name=":0" /> When directors Pushkar and Gayathri were travelling in an auto rickshaw they met an auto driver and received information about them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28789.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202024004/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28789.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2007 |title=How Oram Po began |website=IndiaGlitz |date=29 January 2007 |access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> For the role of an auto driver Arya observed many auto-drivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28434.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115071056/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28434.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2007 |title=Oram Po — All about autos |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> Pooja was selected to play a village girl who sells Biriyani, pairing with Arya for the second time after ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34989.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201033131/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34989.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2007 |title=Pooja, 'Oram Po' & biriyani |website=IndiaGlitz |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> Debutant [[John Vijay]] was selected to play a negative character called "Son of Gun". Arya performed the most risky shots without a dupe.<ref name=":0" />


== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/ooram-poo |title=Oram Po |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095551/https://gaana.com/album/ooram-poo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ooram Poo (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ooram-poo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1706191756 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240219140127/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ooram-poo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1706191756 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "''Idhu Enna Mayam''" marks the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut of [[Bollywood]] playback singer [[Alka Yagnik]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-30 |title=15 Years of Oram Po: 5 interesting facts about the Pushkar-Gayatri film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-oram-po-5-interesting-facts-about-the-pushkar-gayatri-film/photostory/95888340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250118061158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-oram-po-5-interesting-facts-about-the-pushkar-gayatri-film/photostory/95888340.cms?picid=95889316 |archive-date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Gun Ganapathi" || [[T. Rajendar]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || rowspan=5|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Idhu Enna Mayam" || [[Alka Yagnik]], Shankar Mahadevan
|-
| "Kozhi Kaalu" || [[Jassie Gift]], [[Kailash Kher]]
|-
| "Jigu Jickan" || [[Manicka Vinayakam]]
|-
| "Yaar Iraivanai" || [[Sunitha Sarathy]], George Peter
|-
| "Oram Po" Theme || [[Blaaze]] || [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
|}

== Reception ==
''The Hindu'' wrote, "The strongest points of the movie are some excellent dialogues by Thyagaraja Kumararaja —they’re genuinely funny and spontaneous, even when the characters are talking dirty— and the high-energy background score"and also praised the performances of the actors Arya, Pooja and John Vijay.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Divya |date=7 December 2007 |title=An absolute riot |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132247/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750030200.htm |archive-date=8 December 2007 |access-date=2 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Rediff'' wrote:" film may have failed in authentically portraying the difficult street life in Chennai, but succeeds, at least most of the time, as an entertainer".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=30 November 2007 |title=Oram Po entertains |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/30ssrev.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526022703/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/30ssrev.htm |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |publisher=}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote, "Debutant director duo Pushkar and Gayathri, the husband and wife team starts their Oram Po on a promising note, but somewhere along the way it runs out of gas".<ref>{{cite web |title=Oram Po |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oram-po-review-tamil-14569754.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021151202/http://www.sify.com/movies/oram-po-review-tamil-14569754.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "One can appreciate the debutant director duo of Pushkar and wife Gayatri attempting to break away from the routine format and trying a different approach. But there is not much that involves a viewer here".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=12 December 2007 |title=Oram Po |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Dec07/12Orampo.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214222403/http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Dec07/12Orampo.asp |archive-date=14 December 2007 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was a decent success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2007 |title=CBO – Nov 30 to Dec 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14570971&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231205007/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14570971&cid=13525926 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Pushkar–Gayathri}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pushkar–Gayatri]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Darna Zaroori Hai

2026-03-03T02:17:17Z

Jantapost:

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darna Zaroori Hai
| image = Darna Zaroori Hai.gif
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]|[[Prawaal Raman]]|Vivek Shah|Jiji Philip|[[J. D. Chakravarthy]]|[[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]]}}
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]|[[Satish Kaushik]]}}
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|Sajid Khan|Prawaal Raman|[[Ashish Deo]]|Nikhil Mishra|Manish Gupta}}
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Sunil Shetty]]|[[Arjun Rampal]]|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]|[[Bipasha Basu]]|[[Randeep Hooda]]|[[Mallika Sherawat]]|[[Rajpal Yadav]]|[[Sonali Kulkarni]]|[[Makarand Deshpande]]}}
| music = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]|Nitin Raikwar}}
| cinematography = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Amit Roy]]|Kiran Reddy|[[Amal Neerad]]|Ayal Ghanim|[[Attar Singh Saini]]|Ravi Walia}}
| editing = {{Unbulleted_list|Nipun Gupta|Amit Parmar}}
| studio = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ram Gopal Varma|RGV Film Company]]|[[Sahara One Motion Pictures]]}}
| distributor = [[K. Sera Sera|K. Sera Sera Productions]] [[Sony Pictures Networks India]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|04|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}8.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=288|title=Darna Zaroori Hai – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}10.65 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Darna Zaroori Hai''''' ([[translation]]: ''Fear is necessary'') is a [[List of Bollywood films of 2006|2006]] Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[Anthology film|anthology]] [[horror film]] produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film is a sequel to ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''. It stars a host of Bollywood actors including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Mallika Sherawat]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Rajpal Yadav]] and more. The film was archived at the [[New York Institute of Technology]], as part of the film course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svhk4wtQIDM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/Svhk4wtQIDM |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Mee Star : J D Chakravarthy |via=YouTube |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=15 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/darna-zaroori-hai/critic-review/darna-zaroori-hai-movie-review/ | title=Darna Zaroori Hai Review 1.5/5 | Darna Zaroori Hai Movie Review | Darna Zaroori Hai 2006 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=28 April 2006 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
''Darna Zaroori Hai'' interweaves six stories into one film. Five children get lost in the middle of a forest, where they find a deserted house. Inside, they meet an old woman who agrees to tell them six scary stories, and they will all compete on who is able to sit through all six stories without getting scared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michaeldvd.com.au/Reviews/Reviews.asp?ID=7769 |title=Darna Zaroori Hai (2006) |publisher=Michaeldvd.com.au |date=13 June 2007 |access-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518170119/http://www.michaeldvd.com.au/Reviews/Reviews.asp?ID=7769 |archive-date=18 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Darna-Zaroori-Hai-Movie-oolrslosmm |title=DARNA ZAROORI HAI – Review | Movie Review | Trailer | Ratings |publisher=MouthShut.com |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.in.com/darna-zaroori-hai/wallpapers-302553-1919567.html |title=IN offers Songs, Music, Videos, Games, Movie, Celebs, Download, E Mail, News, Devotion, Search Online "IN.com" |publisher=Connect.in.com |access-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322190817/http://connect.in.com/darna-zaroori-hai/wallpapers-302553-1919567.html |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Opening Story — Prologue ===
;Written and directed by [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]

The first story is about a young film buff named Satish, who lives with his mother. Satish has a habit of watching a Bollywood movie in theatres every Friday, on the last show of the day. He decides to watch the film ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''. His mother warns him not to take the graveyard shortcut because it's [[Friday the 13th]], a new moon night, and witches might appear. He pays no heed to his mother and takes the shortcut. He safely arrives at the cinema, buys his regular snacks, gets some change back, watches the movie, and returns home. On his return, he once again uses the graveyard shortcut. Walking through the graveyard, he hears clinking footsteps and begins to run. He sees a witch and falls to the ground in fright. His fear leads to his death by heart attack. It turns out the footsteps were actually the coins jingling in his pocket as he walked and the witch he saw was actually a poster of the film.

=== Main Stories ===

=== Story 1 — Imaginary Ghost ===
;Directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]

Five children arrive at a house. The resident of the house, an old woman, decides to tell them six scary stories. The children decide to have a competition to see who gets scared first. The first story is about a professor, Sunil Khanna, who is giving tuition to one of his [[Biotechnology]] students, Altaaf, at home. Every minute, the professor points out something (or someone) in his house, once in the kitchen, once in the dining room, and once on the sofa. Annoyed by this behaviour, the student decides to leave when the professor warns him not to leave the house, or the [[ghost]] will go after him as well. Curious, the student asks the professor about the ghost and the professor tells him that the ghost is an exact lookalike of himself, except he has a hollow face with a hat. The frightened student tries to run saying that his father is waiting for him, but the professor takes him in front of the mirror and points at his reflection. The professor's reflection in the mirror looks exactly like the ghost he talked about.

After the story, one child, Nisha, goes down to the washroom, only to come back as a ghost without revealing her real identity. Nisha sits down with the rest of the kids with a bowed head.

=== Story 2 — Spirits Do Come ===
; Written and directed by [[Prawaal Raman]]

The second story is about a photographer, Kunal, who finds a strange house when his car breaks down. There, Varsha invites him in and claims that she has been lonely for the past few years since her husband Rahul died. He tries to make a phone call, but is confronted by Rahul. He gets scared and says that Varsha opened the door, but gets astonished on listening that Varsha is the one who had died two years ago, and not Rahul. They then confess to a scared Kunal that they were playing a [[prank]] on him. The two explain to Kunal that Rahul has been trying to summon spirits and bring them down to earth. When Kunal interrupts by saying that he is in a hurry, Rahul plays as if he is summoning the spirit of a mechanic. After a few moments, the three hear a door knock. Rahul goes outside to check, and then he screams for Varsha. Rahul and Varsha find the corpse of Kunal on the driving seat of his broken-down car the mechanic says that he will phone the police Just then, Kunal walks out and declares in a chilly voice that spirits do come, whenever they are called, but sometimes sending them back becomes very difficult. He continues to laugh in a chilly voice.

After this story, another child, Rohan, goes to the washroom, but he too returns as a ghost.

=== Story 3 — Accidents are Never Predicted ===
;Directed by Vivek Shah

The third story revolves around a couple, Vishwas and his wife, who live with their son, Chintu. One day, the three are visited by an [[insurance agent]] Prabhakar Pandit who keeps warning them about the risks of life and that accidents are never predicted. Vishwas kicks him out of the house and their doorbell suddenly rings. They open the door, but find no one there. They go back inside the house, but the bell rings yet again. It is the agent again, who claims that it is raining outside and he has left his umbrella inside. He takes out many things such as a knife, a rope, a poison and a gun, which all represent different ways to die in life. Vishwas gets tired of him and asks him to leave. The agent then takes out the gun and threatens Vishwas and his family. Vishwas gets into a struggle with the agent, which results in the agent being accidentally shot. Before he dies, as if confirming his statement, he says, "See sir, accidents are never predicted!"

After the story, another child, Aditi, leaves the room to get water, but she comes back meeting the same fate as the two previous ones.

=== Story 4 — Ghostly Audition ===
;Directed by Jiji Philip

A film director, Karan Chopra, decides to make a horror film. On the way to the sets, he gives a lift to a young woman, Riya, who pretends to be a ghost. Karan thinks she is just playing a prank, and Riya also claims later that she was just joking. When stormy weather hits, Karan takes Riya to his mansion. The electricity and lights go out and Riya's face starts to gore with blood. Karan still thinks that she is playing a prank, but when her voice turns ghostly, he falls to the floor and dies in shock. Riya takes off her mask, which was stained with [[fake blood]], and a microphone that changed her voice to make it sound ghostly. It is revealed that she really was only playing a joke on him. She cries in panic as she says that she was trying to audition for his new horror film, but it is too late now since Karan has already died.

=== Story 5 — A Bride's Revenge ===
;Directed by [[J.D. Chakravarthy]]

The fifth and the final story centres on Ajay, a young man driving on the road. He finds a young woman standing on the highway. When he approaches her, he becomes frozen after seeing her burnt face. Shortly after, he wakes up in a jail and is accused of murdering a man. A police officer brings the mother of the murdered victim to the [[police station]]. But the mother is shocked to find that Ajay is possessed by the spirit of a woman, who turns out to be her daughter-in-law, Sandhya. It is revealed that the mother-in-law, her husband and her son had immolated the newly-wedded bride and her spirit has returned for revenge. Sandhya's spirit reveals that it possessed Ajay to dismember the son. The spirit possesses the police officer and shoots her mother-in-law. After the spirit leaves the officer's body, he realises what has happened and secretly buries the body. Ajay is released and is driving back when he sees Sandhya's ghost in the backseat. She says that her father-in-law is in [[Pune]] on a business trip and she must fulfil her revenge. She assures him that she will not possess him and she asks him to drop her to Pune.

=== Story 6 — The Ending And The Epilogue ===

After all of the stories are over, one boy, Ashu, claims that he is still not scared. The old lady smirks as the lights of the house suddenly turn off. The stunned boy looks around him. The lights turn back on immediately and he sees that he is the only one in the room: as if no one was ever there. The lights go off and turn back on again, this time to reveal his friends, all of whom are now ghosts, giving him eerie smiles. The old woman appears back on her chair, giving him a witch's smile. Realizing what is going on, the boy tries to make a frantic escape out of the house, but finds all the doors to be jammed and locked. Just as the boy looks back at the upstairs room to see if he was being followed, he sees the old lady right beside him, smirking. The old lady's hair is snow-white and scattered; her frightening smile gives the boy a heart attack and he dies at the scene. The next morning, the house is swarming with policemen and the media. The police clear away the bodies of the dead children. The old servant of the house tells the police officers that a long time ago, the house belonged to an old lady who loved children, but unfortunately, she had no children of her own. He explains that once he had left her for hours to get her some medication (just as the old lady had told the children), and when he returned, he found her dead. The film ends with a reporter reading the tragic story of a camping trip-turned-nightmare for the five children. He says that the exact cause of death of the children is still unknown and will most likely never be known, however, one thing is for certain- all the children died of cardiac failure or in simple words — fear.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Professor Sunil Khanna
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Karan Chopra
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Vishwas Talegaonkar
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Kunal Bhattacharya (Photographer and spirit)
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Altaaf Bilal
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Varsha
* [[Randeep Hooda]] as Ajay Doshi
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Satish Jaiswal (the man who goes to watch ''Darna Mana Hai'')
* [[Sarita Joshi]] as Satish's mother
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Rahul Dahiya
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Vishwas Talegaonkar's wife
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Prabhakar Pandit
* [[Mallika Sherawat]] as Riya
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as a police officer
* [[Rasika Joshi]] as murdered woman's mother-in-law
* [[Ava Mukherjee]] as an old woman (storyteller)
* [[Shweta Prasad]] as Ashu
* [[Priyanka Kothari]] in an [[item number]] in the song "Aa Aake Darr"
* [[Isha Koppikar]] in promotional video
* [[Mohit Ahlawat (actor)|Mohit Ahlawat]] in an item number in promotional video
* Sainee Raj
{{colend}}

==Music==
#Aa Aake Darr – Mohana Sarkar
#Aake Darr (Remix) – Mohana Sarkar
#Boo – Jeena Hain Toh Darna Hain Zaroori – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
#Khabardar – Mona Sarkar, [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
#Khabardar Maut Ka Zayeka – [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Mona Sarkar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://dzh.factoryatwork.com}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Sajid Khan}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 horror films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]

Umanath Singh Autonomous State Medical College, Jaunpur

2026-02-27T23:17:44Z

Jantapost: creating some biography from scratch

{{Short description|Medical college in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Umanath Singh Autonomous State Medical College
| established = {{start date and age|2014}}
| principal = Dr. Ruchira sethi
| city = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| students =
| type = [[Medical college]]
| campus =
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|http://asmcjaunpur.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Umanath Singh Autonomous State Medical College''' (formerly '''Government Medical College, Janupur''') is a state [[medical college]] located near [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in [[Jaunpur district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/akhilesh-yadav-lays-the-foundation-stone-of-jaunpur-medical-college-610643.html|title=IPL: Vindoo Dara Singh arrested for links with betting mafia}}</ref> It is situated in Karanjakala block of Jaunpur district which is on Shahganj Road, connecting Jaunpur to Shahganj. The foundation stone was laid on 24 September 2014.

