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2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-05T06:45:38Z

Janni: Adding new stub more to come

{{Short description|Election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1996
| election_date = 10 May 2001
| next_election = 2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2006
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:658647}}
| turnout = 70.10%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=17|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[P. Shanmugam]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 11
| seats_before1 = 9
| popular_vote1 =
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 2

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[R. V. Janakiraman]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 7
| seats_before2 = 7
| popular_vote2 =
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in 2001, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=10th election: 2001 - The Congress was the single-largest party in the 2001 Puducherry election, winning 11 seats, with a vote share of 22.78 per cent. Its pre-poll ally, the Tamil Maanila Congress, won two seats. The Congress and Tamil Maanila Congress formed the government, with outside support of the AIADMK, which had won three seats. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se2001.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 2001 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and the most seats, and [[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/02/02/258--Former-Puducherry-chief-minister-Shanmugam-dead-.html |title=Former Puducherry chief minister Shanmugam dead |publisher=Newstrackindia.com |date= |accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/former-puducherry-cm-shanmugam-passes-away/article4373211.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205070516/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/former-puducherry-cm-shanmugam-passes-away/article4373211.ece |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=Former Puducherry CM Shanmugam passes away |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |title=Pondicherry Legislative Assembly |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date for Nominations
| 16 April 2001
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
| 23 April 2001
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
| 24 April 2001
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
| 26 April 2001
|-
| Date of poll
| '''10 May 2001'''
|-
| Date of counting
| '''13 May 2001'''
|}

==Seat allotments==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=4|Party/Alliance
!Flag
!Electoral symbol
!Leader
!colspan=2|Seats contested
|-
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]]
|colspan=2|21
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|[[G. K. Moopanar]]
|colspan=2|7
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[R. Nallakannu]]
|colspan=2|2
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=4|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|colspan=2|15*
|-
|{{party color cell|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Makkal Congress]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|80px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|80px]]
|P. Kannan
|colspan=2|9
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|colspan=2|5
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|colspan=2|1
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK+]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|colspan=2|20
|-
|{{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|[[File:PMK.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Pattali Makkal Katchi Ripe Mango Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Dr. Ramadoss]]
|colspan=2|10
|-
|}
NOTE:
* Including 2 Constituencies where [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] contesting on Rising Sun symbol.

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK + PMK]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| G. Palaniraja
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Raja Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Kasilingam
|-

! 2
| [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| V. Balaji
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| [[K. Lakshminarayanan]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| R. Malar Mannan
|-

! 3
| [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Gandhiraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Sivakumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Pandurangan
|-

! 4
| [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| A. Abdul Rachide
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Annibal Kennedy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Babu Ansardeen
|-

! 5
| [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalamp]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| N. Naghamuthu
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| P. Pandian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Anbalagan
|-

! 6
| [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| C. Pandourangame
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Siva
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Chezhian
|-

! 7
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| E. Puviarasu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. V. Janakiraman
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. J. Nannan
|-

! 8
| [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Modeliarpeth]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Sabapathy alias Kothandaraman
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. M. A. S. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Ravindran
|-

! 9
| [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Vinayagamourthy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ilangovan
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| R. K. R. Anantharaman
|-

! 10
| [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalom (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Gangadaran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Palanivelu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Nagamany
|-

! 11
| [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| V. Muthunarayanan
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| K. Dhanraju
|-

! 12
| [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. Thiagarajan
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| R. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| T. Vikkiraman
|-

! 13
| [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| M. Kandasamy
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| P. Rajavelu
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| K. Deivanayagam
|-

! 14
| [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Angalan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Angalan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arasi
|-

! 15
| [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipeth]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Rajaram
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| S. Srinivasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Ramachandran
|-

! 16
| [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| P. Sundhararaju
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| A. Elumalai
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| S. Balaraman
|-

! 17
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villenour]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| C. Djeacoumar
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| J. Narayanasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Ramane
|-

! 18
| [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[A. Namassivayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Balane B.Sc.
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Natarajan
|-

! 19
| [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| V. Pethaperumal
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ragupathy
|-

! 20
| [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| R. Viswanathan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| A. M. Krishnamurthy
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| N. G. Pannirselvam
|-
! 21
| [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Kesavan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kalaiselvi
|-

! 22
| [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Nalamagarajan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| S. Elangovan
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| M. Ramadass
|-

! 23
| [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[S. Ramassamy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. J. Assana
|-

! 24
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[A. V. Subramanian]]
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
| V. K. Ganapathy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Karuppaiya
|-

! 25
| [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy-Grand Aldee]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| V. M. C. V. Ganapathy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. M. C. Raja alias V. M. C. Sivashanmuganathan
|-

! 26
| [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Tirunallar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[R. Kamalakannan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. V. R. Arivoli
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| S. Ambalavanan
|-

! 27
| [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Neduncadu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Chandirakasu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Marimuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Packirisamy
|-

! 28
| [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| E. Valsaraj
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| East Namath Rajeendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Lakshmanan
|-

! 29
| [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. V. Sreedharan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| C. P. Ganeshan
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| N. K. Sachindranath
|-

! 30
| [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Elaprolu Chittibabu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Gollapalli Gangadhara Pratap
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Giddi Sri Hari Rao
|-
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 2001.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=108700|seats1=11|sc1={{increase}}2
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=83679|seats2=7|sc2=0
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=59926|seats3=3|sc3=0
|party4=[[Puducherry Makkal Congress]]|votes4=48865|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes5=35390|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}}3
|party6=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes6=22164|seats6=1|sc6={{increase}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=66981|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=51402|seats21=2|sc21=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=252
|electorate=658647
|source=ECI<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Results by Pre-Poll alliance===
{| class="wikitable" width="35%" style="text-align:center; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|INC+
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|Contested
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|WON
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|[[National Democratic Alliance|{{white|NDA}}]]
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|Contested
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|WON
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}} ; color:white;"|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|{{white|AIADMK+}}]]
! style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}} ; color:white;"|Contested
! style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}} ; color:white;"|WON
! colspan="3" style="background:#757575; color:white;"|Others
! style="background:#757575; color:white;"|WON
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|'''''21'''''
|'''''11'''''
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|'''13'''
|'''7'''
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|'''20'''
|'''3'''
| colspan="2" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: #C1C1C1" |
| '''''2'''''
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|'''7'''
|'''2'''
|[[Puducherry Makkal Congress|PMC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}"|
|'''9'''
|'''4'''
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|'''10'''
|'''0'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|DPI]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}"|
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#ADD8E6" |Total
| style="background:#00BFFF; color:white;"|'''''13'''''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FAD6A5;" |Total
| style="background:#FF9933 ; color:white;"|'''''12'''''
| colspan="3" style="background:#98FB98" |Total
| style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}; color:white;"|'''''3'''''
| colspan="3" style="background:#CDCDCD" |Total
| style="background:#757575; color:white;"|'''''2'''''
|-00
| colspan="3" style="background:#ADD8E6" |Change
| style="background:#00BFFF; color:white;"|'''''{{decrease}} 3'''''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FAD6A5;" |Change
| style="background:#FF9933 ; color:white;"| {{increase}} 4
| colspan="3" style="background:#98FB98" |Change
| style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}; color:white;"|'''''{{decrease}} 1'''''
| colspan="3" style="background:#CDCDCD" |Change
| style="background:#757575; color:white;"|'''''0'''''
|}

===Results by Post-Poll alliance===
{| class="wikitable" width="35%" style="text-align:center; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big"
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|INC+
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|SEATS
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|NDA
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|SEATS
! colspan="2" style="background:#757575; color:white;"|Others
! style="background:#757575; color:white;"|SEATS
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|'''''11'''''
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|'''7'''
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: #C1C1C1" |
| '''''2'''''
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|'''2'''
|[[Puducherry Makkal Congress|PMC]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}"|
|'''4'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|'''3'''
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|width="3px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|'''1'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6" |Total
| style="background:#00BFFF; color:white;"|'''''16'''''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FAD6A5;" |Total
| style="background:#FF9933 ; color:white;"|'''''12'''''
| colspan="2" style="background:#CDCDCD" |Total
| style="background:#757575; color:white;"|'''''2'''''
|}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 64.67% || A. Kasilingam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,857 || 38.02% || Raja Chandrasekaran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,947 || 27.43% || 1,910
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 68.44% || K. Lakshminarayanan || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 4,875 || 51.52% || R. Malar Mannan || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 3,097 || 32.73% || 1,778
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 65.75% || S. P. Sivakumar || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,408 || 57.79% || A. Gandhiraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,308 || 31.39% || 1,100
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 51.02% || Annibal Kennedy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,087 || 63.77% || S. Babu Ansardeen || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 904 || 18.67% || 2,183
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 72.89% || A. Anbalagan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,416 || 59.24% || P. Pandian || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 5,044 || 35.50% || 3,372
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 70.28% || [[R. Siva]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,608 || 49.41% || G. Chezhian || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,223 || 27.42% || 3,385
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 75.41% || [[R. V. Janakiraman]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,780 || 51.42% || Dr. J. Nannan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,839 || 38.59% || 1,941
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 73.23% || Dr. M. A. S. Subramanian || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 9,119 || 40.98% || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,616 || 34.22% || 1,503
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 74.12% || T. Jayamoorthy || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 9,790 || 45.23% || K. R. Anantharaman || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 5,628 || 26.00% || 4,162
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 74.87% || N. Gangadaran || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,723 || 25.44% || S. Palanivelu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,087 || 21.10% || 636
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 79.40% || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,984 || 39.47% || K. Dhanraju || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 4,771 || 31.47% || 1,213
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 83.57% || R. Radhakrishnan || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 8,000 || 50.58% || T. Thiagarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,979 || 37.81% || 2,021
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 79.21% || P. Rajavelu || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 7,696 || 48.91% || M. Kandasamy || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 5,063 || 32.18% || 2,633
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 76.21% || [[P. Angalane]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,753 || 28.60% || Durai Arivudainambi || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,949 || 23.76% || 804
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 79.09% || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,939 || 55.29% || N. Rajaram || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,237 || 26.21% || 4,702
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 81.22% || [[Abar Elumalai]] || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 5,364 || 34.65% || S. Balaraman || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 5,200 || 33.59% || 164
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 80.72% || C. Djeacoumar || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 10,335 || 50.51% || J. Narayanasamy || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 6,246 || 30.52% || 4,089
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 71.96% || [[A. Namassivayam]] || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 10,164 || 45.49% || K. Natarajan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,021 || 26.95% || 4,143
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 67.87% || [[N. Rangaswamy]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 14,323 || 58.90% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 8,769 || 36.06% || 5,554
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 70.12% || [[A. M. Krishnamurthy]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 11,446 || 44.85% || R. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 7,985 || 31.29% || 3,461
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 65.51% || [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 12,929 || 38.51% || N. Kesavan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 10,962 || 32.65% || 1,967
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 71.10% || R. Nalamagarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,058 || 43.50% || M. Ramadass || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 5,382 || 33.17% || 1,676
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 61.17% || [[A. M. H. Nazeem]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,273 || 46.92% || A. J. Assana || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,969 || 29.69% || 2,304
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 69.85% || [[A. V. Subramanian]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,138 || 51.39% || V. K. Ganapathy || {{party name with color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}} || 5,229 || 43.78% || 909
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 71.52% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,672 || 46.96% || V. M. C. V. Ganapathy || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 3,741 || 26.33% || 2,931
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 74.22% || R. Kamalakkannan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,390 || 42.00% || N. V. R. Arivoli || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,615 || 35.96% || 775
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 76.17% || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,720 || 45.35% || A. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,660 || 36.95% || 1,060
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 72.95% || E. Valsaraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,666 || 59.87% || Manoli Muhammad || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,131 || 33.08% || 2,535
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 71.01% || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,855 || 49.23% || P. Dineshan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 3,392 || 34.40% || 1,463
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 83.43% || [[Malladi Krishna Rao]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 8,959 || 57.34% || Gollapalli Gangadhara Pratap || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,981 || 38.28% || 2,978
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2001 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:2001 State Assembly elections in India|P]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:2000s in Puducherry]]

Raaz (2002 film)

2026-04-30T05:39:26Z

Janni: made a post...

{{Short description|2002 Indian film by Vikram Bhatt}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title = Raaz: Do You Want to Know the Secret…?
| name = Raaz
| image = Raaz 2002 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Mukesh Bhatt]] [[Tips Industries|Kumar S. Taurani]] [[Ramesh S. Taurani]]
| writer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Girish Dhamija
| story = Vikram Bhatt
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dino Morea]] [[Bipasha Basu]] [[Malini Sharma]] [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| narrator = Mahesh Bhatt
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]
| editing = Amit Saxena
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]] [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor = [[Tips Industries]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|02|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = ₹5 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bipasha Basu-Dino Morea's Raaz Gave Tough Fight To This Shah Rukh Khan Blockbuster In 2002 |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bipasha-basu-dino-moreas-raaz-gave-tough-fight-to-this-shah-rukh-khan-blockbuster-in-2002-7474123.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = ₹37.59 crore <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-01-02 |title=Raaz Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-4/box-office/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015055123/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-4/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Raaz''''' ({{translation|Secret}}) is a 2002 Indian [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]]. The film stars [[Dino Morea]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] in lead roles, with [[Malini Sharma]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]] in supporting roles. In the [[Mass media in India|Indian media]], the film is widely regarded as a [[Landmark]] in the history of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] and considered one of the best [[List of Hindi horror films|Hindi horror cinemas]].{{efn|Multiple References:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-30 |title=Top 10 Bollywood horror movies you should not miss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/top-10-bollywood-horror-movies-you-should-not-miss-4722457/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Bollywood horror movies that are really scary |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/25-bollywood-horror-movies-that-are-really-scary/ss-BBv0JE9 |accessdate=4 July 2017 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref>}} The film is an unofficial adaptation of the American film ''[[What Lies Beneath]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-02-01 |title=Bipasha Basu, Dino Morea celebrate 20 years of 'Raaz': Started trend of cool scary movies |url=https://theprint.in/feature/bipasha-basu-dino-morea-celebrate-20-years-of-raaz-started-trend-of-cool-scary-movies/818338/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> American entertainment publication ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'' has termed it better than the original.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/bollywood-remakes-that-are-better-than-the-original/#raaz-2002|title=7 Bollywood Remakes That Are Better Than The Original Movie|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=7 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517141354/https://collider.com/bollywood-remakes-that-are-better-than-the-original/#raaz-2002|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=When Vikram Bhatt's 2002 Film Raaz Surprised Many Big Stars In Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-vikram-bhatts-2002-film-raaz-surprised-many-big-stars-in-box-office-8583305.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033744/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-vikram-bhatts-2002-film-raaz-surprised-many-big-stars-in-box-office-8583305.html |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-on-raaz-clocking-20-years-the-off-screen-romance-with-bipasha-helped-us-on-screen-101643652992644.html|title=Dino Morea on Raaz clocking 20 years: The off screen romance with Bipasha helped us on screen|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022|quote=While Morea says it wasn’t an official remake, there were references that were taken from the Robert Zemeckis directed Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer starrer.}}</ref>

The story follows Aditya ([[Dino Morea|Dino]]) and Sanjana [[Bipasha Basu|(Bipasha)]] retreat to [[Ooty]] to mend their broken marriage, but their new home harbors more than silence — a ghost with unfinished business. As the haunting deepens, Sanjana uncovers a chilling truth: the greatest threat may be the man she is trying to save.

It was a major commercial and critical success emerging as [[List of Hindi films of 2002|second-highest-grossing film]] of the year 2002 being the most profitable venture and the first instalment in the ''[[Raaz (film series)|Raaz]]'' series. Morea and Basu won a [[Zee Cine Award]] in the category of Dynamic Duo. The film earned a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] at the [[48th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Nadeem–Shravan|Nadeem-Shravan's]] music also earned them several Filmfare Award nominations. The film was shot in places across [[Ooty]] including [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]]. The voices for the leading cast were dubbed by professional artists; [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]] dubbed for Basu, Namrata Sawhney dubbed for Sharma, and Bhatt himself dubbed for Morea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/feb/16st.htm|title=What's the raaz behind Bipasha's voice?|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/04/raaz.shtml|title=BBC - Shropshire - Movies - Raaz|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

A [[Spiritual successor|spiritual sequel]] to the film was released on 23 January 2009, under the title ''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]'' and the third installment of the series titled ''[[Raaz 3]]'' was released in 3D on 7 September 2012. A fourth film, ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'', was released on 16 September 2016.

==Plot==

In the mist-covered forests near [[Ooty]], a college picnic turns into a chilling tragedy when Nisha, a medical student, suddenly attacks her boyfriend in a violent, inexplicable outburst and dies moments later. The mysterious nature of her death baffles the police, who call on Professor Agni Swaroop, a reclusive occult expert. Swaroop’s investigation reveals that Nisha was possessed by a malevolent spirit, awakened by unresolved secrets buried deep within the forest.

Meanwhile, in [[Mumbai]], Sanjana and Aditya Dhanraj are a married couple struggling to save their deteriorating relationship. Aditya, a successful yet emotionally distant businessman, is preoccupied with work, creating a rift between them. To salvage their marriage, they plan a retreat to Ooty, choosing a secluded, abandoned colonial bungalow near the forest where Nisha’s death occurred—an ominous setting that soon reveals a darker presence.

Shortly after arrival, Sanjana begins to experience terrifying [[supernatural]] phenomena: ghostly screams from the forest, eerie whispers, and vivid nightmares. The local staff reveal the disappearance of Robert, the previous caretaker, who vanished after being tormented by the same malevolent force. Sanjana asked Aditya about Robert but ignored. Sanjana confides in her friend Priya, who introduces her to Professor Swaroop.

Using an ancient occult ritual—a [[lemon]] that inexplicably turns blood red at sunset—Swaroop confirms the presence of a dark spirit tethered to the bungalow and forest. Their further investigation leads to the discovery of a buried [[revolver]] registered to [[Colonel]] Arjun Malik. The Colonel reveals that the weapon belonged to his daughter, Malini, a troubled young woman with a severe psychiatric illness who mysteriously disappeared years ago.

During a séance, Sanjana uncovers the vengeful truth: years earlier, Aditya had an extramarital affair with Malini during a rough patch in his marriage. When Aditya refused to leave Sanjana for Malini, the devastated Malini fatally shot herself in his presence, intending to frame him. Fearing scandal, Aditya conspired with Robert, the caretaker, to secretly bury Malini’s body in the forest, hiding the tragic event.

Malini’s restless spirit awakens, fueled by feelings of betrayal and injustice, and its vengeful haunting intensifies. The ghost impersonates Sanjana to sow mistrust and lures Aditya into the deadly [[forest]]. Under Malini’s influence, Aditya is involved in a harrowing car accident, falling off a cliff and becoming critically [[Major trauma|injured]].

Aditya’s internal conflict and guilt over his betrayal clash with Sanjana’s fear and love. Their strained relationship becomes a battleground against the supernatural force threatening to destroy them both.

Determined to break the curse, Sanjana, Priya, and Swaroop enter the forest to confront Malini’s wrath. In a tragic turn, Swaroop is killed and possessed by the spirit. They also find Robert’s decomposed body hanging from a tree, evidence of the spirit’s deadly power.

In a dramatic, Sanjana faces the fully possessed Swaroop in a battle of wills against the supernatural. Drawing strength from her love for Aditya and her newfound courage, she recites an ancient incantation taught by Swaroop. As flames roar around Malini’s grave, Sanjana douses it with [[Gasoline|petrol]] and sets it ablaze, igniting a blazing inferno that lights the dark forest in an otherworldly glow.

At the same time, a weakened but determined Aditya fights his way back from the brink of death to join Sanjana. Together, amidst swirling fire and howling wind, they confront the vengeful spirit. The ghost’s shrieks dissolve into silence as the flames consume her remains, breaking the curse at last.

After the terrifying ordeal, Sanjana and Aditya rebuilt their bond, replacing guilt with forgiveness and love. They left the past behind and started anew, eventually welcoming a healthy baby boy. Their lives filled with joy and harmony, leaving dark memories far away as they embraced a bright future together.

==Cast==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 285
| image1 = Dino Morea and Bipasha Basu.jpg
| image2 =
| image3 =
| image4 =
| footer = [[Dino Morea]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] reprised their roles as Aditya Dhanraj and Sanjana Dhanraj}}
* [[Dino Morea]] as Aditya Dhanraj
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Sanjana Dhanraj
* [[Malini Sharma]] as Malini Malik
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Professor Agni Swaroop
* [[Shruti Ulfat]] as Priya
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Ajay, Priya's husband
* [[Mink Brar]] as Nisha
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Rohit, Nisha's boyfriend
* [[Masood Akhtar (actor)|Masood Akhtar]] as Robert
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Robert's wife
* [[Anang Desai]] as Mr Dhanraj, Aditya's father
* [[Neha Bam]] as Mrs Dhanraj, Aditya's mother
* [[Murli Sharma]] as Police Inspector
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as a doctor treating Nisha
* Ishwar Patel
* Kiran Randhawa

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
[[Anil Kapoor]] was initially approached for the male lead but declined the offer. Then it was offered to [[Hrithik Roshan]] who also declined it. Portions of the film were reportedly shot with [[Lisa Ray]] in the lead role; however, she later opted out of the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-06 |title=The secret behind Raaz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-secret-behind-raaz/articleshow/22249182.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Eventually, [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Dino Morea]], who were in a real-life relationship at the time, were cast in the lead roles. Dino later remarked that their off-screen bond translated into on-screen chemistry, which became essential to the film's emotional core.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Vikram Bhatt recalls the whole industry thought Raaz was going to fail: 'It was relegated to the C-grade genre of horror' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikram-bhatt-recalls-the-whole-industry-thought-raaz-was-going-to-fail-it-was-relegated-to-the-c-grade-genre-of-horror/articleshow/112633186.cms?utm |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

The supporting cast included [[Malini Sharma]], making her acting debut, and [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Professor Agni Swaroop, a [[Ghost hunting|paranormal investigator]].<ref name=":6" />

=== Development ===
The film was primarily shot in [[Ooty]], with its misty forests and colonial bungalows offering a fittingly eerie setting. Key scenes were filmed at [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Bollywood remakes better than its original - THE NEW INDIAN - top 10 bollywood remakes better than its original - New Indian |url=https://www.newindian.in/web-stories/top-10-bollywood-remakes-better-than-its-original/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.newindian.in}}</ref> Additional sequences were shot in a [[Mumbai]] suburb, with romantic portions filmed in [[Switzerland]], and select visuals in [[California]] to enhance cinematic appeal.<ref name=":8" /> The film embraced a gothic visual style—favoring fog, shadows, and silence over [[Computer animation|CGI]]—to evoke psychological tension.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />

==== Incidents ====
The now-closed [[Ooty Lake|Fern Hill Hotel]] besides Ooty lake was infamous for its eerie, supernatural reputation long before the movie shoot began. Basu and Morea revealed they had heard chilling tales from industry veterans like [[Sanjay Dutt]] and choreographer [[Saroj Khan]] about the lodging.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaz: Haunted Hotel Stories |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/web-stories/6-most-haunted-destinations-in-india/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=[[CN Traveller]] |date=30 October 2022 }}</ref>

Late one night, [[Bipasha Basu]]'s dance troupe was awakened by the sound of [[furniture]] moving in a room above—despite there being no actual upper floor. Staff confirmed there was indeed no floor above.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bipasha Basu recalls Raaz shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bipasha-basu-recalls-raaz-shoot/articleshow/883555801.cms |website=Times of India |date=18 January 2002 |access-date=2025-08-30}}</ref>

=== Inspiration ===
The inspiration for the film closely linked to [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills#List of mills in Mumbai|Mukesh Textile Mills]], a deserted mill in [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]], widely regarded as one of the most haunted locations in India.<ref name="CNT">{{cite web |title=6 most haunted destinations in India |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/web-stories/6-most-haunted-destinations-in-india/ |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

According to reports, while shooting at Mukesh Mills, director [[Vikram Bhatt]] heard and captured a mysterious female voice even though no one was present nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=Bollywood's most 'haunted' shooting location was destroyed in fire, scared living daylights out of Amitabh Bachchan, Bipasha Basu: 'They gave me holy water' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-mills-bollywood-most-haunted-shooting-location-amitabh-bachchan-bipasha-basu-10073621/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He used the voice in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-02 |title=Bipasha Basu is haunted |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-is-haunted/story-6ohhcZ0WhG8cGuIvTyrC6H.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> This supernatural encounter is considered the origin of ''Raaz'' and remains one of the most cited examples of a real-life [[Paranormal|paranormal experience]] influencing a [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood horror]] film.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Raaz ki baat: No ifs for Mahesh Bhatt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/raaz-ki-baat-no-ifs-for-mahesh-bhatt-/articleshow/883555801.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2002-05-15 |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> Disturbed by the incident, he shared the experience with producer [[Mahesh Bhatt]], who later used it as the basis for the film’s plot.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Secrets behind Raaz and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/secrets-behind-raaz-and-more/story-IdayQzkly8P4cEa3XJHkjL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2012-01-31 |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

The poster of the film draws inspiration from the gothic visual style of [[Sleepy Hollow (film)|''Sleepy Hollow'']] (1999), reflected in its [[Dark pattern|dark palette]], mistery imagery, and supernatural mood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pezzullo |first=Rick |date=2026-01-15 |title=Sleepy Hollow Native Coffey Taking Talents Overseas |url=https://thehudsonindependent.com/sleepy-hollow-native-coffey-taking-talents-overseas/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=The Hudson Independent - THE Local News for Sleepy Hollow, Tarrytown, Irvington, Dobbs Ferry, Hastings-on-Hudson - Local + Non-Profit |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Box office==
''Raaz'' released on 1 February 2002 and grossed ₹37.59 crore.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Raaz |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=592 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Artistry and legacy ==

=== Cultural impacts ===
''Raaz'' is widely considered a [[milestone]] in the evolution of horror cinema in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=2026-01-06 |title=From the India Today archives (2002) {{!}} Bipasha Basu: The return of oomph |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2002-bipasha-basu-the-return-of-oomph-2847651-2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It became first mainstream Bollywood horror film to receive a [[Filmfare Awards]] nomination, establishing the genre’s credibility and influencing future horror-romance cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ant Design Pro |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612034842/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms |archive-date=12 June 2019 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=filmfareawards.indiatimes.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Raaz remains a cult horror hit even today |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/why-raaz-remains-a-cult-horror-hit-even-today-49821.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> It combined [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] themes with emotional drama, [[Romance (love)|romance]], and a chart-topping soundtrack, paving the way for horror films to enter mainstream Hindi cinema.<ref name=":0" /> The film's artistic choices and box office impact have secured it a [[Cult film|cult status]] marked as a significant departure from earlier horror tropes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2024-01-06 |title=Bipasha Basu's 'Raaz': Redefining Horror in Bollywood Cinema |url=http://www.mumbaikarnews.in/bipasha-basus-raaz-redefining-horror-in-bollywood-cinema/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Mumbaikar News |language=en}}</ref> It was the only [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] film in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2002 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film received notable international attention when [[Paul McCartney]] attended a screening of the film and expressed admiration for its lead performances by [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Dino Morea]]. He reportedly praised Basu’s portrayal and described her as “India’s [[Sophia Loren]]”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul McCartney was enthralled by Vikram Bhatt's Raaz, phoned Bipasha Basu to praise her: 'India's Sophia Loren' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/paul-mccartney-was-enthralled-by-vikram-bhatts-raaz-phoned-bipasha-basu-to-praise-her-indias-sofia-loren-10283441/ |website=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

The lead performances by [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Dino Morea]] contributed significantly to the film's popularity, earning the duo a [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]] for "''Dynamic Duo"'' and [[Screen Awards|Screen Award]] for "''[[Screen Award#Special awards|Jodi no. 1]]''" .<ref name="IndianExpressLegacy">{{cite web |title=20 Years of Raaz: The horror film that made Bipasha Basu a star |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raaz-20-years-bipasha-basu-dino-morea-7790707/ |website=The Indian Express |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=22 June 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> It established Basu as "''scream queen''", while positioning Dino as a "''romantic hero''", with their on-screen chemistry becoming a key highlight of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-01 |title=Dino Morea: I was ill advised in the beginning of my career, chose some films I shouldn't have |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-i-was-ill-advised-in-the-beginning-of-my-career-chose-some-films-i-shouldn-t-have-101633099356435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127071922/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-i-was-ill-advised-in-the-beginning-of-my-career-chose-some-films-i-shouldn-t-have-101633099356435.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Dino Morea Considers His Chemistry With Bipasha Basu To Be The Best: She Has To Be My Favourite Co-Star |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/dino-morea-considers-his-chemistry-with-bipasha-basu-to-be-the-best-she-has-to-be-my-favourite-co-star-news-339777 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram Bhatt's 2002 Film Raaz Was Dino Morea's Big Breakthrough In Bollywood |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vikram-bhatts-2002-film-raaz-was-dino-moreas-big-breakthrough-in-bollywood-8742460.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Basu and Morea's separation soon after Raaz added a poignant layer to the film's legacy, making their on-screen high-profile relationship all the more spellbinder and remarkable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-03-13 |title=Dino Morea reveals shocking reason behind his breakup with Bipasha Basu |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-reveals-shocking-reason-behind-his-breakup-with-bipasha-basu-1503407656.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Dino Morea reveals breakup with Bipasha Basu was 'very tough': 'It was me who was...' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dino-morea-reveals-breakup-with-bipasha-basu-was-very-tough-it-was-me-who-was-13871158.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Bipasha Basu And Dino Morea Were Fighting During Raaz Wedding Song Shoot", Reveals Director Vikram Bhatt |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bipasha-basu-and-dino-morea-were-fighting-during-raaz-wedding-song-shoot-reveals-director-vikram-bhatt-6292161 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film left a lasting legacy as [[India|India's]] first modern horror [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-08 |title=Repeatedly scaring viewers a challenge: Vikram Bhatt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/repeatedly-scaring-viewers-a-challenge-says-vikram-bhatt-112730-2012-08-07 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-09 |title=Behind the Shadows: How 'Raaz' Redefined Indian Horror Cinema |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/broadband/behind-the-shadows-how-raaz-redefined-indian-horror-cinema/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[Airtel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It was instrumental in reviving the [[Horror fiction|horror genre]] in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]], which had largely been dominated by low-budget productions throughout the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Horror fails to make it big |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/horror-fails-to-make-it-big-312848/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> With its mainstream appeal, polished production values, and a strong narrative inspired by Hollywood's ''[[What Lies Beneath]]'', ''Raaz'' reintroduced horror as a commercially viable genre to Indian audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bhatnagar |first=rohit |date=2018-01-05 |title=Exclusive: 1921 is a first romance based horror film after Raaz, says Karan Kundrra {{!}} Exclusive: 1921 is a first romance based horror film after Raaz, says Karan Kundrra |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050118/exclusive-1921-is-a-firet-romance-based-horror-film-after-raaz-says-karan-kundrra.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[deccan chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=Raaz Reboot: 5 tropes in Bhatts' horror which can make even the Oscar jury go WTF |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/raaz-reboot-emraan-hashmi-bhatts-vikram-bhatt-horror-films-bollywood-340997-2016-09-14 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
Director [[Vikram Bhatt]] acknowledged ''Raaz'' as a turning point in his career, leading him to explore horror in many subsequent films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-01-27 |title=7 Best Films Directed by Vikram Bhatt |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/7-best-films-directed-by-vikram-bhatt |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VikramRediff">{{cite web |date=11 March 2002 |title=Vikram Bhatt: Raaz changed my life |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/11vik.htm |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=American legendary filmmaker and actor [[Elia Kazan]] once remarked that audiences are like hounds—they can sense a good film from a mile away. We had no idea that Raaz would go on to become such a phenomenal success. There was no grand prediction, no formula—just a strong feeling that we were creating something meaningful, something that felt right. Sometimes, that instinct is all you have, and when it connects with the audience, the became more than a film; it became a benchmark for Indian horror.|author=[[Vikram Bhatt]]|source=|title=}}

=== Influences ===

==== India ====
Media outlets recognized ''Raaz'' as a breakthrough film in [[List of Hindi horror films|Bollywood horror]]. It appears on various lists of top Indian horror films, including those by ''[[Filmfare]]'', which named it among the best Bollywood horror films of the past two decades,<ref name="FilmfareHorror">{{cite web |title=Filmfare Recommends: Best Bollywood horror films of the last two decades |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-bollywood-horror-films-of-the-last-two-decades-40672.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'', regarded it among best horror film in [[Hindi cinema|Indian cinema]],<ref name=":3" /> ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]]'', positioning as a pioneer of a new subgenre and named "''Best cult classic horror film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Aditi |date=2019-05-15 |title=Hindi Horror Films: Beyond the Gothic |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/hindi-horror-films-beyond-the-gothic/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Open The Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref> [[India Today]],'' listed the film among ''best horror film ever made,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Best Bollywood horror movies to watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/entertainment/8-romantic-songs-by-arijit-singh-c8-best-bollywood-horror-movies-to-watchopy-250550-21-07-2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[india today]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Times Internet|''Indiatimes'']], ''cited it among ''Bollywood’s best horror movies,<ref name="IndiatimesRaaz">{{cite web |title=Bollywood's Best Horror Movies List |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/bollywood-best-horror-movies-list-376144.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=[[Indiatimes]] |date=22 September 2019 }}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''recognised it as ''best romantic horror film.<ref name=":HT">{{Cite web |title=20 years of Raaz: Everybody thought I was making a mistake, says Vikram Bhatt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/20-years-of-raaz-everybody-thought-i-was-making-a-mistake-says-vikram-bhatt-101643654732911.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|''IIFA'']] ''also ranked ''Raaz'' first among best'' Bollywood horror films.<ref name="IIFABlog">{{cite web |title=5 Must-Watch Horror Movies |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/5-must-match-horror-movies |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]]}}</ref>''
[[Times Now|''Times now'']] noted the film for being scarier than [[The Conjuring Universe|''The Conjuring'']].<ref>{{cite web |last=Times Now |title=8 Classic Bollywood Horror Films Scarier Than Conjuring |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/8-classic-bollywood-horror-films-scarier-than-conjuring/photostory/152327462.cms |website=Times Now News |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> [[ThePrint|''The Print'']] featured ''Raaz'' as a milestone for Indian horror.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |last2=ThePrint |date=2022-02-01 |title=Bipasha Basu, Dino Morea celebrate 20 years of 'Raaz': Started trend of cool scary movies |url=https://theprint.in/feature/bipasha-basu-dino-morea-celebrate-20-years-of-raaz-started-trend-of-cool-scary-movies/818338/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The strategic fusion was highlighted by [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']], which placed it among the "Ten Bollywood horror films that redefined the genre."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2016-05-30 |title=Ten Bollywood horror films that redefined the genre |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/UdIgEuZIXs1SSMzNkjsQyN/Ten-Bollywood-horror-films-that-redefined-the-genre.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125205358/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/UdIgEuZIXs1SSMzNkjsQyN/Ten-Bollywood-horror-films-that-redefined-the-genre.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[ScoopWhoop]]'', emphasized the film's mastery and called "''one of the best ever in Bollywood horror''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Horror Movies May Come & Go, Raaz Will Remain My Favourite Scary Movie |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/reason-why-raaz-is-bollywoods-best-horror-movie/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[ScoopWhoop]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== International ====
It garnered significant attention and acclaim beyond [[India]], earning recognition from several prominent international media outlets and film institutions. American entertainment publication ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'' has marked it better than the original.<ref name=":2" /> ''[[Forbes India|Forbes]]'' emphasized and challenged prevailing notions that horror was unviable for the Indian mainstream. It termed the film as "Bollywood’s horror revival."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Reinventing The Indian Horror Film |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/think/reinventing-the-indian-horror-film/41701/1?utm |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref> Pakistani daily [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']] marked it as best horror film of the decade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=2012-08-14 |title=Bollywood's horror |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/742182/bollywoods-horror |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[DAWN.COM]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' situates ''Raaz'' in a lineage of romantic horror films that redefined visual horror in Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talwar |first=Shyaonti |date=2020-11-24 |title=Hindi Horror Films Continue To Remain Haunted by the Spectre of Misogyny, Transphobia |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/hindi-horror-films-misogynistic-totransphobic/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en-US}}</ref> International media platform ''[[Mashable]]'', called it a "Revolution in Hindi Horror".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title='Raaz' To 'Bulbbul', Top Horror Movies Of Bollywood You Shouldn't Miss |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/44555/raaz-to-bulbbul-top-horror-movies-of-bollywood-you-shouldnt-miss |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[mashable]] |language=en-in}}</ref> [[Gulf News|''The Gulf News'']], acknowledged as the film that legitimized Bollywood horror.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=By Abdulla Mahmood, Gulf News |date=2008-08-26 |title=Spooky flicks from Bollywood |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/spooky-flicks-from-bollywood-1.126549 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Gulf News: cinema |language=en}}</ref> In [[Maldives]] in 2003, ''Raaz'' was remade and tittled ''[[Ginihila]]''.<ref name=":4" />

The film's success spawned a franchise with sequels—''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]'' (2009), ''[[Raaz 3D]]'' (2012), and ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'' (2016)—though none matched the original's acclaim.<ref name="HTFranchise">{{cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Raaz franchise: How Bollywood's scariest love story became a money-spinning horror brand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raaz-20-years-horror-film-franchise-bipasha-basu-101646641388756.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

[[British Film Institute]] noted the film for its genre-blending approach, integrating elements of romance and melodrama into a horror narrative, thereby broadening its appeal and influencing future [[Indian ghost movie|Indian horror films]].<ref name="GopalanHorror">{{cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |title=Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0851709222}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received positive reviews from the critics. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] praised Morea's performance and said ''"Your film is really doing well".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-01 |title=Dino Morea on 20 years of Raaz: After the success of Raaz I told myself, 'the industry has accepted me' -Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-on-20-years-of-raaz-after-the-success-of-raaz-i-told-myself-the-industry-has-accepted-me-exclusive/articleshow/89278382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Webindia123.com'' said that ''Raaz'' is "something different from the current trend...''Raaz'' is a psycho-thriller worth a look". The film was praised because of its unique story.<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/movie/national/raaz/index.htm Raaz is different] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004241/http://webindia123.com/movie/national/raaz/index.htm |date=24 January 2009 }}, Webindia123.com, Retrieved on 15 December 2008</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated it 2 out of 5 stars, noting that while Raaz was a well-crafted film with the right combination for a psycho-thriller, it fully met expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-01-02 |title=Raaz Review 2/5 {{!}} Raaz Movie Review {{!}} Raaz 2002 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-4/critic-review/raaz-4-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Indian Express]] praised ''Raaz'' for successfully reviving the horror genre in Bollywood, highlighting its ability to blend supernatural suspense with emotional drama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title='Raaz is one of my films which got me a direct entry into the hearts of people': Bipasha Basu on 20 years of Raaz |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bipasha-basu-dino-morea-on-20-years-of-raaz-7751430/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[India Today]] described the film as a trendsetter that made horror commercially viable and stylish for the Indian culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=When Vikram Bhatt asked Bipasha Basu, Dino Morea to stop fighting during 'Raaz' shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vikram-bhatt-bipasha-basu-dino-morea-stop-fighting-raaz-shoot-2579148-2024-08-08 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; text-align:center;"
|+ '''List of awards and nominations received by ''Raaz'''''
|-
! Year !! Award Ceremony !! Category !! Nominee(s) !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| rowspan="3" | [[Star Screen Awards]]
| Best Duo || [[Dino Morea]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography || Sameer Arya || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="23" | 2003
| rowspan="7" | [[48th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || [[Vishesh Films]] and [[Tips Industries]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || [[Bipasha Basu]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] || Sameer – "Aapke Pyaar Mein" || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] || [[Alka Yagnik]] – "Aapke Pyaar Mein" || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Debut]] || [[Malini Sharma]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]] || [[Dino Morea]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| Dynamic Duo || [[Dino Morea]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actress]]|| [[Bipasha Basu]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || {{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mukesh Bhatt]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] || [[Alka Yagnik]] – "Aapke Pyaar Mein" || {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Ashutosh Rana]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards|V Shantaram Annual Film Award]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards#Best actor|Best actor]]
|[[Dino Morea]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Best Director of the Year|Best Director]]
|[[Vikram Bhatt]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director (tie) || [[Nadeem–Shravan|Nadeem Saifi]] & Shravan Rathod || {{won}}
|-
| [[Channel i Music Awards|Channel V Music Awards]]|| Best Romantic Song || [[Alka Yagnik]] & [[Udit Narayan]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[MTV (India)|MTV India Music Awards]]|| Best Album of the Year || Raaz (soundtrack) || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Bollywood Music Awards]] || Best Background Score || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || {{Won}}
|-
|[[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards|Sansui Viewers' Choice]]
|Best Film Series
|[[Raaz (film series)|''Raaz'']]
|{{Nominated|color=}}
|}

==Music==
{{Main|Raaz (soundtrack)}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Raaz
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 December 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=45|s=23}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Official]]
| producer = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
}}

The music of ''Raaz'' was released on December 8, 2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=The music reviews of Pitaah and Raaz |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/08mr.htm |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> and was composed by the duo [[Nadeem Shravan|Nadeem-Shravan]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Singers [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Sarika Kapoor, [[Jolly Mukherjee]] and [[Bali Brahmbhatt]] lent their voices for the songs. It was the third best selling Bollywood soundtrack album of the year and its songs gained huge popularity and became huge hits.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEaC78qdxWk | title=Raaz Movie All Songs || Audio Jukebox || Dino Morea | Bipasha Basu | Bollywood Movie Songs | website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 September 2023 }}</ref> According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], the soundtrack sold 30,00,000 units, contributing to the film's Blockbuster success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaz (2002) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042845/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=2010-02-05 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 45:23
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer]]
| all_music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| title1 = Aapke Pyaar Mein Hum
| length1 = 5:28
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title2 = Jo Bhi Kasmein
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]] & Alka Yagnik
| length2 = 5:40
| title3 = Kitna Pyaara Hai
| extra3 = Udit Narayan & Alka Yagnik
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Main Agar Saamne
| extra4 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] & Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 5:46
| title5 = Itna Main Chaahoon
| extra5 = Udit Narayan & Alka Yagnik
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Mujhe Tere Jaise
| extra6 = Udit Narayan & Sarika Kapoor
| length6 = 5:25
| title7 = Yeh Sheher Hai
| extra7 = Suzzan, Jolly Mukherjee & Bali Brahmbhatt
| length7 = 4:53
| title8 = Pyaar Se Pyar Hum
| extra8 = Abhijeet
| length8 = 5:30
| title9 = Yeh Sheher Hai (Remix)
| extra9 = Suzzan, Jolly Mukherjee & Bali Brahmbhatt
| length9 = 2:50
}}

==Release==
The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Rahasyam''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov172.asp |title=Rahasyam |website=www.chennaionline.com |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405194227/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov172.asp |archive-date=5 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Sequels and spin-offs==
{{main|Raaz (film series)|l1=''Raaz'' franchise}}

The commercial success of ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'', produced on an estimated ₹5 crore budget and earning over ₹37 crore worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaz (2002) Box Office Analysis |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/raaz-8014/box-office |website=Cinestaan |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> led to the development of the long-running [[Raaz (film series)|''Raaz'' horror franchise]]. Although the subsequent instalments do not continue the original narrative, they retain key motifs such as [[supernatural horror|supernatural hauntings]], [[psychological trauma]], and secrets from the past resurfacing to threaten the present.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Raaz Redefined the Hindi Horror Template |url=https://archive.bollywoodhungama.in/features/special/raaz-horror-legacy-analysis/ |website=Bollywood Hungama Archive |date=2020-05-18 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

Film commentators have frequently regarded ''Raaz'' (2002) as the strongest entry in the series; as one retrospective observed, “The original ‘Raaz’ still stands as the most atmospheric and accomplished film of the franchise, setting a standard its sequels never fully replicated.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Revisiting Raaz (2002): The Film That Defined Modern Bollywood Horror |url=https://filmthreat.in/features/raaz-2002-retrospective/ |website=FilmThreat India Archive |date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

The first sequel, ''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]'' (2009), starring [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], and [[Adhyayan Suman]], introduced themes of premonition, spiritual conflict, and social anxiety. Despite being unrelated to the original plot, it maintained the franchise’s signature supernatural tone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaz: The Mystery Continues – Film Review |url=http://www.screenindia.com/raaz-the-mystery-continues-review/ |website=Screen India |date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2025-11-25 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

The third film, ''[[Raaz 3]]'' (2012), starring [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Emraan Hashmi]], and [[Esha Gupta]], adopted a darker occult narrative surrounding an actress who turns to [[black magic]] to destroy her rival. It was one of the highest-grossing [[Indian horror films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaz 3 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/raaz-3-13636/box-office |website=Cinestaan |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bipasha Returns to Horror with Raaz 3 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-raaz-3/20120907.htm |website=Rediff Archives |date=2012-09-07 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

The fourth entry, ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]'' (2016), starred [[Kriti Kharbanda]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]], and introduced a new standalone narrative set in [[Romania]]. It explored themes of marital betrayal, possession, and unresolved guilt. While reviews were mixed, the film was noted for its gothic visual style.

The international impact of ''Raaz'' extended to the [[Maldives|Maldivian]] film industry, inspiring the 2003 horror film ''[[Ginihila]]'', considered an unofficial remake of the 2002 original.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginihila (2003) – Film Profile |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ginihila-45000 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

Although a fifth film has been confirmed and has been announced by [[Vishesh Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Sonali |date=2025-12-17 |title=Dino Morea says Raaz would've given him Akshaye Khanna-level craze today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dino-morea-says-raaz-wouldve-given-him-akshaye-khanna-level-craze-today-2837426-2025-12-17 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Bhatt claimed that [[Dino Morea]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] could return for a potential fifth instalment, with many viewers expressing interest in a direct continuation of the storyline from the original 2002 film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=Exclusive: Dino Morea wants to do Raaz 2 with Bipasha Basu; has discussed an idea with the makers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dino-morea-proposes-raaz-2-with-bipasha-basu-for-an-emotional-supernatural-thriller-sequel/articleshow/126115271.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Ginihila]]'', a 2003 Maldivian remake
* [[List of cult films: R|List of cult films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
* [[List of Hindi horror films]]
{{Portal bar|  Bollywood|  India|  Film|Horror}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Mojo title|id=raaz|title=Raaz}}
* {{IMDb title|0307873|Raaz}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=20731}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060703095500/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Raaz/ Planet Bollywood Review]
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|raaz_2001|Raaz}}
{{Authority Control}}
{{Raaz series|state=autocollapse}}
{{Vikram Bhatt}}{{Mahesh Bhatt}}
[[Category:2000s ghost films]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 horror films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:BDSM in films]]
[[Category:Films about abuse]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about mental disorders]]
[[Category:Films about near-death experiences]]
[[Category:Films about nightmares]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Films about scandalous teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on American horror novels]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works of a series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films set in 2002]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in offices]]
[[Category:Films set in resorts]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mahabaleshwar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Haunted house films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Indian crime horror films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery horror films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Raaz films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Batan (stone)

2026-04-23T19:56:39Z

Janni: Adding some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Kitchen utensil}}
{{About|a utensil|other uses|Batan (disambiguation){{!}}Batan}}
[[File:Traditional Stone Sil-Batta from India.jpg|thumb|Traditional Stone Sil-Batta from India]]

The '''batán''' (also known as the '''''silbatta''''' in the Indian subcontinent) is a kitchen utensil used to process different kinds of foods in South American, Indian and Andean cuisine. It has a flat stone ({{langx|es|batán}}; {{langx|hi|सिल}}, ''sil'') and a grinding stone ({{langx|es|uña}}; {{langx|hi|बट्टा}}, ''batta''). The uña is held in both hands and rocked over the food in the batán. Depending on the use, the uña's weight can be slightly held back, allowed to move freely, or used to apply additional pressure. The rocking movements also vary depending on the application, and the grinding is done dry or with water or oil.

==South America==
The batán has been used since before the arrival of Spaniards in South America.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic4IBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title=Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru|chapter=Chapter 7: The Empire Before Arrival of the Spaniards - Maize and What They Call Rice, and Other Seeds|page=74|first=Garcilaso|last=De La Vega|date=2006|publisher=Hackett |isbn=9781603848565}}</ref> In Andean households many different dishes are prepared in this manner, in rural and urban areas.<ref>Morvelli, Walter Coraza [http://cuzcoeats.com/the-best-flavor-in-cuzcos-cooking-still-comes-from-the-batan-the-grinding-stones/ "The Best Flavor in Cuzco’s Cooking Still Comes from the Batán, the Grinding Stones."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221544/https://cuzcoeats.com/the-best-flavor-in-cuzcos-cooking-still-comes-from-the-batan-the-grinding-stones/ |date=2023-03-22 }} 24 January 2013 Cusco Eats: Food and Culture of the Andes</ref> The most important use it has is for preparing [[llajwa]]. For many Bolivians, Peruvians, Ecuadoreans and Colombians it is not the same when done in a blender.

It is also used to husk grains, wash [[quinoa]] from its alkaloid ([[saponin]]), grind grains, crush [[papalisa]] and even to prepare small quantities of flour.

==South Asia (Indian subcontinent)==
The ''silbatta'' ({{langx|hi|सिलबट्टा}}, {{langx|ml|അമ്മി|ammi kallu}}, {{langx|ta|அம்மி|ammi kallu}}, [[Marathi language|Marathi]]:''pata-varvanta'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-13 |title=Bhimthadi Jatra: A melange of craftsmanship and tradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Bhimthadi-Jatra-A-melange-of-craftsmanship-and-tradition/articleshow/45500577.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: shil nora; [[Odia language|Odia]]: ''sila puaa ;'' also called sil nora) is used in many [[India]]n households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nmtv.tv/a-feature-on-the-sil-batta-the-traditional-stone-grinder-of-the-indian-kitchen/ |title=A Feature on the Sil Batta – The traditional Stone Grinder of the Indian Kitchen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111163938/https://www.nmtv.tv/a-feature-on-the-sil-batta-the-traditional-stone-grinder-of-the-indian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2020-01-11 |website=NMTV.tv |date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2017}}</ref> In [[Odisha]], it is also worshipped as Bhu Devi or mother Earth during traditional [[Odia Hindu wedding|Odia]] weddings and the [[Raja (festival)|Raja]] festival. It is traditionally used to grind spices and lentils in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. These grinding stones are primarily used to prepare [[chutney]] and [[spice mix]]es for cooking and occasional use including grinding soaked lentils in preparation for [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]s, [[vada (food)|vadas]], or [[papadum]].
[[File:Sill_Batta_Round.png|alt=Photograph of a rectangular stone, with a smaller cylindrical stone roller resting on top|thumb|299x299px|Sil with round batta.]]
The batta is held with both hands and moved back and forth (rolled, rocked) over the sil. The rocking moment vary depending upon the application and either the grinding is done dry or wet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is Sil Batta? |url=https://www.hindimen.in/2022/05/sil-batta-in-english-mein-kya-kahate-hain.html |url-status=|website=hindimen.in}}</ref>

In [[Nepal]], it is known as ''silauto-lohoro'' with silauto referring to flat stone and lohoro referring to a cylindrical grinding stone.<ref name=":0" />

=== History ===
The silbatta dates to as early as 2500 BC. A simplified excavated specimen dated to the Indus Valley or the Indus-Saraswati civilization is showcased in the [[National Museum of History, Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=krithika_rb |date=2024-07-26 |title=Sil-Batta - Then and Now |url=https://ranveerbrar.com/silbatta-then-now/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Ranveer Brar |language=en-US}}</ref>

Seals found from this civilization depict four types of silbatta or simple grinding stones, each used for a different purpose, such as religious activities or cooking.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Shri K T Achaya in his book, ''A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food'' mentions stone units used during the Neolithic era. One had a circular depression in which grains were crushed using a ‘rounded stone held in one hand’. The other was flat-ish that paired with a ‘cylindrical muller rolled with both hands’.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery|
|File:Ammi kallu.JPG
|Ammi kallu in India
|File:BatánPiedradeMoler.JPG
|File:Batán de mano.JPG
|Using a small batán to grind a green pepper
|File:Batan (stone) and uña, the traditional utensils, are in use of grinding spices at a Bengali household in West Bengal, India.jpg
|Batan (stone) and uña, the traditional utensils, are in use of grinding spices at a Bengali household in [[West Bengal]], India.
|File:Sil-batta.png
|
|alt5=Photograph from above of a flat stone with a blocky triangular stone resting on top
}}

==See also==
* [[Household stone implements in Karnataka]]
* [[Metate]]
* [[Molcajete]]
* [[Mortar and pestle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batan (Stone)}}
[[Category:Bolivian cuisine]]
[[Category:Food preparation appliances]]
[[Category:Lithics]]
[[Category:Peruvian cuisine]]
[[Category:Ecuadorian cuisine]]
[[Category:Colombian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

Trimeresurus erythrurus

2026-04-21T06:50:42Z

Janni: Put up new stub nd citations

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Trimeresurus erythrurus crotale bambous 41.jpg
| image2 = Spot-tailed Pitviper in attack mode.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Trimeresurus
| species = erythrurus
| authority = ([[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1839)
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list|
*''Trigonocephalus erythrurus'' Cantor, 1839
*''Trimesurus bicolor'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1853
*''Trimeresurus erythrurus'' – [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864
*''Crotalus Trimeres''[''urus'']. ''erythrurus'' – Higgins, 1873
*''T''[''rimeresurus'']. ''erythrurus'' – [[William Theobald|Theobald]], 1876<ref name=McD99>McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
*''Cryptelytrops erythrurus'' – Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
*''Trimeresurus (Trimeresurus) erythrurus'' – David et al., 2011<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Trimeresurus |species=erythrurus |accessdate=16 November 2020}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''''Trimeresurus erythrurus''''', [[common name|commonly known]] as the '''red-tailed bamboo pitviper''',<ref name="Gum04">Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S. 2004. ''Asian Pitvipers''. GeitjeBooks. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> '''redtail bamboo pit viper''', and '''redtail pit viper''' is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]] [[species]] found in [[South Asia]] and [[Myanmar]]. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.<ref name=RDB/>

==Description==
Males grow to a maximum total length {{convert|575|mm}}, of which the tail is {{convert|120|mm}} in length. Females reach a maximum total length of {{convert|1,045|mm}}, with a tail length of {{convert|165|mm}}.<ref name=Lev03>{{cite journal |last1=Leviton |first1=A.E. |last2=Wogan |first2=G.O.U. |last3=Koo |first3=M.S. |last4=Zug |first4=G.R. |last5=Lucas |first5=R.S. |last6=Vindum |first6=J.V. |name-list-style=amp |title=The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar. Illustrated checklist with keys |journal=Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences |year=2003 |volume=54 |issue=24 |pages=407–462 |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/scipubs/pdfs/v54/proccas_v54_n24.pdf}}</ref>

Scalation: [[dorsal scales]] in 23–25 longitudinal rows at midbody; first [[upper labial]] partially or completely fused to [[nasal scale|nasal]]; 9–13 [[upper labials]], 1–2 rows of scales separate upper labials from the [[suboculars]]; 11–14 scales in a line between [[supraoculars]]; supraoculars rarely divided; [[temporal scales]] small, strongly keeled; [[ventral scales]]: males 153–174, females: 151–180; [[subcaudals]]: males 62–79, females 49–61, usually paired, occasionally unpaired shields present among paired series.<ref name=Lev03/>

Color pattern: head uniform green, dorsum bright green, light ventrolateral stripe present in males, present or absent in females (Maslin [1942:23] says that the ventrolateral stripe is absent, but [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]] [1943:523] states that it is present in males and variable in females), tail spotted with brown; hemipenes without spines.<ref name=Lev03/>

==Geographic range==
[[File:MD.Mehedi hasan green pit viper, দাগিলেজা সবুজ ভোরা। ছবিটা.jpg|thumb|Eating a gecko]]
Found in eastern [[India]] ([[Assam]], [[Sikkim]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]]), [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Nepal]].<ref name=RDB/> The original [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given was as "Delta Gangeticum" ([[Ganges Delta]], [[West Bengal]] State, eastern India). The type locality given by [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]] (1896) is "Ganges Delta."<ref name=McD99/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*[[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor, T.E.]] 1839. ''Spicilegium serpentium indicorum'' [parts 1 and 2]. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, '''7''': 31–34, 49–55.
*Cantor, T.E. 1840. ''Spicilegium Serpentium Indicorum''. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) '''4''': 271–279.
*Gumprecht, A. 2001. ''Die Bambusottern der Gattung Trimeresurus Lacépède Teil IV: Checkliste der Trimeresurus-Arten Thailands''. Sauria '''23''' (2): 25–32.
*Maslin, T. Paul. 1942. Evidence for the Separation of the Crotalid Genera ''Trimeresurus'' and ''Bothrops'', with a Key to the Genus ''Trimeresurus''. Copeia '''1942''' (1): 18–24.
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith, M.A.]] 1943. ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes''. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers). London. xii + 583 pp. (''Trimeresurus erythrurus'', pp. 522–523.)
*Toriba, Michihisa. 1994. Karyotype of Trimeresurus erythrurus. Snake '''26''' (2): 141–143.
{{refend}}

{{Trimeresurus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3010245}}

[[Category:Trimeresurus|erythrurus]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1839]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Theodore Edward Cantor]]

Pethakamsetti Appala Narasimham

2026-04-20T08:09:39Z

Janni: made a details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pethakamsetti Appalanarasimham
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1938}}
| birth_place = Nagulapalli, [[Visakhapatnam district]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Pendurthi]]
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly
| term = 1983–1984
| predecessor = Gudivada Appanna
| successor = Alla Ramachandra Rao
| party =
| constituency2 = [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| office2 = Member of Parliament
| term2 = 1984–1989
| predecessor2 = [[SRAS Appalanaidu]]
| successor2 = [[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
| office3 = Chairman of [[Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority]]
| term3 = 1984-1984
| predecessor3 = [[SRAS Appalanaidu]]
| successor3 =
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Petakamsetti Appala Narasimham''', also known as '''P. Appalanarasimham''' (1938–2009) was a member of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2972.htm |title=Biodata of P. Appalanarasimham at Lok Sabha website. |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015180112/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2972.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Life==

Appalanarasimham was born in Nagulapalli village, [[Anakapally]] Taluk, Vishakhapatnam district in June, 1938.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

He has moved out of Nagulapalli village and worked as a civil contractor and settled near the now Gopalapatnam area. He undertook contracts including the Simhachalam ghat road, first airport contract in Visakhapatnam along with his uncle Sadaram Appalnaidu after whom Naiduquarters and Naiduthota areas are named.

His son P.G.V.R. Naidu was also a Member of Legislative Assembly in Andhra pradesh.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

His bronze statue was erected in his memory at the Diamond Park in [[Visakhapatnam]] in 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109031412/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/01/stories/2009100154670500.htm Appalanarasimham’s statue unveiled, The Hindu, Visakhapatnam, 1 October 2009.]</ref>

== Political career ==

He was elected Samiti President independently and later joined NTR's party Telugu Desam.
He was Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] between 1983 and 1984. He was elected from [[Pendurthi]] constituency as an Independent candidate.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf Statistical Report of Andhra Pradesh Elections - 1983]</ref>

He was chairman of [[Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority]] (VUDA) in 1984.<ref>[http://www.vuda.org/whoiswho/whoiswho.html Who is Who of Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority at VUDA.org]</ref>

He was elected to the [[8th Lok Sabha]] from [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as a candidate of [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 1984.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appalanarasimham, P.}}
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Ronnie V. Lyngdoh

2026-04-16T16:15:16Z

Janni: made new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ronnie V. Lyngdoh
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Mylliem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mylliem]]
| term_start3 = March 2023
| predecessor3 = Hamletson Dohling
| term_end = 28 August 2024
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/congress-ronnie-v-lyngdoh-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-assembly-1226171.html|title=Congress's Ronnie Lyngdoh LOP in Meghalaya}}</ref>
| term_start = 9 June 2023
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| successor = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| office4 =
| term_start4 = 2008
| term_end4 = 2018
| predecessor4 = Pynshai Manik Syiem
| successor4 = Hamletson Dohling
| constituency4 = [[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]]
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|[National People's Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Ronnie V. Lyngdoh''' is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He currently serving as member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Ronnie recaptures Mylliem; defeats VPP by 38 votes|url=https://themeghalayan.com/meghalaya-poll-results-2023-live-updates/}}</ref> He belongs to the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Ronnie V. Lyngdoh |url =https://meghalaya.gov.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=INC appoints Ronnie V Lyngdoh as new CLP leader |url=https://themeghalayan.com/inc-appoints-ronnie-v-lyngdoh-as-new-clp-leader/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also the leader of opposition in [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/congress-ronnie-v-lyngdoh-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-assembly-1226171.html|title=Congress's Ronnie Lyngdoh LOP in Meghalaya}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyngdoh, Ronnie V.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]

Mandalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:55Z

Janni: starting entry!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandalgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-183-Mandalgarh.svg
| mla = [[Gopal Lal Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:248734}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 183
}}
'''Mandalgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Kirti Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 elections in India#Rajasthan 2|2018]] By
| [[Vivek Dhakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Gopal Lal Sharma]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Gopal Lal Sharma]]<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=4 December 2023 |title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114953/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03 |archivedate=12 December 2023 |accessdate=12 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |date=3 December 2023 |title=Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212115222/https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390 |archivedate=12 December 2023 |accessdate=12 December 2023 |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandalgarh<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopal Lal Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:93119}}
|percentage = 46.67
|change = +9.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vivek Dhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:84925}}
|percentage = 42.56
|change = +11.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Bheru Lal Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:10514}}
|percentage = 5.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Bhawana Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:2281}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3000}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8194}}
|percentage = 4.11
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199529}}
|percentage = 80.22
|change = +0.98
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Mandalgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Lal Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:68481}}
|percentage = 37.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vivek Dhakar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58148}}
|percentage = 31.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Malviya
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:42163}}
|percentage = 22.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pyaralal Regar
|votes = {{formatnum:2062}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3459}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10333}}
|percentage = 5.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184934}}
|percentage = 79.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 elections in India#Rajasthan 2|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly By Election, 2018]]: Mandalgarh<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vivek Dhakar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70146
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shakti Singh Hada
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 57170
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Malviya
|party = Independent
|votes = 40470
|percentage = 22.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Mandalgarh }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Kirti Kumari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83084
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vivek Dhakar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 64544
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bhilwara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.2|75.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

R. T. Ramachandran (umpire)

2026-04-13T15:21:27Z

Janni: made new article...

{{Short description|Indian cricket umpire (1947–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = R. T. Ramachandran
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|7|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|2|4|1947|7|4|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| batting =
| role =
| umpire = true
| odisumpired = 4
| umpodidebutyr = 1993
| umpodilastyr = 1998
| twenty20sumpired =
| umptwenty20debutyr =
| umptwenty20lastyr =
| date = 27 May
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33759.html Cricinfo
}}

'''R. T. Ramachandran''' (4 July 1947 – 4 February 2021) was an Indian [[umpire (cricket)|cricket umpire]]. He stood in four [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches from 1993 to 1998.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33759.html |title=R. T. Ramachandran |access-date=27 May 2014 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, R. T.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Nagpur]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}

Arup Basak

2026-04-08T04:25:42Z

Janni: Adding initial data v1

{{Short description|Indian table tennis coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Arup Basak''' (born 3 December 1973)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arup Basak |url=https://sportshub.digital/sport-coaches/arup-basak/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Sports Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> is a former Indian professional table tennis player and Indian coach from [[West Bengal]]. He played for India and also captained the Indian team. In 2019, he received the Dhyan Chand Award.

== Early life and career ==
Basak was born in [[Calcutta]], now Kolkata, in West Bengal. His late father, Rameswar Basak, was employed with Tyre Corporation of India and his mother's name is Chitra Basak. He has two elder sisters. He works with [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] as a sports officer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2017-06-08 |title=An opportunity for Indian coaches, players to improve: Arup Basak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/an-opportunity-for-indian-coaches-players-to-improve-arup-basak/article18842821.ece |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000819/sports.htm#5 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> His daughter Anannya Basak is also a table tennis player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shivam |date=2023-06-02 |title=Khelo India University Games: Daughter of former national champion, Anannya Basak is on path to create her own identity |url=https://thebridge.in/table-tennis/daughter-national-champion-anannya-basak-path-create-own-identity-42248?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Basak started playing for the Bengal junior team in late eighties. On 19 January 1994, he won the National Table Tennis Championship for 1993,<ref>{{cite web | title=PSPB start as team favourites | date=16 January 2011 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other/pspb-start-as-team-favourites/story-cpPGxbPboF2tqy59lBZ2jO.html }}</ref> that was held in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharada |first=R. |date=2017-07-27 |title=Indian table tennis players will benefit from new ranking system: National coach Arup Basak |url=https://scroll.in/field/845193/indian-table-tennis-players-will-benefit-from-new-ranking-system-national-coach-arup-basak |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roll of Honour: National (Senior) Champions |url=https://www.ttfi.org/old/app/webroot/pdf/Rollofhonour/Senior_Champions.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240303093942/https://www.ttfi.org/old/app/webroot/pdf/Rollofhonour/Senior_Champions.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-03 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Table Tennis Federation of India}}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[National Games of India|National Games]] crown in 1993 and also the [[South Asian Games]], also in 1993. In October 2000, he became the men's singles top seed in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2000 |title=Arup Basak is top seed |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/arup-basak-is-top-seed/cid/1224984 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=TelegraphIndia.com}}</ref> In August 2000, he also won the India Cup table tennis tournament in Chandigarh.<ref name=":1" /> In 2005, he won the Kalyan Jayant memorial table tennis championships in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arup, Kanchan emerge best |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/arup-kanchan-emerge-best/cid/1054546 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251222232042/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/arup-kanchan-emerge-best/cid/1054546 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en}}</ref> He later turned to coaching and started coaching Indian teams from 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo berth national table tennis coach Basak's goal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/tokyo-berth-national-table-tennis-coach-basaks-goal/cid/1698731 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051720/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/tokyo-berth-national-table-tennis-coach-basaks-goal/cid/1698731 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He was one of the Indian coaches to the [[World Table Tennis Championships|World Championship]] teams five times, in 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019.<ref name=":0" />

He coached the [[Ultimate Table Tennis]] team Maharashtra United in the inaugural league.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Shyam |date=2017-06-08 |title=Arup Basak: UTT to popularise sport in India |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/table-tennis/arup-basak-utt-to-popularisesport-in-india/article18864860.ece |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* In 2015, he received the ''Banglar Gourav'' Award from Bengal government.
* in 2019, he received [[Dhyan Chand Award]].<ref name="DCA2019">{{cite press release |title=National Sports Awards 2018 announced; Bajrang Punia and Deepa Malik to get Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award |date=20 August 2019 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, India |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1582410 |access-date=17 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142353/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1582410 |archive-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basak, Arup}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian male table tennis players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]

Mohammad Abul Quasem

2026-04-05T07:51:44Z

Janni: starting a info!

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{distinguish|Mohammad Abul Kashem|Md. Abul Kashem}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Abul Quasem
| native_name = মোহাম্মদ আবুল কাসেম | native_name_lang=bn
| office = Minister of Finance
| governor = [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]
| term = 17 September 1971 – 14 December 1971
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term1 = 1962–1965
| constituency1 = [[NE-1 (Rangpur-1)]]
| successor1 = [[Paniruddin Ahmed]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term2 = 1947–1954
| birth_date = {{birth year|1913}}
| birth_place = [[Mankachar|Sodurtilla]], [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara District]], [[Assam Province]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Convention Muslim League]]
| occupation = Politician and lawyer
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Karachi]] [[Cotton University|Cotton College]]
}}
'''Mohammad Abul Quasem''' ({{Langx|bn|মোহাম্মদ আবুল কাসেম}}) was a Pakistani politician and lawyer. He was a member of the 3rd [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and the Finance Minister of [[East Pakistan]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

==Early life==
Abul Quasem was born in 1913 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of Sodurtilla, Mankachar Thana, [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara District]] in the then [[Assam Province]] of [[British India]].<ref name=স/>

==Education and career==
He obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] in philosophy from [[Cotton University|Cotton College]] in 1938.<ref name=স/> In 1946, he became a member of the [[Assam Legislative Council]] representing the South Dhubri constituency.<ref name=স/><ref>{{cite book|title=Assembly Proceedings Official Report Assam Legislative Assembly Second Session, 1946|lang=en|page=iv|date=26 March 1946|url=https://aladigitallibrary.in/bitstream/123456789/2061/1/12th%20March%201946.pdf|publisher=Government of Assam Press}}</ref> In 1950, three years after the [[partition of India]], he left Assam (which became [[Assam (1947–1963)|an Indian state]])<ref name=স/> and resided in [[Ulipur Upazila|Ulipur Thana]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur District]], [[East Bengal]] (part of Pakistan).<ref>{{cite book|title=চরমপত্র|lang=bn|page=330|first=M R Akhtar|last=Mukul|year=2000|publisher=Anannya}}</ref> Two years later, he became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. Four years after obtaining his [[LLB]] from the [[University of Karachi]] in 1956, he completed a master's degree in political science from the same university.<ref name=স/> In 1962, he represented Rangpur-1 as a member of the [[3rd National Assembly of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE 3RD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF PAKISTAN FROM 1962-1964|url=http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/3rd%20National%20Assembly.pdf|website=na.gov.pk|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> He was appointed deputy speaker of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]].<ref name=স>{{cite news|title=সংক্ষিপ্ত পরিচিতি|lang=bn|date=18 September 1971|page=1, 6|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Council Muslim League]]<ref name=স্ব/> and became the president of the East Pakistan Council Muslim League in 1964.<ref name=স/> On 17 September 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], he was appointed a member of the [[Malik ministry|cabinet of Abdul Motaleb Malik]],<ref name=স্ব>{{cite news|title=বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ দলিলপত্র|lang=bn|volume=VII|page=540|editor=Hasan Hafizur Rahman|year=2009|orig-year=1982|publisher=Hakkani Publishers|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_(সপ্তম_খণ্ড).pdf/৫৭৪}}</ref> serving as the finance minister of East Pakistan.<ref name=tbs>{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangla/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87|title=পাকিস্তানের বিখণ্ডীকরণ ঠেকাতে...|first=M A|last=Momen|date=6 March 2021|access-date=5 March 2025|newspaper=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref> After the [[independence of Bangladesh]], on 24 December 1971, the [[Government of Bangladesh]] arrested him for collaborating with Pakistan during the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95|title=২৪ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৭১: সাবেক গভর্নর ডা. এ এম মালিকসহ মন্ত্রিসভার সদস্যরা আটক|first=Ahmad|last=Ishtiaq|date=24 December 2021|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> On 30 November 1973, he was released after the government declared a general amnesty for detained cabinet members.

==Death==
Quasem died in the 1980s or earlier.<ref>{{cite book|title=একাত্তরের ঘাতক ও দালালরা কে কোথায়|lang=bn|page=21, 184|year=1992|orig-year=1987|publisher=Muktijuddho Chetona Bikash Kendra}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{Deputy Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}

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[[Category:1913 births]]
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[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
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[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:People from South Salmara-Mankachar district]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
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Purandara Dasa

2026-03-25T09:12:21Z

Janni: added info

{{Short description|Music composer (1470 – 1564)}}
{{Redirect|Purandaradasa|the 1937 Indian film|Purandaradasa (film)}}
{{for|the 1967 Indian film|Sri Purandara Dasaru}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Purandara Dasa
| background =
| image = 481 Purandardasa.jpg
| caption = Purandara Dasa on a 1964 stamp of India
| spouse = Saraswati Bai
| native_name =
| birth_name = Srinivasa Nayaka
| birth_date = 1470{{Sfn|Shistla|2015|p=6}}
| birth_place = Purandaragada (near present-day [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]) or [[Shimoga district]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])<ref>{{cite news|title=The elusive birthplace of Purandara Dasa|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/the-elusive-birthplace-of-purandara-dasa-1105198.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1564|1|2|1470|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vijayanagara]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (Modern Day [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| occupation = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] Vocalist, scholar, Saint, poet, composer
| guru = [[Vyasatirtha]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]], [[Vaishnavism]]
}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Purandara Dasa''' ([[IAST]]: Purandara Dāsa;{{audio|Kn-ಪುರಂದರದಾಸ.ogg|}}<ref>Kamath, Suryanath. (1980). ''A concise history of Karnataka from prehistoric times to the present''. Bengaluru: Jupiter Books.</ref> ({{circa}}1470{{Sfn|Shistla|2015|p=6}} – {{circa}}1564) was a composer, singer and a [[Haridasa]] philosopher from present-day [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="hinduismtoday">{{cite journal |title=Purandaradasa, Father of Carnatic Music. |journal=Hinduism Today |date=2022 |pages=44–45 |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=158988388&site=eds-live&scope=site |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> He was a follower of [[Madhwacharya|Madhvacharya]]'s [[Dwaitha|Dvaita]] philosophy. He was one of the chief founding proponents that shaped modern [[Carnatic music]]. In honor of his contributions to Carnatic music, he is referred to as the ''Pitamaha'' (''lit''. "grandsire") of [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="iyer"/><ref name="Thielemann"/><ref name="MA1991"/><ref name="oldest"/> According to a legend, he is considered as an incarnation of [[Narada]].

Purandara Dasa was a wealthy merchant of gold, silver and other miscellaneous jewellery from [[Karnataka]], who gave away all his material riches to become a Haridasa (literally meaning a servant of Vishnu or Krishna), a devotional singer who made the difficult Sanskrit tenets of [[Bhagavata Purana]] available to everyone in simple and melodious songs. He was one of the most important music scholars of medieval India.<ref name=nettl216>{{cite book|author1=Nettl, Bruno |author2=Stone, Ruth M. |author3=Porter, James |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|page=216|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Narayan, M.K.V. |title=Lyrical Musings on Indic Culture: A Sociological Study of Songs of Sant Purandara Dasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r7AxJp6NOYC |year=2010|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-80009-31-5|page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya |title=Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ql0PUJJPp8C&pg=PA18|year=1933|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-87395-669-7|pages=18–19}}</ref> He formulated the basic lessons of teaching Carnatic music by structuring graded exercises known as ''Svaravalis'' and ''[[Alankara]]s'',<ref name=nettl216/> and at the same time, he introduced the ''[[raga]]'' [[Mayamalavagowla]] as the first scale to be learnt by beginners in the field – a practice that is still followed today. He also composed ''Gitas'' (simple songs) for novice students.

Purandara Dasa is noted for composing ''Dasa Sahithya'', as a [[Bhakti movement]] vocalist, and a music scholar. His younger contemporary, [[Kanakadasa]], emulated his practice. Purandara Dasa's Carnatic music compositions are mostly in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], though some are in [[Sanskrit]]. He signed his compositions with the ''ankitanama'' (pen name) "Purandara Vittala" ([[Vittala]] is another name of [[Vishnu]]) and this same form of Vishnu is his ''aaradhya daiva'' or ''ishta murthi'' or worshippable deity. His work was appreciated by many scholars of his time and later scholars.

==Biography==
Inscriptional evidence suggests Purandara Dasa was born to a diamond merchant in a [[Kannada people|Kannada]] [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family in 1470,<ref>{{cite book|title=Sree Puranḍara gānāmrutham: text with notation|author1=Purandaradāsa|author2=Iyer, A. S. Panchapakesa |publisher=Gānāmrutha Prachuram|year=1992|quote=Shri Purandara dasa who is considered to be the aadhiguru and Sangeeta Pitaamaha of carnatic music was born in Purandaragad in Ballary District near the town of Hampi, to a millionaire Varadappa Naayak and Kamalaambaal, a devoted wife and great lady, belonging to Madhva Desaastha Brahmin race, by the blessings of Tirupati Venkatachalapathi in the year 1484.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Saṅgīta śāstra saṅgraha: a guide to theory of Indian music|author=Vedavalli, Mandayam Bharati |publisher=M.B. Vedavalli|year=2001|page=143|quote=Purandara Daasa was the son of a rich merchant by name Varadappa Naayaka. He was a Brahmin of the Madhva Deshaasta Sect.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Frontline, Volume 14, Issues 8–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKBKAQAAIAAJ|author=Rangarajan, S. |publisher=Kasturi & Sons|date=1997}}</ref> in Purandara gada,18 km far from pune present-day [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>[[#Sharma2000|Sharma (2000)]], p. 598</ref> According to other opinions,{{Who|date=January 2021}} his native town was Purandaraghatta in Karnataka,<ref name="ghatta"/> or Purandaragad near [[Pune]], but the latter is considered a historical mistake – connecting his "pen name" (his ''ankita'') with a location that mainly served as a military encampment in the 15th and 16th century.<ref>Desai, Krishnarao and Sharma in [[#Sharma2000|Sharma (2000)]], Appendix VII</ref> In 2018, a five-member committee set up by the Government of Karnataka to ascertain the birthplace of Purandara Dasa has submitted its report asserting Tirthahalli as the likeliest candidate. The committee included veteran singer and musicologist RK Padmanabha, scholars Aralumallige Parthasarathi, AV Navada, Veeranna Rajora, and former minister Leeladevi Navada.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/chikkamagaluru/purandaradasas-native-araga/articleshow/65216228.cms |title=Purandara Dasa: ಪುರಂದರದಾಸರು ಪುರಂದರಗಢದವರಲ್ಲ, ನಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದವರು - purandaradasas native araga | Vijaya Karnataka |website=Vijaykarnataka.com |date=2018-08-01 |access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref> It is now ascertained that Purandharadasa was born in Araga, Vijayanagara Empire (Modern Day [[Thirthahalli]], [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga District]], Karnataka, India), Karnataka<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/karnataka-sri-purandara-dasa-is-from-araga-not-maharashtra/articleshow/65231599.cms | title=Karnataka: Sri Purandara Dasa is from Araga, not Maharashtra }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/purandara-dasa-is-not-from-maharashtra-his-birth-place-is-araga-in-karnataka/articleshow/65232173.cms | title=Purandara Dasa is not from Maharashtra, his birth place is Araga in Karnataka | India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=August 2018 }}</ref>

Purandara Dasa was the only son of the wealthy merchant Varadappa Nayaka and his wife Rukmini. He was named Srinivasa Nayaka, after the patron deity of [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]. He acquired proficiency in Kannada, Sanskrit, and sacred music through education. At the age of 16, he was married to Saraswati Bai, traditionally described as a pious young girl. They had four sons, Varadappa, Gururaya, Abhinavappa and Madhvapati. He lost his parents at age 20, thereby inheriting his father's business of gemstones and pawning. He prospered and became known as ''Navakoti Narayana'' (an abundantly rich man; worth ninety million).