==History==
The foundation stone of the Government Medical College, in Jaunpur was laid by [[Akhilesh Yadav]], a former chief-minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], on 25 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM lays foundation for Jaunpur Medical college, to be completed by 2017 |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20140925/2465844.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Web India |date=25 September 2014 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204154742/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20140925/2465844.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] had decided to form an autonomous society that could run the college.<ref>{{cite news |title=Autonomous society to run Jaunpur Medical College, says UP government |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/autonomous-society-to-run-jaunpur-medical-college-says-up-government/story-7KqEcuuYNXS2PXQVml66hL.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 September 2019}}</ref> In July 2021, [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced the name of college to be changed to Umanath Singh Medical College.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi announces names of nine new medical colleges |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-announces-names-of-nine-new-medical-colleges-101627237468191.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Colleges affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University|state=expanded}}
{{coord|25.8087|82.6884|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-23T03:29:21Z

Jantapost: made post

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Jamnagar district of Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image = Black-necked Stork female flyingAMSM6458.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Black-necked stork]] in Khijadiya
| map = India Gujarat#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Jamnagar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.51|N|70.14|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_ha = 605
| established = {{Start date|1982}}
| website =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 13 April 2021
| designation1_number = 2464<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2464|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary''' is a bird sanctuary<ref name=htkhijadiya/> located in [[Jamnagar district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. About 300 species of [[migratory birds]] have been recorded here.<ref name=htkhijadiya>{{cite web|title=Gujarat's Khijadia bird sanctuary is haven for over 300 migratory bird species|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1414923141.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052815/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1414923141.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2022, on [[World Wetlands Day]] (2 February) it was declared as a [[List of Ramsar sites in India|Ramsar site]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary in Jamnagar now a ‘Ramsar site’ |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/khijadiya-bird-sanctuary-in-jamnagar-now-a-ramsar-site/81819979.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Sanctuary==
The sanctuary is unique having both fresh water lakes, salt and freshwater marshlands. It is spread over an area of 6.05 km2.<ref name=c>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gbwc2010.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=17 |title=Brief of Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary |access-date=2012-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925050243/http://www.gbwc2010.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=17 |archive-date=2010-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="d">[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/jamnagar/sights/other/khijadiya-bird-sanctuary] Lonely Planet</ref> Before Indian independence, a check dam was built for storing the waters of river Ruparel just before it entered the sea. Over the years with fresh water of the rain and river on one side and salt water of the sea on the other side, a unique area was formed here.<ref name=c/><ref name=f/> On the other side of the [[Bunding|bund]] large creeks flowing from the [[Gulf of Kutch]] are located. These [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] support [[mangrove]]s and other marine vegetation while on land side of the sanctuary inland vegetation like [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], Pilu, Prosopis and others are found profusely.<ref name=c/> The sanctuary is located at the watershed of [[Ruparel river]] and [[Kalindri]] at the North East coastal region of [[Jamnagar district]] in the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and has a very special and unique [[ecosystem]].<ref name=e/> Further, as sanctuary is located near [[Narara Island]], and has a bio-diversified [[coral reef]].<ref name=f/>

==Location==
It is located about 12 km away from [[Jamnagar]]. The nearest airport is at [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]] having daily direct flight to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]. It was declared as a Sanctuary on 6 November 1982.<ref name=b>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildgujarat.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52:marine-national-park-khijadiya-bird-sanctuary&catid=25:gujarat&Itemid=37 |title=Marine National Park (Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary) - Jamnagar |access-date=2012-01-11 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160506/http://www.wildgujarat.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52:marine-national-park-khijadiya-bird-sanctuary&catid=25:gujarat&Itemid=37 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the biggest bird sanctuary in Gujarat.<ref name=a/> Buses and taxis are available for going to sanctuary, form where in you have to walk about 3 km to reach inside the sanctuary.<ref name=d/> It is divided into 2 major parts: Part 1 and Part 2 mainly dividing salt waters and fresh waters.

==Birds==
[[File:Lesser Flamingo.JPG|thumb|Flying pattern of lesser flamingos]]

[[File:Great white pelican - Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary 2020-02-25 01.jpg|thumb|Great white pelicans preening]]
One can find both sea and shore birds, Every year over a hundreds of migratory birds species visit here to feed. In winter the sanctuary provides is a panorama of both migratory and resident birds like the [[Grey hypocolius]], [[Forest wagtail]], [[Grey-necked bunting]], [[Black-headed bunting]], [[Greylag goose]], [[European roller]], [[black-necked stork]], [[Great white pelican]], [[Dalmatian pelican]], [[Lesser flamingo]], [[Greater flamingo]], [[great crested grebe]], [[shikra]], [[Indian spotted eagle]], [[black ibis]], [[Blue-cheeked bee-eater]], [[Barn swallow]], [[Crested lark]], [[Isabelline shrike]], [[black-winged kite]], [[brahminy kite]], [[pheasant-tailed jacana]], [[great thick-knee]], [[common greenshank]], [[grey francolin]], [[imperial eagle]], [[little tern]], [[black-tailed godwit]], [[knob-billed duck]], [[common crane]], [[common teal]], [[dunlin]], [[garganey]], [[Gadwall]], [[marsh harrier]], [[northern pintail]], [[shoveler]], [[Whistling ducks]], [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[pale harrier]], [[demoiselle crane|demoiselle]], [[cormorant]]s and [[darters]]. Among the other wildlife found here are [[blue bull]], [[jackal]], [[wolf]], [[jungle cat]], [[mongoose]], [[Indian hare]] and snakes.<ref name=b/>

All the types of nests can be seen here, the ones on tree, on ground and floating nests on water. Varieties of ducks make floating nests. For instance, the [[black-necked stork]]s, which are not found easily anywhere in India, are found here in abundance.<ref name=f>[http://www.topnews.in/gujarat-s-khijadia-bird-sanctuary-haven-over-300-migratory-bird-species-215087 Gujarat's Khijadia bird sanctuary is haven for over 300 migratory bird species]</ref>

According to reports available least 257 to 300 types of migratory birds visit the Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary.<ref name=c/><ref name=f/><ref name=a>[https://archive.today/20130103095430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-17/rajkot/28233024_1_global-bird-watchers-conference-jamnagar-district-gujarat-government Global bird watchers meet at Jamnagar's Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary] Times of India, Nov 17, 2010.</ref> The noted Indian [[ornithologist]], [[Salim Ali]] when visited the sanctuary in 1984 and he reportedly sited 104 species on a single day.<ref name=c/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.migrantwatch.in/location.php?id=1472|title=MigrantWatch: Locations|access-date=2012-01-11|archive-date=2022-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103073853/http://www.migrantwatch.in/location.php?id=1472|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Khijadiya was declared as India's 49th Ramsar site, a wetland of International Importance recently on February 2, 2022. This sanctuary provides habitat for over 310 bird species.
People visit the sanctuary, which has now become an eco-tourist village. The birds can be seen here from September till February–March.<ref name=d/><ref name=e>[http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=2011010120110101031831644dec16f6c Bird watchers increase at Khijadiya Sanctuary]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During the [[winter]] of 2010, an International [[Birdwatching|Bird Watcher]]'s Conference was held at Khijadiya.

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] cater the forestry research needs of the Arid and semi arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat & Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman-Diu.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary}}

{{Bird Sanctuaries}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1992]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Caribbean Hindustani

2026-02-20T04:49:16Z

Jantapost: quick add page as per guidelines and added references for clarity

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Caribbean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Caribbean Hindustani
| image = Caribbean Hindustani in Latin, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Nastaliq.svg
| imagecaption = Caribbean Hindustani written in the Latin, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Perso-Arabic ([[Nastaliq]] calligraphy) scripts
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| nativename = कैरेबियाई हिंदुस्तानी {{small|{{small|{{small|([[Devanagari|Devanagari script]])}}}}}} {{script|Kthi|𑂍𑂶𑂩𑂵𑂥𑂱𑂨𑂰𑂆⸱𑂯𑂱𑂁𑂠𑂳𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂢𑂲}} {{small|{{small|{{small|([[Kaithi|Kaithi script]])}}}}}} {{nastaliq|کَیریبئائی ہندوستانی}} {{small|{{small|{{small|([[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]])}}}}}}
| ethnicity =
*[[Indo-Caribbean people]]
**[[Indians in the Netherlands|Indo-Caribbean people in the Netherlands]]
**[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]
**[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]
**[[Indo-Canadians#Indians from the Caribbean|Indo-Caribbean Canadians]]
| states =
| region = [[Caribbean]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|153,000|2}} in Suriname
| date = 2018
| ref = e25
| speakers2 = ~1,600 in Trinidad and Tobago (in 2003) 299,400 in all countries (2006–2019)<ref name=e25/>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]] and [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]
|fam5=[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] and [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Hindi]]
|fam6=[[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| ancestor5 = [[Sanskrit#Classical_Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
| ancestor6 = [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]] and [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]]{{efn|Magahi is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}}
| ancestor7 = Magadhan and Ardhamagadhi [[Apabhraṃśa]]{{efn|Magahi is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}}
| ancestor8 = [[Abahattha]]{{efn|Only Magahi is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}}
*[[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| dia1 = [[#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]]
| dia2 = [[#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]
| dia3 = [[Sarnámi Hindustáni|Sarnami Hindustani]]
| script = {{unbulleted list
|[[Devanagari]]<ref name="Script">{{Cite web|url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/library/script/|title=Script}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hykEAAAAQAAJ&q=kaithi+in+trinidad&pg=RA4-PA81-IA3|title = The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, Relating Principally to the Foreign Missions First Established by the Rev. John Wesley, M.A. The Rev. Dr. Coke and Others, and Now Carried on Under the Direction of the Methodist Conference|year = 1867}}</ref>
|[[Latin script|Latin-Roman]]<ref name="Script">{{Cite web|url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/library/script/|title=Script}}</ref>
|[[Kaithi]]<ref name=Kaithi/><ref name="Script">{{Cite web|url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/library/script/|title=Script}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hykEAAAAQAAJ&q=kaithi+in+trinidad&pg=RA4-PA81-IA3|title = The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, Relating Principally to the Foreign Missions First Established by the Rev. John Wesley, M.A. The Rev. Dr. Coke and Others, and Now Carried on Under the Direction of the Methodist Conference|year = 1867}}</ref>
|[[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]{{efn|[[Nastaliq|Nastaliq calligraphic hand]], [[Urdu alphabet]]}}<ref name="Script">{{Cite web|url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/library/script/|title=Script}}</ref>}}
| iso3 = hns
| glotto = cari1275
| glottorefname = Caribbean Hindustani
}}
'''Caribbean Hindustani''' ({{lang|hns|[[Devanagari]]: {{lang|inc-Deva|कैरेबियाई हिंदुस्तानी}}; [[Kaithi]]: 𑂍𑂶𑂩𑂵𑂥𑂱𑂨𑂰𑂆⸱𑂯𑂱𑂁𑂠𑂳𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂢𑂲; [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]: {{nastaliq|کَیریبیائی ہندوستانی}}}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by [[Indo-Caribbean people]] and the Indo-Caribbean diaspora. It is a [[koiné language]] mainly based on the [[Magahi language|Magahi]] ('Bhojpuri') and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] languages.<ref name=e25/> These were the most-spoken languages by the Indians who came as immigrants to the [[Caribbean]] from [[India]] as [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]]. It is closely related to [[Fiji Hindi]] and the ''koines'' spoken in [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]].

Because a majority of people came from the [[Magadha]] region in [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Jharkhand]], and the [[Awadh]] region in Uttar Pradesh, Caribbean Hindustani is most influenced by [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and other [[Eastern Hindi]]-[[Bihari languages|Bihari dialects]]. [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi|Standard Hindi]]-[[Urdu|Standard Urdu]]) has also influenced the language due to the arrival of [[Bollywood]] films, music, and other media from India. It also has a minor influence from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/language/|title=Language}}</ref> The language has also borrowed many words from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[English language|English]] in [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]], and English and [[French language|French]] in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Many words unique to Caribbean Hindustani have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Caribbean people now live in. After the introduction of Standard Hindustani to the Caribbean, Caribbean Hindustani was seen by many Indo-Caribbean people as a broken version of Hindi, however due to later academic research it was seen as deriving from Bhojpuri (or more accurately Magahi, Awadhi, and other dialects and was in fact not a broken language, but its own unique language mainly deriving from the Magahi and Awadhi dialects, and not the [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] dialect like Standard Hindi and Urdu did, thus the difference.<ref name="auto1">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qZZIkdRuMI0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210202131346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZZIkdRuMI0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZZIkdRuMI0| title = Motilall Marhé meets Peggy Mohan for the first time to duscuss Bhojpuri | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 4 May 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Caribbean Hindustani is spoken as a vernacular by Indo-Caribbean people, independent of their religious background, though Hindus tend to incorporate more [[Sanskrit]] derived vocabulary and Muslims tend to incorporate more [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] derived vocabulary, similar to the Standard Hindi-Urdu divide of the [[Hindustani language]]. When written, the [[Devanagari script]] is used by [[Hindus]], while some [[Muslims]] tend to use the [[Perso-Arabic script]] in the [[Nastaliq]] [[calligraphic hand]] following the [[Urdu alphabet]]; historically, the [[Kaithi]] script was also used.<ref name=Kaithi>{{cite web |year=2007 |first=Anshuman |last=Pandey |title=Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07199-kaithi.pdf}}</ref> However, due to the decline in the language these scripts are not widely used and most often the [[Latin script]] is used due to familiarity and easiness.

[[Chutney music]], [[chutney soca]], [[chutney parang]], [[Baithak Gana|baithak gana]], [[Indian folk music|folk music]], [[Indian classical music|classical music]], some [[Hindu music|Hindu religious songs]], some [[Islamic music|Muslim religious songs]], and even some Indian [[Christian music|Christian religious songs]] are sung in Caribbean Hindustani, sometimes being mixed with [[Caribbean English|English]] in the [[Commonwealth Caribbean|Anglophone Caribbean]] or [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in [[Suriname]] and the [[Dutch Caribbean]].

==Guyanese Hindustani==
The Caribbean Hindustani of [[Guyana]] is known as ''Guyanese Hindustani'', ''Guyanese Bhojpuri'', ''Puraniya Hindi'', or ''Aili Gaili''. It is spoken by some members in a community of 300,000 Indo-Guyanese, mostly by the older generation, [[Hindu priest|Hindu priests]], and [[Imam|imams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2016/07/24/sunday/arts-on-sunday/bhojpuri-links-guyana-caribbean/ | title=Bhojpuri and its links to Guyana and the Caribbean | date=24 July 2016 }}</ref> The [[#Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani|Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani]] dialect of Guyanese Hindustani and Sarnami is spoken in [[East Berbice-Corentyne]] in Guyana and the neighboring district of [[Nickerie District|Nickerie]] in Suriname.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KCpL6__6V0 | title=Djamoeni Dewdath tell her life story in the Nickerian Sarnami dialect | website=[[YouTube]] | date=6 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Trinidadian Hindustani ==
[[File:Kala Brand Madras Curry Powder.jpg|thumb|Trinidadian Hindustani text in the Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script on a bucket of [[curry powder]] from Trinidad and Tobago.]]
The variant that is spoken in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] is known as ''Trinidadian Hindustani'', ''Trinidadian Bhojpuri'', ''Trinidadian Hindi'', ''Indian'', ''Plantation Hindustani'', or ''Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech)''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155 |title = The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration|isbn = 9780761932185|last1 = Jayaram|first1 = N.|last2 = Atal|first2 = Yogesh|date = 24 May 2004}}</ref> A majority of the early [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Indian]] indentured immigrants spoke the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the [[Hindustani language|Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect]] and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNVnQAACAAJ |title = Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935)|isbn = 9789766483227|last1 = Gooptar|first1 = Primnath|year = 2014| publisher=Caribbean Educational Publishers }}</ref> The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a [[first language]], but rather as a [[heritage language]], as they favored English as a way out.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | title=The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 May 2020 }}</ref> Around the mid to late 1960s the ''lingua franca'' of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of ''Hindinized'' version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through [[Indo-Caribbean music|Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms]] such as, [[Bhajan]], [[Indian classical music]], [[Indian folk music]], [[Filmi]], [[Pichakaree]], [[Chutney music|Chutney]], [[Chutney soca]], and [[Chutney parang]]. {{asof|2003|post=,}} there were about 15,600 Trinidadians who spoke Trinidadian Hindustani, 90 % of them as a second language.<ref name="auto2" /> {{asof|2011|post=,}} there were about 10,000 who spoke Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of [[Hinglish]] that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.<ref name=e25/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm |title = The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 |title = 10,000 students graduate in Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar |date=December 1999 |title=The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English |journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=45 |issue=4|pages= 13–34|doi= 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref> [[World Hindi Conference|World Hindi Day]] is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|title=TT celebrates World Hindi Day|date=19 January 2020|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday}}</ref>

==Sarnami Hindustani==
{{main|Sarnámi Hindustáni}}
[[File:Suriname Bhojpuri.jpg|thumb|Sarnami Hindustani (Roman script) plaque at Suriname Memorial, [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]]]
{{anchor|Sarnami}}''Sarnami'' or ''Sarnami Hindoestani'' or ''Sarnami Hindustani'' meaning ''Surinamese Hindustani'' is the third-most spoken language in Suriname after Dutch and [[Sranan Tongo]] (the two ''[[lingua franca]]s'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Languages spoken in Suriname|url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/SR-language.htm|access-date=4 January 2021|website=SpainExchange Country Guide|language=en}}</ref>
It developed as a fusion of [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] and [[Eastern Hindi]] languages, specifically [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], and – to a lesser degree – [[Magahi language|Magahi]]. Most scholars agree that Bhojpuri is the main contributor in the formation of Sarnami.<ref name=Damsteegt/> It is mainly spoken by and within Suriname's [[Indo-Surinamese]] (ca. 27% of the population) community and therefore it is not considered to be a third lingua franca. While Sarnami is mostly a language of informal daily communication, the traditional prestige language of the community is Standard [[Hindi–Urdu]] in either of its literary variants: [[Hindi|Hindi (Modern Standard Hindi)]] for Hindus, and [[Urdu]] for Muslims. This is similar to how [[Jamaican Patois]] is used informally and [[Jamaican English|Jamaican Standard English]] or the ''[[Received Pronunciation|Queen's English]]'' is seen as more prestigious.<ref name=Damsteegt>{{cite book |year=1988 |last=Damsteegt |first=Theo |chapter=Sarnami: a Living Language |editor1=Richard Keith Barz |editor2=Jeff Siegel |title=Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi |pages=95–120 |place=Wiesbaden |publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref> ''[[Baithak Gana]]'' is the most famous genre of music sung in Sarnami Hindustani.

===Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani===
Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani, also called Nickerian Sarnami or Berbician Hindustani, is a unique dialect of Sarnami and Guyanese Bhojpuri-Hindustani that developed in the district of [[Nickerie District|Nickerie]] in [[Suriname]] and the neighboring county of [[Berbice]] (present-day [[East Berbice-Corentyne]]) in [[Guyana]] during the colonial times in the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Even though Suriname's Nickerie and Guyana's Berbice are in different countries separated by the [[Courantyne River]], the groups of descendants of Indian indentured laborers that settled in both areas existed as one [[Indo-Caribbean|Indian]] community and intermarriage between Indians from Nickerie to Indians in Berbice and vice versa often occurred. The difference in colonial and post-colonial independent history in the two districts led to the Indians in Nickerie in Suriname being able to preserve the dialect, while in Berbice in Guyana it largely died out, however many words and phrases from the dialect were incorporated into the [[Guyanese Creole|Guyanese English Creole]] of Berbice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinay Lal |date=26 June 2009 |title=From Masjid to Mandir: Across the Corentyne, into Suriname |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/diaspora/masjid-madir-across-corentyne-suriname/ |website=southasia.ucla.edu}}</ref> Today the remaining speakers of Guyanese Hindustani are mostly speakers of the Nickerian-Berbician dialect due to the influx of Nickerians in Berbice. Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani is mostly mutually intelligible with the Sarnami spoken in the rest of Suriname, although there are many words from Guyanese English Creole and [[English language|English]]. Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani is also mutually intelligible with the Guyanese Hindustani spoken in the rest of Guyana, however unlike Suriname, Indians in Guyana have mostly adopted Guyanese English Creole as their first language and it is spoken mostly by the elderly, [[Hindu priest]]s, and Indian immigrants from Suriname.<ref name="youtube.com"/><ref>https://www.facebook.com/sarnamibol.nl/videos/sarnami-nickere-paramaribo/397549981504863/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=October 2022}}</ref>

== Research and promotional efforts ==
Early research on the language has been conducted by Motilall Rajvanshi Marhe from Suriname, Peggy Mohan and Noor Kumar Mahabir from Trinidad and Tobago, and Surendra Kumar Gambhir in Guyana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Motilall Marhe |url=https://chutneymusic.com/motilall-marhe/ |website=Chutney Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Priya J. Ramcharan |date=4 July 2020 |title=The Awareness of an Indian Decendant |url=https://icdn.today/the-awareness-of-an-indian-decendant/ |website=ICDN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peggy Mohan |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/peggy-mohan/ |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Kumar Mahabir Donates Copies of His Audio-Cassettes to UWI |url=https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2018/07/16/dr-kumar-mahabir-donates-copies-of-his-audio-cassettes-to-uwi/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Indo-Caribbean Publications|date=16 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="auto1" /> Attempts to preserve the language are being made by Caribbean Hindustani Inc. led by Visham Bhimull, Sarnami Bol Inc. led by Rajsingh Ramanjulu in Suriname,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Caribbean Hindustani |language=en-US}}</ref> Karen Dass in Trinidad and Tobago, and Harry Hergash in Canada who is originally from Guyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/about-us/who-we-are/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarnami Bol |url=https://caribbeanhindustani.org/sarnami-bol/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2014 |title=The Linguistic Legacy of Indian-Guyanese |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/04/21/features/in-the-diaspora/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hergash Launches Book on Indian-Guyanese Words, Phrases |url=https://guyaneseonline.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/hergash-launches-book-on-indian-guyanese-words-phrases.pdf |access-date=7 April 2021 |mode=cs1 |via=guyaneseonline.files.wordpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2013 |title=Author Releases Book on Words and Phrases Used by Indian Immigrants, Descendants |work=Guyana Chronicle |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2013/09/11/author-releases-book-on-words-and-phrases-used-by-indian-immigrants-descendants/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Kaveeta Sharma |date=n.d. |title=Guyanese Hindi Dictionary |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56183697e4b0beb41666a064/t/56340d3ee4b01aa7927ff753/1446251838454/Guyanese+Hindi+Dictionary.pdf |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indo-Caribbean people]]
*[[Fiji Hindi]]
* [[Girmityas]]

==Footnotes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Mohan |first=Peggy |title=The rise and fall of Trinidad Bhojpuri |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1990 |volume=85 |pages=21-30 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1990.85.21}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary category|category=Caribbean Hindustani language}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hns.pdf|title=Caribbean Hindustani translation of the UDHR}}

{{Languages of Guyana}}
{{Languages of Suriname}}
{{Languages of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{Bihari languages}}
{{Hindi topics}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Languages of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean culture]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language culture]]
[[Category:Languages of Guyana]]
[[Category:Languages of Suriname]]
[[Category:Languages of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Awadhi language]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages of the Indian diaspora]]

Sapam Nishikant Singh

2026-02-14T18:21:53Z

Jantapost:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician | office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Sapam Nishikant Singh''' (born in 1965)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal West district|Imphal West District]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], as an independent politician,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Keisamthong, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: INDEPENDENT's Sapam Nishikant Singh defeats RPI(Ath)'s Maheshwar Thounaojam with 187 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/keisamthong-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923444-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and then pledged support to the Bharatiya Janata Party government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-03-11 |title=Independent winner extends support to BJP in Manipur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Mar/11/independent-winner-extends-support-to-bjp-in-manipur-2428994.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]], [[Imphal West district|Imphal West District]], Manipur. He is the son of the late Sapam Mani Singh. He completed his B.Com. (Honours) in 1987 at Sriram College of Commerce, which is affiliated with Delhi University.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sapam Nishikant Singh(Independent(IND)):Constituency- KEISAMTHONG(IMPHAL WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=75 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is one of the richest candidates in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] according to the self-declared affidavit published by the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapam Nishikant, richest candidate in Manipur polls 2022, beats rivals |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sapam-nishikant-richest-candidate-in-manipur-polls-2022-beats-rivals |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> He is the publisher of [[The Sangai Express]] newspaper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-02-18 |title=Manipur 2022: Won't take salary, will contribute to LAD fund, says Sapam Nishikant Singh |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/02/18/manipur-2022-wont-take-salary-will-contribute-to-lad-fund-says-sapam-nishikant-singh/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Keishamthong Assembly constituency as an independent politician in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 8,874 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Maheshwar Thounaojam of the [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]], by a margin of 187 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keishamthong Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sapam Nishikant Singh of IND Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/keishamthong-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4855787.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he joined the BJP but was denied a ticket for the 2022 Assembly election and he contested as an independent candidate and won. He pledged that he would not take any salary and would contribute his salary to Local Area Development funds.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sapam Nishikant}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]

Buddha Nullah

2026-02-10T05:37:50Z

Jantapost: new

{{Short description|Stream in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Flow of the Buddha Nullah through Ludhiana city, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NE Jullundur (1921) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Flow of the Buddha Nullah through Ludhiana city, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NE Jullundur (1921)]]
'''Buddha Nullah''' or '''Buddha Nala''' ({{langx|pa|ਬੁੱਢਾ ਨਾਲ਼ਾ}}) is a seasonal water stream or [[nullah]], which runs through the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of [[Punjab, India]], and after passing through highly populated [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India]], it drains into [[Sutlej River]], a tributary of the [[Indus River]]. Today, it has also become a major source of pollution in the region as well the main Sutlej river, as it gets polluted after entering the highly populated and industrialized [[Ludhiana|Ludhiana city]], turning it into an open drain. Also, since large area in south-western Punjab solely depend on the canal water for irrigation, and water from Buddha Nullah enters various canals after Harike waterworks near [[Firozpur]], thus affecting far-reaching areas such as [[Malout]], [[Zira, Punjab|Zira]], upper [[Lambi, Muktsar|Lambi]], while the areas being fed by [[Sirhind]] feeder, are the most-affected by its pollution.<ref name=ex>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/buddha-nullah-the-toxic-vein-of-malwa/312236/|title=Buddha Nullah the toxic vein of Malwa|date=21 May 2008|work=Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005151212/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/buddha-nullah-the-toxic-vein-of-malwa/312236/|archive-date=5 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
[[File:Flow of the Buddha Nullah past Chamkaur, Fatehgarh, and Machhiwara, Survey of India geographical block-map for 53 B NW Nabha (1917) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Flow of the Buddha Nullah past Chamkaur, Fatehgarh, and Machhiwara, Survey of India geographical block-map for 53 B NW Nabha (1917)]]
Buddha Nullah, literally meaning "old rivulet or "old watercourse", originates at village Koom Kalan of Ludhiana and it runs parallel to the [[Satluj]] on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the [[Ludhiana district]] and ultimately joins the Satluj at [[Walipur Kalan]] in the northwestern corner of the district. Cities of [[Ludhiana]] and [[Machhiwara]] are situated to the south of the Buddha Nala.

Under the high-bank of the old course of the Sutlej emerges the Buddha Nullah, where is a perennial stream that originates at Chamkaur and enters Ludhiana district near Bahlopur, passing nearby the city of Ludhiana, re-entering the Sutlej at Jagraon Tehsil, near the district boundary with the neighbouring Firozpur district.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Sharad K. |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |date=May 16, 2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402051807 |pages=484–486}}</ref>

==Pollution and clean-up==
The Buddha Nullah is polluted, with its polluted waters entering the Sirhind Feeder meant for irrigation and subsequently polluting downstream branches, such as the [[Abohar Branch]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=1 May 2022 |title=Contaminated canal water leaves orchards barren in Abohar villages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/contaminated-canal-water-leaves-orchards-barren-in-abohar-villages/articleshow/91223211.cms |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref> In 2006, a Ludhiana-based human rights organization, filed a case regarding the state of this nullah in the Punjab State Human Rights Commission (PSHRC) and even invited environmentalist, [[Balbir Singh Seechewal]], who had earlier cleaned the 164-km-long highly polluted Kali Bein rivulet with the help of his followers and without the government aid, to take the cause of cleaning up the nullah.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2006 |title=Baba Seechewal urged to clean Buddha Nullah |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=209719 |work=Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

A study conducted by [[Punjab Agricultural University]] in 2008, revealed presence of toxins and heavy metals in the food chain due to use of its water, to cultivate vegetables and other crops.
This was followed by another study by the School of Public Health, Department of Community Medicine, [[PGIMER]], Chandigarh, and the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), which also showed [[heptachlor]], beta-[[endosulphan]] and [[chlorpyrifos]] pesticides in concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limit in samples of ground and canal water used for drinking, the [[pesticide]]s were also detected in fodder, vegetables, blood, bovine and human milk samples, indicating that these have entered the food chain due to the use of agricultural run-off and irrigation of field with drain water. With increasing poisoning of the soil, the region once hailed as the home to the [[Green Revolution]], now due to excessive use of chemical fertilizer, is being termed the "Other [[Bhopal tragedy|Bhopal]]", and "even credit-takers of the Revolution have begun to admit they had been wrong, now that they see wastelands and lives lost to farmer suicides in this "granary of India".<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2010 |title=Laws To Tackle Other 'Bhopals' |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/06/09212410/LAWS-TO-TACKLE-OTHER-8216BH.html?atype=tp |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

=== Government efforts ===
Presently, sewage treatment plants of 466 MLD (48 MLD at Jamalpur, 111 & 50 MLD at Bhattian and 152 & 105MLD at Balloke) are operational for the treatment of the sewage of Ludhiana city.

In June 2009, Ludhiana district administration imposed article 144 around the nullah, banning the throwing of garbage in it, but in the following months it was scarcely implemented, despite public outcry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5324092.cms|title=Pollution in Buddha Nullah on the rise|date=11 December 2009|work=The Times of India|first1=Manvinder|last1=Singh}}</ref> In the following month, the Government of Punjab, allocated Rs. 500 million for the cleaning up of the nullah.,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090708/punjab.htm#4|title=Rs 50 cr for Buddha Nullah cleaning|date=8 July 2009|work=The Tribune}}</ref> and in August, the municipal corporation in a demolition drive, removed a large number of illegal encroachments from both sides of the nullah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4864429.cms|title=Encroachments on banks of Buddha Nullah cleared|date=6 August 2009|work=The Times of India|first1=Manvinder|last1=Singh}}</ref>

In 2020 Punjab Government approved a Rs650 crore project for rejuvenation of polluted Nullah, Chief Minister asked local government to complete project under 2 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-07 |title=Ludhiana: Rs 650 crore plan for Buddha Nullah clean-up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/rs-650cr-plan-for-buddha-nullah-clean-up/articleshow/73130198.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2022, the testing of newly built treatment plants began.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Project to rejuvenate Buddha Nullah: Testing begins at newly constructed STP in Ludhiana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/project-rejuvenate-buddha-nullah-ludhiana-8352944/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, 95% of the work was done and in same year, 31 December was marked deadline after already missing five dates due to delay caused by COVID-19. The project was taken as the top most priority and the work was progressing fast to meet the deadline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=95% rejuvenation done, Buddha Nullah close to turn into river |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/95-rejuvenation-done-buddha-nullah-close-to-turn-into-river-576024 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref> However, the government clean-up project failed to produce results and a ''Buddha Dariya'' was not achieved.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Sukhpreet |date=29 January 2025 |title=4 years on, ₹650-cr Buddha Nullah revamp project yet to find its feet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/4-years-on-650-cr-buddha-nullah-revamp-project-yet-to-find-its-feet-101738087074301.html |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Over the past 40 years, numerous government administrations have made promises to clean the nullah but none have been successful.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=4 July 2024 |title=Thousands of crores spent on Ludhiana's Buddha Nullah go down the drain |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/thousands-of-crores-spent-on-buddha-nullah-go-down-the-drain-636766/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> The toxic waters of the nullah continue to cause disease and premature-death in the localities surrounding it.<ref name=":1" />

=== Private efforts ===
[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]], who cleaned-up the [[Kali Bein]], launched a ''[[Sevā|kar seva]]'' effort to clean the Buddha Nullah in December 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2024 |title=Seechewal pitches tent to clean Buddha Nullah |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/seechewal-pitches-tent-to-clean-buddha-nullah/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Seechewal's clean-up efforts have been criticized as PR stunt by only sharing photographs of select, clean stretches of the nullah upstream, whilst ignoring the more polluted, downstream sections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=Ludhiana:Seechewal’s claim of clean Buddha Nullah ‘PR stunt’, says local activists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ludhianaseechewals-claim-of-clean-buddha-nullah-pr-stunt-says-local-activists-101743271511415.html |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Sikhism ==
The Buddha Nullah is connected to Guru Nanak, which is marked by Gurdwara Gaughat.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[Water pollution in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/9439319/BUDDHA-NALA Wikimapia Link]
*[http://www.understandingplanetearth.in/images/Buddha%20nala.jpg Map of Buddha Nala]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}

{{coord|30.931|75.977|display=title}}

[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Canals in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]

Rishika Singh

2026-02-10T03:04:32Z

Jantapost: bio

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{for|the Hindi-language actress|Rishika Singh (Hindi actress)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishika Singh
| alt =
| caption = 2016 by The rishika singh
| birth_name = Rohini Singh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bangalore
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| parents = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] (father)
| family = [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]] (brother)
}}

'''Rishika Singh''' (born Rohini Singh) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Kannada-language]] films. She is the daughter of film director [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] and granddaughter of Mysore-based film producer Shankar Singh and former Kannada actress Pratima Devi. Her brother [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]] also appears in Kannada films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aditya: A Rising Star of Kannada Film Industry |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=35785 |publisher=Mangalorean |date=2006-11-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090756/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=35785 |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rishika Singh was born as Rohini Singh to film director [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] in [[Bengaluru]]. She was born to a family of film personalities with her grandfather Shankar Singh being a film producer and grandmother Pratima Devi, a Kannada film actress. She is the niece of Sangram Singh and actors [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] and [[Jai Jagadish]].