Popular legend narrates a miraculous incident in Srinivasa Nayaka's life, owing to which he was led to devote himself to the practice, propagation and inculcation of ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) towards Krishna through musical compositions. As a consequence of the event, he is believed to have relinquished his former greedy and miserly self having realized the worthlessness of attachment to worldly possessions:<ref>Iyengar, Maasti Venkatesha ("Srinivasa"). 1964. [http://ellakavi.wordpress.com/2007/07/28/masti-venkatesha-iyengara-story ''Purandara Daasa'']. Bangalore: Bangalore Press.</ref> Per this version, the deity in a bid to cure Srinivaasa of his tenacious materialistic delusion and attachment and thereby claim his devotion to himself, approached Srinivaasa in the guise of a poor man. In this guise the deity is said to have made a piteous plea to Srinivasa for money to perform his son's 'upanayana'(sacred-thread investiture ceremony).

Having been summarily rejected, mocked and turned out, the 'poor man' repeated his plea before Srinivaasa's wife who per the legend was a generous soul of rigorous spiritual nature. She gave away one of her precious nose rings, unbeknownst to her husband. The 'poor man' sold the nose ring back to Srinivasa himself. The shrewd Srinivasa, privy to his wife's openhandedness, immediately identified the nose ring as his wife's and hurried home. He was enraged and anxious to ascertain the truth of the matter. He demanded his wife to produce the nose ring before him immediately.

Realizing that Srinivaasa had grown wise to her secret donation, the wife decided to end her life with poison. Having completed her prayers to Vishnu before her attempt, she was shocked to see a nose ring inside the poison cup – completely identical to the one she had just given away. Incredulous and rapturous, she recounted the entire episode to her husband, who was bewildered and lost. Meanwhile, a search for the 'poor man' was of no avail; he had as mysteriously vanished as he had appeared.

Per legend at that very moment, Srinivaasa became convinced of the inscrutable ways of Vishnu because of having witnessed the unfailing grace that saved his pious wife. He is said to have become bewildered at the power that could produce a gold ornament in a moment by mere will and is said to have instantly shook off the beginning-less, persistent veil in the form of 'I' and 'mine' which is believed to mask men's vision of the divine. At 30 years of age he gave away all his wealth in charity, and with his family he abandoned his house to lead the life of a mendicant. They start living on alms and singing the glories of Vishnu. In his first song composition, he laments his wasted life of indulgence. It begins with the words "Ana lae kara" in the [[Shuddha Saveri]] [[raga]], set to Triputa [[Tala (music)|tala]].

In the course of his wandering, he met the sage [[Vyasatirtha]], one of the chief exponents of Madhwa philosophy and the ''Rajaguru'' of [[Krishnadevaraya]], emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. According to Prof. Sambamoorthy,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015050102/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102000060300.htm Friday Review Chennai and Tamil Nadu. Columns: An authority on Purandara Dasa]. ''The Hindu''. 20 October 2006.
</ref> Srinivasa had his formal initiation at the hands of Vyasatirtha in 1525 when he was about 40 years old, with the name Purandara Daasa bestowed on him. Purandara Daasa travelled through the length and breadth of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Pandharapur]] in [[Maharashtra]] composing and rendering soul-stirring songs in praise of God. He spent his last years in Hampi and also sang songs in [[Krishnadevaraya]]'s court. The mantapa (mandap) in which he stayed is known as Purandara Daasa Mantapa (mandap) in Hampi. He died on 2 January 1564 at the age of 95. Within a short period after his death, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] collapsed. Tradition and legend hold that he composed {{formatnum:475000}} keerthanas (songs). Further, according to this legend, his original desire was to compose 500,000 keerthanas. Being unable to do it in his present life, he requested his younger son to complete them. His son Madhwapathi told his father that he could do this in his next janma (birth). It is believed that he was reborn as the famous [[Vijaya Dasa|Vijayadasa]]—birthplace is Cheekalparvi village near Maanvi town, Raichur district in Karnataka State—and completed the remaining 25 thousand keerthanas as promised. Most of his songs are in praise of Vishnu and other divinities. Due to this, he is believed to be an avatar of Narada, the celestial singer and son of goddess Saraswati. One of the ''Trimurtis'' (three icons) of Carnatic music, Saint [[Thyagaraja|Tyagaraja]], has paid tribute to Purandara Dasa in his ''geya natakam'' (an opera) Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam.<ref>[http://thyagaraja-vaibhavam.blogspot.in/2011/07/prahlada-bhakti-vijayam-part-1-dance.html Thyagaraja Vaibhavam: Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam – Part 1 – Dance-Drama]. Thyagaraja-vaibhavam.blogspot.in (20 July 2011). Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref>

==Dating==
Purandara Dasa's year of demise is 1564 as given by his son Madhvapati and this is well recorded.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=518}} But his year of birth is unknown. Several different dates have been proposed by various scholars, authors and historians. B. N. K. Sharma in his book History of Dvaita Vedanta which was published in 1960, wrote year of birth of Purandara Dasa as 1484 based on his own logic and in later reprints he changed this year to 1494.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=518}} But many scholars, authors and historians have different opinions on this. Authors Guy L. Beck of [[University of South Carolina]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ|page=239|author=Guy L. Beck|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|date=12 December 2012|isbn=9781611171082|quote=As one of the most illustrious members of the Haridasa movement, Purandara Dasa (1480-1564), hailed as the "Father of Carnatic Music," composed thousands of Kirtanas.}}</ref> and William Joseph Jackson of [[Oxford University]] gave dates as 1480-1564 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Songs of Three Great South Indian Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJVkAAAAMAAJ&q=1480|author=William Joseph Jackson|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|quote='Purandara Dasa (1480-1564)'|isbn=9780195646559|page=78}}</ref> Prominent scholar [[Amaresh Datta]], the chief editor of the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' published by [[Sahitya Akademi]] in this book he gave Purandara Dasa dates as 1480–1564.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|page=1551|quote=The kirtana form of lyrical compositions was perfected and adopted to systematized Karnataka music by Purandara Dasa (1480-1564) the greatest among the haridasas of Karnataka|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=9788126011940}}</ref> But based on the historical event of Purandara Dasa meeting Annamacharya and the keerthanas (spiritual songs) that they have sung together on Sri Venkateshwara Swamy at Tirumala, which were recorded by [[Annamacharya]]'s grandson Tallapaka Chinanna, [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] gave year of birth of Purandara as 1470.{{Sfn|Shistla|2015|p=6}}

===Dates based on Purandara Dasa meeting Annamacharya===
Most of the authors or scholars have not taken the historical event of Purandara Dasa meeting [[Annamacharya]] and both singing sankeerthanas (devotional songs) on Sri Venkateshwara Swamy at Tirumala into consideration while decided the dates. But based on the manuscripts found, which were written by Tallapaka Chinanna, the grandson of Annamacharya [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] gave it's analysis. Based on these manuscripts, Purandara Dasa met Annamacharya after taking Haridasa initiation from [[Vyasatirtha]] in [[Hampi]] when he was 30 years old and [[Annamacharya]] was in his 90's. After meeting both Purandara Dasa and Annamacharya sang songs in front of Sri Venkateshwara Swamy in Tirumala temple. Based on these historical recorded events the scholars of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] did analysis and finally declared that Purandara Dasa met Annamacharya in the year 1500 and the year of birth of Purandara Dasa as 1470.<ref>{{cite book|title=Purandara Dasu|url=https://archive.org/details/1000088352/mode/1up|pages=4–6|year=2015|author=Rajeshwara Shastry Shistla|publisher=Anil Kumar Singhal, I.A.S., Executive Officer, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati and Printed at T.T.D Press, Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Endowments Department Utsov ... Special Souvenir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEr2KeRc4fUC&q=thirty|publisher=Andhra Pradesh (India). Endowments Department|year=1990|quote=Purandara was thirty years old when he met senior Annamacharya.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purandara Dasaru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|page=19|author=Rajeshwari Krishna|publisher=Sapna Book House|year=2012|quote=Purandara Dasa met Tallapaka Annamacharya, another great poet-composer, who belonged to Andhra.}}</ref>

R. Sri Hari, the Vice Chancellor of [[Dravidian University]] in his book, "Major Genres and Trends in Dravidian Literature: Classical", in 2003 also published about this historical event as follows, "The meeting of Annamayya and Purandaradasa as narrated by Tallapaka Chinnanna was a historical fact which heralded a new phase in the evolution of the Padakavita Paddhati in the south, into Karnataka Sangīta Paddhati on one hand and the Bhajana Sampradaya Paddhati on the other".<ref>{{cite book|title=Major Genres and Trends in Dravidian Literature: Classical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYhkAAAAMAAJ|page=79|publisher=Dravidian University|year=2003|author=R. Sri Hari}}</ref>

==Father of Carnatic music==
Purandara Dasa systematized the method of teaching Carnatic music which is followed to the present day. He introduced the [[raga]] ''[[Mayamalavagowla]]'' as the basic scale for music instruction and fashioned a series of graded lessons such as {{Transliteration|hi|swaravalis}}, {{Transliteration|hi|janti swaras}}, {{Transliteration|hi|alankaras}}, {{Transliteration|hi|lakshana geetas}}, {{Transliteration|hi|prabandhas}}, {{Transliteration|hi|ugabhogas}}, {{Transliteration|hi|daatu varase}}, {{Transliteration|hi|geeta}}, {{Transliteration|hi|sooladis}} and ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]s''.<ref name="iyer"/> Another contribution was the fusion of ''bhava'', ''raga'', and ''laya'' in his compositions. He included comments on ordinary daily life and elements of colloquial language in his lyrics. He introduced folk ragas into the mainstream, setting his lyrics to ragas of his day so that even a common man could learn and sing them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/12/02/stories/0902070b.htm |title=Purandaradasa: Fountainhead of Karnataka Sangeeta i.e., Carnatic music |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420185130/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/12/02/stories/0902070b.htm |archive-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> He also composed several ''lakshya'' and ''lakshana geetas'', many of which are sung to this day. His ''sooladis'' are regarded as musical masterpieces and are the standard for ''raga lakshana''. Scholars attribute the standardization of {{Transliteration|hi|varna mettus}} entirely to Purandara Dasa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Musings of a Musician: Recent Trends in Carnatic Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_UtAAAAMAAJ|page=83|author=R. Rangaramanuja Iyengar|publisher=Wilco Publishing House|year=1977}}</ref>

Travelling Haridasa successors are said to have followed the systems{{Clarify|reason=which systems?|date=January 2021}} he devised, and orally transmitted his compositions. According to traditional sources, his compositions numbers as many as 4,75,000.<ref name="medieval">{{cite book|last1=K Paniker|first1=Ayyapan |title=medieval India Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=medieval+indian+literature|access-date=8 March 2013|year=2008|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|pages=196–198}}</ref> His original collection of songs is referred to as ''Purandaropanishat''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhvaradio.org/purandara.asp|title=New Page 1|website=Madhvaradio.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> as given by [[Vyasatirtha]] out of which only 1000 are available right now.

Shri.Dasa was a ''vaggeyakara'' (composer-performer), a ''lakshanakara'' (musicologist), and the founder of musical pedagogy. Musicologists call him the ''Sangeeta Pitamaha'' ({{lit|grandfather}}) of Karnataka (Carnatic) music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sruti.com/June06/bbook.htm |title=Stamps On Saint Composers – Part 13. Purandaradasa|access-date=21 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130162941/http://www.sruti.com/June06/bbook.htm |archive-date=30 November 2006 }}</ref>

==Social reforms==
Purandara Dasa tried to reform existing social practices and preached through devotional songs in the local [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|author=Roshan Dalal|publisher=Penguin India|year=2010|page=155|isbn = 9780143414216}}</ref> Most of his keertanas deal with social reform and pinpoint the defects in society.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GThtAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies, Volume 3|page=129|publisher=The Institute|year=1985}}</ref> The philosophy of Purandara Dasa is harmonious with the concept of ''[[bhakti]]'' in Hinduism, broadly based on the ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]s'' and essentially synchronous with the pan-Indian [[Bhakti movement]]. It teaches complete self-surrender and unadulterated love towards God. The philosophy of Bhakti in Purandara Dasa's compositions stems from the essential teachings of the realistic-pluralistic [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] Philosophy of [[Vaishnavism]], and has been rendered in simple Kannada. The individual soul (''jeeva'') is a ''pratibimba'' (reflection) of God (''Vishnu/Ishvara''), who is the ''bimba'' (source). The ''jeeva'' owes its existence, knowledge and bliss to the ''Ishvara'', and any sense of independence with regards to one's actions and the results thereof is to be given up.<ref>[http://madhwabrahmanas.blogspot.in/2010/09/essence-of-madhva-philosophy.html Tattvavaada Philosophy: The Essence of Madhva Philosophy]. Madhwabrahmanas.blogspot.in (9 September 2010). Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> The mind has to be turned away from transient pleasures and possessions of this world; instead, it is to be turned towards Vishnu, who alone is the abode of unadulterated, unswerving bliss. His ''[[keerthana]]s'' have simple lessons in this regard and implore men to lead the noble life of a ''Vaishnava''.<ref>[http://bellurramki18.wordpress.com/2007/01/19/sri-purandara-dasa-1494-1564/ Sri Purandara Dasa (1494–1564) | Rambling with Bellur]. Bellurramki18.wordpress.com (19 January 2007). Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref>

===Casteism===
Purandara Dasa fought the evils of casteism through his songs.<ref name="Lyrical">{{cite book | first1=Narayan | last1=M.K.V | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r7AxJp6NOYC | title=Lyrical Musings on Indic Culture: A Sociology Study of Songs of Sant Purandara Dasa | publisher=Read Worthy Publications Private Limited | access-date=12 March 2013 | year=2010 | page=11 | isbn=9789380009315}}</ref> In his song ''aavakulavaadarenu aavanadarenu aatma bhavavariyada mele'' he wonders what is the use if one does not understand the spirit of humanism whatever caste or status one might be accredited to.<ref name="Lyrical"/> In the same song when relating to cows of different colours and sugarcane of different shapes he emphasizes that one's birth cannot merely decide the highness or lowness of any individual.<ref name="Lyrical"/> He asks will the sweetness of crooked sugarcane be also crooked or will the milk of cows of many a colour be also of many colours.<ref name="Lyrical"/> He asked people to do their best in the world, to provide food and charity to the poor, help others and give up attachments. He was against the caste system, and believed true caste was based on character, not on birth. Sacrifice did not imply the slaughter of animals, but the slaying of one's bad qualities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT950|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|author=Roshen Dalal|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|access-date=18 April 2014|page=950|isbn=9788184753967}}</ref>

===Gender equality===
According to Purandara Dasa, there were no inequalities among men and women. Both of them had the same rights and obligations in their conduct of everyday life as well as observation of piety. Purandara Dasa distinctly described the quality of a virtuous woman. According to him, the neck chains, bangles and other ornaments that women wore were not important; the beauty of mind and noble conduct were her true embellishments.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Folk Culture of Karnataka: Introductory articles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVZuAAAAMAAJ|author=Kr̥ṣṇamūrti Hānūru|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|year=1991|page=165}}</ref>

===Untouchability===
Purandara Dasa made some forceful expressions on untouchability, which was dogging society.<ref name="Lyrical"/> His strength comes perhaps from the support of his guru [[Vyasathirtha]] with the backing of king [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara]] himself.<ref name="Lyrical"/> In one such song ''[[Holaya]] horagithane oorolagillave'' he opines that an individual should not be branded untouchable based on his/her birth in any specific caste, however it is rather his conduct which should make him untouchable if at all he can be called so. The usage of the word untouchable is not used in the limited context of physical contact with the person, it is the worthlessness of the association with that person which is highlighted here. This is evident by the subsequent expressions in the song which says that one who does not practice self-discipline is untouchable, one who plots against his government is untouchable, one who shirks charity while having wealth is untouchable, one who poisons to eliminate his opponents is untouchable, one who does not use soft language is untouchable, one who prides over his purity of caste is untouchable and finally one who does not meditate on Purandara Vittala is untouchable.<ref name="Lyrical"/> Dasa's message is loud and clear rejecting untouchability in our society.<ref name="Lyrical"/> He uses the name of Purandara Vittala to imply any God.<ref name="Lyrical"/> This is evident from his other songs on various Gods and Goddesses.<ref name="Lyrical"/> Similar ideas were expressed by many other poets also.<ref name="Lyrical"/>

==Legacy and depictions in popular culture==
===In contemporary music===
[[File:Purandara Dasa Pitamaha of Carnatic music Indian classical.jpg|thumb|Statue of Purandara Dasa]]
In the pure Carnatic tradition, [[Bidaram Krishnappa]] was one of the foremost singers of modern times to popularize the compositions of Purandara Dasa. Singer Madras Lalithangi, and her illustrious daughter Padmavibushan, Sangeetha Kalanidhi [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] have rendered yeoman service in propagating the compositions of Purandara Dasa; both were considered authorities on Purandara Dasa. M. L. Vasantha Kumari was awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Mysore University]] for her contributions to Purandara Dasa's music.

Though the compositions of Purandara Dasa are originally in the ''ragas'' of the Carnatic system of music, his compositions have been adopted and made equally popular in [[Hindustani music]]. Hindustani music legends such as [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Madhav Gudi]] and [[Basavaraj Rajguru]] have made them more popular in recent years.

Classical vocalists and musicians such as [[Upendra Bhat]], [[Puttur Narasimha Nayak]], [[Venkatesh Kumar]], [[Nagaraja Rao Havaldar]], [[Ganapathi Bhatt]], [[Vidyabhushana]], [[Pravin Godkhindi]], [[Nachiketa Sharma]], [[Sangeetha Katti]], and the [[Bombay Sisters]] are continuing the tradition of singing and performing Purandara Dasa's compositions and other Dasa Sahitya songs in Carnatic as well as Hindustani music concerts. Of late, Mysore Ramachandracharya is industriously propagating dasa sahitya through his concerts. [[Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams]] is also propagating the dasa krithis through the Dasa Sahitya Project. He also composed the first [[lullaby]] songs in Carnatic music, such as ''Thoogire Rangana''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5S8DbE6pWI Toogire Rangana]. YouTube (29 September 2012). Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> and ''Gummana Kareyadire'',<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-V7dfBRZ9g Bharatanatyam dance – Gummana Kareyadire]. YouTube (14 September 2010). Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> which led to the creation of many similar songs by others.

===Memorials and monuments===
{{multiple image
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The Purandara Mantapa<ref>[http://hampi.in/purandaradasa-mantapa Purandara Mantapa]. Hampi.in. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> adjoining the Vijayavittala temple at Hampi is one of the long-standing monuments relating to Purandara Dasa. This is where he is said to have composed and sung in praise of Vishnu.

Purandara Dasa is said to have composed his well-known song, ‘''Aadisidaleshoda jagadoddharana''’ on infant Sri Krishna, in ''[[raga]] [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]'', at the Aprameyaswamy temple in [[Mallur, Karnataka|Doddamallur]], [[Channapattana]] taluk, Karnataka. A small ''mantapa'' outside the temple is named after him, where he is said to have stayed as he passed through the village.<ref name="Aprameyaswamy Temple">{{cite web |url=https://www.itslife.in/travel/mallur |title=Mallur Krishna Temple (Ambegalu) & Ramaprameya Temple |website=Itslife.in |date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>

A statue of Purandara Dasa has been erected at the foothills of Tirumala in Alipiri.<ref name="TTD">{{cite web | title = Purandaradasa statue unveiled at Tirupati | url = http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/news/201001/20100625.asp | website = Carnaticdarbar.com | access-date = 1 November 2015 | archive-date = 6 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106112359/http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/news/201001/20100625.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article445160.ece Purandaradasa statue unveiled at Tirupati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419172633/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article445160.ece |date=19 April 2016 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> A statue of Purandara Dasa adorns the Asthana Mandapam (auditorium) on the Tirumala hill.

A huge statue of Purandara Dasaru is erected at the holy premises of [[Uttaradi Matha]], Bangalore.

Sri Purandara Dasa Memorial Trust (SPDMT),<ref>[http://www.purandara.org/ Welcome to Sri Purandara Dasa Memorial Trust (R)]. Purandara.org. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> formed in Bangalore in 2007, has been actively involved in promoting and researching all aspects of the life and works of Purandara Dasa. A 3500-square-foot concert hall, called 'Purandara Mantapa', has been erected on the premises of the Trust.

The [[Indiranagar Sangeetha Sabha]] (ISS) at Indiranagar, Bangalore formed in 1986, has dedicated an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600 called Purandara Bhavana<ref>[http://www.isangeethasabha.in/Purandara_bhavana.html Purandara Bhavana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021002902/http://isangeethasabha.in/Purandara_bhavana.html |date=21 October 2017 }}. Isangeethasabha.in. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> exclusively for cultural events, inaugurated by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,<ref>[http://www.isangeethasabha.in/Purandara_bhavana.html Indiranagar Sangeetha Sabha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021002902/http://isangeethasabha.in/Purandara_bhavana.html |date=21 October 2017 }}. Isangeethasabha.in. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> to his memory.

===Salutations===
* On 14 January 1964, the [[India Security Press]] – Department of Posts had issued a stamp in honour of Purandarasa Dasa on his 400th death anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemorative Postage Stamps Of India|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Communication, Government of India}}</ref>
* Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam has propagated and popularised the literature of Purandara Dasa under the Dasa Sahitya Project.<ref name="TTDS">{{cite web | title = Dasa Sahitya Project | url = http://www.tirumala.org/RADasaSahityaProject.aspx | access-date = 29 October 2015 | archive-date = 8 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151108134752/http://www.tirumala.org/RADasaSahityaProject.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Biographical movies and documentaries ===

Three [[biographical films]], in the Kannada language, have been made on the life and compositions of Purandara Dasa.
* ''[[Purandaradasa (film)|Purandaradasa]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Navakoti Narayana]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sri Purandara Dasaru]]'' (1967)
* Film director and playwright [[Girish Karnad]] made a documentary film titled ''Kanaka-Purandara'' (English, 1988) on the two medieval Bhakti poets of Karnataka.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231862/ ''Kanaka-Purandara''] [[IMDb]]</ref><ref name=hin>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230180843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1603/16031170.htm AWARDS: The multi-faceted playwright]}} ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', Vol. 16, No. 03, 30 Jan – 12 February 1999.</ref>

===Aradhana===
{{Main|Purandaradasa Aradhana}}
''Aradhana'' is a religious-devotional observation, held annually, to remember and honor saintly persons on the anniversary of the completion of their earthly lives. Purandara Dasa's ''aradhana'' or ''punyadina'' is held on the ''pushya bahula amavasya''<ref>[http://www.sumadhwaseva.com/dasaru/purandara-dasaru/ Purandara Dasaru – Sumadhwa Seva]. Sumadhwaseva.com. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</ref> of the Indian ''Chandramana'' calendar (a new moon day, generally in February–March). Musicians and art aficionados in the state of Karnataka, South India and many art and religious centres around the world observe this occasion with religious and musical fervour. His compositions are sung by established and upcoming artists on this day.

In 2022, aradhanas are happening in India and around the world even to this day.

==Compilations of Purandara Dasa's lyrics==
* [http://www.osuri.com/songs/GajaVadanaBeduve.html Gaja Vadana Beduve Gowri Thanaya] A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Carnatic Raagam Hamsadhwani
* {{Citation|title=Songs of Three Great South Indian Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJVkAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195646559}}
* KavyaPremi. 1996. ''Purandara Daasa Haadugalu''. Dharwad: Samaja Publishers. Contains ca. 225 songs; in Kannada language.

==See also==
* [[Haridasa]]
* [[Madhvacharya]]
* [[Vyasatirtha]]
* [[Kanaka Dasa]]
* [[Annamacharya]]
* [[Shishunala Sharif]]
* [[Puttur Narasimha Nayak]]
* [[Dvaita Vedanta]]
* [[List of Carnatic composers]]
* List of Carnatic artists
* [[List of Carnatic instrumentalists]]
* [[Trinity of Carnatic music]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="ghatta">{{cite book |last=Chaitanya Deva|first=Bigamudre|title=Indian Music|year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-81-224-0730-3|page=83}}</ref>

<ref name="iyer">Iyer, Panchapakesa. (2006). ''Karnataka Sangeetha Sastra''. Chennai: Zion Printers. p. 93: "He is considered to be the ''Pitamaha'' of Carnatic music because he codified the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several graded steps like ''Sarali'', ''Jantai'' and ''Tattu Varisai''; alankaras and geethams")</ref>

<ref name="MA1991">{{cite journal | last = Parthasarathy|first = T. S.|title = Margadarsi Whom Swati Tirunal followed| journal = The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras| volume = 62 | page = 72 |year = 1991 |quote=The great Purandara Dasa was a 'Margadarsi' in many ways although he is generally referred to as the 'Pitamaha' (grandfather) of Carnatic music.}}</ref>

<ref name="oldest">Zydenbos, R . (2012) in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P, ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition'', p. 767, Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-15491-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Thielemann">[[Selina Sharma|Thielemann, Selina]]. (2002). ''Divine Service and the Performing Arts in India''. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. {{ISBN|81-7648-333-8}}. p. 22: "The most well known among the haridasas is Purandara Dasa (1480 or 84-1564), whose significant contribution to South Indian music is honoured by referring to him as the 'father of Carnatic music'".</ref>
}}

==Cited sources==
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=B.N.K. |year=2000|title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature|place=Delhi|publisher= [[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1575-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Purandara Dasu|url=https://archive.org/details/1000088352/mode/1up|year=2015|first=Rajeshwara Shastry |last=Shistla|publisher=Anil Kumar Singhal, I.A.S., Executive Officer, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati and Printed at T.T.D Press, Tirupati}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation | year=1964 | title = The Vedanta kesari, Volume 49 | publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math. | page=419 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jynkAAAAMAAJ&q=purandaradasa+sannyasa}}
* Kassebaum, Gayatri Rajapur. ‘Karnatak raga’ (2000). In {{cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|last=Arnold|first=Alison|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=New York City & London|ref=Arnold2000}}
* Dr. Vasudev Agnihotry "Purandaradasaru mattu Shri Mad Bhagavata Ondu Toulanika Adhyayana" PhD Osmania University [[Hyderabad, India]] 1984 Publisher: Samskriti Prakashana Sedam. Keertana Vidya nagar sedam 58522 dist gulbarga Karnataka

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.nadatarangini.org/ Annual Purandara Dasa and Thyagaraja Aradhana in D.C., Maryland and Virginia]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOPCIjKRmcQ Bhagyada Lakshmi Baaramma] A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Sri Raagam
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090309082605/http://sahityam.net/wiki/Category:Purandaradasa Lyrics and translation of Purandaradasa compositions]

{{Madhva religious figures}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

Another life sketch of Purandara dasa
Purandara Dasa(1484–1564) was known as the father of Carnatic music. His signature was Purandara Vittala. He composed Lakshana geetams. He also composed swaralai varasaisa and swarajathi to be the first composition to be learnt by beginners. He also made mayamalavagowla raga to be the first raga to be learnt by beginners. His compositions were mostly in Kannada and sometimes Sanskrit.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasa, Purandara}}
[[Category:1470 births]]
[[Category:1564 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Haridasa]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian philosophers]]

Shark Tank India season 5

2026-03-24T09:27:31Z

Janni: Put up new article w/ sources

{{Short description|Fifth season of business reality show Shark Tank India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolour = #D1F6FA
| season_name = Shark Tank India
| season_number = 5
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|01|05|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|03|17|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 52
| network = [[Sony LIV]]
| starring = [[#Sharks|See below]]
}}
The fifth season of ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' started from 5th January 2026 and ended on 17th March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shark Tank India Season 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-season-5-full-list-of-judges-their-net-worth-and-the-brands-they-own/photostory/126308371.cms|work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shark Tank India Season 5: Full list of judges, new sharks and what they bring to the tank|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/shark-tank-india-season-5-full-list-of-judges-new-sharks-and-what-they-bring-to-the-tank/articleshow/126379491.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Format==
Apart from the existing Sharks from previous season- [[Aman Gupta]], [[Anupam Mittal]], [[Namita Thapar]], [[Vineeta Singh]], [[Ritesh Agarwal]], [[Kunal Bahl]] and Viraj Bahl. [[Amit Jain]] returns as a judge.
Along with Mohit Yadav of Minimalist, [[Kanika Tekriwal]] of JetsetGO, Shaily Mehrotra founder of FixDerma, and Hardik Kothiya and Varun Alagh were introduced.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shark Tank Judge Mohit Yadav |url=
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shark-tank-india-judge-owner-of-rs-2955-crore-beauty-brand-reveals-how-he-raised-capital-feared-my-family-wont-have-a-home-a-look-at-mohit-yadavs-education/articleshow/126386369.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Kanika Tekriwal? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/who-is-kanika-tekriwal-shark-tank-india-judge-who-invested-rs-5600-now-holds-a-rs-420-crore-net-worth/articleshow/126330788.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=4 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who Is Shaily Mehrotra? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/who-is-shaily-mehrotra-the-self-made-shark-tank-india-judge-who-struggled-and-bootstrapped-her-business-to-rs-1500-crore-valuation-without-external-funding-article-153406046 |work=[[TimesNow]] |date=4 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Hardik Hotadiya? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-who-is-hardik-kothiya-meet-shark-tank-indias-youngest-billionaire-judge-4099503/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Aditya Kulshrestha is the host for season 5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shark Tank India Season 5: Full list of judges, new sharks and what they bring to the tank |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/shark-tank-india-season-5-full-list-of-judges-new-sharks-and-what-they-bring-to-the-tank/articleshow/126379491.cms?from=mdr|work=India Times |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Sharks==
Thirteen entrepreneurs were selected as the sharks for this season, with five of them (Mohit Yadav, [[Kanika Tekriwal]], Shaily Mehrotra, Hardik Kothiya, Varun Alagh) introduced in this edition. Only five will be featured in each episode.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharks of Shark Tank India Season 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-season-5-full-list-of-judges-their-net-worth-and-the-brands-they-own/photostory/126308371.cms|work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"style="margin:auto;"
!style="background: #D1F6FA;color:black" |Shark
!style="background: #D1F6FA;color:black" | Company
|-
|[[Aman Gupta]]
|Co-founder and Chief Marketing Officer of boAt Lifestyle
|-
|[[Anupam Mittal]]
|Founder and CEO of [[Shaadi.com]] and People Group
|-
|[[Namita Thapar]]
|Executive Director of [[Emcure Pharmaceuticals]]
|-
|[[Amit Jain]]
|Co-founder and CEO of [[GirnarSoft]]
|-
|[[Ritesh Agarwal]]
|Founder and CEO of [[Oyo Rooms|OYO]]
|-
|[[Vineeta Singh]]
|Co-founder and CEO of SUGAR Cosmetics
|-
|[[Kunal Bahl]]
|Co-founder of [[Snapdeal|SnapDeal]]
|-
|Viraj Bahl
|Founder and CEO of Veeba
|-
|Mohit Yadav
|Founder and CEO of Minimalist
|-
|[[Kanika Tekriwal]]
|Founder and CEO of JetSetGo
|-
|Shaily Mehrotra
|Founder and CEO of FixDerma
|-
|Hardik Kothiya
|Founder and CEO of Rayzon Solar
|-
|Varun Alagh
|Co-founder of Honasa Consumer Pvt Ltd
|}

== Pitches and investments by sharks ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable sticky-header-multi" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:17px; width:auto;"
!rowspan="2" |Ep. no.
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pitch no.
!rowspan="2" |Brand
!rowspan="2" |Idea
!width="100" rowspan="2" |Original ask
!rowspan="2" |Deal
!colspan="14" |Investment by
|-
!{{vert header|[[Namita Thapar]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Aman Gupta]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Vineeta Singh]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Anupam Mittal]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Ritesh Agarwal]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Kunal Bahl]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Amit Jain]]}}
!{{vert header|Mohit Yadav}}
!{{vert header|Varun Alagh}}
!{{vert header|Viraj Bahl}}
!{{vert header|[[Kanika Tekriwal]]}}
!{{vert header|Shaily Mehrotra}}
!{{vert header|Hardik Kothiya}}
!{{vert header|Pratham Mittal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| colspan="2" |1
| Croffle
| Crossiant + Waffle Brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 2.5 crores for 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="14" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="14" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="19" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="34" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="68" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="148" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="151" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |2
| Lewisia Wellness
| Natural skincare and haircare wellness
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |3
| Guugly Wuugly
| Kidswear Clothings
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2
| colspan="2" |4
| EMoMee
| Educational and emotional toys
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 4% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |5
| Capture a trip
| Travel company
| ₹ 75 lakhs 1.5% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |6
| Loopie
| Baby gear brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
| colspan="2" |7
| SaveSage
| Rewards Optimization
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 4 crores for 9% equity<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2026-01-07 |title=Shark Tank India Season 5 Episode 3 (January 7, 2026): Written Update – Pitches Made, Deals Offered, and Final Outcomes |url=https://www.khabribhai.com/shark-tank-india-season-5-episode-3-january-7-2026-written-update-pitches-made-deals-offered-and-final-outcomes/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |8
| Kalam Labs
| Research Labs for aerial vehicles
| ₹ 2 crores 0.67% equity
| ₹ 2 crores 1.25% equity<ref name=":0" />
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |9
| Panteazy
| Intimate clothing brand for men
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
| colspan="2" |10
| Oats by Goat
| Overnight Oats brand
| ₹ 36 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 8% equity<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2026-01-08 |title=Shark Tank India Season 5 EP 4 (January 8, 2026): Written Update – Pitches Made, Deals Offered, and Final Outcomes |url=https://www.khabribhai.com/shark-tank-india-season-5-ep-4-january-8-2026-written-update-pitches-made-deals-offered-and-final-outcomes/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="5" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="25" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |11
| Planyt
| Smart plants
| ₹ 1.05 crores for 6.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |12
| Avishkaar
| AI based toys for kids
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| colspan="1" |13
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF}}
| Emori
| Lab-grown diamond jewellery brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 3% for Anupam and 1.5 crores for 3% for others
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="1" |14
| True Diamond
| Lab-grown diamond jewellery
| ₹ 1.08 crores for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |6
| colspan="1" |15
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF}}
| Smylo
| Pet food brand
| ₹ 68 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity + 2% advisory equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="14" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="14" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="28" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="1" |16
| Nootie by Pet Point
| Pet food brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.2% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity + 1% royalty till 1 crore is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |7
| colspan="2" |17
| Pista barfi
| Traditional sweets brand
| ₹ 30 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |18
| Corel lifecare
| Nutrient food for fish farmers
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 2% equity
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 8% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |19
| Vryse
| AI optimization platform
| ₹ 40 lakhs for 2% equity
| ₹ 40 lakhs for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |8
| colspan="2" |20
| MyPB
| Peanut butter brand
| ₹ 70 lakhs for 10% equity
| ₹ 70 lakhs for 15% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="15" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |21
| xSTEP
| Non evasive device for spine injuries
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |22
| Truth & Hair
| Curly hair care brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 2.5% equity
| ₹ 2.5 crores for 25% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |9
| colspan="2" |23
| Meta Fashion
| Digital products company for Roblox
| ₹ 1 crore for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |24
| Japam
| Spiritual wearables brand
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 1% equity + 1% royalty till 1.5 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |25
| Zen Barefoot
| Barefoot shoes brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |10
| colspan="2" |26
| RIDEV
| E-scooter leasing company
| ₹ 6 crores for 3% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity + 5 crores debt @ 14.5%
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |27
| Stroom
| Protein bar brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 2.5% equity + 2% advisory equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |28
| TBFO
| Women clothing brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |11
| colspan="2" |29
| Neurapexai
| AI assisted diagnostic platform
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="49" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="55" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |30
| Wrestlefanent
| Wrestling fan event platform
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |31
| Ayuvya and imfresh
| Ayurveda based supplements and beauty products
| ₹ 1 crore for 0.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |12
| colspan="2" |32
| Every morning cartel
| Dining cafe brand
| ₹ 5 crores for 2% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 12% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |33
| Cinefai studios
| Gen-AI powered content studio
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity + 50 lakhs debt @ 9% interest for 5 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |34
| Sampark
| QR based vehicle tag
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |13
| colspan="1" |35
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF}}
| Sovrenn
| Stock discovery platform
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 3%
| rowspan="8" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="23" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="8" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |36
| Multibagg.ai
| AI Stock research platform
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2% equity
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |14
| colspan="2" |37
| Uprear Build
| Pre- fabricated construction company
| ₹ 2 crores for 2.5% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity + 1 crore debt @ 10% interest for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |38
| PaperPro
| Milk Adulting Kit
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |39
| Cosmo health
| Emergency health services
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 9% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |15
| colspan="2" |40
| Galli labs
| Hand crafted shoewear brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 0.5% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 0.57% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |41
| Twin
| AI powered clothes try-on platform
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 2% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |42
| RCX light
| Digital fasade company
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 10 lakhs for 5% equity + 40 lakhs debt @ 12% interest for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |16
| colspan="2" |43
| Awsum
| Packaged cakes brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.33% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="15" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |44
| Phitku
| Alum based natural deodorants
| ₹ 1.8 crores for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.8 crores for 1% equity + 5% royalty until 5.4 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |45
| 9DXR labs
| VR based platform for schools
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |17
| colspan="2" |46
| Pureflow
| Nasal strip brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 3.33% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="41" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="50" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |47
| Get snappy
| Body adhesive brand
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 2 crore for 20% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |48
| Awayddings
| Destination wedding planners
| ₹ 2 crores for 5% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 10% equity + 1 crore debt @ 10% interest for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |18
| colspan="2" |49
| Urbanwipe
| Acid free home cleaning solutions
| ₹ 90 lakhs for 2% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |50
| Antinorm
| All in one beauty brand
| ₹ 1.03 crores for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.03 crores for 1% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |51
| Sepoy & co
| Premium mixer brand
| ₹ 3 crores for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |19
| colspan="2" |52
| Bonkers corner
| Unisex streetwear brand
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 0.5% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |53
| Bubble me
| Magnesium driven wellness brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1.67% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |54
| Out live
| fasting guidance program
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |20
| colspan="2" |55
| Metadrive
| Motion based driving platform
| ₹ 90 lakhs for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |56
| Sparsh brush
| Automatic grooming brushes for cattle
| ₹ 20 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 20 lakhs for 1% equity + 2% royalty until 1 crore is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |57
| Shesha Ayurveda
| Ayurvedic beauty and hair care brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.5% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 8% equity + 1% royalty until 2 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |21
| colspan="2" |58
| Cookie cartel
| Baked homemade cookies brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 12% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="11" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="17" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |59
| Avia litewings
| Gyrocopter and aircraft company
| ₹ 1 crores for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |60
| Aabo ring
| Smart wellness tracking ring
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |22
| colspan="1" |61
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF}}
| Krvvy
| Women's innerwear and shapewear brand
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 2% equity
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 3% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |62
| Invogue
| Women's shapewear brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1.25% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 15% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |23
| colspan="2" |63
| Taasha craft
| Handcrafted jewelry and bangles
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity + 1% royalty till 75 lakhs is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |64
| Mishmash naturals
| Ayurvedic Kids makeup brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |65
| Indian school of calisthenics
| Calisthenics training institute
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |24
| colspan="2" |66
| Wholeleaf
| Cannibis wellness brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2.1% equity
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 7.5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |67
| Chewie by Mankomb
| Wet waste to soil converter
| ₹ 2 crores for 1.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |68
| Madrasi kaapi house
| Coffee brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |25
| colspan="2" |69
| Soundverse
| AI based music generator
| ₹ 1.35 crores for 1.5% equity
| ₹ 1.35 crores for 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |70
| Kilrr
| Marinades and spices brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.06% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |71
| Offline by Happy Hour
| Offline social meetup platform
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |26
| colspan="2" |72
| Panda's box
| Devotional toys brand
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 2% equity
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 12% equity + 2% royalty until 1.2 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |73
| Bindi project
| Hand-crafted bindi brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |74
| Voxturn AI
| AI powered sales agent
| ₹ 1 crore for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |27
| colspan="2" |75
| My wonder
| AI powered learning companion
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 1% equity
| No deal
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="43" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |76
| Cotopay
| UPI based expense management
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 2% equity + 1% advisory equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |77
| Local all natural soda
| Farm to bottle beverage brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |28
| colspan="2" |78
| The binge town
| Private theatre for celebrations
| ₹ 2 crores for 2% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 2.5% equity + 1 crore debt @15% for 4 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="24" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="24" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |79
| PropFTX
| Fractional real estate investments
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |80
| Eight times eight
| Chess classes
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |29
| colspan="2" |81
| Warrior world
| Indian army inspired apparel brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity + 1.5% royalty till 1.25 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |82
| Currently
| Real time activity sharing app
| ₹ 1.2 crores for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |83
| Anjani books
| Online bookstore
| ₹ 10 lakhs for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |30
| colspan="2" |84
| Booon
| Curated fashion quick commerce platform
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |85
| MeMeraki
| Culture tech platform for indian arts
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1.67% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |86
| 3 Sisters
| Non alcoholic beverages brand
| ₹ 3 crores for 2.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |31
| colspan="2" |87
| Artociti
| Relief mural home decor brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 7.5% equity + 2% royalty till 1.5 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="37" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="37" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |88
| Kreo
| Gaming peripherals brand
| ₹ 2 crores for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity + 1crore debt @9% interest for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |89
| Rosada
| Customised kids bags
| ₹ 1.25 crores for 4% equity
| ₹ 1.25 crores for 5% equity + 2% royalty till 1.25 crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |32
| colspan="2" |90
| Baby works by Swapnil
| Baby jewellery brand
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 4% equity
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 6% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |91
| Gramiyaa
| Wood cold pressed oils
| ₹ 1.4 crores for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |92
| Mama nourish
| Nutrious energy bars
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 1.5% equity
| ₹ 2 crores for 20% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |33
| colspan="2" |93
| Kelvin6k
| Robotic construction company
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.33% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 2.86% equity + 2.14 advisory equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |94
| ANA apparels
| Abayas, naquabs and dupatta brand
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 4% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |95
| EzPac
| Smart packaging solutions
| ₹ 2.5 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |34
| colspan="2" |96
| Gappu
| Percussion music instruments
| ₹ 30 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 10 lakhs for 3% equity + 20 lakhs debt @12% interest for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |97
| Mister Veg
| Plant based meat brand
| ₹ 2 crores for 2.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |98
| Saras
| Stock trading recommendations app
| ₹ 70 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |35
| colspan="2" |99
| Speechgears
| Therapeutic solutions for children with special needs
| ₹ 2 crores for 3% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |100
| Heizen
| AI powered software development firm
| ₹ 90 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 90 lakhs for 2% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |101
| Pukaar.ai
| AI powered parenting app
| ₹ 49 lakhs for 1.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="4" |36
| colspan="2" |102
| Upsnac
| Wellness coffee brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| rowspan="7" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="22" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="44" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="54" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |103
| Kotson mattresses
| Organic latex mattress brand
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |104
| Kalakrit
| AI based content localisation platform
| ₹ 1 crores for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |105
| SVS food
| Vegetarian qsr food chain
| ₹ 3 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |37
| colspan="2" |106
| Be Clinical
| Skincare brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |107
| Misfits
| Hobby and meetup club
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.25% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |108
| Krimmy thickshakes
| Guilt-free shakes
| ₹ 1.25 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |38
| colspan="2" |109
| Curry it
| Instant curries and paste brand
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 3.3% equity + 1.2% advisory equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="31" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |110
| Dubpro.ai
| AI-powered dubbing platform
| ₹ 1.25 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |111
| Boingg
| Custom kids furniture brand
| ₹ 2 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |39
| colspan="2" |112
| Pragyan child development centers
| Pediatric therapy services for children
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |113
| Sanchvi
| Exclusive rental wear
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |114
| Trring
| Bluetooth call mirroring devices
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 7.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |40
| colspan="2" |115
| Edinora
| Edible grade toothpaste brand
| ₹ 2 crore for 5% equity
| ₹ 2 crore for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |116
| Rehabveda
| Home Neuro rehabilitation solution
| ₹ 1 crore for 2.5% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |117
| Freshpod
| Helmet disinfectant device
| ₹ 2 crores for 6% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |41
| colspan="2" |118
| Modge
| Vegetarian cakes and desserts brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 9% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="16" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |119
| Orbit card
| One tap smart card
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 4% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |120
| Hobfit
| Women focused fitness tracking app
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 1.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |42
| colspan="2" |121
| Shichisoru
| Collectible characters
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 5% equity
| ₹ 35 lakhs for 10% equity + 40 lakhs debt @10% interest for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |122
| Rimigo
| AI generated iteneries platform
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 1.5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |123
| Everaw nutrition
| Fruit spread and snacks
| ₹ 1 crore for 8% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |43
| colspan="2" |124
| Coro
| Family first co-working hub
| ₹ 2 crores for 4% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="10" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="32" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |125
| Luzo
| Salon and Spa discovery app
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |126
| F2 Fintech
| AI powered digital lending platform
| ₹ 1 crore for 3% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |44
| colspan="2" |127
| Wellwith
| Sea-buckthorn based wellness brand
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 1.25% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |128
| Indian Hair World
| Hair patches and extension brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |129
| Awenest
| Clean home and personal care products
| ₹ 70 lakhs for 2% equity
| ₹ 70 lakhs for 5% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |45
| colspan="2" |130
| HOOKd
| Chicken chips brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 7% equity
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 20% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="26" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |131
| Littlecherrymom
| Nutritious snacks for kids
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 3% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |132
| Stubb
| Portable ashtray brand
| ₹ 25 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |133
| SoilSens
| Soil intelligence tools
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 1% equity
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 6.67% equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |47
| colspan="2" |134
| Flashoot
| Real time content creation platform
| ₹ 1.5 crores for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="22" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="1" |135
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF}}
| Nap Tap Go
| Japanese style capsule pod hotels
| ₹ 2 crores lakhs for 2.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |136
| BlrPods.com
| Japanese style capsule pod hotels
| ₹ 90 lakhs for 1.5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |46
| colspan="2" |137
| Nytarra
| Home freshner brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |138
| BYLX
| Archery equipment brand
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |139
| Green pista
| Marketplace for currency notes
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |48
| colspan="2" |140
| CTRUH
| AI-powered XR commerce studio
| ₹ 1 crores for 1.2% equity
| ₹ 1 crores for 2.4% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |141
| SteamPRO
| Home steam and Sauna solution
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |142
| Uptown
| Coliving and accommodation
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 3% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |49
| colspan="2" |143
| KorinMi
| Korean hair and skincare brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |144
| Dent @ home
| At-home dental care brand
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |145
| Marbleous
| Marble based home decor brand
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 10% equity
| ₹ 75 lakhs for 20% equity + 2% royalty until 75 lakhs is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |50
| colspan="2" |146
| Fitkin
| Women's active wear brand
| ₹ 1 crore for 4% equity
| ₹ 1 crore for 11% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="10" '''{{n/a}}''
|-
| colspan="2" |147
| Kind Fertility
| At-home fertility testing kits
| ₹ 50 lakhs for 2% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |148
| Namo vardan
| Cow dung and urine collection devices
| ₹ 10 lakhs for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |51
| colspan="1" |149
| rowspan="3"|{{Vertical text|ECOPRENEURS SPECIAL}}
| Circato
| Plastic waste based construction solutions
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 3% equity
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 10% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| rowspan="7" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="7" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |151
| Green Avartan
| Solid waste recycling company
| ₹ 1 Crore for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |152
| Dharti Amrit
| Afforestation initiatives company
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 5% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| rowspan="4" |52
| colspan="1" |153
| rowspan="4"|{{Vertical text|CAMPUS SPECIAL}}
| Two Words Away
| Private event platform
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 10% equity
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 10% equity
| rowspan="4" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="4" '''{{n/a}}''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="1" |154
| Floreal
| Crochet gifting brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3% equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 8% equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="1" |155
| MyPerro
| Smart pets gps and health tracker
| ₹ 60 lakhs for 8% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|-
| colspan="1" |156
| PeerX
| Student opportunities platform
| ₹ 12 lakhs for 10% equity
| No deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|'' ''
|}

==Beyond the tank==
{|class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:17px; width:auto;"|+
!Ep. No.
!Brand
!Idea
!Previous appearance
!Pre Shark Tank status
!Post Shark Tank status
|-
|26
|Decode Age
|Age longevity supplements
|Season 3 episode 14
|45 crores valuation
|150+ hospital chains onboarded, 64% customer retention, 10x growth
|-
|26
|Home Strap
|Home organisers
|Season 2 episode 32
|100 sq ft manufacturing unit
|ARR 100 crores, 900+ SKUs, 60,000 sq ft unit.
|-
|26
|Honest Home Company (post tank investment)
|Eco friendly daily use products
|Season 3 episode 1
|Monthly sales 1.4 crores, 7,000 sq ft unit.
|Monthly sales 7.5 crores, 21,000 sq ft unit, ARR 120 crores.
|-
|32
|Nish Hair
|Hair extensions for women
|Season 2 episode 50
|Team size 12, MRR 66 lakhs, 55 SKUs
|Team size 66, MRR 2.51 Crores, 1,025 SKUs, scaled 6 stores + 1 flagship store in Dubai
|-
|32
|Gladful
|Family friendly protein
|Season 2 episode 39
|MRR 20 lakhs.
|MRR 1.25 crores, Total valuation went up 4x, new manufacturing facility with 5,000 sqft.
|-
|32
|Creme Castle
|Customized cakes and bakery products
|Season 3 episode 35
|MRR 85 lakhs, 3 kitchens.
|MRR 4.7 crores, 37 kitchens, 37,000 central kitchen in Noida.
|-
|40
|Janitri
|Pregnancy monitoring device
|Season 2 Episode 12
|ARR 2 crores.
|ARR 15 crores, 1,000+ hospitals, 5+ countries.
|-
|40
|The Bear House
|D2C mens fashion brand
|Season 4 Episode 49
|MRR 9 crores, sales online.
|MRR 25 crores, sales online + 14 retail stores.
|-
|40
|Arata
|Hair care brand
|Season 3 episode 10
|MRR 2 crores.
|MRR 9 crores, Serving 20K pincodes, 20 lakhs customers.
|-
|41
|Koparo
|Coconut based cleaning products
|Season 3 episode 12
|EBITDA -35%, MRR 70 lakhs.
|EBITDA -9%, MRR 5 crores.
|-
|41
|The Simply Salad
|Healthy salads brand
|Season 2 Episode 7
|AOV 125, ARR 53 lakhs.
|AOV 230, ARR 2.1 crores.
|-
|41
|Perfora
|Oral care products
|Season 2 episode 34
|MRR 1 crore, 300 daily orders.
|MRR 6 crores, 6,000 daily orders.
|-
|44
|Lets Try
|Healthy snacks
|Season 1 episode 16
|ARR 1.9 crores, Valuation 3.75 crores.
|ARR 300 crores, Valuation 1,100 crores.
|-
|44
|Manetain
|Haircare products
|Season 2 Episode 25
|MRR 10 lakhs, Customers 10 thousands.
|MRR 1.2 crores, Customers 4 lakhs.
|-
|44
|EM5
|Perfume brand
|Season 2 episode 20
|MRR 1.7 crores, Manufacturing unit 6,000 sqft.
|MRR 4.5 crores, Manufacturing unit 30,000 sqft.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shark Tank India}}
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Shark Tank India seasons]]

Chinturu mandal

2026-03-15T20:01:00Z

Janni: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chintoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Chinturu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline = Settlements near Chintoor Forest.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Settlements near Chintoor
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.75|N|81.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 35
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Indigenous
| demographics1_info2 = [[Koya language|Koya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 507126
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Chintoor''' or '''Chinturu''' is a [[Tehsil|mandal]] in [[Polavaram district]] of the [[India]]n state [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Chinturu revenue division with Yetapaka, Chinturu, Kunavaram and Vararamachandrapuram mandals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-31 |title=Floods snap road links between Andhra Pradesh & Odisha, Chhattisgarh & Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/floods-snap-road-links-between-ap-odisha-chgarh-tgana/articleshow/102262347.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=AP: Chinturu revenue division created with four mandals |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/60430/ap-chinturu-revenue-division-created-with-four-mandals |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref> It is in Alluri Sitarama Raju district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Deekshitula |date=2022-11-22 |title=Six killed in a road mishap in Chinturu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/six-killed-in-a-road-mishap-in-chinturu-770244 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Chinturu has an average elevation of {{convert|35|m}}. Geo Coordinates: 17° 44' N 81° 23' E. Chinturu is situated besides the [[Sabari river]]. The Sabari is a sub river of the [[Godavari River|Godavari river]].

Tribals trek about 30 km daily for livelihood in this region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=B. V. S. |date=2017-05-28 |title=Tribals trek 30 km daily for livelihood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tribals-trek-30-km-daily-for-livelihood/article18593706.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Polavaram district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Polavaram district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Kakki dam

2026-03-10T14:09:36Z

Janni: Put up some info w/ refs

{{Short description|Dam in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kakki Dam
| image_caption = View of Kakki dam and reservoir
| dam_crosses = Kakki river
| res_name = Kakki Reservoir
| location = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]
| operator = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| dam_length = {{cvt|336.00|m}}
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = {{start date and age|1962|p=y}}
| opening = {{Start date and age|1967|08|28|paren=yes|df=yes}}
| res_capacity_total = {{cvt|454200000|m3}}
| res_catchment = {{cvt|225.33|km2}} '''Kakki Dam''': {{cvt|217.56|km2}} '''Upper Moozhiyar''': {{cvt|7.77|km2}}
| res_surface = {{cvt|17.51|km2}}
| res_elevation = {{cvt|981.46|m}}
| plant_turbines = 2 x 60 [[Watt|MW]] & 4 x 55 MW ([[Pelton-type]])
| plant_capacity = 340
| plant_annual_gen = 1338 MU
| location_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|30|N|77|08|32|E|region:IN-KL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://dams.kseb.in Official website]
| country = [[India]]
| purpose = P
| status = O
| plant_name = Sabarigiri Power Station
| plant_operator = Kerala State Electricity Board
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|9|18|36|N|77|04|22|E|region:IN|display=inline}}
| plant_commission = {{Start date and age|1967|p=y}}
| spillway_count = No spillway
| dam_height_foundation = {{cvt|116.12|m}}
| res_max_depth = {{cvt|982.16|m}}
| dam_type = G
| res_capacity_inactive = {{cvt|76300000|m3}}
| dam_width_crest = {{cvt|3.66|m}}
| dam_elevation_crest = {{cvt|984.50|m}}
| extra = Spillway provided at Anathode Flanking Dam
}}
'''Kakki Dam''' is a [[Gravity dam|concrete gravity dam]] built on the Kakki river, a tributary of the [[Pamba River|Pampa river]] in the [[Ranni Forest Division|Ranni forest]] in the [[Seethathodu]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] of [[Pathanamthitta district]] in [[Kerala]], India. The dam is located in a forested area adjacent to the [[Periyar National Park]]. It was built in 1966<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRIP Dams|url=https://damsafety.in/ecm-includes/files/DRIP_DAM_SEARCH.PHP?dam_id=KL29VH0019|access-date=2021-07-22|website=damsafety.in}}</ref> as part of the [[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project]]. The water sources of the dam are from the [[Pamba Dam]] and the Kakki river. The Sabarigiri project envisaged creation of two reservoirs which are Pamba and Kakki reservoirs and connecting these together to form a single source of water. The water from Pamba reservoir is connected to the [[Kakki Reservoir|Kakki reservoir]] through an underground tunnel of length 3.21 km. The intake of the Sabarigiri Powerhouse is from Kakki reservoir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Pamba Basin HydroProjects|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.kseb.in|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013338/https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dam is {{Convert|336|m}} long and {{Convert|116|m}} high and is located at an elevation of {{Convert|981.45|m}} above sea level. The release flows through [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Thiruvalla taluk|Thiruvalla]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kuttanad]]u, [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikara]] and [[Karthikappally]] taluks <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kakki Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=118|access-date=2021-07-27|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}}</ref> before emptying into the [[Vembanad|Vembanad lake]].

==Specifications==
* Bed level : +874.78 m
* F. R. L. : +981.46 m
* M. W. L. : +982.16 m
* Top of dam, road level : +984.50 m
* Height of dam above river bed : 109.73 m
* Effective storage above elevation 908.30 m : 446.54 Mm3
* Catchment area at Kakki Dam site : 217.47 km2
* Diversion catchment : 7.77 km2
* Height from deepest foundation : {{Convert|116.12|m}}
* Length of dam at top {{Convert|336.19|m}}
* No. of outlets : 2 each controlled by 1.37 m diameter hollow jet valves
* Size and type of emergency gates for each outlet : 2.9 m x 1.52 m gates hydraulically operated from dam top using 10 T service hoist
* El. of sill of outlets : +896.11 m
* Max. computed combined discharge through two outlets under F. R. L. condition : 84.95 m 3 /s
* Width of roadway over top of dam : 3.66 m
* Size of elevator shaft : 2.16 m x 2.54 m
* No. of adits to foundation gallery : 3 nos. two on the right bank and one on the left bank
* No. of drift tunnels driven on the banks : 4 nos. two on each ban

==Flanking dam==
[[File:Anathode dam.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Anathode Dam]]{{Main|Anathode Dam}}
A flanking dam for the Kakki reservoir is located at Anathode, about 2.5 miles northeast of Kakki dam, where a low saddle existed. The flanking dam is built to increase the capacity of the Kakki reservoir and to host the spill way. The dam has a height of 170 feet above the foundation and a length of 1500 feet including the spill way.<ref>. The Accelerated Pr ramne of Execution of Pamba Kakki Scheme 1961, KSEB, Trivandrurn.</ref> Spillways are 4 Numbers with radial gates of size 12.8 x 6.1 meters

==History==
The Project plan was to create a reservoir by impounding Pampa River and another Reservoir by impounding Kakki River and connecting both the reservoirs by means of a tunnel to form a connected reservoir. Preliminary works and investigation was done in 1958 and the dam construction was started in 1960.<ref>{{Citation|title=Project Sabarigiri|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RltBvVqe49A|language=en|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref> Initial surveillance and mapping was completed in 1961. The housing colonies for the staff were built after the project was conceived. The work of Pamba Dam started in 1962. The Anathode dam was constructed along with Pamba Dam. The concrete Kakki Dam was finished in 1966. The tunnel to connect the two reservoirs was built and was lined by concrete. The power house was built with American aid. In April 1966 two generators were commissioned. It was inaugurated on 28 August 1967 by [[V. V. Giri]] then deputy president of India.

===Construction history===
[[File:Kakki Dam and Bus - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|The dam is also used for transport]]
The whole work for the construction of Kakki dam was completely mechanised.
* Year of starting initial investigation: 1946
* Year of starting detailed investigation: 1960
* Year of starting detailed survey: 1961–62
* The original scheduled year of starting the work : 1961
* Year of starting the construction works : 1962 <ref>Technical Completion Report (1977), Sabarigiri HEP, KSEB, Trivandrum, Vol.I.</ref>
* Name of designing agency : [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] limited
* Name of contractor : M/s HCC Ltd., Bombay (Kakki), Sri. B M Edward, Cochin, Kerala (Anathodu)
* Date of completion of the work : 1966<ref name="kseb" />

===Change in the nature of the dam===
The original proposal was to construct an arch dam, but this was changed later to masonry straight dam. Tenders were invited in December 1961 and the contract was given to Hindustan Construction Company in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in October 1962. The dam was scheduled to be completed by 1965 as per agreement but the works were completed only in 1966.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Liji Samuel|author2=Prasad AK|title=Hydro Electric Power Dams in Kerala and Environmental Consequences from Socio-Economic Perspectives|journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews |date=September 2018|volume=5|issue=3|url=http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_2021.pdf}}</ref>

===Major infrastructural work===
[[File:Kakki dam.jpg|thumb|Kakki Dam and the reservoir]]
In 1954-56 a road was constructed from Vallakadavu to Kakki. It was modernised in 1961. In the same year a staff colony consisting of 250 houses was built at Anathodu. A contractors' colony consisting of 300 houses, was constructed by 1963. A provision store was opened at Anathode in 1962. The machineries of the contractors H.C.C. had to be transported from the a dam site in Uttar Pradesh where they had recently completed a dam construction.

===Excavation and fault zone===
The foundation excavation was started by HCC during 1961–62. Weak zones were found in actual excavation and were treated accordingly. The excavation work was completed by March 1964.

===Concreting of the dam===
In the original estimate the dam was to be made with rubble in cement, but later the dam was converted into completely cement.{{Clarify|reason= probably concrete?|date=November 2025}} The concreting works of the Kakki Dam was started on 16 January 1964. Due to the deeper foundation and the height of the dam being increased by 10 feet and the quantity of concrete increased to 256 lakhs cubic feet ({{Convert|25600000|cuft|m3}}).<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Baby Thomas|title=Time-Lag and cost overrun of infrastructural investments with special reference to power projects in Kerala|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/1074|location=Cochin University of Science and Technology|degree=PhD|year=1994|hdl=10603/1074}}</ref> The height of the elevator also had to be increased in accordance with the new requirements.

===During floods===
During the monsoon seasons, discharging of water is needed, it is carried out by keeping Elevator no. 9 as a spilling block which required formation of a toe of the spilling blocks.

===Gates and valves===
The emergency gates and hollow jet valves were obtained from Pacific Cost Engineering Company in the US. The construction of the valve house was completed in 1965 and the installation of the emergency gate and hollow jet valves were completed by the end of September 1966.

===Spillways===
There are four spillways, which regulate flood discharge. The radial gates to separate hosting accessories were supplied by Pacific Coast Engineering Company, California. According to the agreement the contractor was in charge of the erection of the gates and it was to be done after the civil works, but due to some delay in the concreting of the hoist bridge, the installation work was carried out later with special arrangements.

===Interconnecting tunnels===
The Pamba and the Kakki reservoirs of the Sabarigiri hydroelectric project have been connected by an interconnecting tunnel which is 10,450 meters long and is lined with concrete. The face excavation was started in 1961 and took 3 months. The tunnelling was started in 1963 and was completed in 25 months.

==Reservoir==
{{Main|Kakki Reservoir}}
[[File:Kakki004.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Kakki reservoir and the dam]]
Kakki reservoir was created when Kakki and its flanking dam, Anathode dams were built. Full reservoir level (FRL) is 981.45 meters above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kakki Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=118|access-date=2021-07-22|language=en-US}}</ref> The reservoir, which is also a tourist spot, is in the Ranni reserve forest close to the Western Ghats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kakki - Official Website of DTPC, Pathanamthitta {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://pathanamthittatourism.com/destination-single/8/kakki|access-date=2021-07-22|website=pathanamthittatourism.com}}</ref>
; Details of the reservoir.
* Water spread area : 17.6 Sq. km.
* Catchment area :225.51 Sq. km.
* Average rainfall: 4572 mm
* Full reservoir level (FRL):3220 Ft (Above MSL)
* Minimum Drawdown level (MDDL):3135 Ft (Above MSL) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Load despatch Center|url=https://sldckerala.com/index.php?id=7|access-date=2021-07-22|website=sldckerala.com}}</ref>
* Effective storage at FRL:447.76 MCM
* Energy equivalent at FRL :722.2 MU
* Average head at power house :2499 ft <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Pamba Basin HydroProjects|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-22|website=www.kseb.in|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013338/https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hydroelectric project==
[[File:Sabarigiri Penstock.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Penstock pipes from the dam leading to Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Power station]]
Sabarigiri Power Station was commissioned during 1966 -67 with six generators having vertical shaft pelton turbine as the prime mover. After power generation, water from the power station is released to the Moozhiyar reservoir. There are 114 employees in the project who works in three shifts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sabarigiri project completes Fifty years|work=Manorama News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCXA7R6JYKM}}</ref>

===The intake arrangement of the power tunnel===
This is located on the left bank of the reservoir upstream of the Kakki Dam. It consists of 237 inch long shaft. The flow of water is regulated by a vertical lift gate. The arrangement is built on a hoist platform. Trash rack arrangements are also provided. A set of three high pressure surface penstocks about 2.611 km long each bifurcating just above the generating station from where 6 branches are taken to the power house.<ref name=kseb>[https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&task=download.send&id=14134&catid=90&m=0&Itemid=658&lang=en OM manual kakki anathodu publishing] kseb.in</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dams.kseb.in/?p=118 KAKKI DAM] - KSEB
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RltBvVqe49A Project Sabarigiri telefilm]

{{Dams in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}

[[Category:Dams in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1966]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Kerala]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]

Higher-speed rail

2026-03-04T22:58:43Z

Janni: update structure as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Type of railway with speeds approaching but less than that of true high-speed rail}}
{{About|rail service that is of a higher speed than conventional inter-city rail|high-speed rail services with speeds more than {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|round=5}}|High-speed rail}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
| image1 = Southwest Chief at Los Cerrillos, February 2020.jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 = The Amtrak Southwest Chief
| caption1 = Amtrak's ''[[Southwest Chief]]'' in [[Los Cerrillos, New Mexico]].
| image2 = Vande Bharat Express around Mumbai.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 = Vande Bharat Express
| caption2 = [[Vande Bharat Express]] near [[Chennai]].
| image3 = FXD1-J0010 at Guangqumen (20190203093259).jpg
| width3 =
| alt3 = China Railway CR200J
| caption3 = CR200J on [[Beijing–Shanghai railway]]
| image4 = VIA_2311.jpg
| width4 =
| alt4 = Via Rail's Corridor service east of Toronto
| caption4 = [[Via Rail]]'s [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (Via Rail)|Corridor]] service, east of [[Toronto]]
}}
'''Higher-speed rail''' ('''HrSR'''){{efn|Also known as '''high-performance rail''',<ref>"[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.4361.IH: H.R.4361 – National High Performance Passenger Rail Transportation-Oriented Development Act of 2012]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" 112th Congress of the United States. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</ref> '''higher-performance rail''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Clayton|first=Mark|title=Obama plan for high-speed rail, after hitting a bump, chugs forward again|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0821/Obama-plan-for-high-speed-rail-after-hitting-a-bump-chugs-forward-again|access-date=10 October 2012|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=21 August 2012|archive-date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009064741/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0821/Obama-plan-for-high-speed-rail-after-hitting-a-bump-chugs-forward-again|url-status=live}}</ref> '''semi-high-speed rail''', or '''almost-high-speed rail'''.<ref>[http://railway-news.com/railway-industry-news/high-speed-rail-in-fly-over-country-americas-aspirations-for-high-speed-rail] {{dead link|date=November 2021}}</ref>}} is used to describe [[Inter-city rail|inter-city passenger rail]] services that have top speeds higher than conventional rail but not fast enough to be called [[high-speed rail]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Douglas John |date=27 August 2012 |title=U.S. HSR accelerates |newspaper=Railway Age |url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/passenger/high-performance/us-hsr-accelerates.html#.UHT7PxVuSSo |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001113636/http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/passenger/high-performance/us-hsr-accelerates.html#.UHT7PxVuSSo |archive-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=Borges/> The term is also used by planners to identify the incremental rail improvements to increase train speeds and reduce travel time as alternatives to larger efforts to create or expand the high-speed rail networks.<ref>{{cite report|title=Safety of High Speed Ground Transportation Systems|date=December 1994|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42666/ord9505.pdf|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234324/http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42666/ord9505.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though the definition of higher-speed rail varies from country to country, most countries use the term to refer to rail services operating at speeds of up to {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|round=5}}.<ref name="India" />

The concept is usually viewed as stemming from efforts to upgrade a legacy railway line to high speed railway standards (speeds in excess of {{cvt|250|km/h|mph|disp=or|round=5}}), but usually falling short on the intended speeds. The faster speeds are achieved through various means including new rolling stock such as tilting trains, upgrades to tracks including shallower curves, electrification, in-cab signalling, and less frequent halts/stops.<ref>{{cite news|title=India-China to collaborate on building semi-high speed rail|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-29/news/48684245_1_fuel-adjustment-component-rail-tariff-authority-arunendra-kumar|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=The Economic Times|date=29 March 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727072024/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-29/news/48684245_1_fuel-adjustment-component-rail-tariff-authority-arunendra-kumar|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Definitions by country==
As with the [[High-speed rail#Definitions|definitions of high-speed rail]], the definition varies by country. The term has been used by government agencies,<ref>{{cite web|last=Hahn|first=Johannes|title=From Passengers to Captains of Europe's Baltic Sea Strategy|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-904_en.pdf|work=4th Annual Forum on the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region|publisher=European Commission|access-date=13 November 2013|date=11 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050924/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-904_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> government officials,<ref>{{cite web|title=40th Parliament, 2nd Session Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3973433|publisher=Canada Parliament|access-date=31 August 2013|date=9 June 2009|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060208/http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3973433|url-status=live}}</ref> transportation planners,<ref name=nctcograil>{{cite web|title=Section 5 Rail Transportation |url=http://www.nctcog.org/trans/cmp/SECTION5-RailTransportation.pdf |work=Congestion Management Process (CMP) |publisher=North Central Texas Council of Governments |access-date=31 August 2013 |page=V-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513202543/http://www.nctcog.org/trans/cmp/SECTION5-RailTransportation.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> academia,<ref>{{cite web|last=Thoren |first=Thomas |title=Team Studies Track Components for Shared-Use Rail Lines |url=http://cee.illinois.edu/pueblo_rail_project |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055754/http://cee.illinois.edu/pueblo_rail_project |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> the rail industry,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Louis S.|title=High-Speed Rail (HSR) in the United States – Why Isn't There More?|journal=Japan Railway & Transport Review|date=October 1994|page=37|url=http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr03/pdf/f32_tho.pdf|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061323/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr03/pdf/f32_tho.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the media,<ref>{{cite news|last=Galuszka|first=Peter|title=The other reason Virginia didn't seek rail money (WP Opinions)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/all-opinions-are-local/post/the-other-reason-virginia-didnt-seek-rail-money/2011/03/10/AGfYCBTH_blog.html|access-date=31 August 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=13 June 2011|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921203626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/all-opinions-are-local/post/the-other-reason-virginia-didnt-seek-rail-money/2011/03/10/AGfYCBTH_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but sometimes with overlaps in the speed definitions. Some countries with an established definition of higher-speed rail include:

* In Canada, according to the Surface Transportation Policy, [[Transport Canada|Department of Transport]], the speed range for higher-speed rail is between {{cvt|160|and|240|km/h|mph|round=5}}.<ref name=Borges>{{cite web|title=Ms. Helena Borges (Director General, Surface Transportation Policy, Department of Transport) at the Transport, Infrastructure and Communities Committee|url=https://openparliament.ca/committees/transport/40-2/18/helena-borges-1/only/|publisher=Canada Parliament|access-date=31 August 2013|date=12 May 2009|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055357/http://openparliament.ca/committees/transport/40-2/18/helena-borges-1/only/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In India, according to the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], the speed range for India's higher-speed rail will be between {{cvt|160|and|200|km/h|mph|round=5}}.<ref name="India">{{cite news|title=Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC)|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45261|access-date=13 November 2013|newspaper=Disha Diary|date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050712/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45261|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In the United Kingdom, the term higher-speed rail is used for upgraded tracks with train speeds up to {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Written evidence from Paul Atkins (HSR 07)|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmtran/1185/1185vw09.htm|publisher=UK House of Commons – Transport Committee|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111080043/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmtran/1185/1185vw09.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the United States, the term "higher-speed rail", as opposed to "[[High-speed rail in the United States|high-speed rail]]", is used by regional planners in many [[U.S. state]]s to describe inter-city passenger rail services with top speeds of between {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Lind|first=William|title=Run a Train That's Fast Enough|url=http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewpoint/2011/0511-RunTranThatsFastEnough.asp|access-date=10 October 2012|newspaper=Engineering News-Record|date=11 May 2011|archive-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122112618/http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewpoint/2011/0511-RunTranThatsFastEnough.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Higher Speed Rail in North Carolina and Virginia: Lengthening and Strengthening the Northeast Corridor (NEC) |url=http://www.letsgetmoving.org/images/uploads/pages/RTA-bkfst-final.pdf |publisher=Regional Transportation Alliance |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514183014/http://www.letsgetmoving.org/images/uploads/pages/RTA-bkfst-final.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ |url=http://cascadiahighspeedrail.org/faq/default.html |publisher=The Cascadia High Speed Rail |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824210123/http://cascadiahighspeedrail.org/faq/default.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name=drpt>{{cite web|title=Tier I Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Open House and Public Hearing|url=http://www.rich2hrrail.info/downloads/RHRPublicHearing%20Exhibits-ProjectInformation.pdf|publisher=Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=24 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024214450/http://www.rich2hrrail.info/downloads/RHRPublicHearing%20Exhibits-ProjectInformation.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the equivalent of the definition of "Emerging High-Speed Rail" as defined by the [[Federal Railroad Administration]].<ref name=hsrstrategicplan>{{cite web|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/high-speed-rail-strategic-plan|format=PDF|title=High-Speed Rail Strategic Plan|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|date=April 2009|page=10|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107143104/http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L02833|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Congressional Research Service]] defines rail services on dedicated tracks with speeds over {{cvt|150|mph|round=5}} as "Very High Speed Rail".<ref name=crs>{{cite web|title=The Development of High Speed Rail in the United States: Issues and Recent Events|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42584.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508174004/https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42584.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{paragraph}}[[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|State-level departments of transportation]] and [[council of governments]] may use different definitions. Below is the list of known definitions of higher-speed rail which use some of the 5 speed levels, {{cvt|80|mph|round=5}}, {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}}, {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}, {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} and {{cvt|150|mph|round=5}}:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Agency / Council
! Top speeds (mph)
! Ref
|-
| [[California Department of Transportation]]
| Up to 125
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Next-Generation Rail Supply Chain Connectivity Forum, Sacramento, California|url=https://www.nist.gov/mep/upload/SciCommSummary-DOT_Forum_CA_Final-2-2.doc|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology and Manufacturing Extension Partnership|access-date=22 January 2014|page=6|date=8 February 2012|archive-date=25 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185541/http://www.nist.gov/mep/upload/SciCommSummary-DOT_Forum_CA_Final-2-2.doc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]]
| Greater than 90 but less than 125
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State Aviation System Plan|url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/aero/planning/documents/sasp/saspchapter8.pdf|publisher=Minnesota Department of Transportation|access-date=22 January 2014|page=200|date=July 2013|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203183148/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/aero/planning/documents/sasp/saspchapter8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[North Central Texas Council of Governments]]
| 80–150
| <ref name=nctcograil/>
|-
| [[Oklahoma Department of Transportation]]
| 110–125
| <ref name=txok>{{cite journal|title=Types of passenger rail|journal=Texas-Oklahoma Passenger Rail Study Newsletter|date=Winter 2014|volume=2|issue=1|page=2|url=http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/rail/txok/alternatives-newsletter.pdf|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203005814/http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/rail/txok/alternatives-newsletter.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Texas Department of Transportation]]
| 110–125
| <ref name=txok/>
|-
| [[Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation]]
| Up to 110
| <ref name=drpt/>
|}

==Speed limits==
In Canada, the assumption about grade crossing is that operating higher-speed rail services between {{convert|160|and|200|km/h|abbr=on}} would require "improved levels of protection in acceptable areas".<ref name="qohsrps">{{cite web|title=Deliverable No. 12 – Review of Impacts of HSR on the Transportation System within the Corridor |url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/pubs/high-speed-rail/impacts/QOHSR%20Del%2012%20Nov9E%20Final.pdf |work=Updated Feasibility Study of a High Speed Rail Service in the Québec City – Windsor Corridor |publisher=Ministère des Transports du Québec, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, and Transport Canada |access-date=17 November 2012 |date=November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030014908/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/pubs/high-speed-rail/impacts/QOHSR%20Del%2012%20Nov9E%20Final.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

In the United States, railroad tracks are largely used for freight with [[Level crossing|at-grade crossings]]. Passenger trains in many corridors run on shared tracks with [[Freight rail transport|freight trains]]. Most trains are limited to top speeds of {{convert|79|mph|abbr=on}} unless they are equipped with an automatic [[Cab signalling|cab signal]], [[automatic train stop]], [[automatic train control]] or [[positive train control]] system approved by the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] (FRA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Code of Federal Regulations – Title 49 – Transportation|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/xml/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec236-0.xml|access-date=20 October 2012|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111065846/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/xml/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec236-0.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> In developing higher-speed rail services, one of those safety systems must be used.

Additionally, the FRA establishes [[Rail speed limits in the United States#Track classes|classification of track quality]] which regulates the speed limits of trains with Class 5, Class 6, Class 7 and Class 8 for top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 5 Track Safety Standards Classes 1 through 5|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf|work=Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528020612/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2008}}</ref> {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}, {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} and {{cvt|160|mph|round=5}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 6 Track Safety Standards Classes 6 through 9, p. 6.13|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/track_compliance_manual/TCM%206.PDF|work=Track Compliance Manual|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923081943/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/track_compliance_manual/TCM%206.PDF|archive-date=23 September 2003}}</ref> The FRA also regulates passenger train design and safety standards to ensure trains that operate at speeds of {{cvt|80|mph|round=5}} up to {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} comply with its ''Tier I'' standard and trains that operate at speeds up to {{cvt|150|mph|round=5}} comply with its ''Tier II'' standard.<ref>{{cite book|title=High Speed Passenger Rail Safety Strategy|year=2009|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|page=23|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/HSRSafetyStrategy110609.pdf|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911035857/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/HSRSafetyStrategy110609.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2011}}</ref>

Another limitation is the safety of [[level crossing|grade crossings]] (also known as [[level crossing]]s, [[Grade crossing|flat level crossings]], non-[[Grade separation|grade-separated]] crossings) which limits how fast trains can go. FRA regulations set speed limits for tracks with grade crossings as follows:<ref name=fracrossings>{{cite web|title=High-Speed Grade Crossings |url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/Pages/217.shtml |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration |access-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904102341/http://www.fra.dot.gov/Pages/217.shtml |archive-date=4 September 2012 }}</ref> Level crossings are generally the most dangerous part of the railway network with a large number of fatal incidents occurring at a grade crossing.
* For {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} or less: Grade crossings are permitted. States and railroads cooperate to determine the needed warning devices, including passive [[crossbucks]], flashing lights, two [[Boom barrier|quadrant gates]] (close only 'entering' lanes of road), long gate arms, median barriers, and various combinations. Lights and/or gates are activated by circuits wired to the track ([[track circuits]]).
* For {{cvt|110|to|125|mph|round=5}}: The FRA permits crossings only if an "impenetrable barrier" blocks highway traffic when a train approaches.
* Above {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}}: No crossings will be permitted.