She completed her graduation from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]], Bangalore, in the year 2008.

== Career ==
Rishika Singh made her debut in films in the 2011 [[Kannada-language]] film ''[[Kanteerava]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= Kanteerava on Jan 21 |url= http://www.sify.com/movies/kanteerava-on-jan-21-imagegallery-kannada-lbukT6gbigh.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125233208/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kanteerava-on-Jan-21-imagegallery-kannada-lbukT6gbigh.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 25 January 2011 |website= [[Sify]] |accessdate= 19 February 2014}}</ref> She then appeared in the multi-starrer comedy film ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' in the same year. In 2012, Singh hosted a talk show titled ''Ragale with Rishika'' that aired on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Rishika arrives on TV with talk show |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article596781.ece#.UwSuCmKSy64 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120829021222/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article596781.ece#.UwSuCmKSy64 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 29 August 2012 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 27 August 2012 |accessdate= 19 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= I have never felt jealous of other heroines: Rishika Singh |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-have-never-felt-jealous-of-other-heroines-rishika-singh/286873-71-204.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130408040536/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-have-never-felt-jealous-of-other-heroines-rishika-singh/286873-71-204.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 April 2013 |publisher= ibnlive.com |date= 30 August 2012 |accessdate= 19 February 2014}}</ref> In 2013, she got into a controversy after her morphed obscene video clip was uploaded on a social website by the actor-director S. K. Basheed of her film ''[[Benki Birugali (2013 film)|Benki Birugali]]'', against whom she filed a case.<ref>{{cite news |title= Actor Rishika Singh files case against director |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/actor-rishika-singh-files-case-against-director/article4663938.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 29 April 2013 |accessdate= 19 February 2014}}</ref> She was one of the contestants in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss]]'' in its [[Bigg Boss Kannada 1|first season]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She appeared in an item song for ''[[Maanikya]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |title= Risheeka Singh to direct short film |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Risheeka-Singh-to-direct-short-film/articleshow/34414828.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 30 April 2014 |accessdate= 30 April 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rishika Singh was engaged to Sandeep, a businessman from [[Bangalore]] in December 2012.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} However, the wedding was called off, following which Singh was hospitalized due to a nervous breakdown.<ref>{{cite news |title= Rishika Singh Hospitalised Following Break Up With Her Beau |url= http://karnataka.indiaeveryday.in/news-rishika-singh-hospitalised-following-break-up-with-her-beau-1160-5260179.htm |publisher= karnataka.indiaeveryday.in |date= 28 March 2013 |accessdate= 19 February 2013 |archive-date= 27 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140227003838/http://karnataka.indiaeveryday.in/news-rishika-singh-hospitalised-following-break-up-with-her-beau-1160-5260179.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Kanteerava]]'' || Kasturi ||
|-
| ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' || Sanjana ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Benki Birugali (2013 film)|Benki Birugali]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Maanikya]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Tunturu (film)|Tunturu]]'' || Sneha ||
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2012
| ''Ragale With Rishika''
| Herself (Host)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5705317}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rishika}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Kathangri

2026-01-27T16:52:58Z

Jantapost: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Noor Mohammed Nooruddin

2026-01-17T17:45:27Z

Jantapost: post

{{Short description|Shia Islam ruler with delegated authority}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Noor Mohammed Nooruddin
| native_name = نُور مُحَمّد نورُالدّين
| honorific_prefix = {{smallcaps|Syedna}}
| honorific_suffix = [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|37th]] [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| image = Mazar e Noor Mandavi.jpg
| caption = Mazar-e-Noorani, [[Mandvi]], where Syedna Noor Mohammed Nooruddin is buried.
| image_upright = 1.2
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Jamnagar
| death_date = 1719 AD
| death_place = [[Mandvi]], [[India]]
| resting_place = [[Mandvi]], [[India]]
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| net_worth =
| title = {{hlist |Syedna |Maulana |al-Dā'ī al-Mutlaq |al-Dā'ī al-Ajal al-Fātimi}}
| office1 = [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]
| term_start1 = 1710 AD (1122 AH)
| term_end1 = 1719 AD (1130 AH)
| predecessor1 = [[Musa Kalimuddin]]
| successor1 = [[Ismail Badruddin II]]
| boards =
| spouse = Fatema AaiSaheba
| father = [[Musa Kalimuddin|Syedna Musa Kalimuddin]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Isma'ili]]
| subsect = [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| jurisprudence = {{hlist|[[Mustaali]] |[[Tayyabi]]}}
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| background = #ded
| children = {{plainlist|
*Dosi Bai
}}
}}

'''Syedna Noor Mohammed Nooruddin''' ({{langx|ar|نور محمد نور الدين}}) was the 37th al-Dai al-Mutlaq (vicegerent) of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] Community, a subsect of Shia Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazarenoorani.com/ |title=Mazar-E-Noorani Mandvi |website=www.mazarenoorani.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051206035402/http://www.mazarenoorani.com/ |archive-date=6 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://malumaat.com/archives/articles/noormohammed.html |title=Akhbar - Syedna Noor Mohammed Nooruddin Saheb (RA) |website=malumaat.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808115555/http://malumaat.com/archives/articles/noormohammed.html |archive-date=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Noor Mohammad Nooruddin was born in Jamnagar in the era of his great-grandfather, the 34th Dai Syedna [[Ismail Badruddin I]] bin Mulla Raj. Syedna Zakiuddin nurtured Syedna Nooruddin and brought him up. Syedna Nooruddin served his grandfather [[Abduttayyeb Zakiuddin II]] with devotion, especially in his last illness. Before Syedna Zakiuddin died in 1110 AH/1699 AD, he bestowed Syedna Nooruddin his ring, “indicating his future accession to the rutba of Dai al-Mutlaq”.<ref>Syedna [[Taher Saifuddin]]’s Risalat, 1374 H titled Nahr un Noor, p. 208</ref> Nooruddin served his father, [[Musa Kalimuddin]], with devotion, and aided him in conducting the Dawat. Kalimuddin entrusted him with executing all the affairs of Dawat, appointed him in the rutba of Mazoon, and made him also his Mansoos. When Kalimuddin died in 1122 AH/1710 AD, Nooruddin became Da'i al-Mutlaq.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumineen.org/archive/awliya/duat-mutlaqeen-as/ |title=Archived copy |website=www.mumineen.org |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828064918/http://www.mumineen.org/archive/awliya/duat-mutlaqeen-as/ |archive-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Jamnagar==
The ruler of [[Jamnagar]], the ‘[[Jam Sahib|Jaam]]’ Laakha, was against him, wanting to forcefully collect money, and forced him to leave his home and town, secretly one midnight, with only three companions (among them the 39th Dai Syedna [[Ibrahim Wajiuddin]]). It was the monsoon season, and Syedna Nooruddin walked all night in the rain. He passed through Boodri, Daruda, [[Wankaner]] and finally to [[Morbi|Morvi]], where the king of [[Morvi]], Raja Kayaji welcomed him. Meanwhile, when the Jaam found out that Syedna Nooruddin was in Morvi, he wrote to the Raja to have him sent back, but the Raja refused. Outraged, the Jaam looted Syedna Nooruddin's home and possessions in Jamnagar.<ref>Syedna [[Taher Saifuddin]]’s Risalat, 1374 H titled Nahr un Noor ash Sha’sha’ani</ref>

Six months after looting Syedna Nooruddin's possessions, the ‘Jaam’ fell ill, and with his body infested with parasitic worms, he died a terrible, painful death. The ‘Jaam’ was succeeded by his son, the new Jaam Raj Singh, who was a devotee of Syedna Nooruddin. When Raj Singh was a youth, Syedna Nooruddin saved him from poison fed to him by his stepmother. Raj Singh invited Syedna Nooruddin to come back to Jamnagar. In Dhu-l-Hijja 1124 AH, Syedna Nooruddin was received by Jaam Raj Singh himself with pomp and ceremony in the presence of his full army and all communities. He returned all the possessions that his father had looted, in addition to the chit of credit for 330,000 gold Jaamis that his father had extorted.

==Mandvi==
Some time thereafter, Jaam Raj Singh was murdered by his step-brother, who took the throne. Syedna Nooruddin did not feel safe anymore in Jamnagar, and he migrated to [[Mandvi]], a port on the [[Kutch district|Kachchh]] coast, where he set up his home, and lived there for the rest of his life. His period of Dawat was 1122-1130 AH/1710-1719 AD (he died on 4 Rajab 1130). He left behind three young children under the age of eight.

== Mausoleum ==
Syedna Noor Mohammed is buried in al-Qubbah al-Nooraniyyah (Mazar-e-Noorani) in [[Mandvi]], India. It was reconstructed with marble and inaugurated in October 1999 by [[Mohammed Burhanuddin|Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin]]. The mausoleum houses the graves of Abdulkarim bhai, Syedna Noor Mohammed Nooruddin, Fatema AaiSaheba, Phool BaiSaheba, Haleema AaiSaheba, Dosi bai, Noor bhai, Syedi Raj bhai, Sheikh AbdeMusa Meethabhai, Sheikh Ismailji, Syedi Sheikh-Adam Safiyuddin, Sheikh Shamsuddin and Rehmat bai.

==Succession==
He was succeeded by the 38th Dai [[Ismail Badruddin II]]. Subsequent Dais from this dynasty were [[syedna Abduttayyeb Zakiuddin III]] (41), [[syedna Yusuf Najmuddin]] (42), [[syedna Abde Ali Saifuddin]] (43), and [[syedna Mohammed Badruddin]] (46). This Dynasty was descended from Molai Bharmal. The present dynasty of Dais is descended from Molai Tarmal, the brother of Molai Bharmal. The present Dynasty started from the 44th Dai [[syedna Mohammed Ezzuddin]], then his brother [[syedna Tayyeb Zainuddin]] and his progeny. The present Dai [[syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin]] is the 6th generation direct descendant of [[syedna Tayyeb Zainuddin]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Daftary, Farhad, ''The Ismaili, Their History and Doctrine'' (Chapter -Mustalian Ismailism- p. 300-310)
*Lathan, Young, ''Religion, Learning and Science''
*Bacharach, Joseph W. Meri, ''Medieval Islamic Civilisation''

{{s-start }}
{{s-rel|sh}}
{{s-hou| [[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]]|| Jamnagar||1719 AD Mandvi, India}}
{{Succession box
| title = 37th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]]
| years = 1122–1130 AH/1711–1719 AD
| before = [[Musa Kalimuddin]]
| after = [[Ismail Badruddin II]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Dā'ī al-Mutlaq}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noor Mohammad Nooruddin}}
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra da'is]]
[[Category:1719 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century Ismailis]]
[[Category:18th-century Ismailis]]

Aisha Chaudhary

2026-01-16T13:29:24Z

Jantapost: typo fix

{{short description|Indian author, motivational speaker (1996–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aisha Kaur Chaudhary
| image = Aisha Chaudhary.jpg
| caption = Chaudhary at TEDx [[Pune]] in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date|1996|03|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviereview.co.in/upcoming-movies/real-se-reel-tak-the-real-face-of-characters-in-upcoming-bollywood-biopics/|title=Real Se Reel Tak, ''Movie Review.''|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|01|24|1996|03|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_cause = [[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
| known_for = {{ubl|Motivation Speeches at INK Conference|''My Little Epiphanies'' (2015)}}
| alma_mater = [[American Embassy School, New Delhi|American Embassy School]]
| occupation = {{hlist | Author | motivational speaker}}
| parents = 
| relatives = 
}}

'''Aisha Chaudhary''' (27 March 1996 {{endash}} 24 January 2015<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli |first=Sharad |date=2015-03-09 |title=Mother reflects on Aisha's inspiring life in Gurgaon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Mother-reflects-on-Aishas-inspiring-life-in-Gurgaon/articleshow/46497859.cms |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>) was an Indian author and motivational speaker. She is the author of the book ''My Little Epiphanies'', published one day before her death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-25 |title=Pendrive: Remembering Aisha Chaudhary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/pendrive-remembering-aisha-chaudhary/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The 2019 [[Hindi]] film ''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'' is based on her life.

==Early life==
Chaudhary was the daughter of Niren Chaudhary, who later became the president of South Asia operations of [[Yum! Brands]] and [[Panera Bread]]. Her mother, Aditi, was a [[mental health]]care worker. She had an elder brother named Ishan Chaudhary and an elder sister Tanya Chaudhary, who died at the age of seven months. Chaudhary was born with [[severe combined immunodeficiency]] ([[Severe combined immunodeficiency|SCID]]). When she was six months old, she had to undergo a [[bone marrow transplant]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-in-the-sky-is-pink-who-is-aisha-chaudhary-the-girl-the-film-is-based-on-1281041-2018-07-09|title=Priyanka Chopra in The Sky Is Pink: Who is Aisha Chaudhary, the girl the film is based on?|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|agency=Ist|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209183959/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-in-the-sky-is-pink-who-is-aisha-chaudhary-the-girl-the-film-is-based-on-1281041-2018-07-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-10 |title=Who is Aisha Chaudhary, the inspiration behind The Sky Is Pink? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-aisha-chaudhary-the-inspiration-behind-the-sky-is-pink-6062674/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, she developed a serious illness called [[pulmonary fibrosis]] – a type of condition that causes irreversible scarring of the lungs. This was a side effect of the chemotherapy she had taken for her SCID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Shilpa Kappur |date=2014-10-04 |title=The Girl Who Just Won’t Give Up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/Oct/04/the-girl-who-just-won%E2%80%99t-give-up-668016.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Aaj |date=2019-09-16 |title=The Real Faces Behind Bollywood Biopics: “Real Se Reel Tak” |url=https://aajindia.com/en/entertainment/real-se-reel-tak-the-real-face-of-characters-in-upcoming-bollywood-biopics/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Aaj India |language=en-US |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204035513/https://aajindia.com/en/entertainment/real-se-reel-tak-the-real-face-of-characters-in-upcoming-bollywood-biopics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari releasing a book entitled "My Little Epiphanies", written by Late Ms. Aisha Chaudhary, in New Delhi. Smt. Salma Ansari and the Union Minister for Human Resource Development.jpg|thumb|Former [[Vice President of India]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] releasing ''My Little Epiphanies'' in New Delhi on 13 April 2015. [[Salma Ansari]] and the former [[Minister of Human Resource Development]] [[Smriti Irani]] are also seen]]

Chaudhary gave inspirational talks from age 15 to the time of her death. She was named an [[INK Fellow]] and spoke in the 2011 and 2013 [[INK Conference]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inktalks.com/discover/54/singing-in-the-life-boat|title=Singing in the life boat|website=inktalks.com|language=en|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712000142/http://inktalks.com/discover/54/singing-in-the-life-boat|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chaudhary was also a speaker at [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]]Pune in 2013.

She wrote a book that was published one day before her death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Shilpa Kappur |date=2014-10-04 |title=The Girl Who Just Won’t Give Up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/Oct/04/the-girl-who-just-won%E2%80%99t-give-up-668016.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Being-happy-and-living-at-the-m|title=Redirecting|website=tedxtalks.ted.com|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007110907/http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Being-happy-and-living-at-the-m|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Representation in other media==
''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'', a film based on her life, directed by [[Shonali Bose]] and starring [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Aditi Chaudhary, [[Farhan Akhtar]] as Niren Chaudhary, [[Zaira Wasim]] as Aisha Chaudhary and [[Rohit Suresh Saraf]] as Ishan Chaudhary, was released theatrically on 11 October 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Priyanka Chopra’s The Sky Is Pink gets a release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-sky-is-pink-release-date-priyanka-chopra-farhan-akhtar-zaira-wasim-5594358/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-08 |title=Priyanka Chopra shares the latest still from 'The Sky Is Pink' featuring Farhan Akhtar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/priyanka-chopra-shares-the-latest-still-from-the-sky-is-pink-featuring-farhan-akhtar/articleshow/71034703.cms |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The documentary, ''Black Sunshine Baby'' on [[Netflix]], is about her life.