In Europe, the limit is often {{cvt|160|km/h|mph|round=5}} over grade crossings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ten Years of Work Needed Before New Trains Can Reach Top Speed|url=http://news.err.ee/v/economy/1dbd0967-3ae8-4c04-af7d-a14290bea4c4|access-date=17 November 2014|work=Estonian Public Broadcasting|date=21 May 2013|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021910/http://news.err.ee/v/economy/1dbd0967-3ae8-4c04-af7d-a14290bea4c4|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Sweden]] there is a special rule permitting {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|round=5}} if there are barriers and automatic detection of road vehicles standing on the track.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kartläggning av plankorsningar – B05-690/TR00 (Swedish)|date=30 June 2006|publisher=Banverket|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521100659/http://www.trafikverket.se/PageFiles/10137/Kartlaggning_av_plankorsningar_2006.pdf|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/PageFiles/10137/Kartlaggning_av_plankorsningar_2006.pdf}}</ref> In Russia {{cvt|250|km/h|mph|round=5}} is permitted over grade crossings.<ref>{{cite news|title=High-Speed Russian Train Stirs Anger|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2010/gb20100712_212007.htm#p1|access-date=17 November 2014|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=12 July 2010|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124457/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2010/gb20100712_212007.htm#p1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The United Kingdom has railway lines of 200 km/h (125 mph) which still use grade crossings.

With the above limitations, many regional transportation planners focus on rail improvements to have the top speeds up to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} when proposing a new higher-speed rail service.<ref name="crs"/>

==Similar categories==
In countries where there had been rail improvement projects in the later part of the 20th century and into the 2000s, there are inter-city rail services with comparable speed ranges of higher-speed rail, but they are not specifically called "higher-speed rail". Below are some examples of such services that are still in operation.

* '''Canada:''' The [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (Via Rail)|Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]] that runs between [[Gare du Palais|Quebec City]] and [[Windsor station (Ontario)|Windsor]] allows [[Via Rail]] trains to run at speeds of {{cvt|100|km/h|mph|round=5}}, about {{cvt|130|km/h|mph|round=5}} today.
* '''Europe:''' The [[InterCity]] services in many European countries have top speeds of mostly up to {{cvt|160|km/h|mph|round=5}}, but they can go up to {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|round=5}}. Intercity trains that cross international borders are usually designated as [[EuroCity]] and reach similar speeds where tracks allow it. High speed trains also may use upgraded and [[Railway electrification system|electrified]] lines that are not purpose-built during part of their journey at up to {{cvt|220|km/h|mph|round=5}}.
* '''Japan:''' The [[Mini-shinkansen]] lines in Japan are the conventional lines that have been converted from [[narrow gauge]] to [[standard gauge]] to allow [[Shinkansen]] trains to pass through with top speeds of {{cvt|130|km/h|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hoover|first1=Ryan|title=Mini-Shinkansen: How East Japan Railway Co. extended high-speed rail without huge infrastructure expenditures|url=http://oldsite.bayrailalliance.org/rail_technology/Mini_Shinkansen_jul06.pdf|publisher=BayRail Alliance|access-date=28 September 2014|date=20 July 2006|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111070231/http://oldsite.bayrailalliance.org/rail_technology/Mini_Shinkansen_jul06.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[International Union of Railways]] recognizes the Mini-shinkansen lines as high-speed rail.<ref name=uic>{{cite web |title=High Speed Lines in the World |url=http://www.uic.org/IMG/pdf/20140901_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U8lfU2Gh?url=http://www.uic.org/IMG/pdf/20140901_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2014 |publisher=International Union of Railways |access-date=27 September 2014 |date=1 September 2014 }}</ref> Two Mini-shinkansen lines have been constructed: the [[Yamagata Shinkansen]] and [[Akita Shinkansen]].<ref name="semmens1997">{{cite book |last=Semmens |first=Peter |title=High Speed in Japan: Shinkansen – The World's Busiest High-speed Railway |publisher=Platform 5 Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=1-872524-88-5 |location=Sheffield, UK}}</ref> Both of these lines branch off from the high-speed [[Tōhoku Shinkansen|Tohoku Shinkansen]] line with top speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph).
* '''Spain:''' Many inter-city rail services operated by [[Renfe Operadora]], the [[state-owned]] company, are not classified as high-speed rail. Those services are ''[[Alaris]]'', ''[[Altaria (Renfe Operadora service)|Altaria]]'', ''[[Arco (Renfe Operadora service)|Arco]]'' and ''[[Talgo]]'' (from Talgo III to Talgo VII) with top speeds of {{cvt|160|and|200|km/h|mph|round=5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=AVE-Long Distance Products|url=http://www.renfe.com/EN/viajeros/larga_distancia/productos/index.html|publisher=Renfe|access-date=13 November 2013|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019125238/http://www.renfe.com/EN/viajeros/larga_distancia/productos/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In '''Norway''', there is sometimes talked about ''høy hastighet'', which may be compared to higher-speed rail as used here – and ''høyhastighet'', high-speed rail. Most of the rail network is old, with sharp curves, and speeds at only {{cvt|70|–|130|km/h|mph|round=5}}. The lines around [[Oslo]] are upgraded or renewed, or are planned to be so. Some of the sections, like [[Follobanen]] (Oslo–Ski, 22 km), are built or planned for {{cvt|250|km/h|mph|round=5}} – though others to ''høy hastighet'', i.e. {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}} or {{cvt|200|km/h|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Holtung |first=Siri |date=18 May 2011 |work=[[Byavisa Sandefjord]] |language=Norwegian Bokmål |title=Høyhastighet eller høy hastighet? Vestfoldbanen 2026 |trans-title=High-speed or high speed? The Vestfold track 2026 |url=http://byavisa.sandefjord.no/nor/Naering/Aktuelt/Hoeyhastighet-eller-hoey-hastighet-Vestfoldbanen-i-2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022410/http://byavisa.sandefjord.no/nor/Naering/Aktuelt/Hoeyhastighet-eller-hoey-hastighet-Vestfoldbanen-i-2026 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the same token, the Norwegian [[Stadler FLIRT|FLIRT]] trains and the [[El 18]] locomotives have a top speed of 200 km/h. [[Gardermobanen]] is called a high-speed line,<ref>http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Jernbanen/Banene/Gardermobanen/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427110710/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Jernbanen/Banene/Gardermobanen/ |date=27 April 2016 }}; in Norwegian</ref> and the [[GMB Class 71]] and [[NSB Class 73]] are often called high-speed trains<ref>http://www.nmj.no/1000366.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406213616/http://www.nmj.no/1000366.html |date=6 April 2016 }}; in Norwegian</ref> – with {{cvt|210|km/h|round=5}} top speed. However, the limits are blurry. Sometimes, e.g. the FLIRTs are called high-speed trains.<ref>e.g. http://www.sb.no/nyheter/nyheter/for-hoy-togtut/s/2-2.428-1.7540611 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619071727/http://www.sb.no/nyheter/nyheter/for-hoy-togtut/s/2-2.428-1.7540611 |date=19 June 2016 }}; in Norwegian</ref>
* '''Sweden:''' [[SJ AB|SJ]] (Swedish Railways) operates inter-city rail services using [[SJ 2000|X 2000]] and [[Bombardier Regina|SJ 3000 (X55)]] trains in major routes across the country with top speeds of {{cvt|205|km/h|round=5}}. The operator brands them as ''snabbtåg'' ("fast trains") although "high-speed trains" is sometimes used in English language ads;<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting around Sweden by Train|url=http://www.visitsweden.com/sweden/travel-guide/getting-around-in-sweden/by-train/|publisher=VisitSweden|access-date=13 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113213824/http://www.visitsweden.com/sweden/travel-guide/getting-around-in-sweden/by-train/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sj.se/en/about/about-sj/our-trains.html |title=Our trains |publisher=[[SJ AB]] |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025602/https://www.sj.se/en/about/about-sj/our-trains.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however, the International Union of Railways only recognizes the {{cvt|320|km/h|round=5}} line from [[Stockholm]] to [[Malmö]] and [[Gothenburg]] as the only high-speed rail lines in Sweden which is still in the planning stage, and are called "höghastighetsbanor" (''high-speed railways'').<ref name=uic/>
* In '''Germany''' regional trains along the Munich-Nuremberg high speed line which was built for {{cvt|300|km/h|round=5}} run at {{cvt|200|km/h|round=5}} without being specially designated. Those trains use locomotives that are used for Intercity trains elsewhere and the higher speed (in comparison to other regional trains) was chosen mainly to increase capacity.
*'''The United Kingdom''' has service which run at {{cvt|200|km/h|round=5}}, such as the [[East Coast Main Line]], [[West Coast Main Line]], [[Great Western Main Line]] and [[Midland Main Line]]. But there are signaling [[East Coast Main Line#Future|upgrades currently happening on the East Coast Main Line]] and rolling stock to increase speeds to {{cvt|225|km/h|round=5}}.
* '''South Korea''': [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport|MOLIT]] designates railway lines as three categories: high-speed railway lines (''{{lang|ko|고속철도노선}}''), semi-high-speed railway lines (''{{lang|ko|준고속철도노선}}''), or conventional railway lines (''{{lang|ko|일반철도노선}}''). High-speed railway lines are limited to dedicated lines with maximum speed over {{cvt|300|km/h|round=5}}, while semi-high-speed rail can be mixed-use lines with maximum speed ranged in {{cvt|200|km/h|round=5}}–{{cvt|300|km/h|round=5}}. For conventional railway lines, due to the limitation of signal systems and designed maximum speed of trains, most lines are limited by maximum speed under {{cvt|150|km/h|round=5}}. However, [[Gyeongchun line]] has been upgraded as a higher-speed railway line, with dedicated [[ITX-Cheongchun]] EMU trains designed as maximum speed of {{cvt|180|km/h|round=5}}.

===Commuter rail services===
Some [[commuter rail]] services that cover shorter distances may achieve similar speeds but they are not typically called as higher-speed rail.<ref name=drpt/> Some examples are:
* Numerous regional ICRs in China such as [[Dongguan–Huizhou intercity railway]] and [[Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway]] operate up to {{cvt|200|kph|round=5}}.
* [[Coaster (rail service)|Coaster]] links [[Oceanside, California]] and [[San Diego]] on ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' trackage with top speeds of {{Convert|90|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail Safety Tips|url=http://www.gonctd.com/rail-safety-tips|publisher=North County Transit District|access-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223191933/http://www.gonctd.com/rail-safety-tips|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[MARC Train|MARC]] [[Penn Line]] covers {{Convert|77|mi|km}} on [[Northeast Corridor]] trackage and has been upgraded to {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Starcic|first1=Janna|title=Maryland's MARC Railroad Upgrades Fleet, Service to Bolster Ridership|url=http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/article/713751/maryland-s-marc-railroad-upgrades-fleet-service-to-bolster-ridership|access-date=26 October 2016|publisher=Metro Magazine|date=17 June 2016|archive-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026231331/http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/article/713751/maryland-s-marc-railroad-upgrades-fleet-service-to-bolster-ridership|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] [[Orange County Line]] and [[Inland Empire–Orange County Line]], also on ''Pacific Surfliner'' trackage, operate at top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} on segments south of Santa Ana<ref name=schematics>{{CA rail schematics}}</ref> and in [[Camp Pendleton]].<ref>{{cite book|title=2016 RTP/SCS Passenger Rail Appendix|date=December 2015|publisher=Southern California Association of Governments|url=http://scagrtpscs.net/Documents/2016/draft/d2016RTPSCS_PassengerRail.pdf|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041409/http://scagrtpscs.net/Documents/2016/draft/d2016RTPSCS_PassengerRail.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Caltrain]] [[Caltrain Modernization Program|electrification project]] is underway between [[San Francisco 4th and King Street station|San Francisco]] to [[Tamien station]] as part of upgrades for blended service with [[California High-Speed Rail|CHSR]]. The Caltrain trains will be capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caltrain Modernization Program|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Transbay Joint Powers Authority Citizen Advisory Group|url=http://transbaycenter.org/uploads/2014/01/TJPA-CAC-1.14.14.pdf|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220211157/http://transbaycenter.org/uploads/2014/01/TJPA-CAC-1.14.14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Rail improvement strategies==
[[File:Amt 9634-CDU-closeup.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Cab display unit of [[ACSES]], an approved [[Positive Train Control|PTC]] system]]
There are many types of trains that can support higher-speed rail operation. Usually, the rail infrastructure needs to be upgraded prior to such operation. However, the requirements to the infrastructure (signalling systems, curve radii, etc.) greatly increase with higher speeds, so an upgrade to a higher-speed standard is often simpler and less expensive than building new high-speed lines. But an upgrade to existing track currently in use, with busy traffic in some segments, introduces challenges associated with the construction work that could potentially disrupt the train services. The followings are some strategies used by regional transportation planners and rail track owners for their rail improvement projects in order to start the higher-speed rail services.

===Signal upgrades===
In [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], Australia, the increased top speeds from {{cvt|130|to|160|km/h|round=5}} in the [[Regional Fast Rail project]] required a change to the signalling system to account for increased braking distance. Prior to the project, the system comprised a mixture of equipment from pre-World War I mechanical signalling to the remote control systems of the 1980s. In some cases, operators needed to telephone the local operators to manually control the signal boxes. With the new speeds, the signalling needed to be computerized. The project employed the [[Solid State Interlocking]] with the newly laid [[fiber-optic]] communication between the components to use three computer systems to control the signals. When the output of one computer differs from the other two, the system will fail that computer and continue the signal operations as long as the outputs from the other two computers are consistent. The project deployed the [[Train Protection & Warning System]] which allows the system to automatically applies the brakes at a sufficient distance to stop the train if the driver does not control the speeds adequately. The project also incorporated Train Control and Monitoring System to allow real-time monitoring of the position of trains.<ref name=rfr>{{cite web|last=Marchant |first=Kevin |title=The Regional Fast Rail Project – A Technical Focus |url=http://acaa.net.au/pdf/2007_tp_pp/regionaltp.pdf |publisher=Australian Construction Achievement Award |access-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420163127/http://acaa.net.au/pdf/2007_tp_pp/regionaltp.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref>

In the United States, the first step to increase top speeds from {{convert|79|mph|abbr=on}} is to install a new signal system that incorporates FRA-approved positive train control (PTC) system that is compatible with higher-speed rail operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pacific Surfliner Corridor Los Angeles to San Diego – Service Development Plan|url=http://149.136.20.80/rail/dor/assets/File/CA-Pac-Surf_Final_SDP.pdf|publisher=California Department of Transportation|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215458/http://149.136.20.80/rail/dor/assets/File/CA-Pac-Surf_Final_SDP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They are both [[transponder]]-based and [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]-based PTC systems currently in use in the United States. By a mandate, a significant portion of the railroads in the United States will be covered by PTC by the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Positive Train Control Overview|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/rrs/pages/fp_1265.shtml|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=21 October 2012|date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904132328/http://www.fra.dot.gov/rrs/pages/fp_1265.shtml|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Concrete sleeper 1638.JPG|left|thumb|[[Concrete sleeper|Concrete ties]] on a [[BNSF Railway|BNSF]] line]]

===Track improvements===
To support trains that run regularly at higher speeds, the rails need to be reliable. Most freight tracks have [[Railroad tie#Wooden|wooden ties]] which cause rails to become slightly misaligned over time due to wood rot, splitting and [[Rail fastening system|spike]]-pull (where the spike is gradually loosened from the tie).<ref>{{cite book|title=Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit Project SCH #2002112033 Concrete Rail Ties CEQA Addendum to 2006 FEIR|date=January 2011|publisher=Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit District|page=6|url=http://www2.sonomamarintrain.org/userfiles/file/Addendum%20to%20FEIR%20(FINAL%20Concrete%20ties%20Addendum%201-12-11).pdf|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072321/http://www2.sonomamarintrain.org/userfiles/file/Addendum%20to%20FEIR%20(FINAL%20Concrete%20ties%20Addendum%201-12-11).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Concrete sleeper|concrete ties]] used to replace them are intended to make the track more stable, particularly with changes in temperature.<ref>{{cite news|title=At a Glance: Railway Sleeper Materials|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature92105/|access-date=17 November 2014|work=Railway-technology.com|date=6 August 2010|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041157/http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature92105/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rail joints are also an issue, since most conventional rail lines use bolts and fishplates to join two sections of the rail together. This causes the joint to become slightly misaligned over time due to loosening bolts. To make for a smoother ride at higher speeds, the lengths of rail may be welded together to form [[Track (rail transport)#Continuous welded rail|continuous welded rail]] (CWR). However, the continuous welded rails are vulnerable to stress due to changes in temperature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Continuous welded rails strengthen network|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/continuous-welded-rails-strengthens-network-but-consider-rail-stress-2014-06-27|access-date=17 November 2014|work=Creamer's Media Engineering News|date=27 June 2014|archive-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141117051606/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/continuous-welded-rails-strengthens-network-but-consider-rail-stress-2014-06-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Australia, the track condition before the Regional Fast Rail project could only support trains up to speeds of {{cvt|130|km/h|round=5}}. The tracks are with mixture of wooden and concrete ties. The [[rail weight]] varies but with majority being {{convert|47|kg/m|0|abbr=on}}. The track upgrade in the project included changing to use concrete ties and to use new standard of rail weight at {{convert|60|kg/m|0|abbr=on}} in order to support the new top speeds of {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deveney|first=Thomas J.|title=Regional Fast Rail – Project Overview|url=http://irse.org.au/publications/technical-papers-australasia/994-2004-march-1-deveney-regional-fast-rail-project-overview|publisher=IRSE Technical Convention|access-date=19 January 2014|date=19 March 2004|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053904/http://irse.org.au/publications/technical-papers-australasia/994-2004-march-1-deveney-regional-fast-rail-project-overview|url-status=live}}</ref>

There may be restriction in maximum operating speeds due to [[track geometry]] of existing line, especially on curves. Straightening the route, where possible, will reduce the travel time by increasing the allowable speeds and by reducing the length of track. When straight routes are not possible, reducing the number of curves and lowering the [[degree of curvature]] would result in higher achievable speeds on those curves. An example is the elimination of three consecutive [[Track geometry#Curvature|reverse curves]] in favor of one larger curve. Raising [[Cant (road/rail)|superelevation]] may be considered for sharp curves which significantly limit speed. The higher speeds on those modified curves, together with the higher superelevation, will require track modification to have [[Track transition curve|transition spirals]] to and from those curves to be longer.<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical Monograph: Transportation Planning for the Richmond–Charlotte Railroad Corridor (FRA/RDV-04/02)|year=2004|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/RRDev/rich_vol_2.pdf|edition=Volume II|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906173125/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/RRDev/rich_vol_2.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>

Old [[Railroad switch|turnouts]] may need replacement to allow trains to run through the turnouts at higher speeds. In the United States, some old turnouts have speed limit of {{cvt|20|mph|round=5}}. Even with newer turnouts (rated #20), the diverging speed limit is still at {{cvt|45|mph|round=5}} which would significantly slow down the higher-speed train passing through those sections. High-speed turnouts (rated #32.7) are capable of handling maximum diverging speeds of {{cvt|80|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=AMTRAK REQUESTS LESS FEDERAL OPERATING SUPPORT|url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/93/560/ATK-12-008%20Amtrak%20FY%202013%20Grant%20Leg%20Request.pdf|access-date=21 October 2012|newspaper=Amtrak Press Release|date=3 February 2012|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730200336/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/93/560/ATK-12-008%20Amtrak%20FY%202013%20Grant%20Leg%20Request.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Automatic Train Control and Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System; Northeast Corridor Railroads|url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/counsel/acses5.pdf|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527212505/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/counsel/acses5.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Track improvements: Raleigh – Greensboro|url=http://www.bytrain.org/track/rghgro.html|publisher=NCDOT|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927130841/http://www.bytrain.org/track/rghgro.html|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

In order to minimize the downtime to upgrade tracks, a [[track renewal train]] (TRT) can automate much of the process, replacing rails, ties, and ballast at the rate of 2 miles per day. In the United States, a TRT is used by [[Union Pacific Railroad]] on the track shared with future higher-speed rail service in Illinois area.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRT 909|url=http://www.idothsr.org/|publisher=IDOT High Speed Rail|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113083624/http://www.idothsr.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TRT-909 Track Renewal System|url=http://www.harscorail.com/services/track-renewal-TRT-909.aspx|website=Harsco Rail|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118215259/http://www.harscorail.com/services/track-renewal-TRT-909.aspx|archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

For electrified track, the old [[Overhead line|catenary]] may need to be replaced. The fixed-tension catenary which is acceptable for low speeds may not be suitable for regular higher-speed rail services, where a [[Catenary (rail)#Tensioning|constant tension]] is automatically maintained when temperature changes cause the length of the wire to expand or contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catenary Improvements Continue on Metro-North's New Haven Line|url=http://www.mta.info/news/stories/?story=154|publisher=MTA|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=27 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152014/http://www.mta.info/news/stories/?story=154|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Crossing improvements===
With trains running at higher speeds throughout the route, safety at all at-grade crossings needs to be considered.

In Australia, the levels of upgrade of the crossing in the rail improvements project were based on the risk analysis. The improvements included flashing light protection, [[automatic full barriers]] protection, and pedestrian gates crossings. The project also introduced the use of rubber panels at the crossings.<ref name=rfr/>

In the United States, the FRA limits train speeds to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} without an "impenetrable barrier" at each crossing. Even with that top speed, the grade crossings must have adequate means to prevent collisions. Another option is [[grade separation]], but it could be cost-prohibitive and the planners may opt for at-grade crossing improvements instead.<ref name=fracrossings/>

The safety improvements at crossings can be done using combination of techniques. This includes passive devices such as upgraded signage and pavement markings. Another low-cost passive device is [[Raised pavement marker#Delineator|median separators]] which are installed along the center line of roadways, extending approximately 70 to 100 feet from the crossing, to discourage drivers from running around the crossing gates. More active devices include the [[four-quadrant gate]], which blocks both sides of each traffic lane. Longer gate arms can cover 3/4 of the roadway. Video cameras can also be installed to catch the violators. A signal monitoring system can also be installed to alert the crews when the crossing equipment has malfunctioned.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sealed Corridor Program|url=http://www.bytrain.org/safety/sealed.html|publisher=NCDOT|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901212038/http://www.bytrain.org/safety/sealed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Norway, grade crossing speed are not permitted to exceed {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}}.<ref>http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Sikkerhet/Planovergangar/Der-vei-krysser-jernbane/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101346/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Sikkerhet/Planovergangar/Der-vei-krysser-jernbane/ |date=4 March 2016 }}; in Norwegian</ref>

===Rerouting and passing sidings===
[[File:NS Entering the NE Corridor.jpg|thumb|right|[[Norfolk Southern Railway]] freight enters the [[Northeast Corridor|NEC]] from the [[Port Road Branch]] in [[Perryville, Maryland]]]]
In areas where there is frequent interference between freight and passenger trains due to congestion which causes the passenger trains to slow down, more extensive improvements may be needed. Certain segments of the line in congested areas may need to be rerouted. New track may need to be laid to avoid many curves which slow down the trains. In stretches of heavy freight train traffic, adding [[Passing loop|passing sidings]] along the segment should be considered. Sometimes certain stations may need to be bypassed.<ref>{{cite web|title=WSDOT Summary of Track 1 Projects|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/3936E083-54E0-4486-8183-07A9BE03FE56/0/WSDOTSummaryTrack1Projects_Summary.pdf|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017161657/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/3936E083-54E0-4486-8183-07A9BE03FE56/0/WSDOTSummaryTrack1Projects_Summary.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electrification===
[[File:Amtrak Keystone Corridor Rosemont Curve.jpg|thumb|The "Main Line" portion of the Keystone Corridor is fully electrified.]]
Another consideration is [[Railway electrification|electrification]]. Electrifying a railway line entails a major upgrade to the rail infrastructure and equipment. On the infrastructure side, it requires [[Overhead line|catenary line]]s to be built above the tracks. New transmission lines are needed to carry power from the power plants. [[electrical substation|Substations]] are required for each of the {{Convert|40|mi|adj=on}} lengths to reduce severe voltage losses. There is also a need to consider the required amount of power supply and new power plants may be required. For locomotives, new electric locomotives are needed or existing [[diesel-electric locomotive]]s can be retrofitted into all-electric locomotives, but it is a complicated task.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=Richard|last2=Cooper|first2=Hal|title=Why Electrified Rail Is Superior|journal=21st Century|issue=Summer 2005|page=28}}</ref> These factors cause electrification to have high initial investment costs. The advantages of all-electric locomotives are that they provide quieter, cleaner and more reliable operations than the diesel-electric counterpart. The fuel consumption, locomotive maintenance costs and track wear of all all-electric locomotives are also lower.<ref>{{cite news|title=Current Developments in UK Rail: An Electrifying Future|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature104304/|access-date=28 September 2014|publisher=Railway-technology.com|date=9 December 2010|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019115049/http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature104304|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, electric traction makes the operator more independent of oil price fluctuations and imports, as electricity can be generated from domestic resources or renewable energy. This was a major consideration in the electrification of the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)#Electrification|German Democratic Republic network]], as [[lignite]] (and therefore electricity) was cheap and plentiful domestically whereas oil had to be imported at world market prices.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

An alternative to catenary lines is to use a [[third rail]] system which has a semi-continuous rigid conductor placed alongside or between the rails of a railway track. However the operating speeds of this type of systems cannot be greater than {{cvt|100|mph|round=5}} due to its limitation of the power supply gaps at turnouts and grade crossings. Therefore, the third rail system is not generally used for higher-speed rail.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Anil|title=Traction choices: overhead ac vs third rail dc|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/traction-choices-overhead-ac-vs-third-rail-dc.html|access-date=17 November 2014|work=International Railway Journal|date=4 February 2013|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906202540/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/traction-choices-overhead-ac-vs-third-rail-dc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

One example in the United States that does involve electrification is the Keystone Improvement Project to provide higher-speed rail service along the [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]–[[Pittsburgh]] segment of the [[Keystone Corridor]] in [[Pennsylvania]]. The plan includes additional track, a new signal system and electrification. If completed as planned, this would allow [[Amtrak]] to utilize electric power continuously on service from [[Philadelphia]] to Pittsburgh. The first segment ("Main Line") has already been using [[electric locomotives]] with a top speed of {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cotey|first=Angela|title=Keystone Corridor|url=http://www.hsrupdates.com/corridor_profiles/details/Keystone-Corridor--84|access-date=20 October 2012|newspaper=Progressive Railroading|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712080707/http://www.hsrupdates.com/corridor_profiles/details/Keystone-Corridor--84|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In operation==

=== United States ===
This is the list of the current higher-speed intercity and long-distance trains. For the list of trains with a top speed {{cvt|110|mph|0}} and above, see [[High-speed rail in the United States]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Service name
! Route
!Operator!! Current Top speed !! Average speed!! Route length (miles) !! Equipment !! Note
|-
| ''[[Texas Eagle]]''
| [[Chicago Union Station|Chicago]]–[[Los Angeles Union Station|Los Angeles]]
|Amtrak|| {{cvt|100|mph|0}} || {{cvt|55|mph|0}} || 2,728 || Diesel-electric locomotive-hauled coaches ||<ref>{{citation |title=Texas Eagle |url=http://www.texaseagle.com/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Southwest Chief]]''
| [[Chicago Union Station|Chicago]]–[[Los Angeles Union Station|Los Angeles]]
|Amtrak|| {{cvt|90|mph|0}} || {{cvt|55|mph|0}} || 2,256 || Diesel-electric locomotive-hauled coaches ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Thomas |date=27 July 2005 |title=Passengers on Amtrak's Southwest Chief Experience a Community Away From Home |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/187759/passengers_on_amtraks_southwest_chief_experience_a_community_away_from/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130442/http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/187759/passengers_on_amtraks_southwest_chief_experience_a_community_away_from/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=21 October 2012 |newspaper=Red Orbit}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]''
| [[Los Angeles Union Station|Los Angeles]]–[[Santa Fe Depot (San Diego)|San Diego]]
|Amtrak|| {{cvt|90|mph|0}} || {{cvt|55|mph|0}} || 130 || Diesel-electric locomotive-hauled coaches ||There is a study in place to increase maximum speed to {{cvt|110|mph|0}} when funding is available.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Transportation Plan 2012–2035 |url=http://rtpscs.scag.ca.gov/Documents/2012/final/SR/2012fRTP_PassengerRail.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111070616/http://rtpscs.scag.ca.gov/Documents/2012/final/SR/2012fRTP_PassengerRail.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |publisher=Southern California Association of Governments |page=9}}</ref>
|}

=== Australia ===
[[File:Countrylink XPT at Sydney Central station.jpg|thumb|[[NSW TrainLink]] [[New South Wales XPT|XPT]] at [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]]]]
[[File:QRTILTRAIN2.jpg|thumb|A [[Diesel Tilt Train]] at [[Bowen Hills railway station|Bowen Hills]]]]
{{See also|High-speed rail in Australia}}
In 1999, the concept of [[Regional Fast Rail project]] was initiated by the government of Victoria with a goal to provide express higher-speed rail services between four main regional centres of Victoria ([[Geelong]], [[Ballarat]], [[Bendigo]] and the [[Latrobe Valley]]) and [[Melbourne]]. The initiative included a key component to upgrade rail infrastructure to have top speeds up to {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}}. The development phase of initiative was between 2000 and 2002. Finally, the services on four lines began between 2005 and 2006 with top speeds of 160 km/h using [[V/Line VLocity|VLocity]] trains.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results of special audits and other investigations, August 2006 |url=http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa1602.html |publisher=Auditor General Victoria |access-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918152911/http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_mp_psa/psa1602.html |archive-date=18 September 2006 }}</ref> Additionally, [[Queensland Rail]]'s [[Tilt Train]], the [[The Prospector (train)|Prospector]] and [[New South Wales XPT|NSW TrainLink's XPT]] all have a top service speed of 160 km/h (99–100 mph).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.australiarailpass.com/tilt-train/|title=Travelling on the Tilt Train linking Brisbane and Rockhampton in Queensland|work=Explore Australia by rail with an Australian rail pass|access-date=10 July 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819144137/http://www.australiarailpass.com/tilt-train/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/news/media-statements/kalgoorlie-celebrates-launch-of-new-prospector|title=Kalgoorlie celebrates launch of new Prospector|work=[[Public Transport Authority (Western Australia)]]|access-date=10 July 2017|language=en-AU|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145631/http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/news/media-statements/kalgoorlie-celebrates-launch-of-new-prospector|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/very-fast-train-xpt-showcases-all-the-best-the-80s-has-to-offer/news-story/1d1038d577ccaa00e3db1fecfe4825b1|title=???|website=[[The Australian]]|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106101804/https://insight.adsrvr.org/track/up?adv=vrges6n&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fsubscribe%2Fnews%2F1%2F%3FsourceCode%3DTAWEB_WRE170_a%26dest%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%252Fnational-affairs%252Fpolicy%252Fvery-fast-train-xpt-showcases-all-the-best-the-80s-has-to-offer%252Fnews-story%252F1d1038d577ccaa00e3db1fecfe4825b1%26memtype%3Danonymous%26mode%3Dpremium&upid=rjdl4pv&upv=1.1.0|url-status=live}}</ref>

The New South Wales XPT (short for Express Passenger Train) is the main long-distance passenger train operated by NSW TrainLink on regional railway services in [[New South Wales]], Australia from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Sydney]] to [[Dubbo railway station|Dubbo]], [[Grafton railway station, New South Wales|Grafton]], and [[Casino railway station|Casino]] as well as interstate destinations, [[Roma Street railway station|Brisbane]] and [[Southern Cross railway station|Melbourne]]. The XPT is based on the [[British Rail]] designed [[InterCity 125|High Speed Train]] and entered service in April 1982. It came to fruition in January 1978 when the [[Public Transport Commission]] invited tenders for 25 high-speed [[railcar]]s similar to the [[WAGR WCA/WCE class|Prospector railcars]] delivered by [[Commonwealth Engineering|Comeng]] to the [[Western Australian Government Railways]] in 1971. Comeng's proposal for a train based on the InterCity 125 was announced as the successful bidder in October 1976.

The Tilt Train is the name for two similar [[tilting train]] services, one [[Electric Tilt Train|electric]] and the other [[Diesel Tilt Train|diesel]], operated by [[Queensland Rail]] on the [[North Coast railway line, Queensland|North Coast line]] from [[Roma Street railway station|Brisbane]] to [[Rockhampton railway station|Rockhampton]] and [[Cairns railway station|Cairns]]. In May 1999 the [[Electric Tilt Train]] set an Australian train speed record of {{cvt|210|km/h|round=5}} north of [[Bundaberg]], a record that still stands.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/Images/QR_Annual_Report_tcm15-2468.pdf|title=Annual Report June 1999|publisher=[[Queensland Rail]]|year=1999|location=Brisbane|page=53|author-link=Queensland Rail|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930024735/http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/Images/QR_Annual_Report_tcm15-2468.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>QR Tilt Train Sets Australian Rail Speed Record ''[[Railway Digest]]'' June 1999 page 15</ref>

The [[Transwa WDA/WDB/WDC class]] are a class of railcars built by [[UGL Rail|United Goninan]], [[Broadmeadow]] for [[Transwa]] in 2004–05 to replace the [[WAGR WCA/WCE class]] railcars on the ''[[AvonLink]]'' and ''[[The Prospector (train)|Prospector]]'' services in [[Australia]]. They are capable of high-speed operation.

===China===
[[File:High_and_Higher_speed_rail_in_China.svg|thumb|400x400px|alt=Railway Lines in China that run CRH services|Geographically accurate map of CRH services. Magenta and Red: High-speed rail Yellow: Higher-speed rail Black text in image: Cities that host CR divisions headquarters]]
[[File:CRH6F-A-0496@FGP (20201009113705).jpg|left|thumb|A S511 train in the [[Beijing Suburban Railway]].]]
[[File:China Railways train K9787 on Nanjiang Railway line.jpg|left|thumb|Train K9787 in the [[Southern Xinjiang railway]].]]
In China, higher-speed railways are railways that are not officially categorized as high-speed rail but allow [[China Railway High-speed|CRH EMUs]] run on it with speeds up to 200 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/06/content_2482594.htm|title=铁路安全管理条例|website=gov.cn|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014043645/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/06/content_2482594.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Typically these lines are classified as Grade I conventional railways and are used by both passenger and freight services.

Note that the majority of high-speed lines are also called "passenger-only"({{lang-zh|客运专线}}) lines. Inside mainland China this word invokes a sense of higher-speed rail but the wording usage is inconsistent.

====Train identifiers====
Identifiers starting with G indicates at least part of the train's route operates at a maximum 300 km/h or above (this is a characteristic of the line rather than the precise maximum speed of this exact train) and not running at deliberately reduced speed on any section. Other sections of the route may have lower speeds as low as 160 km/h.

Identifiers starting with C indicates short-distance travel using CRH trains, the maximum speed is irrelevant (ranging from 160 km/h Ürümqi-Korla service to 350 km/h Beijing–Tianjin (via intercity) service).

Identifiers starting with D indicates CRH services with maximum speed 265 km/h or less, including overnight sleepers on 310 km/h Beijing–Guangzhou line (running them 310 km/h overnight not only causes noises but also disturbs sleeping patterns of passengers. This is an example of deliberately reduced speeds).

Identifiers starting with S indicates metropolitan services using CRH rolling stock and have a different fare system to the national one. Their maximum speed is 160 km/h.

'''Note:''' The start and end station in the following lists accounts only CRH services.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes some section of this line doesn't have 160 km/h CRH services.