== Works ==
*''My Little Epiphanies''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/two-books-about-smiling-through-adversity-115050600928_1.html|title=Two books about smiling through adversity|last=Jacob|first=Rahul|date=9 May 2015|work=Business Standard India|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711224501/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/two-books-about-smiling-through-adversity-115050600928_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/my-little-epiphanies-9789385936739/|title=My Little Epiphanies|last=Bloomsbury.com|website=Bloomsbury Publishing|language=en|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614191817/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/my-little-epiphanies-9789385936739/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015) which included her thoughts about life and also wanted people to know about her journey that could help others going through such hardships in life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digital.edu.ky/real-se-reel-tak-the-real-face-of-characters-in-upcoming-bollywood-biopics/|title="Real Se Reel Tak" – The real face of characters in upcoming Bollywood Biopics.|last=Lawrence|first=Victor|website=Digital World|language=en-US|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094651/https://digital.edu.ky/real-se-reel-tak-the-real-face-of-characters-in-upcoming-bollywood-biopics/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Aisha}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Women motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)

2025-12-29T01:36:45Z

Jantapost: made a article

{{Other uses|Jogidas Khuman (disambiguation){{!}}Jogidas Khuman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jogidas Khuman
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manhar Raskapur]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| writer = [[Manhar Raskapur]] (screenplay)<ref name=":0" />
| based_on =
| producer = [[Ramkumar Bohra]]<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Arvind Trivedi]]
* [[Arvind Pandya]]
* [[Urmila Bhatt]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Padmarani]]
* [[Manjari Desai]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]], Aapa Hameer<ref name=":0" />
| studio = Mangalam Chitra, [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975}}
| runtime = 144 Min<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jogidas Khuman''''' ({{Langx|gu|જોગીદાસ ખુમાણ}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=197}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on true events. [[Jogidas Khuman (outlaw)|Jogidas Khuman]] was the [[Kathi people|Kathi]] [[Darbar (title)|Darbar]] of Ambardi (now in [[Savarkundla]]). When the Durbar of Bhavnagar, Vajesingh, took back the villages given to his ancestors, he and his father Hada Khuman had rebelled against [[Bhavnagar State]].<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
The principal cast is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=જોગીદાસ-ખુમાણ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/જોગીદાસ-ખુમાણ/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref><ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=93 |edition=First}}</ref>
* [[Arvind Trivedi]]
* [[Arvind Pandya]]
* [[Urmila Bhatt]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Padmarani]]
* Manjari Desai

Supporting cast include:

* Mahesh Joshi
* Aarti
* Rajanibala
* [[Pranlal Kharsani|P. Kharsani]]
* Jayaben Bhatt
* Shashi Dave
* Ramesh Kant
* Suresh Raval
* Ila Trivedi
* Chandrakant Pandya
* Hema
* Dhanu
* Amrut Barot
* Hiren Goswami
* Ganpat Brahmbhatt
* Narhari Jani
* Sharad Vyas
* Rasraj
* Kamlesh Thakar
* Rajkumar
* Veljibhai
* Nilesh (as child actor)
* Sameer (as child actor)
* [[Sameer Rajda]] (as child actor)
* Bijal Rajda (as child actor)
* [[Upendra Trivedi]] (as guest actor)
* [[Heena Kausar]] (as guest actor)

==Soundtrack==
[[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Dilraj Kaur]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]], Sulochana Vyas, Veljibhai are the playback singars.<ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name=":0" />

The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995"/>
{{Infobox album
| name = Jogidas Khuman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1975
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics =
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
|all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]], Aapa Hameer<ref name=":RH1995"/>

| title1 = ''Jevi Bharu Pyali Tevi Thay Khali''
| extra1 = [[Dilraj Kaur]]
| lyrics1 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length1 =

| title2 = ''Ram Rakhe Teva Rahiye''
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length2 =

| title3 = ''Radhajina Uncha Mandir, Nicha Mol Jharukhade Diva Bale Re Lol''
| extra3 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
| lyrics3 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length3 =

| title4 = ''Taro Doso Dakho Kare, Mane Tuthi Aagho Kare''
| extra4 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Sulochana Vyas
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =

| title5 = ''Jogi Tara Juddha Jova Aabhe Apsara Thambhati''
| extra5 = Veljibhai
| lyrics5 = Aapa Hameer
| length5 =

| title6 = ''Chando Ugyo Chokma Ghayal...Dhadaka Bhadaka Top Bandook Na...''
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =

| title7 = ''Dhadaka Bhadaka Top Bandook Na...''
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:1970s Gujarati-language films]]

Sakshi Tanwar

2025-12-26T09:11:21Z

Jantapost: added formatting additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sakshi Tanwar
| image = Sakshi Tanwar graces the Ganesha puja at Ekta Kapoor’s house (05) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tanwar in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|01|12}}
| birth_place = [[Alwar]],
[[Rajasthan]], India
|alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]] [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Actress, television presenter
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| children = 1 (adopted)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Sakshi Tanwar|Full list]]
}}

'''Sakshi Tanwar''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈsaːkʂi ˈt̪əɳʋəɾ|pron}}; born 12 January 1973) is an Indian actress and presenter, who primarily works in Hindi films and television. Known for her portrayals of strong-willed, unconventional women in Indian television, Tanwar is considered among the highest-paid [[List of Hindi television actresses|television actresses]] in India.<ref name="highest-paidd">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/photostory/32607870.cms |title=Jennifer Winget to Ankita Lokhande: TV's highest paid actors |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 February 2018 |date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604231037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/photostory/32607870.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="highest-paid">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |title=11 television stars who earn more than Bollywood actors per month! |date=18 September 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925114453/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She is a recipient of several awards including two [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]] and one [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]].<ref name="dob">{{cite web |title=SAKSHI TANWAR: WHY WOULD I LEAVE TV AFTER GIVING 16 YEARS TO IT |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/sakshi-tanwar-why-would-i-leave-tv-after-giving-16-years-to-it/articleshow/57732636.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526074308/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com//entertainment/tv/sakshi-tanwar-why-would-i-leave-tv-after-giving-16-years-to-it/articleshow/57732636.cms |archive-date=26 May 2017 |date=20 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list of 2012.

Tanwar is widely recognised for her portrayal of Parvati Agarwal in ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' (2000-2008) and Priya Sharma Kapoor in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' (2011-2014), both these performances earned her two [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]. Tanwar made her film debut in 2006 with ''O re Manva'' and has since appeared in the biographical sports drama ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016) and the historical drama ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022). Alongside her work in television, Tanwar received praises for the series — ''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]]'' (2017-2019), ''[[Mission Over Mars]]'' (2019) and ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai: A Mother's Rage]]'' (2022), the latter won her the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actress Critics – Drama Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |title=Nominations announced for Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022|website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tanwar was born on 12 January 1973<ref name="dob"/><ref name="u897">{{cite web | last=Raghuvanshi | first=Aakanksha | title=On Sakshi Tanwar's Birthday, Ekta Kapoor Shares A "Landmark Pic" Of Their Friendship | website=NDTV | date=12 January 2021 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-sakshi-tanwars-birthday-ekta-kapoor-shares-a-landmark-pic-of-their-friendship-2351273 | access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> to Rajendra Singh Tanwar, a retired [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, in a middle-class [[Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hrs-_lJBlpY |title=Sakshi Tanwar: I am a Rajput, have faith in institution of marriage, nothing like two people in love |date=12 November 2022 |last=WildFilmsIndia |via=YouTube |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> family from [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], India. She was educated in many [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s before graduating from [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in [[New Delhi]]. Prior to this, in 1990, after completing her [[pre-university course]], she worked as a sales trainee at a five-star hotel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaushik |first1=Divya |title=Sakshi Tanwar: Worked in a Delhi five-star, bought a sari with first salary |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sakshi-tanwar-worked-in-a-delhi-five-star-bought-a-sari-with-first-salary/articleshow/57736340.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 May 2017 |date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In college, she was the secretary and president of the dramatic society.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} After graduation, while preparing for the entrance tests to the administrative services and mass communications, she gave an audition for the national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]'s film songs based program ''Albela Sur Mela'' in 1998; she was selected as the presenter.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Career==
===Established television actress (1999–2014)===
After her television debut in 1998 with ''Albela Sur Mela'', Tanwar rose to fame with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' (2000–2008).<ref name=dnaindia/> The series based on joint family, saw her portray Parvati Agarwal opposite [[Kiran Karmarkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Her own women|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130617-her-own-woman-763981-2013-06-06|website=India Today|date=6 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221735/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130617-her-own-woman-763981-2013-06-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was a major success and earned her recognition. Her performance was also praised by several critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The End|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-end/cid/533333|website=The Telegraph|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706070435/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-end/cid/533333|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/qalam/sponsor/star.htm |title=YearEnder 2001: Star Plus ends the year high with 'Kyunki Saas' and 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii's blockbuster ratings! |date=29 July 2001 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019113021/https://www.indiantelevision.com/qalam/sponsor/star.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Television's prime time slot gets redefined|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/television-s-prime-time-slot-gets-redefined/story-2qZmrk5ulgU8JMTFebPtQL.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 February 2013|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305030343/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/television-s-prime-time-slot-gets-redefined/story-2qZmrk5ulgU8JMTFebPtQL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series earned her several nominations including [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress – Popular]] and won her the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49|title=Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Team honoured at ITA Milestone Awards|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123743/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2003|access-date=2 April 2015|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tanwar then played Maya Mittal in ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'', the lead Gayatri Sharma in ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'', Advocate Indira Bhargav in ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] in ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2003 |title=Sunday Tribune (Divine intervention) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030810/spectrum/tv.htm |access-date=2 December 2015 |work=Tribune webdesk |publisher=[[Sunday Tribune]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kahaani-ekta-ke-mahabharat-ki/story-E7IJik7vpDPOX32LxL9JHL.html|title=Kahaani Ekta Ke Mahabharat ki|date=10 July 2008|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2010, she hosted the second season of ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crime Patrol is back!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/crime-patrol-is-back/articleshow/5479885.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-20/tv/28122307_1_crime-stories-neeraj-grover-case-police-force|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2010}}</ref>

Tanwar later established herself with Ekta Kapoor's ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' (2011–2014). She portrayed Priya Sharma Kapoor, a woman who marries in her late 30s opposite [[Ram Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/t2/story_17635586.jsp#.VDdykcKSx9s|title = Ekta's latest show|date = 3 December 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Kehsri|first = Shweta|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016001953/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/t2/story_17635586.jsp#.VDdykcKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130526/jsp/graphiti/16933844.jsp|title = The super soaps|date = 26 May 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = Graphiti (The Telegraph)|last = Saha|first = Susmita|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016081039/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130526/jsp/graphiti/16933844.jsp|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> The series was a massive success and her performance earned her critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramsakshi-sex-scene-gets-twitter-talking/238742-44-124.html|title = Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar's 'Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai scene gets Twitter talking|date = 13 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = ibnlive.in.com|publisher = [[IBN Live]]|last = Sen|first = Jhinuk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021042803/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramsakshi-sex-scene-gets-twitter-talking/238742-44-124.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120801/jsp/entertainment/story_15795798.jsp#.VDePNMKSx9s|title = TRP watch|date = 1 August 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = The Telegraph|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016111745/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120801/jsp/entertainment/story_15795798.jsp#.VDePNMKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> The series won her several awards including [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury|ITA Award for Best Actress – Jury]] and [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress – Jury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=TC|title=Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain leads 11th Indian Telly Awards wins|author=Indian Telly Awards|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608011343/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=TC|archive-date=8 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, she made an appearance on the reality show ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kaun-banega-crorepati-6-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-on-hot-seat-again/310909-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221143047/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kaun-banega-crorepati-6-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-on-hot-seat-again/310909-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2012 |title=KBC 6: Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar on hot seat again! |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

===Film and web expansion (2015–present)===
In 2015, Tanwar made her Marathi film debut with ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'', which was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Katyar-Kaljat-Ghusli/movie-review/49765532.cms |title=Katyar Kaljat Ghusli Movie Review |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Bhanage, Mihir |date=13 November 2015 |accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/amid-salman-khan-prdp-blitzkrieg-katyar-kaljat-ghusli-makes-its-mark-in-multiplexes-2515552.html |title=Amid Salman Khan's PRDP blitzkrieg, marathi film Katyar Kaljat Ghusli makes its mark in multiplexes |work=Firstpost |date=21 November 2015 |accessdate=16 December 2015 |author=Deshmukh, Smita}}</ref>

[[File:Aamir Khan, Sakshi Tanwar, Nitesh Tiwari on the sets of Dangal.jpg|thumb|Tanwar on the sets of ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'', with actor [[Aamir Khan]] and director [[Nitesh Tiwari]]]]

Tanwar returned to Hindi films with ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), where she portrayed Daya Kaur, wife of former wrestler [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]] opposite [[Aamir Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=This is Why Aamir wanted Sakshi Tanwar to play his onscreen wife in Dangal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-why-aamir-wanted-sakshi-tanwar-to-play-his-onscreen-wife-in-dangal/story-Je2xAcf1qHuUtcE9cNKzIO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |date=14 December 2016}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] said in her review that Tanwar provides "strong support" to the story.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Dangal Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/dangal-bollywood-movie-review-anupama-chopra |work=Film Companion |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524171239/https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/dangal-bollywood-movie-review-anupama-chopra |archive-date=24 May 2017 |date=22 December 2016}}</ref> While, [[Sukanya Verma]] found her to be terrific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-dangal-is-the-perfect-finish-to-2016/20161222.htm|title=Review: Dangal is the perfect finish to 2016|date=22 December 2016|access-date=24 December 2016|author=Verma, Sukanya|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224065334/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-dangal-is-the-perfect-finish-to-2016/20161222.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success with an estimated gross of ₹2,000 crore and became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film ever]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal collections: After Baahubali 2, Aamir Khan's movie crosses Rs 1,000 cr mark|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/dangal-collections-after-baahubali-2-aamir-khans-movie-crosses-rs-1000-cr-mark/667971/|work=The Financial Express|access-date=21 May 2017|date=14 May 2017|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520055325/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/dangal-collections-after-baahubali-2-aamir-khans-movie-crosses-rs-1000-cr-mark/667971/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Lata|title=Aamir Khan's 'Dangal' beats 'PK' to become highest Bollywood grosser|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qD9lVsv23nJrdwNGUHHkjK/Aamir-Khans-Dangal-beats-PK-to-become-highest-Bollywood.html|access-date=21 May 2017|work=Livemint|date=10 January 2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044926/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qD9lVsv23nJrdwNGUHHkjK/Aamir-Khans-Dangal-beats-PK-to-become-highest-Bollywood.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Tanwar made her web debut with ''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]]'', playing a doctor opposite Ram Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Banga |first=Gursimran Kaur |date=18 April 2017 |title=Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat Review: Sakshi Tanwar and Ram Kapoor steal the show in this love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat-review-sakshi-tanwar-and-ram-kapoor-steal-the-show-in-this-love-story/articleshow/58221595.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> In 2018, she returned to television with ''Tyohaar Ki Thaali''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakshi Tanwar to come back with new season of Tyohaar Ki Thaali |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-sakshi-tanwar-to-come-back-with-new-season-of-tyohaar-ki-thaali-428508 |publisher=[[India TV]] |access-date=17 February 2018 |date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Tanwar then went onto play a priest's wife opposite [[Sunny Deol]] in ''[[Mohalla Assi]]'' (2018), a police officer's wife opposite [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in ''[[Dial 100 (2021 film)|Dial 100]]'' (2021) and [[Jayachandra]]'s wife opposite [[Ashutosh Rana]] in ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/mohalla-assi-trailer-this-film-about-modern-day-varanasi-will-crack-you-up-2297626.html|title=Mohalla Assi trailer: This film about modern day Varanasi will crack you up|work=Firstpost |date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rahul |last=Desai |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/dial-100-zee5-review-dials-up-the-dated-melodrama-of-middle-class-rage-manoj-bajpayee-neena-gupta/ |title=Dial 100, On ZEE5, Dials Up The Dated Melodrama Of Middle-Class Rage |date=6 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samrat Prithviraj movie review: Akshay Kumar's period piece is loud, lurid and colourful|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/samrat-prithviraj-movie-review-akshay-kumar-manushi-chhillar-sonu-sood-7951031/lite/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603122638/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/samrat-prithviraj-movie-review-akshay-kumar-manushi-chhillar-sonu-sood-7951031/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she appeared in two web series: ''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]'' as an air controller officer and ''[[Mission Over Mars|M.O.M. - Mission Over Mars]]'' as a scientist.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/sakshi-tanwar-to-play-a-scientist-in-ekta-kapoor-s-m-o-m-mission-over-mars-1544218-2019-06-07 Sakshi Tanwar to play scientist in Ekta Kapoor's next web series 'Mission Over Mars']</ref>

Later in 2022, Tanwar played a grieving mother who take revenge for her daughter's death in the series ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai: A Mother's Rage]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Mai trailer: Sakshi Tanwar as a simple mom turns detective to find daughter's killers, will give Aarya, Jalsa flashbacks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mai-trailer-sakshi-tanwar-as-a-simple-mom-turns-detective-to-find-daughter-s-killers-will-give-aarya-jalsa-flashbacks-101648101445473.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' noted, "Tanwar, cast against type, admirably interprets her character to the best of her abilities. She brings softness and empathy to an increasingly violent and profanity-ridden saga of vigilante justice."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Mai' review: Grieving mom turns unlikely avenging angel |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1021635/mai-review-grieving-mom-turns-unlikely-avenging-angel |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=15 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The series earned her nomination at [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress – Drama Series and won her the Best Actress Critics – Drama Series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022|date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022 |website=FilmFare|language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Tanwar played a coaching institute teacher in the film ''[[Sharmajee Ki Beti]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |title=Tahira Kashyap Wraps Up Shoot of Debut Feature Sharmaji Ki Beti Starring Sakshi Tanwar, Divya Dutta |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tahira-kashyap-wraps-up-shoot-of-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-starring-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-6383929.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=14 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716155022/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tahira-kashyap-wraps-up-shoot-of-debut-feature-sharmaji-ki-beti-starring-sakshi-tanwar-divya-dutta-6383929.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja called her performance "earnest" and added, "She brings the perfect balance while emoting strength and vulnerability".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |title=Sharmajee Ki Beti review: A warm group hug celebrating womanhood; your next watch after Laapataa Ladies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-warm-group-hug-celebrating-womanhood-your-next-watch-after-laapataa-ladies-tahira-kashyap-101719544960725.html |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702092127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmajee-ki-beti-review-a-warm-group-hug-celebrating-womanhood-your-next-watch-after-laapataa-ladies-tahira-kashyap-101719544960725.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, Tanwar played a royal queen in the series ''[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|The Royals]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakshi Tanwar Replaces Mallika Sherawat as Ishaan Khatter's Mother in The Royals |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sakshi-tanwar-replaces-mallika-sherawat-as-ishaan-khatters-mother-in-the-royals |website=Film Companion |date=14 May 2024 |accessdate=14 September 2024}}</ref> Pallavi Keswani of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that she brings more to the table despite limited screentime.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title='The Royals' series review: Ishaan Khatter and Bhumi Pednekar fail to hold court in this predictable affair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-royals-series-review-ishaan-khatter-and-bhumi-pednekar-fail-to-hold-court-in-this-predictable-affair/article69557164.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2018, Sakshi became a single mother when she adopted a nine-month-old baby girl, Dityaa Tanwar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sakshi-tanwar-adopts-baby-girl-names-her-dityaa-see-their-first-pic-inside/story-G471tvdWDVnLh9JskdR4eI.html |title=Sakshi Tanwar adopts baby girl Dityaa, calls it greatest moment of her life. See pic |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

==Other work and media image==
[[File:Sakshi Tanwar at the success party of ‘Dangal’.jpg|thumb|upright|Tanwar at ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''{{'}}s success party in 2017]]

With her performances in ''Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii'', ''Kutumb'', ''Devi'' and ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'', Tanwar established herself among the leading and highest-paid actresses of Hindi television.<ref name="highest-paidd" /><ref name="highest-paid" /> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed her first in its "Top TV stars of 2006" and tenth in its "Top 10 television actresses" list.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/27slide1.htm |title=The top TV stars of 2006 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=23 March 2015 |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323114453/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/27slide1.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm |title=Television's Top 10 Actresses |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712114453/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm}}</ref> Supriya Sharma of ''[[India Today]]'' termed her the "nation's most-loved telly star".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130617-her-own-woman-763981-2013-06-05 |title=Her Own Woman |work=India Today |archive-date=11 February 2016 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211114453/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130617-her-own-woman-763981-2013-06-05}}</ref> Tanwar is termed as one of the hottest television actress by Rediff.com.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/08slide5.htm |title=Hottest women on television |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=10 October 2016 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010114453/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/08slide5.htm}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes India]]'' included her in its first ever "Showstoppers – India's Top 50 Outperformers" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showstoppers 2022–23: Meet India's Top 50 Outperformers |access-date=29 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |work=Forbes India |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106052812/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Tanwar appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list, ranking 93rd with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|34.5|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/all |title=2012 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/all |url-status=live}}</ref> Her on-screen pairing with [[Ram Kapoor]] was voted as "Television's most popular onscreen couple", in an ''[[India Today]]'' survey.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-favourite-tv-couple-152966-2013-01-31 |title=Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar favourite TV couple |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131114453/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-favourite-tv-couple-152966-2013-01-31}}</ref> In April 2013, in a survey conducted by ''Ormax Media'', Tanwar featured in the "Top 5 most trustworthy celebrities" list.<ref name=dnaindia>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1818232/report-chhote-acche-lagte-hain |url-status=dead |title=Chhote acche [sic] lagte hain... |archive-date=23 April 2013 |work=DNA India |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423114453/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1818232/report-chhote-acche-lagte-hain}}</ref> In a 2014 poll conducted by ''[[Shaadi.com]]'', Tanwar and Kapoor were voted the ''Favourite TV Couple'' by 42.3% Indians.<ref name="Jan-IBNLive">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-voted-favourite-tv-couple/370010-44-124.html |title=Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar voted favourite TV couple |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=10 October 2014 |work=IBN Live |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021021037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-voted-favourite-tv-couple/370010-44-124.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tanwar is also a celebrity endorser for brands and products such as [[Vim (cleaning product)|Vim]], [[Harpic]], [[Tanishq]], [[Kellogg's]] and [[Big Bazaar]]. ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'' termed her the "second-most visible celebrity on television", in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/i-look-for-credibility-and-responsibility-before-endorsing-a-brand-sakshi-tanwar/55433856 |title=I look for credibility and responsibility before endorsing a brand: Sakshi Tanwar |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621114453/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/i-look-for-credibility-and-responsibility-before-endorsing-a-brand-sakshi-tanwar/55433856}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[File:Sakshi Tanwar at Success bash of 'The Dirty Picture' (23).jpg|thumb|right|Sakshi Tanwar at the success bash of ''The Dirty Picture'']]

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 1999
| ''Lalia''
| Lalia
|
| Telefilm
|-
| 1999
| ''Albela Sur Mela''
| Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2000–2008
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Parvati Agarwal / Swati Dixit/ Janki Devi Dixit
| Main role
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/08sakshi.htm |title=Sakshi bids farewell to Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii |website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| Maya Mittal
|
|
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]''
| Gayatri Vikram Sharma
| Main role
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin]]''
| Indira Bhargav
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati#Season 2|Kaun Banega Crorepati 2]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''Bawandar''
| Guest
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibn7-presents-bawandar-real-people-real-stories/65381-5-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208233721/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibn7-presents-bawandar-real-people-real-stories/65381-5-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2013 |title=IBN-7 presents Bawandar; real people, real stories |agency=IBN News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''
| Ganga
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080629/spectrum/main7.htm |title=Ekta in a hurry to launch Mahabharat |work=The Sunday Tribune |date=29 June 2008 |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''Coffee House''
| Guest
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol 2]]''
| Co-Presenter
|
|
|-
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Teepri
| Cameo
| <ref>{{Cite book |title=Remote Control: Indian Television in the New Millennium |last=Munshi |first=Shoma |publisher=Penguin Group |quote=Thus, when Sakshi Tanwar, the dutiful and always upright Parvati bhabi from ''Kahaani'', played a cameo as Teepri, a home-breaker in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' (episodes in 2010), it did not go down well with audiences, who were unable to accept their role model as a negative character. |isbn=978-01-4341-402-5 |date=15 December 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdGATZeZWJcC&q=bade+achhe+lagte+hain&pg=PT37 |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2014
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| Priya Sharma Kapoor
| Main role
| <ref name="Jan-IBNLive"/>
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati#Season 6|Kaun Banega Crorepati 6]]''
| Contestant
| 2 episodes
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[Ek Thhi Naayika]]''
| Pooja
| Main role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Ekta-Kapoor-launches-Ek-Thi-Nayika/videoshow/4422534.cms |title=Ekta Kapoor launches 'Ek Thi Nayika' |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134336/http://www.timesnow.tv/Ekta-Kapoor-launches-Ek-Thi-Nayika/videoshow/4422534.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]''
| Narator
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Presenter / Narator
|
| <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Sakshi-Tanwar-to-host-a-crime-show/articleshow/45476492.cms Sakshi Tanwar to host a crime show]</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[24 (Indian TV series season 2)|24: Season 2]]''
| Shivani Malik
| Main role
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tyohaar Ki Thaali]]''
| Presenter
|
| <ref name="Tyohar">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kahani-ghar-ghar-kis-devar-bhabhi-sakshi-tanwar-and-ali-asgar-reunite-for-food-show/articleshow/60397197.cms |title=Sakshi Tanwar: Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki's devar-bhabhi Sakshi Tanwar and Ali Asgar reunite for food show |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
| Sheel Chaudhary
| Guest
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|''O re Manva''
|Sandhya
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[C Kkompany]]''
|Television actress
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|2009
|''Coffee House''
|Kavita
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''Aatankwadi Uncle''
|Sumitra
|
|
|-
|''Bawra Mann''
|Pallavi
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|Nabila
|[[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]]
|<ref name="loksatta">{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/katyar-kaljat-ghusali-movie-selected-for-iffi-1157059/ |title='कट्यार काळजात घुसली' चित्रपटाच्या शिरपेचात मानाचा तुरा |trans-title=A feather in the cap for "Katyar Kaljat Ghusali" |work=Loksatta |date=3 November 2015 |accessdate=11 November 2015 |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
|Daya Kaur
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Sakshi Tanwar to play Aamir Khan's wife in Dangal?' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sakshi-tanwar-to-play-aamir-khan-s-wife-in-dangal/article1-1379399.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814011405/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sakshi-tanwar-to-play-aamir-khan-s-wife-in-dangal/article1-1379399.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Mohalla Assi]]''
|Savitri
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakshi to play lead in Mohalla Assi |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ganesh-hegde-to-cojudge-just-dance-with-hrithik/747599/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Dial 100 (2021 film)|Dial 100]]''
|Prerna Sood
|[[ZEE5]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Manoj Bajpayee begins shoot of a thriller with Neena Gupta and Sakshi Tanwar |url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/articles/manoj-bajpayee-begins-shoot-of-a-thriller-with-neena-gupta-and-sakshi-tanwar/23119232 |website=Mid Day }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
| Jayachandra's wife
|
| {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Sharmajee Ki Beti]]''
|Jyoti Sharma
|[[Amazon Prime]] film
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]]''
|Dr. Tripurasundari "Tipsy" Nagrajan
|<ref name="bollywoodgaram2">{{cite web |url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/106955/karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat-review/ |author=Team Bollywood Garam |title=Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat Review - Sakshi Tanwar, Ram Kapoor steal our hearts! |website=bollywoodgaram.com |date=18 April 2017 |accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]''
|ATC Kiran Mirza
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Sakshi Tanwar: We are breaking a lot of stereotypes in The Final Call |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sakshi-tanwar-the-final-call-stereotypes-5638462/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2019 |title=Sakshi Tanwar, Arjun Rampal shine in the official trailer for The Final Call |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/the-final-call-gets-another-official-teaser/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621062501/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/the-final-call-gets-another-official-teaser/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mission Over Mars]]''
|Nandita Hariprasad
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Sakshi Tanwar to play a scientist in Ekta Kapoor's M.O.M. - Mission Over Mars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/sakshi-tanwar-to-play-a-scientist-in-ekta-kapoor-s-m-o-m-mission-over-mars-1544218-2019-06-07 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–present
| ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai: A Mother's Rage]]''
| Sheel Chaudhary
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mai: Give Sakshi Tanwar all the web series, she deserves it more than any 'star' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mai-give-sakshi-tanwar-all-the-web-series-she-deserves-it-more-than-any-star-101650313792481.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|The Royals]]''
|Maharani Padmaja Singh
|
|}

===Web-short film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2020
|''Ghar Ki Murgi''
|Seema
|Sony LIV
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Sakshi Tanwar}}

Tanwar has won two [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] — ITA Milestone Award for ''Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii'' and [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Jury|ITA Award for Best Actress - Drama]] for ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49 |title=Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Team honoured at ITA Milestone Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123743/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="ITA-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sakshi-tanwar}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Sakshi Tanwar
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series}}

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Sakshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:People from Alwar]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Shenoy Nagar metro station

2025-12-04T23:02:37Z

Jantapost: creating first stub basic info

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Shenoy Nagar
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Shenoy Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Bharathi Puram, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600030
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.078799|N|80.225093|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|'''Inter Corridor Line''']]|}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]] Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]
| depth = {{convert|18|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = Free bicycle {{parking symbol}}
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|May|15}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SSN
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line=Green|left=Pachaiyappa's College|right=Anna Nagar East|line2=Blue|left2=Pachaiyappa's College|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Anna Nagar East|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Shenoy Nagar''' is an underground metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This was inaugurated on 14 May 2017. The station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Shenoy Nagar]] and [[Aminjikarai]]. The station has four entry and exit points.<ref>{{cite news| title = Metro stretch to have fewer entry points
| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 8 May 2017| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-stretch-to-have-fewer-entry-points/article18407192.ece| accessdate = 10 May 2017}}</ref>
== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shenoy Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Pachaiyappa's College metro station|Pachaiyappa's College]]
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Anna Nagar Tower metro station|Anna Nagar Tower]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] '''Next Station:''' [[Pachaiyappa's College metro station|Pachaiyappa's College]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]] '''Next Station:''' [[Anna Nagar East metro station|Anna Nagar East]]
|}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Shenoy Nagar]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shenoy+Nagar/@13.078799,80.225093,16z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3a526681467e6441:0xe5d610bc6a29676e!2sShenoy+Nagar,+Chennai,+Tamil+Nadu!3b1!8m2!3d13.0747607!4d80.2265083!3m4!1s0x3a526682408be4dd:0xd38051a290c27075!8m2!3d13.078799!4d80.2250929|title= Shenoy Nagar metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

K. L. Sebastian

2025-11-22T17:19:19Z

Jantapost: made a details

{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Indian name|Sebastian|Kizhakeyil Lukose}}'''Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian''' is a professor of [[chemistry]] at the department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry of [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Palakkad]], [[India]]. Prior to becoming a professor at IIT Palakkad, he was a professor of chemistry at the department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry at [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, for about 20 years.

==Education==
He did his [[Bachelor of Science]] (special degree) from the [[University of Kerala]] and his [[Master of Science]] from the [[University of Calicut]]. He stood first in the university when he completed his undergraduate and post graduate studies. In 1976 he received his [[PhD]] in chemistry from [[IISc]].<ref name=CV>{{cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~kls/CV.html |title=Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian Curriculum Vitae |access-date=2014-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215084916/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~kls/CV.html |archive-date=2012-02-15 }}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his PhD Prof. Sebastian joined the Calicut University as Reader and Lecturer. He started working as a Professor in the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in 1984. He has been Professor of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] ever since 1996.<ref name=CV />

He is one of the leading theoretical chemists of India working on the applications of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[statistical mechanics]] in [[chemistry]] and [[chemical physics]]. The topics studied include molecular devices, [[nanotechnology]] and surfaces, molecular ratchets, equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of polymers, biophysical chemistry and chemical dynamics. Prof. Sebastian has authored more than 110 papers on various aspects of theoretical chemistry, chemical physics and polymer physics.