====Conventional lines running CRH services====
{{Complete list|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Line name
! Line name (Chinese)
! start station
! end station
! Train identifiers
! Note
|-
| [[Southern Xinjiang railway|Southern Xinjiang]]*
| 南疆线(吐库二线段)
| {{rws|Turpan}}/{{rws|Turpan North}}
| {{rws|Korla}}
| C T K Y none
|
|-
| [[Northern Xinjiang railway|Lanzhou–Xinjiang (West)]]* 
(including [[Second Ürümqi–Jinghe Railway|Second track]])
| 兰新线西段(北疆线)
| {{rws|Ürümqi}}
| {{rws|Bole}}
| C T K Y
| Bole station where Boltala Prefecture branch splits is no longer a passenger stop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.china-railway.com.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201909/t20190924_96313.html |title=中国国家铁路集团有限公司 |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801162329/http://www.china-railway.com.cn/xwzx/zhxw/201909/t20190924_96313.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway|Jinghe–Khorgos]]
| 精伊霍铁路
| {{rws|Jinghe South}}
| {{rws|Khorgos}}
| C T K Y
|
|-
| [[Bole–Shuanghe–Boltala railway|Boltala Prefecture branch]]
| 博州支线
| {{rws|Bole}}
| {{rws|Boltala}}
| C T K Y
|
|-
| [[Dunhuang railway|Liuyuan–Golmud]]*
| 柳格线柳敦段
| {{rws|Yumen}}
| {{rws|Dunhuang}}
| D K Y none
| No CRH train from/to Dunhuang stops at Yumen.
|-
| [[Changchun–Baicheng Railway|Changchun–Baicheng]] [[Baicheng–Arxan Railway|Baicheng–Arxan]]*
| 长白·白阿线(长乌段)
| {{rws|Changchun}}
| {{rws|Ulanhot}}
| C Z K
|
|-
| [[Hohhot–Ordos Railway|Hohhot–Ordos]]
| 呼鄂线
| {{rws|Hohhot East}}
| {{rws|Ordos}}
| D Z K
|
|-
| [[Huairou–Miyun line|Beijing Suburban: Huairou–Miyun]]
| 北京市郊怀密线
| {{rws|Qinghe||Qinghe}}
| {{rws|Gubeikou}}
| S
|
|-
| [[Sub-Central line|Beijing Suburban: Sub-Center]]
| 北京市郊副中心线
| {{rws|Liangxiang}}
| {{rws|Qiaozhuang East}}
| S
|
|-
| [[Tianjin–Jizhou railway|Tianjin–Jizhou]]
| 津蓟铁路
| {{rws|Tianjin}}
| {{rws|Jizhou North}}
| S
|
|-
| [[Beijing–Qinhuangdao railway|Beijing–Qinhuangdao]]
| 京秦线(京哈线)
| {{rws|Beijing}}
| {{rws|Qinhuangdao}}
| D Z T K Y
| Both [[Beijing–Shanhaiguan railway|conventional]] and [[Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway|high-speed]] services has some detouring to Tianjin instead.
|-
| Xiong'an Area
| 雄安地区动车
| {{rws|Shijiazhuang}}
| {{rws|Beijing South}}
| D Z T K Y
| Section between {{rws|Xushui East}} and {{rws|Bazhou West}} is high-speed [[Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway]](mixed traffic). G class trains running solely on aforementioned section is not counted. Section between Shijiazhuang and Xushui East is [[Beijing–Guangzhou railway]]. Section between Bazhou West and Beijing South is [[Beijing–Kowloon railway]].
|-
| [[Datong–Puzhou railway|Northern Tongpu Quadruple Track]]*
| 北同蒲三四线
| {{rws|Huairen East}}
| {{rws|Yuanping West}}
| D Z K
| Part of [[Datong–Xi'an passenger railway|Datong-Xi'an high-speed line]].
|-
| [[Beijing–Shanghai railway|Beijing–Shanghai Overnight Sleepers]]
| 京沪动卧
| {{rws|Beijing}}
| {{rws|Hangzhou}}
| D
| 2/1/3 pair(s) of trains between Beijing and Shanghai/Nanjing/Hangzhou daily. Trains to Hangzhou have section between Kunshan and Hangzhou runs via [[Shanghai–Kunming railway]] and does not stop at Shanghai.
|-
| [[Longkou–Yantai railway|Longkou–Yantai]]
| 龙烟线
| {{rws|Longkoushi}}
| {{rws|Yantai}}
| D
|
|-
| [[Nanjing–Qidong railway|Nanjing–Qidong]]*
| 宁启线南启段
| {{rws|Nantong}}
| {{rws|Qidong|Jiangsu}}
| D
| Section between Nanjing and Nantong is 200 km/h
|-
| [[Shaoxing Tourism New Transit railway|CR Shanghai Suburban (Shaoxing)]]
| 上海局市域(绍兴)
| {{rws|Qianqing}}
| {{rws|Shangyu}}
| S
| Locally administered
|-
| [[Ningbo–Yuyao intercity railway|CR Shanghai Suburban (Ningbo)]]
| 上海局市域(宁波)
| {{rws|Ningbo}}
| {{rws|Yuyao}}
| S
| Locally administered
|-
| [[Dazhou–Chengdu railway|Dazhou–Chengdu]]*
| 达成线成遂段
| {{rws|Dazhou}}
| {{rws|Suining|Sichuan}}
| D Z T K
| Section between Suining and Chengdu is 200 km/h
|-
| [[Xiangyang–Chongqing railway|Xiangyang–Chongqing]]*
| 襄渝线达渝段
| {{rws|Dazhou}}
| {{rws|Chongqing North}}
| D T K
|
|-
| [[Nanchong–Gaoxing railway|Nanchong–Gaoxing]]
| 南高线
| {{rws|Nanchong}}
| {{rws|Gaoxing}}
| D
| Gaoxing station connects to Dazhou-Chongqing but is not a passenger stop
|-
| [[Shimen–Changsha railway|Shimen County–Changsha]]
| 石长线
| {{rws|Shimenxian North}}
| {{rws|Changsha}}
| D T K
|
|-
| [[Kunming–Yuxi–Hekou railway|Kunming–Hekou]]*
| 昆玉河铁路(标准轨)
| [[Yuxi railway station (Yunnan)|Yuxi]]
| {{rws|Hekou North}}
| C K
| CRH service between Yuxi and Kunming South run on [[Kunming–Yuxi intercity railway]] (200 km/h)
|-
| [[Shanghai–Kunming railway|Shanghai–Kunming]]*
| 沪昆线宣昆段
| {{rws|Xuanwei}}
| {{rws|Kunming}}
| C Z T K none
|
|-
| [[Litang–Zhanjiang railway|Litang–Zhanjiang]]*
| 黎湛线贵玉段
| {{rws|Guigang}}
| {{rws|Yulin}}
| D T K none
|
|-
| [[Shejiang–Shantou railway|Shejiang–Shantou]]*
| 畲汕线潮汕至汕头
| {{rws|Chaoshan}}
| {{rws|Shantou}}
| G D K
|
|}

====Newly built lines operating less than 200 km/h speed====
{{Complete list|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Line name
! Line name (Chinese)
! start station
! end station
! Train identifiers
! Note
|-
| [[Jinshan Railway|Shanghai Area: Jinshan]]
| 金山线
| {{rws|Shanghai South}}
| {{rws|Jinshanwei}}
| S<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2021-01-19/detail-ikftssan8253719.shtml|title=20日起金山铁路动车组车次全面更新列车时刻保持不变|date=19 January 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Lanzhou–Zhongchuan Airport intercity railway|Zhongchuan Airport intercity]]
| 中川机场城际
| {{rws|Lanzhou West}}
| {{rws|Zhongchuan Airport}}
| C D
| Lanzhou Area only except a single round trip to/from Tianshui South.
|-
| [[Daxing Airport Express|Beijing Subway Daxing Airport Express]]
| 北京地铁大兴机场线
| {{stl|BJS|Caoqiao}}
| {{stl|BJS|Daxing Airport}}
| Not exist
| Not part of [[China Railway]] System.
|-
| [[Xi'an–Yan'an railway|Baotou-Xi'an]]*
| 包西线西延段
| {{rws|Xi'an}}
| {{rws|Yan'an}}
| D Z T K
| Different from [[Baotou–Xi'an high-speed railway]] (under construction).
|-
| [[Yichang–Wanzhou railway|Nanjing–Chengdu]]*
| 宁蓉线宜凉段 (宜万铁路)
| {{rws|Yichang East}}
| {{rws|Liangwu}}
| G D Z K
| Passenger service branches at {{rws|Lichuan}}.
|-
| [[Chongqing–Lanzhou railway|Lanzhou–Chongqing]]
| 兰渝铁路
| {{rws|Lanzhou}}
| {{rws|Chongqing North}}
| G D Z K
|
|-
| [[Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan intercity railway|Changsha–Zhuzhou/Xiangtan]]
| 长株潭城际铁路
| {{rws|Changsha West}}
| {{rws|Zhuzhou South}}/{{rws|Xiangtan}}
| C
|
|-
| [[Guiyang–Kaiyang intercity railway|Guiyang–Kaiyang]]
| 贵开城际铁路
| {{rws|Guiyang North}}
| {{rws|Kaiyang}}
| C
|
|-
| [[Guiyang railway loop line|Guiyang Loop Line]]
| 贵阳市域铁路环线
| colspan="2"|Loop Line
| C
|
|-
| [[Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway|Guangzhou-Shenzhen (quadruple track)]]
| 广深线(城际线)
| {{rws|Foshan West}}
| {{rws|Shenzhen}}
| C D
| Through operation to {{rws|Huaiji}} (Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed line), it operates at 180 km/h.
|}

====Designated 200 km/h, operating 160 km/h lines with currently no C/D/G class services====
{{Complete list|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Line name
! Line name (Chinese)
! start station
! end station
! Train identifiers
! Note
|-
| [[Beijing–Baotou railway|Jining–Baotou quadruple track]]*
| 集包第二双线
| {{rws|Jining South}}
| {{rws|Hohhot East}}
| Z T K none
| The section between Hohhot East and Baotou is high-speed rail. The section between Jining South and Hohhot differs from [[Zhangjiakou–Hohhot high-speed railway]] (all of this line's D class service is transfterred to it).
|-
| [[Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway|Taiyuan–Zhongwei/Yinchuan Corridor]]
| 太中银通道
| {{rws|Taiyuan}}
| {{rws|Zhongwei}}/{{rws|Yinchuan}}
| Z T K none
|
|}

====Slow speeds on lines normally running high-speed====
This section lists the deliberately reduced scenarios mentioned in "train identifiers" section above.
{{Complete list|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Line name
! Line name (Chinese)
! start station
! end station
! Train identifiers
! Note
|-
| [[Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen passenger railway|Southeast coastal sleepers]]
| 沪广动卧
| {{rws|Shanghai Hongqiao}}/{{rws|Shanghai}}
| {{rws|Guangzhou South}}/{{rws|Zhuhai}}
| D
| Section between Shanghai and Hangzhou uses [[Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway|Shanghai–Kunming high-speed line]]. Section between Shenzhen North and Zhuhai uses [[Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link|Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong high-speed line]] and [[Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway|Guangzhou-Zhuhai intercity line]].
|-
| [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway|Beijing–Guangzhou sleepers]]
| 京广动卧
| {{rws|Beijing}}
| {{rws|Guangzhou South}} and others (see note)
| D
| Overnight service to {{rws|Shenzhen North}}, {{rws|Zhuhai}}, {{rws|Zhanjiang West}} and {{rws|Kunming}} using [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway|Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen]], Guangzhou-Zhuhai, [[Shenzhen–Zhanjiang high-speed railway|Xinhui–Maoming–Zhanjiang]] and Shanghai–Kunming high-speed lines.
|}

===Greece===
Since 1997, ongoing construction to upgrade and built higher-speed lines capable of speeds of up to {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}} is conducted. The P.A.Th.E. Plan ([[Patras]]-[[Athens]]-[[Thessaloniki]]-[[Evzonoi]]), as it is called aims at reduced journey times between Greece's main cities (Athens, Thessaloniki and Patra) as well as an improved rail connection between Greece and [[North Macedonia]]. Currently, only the modernized lines of [[Domokos]]–[[Thessaloniki]], [[Athens International Airport|Athens Airport]]–[[Kiato]], and [[Thessaloniki]]–[[Strymonas]] are in operation at maximum speeds of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=greece>{{cite web|title=Railway Infrastructure|url=http://www.ose.gr/en/25-about-ose/89-%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE-2|website=OSE SA|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716234421/http://www.ose.gr/en/25-about-ose/89-%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:Gatimaan express.jpg|thumb|[[Gatiman Express]] at [[New Delhi railway station]]]]
[[File:Rajendra B.Aklekar.jpg|thumb|[[Tejas Express]] in [[Mumbai]]]]
[[File:Howrah New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express.jpg|thumb|[[Vande Bharat Express]] during its inaugural run from [[Howrah]] to [[New Jalpaiguri]]]]
[[File:Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg|thumb|[[RapidX]] train in [[Delhi-Meerut RRTS]]]]
The '''[[Gatiman Express]]''' was India's first semi-high speed train.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=12 October 2014|title=Delhi-Agra semi-high speed train to be named Gatimaan Express|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|access-date=18 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109083623/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, the [[Indian Railways|railways]] applied for safety certificate from [[Commission of Railway Safety]] to start the service. In June 2015, the train was officially announced. The train was launched on 5 April 2016 and completed its maiden journey between Nizamuddin and Agra Cantt within 100 minutes. But due to low occupancy, Indian Railways first extended this train from Agra to [[Gwalior]] on 19 February 2018 and then to [[Jhansi]] on 1 April 2018.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The '''[[Tejas Express]]''' was Introduced by [[Indian Railways]] in 2017. It features modern onboard facilities with doors which are operated automatically. Tejas means "sharp", "lustre" and "brilliance" in many Indian languages. The inaugural run of Tejas Express was on 24 May 2017 from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] to [[Karmali railway station|Karmali]], [[Goa]]. It covered 552 km in 8 hours and 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Binoo|date=30 September 2016|title=Mumbai-Goa route gets Railways' premium train Tejas|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-goa-route-gets-railways-premium-train-tejas-2260090|access-date=18 July 2021|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718235004/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-goa-route-gets-railways-premium-train-tejas-2260090|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 2019, second Tejas Express of the country was flagged off between [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] and [[Madurai Junction]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. It covered 497 km in 6 hours and 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2019|title=Madurai–Chennai Tejas Express flagged off! After Vande Bharat, it's the swankiest Indian Railways train|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/new-trains-2019-tejas-express-chennai-egmore-madurai-train-no-22672-22671-schedule/1502482/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718235005/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/new-trains-2019-tejas-express-chennai-egmore-madurai-train-no-22672-22671-schedule/1502482/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express]], which was inaugurated on 4 October 2019, is India's first train operated by private operators, [[IRCTC]], a subsidiary of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Anulekha|date=4 October 2019|title=India's first private train Lucknow-Delhi Tejas Express flagged off today|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-first-private-train-lucknow-delhi-tejas-express-starts-today-key-things-11570164891093.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718235003/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-first-private-train-lucknow-delhi-tejas-express-starts-today-key-things-11570164891093.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ahmedabad–Mumbai Tejas express, also operated by IRCTC was inaugurated on 17 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|website=RailPost |title=Ahmedabad–Mumbai Tejas Express To Be Flagged Off Toda|date=17 January 2020 |url=https://www.railpost.in/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-to-be-flagged-off-today/|access-date=18 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718235006/https://www.railpost.in/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-to-be-flagged-off-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1 September 2021, the train [[LHB coach|LHB]] Rajdhani Rakes are replaced with LHB [[Tejas Express|Tejas]] Sleeper Rakes. This increased the speed of the train to 130 km/h. The train can travel at a top speed of 160 km/h making it a Semi-High Speed Train.

In 2021, [[Indian Railways]] started to upgrade [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] Coaches to [[Tejas Express|Tejas]] coaches. This replaced its traditional [[LHB coach|LHB]] Rajdhani coaches On 15 February 2021, the [[Agartala–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Agartala Rajdhani Express]] was upgraded with Tejas livery Sleeper Coaches. On 19 July 2021, the [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]] was upgraded to Tejas class smart coaches. [[LHB coach|LHB]] Rajdhani coaches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tyagi |first1=Harshita |title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154222/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Incredibles |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/the-incredibles/articleshow/84307471.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154223/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/the-incredibles/articleshow/84307471.cms |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> On 1 September 2021 the [[Rajendra Nagar Patna Rajdhani Express]] was upgraded to Tejas rakes. This increased the speed of the train to 130 km/h. The train can travel at a top speed of 160 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=1 September 2021 |title=Railways starts Patna-New Delhi Rajdhani Express with Tejas rake from today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-starts-patna-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-tejas-rake-from-today-11630500931343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903060758/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-starts-patna-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-tejas-rake-from-today-11630500931343.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, '''[[Vande Bharat Express]]''', also known as '''Train 18''',<ref name="VBE">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965|title=India's fastest to be called Vande Bharat Express|work=Indian Express|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128060002/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965|url-status=live}}</ref> was inaugurated. This is an Indian higher-speed rail [[inter-city rail|intercity]] [[electric multiple unit]].<ref name="express24">{{citation|title=Train 18, India's first engine-less train, set to hit tracks on October 29|date=24 October 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106233913/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was designed and built by [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the Indian government's [[Make in India]] initiative over a span of 18 months. The [[unit cost]] of the first [[rake (train)|rake]] was given as {{INRConvert|1|b}}, though the unit cost is expected to go down with subsequent production.<ref name="prabhakar">{{cite news |last1=Prabhakar |first1=Siddarth |title=First Made-in-India engineless train gets on track for trial run – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-made-in-india-train-set-ready-for-trial-run/articleshow/66324376.cms |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 October 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105101450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-made-in-india-train-set-ready-for-trial-run/articleshow/66324376.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the original price, it is estimated to be 40% cheaper than a similar train imported from Europe.<ref name="arora">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Rajat |title=Made-in-India 160 km per hour train to run from June |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/made-in-india-160-km-per-hour-train-to-run-from-june/articleshow/63323107.cms |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 March 2018 |location=[[New Delhi]], India |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202039/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/made-in-india-160-km-per-hour-train-to-run-from-june/articleshow/63323107.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The train was launched on 15 February 2019, from [[New Delhi|Delhi]] to [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html | title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi | date=7 February 2019 | newspaper=Business Today | author=PTI | access-date=15 February 2019 | archive-date=7 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The service was named 'Vande Bharat Express' on 27 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1561592|title=Minister of Railways & Coal Shri Piyush Goyal Announces 'Vande Bharat Express'|website=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127212747/http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1561592|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 October 2019, a second [[Vande Bharat Express]] was opened from [[New Delhi|Delhi]] to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vande Bharat trains: Soon, 44 more semi-high speed trains on Indian Railways network; check details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/vande-bharat-trains-soon-44-more-semi-high-speed-trains-on-indian-railways-network-check-details/2017412/#:~:text=ministry%20had%20stated.-,At%20present%2C%20Indian%20Railways%20operates%20two%20world%2Dclass%20Vande%20Bharat,between%20New%20Delhi%20and%20Katra. |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819135854/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/vande-bharat-trains-soon-44-more-semi-high-speed-trains-on-indian-railways-network-check-details/2017412/#:~:text=ministry%20had%20stated.-,At%20present%2C%20Indian%20Railways%20operates%20two%20world%2Dclass%20Vande%20Bharat,between%20New%20Delhi%20and%20Katra. |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 September 2022, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated a 3rd Vande Bharat Express rake connecting [[Mumbai]] and [[Ahmedabad]] passing through [[Surat]]. This rake was an upgraded second generation version.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=30 September 2022 |title=New Vande Bharat Express flagged off by PM. Know routes, timings, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-vande-bharat-express-launched-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-routes-timings-other-details-11664515160424.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> an other second generation rake was inaugurated from Delhi to [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] passing through [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express in Himachal Pradesh's Una today |date=12 October 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-himachal-pradesh-una-tomorrow-8204532/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

The [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS), also known as [[RapidX (trainset)|RapidX]], is a semi high-speed rail project inaugurated in 2023. Trains, called [[Namo Bharat|Namo Bharat trains]], can reach speeds of up to 180 kilometers per hour.

'''Inaugural run and entry into service'''

The train flagged off for an inaugural run by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, on 15 February 2019,<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=17 February 2019 |work=Business Today}}</ref> with its commercial run started from 17 February 2019 onwards.
It will be running on the Delhi-Varanasi route,<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |date=29 October 2018 |title=Pics: Train 18 To Begin Trial Run Today. Here Are 10 Things To Know |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/train-18-indias-fastest-train-route-launch-date-today-features-engineless-rotating-seats-in-pictures-1939151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062047/https://www.ndtv.com/business/train-18-indias-fastest-train-route-launch-date-today-features-engineless-rotating-seats-in-pictures-1939151 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[NDTV Profit]] |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> via [[Kanpur]] and [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], connecting the holy city of [[Varanasi]] to the Capital city, reducing travel time along the route by 15 percent.<ref name="express24" /> The train's regenerative brakes are also expected to allow a 30% savings in electricity costs as compared to its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2018 |title=T 18: Train with a brain is Railways 'engineering marvel' |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/t-18-train-with-a-brain-is-railways-engineering-marvel/1404772.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504213000/http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/t-18-train-with-a-brain-is-railways-engineering-marvel/1404772.html |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> At an operating speed of {{convert|160|km/h}}, it will outpace the [[Shatabdi Express]] by {{convert|30|km/h}}.<ref name="ndtv" /> Although the trainset has been tested for speeds up to 180 km/h, it is capable of running at speed of 200 km/h. Every other car on the train is motorised.<ref name="unitedtrial">{{cite news |date=29 October 2018 |title=Self-propelled Train 18 debuts for trial run |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/self-propelled-train-18-debuts-for-trial-run/1391824.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012318/http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/self-propelled-train-18-debuts-for-trial-run/1391824.html |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> The 8-hour journey from New Delhi to Varanasi station has the Chair Car CC Class fare of ₹1,755.00 and covers the total distance of about 762 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RAILWAY CATERING & TOURISM CORPORATION LTD. |url=https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618044258/https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-list |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
The ''[[Skyliner]]'' limited express train service between [[Tokyo]] and [[Narita International Airport|Narita Airport]] in the fastest non-Shinkansen rail service in the country, with a speed of {{Convert|160|km/h|mph|round=|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SLinfo">{{cite web |url= https://www.keisei.co.jp/keisei/tetudou/skyliner/us/skyliner/index.php |title=Skyliner Overview|publisher=Keisei Electric Railway Co., Ltd.|location= Japan|language=en|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

Before 2015, the ''[[Hakutaka#March 1997 – March 2015|Hakutaka]]'' limited express train service on the [[Hokuhoku Line]] in [[Niigata Prefecture]] also matched the speed of {{Convert|160|km/h|mph|round=|abbr=on}}. However, after the opening of [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]] on 14 March 2015, the maximum speed limit of the line was reduced to {{Convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref>Itō, Kumi. ''Transformation underwent at Hokuetsu Express'', ''Railway Fan'', Issue 670, Kōyūsha, February 2017, p. 68-73.</ref>

=== South Korea ===
[[Great Train eXpress]] (GTX), a [[commuter rail]] network in the [[Seoul Metropolitan Area]], has a speed of {{Convert|180|km/h|mph|round=|abbr=on}}. Only one line, GTX-A, is currently operating. Two more lines, GTX-B and GTX-C, are scheduled to open in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-31 |title=[Graphic News] GTX lines expansion |url=https://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240130000858 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The Korea Herald}}</ref> Three other lines, named GTX-D, GTX-E and GTX-F, are currently being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=드디어 베일 벗은 '2기 GTX'…D·E·F 노선 '이곳' 지난다 |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/202401259242i |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=한국경제}}</ref>

===Laos===
{{Main article|Boten–Vientiane railway}}

Passenger trains on the 2021 opened Boten–Vientiane railway travel at speeds of up to 160 km/h,<ref>{{Cite web|title=China-Laos Railway starts operation|url=http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/03/c_1310350441.htm|access-date=6 December 2021|website=www.news.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2021|title=Laos hopes for economic boost from Chinese-built railway|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211128-laos-hopes-for-economic-boost-from-chinese-built-railway|access-date=6 December 2021|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> however the railway has been described as 'high-speed' as well.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 2021|title=China and Laos open $6 billion high-speed rail link|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/china-laos-open-6-billion-high-speed-rail-link-2021-12-03/|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Some sections of the railway were planned to allow speeds of up to 200 km/h, however this was downgraded to 160 km/h in the final design.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2020|title=China-Laos railway – a guide to the Boten-Vientiane railway in Laos|url=https://futuresoutheastasia.com/vientiane-boten-railway/|access-date=6 December 2021|website=Future Southeast Asia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=High speed rail coming to Laos|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/advanced/345036/high-speed-rail-coming-to-laos|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

==Earlier attempts==

===Canada===
There have been several different attempts at higher speed rail in the [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]], and several high speed rail attempts as well.<ref name=Borges/>

===Ireland===
In 2010, a report was commissioned by the [[Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport]] as a mid-term review of [[Transport 21]], an Irish infrastructure plan announced in 2005. The report recommended, among other things, the development of national rail to provide higher-speed rail services.<ref>{{cite web |title=T21 Midterm Review |url= http://www.cilt.ie/images/stories/T21_Midterm_Review.pdf |publisher=Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (Ireland) |access-date=29 July 2013 |date=November 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150210213521/http://cilt.ie/images/stories/T21_Midterm_Review.pdf|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, there has been no progress towards implementing the recommendation.

===United States===
There have been long-range visions to establish high/higher-speed rail networks in different regions of the United States but without adequate funding. During the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], there was a surge of interest to apply for grants from the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] to start those projects. However, many proposals have been put on hold or cancelled after failing to secure funding or support from the public or key local politicians.<ref name="Ohio-Wisconsin">{{cite news|last=Lambert|first=Lisa|title=U.S. yanks high-speed rail funds for Wisconsin and Ohio|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-infrastructure-highspeedrail-idUSTRE6B860B20101209|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=9 December 2010|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114090643/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-infrastructure-highspeedrail-idUSTRE6B860B20101209|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rejected by Florida, U.S. reallocates $2 billion for high-speed rail|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/09/lahood.rail/index.html|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=10 May 2011|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917234112/http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/09/lahood.rail/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Amtrak Cascades====
{{Main|Amtrak Cascades}}

Amtrak Cascades, a {{Convert|467|mi||adj=on}} intercity rail service, stretches from [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], Oregon, through the [[Washington (state)|State of Washington]] to [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, in Canada. As of 2010, the long-term goal of this corridor was to have the top speeds of the segment of Eugene, Oregon, to [[Blaine, Washington|Blaine]], Washington, with top speeds in the {{cvt|90|to|120|mph|round=5}} range, and eventually {{cvt|150|mph|round=5}} on a dedicated track.<ref>{{cite news|title=Washington to get $590 million for high-speed rail improvements |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010910788_highspeedrail28m.html |access-date=22 October 2012 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=27 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222206/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010910788_highspeedrail28m.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 }}</ref> However, as of 2012, the [[Washington State Department of Transportation]] plans for its {{Convert|300|mi||adj=on}} stretch to have top speeds of only {{convert|79|mph|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=High-Speed Rail Program|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Rail/highspeedrail.htm|publisher=WSDOT|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014084917/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/rail/highspeedrail.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the plan in Oregon is to limit the speeds to {{cvt|79|mph|0}} as well, with safety and other freight service concerns voiced by the track owner, [[Union Pacific Railroad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Corridor Forum Meeting #1 – Summary|url=http://www.oregonpassengerrail.org/files/meetings/corridor_forum/09252012/final_cf_summary_09252012.pdf|work=Oregon Passenger Rail – Eugene Portland|publisher=Oregon Passenger Rail|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529205137/http://www.oregonpassengerrail.org/files/meetings/corridor_forum/09252012/final_cf_summary_09252012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This essentially halts the plan to provide a higher-speed rail service on this corridor in the near future.

====Minnesota====

The ''[[Northern Lights Express]]'' project, in the planning stages and proposed to begin construction in 2017, would upgrade the BNSF trackage between [[Minneapolis]] and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] to support service up to {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levy|first1=Paul|title=Plans for $1B rail line from Minneapolis to Duluth chugging along|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/west/265144831.html|access-date=17 November 2014|work=Star Tribune West Metro|date=29 June 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044618/http://www.startribune.com/local/west/265144831.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other higher-speed rail proposals are periodically considered, but would need to pass through neighboring states, which have thus far not agreed to cooperate. Minnesota transportation planners proposed a higher-speed rail service called the ''River Route'', with top speeds of {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}, between Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Chicago, via Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which follows the ''[[Empire Builder]]'' route.<ref>{{cite web|title=River Route: Twin Cities to Chicago|url=http://www.mnhighspeedrail.com/html/mn-rail-route.php|publisher=Minnesota High-Speed Rail|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505020919/http://www.mnhighspeedrail.com/html/mn-rail-route.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The service would eventually open in 2024 as the ''[[Borealis (train)|Borealis]]'', though with a top speed of only {{cvt|79|mph|round=}}.

Another alternative that has been discussed is to have a new route that heads south to Iowa to join the rail link from Iowa to Chicago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dayton has hopes for high-speed rail in Minn.|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/02/25/dayton-high-speed-rail/|access-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=Minnesota Public Radio|date=25 February 2011|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106101723/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/02/25/dayton-high-speed-rail|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a report in 2011 that Iowa would halt its involvement in high/higher-speed rail projects.<ref name="Branstad">{{cite news|title=Branstad kills Iowa involvement in high-speed rail|url=http://www.dailyiowan.com/2011/08/22/Metro/24459.html|access-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=The Daily Iowan|date=22 August 2011|archive-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908185436/http://www.dailyiowan.com/2011/08/22/Metro/24459.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Iowa Department of Transportation]] and [[Illinois Department of Transportation]] continue to pursue the study of rail link between Chicago and [[Omaha, Nebraska]], through Iowa with top speeds of {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref name="IowaEIS">{{cite web|title=Tier 1 Service Level EIS: Chapter 2 – Alternatives|url=http://www.iowadot.gov/chicagotoomaha/pdfs/draftEIS/Chapter%202%20Alternatives.pdf|work=Chicago to Council Bluffs-Omaha Regional Passenger Rail System Planning Study|publisher=Iowa Department of Transportation|access-date=4 November 2012|archive-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903163718/http://www.iowadot.gov/chicagotoomaha/pdfs/draftEIS/Chapter%202%20Alternatives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IowaPatch">{{cite news|title=Omaha to Chicago (and possibly through Iowa City) Railway Route Study to Kick off this Month|url=http://iowacity.patch.com/articles/omaha-to-chicago-and-possibly-through-iowa-city-railway-study-to-take-place#pdf-9053359|access-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=Iowa City Patch|date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529232642/http://iowacity.patch.com/groups/politics-and-elections/p/omaha-to-chicago-and-possibly-through-iowa-city-railw81492e66d1|archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Therefore, the status of the proposal to link Minneapolis–Saint Paul with Chicago via Iowa is unknown.

====New York====
{{main|Turboliner#RTL-III}}

[[File:Turboliner 152.jpg|thumb|right|An un-rebuilt RTL Turboliner in New York in 1983.]]
In 1998, [[New York (state)|New York]] State initiated a $185 million program in partnership with [[Amtrak]] to increase the speeds of the ''[[Empire Service]]'' to {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} by reconstructing all seven [[Gas turbine locomotive|gas-turbine]] [[Turboliner]] trainsets, originally built in 1976–1977, to the new [[Turboliner#RTL-III|RTL-III]] specification. The reconstructed trains, coupled with track improvements, would cut the travel time between New York City and [[Albany, New York|Albany]] by 20 minutes. However, the project ran into many problems including issues with the trains and the unsuccessful implementation of required track improvements.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaplan|first=Thomas|title=For Sale: 4 Weedy, Rusty Relics of a Doomed Rail Project|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/nyregion/cuomo-administration-looks-to-sell-4-trains-from-failed-rail-project.html?_r=0|access-date=8 November 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 May 2012|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062203/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/nyregion/cuomo-administration-looks-to-sell-4-trains-from-failed-rail-project.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> New York ended the rehabilitation program in 2005 after spending $70.3 million.<ref name="tu20050528">{{cite news|title=Express rail plan hits end of line |url=http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/pf_headline.asp?id=13679 |newspaper=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |date=28 May 2005 |first=Cathy |last=Woodruff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084101/http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/pf_headline.asp?id=13679 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fallout over the program led to litigation between New York and Amtrak; Amtrak would eventually pay New York $20 million and commit to funding $10 million in track improvements.<ref name="tu20071213">{{cite news|title=Track cleared for upgrades; State suit settled; Amtrak to pay $20M, make improvements |url=http://alb.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6433663 |newspaper=[[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |date=13 December 2007 |first=Cathy |last=Woodruff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111072558/http://alb.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6433663 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> New York auctioned off its surplus Turboliners in 2012 for $420,000.<ref name="tu20121213">{{cite web|last=Karlin|first=Rick|title=State's rusting trains sell for $420,000|work=Times Union |date=13 December 2012|url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/State-s-rusting-trains-sell-for-420-000-4116188.php|access-date=13 December 2012|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322232019/http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/State-s-rusting-trains-sell-for-420-000-4116188.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Ohio====
{{Main|Ohio Hub}}

The Ohio Hub, a rail improvement project proposed by the [[Ohio Department of Transportation]], is aimed at revitalizing passenger rail service in the Ohio region. The proposal was to increase the top speeds to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} in the network connecting [[Cleveland]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], and [[Cincinnati]], commonly referred as the 3-C corridor.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ohio & Lake Erie Regional Rail Ohio Hub Study: Technical Memorandum & Business Plan|url=http://www2.dot.state.oh.us/ohiorail/Ohio%20Hub/Website/ordc/Ohio_Hub_Final_Docs/Final_Document_Rev_12_06_07/Executive_Summary_Full_Report.pdf|work=The Ohio Hub|publisher=Ohio Department of Transportation|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418024153/http://www2.dot.state.oh.us/ohiorail/Ohio%20Hub/Website/ordc/Ohio_Hub_Final_Docs/Final_Document_Rev_12_06_07/Executive_Summary_Full_Report.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2012|date=July 2007}}</ref> The project is currently in an unknown state after the U.S. government rescinded the federal funding from Ohio and redirected it to other states.<ref name="Ohio-Wisconsin"/>

====Wisconsin====
In October 2009, the [[Wisconsin Department of Transportation]] adopted the ''Connections 2030'' plan which is the long-range plan for state transportation needs. The plan includes ''Wisconsin Rail Plan 2030'', the twenty-year plan to improve the state railroad system by 2030. In the rail plan, there is a multi-phase project to upgrade the rail service from Chicago, to [[Milwaukee]] and [[Madison, Wisconsin]], with top speeds of {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}. The latter phases of the project will expand the same service to [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] in Minnesota and another route to [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Intercity Passenger Rail |url=http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/docs/railplan-chapter6.pdf |work=Wisconsin Rail Plan 2030 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Transportation |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817004243/http://dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/docs/railplan-chapter6.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2013 }}</ref> There was a reaction against the project in 2010, and the $810 million grant the state originally received for the project from the federal government was rescinded.<ref name="Ohio-Wisconsin"/> As of 2012, the rail plan is postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisconsin Rail Plan 2030 – Draft plan |url=http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/railplan-chapters.htm |work=Wisconsin Rail Plan 2030 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Transportation |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025134111/http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/railplan-chapters.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Current efforts==

===Baltic states===
The three [[Baltic states]] have been working with the [[European Union]] as part of the [[Trans-European Transport Networks]] (TEN-T) initiative on a study to build a higher-speed rail line in the ''[[Rail Baltica]]'' corridor to connect [[Warsaw]], in Poland, and [[Tallinn]], in Estonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail Baltica Final Report Volume I|url=http://www.euregio-heltal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Rail_Baltica_Final_Report_Volume_I_31_05_11_FINAL_v2.pdf|publisher=AECOM Limited|access-date=13 November 2013|date=May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113052542/http://www.euregio-heltal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Rail_Baltica_Final_Report_Volume_I_31_05_11_FINAL_v2.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
Bangladesh Government has taken initiatives to develop high-speed rail (HSR) in between its two major cities – Dhaka, the National Capital City and Chattogram (former Chittagong), the second largest and the principal Port City of the country. Bangladesh Railway (BR), the Government-owned and-managed transportation agency of the country, signed a contract of BDT 102 crore on 31 May 2018 with a Consortium of China Railway Design Corporation (CRDC), a Chinese Company and Mazumder Enterprise (ME), a Bangladeshi Pvt. Ltd. Company for feasibility study and detailed design for construction of proposed Dhaka-Chattogram via Cumilla/Laksam HSR line.

With 320.79 km length, Dhaka-Chattogram is the main business corridor and life line of BR, and at present, the railway route is a circuitous way through Tongi-Bhairab Bazar-Brahmanbaria-Cumilla-Chattogram. The proposed shorter route, which would be Dhaka-Cumilla/Laksham-Chattogram, will cut short the length by about 91 km, making the total length around 230 km. The expected speed of the proposed HSR would be above 300 km/h (yet to determine) and it would take less than one hour to reach Chattogram from Dhaka, which currently takes more than five hours. Under the 18-month contract, the Consortium's responsibilities will include identifying alternative alignments, assessing the viability of the project, preparing detailed engineering design, and cost estimation.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://srmilan.tripod.com/ |title=Welcome to Milan's World |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819081211/http://srmilan.tripod.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Canada===
For a rail route to connect [[Windsor, Ontario]] to [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] in the United States, a higher-speed rail plan was proposed as an alternative after a study on the Windsor to [[Quebec City]] route in Canada was to consider only high-speed rail with top speeds of {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|round=5}} or more. Politicians in Windsor area proposed in 2012 that having higher-speed rail connection between Windsor and Detroit must be part of the consideration.<ref name="qohsrps"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Masse Rolls Out Need for Speed Campaign|url=http://www.brianmasse.ca/post/masse-rolls-out-need-for-speed-campaign|publisher=Office of Brian Masse|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115064002/http://www.brianmasse.ca/post/masse-rolls-out-need-for-speed-campaign|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Windsor politicians disagree with rail study|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/watch-windsor-politicians-disagree-with-rail-study-1.1056861|access-date=17 November 2012|newspaper=CBCNews|date=18 October 2012|archive-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024130630/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/story/2011/10/18/wdr-high-speed-rail.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another feasibility study is ongoing as part of the Northern New England Intercity Rail Initiative to connect between [[Boston]] and [[Montreal]] trains at top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}}.<ref name=NNEIRI/>

===Greece===
A project to modernize railway network in Greece is ongoing. A new {{Convert|106|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} alignment between [[Tithorea]] and [[Domokos]] is designed to avoid the mountainous part. The new line will have speeds of {{cvt|160|and|200|km/h|round=5}}.<ref name=Greece/>

===India===
In October 2013, the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] announced at the two-day international technical conference on ''High Speed Rail Travel; Low Cost Solution'' that the focus of India's rail improvement was to implement a lower-cost solution to meet immediate needs by providing higher-speed rail services as an incremental step before dedicated-track high-speed rail can be achieved. India's higher-speed rail would be in the range of {{cvt|160|and|200|km/h|round=5}}.<ref name="India" /> On 3 July 2014, a trial run with new top speeds of {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}} was successfully completed on a journey of {{cvt|200|km|round=5}} between [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. The new service, operational since 5 April 2016, cut the travel time from 126 minutes (compared to standard trains) with a top speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} to 99 minutes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mahendra |title=Delhi to Agra in 99 minutes; train hits 160 kmph on trial run |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-to-Agra-in-99-minutes-train-hits-160-kmph-on-trial-run/articleshow/37732774.cms|access-date=4 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140704035708/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-to-Agra-in-99-minutes-train-hits-160-kmph-on-trial-run/articleshow/37732774.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, the government approved 3 rapid regional railways including the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] with speeds up to 160 km/h.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/over-rs-30-000-crore-cleared-for-delhi-meerut-high-speed-rail-corridor-1996284 |title=Over Rs 30,000 Crore Cleared For Delhi-Meerut High-Speed Rail Corridor |website=NDTV.com |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050043/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/over-rs-30-000-crore-cleared-for-delhi-meerut-high-speed-rail-corridor-1996284 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2020, the government of [[Kerala]] approved the [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor|Thiruvananthapuram–Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor or Silver line]], a Semi-High speed rail line connecting the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. Anil |date=9 June 2020 |title=K-Rail revises alignment of section |work=The Hindu |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/k-rail-revises-alignment-of-vadakara-thalassery-section/article31787611.ece |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210719024535/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/k-rail-revises-alignment-of-vadakara-thalassery-section/article31787611.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2021, the Government announced plans to create 10 new [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express lines]] connecting over 40 cities. This is planned to be done by 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2021 |title=Indian Railways gears up to roll out 10 trains to link 40 cities in Vande Bharat boost: Report |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-railways-gears-up-to-roll-out-10-trains-to-link-40-cities-in-vande-bharat-boost-report-101626582550550.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210718155752/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-railways-gears-up-to-roll-out-10-trains-to-link-40-cities-in-vande-bharat-boost-report-101626582550550.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
[[File:ETS EP arriving KLO.jpg|thumb|right|A [[KTM Class 93]] (Platinum service) arriving in [[Kuala Lumpur railway station|Kuala Lumpur]]]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
The [[KTM ETS]] is an [[inter-city rail]] service operated by [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] Berhad utilizing electric multiple units. The KTM ETS is the second electric train service to be operated by the Malaysian railway company, after the [[KTM Komuter]] service.

Commencing in August 2010, the ETS is the fastest [[metre gauge]] train service in [[Malaysia]] and operates along the electrified and double-tracked stretch of the [[KTM West Coast Line|West Coast Line]] between {{rws|Gemas}} and {{rws|Padang Besar}} on the [[Malaysia–Thailand border]] by the Malaysian national railway operator, [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]].