He is also a member of the editorial boards of several reputed scientific journals published by institutions such as the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=CV />

Apart from his research work he also teaches at various levels, including undergraduate students.

==Awards and honors==
* Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Science Academy.
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in Chemical Science by the Government of India.
* Swadeshi Sastra Puraskar (1996).
* J. C. Bose National Fellowship by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) (2008-2013).
* Amrut Modi Chair Professor in the Chemical Sciences Division of Indian Institute of Science (2008-2011).

His research topics include path integral representation of [[Fractional Brownian motion]], ring closing opening dynamics in polymers, first passage time calculation in phase space, energy transfer between molecule and graphene, quantum coherence etc. He introduced what is known as the kink mechanism for the translocation of long chain molecule through a nano-pore. In other words, Kramers problem for the long chain molecule. He also developed the time dependent version of the coupled cluster theory (CCT) and applied to a problem of ion neutralization scattered from a surface of a metal. He has also proposed an analytical model to elucidate the mechanism of protein transport across the nuclear pore complex. In recent years he got interested in coherences in photosystems and [[quantum biology]] in general. Along with his PhD student, he proposed an almost analytical method to analyze the time evolution of the FMO complex. More recently he has started working on Levy flights which involves long jumps and on the dynamics of a tracer in a heterogeneous medium, where diffusivity is a fluctuating quantity.



==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* K. L. Sebastian, [http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~kls/ Understanding chemical phenomena using Statistical and Quantum Mechanics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419071705/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~kls/ |date=19 April 2008 }}
* K. L. Sebastian, [http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/16/12/1132-1139.pdf The Development of the Concept of Atoms and Molecules]
{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastian, Kizhakayil Lukose}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express

2025-11-03T20:00:37Z

Jantapost: new - done

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{distinguish|Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express|Chalukya Express{{!}}Dadar–Yesvantpur Chalukya Express}}
{{Notability|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
|name = Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| image = Chalukya Express Name Board 1.jpg
| caption = Chalukya Express train board
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] & [[Tamilnadu]]
| first = {{Start date |df=yes|2012|11|10}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| start = [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] (DR)
| stops = 38
| end = [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]] (TEN)
| distance = {{convert|1848|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 38 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Tri-weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 11021 / 11022
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Chalukya Express (Dadar - Tirunelveli) route map.png|300px]]
| map_stat =
}}

The 11021 / 11022 '''Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] and {{stnlnk|Dadar}} of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is currently being operated as 11021/11022 train numbers on tri-weekly basis.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=137514 Commission of Railway Safety Submits Preliminary Report on Derailment of Train No. 11006 Puducheri – Dadar Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/railway-safety-commissioner-to-probe-into-train-derailment/article8027687.ece Railway Safety Commissioner to probe into train derailment]</ref>

==History==
This train gets its name from the [[Chalukya dynasty]] that ruled the Karnataka region. This train runs via the [[Karnataka]] region, following a [[Yeswanthpur]]–[[Hubli]]–[[Belgaum]]–[[Miraj]] route, giving a panoramic view of rural Karnataka.

It operates 6 days per week in each direction – 3 days to {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} and 3 days to {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}. The train covers the distance in 30 hrs 5 minutes. This route is longer and comprises certain ghats.

Earlier, this train runs up to {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} in [[Bengaluru]] with six days with the No. 11017/11018. After 15 Oct 2012, it was extended up to Puducherry and Tirunelveli with tri-weekly days.

==Route and halts==
* '''{{stnlnk|Dadar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satara}}
* [[Karad railway station|Karad]]
* {{stnlnk|Sangli}}
* {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}
'''''Maharashtra – Karnataka State Border'''''
* {{stnlnk|kudachi}}
* {{stnlnk|Belagavi}}
* {{stnlnk|Londa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hubli}}
* {{stnlnk|Davangere}}
* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Chikka banawara junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Sir M Vishwareya terminal Bengaluru}}
'''''Karnataka – Tamil Nadu State Border'''''
* '''{{stnlnk|Hosur}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Dharmapuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Namakkal}}
* {{stnlnk|Karur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dindigul Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Virudhunagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kovilpatti}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}'''

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Tirunelveli Dadar Chalukya Express.jpg
File:P7 DECAL WAP7 VIRUDUNAGAR JN.jpg
File:Chalukya Exp. (25066990995).jpg
File:Chalukya Exp. (28772005316).jpg
File:Chalukya Exp. (38178274914).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ernakulam Duronto Express]]
* [[Mumbai–Nagercoil Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadar-Tirunelveli Chalukya Express}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Deotalab

2025-10-30T21:57:47Z

Jantapost:

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deotalab
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.68|N|81.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Deotalab''' is a village in [[Mauganj District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is a proposed Tehsil and an Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MADHYA PRADESH ASSEMBLY FACTBOOK: DEOTALAB ASSEMBLY |url=https://www.indiastatpublications.com/assembly_factbook/madhya_pradesh/rewa/deotalab |website=www.indiastatpublications.com}}</ref>

== Details ==

The Pin Code for Deotalab is 486341. Deotalab is famous for its Shiva Mandir, which hosts a fair on [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-18 |title=एक रात में, एक पत्थर से बनें मंदिर में स्थापित है आलौकिक शिवलिंग |url=https://www.patrika.com/temples/devtalab-shiv-mandir-know-the-impotance-of-this-shivling-2819220 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Deotalab Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Deotalab, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/rewa/deotalab |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

Deotalab is located on [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] [[Prayagraj]] National Highway and is connected by private bus services to nearby cities.

The nearest airport is [[Allahabad Airport]].{{citation needed|date= August 2024}}

==Nearby Towns==
[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[Mauganj]], [[Mangawan]], [[Nai Garhi]], [[Gurh]]

===Languages===
[[Hindi]], [[Bagheli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewa district]]

Ghulam Nabi Gowhar

2025-10-16T17:17:50Z

Jantapost: stub

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Short description|Indian Kashmiri author, novelist, and poet (1934–2018)}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ghulam Nabi Gowhar
| image = Ghulam Nabi Gowhar with grandson.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = G.N. Gowhar with his grandson
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Ghulam Nabi Muqeem
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|06|26}}
| birth_place = [[Charari Sharief]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|06|19|1934|06|26}}
| death_place = Budgam, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| resting_place = Durj-e-Gowhar
| occupation = {{hlist|Author, Novelist, Poet, Columnist, Jurist}}
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], English
| residence =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = Postgraduate in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar]]

[[Bachelor of Law]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| genre =
| subject = [[Politics]], [[Literature]], [[History]]
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =  Haseena Gowhar
| children = 4
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| years_active = 1969–2018
}}

'''Ghulam Nabi Gowhar''' (born '''Ghulam Nabi Muqeem'''; 26 June 1934 {{endash}} 19 June 2018) was a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] Kashmiri author, novelist, poet, columnist and a retired [[Sessions Court|sessions jurist]]. He wrote about sixty books in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], and in English languages on various subjects such as politics, [[literature]], history and on [[Sufism]]. In 1971, he wrote a novel titled ''Mujrim'', leading him to become the "first novelist of [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri literature]]". The recipient of cultural and literary awards and accordion, including [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], he is also credited for translating the [[constitution of India]] into [[Kashmiri language]].<ref name="risingkashmir.com">{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/writer-columnist-g-n-gowhar-passes-away-|title=Writer, columnist G N Gowhar passes away|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712111941/http://risingkashmir.com/news/writer-columnist-g-n-gowhar-passes-away-|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirwatch.com/kashmiri-language-gets-first-novel-of-its-kind/|title=Kashmiri language gets first novel of its kind|date=17 October 2012|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709105619/https://kashmirwatch.com/kashmiri-language-gets-first-novel-of-its-kind/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He also conducted extensively research on various subjects such as [[history of Kashmir]] and Sufi saints. He is also credited for deciphering the poetry (called Shruks) of [[Nund Rishi]]. He also documented [[Bijbehara Massacre]] and [[Charari Sharief operation]] in his two historical books titled ''The Central Stage of Kashmir Politics'' and ''Military operation in Kashmir: insurgency at Charar-e-Sharief''.

== Early life and education ==
He was born as Ghulam Nabi Muqeem to Haji Mohammed Akram Mukim in [[Charari Sharief]] town of Budgam district, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir princely state]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. He received his initial schooling at his hometown, and graduated from [[Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar]]. Later, he went to [[Uttar Pradesh]] and did his [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU). He [[Postgraduate education|postgraduated]] in [[Persian language]] from AMU.

Gowhar originally started his career in judicial. He started [[legal practice]] in [[Budgam]], and was then appointed as a [[judge]]. Prior to his appointment, he wanted to be a politician, however before participating in elections, he qualified the [[judicial]] examination and was appointed as a judge and retired as a Sessions Judge.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/> He, according to the ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'' wrote some judgements in the form of rhythmic poems, and sometimes used to deliver [[verdict]] on the pattern of poetry and stories.

== Literary career ==
He was also involved in [[writing]]s while serving as a judge. However, he became known to [[literary society]] around 1969 when his first novel titled ''Mujrim (The Guilty)'' was published. He later wrote numerous novels until he became the "first novelist of Kashmiri literature" with a first-ever Kashmiri language novel titled ''Arg-e-Ashud'', published in 2012 by the [[Adbee Markaz Kamraz]] (AMK), a literary organization of the [[States and union territories of India|union territory]]. In 1973, he wrote second novel titled ''Meoul (Union)'', and later ''Paap Ti Punye (Vice and Virtue)''. His third novel, which was awarded Sahitya Akademi award in 1988 was also broadcast on [[Radio Kashmir Jammu]]. He covered the [[history of Kashmir]] before [[Partition of India|partition]] in his another novel titled ''Gilnavith Kath (Torch Bearer)'', published by the Raider Publishing International, [[New York City|New York]].

Besides writing novels, he conducted extensive research about [[List of Sufi saints|Sufi saint]]s, including [[Nund Rishi]] and wrote research books titled ''Kalam e Sheikhul Alam'' and ''Saheef-e-Noor'' on the subject. He translated poetry of [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] into Kashmiri language.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/g-n-gowhar-the-judge-who-delivered-verdict-in-poetry-stories/|title=G N Gowhar: The Judge who delivered verdict in poetry, stories|date=6 July 2018|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> He also edited the complete literary work of [[Ghulam Nabi Aariz]], the [[9th century]]'s Kashmiri poet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Ghulam+Nabi+Aariz&pg=PA1466|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|first=Amaresh|last=Datta|date=9 July 1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Publications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Book that have not yet been released}}
| Remarks denote a short description of the work where available.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=100%
!scope="col" width=2%|#
!scope="col" width=25%| Title<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/><ref name="risingkashmir.com"/>
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Type/Credited as
!scope="col" | Remarks
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |1||''Mujrim (The Guilty)''
||1969
||Novel
||The novel was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |2||''Meoul (Union)''
||1973
||Novel
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |3||''Paap ti Punye (Vice and Virtue)''
||1973
||Novel
||The novel was awarded [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri|Sahitya Akademi Award, 1988]]
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |4||''Arg-e-Ashud''
||2012
||Novel
||First-ever novel written in [[Kashmiri language]]. It covers detailed account of [[history of Kashmir]] before and after 1947
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |5||''Taap Ti Kul''{{efn|also spelled '''Pun-Te-Pap''', it was written with multiple spellings by the news media}}
|{{n/a}}
||Novel
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |6||''Gilnavith Kath (Torch Bearer)''
|{{n/a}}
||Novel
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |7||''Kalam e Sheikhul Alam''
|{{n/a}}
||Book
||Translation of [[Nund Reshi]]'s poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |8||''Saheef-e-Noor''
|{{n/a}}
||Book
||A detailed account of Nund Reshi
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |9||''The Central Stage of Kashmir Politics''
|{{n/a}}
||Book
||A detailed account [[Bijbehara Massacre]]
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |10||''Military operation in Kashmir: insurgency at Charar-e-Sharief''
|{{n/a}}
||Book
||A detailed account of Charari Sharief operation
|}

== Death ==
[[File:Durj-e-Gowhar.jpg|thumb|Durj-e-Gowhar - G.N. Gowhar's home and final resting place in Kralpora, Budgam, Jammu & Kashmir ]]
Gowhar was suffering from [[Kidney disease]] and died of [[Kidney failure]] on 19 June 2018 in [[Kralpora]] of Budgam district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/archive/renowned-kashmiri-writer-ghulam-gowhar-dies-607841|title=Renowned Kashmiri writer Ghulam Gowhar dies|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/former-judge-ghulam-nabi-gowhar-passes-away-177894/|title=Former Judge Ghulam Nabi Gowhar passes away|date=19 June 2018}}</ref> His [[death anniversary]] is celebrated annually by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]], a state-owned literary organization dedicated to promote [[regional language]]s and art and culture in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/gh-nabi-gowhar-remembered-on-his-2nd-death-annervarsay-|title=Gh Nabi Gowhar remembered on his 2nd death annervarsay.|website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi}}

[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]

Q1 Mall

2025-10-15T17:05:12Z

Jantapost: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Q1 Mall
| image = Q1 mall.jpg
| caption = Mall under construction
| location = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9977|76.315|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| address = NH 66 Bypass
| opening_date =
| developer = Nippon Infra Projects
| architect =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|540,000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| parking = 500
| floors = 15
| website = {{URL|https://nipponq1.com/}}
}}
The '''Q1 Mall''' or '''Infra Q1''' is an upcoming, under construction business cum lifestyle mall in [[Kochi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiaz.com/q1-mall.html | title=Q1 Mall | access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref> The mall is developed and promoted by Nippon Infra Projects Pvt. Ltd. It has a built up area of {{convert|540,000|sqft|abbr=on}} on 15 floors with a combination of retail, leisure and office space.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cochinsquare.com/malls-in-cochin/ | title=Mall-mania @ Cochin – The Mega Mall List | access-date=14 July 2016 | archive-date=5 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805062917/http://www.cochinsquare.com/malls-in-cochin/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Q1 Mall is located between Pipeline and [[Vytilla]], two major junctions in [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/malls-in-kochi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818001306/http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/malls-in-kochi | url-status=usurped | archive-date=18 August 2016 | title=UPCOMING MALLS | access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The mall is divided into three sections: Q1 Galleria, Q1 Terrace and Q1 Business Zone. The Galleria and Terrace are part of the retail area which is spread over five floors. The rest of the ten floors form the Business Zone where the offices are located. There is car parking on each floor which can hold thirty cars per floor. Q1 terrace is a leisure area that occupies level-4 and 5, spread over {{convert|55,000|sqft|abbr=on}} with three rooms comprising a training centre, a banquet hall and a double height multi purpose theatre hall accommodating 800 persons. There 260 parking spaces for cars on two levels of parking at the basement.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Kochi-to-get-three-more-malls/articleshow/19656867.cms | title=Kochi to get three more malls | access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/switching-to-swanky-and-smart-offices/article1064274.ece | title=Switching to swanky and smart offices | publisher=The Hindu | date=8 January 2011 | access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

The structure is earthquake resistant to zone-3. The mall will be fully IBS{{clarify|date=May 2018}} enabled.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kerala.mallsmarket.com/malls/q1-galleria-kochi | title=Q1 Galleria Kochi | access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]

Raghunath Singh (Bhumij)

2025-10-01T04:14:29Z

Jantapost: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chuar Rebellion]]

2016 NIT Srinagar Student Protests

2025-01-30T08:41:37Z

Jantapost: new new post first draft

{{no footnotes|date=December 2020}}
The '''2016 NIT [[Srinagar]] [[Student_protest|Student Protest]]s''' were a series of [[protest]]s and rallies at the [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar]], which erupted in April 2016 after a [[Twenty20|T20]] [[cricket]] match between [[India]] and [[West Indies]] on 31 March.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nit-srinagar-protests-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-unrest/|title=Tension at NIT Srinagar: Here is all you need to know|work=The Indian Express|date=7 April 2016}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nit-srinagar-tense-outstation-students-demand-shifting-of-campus/story-oDWj4cfK4wl6NoqgaO7sLK.html|title=Srinagar: Protesting NIT students want Tricolour back, campus shifted|work=The Hindustan Times|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=26 September 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/state-government-fails-to-break-nit-srinagar-impasse-another-meeting-today-1354986|title=State Government To Meet Protesting NIT Srinagar Students Again Today|author1=Nazir Masoodi|author2=Sheikh Zaffar Iqbal|work=NDTV|date=9 April 2016|accessdate=26 September 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nit-srinagar-students-stage-protest-at-jantar-mantar/article8473104.ece|title=NIT Srinagar students stage protest at Jantar Mantar |author=Kritika Sharma Sebastian|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2016|accessdate=26 September 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/non-local-students-demand-shifting-nit-out-of-srinagar-boycott-classes-1339754|title=Protesting Students Demand Shifting NIT Out Of Srinagar, Boycott Classes|work=NDTV|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=26 September 2021}}

[[Category:April 2016 in India]]

{{Activism-stub}}

Ebraheem bin Qutab Din

2025-01-15T01:57:54Z

Jantapost: stub

'''Ebraheem bin Qutab Din''' was an important figure amongst the Mughal family. He was a direct descendant of [[Chingis Khan]] and, was son to Qutab Din, their family migrated to India from Yarkand and Kashgar in 1598.

Ebraheem belongs to the last great khan [[Abdurashid Khan]] of the Chughtai Khanates of Mughlistan. Though Abdul Rashid Khan's son, grandsons and great grandsons remained rulers of Khotan and Yarkand until 1707 but they were scattered throughout various regions. One of Abdul Rashid Khan's sons Quresh sultan with other Chughtai royal family members shifted to India under Emperor Akbar. Most probably he was living in the [[Kashmir]] region.

==Family==
Ibrahim Mughal had four sons, [[Miran Bakhsh Mughal]], Allah Bakhsh, Muhammad Bakhsh and Rasool Bakhsh.
<ref name="Pehchan by Muhammad Aslam Mughal, Chughtai Mughals of a small village Langrewali, Sialkot" >"Pehchan" by Muhammad Aslam Mughal, Chughtai Mughals of a small village Langrewali, Sialkot</ref>

==Genealogy==

{| class="wikitable " style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; page-break-inside:avoid"
|+ '''Genealogy of Ghulam Rasool according to [[Pehchan|[[Muhammad Aslam Mughal]]]]'''
|- valign="top"
| style="border:none;"| <ol start="1">
<li>[[Abdurashid Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Abdul Aziz Mughal]]</li>
<li>[[Qutab Din]]</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="4">
<li>Ebraheem bin Qutab Din</li>
<li>[[Miran Bakhsh Mughal]]</li>
<li>[[Pir Bukhsh]]</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="7">
<li>[[Ghulam Rasool Gangi]]</li>
</ol>
|}
<ref name="Pehchan by Muhammad Aslam Mughal, Chughtai Mughals of a small village Langrewali, Sialkot" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Uyghur people]]

Vedaranyeswarar Temple

2024-10-09T11:01:12Z

Jantapost: creating first location basic info

{{Short description|Hindu temple of Shiva in Vedaranyam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Vedaranyeswarar Temple
| image = Vedaranyeswarar temple (22).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Image of the Vedaranyam temple gopuram
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|22|N|79|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| location = [[Vedaranyam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vedaranyeswarar([[Shiva]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Vedaranyeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Shiva]], located in the town of [[Vedaranyam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Vedaranyeswarar is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Shaiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. It is the only temple to have found mention in all the seven [[Thirumurai]]s. The temple is famed for the legend between the saints [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]] when the former sang to open the door while the latter sang to close the door.

Vedaranyeswarar temple is a part of the series of temples built by [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]] (871–907 CE) along the banks of river [[Kaveri]] to commemorate his victory in the Tirupurambiyam battle. (But this statement cannot be true as Appar and Thirugnaana Sambandar had visited the temple during the reign of Mahendra Pallavan in the early 7th century CE itself. At that time, they made the doors of the temple open and close with their Thevaram poems. The temple must, therefore, have been built long before the era of Mahendra Pallavan himself.) It has several inscriptions dating back to the [[Chola]] period. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and three yearly festivals on its calendar. The annual ''[[Brahmotsavam]]'' (prime festival) is attended by thousands of devotees from far and near. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

== Etymology and legend ==
[[File:Vedaranyeswarar temple (28).jpg|Shrine inside the temple|250px|left|thumb]]
The town Vedaranyam is named after Vedaranyeswarar, the presiding deity of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple, a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Shiva. The place was earlier known as "Tirumaraikadu",<ref>{{cite report|title=Vedaranyam History|last=Vedaranyam municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/history.pdf|publisher=Vedaranyam Municipality|year=2011|access-date=8 June 2012|pages=1–4|archive-date=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417112450/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/history.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> meaning the place where [[Vedas]], oldest scriptures of Hinduism, originated. The 7th-century-CE [[Shaiva]] canonical work ''[[Tevaram]]'' by Appar and Tirugnanasambandar mentions the place as "Tirumaraikadu". As per Hindu legend, the Vedas worshipped Shiva in this place, giving the name "Vedaranyam" to the place.<ref name="Ayyar">[[Vedaranyeswarar Temple#Ayyar|Ayyar]] 1991, pp. 392–402</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Rajarajan|last= R.K.K. |year=2015|title= Legends of Madurai in Arts and Festivities|editor1= K. Krishna Naik |editor2=E. Siva Nagi Reddy |journal=Cultural Contours of History and Archaeology, in Honour of Snehasiri Prof. P. Chenna Reddy|volume= VIII| location=Delhi|publisher= B.R. Publishing Corporation|pages= 1–7|url= https://www.academia.edu/11139398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Rajarajan|last1= R.K.K. |first2= Jeyapriya|last2=Rajarajan |year=2013|title= ''Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara: Tirivuḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam in Letters, Design and Art''|publisher= Sharada|location= Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Ghose62">[[#Ghose|Ghose]] 1998, p. 62</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=515|title=Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> According to another Hindu legend, [[Rama]], the seventh [[avatar]] of god [[Vishnu]], is believed to have visited Vedaranyam to absolve himself from the sins committed in the war against the Illangai King [[Ravana]].<ref name="Ayyar" /><ref name="Knapp">{{Cite book |last=Knapp|first=Stephen |title=Spiritual India Handbook |year=2011|publisher=Jaico Books |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=vedaranyam+rama&pg=PT355|page=355}}</ref> The footprints of Rama is preserved in a place called Ramar Padam near Vedaranyam.<ref name="Knapp" /> According to a Tamil legend, the Vedas locked the gates of the temple after worshiping Shiva.<ref name="dinamalar" /> It is believed that sage [[Agastya]] witnessed the marriage between Shiva and Parvathi from this temple. As per another legend, a rat in the lamp tickled a ghee lamp, thus expanding the spread of light. Shiva blessed the rat and it was born as king [[Mahabali]] in its next birth. The Asvanis Nachiketa and Svetaketu performed tapas in this place.<ref name=R />

== History ==
[[File:Vedaranyeswarar temple (18).jpg|Shrine inside the temple|250px|right|thumb]]
The recorded history of Vedaranyam is found from the inscriptions in Vedaranyeswarar Temple. The inscriptions are recorded by the Madras Epigraphical department during 1904. There are a total of 88 recorded inscriptions named from 415 of 1904 to 503 of 1904.<ref name="Ayyar" /> The inscriptions date from the reign of [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]] (871–907 CE), [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014 CE), [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044 CE) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) indicating various grants to the temple.<ref name="Ayyar" /><ref name="Ghose301">[[#Ghose|Ghose]] 1998, p. 301</ref> Paranjothi Munivar, a 13th-century saint, who wrote the book ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'', was born at Vedaranyam.<ref name="Ayyar" /> An inscription dating back to [[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola]] mentions the gift of 90 sheep by a merchant to the temple for the maintenance of a perpetual lamp.<ref>[[#Singh|Singh]] 2008, p. 622</ref>

Vedaranyam continued to be a part of the Chola Empire and the Chola region emerged as a centre of Saivism during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 CE).<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]] 1991, p. 215</ref> After the fall of Cholas during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola II]] in the 13th century CE, the erstwhile Chola region was caught under a power struggle between Pandyas and [[Hoysalas]].<ref name="Ghose5960">[[#Ghose|Ghose]] 1998, pp. 59-60</ref> The royal patronage continued to the temple during the rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Nayaks]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of Indian History|volume=82|page=33|publisher=Department of History, University of Kerala|year=2004}}</ref> The Negapatam region (modern day Nagapattinam district) was briefly captured by French troops led by [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Lally]] (1702–66 CE) in 1759 CE. The [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] was annexed by British after the French failed to subdue the king of Tanjore.<ref>{{cite book|title= Dupleix and Clive|last=Dodwell|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGy1LpRxqFUC|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1920|page=166|isbn=978-81-206-0394-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The national encyclopædia. Libr. ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy2P8q3RRI0C&q=lally+%2B+vedaranyam&pg=PA287|page=287|year=1885|last=National encyclopaedia|publisher=Oxford University}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

== Architecture ==
The temple houses an emerald image of ''lingam'', locally called ''Maragatha lingam''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Championing a cause |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/championing-a-cause/article4221482.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2012-12-20|access-date=2013-04-27|location=Chennai}}</ref> Vedaranyeswarar temple complex has three ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer courtyard) and two five-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) both on the western & eastern directions. The temple houses a tank named Manikarnika on the Western entrance inside the temple complex.<ref name="Ayyar" /> The central shrine faces east and holds the image of Vedaranyeswarar (Shiva) in the form of ''lingam'' made of granite. The granite images of the deities [[Ganesha]] (son of Shiva and god of wisdom), [[Murugan]] (son of Shiva and god of war), [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull and vehicle of Shiva) and [[Navagraha]] (nine planetary deities) are located in the hall leading to the sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct or the walls around the sanctum of Vedaranyeswarar has images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] (Shiva as the Teacher), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva). The second precinct is surrounded by granite walls.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=36}}</ref> The inner sanctum houses the image of the 63 nayanars. There are also images of Ramanatha linga, Shanmugha, Jvaradeva, Saraswati, Sanisvara, Annapurni, Durga, Nataraja, Bhairava, Surya and Chandra. Unlike other temples, the images of [[Navagraha]] are found in a row.<ref name=R /> The images of [[Durga]] and Vanadurga are unique representations of the deities.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|page=529}}</ref>
[[File:Vedaranyam Panorama (5).jpg|700px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the temple]]

== Processional Dance ==
[[File:Vedaranyam25.JPG|Entrance of the temple|200px|right|thumb]]
The [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]] at Tiruvarur is famous for the ''ajapa thanam'' (dance without chanting). According to legend, a [[Chola]] king named Mucukunta obtained a boon from [[Indra]](a celestial deity) and wished to receive an image of Thyagaraja Swamy(presiding deity, Shiva in the temple) reposing on the chest of reclining Vishnu. Indra tried to misguide the king and had six other images made, but the king chose the right image at Tiruvarur. The other six images were installed in Thirukkuvalai, Nagapattinam, Tirukarayil, Tirukolili, Thirukkuvalai and [[Tirumaraikadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The great temple at Tanjore|last=Pillai|first=J.M. Somanasundaram|publisher=Tamil University, Thanjavur|year=1994|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of the history of Karaikkal|first=Saroja|last= Sundararajan|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1985|page=54}}</ref> All the seven places are villages situated in the river [[Kaveri]] delta. All seven Thyagaraja images are said to dance when taken in procession(it is the bearers of the processional deity who actually dance). The temples with dance styles are regarded as ''Saptha Vidangam''(seven dance moves).<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras|volume=71|publisher=Music Academy |location=Madras|year=2000|page=35}}</ref> and the related temples are as under:<ref>{{cite book|title=Nityasumangali|page=[https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers/page/146 146]|first=Saskia C.|last=Kersenboom-Story|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1987|isbn=9788120803305|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers/page/146}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
| width="200pt" | '''Temple'''
| width="140pt" | '''Vidangar Temple'''
| width="140pt" | '''Dance pose'''
| width="250pt" | '''Meaning'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]]
| ''Vidhividangar''
| ''Ajabathaanam''
| Dance without chanting, resembling the dance of Sri Thyagaraja resting on Lord Vishnu's chest
|-
| [[Dharbaranyeswarar Temple]]
| ''Nagaradangar''
| ''Unmathanathaanam''
| Dance of an intoxicated person
|-
| [[Kayarohanaswami Temple, Nagapattinam|Kayarohanaswamy Temple]]
| ''Sundaravidangar''
| ''Vilathithaanam''
| Dancing like waves of sea
|-
| [[Kannayariamudayar Temple, Thirukkarayil|Kannayariamudayar Temple]]
| ''Adhividangar''
| ''Kukunathaanam''
| Dancing like a cock
|-
| [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]
| ''Avanividangar''
| ''Brunganathaanam''
| Dancing like a bee that hovers over a flower
|-
| [[Vaimoornathar Temple, Tiruvaimur|Vaimoornaathar Temple]]
| ''Nallavidangar''
| ''Kamalanaanathaanam''
| Dance like lotus that moves in a breeze
|-
| Vedaranyeswarar Temple
| ''Bhuvanivividangar''
| ''Hamsapthanathaanam''
| Dancing with the gait of a swan
|}

== Worship and religious practices ==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vedaranyeswarar and Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar" /> The twin festivals celebrated during the full moon days of Tamil month Adi (July – August) and Thai (January – February) attract large number of pilgrims from whole of Tamil Nadu. Pilgrims take a holy dip in the seashore round the year and the holy dip is considered similar to the worship practises at [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=South Indian Railway guide illustrated|title=South Indian Railway guide illustrated|year=1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-1889-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=vedaranniyam&pg=PA171|page=171}}</ref> A holy dip in the Manikarnika ghat is considered to expiate sins.<ref name="Ayyar" /> The Mahasamprokshanam also known as Kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 26 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vedaranyeswarar temple 'kumbhabhishekam' draws thousands|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vedaranyeswarar-temple-kumbhabhishekam-draws-thousands/article7807944.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2015-10-27|access-date=2015-10-28}}</ref>
[[File:Vedaranyam Panorama (1).jpg|700px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the temple with Manikarnika, the temple tank]]

== Religious importance ==
[[File:Vedaranyeswarar temple (27).jpg|200px|thumb|Image of Appar and Sambandandar]]
The [[Nayanmars]] (Shaiva saints) [[Appar]] and [[Tirugnanasambandar]] could not enter the locked temple. At this, on Tirugnanasambandar's request, Appar sang devotional hymns praising Shiva, after which the gates opened. Tirugnanasambandar's devotional hymns locked the gates again.<ref name="dinamalar" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury|first=Francis|author2=Phillips Kingsbury |title=Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints |year=1921|publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Zza2Aax98oC&q=vedaranyam|isbn=978-81-206-0285-4|page=63}}</ref> Vedaranyeswarar is revered in the 7th century Tamil Shaiva canonical work, the ''Tevaram'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. It is the only temple to have found mention in all the seven [[Thirumurai]]s. The temple is famed for the legend between [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]] when the former sang to open the door while the latter sang to close the door. It is believed that [[Sundarar]], another nayanar, visited the temple along with [[Chera]] king Cherama Perumal Nayanar.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy – Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=372–4}}</ref> The western entrance of the temple houses the image of elephant god named ''Virahatte Vinayaga'' who is believed to have driven away the ghosts killed by [[Rama]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=vedaranyeswarar+temple&pg=PT218|last=Venkataraman|first=Sekar|page=218|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-64587-625-0}}</ref> Mahodya Amavasya is a religious occasion occurring every year during the full moon day of [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] ''Thai''. During the occasion Mahodaya Snanam, having dip in four water bodies in Vedaranyam, namely the pond close to the temple, Kodiayakarai beach, Vedaranyam sea and finally the Manikarnika Tank inside the temple. During the occasion, hundreds of devotees throng the temple where special rituals are performed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vedaranyam rises to the occasion|newspaper=The Hindu|last=Venkatramanan|first=Geetha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/vedaranyam-rises-to-the-occasion/article26204643.ece|access-date=2 November 2019|date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=vedaranyam+temple&pg=PA392|ref=Ayyar}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Rajeshwari |title= The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1391-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA61|ref=Ghose}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh|first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the|year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersly (India) Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=vedaranyam+temple&pg=PA622|ref=Singh}}
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn= 978-81-7478-177-2|page=74}}
{{refend}}

== Paintings ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Vedaranyam17.JPG|At the rear side of sanctom sanctorum
File:Vedaranyam18.JPG|At the rear side of sanctom sanctorum
File:Vedaranyam19.JPG|At the rear side of sanctom sanctorum
File:Vedaranyam7.JPG|In the prakara
File:Vedaranyam30.JPG|In the prakara
File:Vedaranyam8.JPG|In the prakara
</gallery>

{{Famous Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]