The rail service is operated by KTM Intercity Division. It was previously operated by ETS Sendirian Berhad, a fully owned subsidiary of [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] Berhad. The operation speed for this train is 140 km/h with the maximum possible speeds for the trains at 160 km/h.

=== New Zealand ===
Advocacy group Greater Auckland proposed the Regional Rapid Rail initiative in 2017, including tilt trains with a maximum speed of 160 km/h.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503438&objectid=11905926|title=High-speed Auckland to Rotorua rail link proposed|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=18 August 2017|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817193406/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503438&objectid=11905926|url-status=live}}</ref> This network would link [[Auckland]] with [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], [[Tauranga]] and [[Rotorua]]. In December 2018, the government of New Zealand committed funding to reintroducing a five-year trial rail service between [[Papakura]] in southern Auckland to Hamilton, starting in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/hamilton-news/20190531 |title=Tron Express launch date pushed back |date=31 May 2019 |newspaper=Hamilton News |page=4 |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603011804/https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/hamilton-news/20190531 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Panama===
China claimed to invest capitals into 160 km/h rail corridor, total length would be 491 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.panamaequity.com/exploring-living-in-panama/china-in-panama-high-speed-rail-mega-infrastructure-news-more/|title = China in Panama: High-speed rail, mega infrastructure news + more|date = 28 September 2018|access-date = 24 November 2019|archive-date = 1 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801144236/https://www.panamaequity.com/exploring-living-in-panama/china-in-panama-high-speed-rail-mega-infrastructure-news-more/|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Philippines===
The state-owned [[Philippine National Railways]] plans to rebuild its historic South Main Line from [[Manila]] to the [[Bicol Region]] in the southeastern tip of [[Luzon]]. The agency will build {{Convert|639|km|mi|abbr=on}} of track, with the main line itself leading to [[Matnog, Sorsogon]] and a spur line leading to [[Batangas City]]. It will be a [[standard-gauge railway]] served by Chinese-built [[diesel multiple unit]]s with a maximum speed of {{cvt|160|km/h|mph|round=5}} and an average speed of {{cvt|107|km/h|mph}} including stops.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards Improving Connectivity Between the Bicol and Calabarzon Regions|url=http://nro5.neda.gov.ph/towards-improving-connectivity-between-the-bicol-and-calabarzon-regions/|website=nro5.neda.gov.ph|publisher=National Economic and Development Authority|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114164301/http://nro5.neda.gov.ph/towards-improving-connectivity-between-the-bicol-and-calabarzon-regions/|url-status=live}}</ref> The project will start construction in mid-2020 and is set to open partially by 2022.

In January 2022, PNR general manager Junn Magno defined the agency's future [[high-speed rail]] projects to be electrified railways with a maximum speed of at least {{Convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}. The high power costs and resulting expensive ticket prices resulted in the operation of high-speed rail in the country to be marked as infeasible. The agency then resorted to semi-high speed [[express train]]s for its new standard-gauge lines.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=PNR Bicol Express Train (Junn Magno's Interview on Dos Por Dos)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REO3IfUG2wM|publisher=[[DZRH]], via Jessv PH on Youtube|date=22 January 2022|access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>

===United States===
This is a partial list of ongoing higher-speed rail projects from the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] to the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+
! Corridor / Segment !! Length !! Top speed !! Avg speed !! Current status !! Note
|-
| [[Boston]] – [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] – [[Montreal]], Canada || {{cvt|408|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|55|mph|0}} || Feasibility study || A study of higher-speed rail options with top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} in 3 sections along the route.<ref name=NNEIRI>{{cite report|title=Preliminary Service Options Performance Report|url=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/ServiceLeveland_April%2022_2014_small.pdf|website=Northern New England Intercity Rail Initiative|publisher=massDOT|pages=11|access-date=21 January 2015|date=April 2014|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084907/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/ServiceLeveland_April%2022_2014_small.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Meetings White River, VT & Springfield, MA January 22 and 23, 2014|url=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/2014-01-24NNEIRIPresentationforWebsite.pdf|website=Northern New England Intercity Rail Initiative|publisher=massDOT|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084047/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/2014-01-24NNEIRIPresentationforWebsite.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stakeholder Meeting Pioneer Valley Planning Commission May 7, 2014|url=http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/2014_May%207_StakeholdePresentation_Final.pdf|website=Northern New England Intercity Rail Initiative|publisher=massDOT|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084343/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/39/Docs/2014_May%207_StakeholdePresentation_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| New York City – [[Niagara Falls, New York]] || {{cvt|463|mi|0}} || {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|85|mph|0}} || [[Environmental impact statement#Tiering|Tier 1 EIS]] || Fully electrified track, and straightened Hudson River route. See{{NoteTag|name=note1|The study includes higher-speed rail alternatives with top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5|abbr=values}} (options A and B) and {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}. It also has high-speed rail options with top speeds of {{cvt|125|mph|round=5|abbr=values}}, {{cvt|160|mph|round=5|abbr=values}} and {{cvt|220|mph|round=5}}. As of March 2012, the Tier 1 EIS has eliminated the high-speed rail options, except for the 125 mph option. The numbers on the table represent the 125 mph alternative. The other alternatives are for non-electrified track with average speeds of {{cvt|57|mph|0}} (for 90A option), {{cvt|61|mph|0|abbr=values}} (for 90B option), and {{cvt|63|mph|0|abbr=values}} (for 110 option).<ref>{{cite web|title=Online Briefing Winter 2011 - 2012 |url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/content/delivery/Main-Projects/S93751-Home/S93751--Repository/ECHSR_Online_Briefing_March_2012.pdf |work=High Speed Rail Empire Corridor Project |publisher=New York Department of Transportation |access-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074513/https://www.dot.ny.gov/content/delivery/Main-Projects/S93751-Home/S93751--Repository/ECHSR_Online_Briefing_March_2012.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>}}
|-
| Washington, DC – [[Richmond, Virginia]] || {{cvt|115|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || || [[Environmental impact statement#Tiering|Tier 2 EIS]] || <ref name="va-nc">{{cite web|title=Virginia-North Carolina Interstate High-Speed Rail Compact: Lengthening and Strengthening the Northeast Corridor (NEC) – April 20, 2012 |url=http://www.letsgetmoving.org/images/uploads/pages/VA-NC-HSR-Compact-one-page-summary.pdf |publisher=Regional Transport Alliance |access-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223728/http://www.letsgetmoving.org/images/uploads/pages/VA-NC-HSR-Compact-one-page-summary.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Public to Weigh in on D.C. to Richmond Higher Speed Passenger Rail|url=http://www.nbc29.com/story/26718018/public-to-weigh-in-on-dc-to-richmond-higher-speed-passenger-rail|access-date=15 October 2014|work=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration Press Release|date=6 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018150703/http://www.nbc29.com/story/26718018/public-to-weigh-in-on-dc-to-richmond-higher-speed-passenger-rail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="frasoutheast">{{Cite report |author=Randy Brown |author2=Jason Orthner |date=4 August 2014 |title=2014 FRA Rail Program Delivery: Southeast Region |url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/4104 |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092147/http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/4104 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Richmond – [[Newport News, Virginia]] || || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || || Tier 1 EIS || <ref name="frasoutheast"/>
|-
| Richmond – [[Norfolk, Virginia]] || || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Tier 1 EIS || <ref name="frasoutheast"/>
|-
| Richmond, VA – [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] || {{cvt|160|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|87|mph|0}} || Tier 2 EIS || Top speeds from Richmond, VA, to south of [[Petersburg, Virginia]], will be {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} and changed to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} after that.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Recommendation Report: Southeast High Speed Rail Richmond, VA to Raleigh, NC, Tier II Environmental Impact Statement |url=http://www.sehsr.org/pdf/Report.pdf |publisher=DRPT and NCDOT |page=10 |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018150716/http://sehsr.org/pdf/Report.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| Raleigh – [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] || {{cvt|180|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || || Construction || <ref name="frasoutheast"/>
|-
| Charlotte, NC – [[Atlanta]] || {{cvt|245|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Tier 1 EIS || A {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} option is considered along with {{cvt|150|mph|round=5|adj=on}} high-speed rail.<ref name="frasoutheast"/>
|-
| Atlanta – [[Macon, Georgia]] – [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || {{cvt|408| / |368|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90–100| / |130|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|77| / |94|mph|0}} || Tier 1 EIS || See{{NoteTag|name=note2|The study includes two main alternatives for higher-speed rail. The first alternative is called Shared Use with top speeds of {{cvt|90–110|mph|round=5}}. The second alternative is called Hybrid High Performance with top speeds of {{cvt|130|mph|round=5}} (however it would be classified as high-speed rail). There are also high-speed rail alternatives in the same study with top speeds of {{cvt|180–220|mph||disp=preunit|+|round=5}}. The numbers on the table represent the first two alternatives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Summary: Atlanta Birmingham Corridor|url=http://www.dot.ga.gov/travelingingeorgia/rail/Documents/HighSpeedRail/Executive%20Summaries.pdf|work=Tier 1 EIS|publisher=Georgia Department of Transportation|access-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118050336/http://www.dot.ga.gov/travelingingeorgia/rail/Documents/HighSpeedRail/Executive%20Summaries.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> Federal Railroad Administration signed the Final EIS and Record of Decision in September 2017 to formally complete the Tier 1 EIS process for Atlanta to Chattanooga route.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tier 1 Combined Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision (Tier 1 FEIS/ROD)|date=12 September 2017|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/17445|access-date=17 October 2017}}{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>}}
|-
| Atlanta – [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] / [[Nashville, Tennessee]] – [[Louisville, Kentucky]] || {{cvt|489| / |428|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90–100| / |130|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|72| / |85|mph|0}} || Tier 1 EIS completed || See{{NoteTag|name=note2}}
|-
| Atlanta – [[Birmingham, Alabama]] || {{cvt|176| / |150|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90–100| / |130|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|64| / |90|mph|0}} || Tier 1 EIS || See{{NoteTag|name=note2}}
|-
| Atlanta – [[Columbus, Georgia]] || {{cvt|116|mi|0}} || {{cvt|79–110|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|60|mph|0}} || Feasibility Study || Higher-speed rail was one of the 3 alternatives in the feasibility study completed in 2014. Funding is not yet available to begin Tier 1 EIS phase.<ref>{{cite book|title=Columbus to Atlanta High Speed Rail Feasibility Study – Final Report|date=February 2014|publisher=Columbus Consolidated Government|url=http://www.columbusga.org/planning/HS-Rail/CHSR_Report_Final.pdf|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703092748/http://columbusga.org/planning/hs-rail/CHSR_Report_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Columbus, Ohio]] – [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] – Chicago|| {{cvt|300|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Feasibility Study || Initial operating speeds up to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barrow|first=Keith|title=Columbus – Chicago passenger rail study published|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/north-america/columbus-%E2%80%93-chicago-passenger-rail-study-published.html|access-date=20 July 2013|newspaper=International Railway Journal|date=18 July 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207050244/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/north-america/columbus-%E2%80%93-chicago-passenger-rail-study-published.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Study funded by local governments and organizations, not by state governments.<ref>{{cite news|last=LeDuc |first=Doug |title=Support for passenger rail study gains steam |url=http://www.fwdailynews.com/news/latest/support-for-passenger-rail-study-gains-steam/article_0dd859a0-4533-5e60-a737-577a91d3e04a.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720024612/http://www.fwdailynews.com/news/latest/support-for-passenger-rail-study-gains-steam/article_0dd859a0-4533-5e60-a737-577a91d3e04a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |newspaper=FW Daily News |date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] – [[Traverse City, Michigan]]|| {{cvt|250|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90–110|mph|round=5}} || || Feasibility Study || Three alternatives with 2 higher-speed rail alternatives at top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} and {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dawsey|first1=Chastity Pratt|title=Plans on track for passenger train from Ann Arbor to Traverse City, group says|url=https://www.bridgemi.com/quality-life/plans-track-passenger-train-ann-arbor-traverse-city-group-says|access-date=21 April 2018|work=Bridge|date=17 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163139/https://www.bridgemi.com/quality-life/plans-track-passenger-train-ann-arbor-traverse-city-group-says|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] – [[Albion, Michigan]] || {{cvt|45|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Operation starts 25 May 2021 || <ref>{{cite news |title=Amtrak Midwest trains get green light to increase max speed on Michigan route |url=https://www.progressiverailroading.com/amtrak/news/Amtrak-Midwest-trains-get-green-light-to-increase-max-speed-on-Michigan-route--63505 |access-date=19 May 2021 |agency=Progressive Railroading |date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518155416/https://www.progressiverailroading.com/amtrak/news/Amtrak-Midwest-trains-get-green-light-to-increase-max-speed-on-Michigan-route--63505 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Chicago – [[Milwaukee]] || {{cvt|86|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|59|mph|0}} || Environmental Assessment || The top speeds of {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} is one of the alternatives under consideration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago-Milwaukee Environmental Assessment & Service Development Plan: Agency Stakeholder Meeting |url=http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/rail/docs/chi-mil-12-2-14.pdf |website=Wisconsin Department of Transportation |access-date=19 January 2015 |date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119044455/http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/rail/docs/chi-mil-12-2-14.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Chicago – [[Omaha, Nebraska]] (via [[Iowa]]) || {{cvt|474–516|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Tier 1 EIS ||<ref name="IowaEIS"/><ref name="IowaPatch"/>
|-
| [[Minneapolis]] – [[Duluth, Minnesota]] || {{cvt|152|mi|0}} || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || || Environmental Assessment completed || Known as [[Northern Lights Express]], received [[Finding Of No Significant Impact]] on Tier 2 Environmental Assessment in February 2018, and cleared to seek federal funding for design and construction.<ref>{{cite book|title=Northern Lights Express Passenger Rail Project from Minneapolis to Duluth, Minnesota Finding of No Significant Impact and Section 4(f) Determination|date=20 February 2018|publisher=Federal Railroad Administration|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/17846|access-date=13 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| St. Louis – [[Kansas City, Missouri]] || {{cvt|283|mi|0}}<ref>{{cite web|title=March 2011 Narrative Application Form – Individual PE/NEPA, Part I: MO-KC to STL Corridor-Pleasant Hill to Jefferson City (90 mph) PE/NEPA|url=http://www.modot.org/othertransportation/rail/documents/12PHtoJC.pdf|publisher=Missouri Department of Transportation|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091022/http://modot.org/othertransportation/rail/documents/12PHtoJC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} || || Construction || New sidings between [[Jefferson City, Missouri|Jefferson City]] and [[Lee's Summit, Missouri|Lee's Summit]] for {{cvt|90|mph|round=5}} service<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Me Improved Rail Service|url=http://www.modot.org/othertransportation/rail/documents/Application%20Summary%20for%20FRA%20HSIPR%20FY%202011%20Projects.pdf|publisher=Missouri Department of Transportation|access-date=13 February 2013|date=April 2011|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091218/http://modot.org/othertransportation/rail/documents/Application%20Summary%20for%20FRA%20HSIPR%20FY%202011%20Projects.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Oklahoma City]] – [[San Antonio]]|| {{cvt|850|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Feasibility Study || See{{NoteTag|name=note3|The study includes higher-speed rail up to {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} and high-speed rail of {{cvt|150|mph||disp=preunit|+|round=5}} options.<ref name=nctcog>{{cite web|title=Coordination with TxDOT on Two Federally-Funded High Speed Rail Corridor Studies (July 22, 2011) |url=http://www.nctcog.org/trans/committees/sttc/Item_6.sttc072211.pdf |publisher=North Central Texas Council of Governments |access-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331130101/http://www.nctcog.org/trans/committees/sttc/Item_6.sttc072211.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2013 }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] – [[Houston]]|| {{cvt|239|mi|0}} || {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} || || Feasibility Study || See{{NoteTag|name=note3}}
|-
| [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] – [[Tucson, Arizona]]|| {{cvt|120|mi|0}} || {{cvt|125|mph|round=5}} || {{cvt|66|mph|0}} || Tier 1 EIS completed|| Three alternatives finalized by Arizona Department of Transportation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Alternatives 2013|url=http://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/final-alternatives-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=0|publisher=Arizona Department of Transportation|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192216/http://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/final-alternatives-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=0|url-status=live}}</ref> The Yellow Corridor Alternative was selected as the preferred alternative at the completion of Tier 1 EIS.<ref>{{cite book|title=Arizona Passenger Rail Corridor Study – Tucson to Phoenix: Record of Decision|date=1 December 2016|publisher=Arizona Department of Transportation|access-date=17 October 2017|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/16858|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515014439/https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/16858|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Notes''' {{NoteFoot}}
|}

====Proposed routes====
In addition to ongoing projects, there are proposed routes that have not reached the feasibility study stage yet. In Pennsylvania, a rail advocacy group started fund raising efforts in 2014 to obtain $25,000 for a preliminary study and additional $100,000 for feasibility study of the route from [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] to [[Pittsburgh]]. The proposal is for {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}} express train services to directly link the two cities. An alternative is to have intermediate stops in Ohio cities including [[Ashtabula, Ohio|Ashtabula]], [[Warren, Ohio|Warren]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] before heading back to [[New Castle, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barron|first1=Sean|title=Eastgate advisory board talks about high-speed rail service|url=http://www.vindy.com/news/2014/sep/05/eastgate-advisory-board-talks-about-high/|access-date=30 September 2014|work=The Vindicator|date=5 September 2014|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915160021/http://www.vindy.com/news/2014/sep/05/eastgate-advisory-board-talks-about-high/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Ohio, a rail advocacy group works with local political leaders in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to consider a higher-speed rail line from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Chicago]]. This is in response to another advocacy group in Indiana that gained funding for the [[Columbus, Ohio]] – [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] – Chicago route that is already in feasibility study stage. The group persuaded the [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] government in Ohio to advocate for the study.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Jason|title=High-speed rail to Chicago sought|url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2014/09/22/passenger-rail-to-chicago/16072133/|access-date=30 September 2014|work=Cincinnati.com|date=23 September 2014|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227224950/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2014/09/22/passenger-rail-to-chicago/16072133/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[county commission]]ers unanimously voted in September 2014 to pursue a feasibility study. As a possible route that goes through the states of Kentucky and Indiana, the county expects that [[Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments]] will help fund a feasibility study.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamilton County Commissioners Back High-Speed Rail |url=http://www.local12.com/news/features/top-stories/stories/hamilton-county-commissioners-back-highspeed-rail-18126.shtml |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=WKRC TV |date=25 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929172153/http://www.local12.com/news/features/top-stories/stories/hamilton-county-commissioners-back-highspeed-rail-18126.shtml |archive-date=29 September 2014 }}</ref>

In Michigan, a feasibility study sponsored by an environmental group is in progress for a new rail line between [[Detroit]] and [[Grand Rapids]]. The proposal is to have trains running at speeds between {{convert|79|and|110|mph|abbr=on}}. The state transportation department is interested in the study but is not ready to move beyond this study.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleming|first1=Leonard N.|title=Grand Rapids, Detroit train idea taking shape|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/07/20/detroit-gr-train-proposal/30448267/|access-date=10 August 2015|work=The Detroit News|date=21 July 2015|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816104004/http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/07/20/detroit-gr-train-proposal/30448267/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Texas, the East Texas Corridor Council proposed a higher-speed rail route between [[Longview, Texas|Longview]] and [[Dallas]]. The trains will operate at speeds of {{Convert|80|mph|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|110|mph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Peggy|title=A bullet train in East Texas? Company plans to build Dallas-Houston route|url=http://www.news-journal.com/news/local/a-bullet-train-in-east-texas-company-plans-to-build/article_3d2e4393-680a-5c4b-a091-280abd7ad51d.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129194543/http://www.news-journal.com/news/local/a-bullet-train-in-east-texas-company-plans-to-build/article_3d2e4393-680a-5c4b-a091-280abd7ad51d.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|access-date=24 October 2012|newspaper=News Journal, Longview, Texas}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
In 2018, Vietnam planned to build a higher-speed rail line in the northern part of the country to link between [[Haiphong]], [[Hanoi]], and [[Lào Cai]] which is then connected to China. The {{Convert|391|km|adj=on}} line will run parallel to the existing regular speed railway. The top speeds for the new services will be up to {{cvt|160|kph|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vietnam plans to build faster railway to China border|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/198640/vietnam-plans-to-build-faster-railway-to-china-border.html|access-date=21 April 2018|work=VietnameNet Bridge|date=9 April 2018|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062413/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/198640/vietnam-plans-to-build-faster-railway-to-china-border.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Transport|Rail}}
* [[High-speed rail]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Public transport}}
{{Higher-speed rail}}

[[Category:Higher-speed rail| ]]

Dil Kya Kare

2026-03-03T23:30:31Z

Janni: added references

{{for|the Kishore Kumar song|Julie (1975 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil Kya Kare
| image = Dil Kya Kare.png
| director = [[Prakash Jha]]
| producer = [[Veeru Devgan]] Veena Devgan Kumaar Mangat
| story = Prakash Jha
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Kajol]] [[Mahima Chaudhry]] [[Chandrachur Singh]]
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = Rajan Kothari
| editing = Prakash Jha
| studio = [[Devgn Films|Devgan Entertainment & Software]] Devgan Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|09|24}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}9 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Dil Kya Kare – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912204212/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2371 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}19.69 crore<ref name="auto" />
}}
'''''Dil Kya Kare''''' (English: ''What Should The Heart Do?'') is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[family drama film]], directed by [[Prakash Jha]] and produced by [[Veeru Devgan]] and Veena Devgan. The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kajol]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]] and [[Chandrachur Singh]].

==Plot==
Anand lives happily with his wife Kavita and daughter Neha, whom the couple adopted after Kavita suffered a miscarriage and ensuing infertility. Kavita is good friends with Som Datt, whose love for her has remained unrequited since their college days.

Kavita becomes worried when she learns of a strange woman who has been visiting Neha regularly at school. Kavita soon confronts the woman, who introduces herself as "Nandita" and requests to spend more time with Neha. Kavita invites her into her home as a guest, but deeply buried secrets surface when Nandita and Anand come face-to-face. It is revealed that they are Neha's biological parents.

Years before, Anand and Nandita were strangers traveling on a train when thugs hijacked the train and attacked Nandita. Anand saved Nandita's life and the two ended up spending the night together, resulting in Anand cheating on his wife, Kavita, to whom he was married at the time. Anand and Nandita never exchanged words, aside from sleeping together and once the train stops at a station, Nandita gets off, without waking up Anand, never having come to know even his name or his whereabouts and likewise for Anand about Nandita. Unknown to Anand, Nandita becomes pregnant with his child, but since she is unmarried and does not know the father, Nandita's father forces her to give up the baby for adoption. In a twist of fate, Anand and Kavita lost their unborn baby in an accident, and end up going to the orphanage to adopt a baby, who is only 7 days old, which unknown to anyone, is Anand and Nandita's baby, Neha. They raise her for years until Nandita tracks them down, unaware this is the same house of the man she slept with years earlier. When Anand finds Nandita in his home, who Kavita invited to spend time with Neha, both are startled at seeing each other and become afraid Kavita will find out about his infidelity.

Anand and Nandita try to hide their past from Kavita. Anand tries many times to speak with Nandita, even going to one of his remote sites where a building is being constructed and pretends to make blank calls to his house, with his wife answering each time, getting annoyed at what she believes is a person prank calling her home. When the phone rings again, Kavita asks Nandita, who is sitting nearby, to answer the phone to see who it is, and when Nandita goes to answer the phone, Anand, recognizing that it's Nandita, tells her to come to the site where he is waiting, as he wants to meet her in person. When Kavita asks Nandita who it was, Nandita lies and says there was no one on the other end, and it was a blank call.

Kavita learns the truth and is overcome with jealousy and rage, convinced that Anand and Nandita have been having an affair. Anand protests and tries to explain that he never knew he was Neha's biological father, and that her adoption was a coincidence. Kavita refuses to believe him and leaves the house. Feeling betrayed, she contemplates leaving Anand. In the meantime, Anand and Nandita enjoy a fun day out with Neha at her insistence. Kavita soon files for divorce.

At the courthouse, Anand begs Kavita to reconsider. Nandita, who has always regretted giving Neha up, promises to leave the couple alone on one condition – that she take Neha with her. Kavita becomes frantic, as she refuses to give up Neha, and Anand reluctantly supports Nandita after realizing how desperate she is to keep Neha.

When Nandita realizes that Anand and Kavita truly love Neha and are not ready to give her up, she concludes that she should leave Neha in their care.

Anand is shocked at this and runs to the train station. He makes it just in time to see Nandita on the moving train, looking back at him with tearful eyes.

==Cast==
* [[Ajay Devgan]] as Anand Kishore
* [[Kajol]] as Nandita Rai
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Kavita Kishore
* [[Chandrachur Singh]] as Som Dutt
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Nandita's aunt
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Ram Dulare Sinha
* Akshita Garud as Neha Kishore
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Nandita's Father
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as DCP Krishan Kumar
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as a School Watchmen
* [[Avtar Gill]] as a Lawyer
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as a Lawyer
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]]
* [[Neelu Kohli]]
* [[Achla Sachdev]]
* Aroon Bakshi
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]]
* Pushpa Varma
* [[Manohar Singh]]
* Yogi Singh

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
''Indolink.com'' ranked the film the best film of 1999, writing " We have got to hand it to the marvelous performances and complex characters for keeping our interest in ''Dil Kya Kare''. They help give the film the base it needs for credibility. If only Jha had made it a darker and less {{sic|glamo|urous}} product, it would have had phenomenal success with the classes. The masses are certainly going to have a tough time watching, understanding and appreciating this inappropriately packaged flick. Of course, for those of you who like a bit of novelty and acting tour de forces, ''Dil Kya Kare'' is better than a thousand ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''s and ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain|Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehate Hain]]''s combined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-11-27 |title=Planet-Bollywood - Film Review - Dil Kya Kare |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/dkk.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127193950/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/dkk.html |archive-date=27 November 1999 |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

Conversely, Sharmila Taliculam of [[Rediff]] wrote, "Throughout the film, one gets the feeling that Jha’s heart wasn’t in this film. It could have been a good film, if it had been treated properly. But all we can say is that it remains a disappointment."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Dil Kya Kare review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/24dil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140601/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/24dil.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[India Today]] wrote, "Jha can't match the emotional finesse of [[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]. His performers are competent - Chaudhary, big on lipstick and histrionics is as excellent as Kajol - but his writing is flawed. And DKK remains, a well-crafted but half-baked soap opera."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=4 October 1999 |title=Three is a crowd |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19991004-film-review-of-prakash-jha-dil-kya-kare-ajay-devgan-kajol-824880-1999-10-03 |access-date=14 April 2024 |magazine=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Dil Kya Kare'' grossed $285,000 in the US and £204,547 in UK. In the second weekend the film grossed $54,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff on the NeT: 'Dil Kya Kare' Loses Heart Quickly |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/09us4.htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018172509/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/09us4.htm |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=28 April 2012 |website=rediff.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Kya Kare
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = [[1999 in music|1999]]
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony BMG]]
| producer = Jatin–Lalit
| prev_title = [[Saazish (1998 film)|Saazish]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]
| next_year = 1999
}}

{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Planet Bollywood
| rev1Score = {{Rating|6.5|10}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Kya Kare Music Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/music/dkk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107234215/http://www.planetbollywood.com/music/dkk.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
|rev2 = Apun Choice
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Kya Kare Music Review |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/dil/dil-kya-kare/mid_13280/reviews-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103131237/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/dil/dil-kya-kare/mid_13280/reviews-music/ |archive-date=3 November 2015 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "Dil Kya Kare"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 04:27
|-
| 2
| "Menu Lagan Lagi"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| 05:52
|-
| 3
| "Do Dilon Ki"
| Udit Narayan, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 05:37
|-
| 4
| "Badal Bijli" (not in the film)
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Children
| 04:36
|-
| 5
| "Rang Lage Lo" (Not in the film)
| Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Alka Yagnik
| 06:04
|-
| 6
| "Monday Bhi Ho Sunday"
| Abhijeet Bhattacharya, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Children
| 04:07
|-
| 7
| "Dil Kya Kare" (Sad)
| Alka Yagnik, [[Kumar Sanu]]
| 02:57
|-
| 8
| "Pyar Ke Liye"
| Alka Yagnik
| 05:03
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0216707}}
{{Ajay Devgan}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Jha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Infertility]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about divorce]]
[[Category:Films about parent–child relationships]]
[[Category:Devgn Films films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Gunpowder empires

2026-03-01T10:40:16Z

Janni:

{{Short description|Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires from the 16th to 18th centuries}}
{{about|the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires|the novel|Gunpowder Empire{{!}}''Gunpowder Empire''}}

{{Infobox historical era
| name = Gunpowder Empires
| start = 16th century
| end = 18th century
| alt =
| before = [[Islamic Golden Age]] [[Timurid Renaissance]]
| including =
| after = [[Muslim world]]
| title =
|image=File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|caption=The gunpowder empires {{Circa|1680}}}}

"'''Gunpowder empires'''", or "'''Islamic gunpowder empires'''", is a term coined by the American historians [[Marshall Hodgson|Marshall G. S. Hodgson]] and [[William H. McNeill (historian)|William H. McNeill]] to describe three [[Early modern period|early modern]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] empires: the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which flourished between the mid-16th and early 18th centuries.

McNeill focused on the [[History of gunpowder|history of gunpowder use]] across multiple civilizations in East Asia, Europe, and India in his 1993 work ''The Age of Gunpowder Empires''. The gunpowder empires conquered vast amounts of territory with the use and deployment of newly invented [[firearms]], especially [[cannon]] and small arms; together they stretched from Southeastern Europe and North Africa in the west to [[Bengal]] and [[Arakan]] in the east. In the case of Europe, the introduction of [[gunpowder]] weapons also prompted changes such as the rise of centralised monarchical states. As a result, the three empires were among the most stable of the early modern period, leading to commercial expansion, cultural patronage, and the consolidation of political and legal institutions. [[File:Loeschenkohl03.jpg|thumb|A mufti sprinkling a cannon with rosewater (engraving by Hieronymus Löschenkohl, 1788)]]

According to Hodgson, in the gunpowder empires these changes went well beyond military organisation.{{sfn|Khan|2005|p=54}} The Mughals, based in the [[Indian subcontinent]], inherited in part the [[Timurid Renaissance]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm |access-date=2021-03-11|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York}}</ref> and are recognised for their [[Mughal architecture|lavish architecture]] and for having heralded in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] an era of what some describe as [[proto-industrialization]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Abhay Kumar|title=Modern world system and Indian proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800|date=2006|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=81-7211-203-3|location=New Delhi|oclc=70168169}}</ref> The [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] created an efficient and modern state administration for [[Iran]] and sponsored major developments in the fine arts. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire controlled the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], and hence were the recognised [[Caliph|Caliphs]] of Islam. The power, wealth, culture and other various contributions made by these Islamic empires significantly influenced the course of world history.

==The Hodgson–McNeill concept==
The phrase was coined by [[Marshall Hodgson]] and his colleague [[William H. McNeill]] at the [[University of Chicago]]. Hodgson used the phrase in the title of Book 5 ("The Second Flowering: The Empires of Gunpowder Times") of his highly influential three-volume work, ''The Venture of Islam'' (1974). Hodgson saw gunpowder weapons as the key to the "military patronage states of the Later Middle Period" which replaced the unstable, geographically limited confederations of [[Turkic tribal confederations]], which prevailed in post-Mongol times. Hodgson defined a "military patronage state" as one having three characteristics:

{{quote|first, a legitimization of independent dynastic law; second, the conception of the whole state as a single military force; third, the attempt to explain all economic and high cultural resources as [[appanage]]s of the chief military families.{{sfn|Hodgson|1974|p=II:405-06}}}}

Such states grew "out of Mongol notions of greatness", but "[s]uch notions could fully mature and create stable bureaucratic empires only after gunpowder weapons and their specialized technology attained a primary place in military life."{{sfn|Hodgson|1974|p=III:16}}

McNeill argued that whenever such states "were able to monopolize the new artillery, central authorities were able to unite larger territories into new, or newly consolidated, empires."{{sfn|McNeill|1993|p=103}} Monopolization was key. Although Europe pioneered the development of new artillery in the fifteenth century, no state monopolized it. Gun-casting know-how had been concentrated in the [[Low Countries]] near the mouths of the Scheldt and Rhine rivers. France and the Habsburgs divided those territories, resulting in an arms standoff.{{sfn|McNeill|1993|pp=110-11}} By contrast, such monopolies allowed states to create militarized empires in [[West Asia]], Russia, and India, and "in a considerably modified fashion" in China, Korea, and Japan.{{sfn|McNeill|1993|p=103}}

==Recent views on the concept==
More recently, the Hodgson–McNeill "gunpowder empire" hypothesis has been called into disfavour as a neither "adequate [n]or accurate" explanation, although the term remains in use.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=3}} Reasons other than (or in addition to) military technology have been offered for the nearly simultaneous rise of three centralized military empires in contiguous areas dominated by decentralized Turkic tribes. One explanation, called "Confessionalization" by historians of fifteenth century Europe, invokes examination of how the relation of church and state "mediated through confessional statements and church ordinances" lead to the origins of absolutist polities. Douglas Streusand uses the Safavids as an example:
<blockquote> The Safavids from the beginning imposed a new religious identity on their general population; they did not seek to develop a national or linguistic identity, but their policy had that effect.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=4}}</blockquote>

One problem of the Hodgson–McNeill theory is that the acquisition of firearms does not seem to have preceded the initial acquisition of territory constituting the imperial critical mass of any of the three early modern Islamic empires, except in the case of the Mughal empire. Moreover, it seems that the commitment to military autocratic rule pre-dated the acquisition of gunpowder weapons in all three cases. Nor does it seem to be the case that the acquisition of gunpowder weapons and their integration into the military was influenced by which variety of Islam the particular empire promoted.{{sfn|Ágoston|2005|p=192}} Whether or not gunpowder was inherently linked to the existence of any of these three empires, it cannot be questioned that each of the three acquired artillery and firearms early in their history and made such weapons an integral part of their military tactics.

Michael Axworthy has pointed out that the label is misleading in the case of the Safavids, as unlike contemporary European armies, the Safavid military mostly used swords, lances, and bows well into the mid-18th century. It was not until the rule of [[Nader Shah]]'s [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid Empire]] that the majority of Iran's troops would be equipped with firearms for the first time.<ref>Axworthy, Michael. "The Army of Nader Shah." Iranian Studies 40, no. 5 (2007): 635-46. Pages 636, 645.</ref>

==History==

===Gunpowder empires of the Muslim world===
====Ottoman Empire====
[[File:Dardanelles Gun Turkish Bronze 15c.png|thumb|left|200px|The bronze [[Dardanelles Gun]] on display at [[Fort Nelson, Hampshire|Fort Nelson]] in Hampshire. Similar cannons were used by the [[Ottoman Turks]] in the [[Fall of Constantinople|siege of Constantinople]] in 1453.]]

The first of the three empires to acquire gunpowder weapons was the [[Ottoman Empire]]. By the 14th century, the Ottomans [[Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages|had adopted gunpowder artillery]].<ref>Nicolle, David (1980). ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774''. Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|9780850455113}}.</ref> The adoption of the gunpowder weapons by the Ottomans was so rapid that they "preceded both their European and Middle Eastern adversaries in establishing centralized and permanent troops specialized in the manufacturing and handling of [[firearms]]."{{sfn|Ágoston|2005|p=92}} But it was their use of artillery that shocked their adversaries and impelled the other two Islamic empires to accelerate their weapons programs. The Ottomans had artillery at least by the reign of [[Bayezid I]] and used them in the sieges of Constantinople in 1399 and 1402. They finally proved their worth as siege engines in the successful [[Siege of Thessalonica (1422–30)|siege of Salonica]] in 1430.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=83}} The Ottomans employed Middle-Eastern<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hammer |first1=Paul E. J. |title=Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-87376-5 |page=511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511}}</ref>{{sfn|Ágoston|2005|pp=45-46}} as well as European [[foundries]] to cast their cannons, and by the [[Fall of Constantinople|siege of Constantinople]] in 1453, they had large enough cannons to batter the walls of the city, to the surprise of the defenders.{{sfn|McNeill|1993|p=125}}

The [[Ottoman military]]'s regularized use of firearms proceeded ahead of the pace of their European counterparts. The [[Janissaries]] had been an infantry bodyguard using bows and arrows. During the rule of [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Sultan Mehmed II]] they were drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=83}} The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing armies.<ref>Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. {{ISBN|0-688-08093-6}}.</ref><ref>Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. {{ISBN|0-8050-4081-1}}.</ref> The combination of artillery and Janissary firepower proved decisive at [[Battle of Varna|Varna]] in 1444 against a force of Crusaders, [[Battle of Otlukbeli|Başkent]] in 1473 against the [[Aq Qoyunlu]],{{snf|Har-El|1995|pp=98-99}} and [[Battle of Mohács|Mohács]] in 1526 against Hungary. But the battle which convinced the Safavids and the Mughals of the efficacy of gunpowder was [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]].

The [[matchlock]] [[arquebus]] began to be used by the Janissary corps by the 1440s.<ref name="Nicolle">{{cite book| last = Nicolle| first = David| author-link = David Nicolle| title = The Janissaries| publisher = [[Osprey]]| year = 1995| pages = 21f| isbn = 978-1-85532-413-8}}</ref> The [[musket]] later appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayalon |first1=David |title=Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956) |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-27732-0 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpySZZNJhcC&pg=PT126}}</ref> [[Damascus steel]] was later used in the production of firearms such as the musket from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pacey |first=Arnold |title=Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7e8rHL1lf4C&pg=PA80 |year=1991 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-66072-3 |page=80}}</ref> At the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, the Janissaries equipped with 2000 ''tüfenks'' (usually translated as musket) "formed nine consecutive rows and they fired their weapons row by row," in a "kneeling or standing position without the need for additional support or rest."<ref>{{Citation |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |year=2008 |title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60391-1|page=24}}</ref> The Chinese later adopted the Ottoman kneeling position for firing.{{sfn|Needham|1986|pp=449-452}} In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets.<ref name="Needham444">{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic |date=1987 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-30358-3 |page=444 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PA444}}</ref> The [[Ming dynasty|Ming-era]] Chinese work the ''[[Wubei Zhi]]'' or "Treatise on Armament Technology or Records of Armaments and Military Provisions" of 1621 later described Turkish muskets that used a [[rack and pinion]] mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=446}}

The [[Dardanelles Gun]] ({{langx|ota|شاهی|Şahi|Royal}}) was designed and cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali. The Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a [[Royal Navy]] force appeared and commenced the [[Dardanelles operation]]. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with [[propellant]] and [[projectile]]s and fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment.<ref name="Schmidtchen 1977b, 226–228">Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", ''Technikgeschichte'' '''44''' (3): 213–237 (226–228)</ref>

At [[Battle of Chaldiran|Chaldiran]], the Ottomans met the Safavids in battle for the first time. [[Selim I|Sultan Selim I]] moved east with his field artillery in 1514 to confront what he perceived as a [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] threat instigated by [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail]] in favor of Selim's rivals. Ismail staked his reputation as a divinely-favored ruler on an open cavalry charge against a fixed Ottoman position. The Ottomans deployed their cannons between the carts that carried them, which also provided cover for the armed Janissaries. The result of the charge was devastating losses to the Safavid cavalry. The defeat was so thorough that the Ottoman forces were able to move on and briefly occupy the Safavid capital, [[Tabriz]]. Only the limited campaign radius of the Ottoman army prevented it from holding the city and ending the Safavid rule.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=145}}

====Safavid Empire====
Although the Chaldiran defeat brought an end to Ismail's territorial expansion program, the shah nonetheless took immediate steps to protect against the real threat from the Ottoman sultanate by arming his troops with gunpowder weapons. Within two years of Chaldiran, Ismail had a corps of [[tofangchi]] (musketeers) numbering 8,000, and by 1521, possibly 20,000.{{sfn|Matthee|1999}} After [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas the Great]] reformed the army (around 1598), the Safavid forces had an artillery corps of 500 cannons as well as 12,000 musketeers.{{sfn|Ágoston|2005|pp= 59-60 & n.165}}

[[File:Persian Musketeer.jpg|thumb|right|A tofangchi (Persian Musketeer) in time of Abbas the Great by Habib-Allah Mashadi after Falsafi (Berlin Museum of Islamic Art).]]

The Safavids first put their gunpowder arms to good use against the Uzbeks, who had invaded eastern Persia during the civil war that followed Ismail's death. The young Shah [[Tahmasp I]] headed an army to relieve [[Herat]] and encountered the Uzbeks on 24 September 1528 at Jam, where the Safavids decisively beat the Uzbeks. The shah's army deployed cannons (swivel guns on wagons) in the center protected by wagons with cavalry on both flanks. Mughal emperor [[Babur]] described the formation at Jam as "in the Anatolian fashion."{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|pp=442-43}} The several thousand gun-bearing infantry also massed in the center as did the Janissaries of the Ottoman army. Although the Uzbek cavalry engaged and turned the Safavid army on both flanks, the Safavid center held (because it was not directly engaged by the Uzbeks). Rallying under Tahmasp's personal leadership, the infantry of the center engaged and scattered the Uzbek center and secured the field.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=170}}

====Mughal Empire====

{{Further|Mughal artillery}}

[[File:Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Mughal [[Toradar]].]]

By the time he was invited by the Lodi governor of Lahore [[Daulat Khan Lodi|Daulat Khan]] to support his rebellion against Lodi [[Ibrahim Lodi|Sultan Ibrahim Khan]], Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert [[Ustad Ali Quli]], who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the center, and mounted archers on both wings. Babur used this formation at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526, where the Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi sultanate, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. Similarly Babur also used these gunpowder weapons to win the decisive [[Battle of Khanwa]] against the numerically superior [[Rajput confederacy]]. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire's history. The reigns of [[Akbar The Great]], [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]] have been described as a major height of [[Indian history]].{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=255}} By the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal army was predominantly composed of Indian Muslims, with tribal elements like the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]] forming the vanguard of the Mughal cavalry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC&dq=aurangzeb+indian+mainly+indian+muhammadans&pg=PA355 |title= Mughal rule in India
|page=355 |author1=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]] |author2=Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett |date=1995 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |isbn= 978-81-7156-551-1
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=barha+syeds+peasant&pg=PA18 |title= Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy |page=18 |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |date= 8 August 2002 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-52305-9 }}</reF> The Mughal Empire became a powerful geopolitical entity with at times, 24.2% of the world population.<ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA259 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|9264104143}}, pages 259–261</ref> The Mughals inherited elements of Persian culture and art, as did the Ottomans and Safavids.<ref name=":0" /> Indian Muslims maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the Mughal empire, various non-Muslim Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV262iNGUb4C&dq=artillery+officers+indian+muslims&pg=PA300 |title=The Evolution of the Artillery in India |page=300 |author=Romesh C. Butalia |date=1998 |publisher=Allied Publishers Limited |isbn=978-81-7023-872-0 }}</ref>

[[File:Mughal musket.png|thumb|Mughal musketeer]]

=== Gunpowder empires of East Asia ===
The three Islamic gunpowder empires are known for their quickly gained success in dominating the battle fields using their newly acquired firearms and techniques. East Asian powers and their military success are commonly overlooked in this subject due to the success of not only the Islamic empires, but also European empires. The success and innovation of gunpowder combat in East Asia, however, are worth mentioning in the same context as that of the Islamic gunpowder empires for their military advancements.

==== China ====
The first firearms originated in 10th-century China, and there were various ways that more modern forms of small firearms came to China. During the golden age of East Asian Piracy between the 1540s and 1560s, it was most likely that through their battles and other encounters with these pirates, the [[Ming dynasty]] forces inevitably got hold of the weapons and copied them{{cn|date=January 2021}}. It was also likely that the powerful mariner Wang Zhi, who controlled thousands of armed men, eventually surrendered to the Ming in 1558 and they replicated his weapons. This particular account on arquebus technology was the first to spark the interest of Ming officials for the Chinese to broaden their use of these weapons.<ref name=":1" />

Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones.{{sfn|Chase|2003|p=144}} In Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598, the ''Shenqipu'', there were illustrations of Ottoman Turkish musketmen with detailed illustrations of their muskets, alongside European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets.{{sfn|Needham|1986|pp=447-454}} There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing.{{sfn|Needham|1986|pp=449-452}} Zhao Shizhen described the Turkish muskets as being superior to the European muskets.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=444}} The ''[[Wubei Zhi]]'' (1621) later described Turkish muskets that used a [[rack-and-pinion]] mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=446}}

The Chinese intensively practiced tactical strategies based on firearm use, which resulted in military success. [[Qi Jiguang]], a revered Ming military leader, drilled his soldiers to extremes so that their performance in battle would be successful. In addition, Qi Jiguang also used innovative battle techniques like volleys, countermarchs, and division into teams, and it even encouraged flexible formation to adapt to the battlefield.<ref name=":1" />

During the [[Sino-Dutch conflicts|Sino-Dutch War]] beginning in 1661, [[Southern Ming]] commander [[Zheng Chenggong]] (Koxinga) used similar tactics to Qi Jiguang effectively in battle. The Chinese defeated the Dutch forces through their strict adherence to discipline and ability to stay in formation. Ultimately, it was their technique and training that defeated the Dutch weapons.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:ChineseSoldierByWilliamAlexander1793.JPG|thumb|A soldier from the Qianlong era, holding an arquebus.]]
In 1631, "Heavy Troops" that could build and operate European-style cannon,{{sfn|Roth Li|2002|pp=57–58}} The imported cannons in the [[Qing dynasty]] had a high reputation such as [[hongyipao]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/weaponry-post.htm | title=Weaponry Post Gun Powder of China}}</ref> The Manchu elite did not concern themselves directly with guns and their production, preferring instead to delegate the task to Han-Chinese craftsmen, who produced for the Qing a similar composite metal cannon known as the "Shenwei grand general."{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=201}}<ref name="Huang">{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period|url=http://thjcs.web.nthu.edu.tw/files/14-1662-63632,r3836-1.php?Lang=zh-tw|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702180015/http://thjcs.web.nthu.edu.tw/files/14-1662-63632,r3836-1.php?Lang=zh-tw}}</ref> Cannons and muskets are also widely used in wars known as '[[Ten Great Campaigns]]'.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95 Millward 2007], p. 95.</ref><ref name="Mote">F.W. Mote, ''Imperial China 900–1800'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 936–939</ref> However, after the Qing gained hegemony over East Asia in the mid-18th century, the practice of casting composite metal cannons fell into disuse until the dynasty faced external threats once again in the Opium War of 1840, at which point smoothbore cannons were already starting to become obsolete as a result of rifled barrels.<ref name=Huang />

==== Japan ====
The Japanese adopted the use of the Portuguese [[arquebus]] in the middle of the 16th century. Multiple accounts have said that Portuguese men working for Chinese pirates ended up in Japan by chance and impressed the local ruler with the weapons. Soon after, the Japanese started mass-producing the Portuguese style weapon for themselves. In other accounts, this firearm technology may have trickled in to Japan as early as 1540 from the constant in and out flow of Japanese mercenaries who could have picked up firearms in their travels. Soon, Japanese soldiers carrying firearms would greatly outnumber those with other weapons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The gunpowder age: China, military innovation, and the rise of the West in world history|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|last=Tonio|first=Andrade|isbn=978-1-4008-7444-6|location=Princeton|oclc=936860519|date = 2016-01-12}}</ref>

[[Tonio Andrade]] cited that the Military Revolution Model that gave the Europeans so much military success included the use of superior drilling techniques. The drilling technique he was speaking of was the musketeer volley technique.<ref name=":1" /> The volley technique was said to have been invented by Japanese Warlord Oda Nobunaga. He used the same technique that Japanese archers used, but the effect that the technique had to allow soldiers to reload at the same time others could fire was devastating to their enemies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Geoffrey|date=2007|title=The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=71|issue=2|pages=331–372|jstor=4138272|doi=10.1353/jmh.2007.0142|s2cid=159953429}}</ref>

==== Korea ====
Koreans used [[History of gunpowder|Chinese and Korean firearms]] as early as the late 14th century. They were also quite adept and innovative with their strategies on the battlefield. There were accounts of Koreans using a type of volley technique in 1447.<ref name=":1" /> But the [[Imjin War]] between the Japanese against the Koreans and the Ming starting in 1592 and ending in 1598 would change [[Joseon]] perspectives on warfare. While it was a devastating defeat to the Koreans, this war forced the Koreans to realize that they needed to adopt the use of the musket as well as Japanese and Chinese methods. The Koreans quickly issued the musket as the base of their military tactic, and their musketeers became more than 50 percent of the military by 1594. They trained using manuals based on Qi Jiguang's techniques, such as the volley, while incorporating their own methods, too. These events marked the beginning of a Korean military revolution in which the Koreans could combat their enemies using modern equipment and methods of warfare.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kang|first=Hyeok Hweon|date=2013|title=Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Musketry Revolution and the Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/kang/publications/big-heads-and-buddhist-demons-korean-musketry-revolution-and-northern-expeditions|journal=Journal of Chinese Military History|language=en|volume=2|access-date=2018-07-25|archive-date=2022-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605173719/https://scholar.harvard.edu/kang/publications/big-heads-and-buddhist-demons-korean-musketry-revolution-and-northern-expeditions}}</ref>

There were many instances where the Korean military used their new techniques effectively. In 1619, the Koreans aided the Ming against the Manchus, a great military force. While the Koreans and Ming lost, a Korean unit did exhibit their techniques successfully in battle. Then, in 1627 and 1636, the Koreans faced the Manchus alone, again showing their competency in battle by using their musket tactics. Again, they lost in battle to the Manchus in both battles.<ref name=":1" /> In 1654 and 1658, the Koreans aided the Qing in battle against the Russians for control over land in Manchuria. In these instances, the Koreans showed their superior tactics and were the reason for the Russians' defeat.<ref name=":2" />

=== Gunpowder empires of South East Asia ===
==== Vietnam ====
Comparatively little attention has been made to the use and innovation of gunpowder in the expansion of Vietnam. It is theorised that the Vietnamese, after adopting firearms from China, also introduced some innovations in firearms to China – although other scholars disagree.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laichen|first=Sun|date=September 2003|title=Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c. 1390-1497|journal=Asia Research Institute}}</ref> Regardless, the use of gunpowder technology has left an undeniable mark in Vietnamese history, allowing the "[[Nam tiến|southward march]]" and significant expansion of Vietnamese territory.

==== Majapahit Empire ====
During the Majapahit era, firearms were developed by Javanese blacksmiths. It is believed that firearm technology was first introduced during the Mongol invasion of Java.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wirayudha |first=Randy |date=2024-07-23 |title=Sihir Api Petir dari Meriam Majapahit |url=https://www.historia.id/article/sihir-api-petir-dari-meriam-majapahit-pkbep |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Historia.ID |language=id}}</ref>Consequently, the Majapahit naval fleet was equipped with [[cetbang]] (bronze breech-loading cannons).

== Gunpowder in Europe ==
Europeans are said to have pushed gunpowder technology to its limits, improving the formulas that existed and devising new uses of the substance after it was introduced to Europe via the [[Silk Road]] in the thirteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cullen|first=Christopher|title=Science between Europe and Asia |chapter=Reflections on the Transmission and Transformation of Technologies: Agriculture, Printing and Gunpowder between East and West |date=2011|editor-last=Günergun|editor-first=Feza|editor2-last=Raina|editor2-first=Dhruv|volume=275|series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science|language=en|publisher=Springer Netherlands|pages=13–26|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9968-6_2|isbn=978-90-481-9968-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yiwei|date=2015|title=China's "New Silk Road": A Case Study in EU-China Relations|url=http://www.ispionline.it/it/EBook/CHINA.POLICY.2015/CHINA.POLICY_Cap.6_EBOOK.pdf|journal=ISPI Report Xi's Policy Gambles: The Bumpy Road Ahead, ISPI, Beijing, China|volume=3|pages=92–109|access-date=2019-07-27|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022204002/https://www.ispionline.it/it/EBook/CHINA.POLICY.2015/CHINA.POLICY_Cap.6_EBOOK.pdf}}</ref> Europeans were improving gunpowder a century after [[Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty|the first gun was invented in China]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ling|first=Wang|date=1947-07-01|title=On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China|journal=Isis|volume=37|issue=3/4|pages=160–178|doi=10.1086/348023|pmid=20255417|s2cid=110605456|issn=0021-1753}}</ref>
[[File:Silk_route.jpg|alt=Official name Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Type Cultural Criteria ii, iii, iv, vi Designated 2014 (38th session) Reference no. 1442 Region Asia-Pacific|thumb|207x207px|[[Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor|Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan.]]]]
[[File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg|thumb|[[Roger Bacon]]]]

[[Roger Bacon]], a renowned early European alchemist (1214 – 1292), set forth the marvels of the world; key among them was the ingredients of gunpowder. With these ingredients available, European scientists, inventors and alchemists went on to create corned gunpowder, which had a different refinement process. It entailed adding a wet substance to the gunpowder and then drying it as a mixture. With this improved gunpowder technology, German friar [[Berthold Schwarz]] invented the first European [[cannon]] in 1353.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfA8AAAAIAAJ&q=+Berthold+Schwarz+invented+the+first+European+cannon+in+1353&pg=PR7|title=The Gun-founders of England|last=Ffoulkes|first=Charles John|date=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref>
Due to constant warfare, Europe saw an exponential growth innovation of gunpowder firearms, making it the most advanced in the whole world. Europeans improved the gunpowder firearms which had been made in China and the Middle East, creating much stronger and more durable rifles using advanced European metalworking techniques.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The military revolution debate: readings on the military transformation of early modern Europe|last=Rogers|first=Clifford|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|location=Europe}}</ref> They learned how to calculate the amount of force exerted by the gas contained in a gun's [[Chamber (firearms)|chamber]], which led to guns with the power to fire greater distances.<ref name=":02" />

Improved gunpowder from Europe later, in 1520, reached China on a Portuguese ship,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiD5DAAAQBAJ&q=gunpowder+from+Europe+in+1520+AD+reach+China+by+a+Portuguese+ship&pg=PA1|title=Journal of China Marketing Volume 6 (1): Volume 6 (1)|last=Tian|first=Robert Guang|date=2016-02-08|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-8833-2}}</ref> though [[Ottoman arqebuse|Turkish arquebuses]] may have reached China before Portuguese ones.{{sfn|Chase|2003|p=144}} The Ottomans and Portuguese introduced the [[Chamber (firearms)|cannon]], improved rifles and other advances to China, hundreds of years after gunpowder's original invention in China, bringing gunpowder's journey through Asia full circle.

==In fiction==

[[Harry Turtledove]] wrote [[Gunpowder Empire|''Gunpowder Empire'']], an [[alternative history]] novel whose premise is that, had the [[Roman Empire]] survived until the invention of gunpowder, it might have become a "Gunpowder Empire" similar to the above and survived into the 21st century.

== See also ==
* [[History of gunpowder]]
* [[Political history of the world]]
* [[Timeline of the gunpowder age]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

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* {{cite journal|jstor=544368|last=Hess|first=Andrew Christie|title=Islamic Civilization and the Legend of Political Failure|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=44|number=1|date=January 1985|pages=27–39|doi=10.1086/373102|s2cid=154847344}}
* {{cite journal|jstor=20072535|last=Laichen|first=Sun|title=Military Technology Transfers from Ming China and the Emergence of Northern Mainland Southeast Asia (c. 1390-1527)|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=34|number=3|date=October 2003|pages=495–517|doi=10.1017/s0022463403000456|s2cid=162422482|url=http://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/808 }}
* {{cite book|jstor=544368|last=McNeill|first=William H.|author-link=William H. McNeill (historian)|chapter=The Age of Gunpowder Empires, 1450-1800|title=Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=44|issue=1|editor-last=Adas|editor-first=Michael|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamiceuropeane00adas/page/103 103–139]|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56639-068-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/islamiceuropeane00adas/page/103}}
* {{cite book|last=Hodgson|first=Marshall G. S.|author-link=Marshall Hodgson|title=The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1974|isbn=978-0-226-34677-9}}
* {{cite journal|jstor=3518112|last=Khan|first= Iqtidar Alam|title=Gunpowder and Empire: Indian Case|journal=Social Scientist|volume=33|number=3/4|date=March–April 2005|pages=54–65}}
* {{cite book|last=Khan|first=Iqtidar Alam|title=Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-566526-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Lane|first=Kris E.|title=Colour of Paradise: The Emerald in the Age of Gunpowder Empires|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-300-16131-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/firearms-i-history#i|last=Matthee|first=Rudi|title=Firearms|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=December 15, 1999|access-date=February 1, 2015}} (Updated as of January 26, 2012.)
* {{cite journal|jstor=25651218|last=Matthee|first=Rudi|title=Was Safavid Iran an Empire?|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=53|number=1/2|year=2010|pages=233–65|doi=10.1163/002249910x12573963244449}}
* {{cite book|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze|chapter=Jam, Battle of (1528)|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia|editor-last=Mikaberidze|editor-first=Alexander|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|volume=1|pages=442–43|isbn=978-1-59884-336-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Science & Civilisation in China |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=V:7: ''The Gunpowder Epic'' |isbn=0-521-30358-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Pagaza |first1=Ignacio |last2=Argyriades |first2=Demetrios |year=2009 |title=Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth |publisher=IOS Press |page=129 |isbn=978-1-58603-958-5}}
* {{The Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |last=Roth Li |first=Gertraude |chapter=State Building Before 1644 |pages=9–72 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA9}}.
* {{cite book|last=Streusand|first=Douglas E.|title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Westview Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7}}

[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:Military history of Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Warfare of the early modern period]]
[[Category:Gunpowder]]
[[Category:Empires]]

Shankar Balasubramanian

2026-02-26T09:35:22Z

Janni: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian-born British chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Professor]] [[Sir]]
| name = Shankar Balasubramanian
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci|size=100%}}
| image = Shankar Balasubramanian, Herchel Smith Professor of Medicinal Chemistry.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|09|30}}<ref name="whoswho">
{{Who's Who | author=Anon| title=Balasubramanian, Prof. Shankar | id = U256669 | year = 2017 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.256669}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Chris Abell]]
| doctoral_students = [[Julian Huppert]]<ref name=Huppert2005>{{cite journal|last1=Huppert|first1=J. L.|last2=Balasubramanian|first2=S.|title=Prevalence of quadruplexes in the human genome|journal=[[Nucleic Acids Research]]|volume=33|issue=9|year=2005|pages=2908–2916|doi=10.1093/nar/gki609|pmid=15914667|pmc=1140081}}</ref><ref name=huphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Studies on genomic G-quadruplexes|first= Julian Leon|last=Huppert|date=2005|url=https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21431254530003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.604822}}|oclc=885437272|website=lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/group/shankar}}
https://www.cruk.cam.ac.uk/research-groups/balasubramanian-group
| thesis_title = Studies on the reaction mechanism of chorismate synthase
| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386780
| thesis_year = 1992
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Corday-Morgan Prize]] (2002)
* [[EMBO Member]] (2013)<ref name="embo"/>
* [[Tetrahedron Prize]] (2013)
* [[Royal Medal]] (2018)
* [[Millennium Technology Prize]] (2020)
* [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]] (2022)
* [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] (2024)}}
| work_institution = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Cambridge]]
* [[Pennsylvania State University]]<ref name="whoswho"/>
* [[Cancer Research UK]]
* Cambridge Epigenetix
* [[Solexa]]
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nucleic acid]]s research
* [[G-quadruplex]]es
* [[DNA Sequencing|Solexa sequencing]] technology}}
}}

'''Sir Shankar Balasubramanian''' (born 30 September 1966)<ref name="whoswho"/> is an Indian-born British chemist<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 17582897
| year = 2007
| last1 = Balasubramanian
| first1 = S
| title = From DNA to mountain climbing. Shankar Balasubramanian talks to Alison Stoddart about his research and other interests
| journal = Molecular BioSystems
| volume = 3
| issue = 5
| pages = B37
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 23522090
| year = 2013
| last1 = Balasubramanian
| first1 = S
| title = An interview with Shankar Balasubramanian
| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences
| volume = 38
| issue = 4
| pages = 170–1
| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.02.006
}}</ref> and Herchel Smith Professor<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Cambridge, 2011. ''Herchel Smith Academics .'' |url=http://www.herchelsmith.cam.ac.uk/community/academics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117205122/http://www.herchelsmith.cam.ac.uk/community/academics/ |archive-date=17 November 2012 }} [Accessed 8 April 2013].</ref> of Medicinal Chemistry in the [[Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge|Department of Chemistry]] at the [[University of Cambridge]],<ref name="www-shankar.ch.cam.ac.uk">{{cite web|title=University of Cambridge, 2013. ''The Balasubramanian Group.''|url=http://www-shankar.ch.cam.ac.uk}} [Accessed 4 April 2013].</ref><ref name="Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry">{{cite web | title=Professor Sir Shankar Balasubramanian FMedSci FRS | website=Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry | url=https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/person/sb10031 | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> Senior Group Leader at the [[Cancer Research UK]] Cambridge Institute<ref name="Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute 2021" /> and Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name="Trinity College Cambridge 2021_3">{{cite web | title=Master & Fellows | website=Trinity College Cambridge | date=10 November 2021 | url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/fellows/master-fellows/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> He is recognised for his contributions in the field of [[nucleic acid]]s.<ref name="scopus">{{Scopus|id=7201550638}}</ref> He is scientific founder of Solexa<ref>Illumina, 2013. ''SBS Technology.''[online] Available at: <{{cite web |url=http://technology.illumina.com/technology/next-generation-sequencing/solexa-technology.html |title=History of Illumina Sequencing |access-date=2014-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141009113509/http://technology.illumina.com/technology/next-generation-sequencing/solexa-technology.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 }}> [Accessed 8 April 2013]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bentley | first1 = D. R. | last2 = Balasubramanian | first2 = S. | last3 = Swerdlow | first3 = H. P. | last4 = Smith | first4 = G. P. | last5 = Milton | first5 = J. | last6 = Brown | first6 = C. G. | last7 = Hall | first7 = K. P. | last8 = Evers | first8 = D. J. | last9 = Barnes | first9 = C. L. | last10 = Bignell | doi = 10.1038/nature07517 | first10 = H. R. | last11 = Boutell | first11 = J. M. | last12 = Bryant | first12 = J. | last13 = Carter | first13 = R. J. | last14 = Keira Cheetham | first14 = R. | last15 = Cox | first15 = A. J. | last16 = Ellis | first16 = D. J. | last17 = Flatbush | first17 = M. R. | last18 = Gormley | first18 = N. A. | last19 = Humphray | first19 = S. J. | last20 = Irving | first20 = L. J. | last21 = Karbelashvili | first21 = M. S. | last22 = Kirk | first22 = S. M. | last23 = Li | first23 = H. | last24 = Liu | first24 = X. | last25 = Maisinger | first25 = K. S. | last26 = Murray | first26 = L. J. | last27 = Obradovic | first27 = B. | last28 = Ost | first28 = T. | last29 = Parkinson | first29 = M. L. | last30 = Pratt | first30 = M. R. | display-authors = 29 | title = Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry | journal = Nature | volume = 456 | issue = 7218 | pages = 53–59 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18987734 | pmc =2581791 | bibcode = 2008Natur.456...53B }}</ref> and biomodal (formally Cambridge Epigenetix).<ref name="Cambridge Epigenetix has a vision to improve healthcare through routine measurement of the epigenome. 2020">{{cite web |date=19 January 2020 |title=Shankar Balasubramanian |url=https://biomodal.com/team/shankar-balasubramanian/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=biomodal integrates multiple modes of biology from a single sample in a single experiment to provide transformative insights into health and disease.}}</ref><ref name=gov>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706081324/https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/Ba6y-nMuKv3KG3r7164IhB0Nrs8/appointments|archive-date=2016-07-06|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/Ba6y-nMuKv3KG3r7164IhB0Nrs8/appointments|website=companieshouse.gov.uk|publisher=[[Companies House]]|location=London|title=Shankar BALASUBRAMANIAN}}</ref>

==Education==
Born in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) [[India]] in 1966,<ref name="whoswho"/> Shankar Balasubramanian moved to the UK with his parents in 1967. He grew up in a rural area just outside [[Runcorn]], [[Cheshire]], and attended Daresbury Primary School, then Appleton Hall High School (which has since amalgamated to form [[Bridgewater High School (Warrington)|Bridgewater High School]]). He went on to study the [[Natural Sciences Tripos]] at [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]], where he did his undergraduate degree from 1985 to 1988 and continued with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]<ref name="shankarphd">{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|first=Shankar|last=Balasubramanian|title=Studies on the reaction mechanism of chorismate synthase|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=1991|url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5839|oclc=60112382|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.386780}}|website=lib.cam.ac.uk|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103130332/https://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5839|url-status=dead}}</ref> for research on the [[reaction mechanism]] of the enzyme [[chorismate synthase]] supervised by [[Chris Abell]] (1988–1991).<ref name="fitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.fitz.cam.ac.uk/about/newsitem-3-198|title=Fitz alumni on top science list|year=2014|publisher=Fitzwilliam College|access-date=6 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004916/http://www.fitz.cam.ac.uk/about/newsitem-3-198|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

==Career and research==
Following his PhD, Balasubramanian travelled to the United States as a SERC/NATO Research Fellow and worked in the group of [[Stephen J. Benkovic]] at [[Pennsylvania State University]] (1991–1993). {{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

He began his independent academic career in 1994 at the [[University of Cambridge]] and has remained there ever since, first as College Lecturer, then University Lecturer (1998), University Reader in Chemical Biology (2003) and Professor of Chemical Biology (2007). He was most recently appointed Herchel Smith Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in 2008.<ref name="Balasubramanian Group 2016">{{cite web | title=Home | website=Balasubramanian Group | date=19 August 2016 | url=https://www.balasubramanian.co.uk/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

He currently{{when|date=July 2016}} directs research laboratories in the Department of Chemistry<ref name="www-shankar.ch.cam.ac.uk"/><ref name="Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry" /> and also the [[Cancer Research UK]] (CRUK) Cambridge Institute at the [[Cambridge Biomedical Campus]].<ref name="Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute 2021">{{cite web | title=Balasubramanian Group | website=Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute | date=6 September 2021 | url=https://www.cruk.cam.ac.uk/research-groups/balasubramanian-group | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> His former doctoral students include [[Julian Huppert]].<ref name=Huppert2005/><ref name=huphd/>

Balasubramanian works in the field of [[nucleic acid]]s. His citation on election to the Royal Society reads: {{centered pull quote|Shankar Balasubramanian is an internationally recognised leader in the field of nucleic acids who is distinguished for pioneering contributions to chemistry and its application to the biological and medical sciences. He is a principal inventor of the leading next generation sequencing methodology, Solexa sequencing, that has made routine, accurate, low-cost sequencing of human genomes a reality and has revolutionised biology. He has made seminal contributions to the identification, elucidation and manipulation of [[Noncoding DNA|non-coding genetic elements]], particularly four-stranded structures called [[G-quadruplex]]es. His work on the intervention of nucleic acid function using small molecules has revealed a number of molecular mechanisms that can be exploited, e.g. to modulate the biology of cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/fellowship/2012/shankar-balasubramanian/|title = Shankar Balasubramanian | Royal Society}}</ref>}}

More recently Balasubramanian has been inventing and applying new chemical methods to study epigenetic changes to DNA bases including single base resolution sequencing of 5-formylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1220671| title = Quantitative Sequencing of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine at Single-Base Resolution| journal = Science| volume = 336| issue = 6083| pages = 934–937| year = 2012| last1 = Booth | first1 = M. J.| last2 = Branco | first2 = M. R.| last3 = Ficz | first3 = G.| last4 = Oxley | first4 = D.| last5 = Krueger | first5 = F.| last6 = Reik | first6 = W.| last7 = Balasubramanian | first7 = S.| pmid = 22539555| bibcode = 2012Sci...336..934B| s2cid = 13922525}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 22902005
| year = 2012
| last1 = Raiber
| first1 = E. A.
| title = Genome-wide distribution of 5-formylcytosine in embryonic stem cells is associated with transcription and depends on thymine DNA glycosylase
| journal = Genome Biology
| volume = 13
| issue = 8
| pages = R69
| last2 = Beraldi
| first2 = D
| last3 = Ficz
| first3 = G
| last4 = Burgess
| first4 = H. E.
| last5 = Branco
| first5 = M. R.
| last6 = Murat
| first6 = P
| last7 = Oxley
| first7 = D
| last8 = Booth
| first8 = M. J.
| last9 = Reik
| first9 = W
| last10 = Balasubramanian
| first10 = S
| doi = 10.1186/gb-2012-13-8-r69
| pmc = 3491369
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nchem.1893| pmid = 24755596| title = Quantitative sequencing of 5-formylcytosine in DNA at single-base resolution| journal = Nature Chemistry| volume = 6| issue = 5| pages = 435–40| year = 2014| last1 = Booth | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Marsico | first2 = G. | last3 = Bachman | first3 = M. | last4 = Beraldi | first4 = D. | last5 = Balasubramanian | first5 = S. | bibcode = 2014NatCh...6..435B| pmc = 4188980}}</ref>

===Honours and awards===
Honours and awards include:
* 1998 [[Glaxo Wellcome]] Award for Innovative Organic Chemistry
* 2002 [[Corday–Morgan Medal]] and Prize of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]<ref name="Royal Society of Chemistry 2020">{{cite web | title=Corday-Morgan Prizes | website=Royal Society of Chemistry | date=10 September 2020 | url=https://www.rsc.org/prizes-funding/prizes/find-a-prize/corday-morgan-prizes/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2009 Royal Society [[Mullard Award]]<ref name="Royal Society 2021">{{cite web | title=Royal Society Mullard Award | website=Royal Society | date=12 November 2021 | url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/mullard-award/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2010 [[BBSRC]] Innovator of the Year<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20210302194829/https://bbsrc.ukri.org/innovation/maximising-impact/fostering-innovation/innovator-of-the-year/ BBSRC Innovator of the Year], BBSRC.ukri.org. Accessed 30 January 2023.</ref>
* 2010 [[BBSRC]] Commercial Innovator of the Year
* 2011 Elected a [[Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences]] (FMedSci)<ref name="The Academy of Medical Sciences">{{cite web | title=Professor Sir Shankar Balasubramanian | website=The Academy of Medical Sciences | url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Shankar-Balasubramanian-0033z00002qIJGCAA4 | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2012 Elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS)<ref name="Royal Society 2015">{{cite web | title=Shankar Balasubramanian | website=Royal Society | date=19 September 2015 | url=https://royalsociety.org/people/shankar-balasubramanian-11031/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2012 Elected a member of the [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO)<ref name="embo">{{cite web | title=Find people in the EMBO Communities | website=Find people in the EMBO Communities | url=https://people.embo.org/profile/shankar-balasubramanian | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2013 [[Tetrahedron Prize]]<ref>Elsevier Tetrahedron prize winners: <{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/physical-sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry/tetrahedron-prize-for-creativity-in-organic-chemistry-or-bioorganic-medicinal-chemistry |title=Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry or Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | Elsevier |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909101444/http://www.elsevier.com/physical-sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry/tetrahedron-prize-for-creativity-in-organic-chemistry-or-bioorganic-medicinal-chemistry |archive-date=9 September 2014 }}></ref>
* 2014 [[Biochemical Society]] [[Norman Heatley|Heatley Medal and Prize]]<ref>Biochemical Society, 2009–12.''2014 Biochemical Society award winners announced''[online] Available at: <{{cite web |url=http://www.biochemistry.org/Awards/2014Winners.aspx |title=2014 Winners |access-date=2013-04-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616235734/http://www.biochemistry.org/Awards/2014Winners.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2013 }}> [Accessed 10 April 2013].</ref>
* 2015 [[Chemical Research Society of India]] Medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/honour-for-trinity-fellow-professor-shankar-balasubramanian/|title = Honour for Trinity Fellow Professor Shankar Balasubramanian|date = 10 January 2017}}</ref>
* 2017 Appointed [[Knight Bachelor]] in the [[2017 New Year Honours]] for services to science and medicine.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61803|supp=y|page=N2|date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
* 2018 [[Royal Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/royal-medal/|title=Royal Medals | Royal Society|website=royalsociety.org|accessdate=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2020 [[Millennium Technology Prize]]<ref name="Trinity College Cambridge 2021_2">{{cite web | title=Professor Sir Shankar Balasubramanian co-awarded Millennium Technology Prize | website=Trinity College Cambridge | date=19 May 2021 | url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-shankar-balasubramanian-co-awarded-millennium-technology-prize/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2022 [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]]<ref name="Trinity College Cambridge 2021">{{cite web | title=Trinity Fellows awarded Breakthrough Prizes | website=Trinity College Cambridge | date=10 September 2021 | url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/trinity-fellows-awarded-breakthrough-prizes/ | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* 2023 Elected international member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2023-nas-election.html | title=News - NAS }}</ref>
* 2024 [[Canada Gairdner International Award]]<ref>[https://www.gairdner.org/winners Canada Gairdner International Award 2024]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{FRS 2012}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramanian, Shankar}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization]]
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:21st-century British biochemists]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the University of Cambridge Department of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Tamil chemists]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

L&T Mumbai Open

2026-02-21T14:27:05Z

Janni:

{{distinguish|Indian Open (tennis)|1996 India Open|Maharashtra Open|Indian Wells Masters|Bengaluru Open|Royal Indian Open}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = Mumbai Open
| current = 2026 Mumbai Open
| type = WTA 125k
| logo =
| logo size = 150px
| founded = 2017
| abolished =
| editions = 4
| city = [[Mumbai]]
|venue = [[Cricket Club of India]] (2017–18, 2024–)
| tier = [[WTA Challenger Series|WTA 125]]
| country = India
| surface = [[DecoTurf]] ([[Hard court|hard]]) – outdoors
| draw = 32{{abbr|S|Singles}} / 16{{abbr|Q|Qualification}} / 8{{abbr|D|Doubles}}
| prize money = $115,000 (2026)
| website =https://mslta.org/LandingPage/wta/
| notes =
| completed event = [[2026 Mumbai Open|2026]]
| singles = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
| doubles = {{flagg|uxx|blank}} [[Polina Iatcenko]] {{flagg|uxx|blank}} [[Elena Pridankina]]
}}

The '''Mumbai Open''' is a professional [[tennis]] tournament played on [[hardcourt|hard courts]]. It is currently part of the [[WTA 125 tournaments]]. It is held in [[Mumbai]],<ref>[http://thehindu.com/sport/tennis/wta-event-returns-to-pune/article4003180.ece/ 'WTA Challenger event returns to Pune'] ''[[The Hindu]]'' (retrieved 17 October 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.asianage.com/sports/tennis/141117/mumbai-open-to-start-from-saturday.html 'Mumbai Open to start from Saturday'] ''[http://www.asianage.com/ The Asian Age]'' (retrieved 15 November 2017)</ref> India, with the first edition held in 2017. The tournament was not held between 2019 and 2023 but eventually resumed in the [[2024 Mumbai Open|2024 edition]].

The Maharashtra State Lawn Tennis Association (MSLTA) and the Maharashtra State Government came together to reinstate the event, the first of its kind to be held in India since the [[2012 Royal Indian Open]] and the second overall WTA event in India in almost a decade. The [[Cricket Club of India]] hosted the event in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Open: WTA 125K event's future under threat after being skipped in 2019, could drop to ITF level |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/mumbai-open-wta-125k-events-future-under-threat-after-being-skipped-in-2019-could-drop-to-itf-level-7208221.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=29 June 2022 |language=en |date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

The 2017 and 2018 editions were sponsored by [[Larsen & Toubro]].

==Past finals==
===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=50|Year !! width=210|Champion !! width=210|Runner-up !! width=140|Score
|-
| [[2026 Mumbai Open – Singles|2026]] || {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]''' || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] || 6–4, 6–3
|-
| [[2025 Mumbai Open – Singles|2025]] || {{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Jil Teichmann]]''' || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
| [[2024 Mumbai Open – Singles|2024]] || {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Darja Semeņistaja]]''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] || 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 6–2
|-
!colspan="4"|{{center|2019–2023 not held}}
|-
| [[2018 Mumbai Open – Singles|2018]] || {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Luksika Kumkhum]]''' || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] || 1–6, 6–2, 6–3
|-
| [[2017 Mumbai Open – Singles|2017]] || {{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Aryna Sabalenka]]''' || {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] || 6–2, 6–3<ref>{{cite news |title=Aryna Sabalenka beats Dalila Jakupovic to win Mumbai Open, maiden WTA singles crown |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tennis/aryna-sabalenka-beats-dalila-jakupovic-to-win-mumbai-open-maiden-wta-singles-crown/story-XvKCgA4eiqkFAqxHM9OghL.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-bgcolor="silver"
| colspan="5" align="center" | ↑   [[WTA 125K series]] event   ↑
|-
|}

===Doubles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=50|Year !! width=210|Champions !! width=210|Runners-up !! width=140|Score
|-
| [[2026 Mumbai Open – Doubles|2026]]
|'''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko]] {{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina]]''' (2)
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
|7–6(7–3), 1–6, [10–5]
|-
| [[2025 Mumbai Open – Doubles|2025]]
|'''{{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba]] {{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina]]'''
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]]
|7–6(7–4), 2–6, [10–7]
|-
|-
| [[2024 Mumbai Open – Doubles|2024]]
|'''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]]'''
|6–4, 6–3
|-
!colspan="4"|{{center|2019–2023 not held}}
|-
| [[2018 Mumbai Open – Singles|2018]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Natela Dzalamidze]]''' {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Veronika Kudermetova]]''' || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Bibiane Schoofs]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Štefková]] || 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
|-
| [[2017 Mumbai Open – Singles|2017]] || {{flagicon|MEX}} '''[[Victoria Rodríguez (tennis)|Victoria Rodriguez]]''' {{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Bibiane Schoofs]]''' || {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] || 7–5, 3–6, [10–7]
|-bgcolor="silver"
| colspan="5" align="center" | ↑   [[WTA 125K series]] event   ↑
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[WTA Indian Open]]
* [[Royal Indian Open]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mumbaiopen.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122114552/http://mumbaiopen.in/ |date=22 November 2017 }}

{{WTA 125s tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LandT Mumbai Open}}
[[Category:Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2017]]
[[Category:Recurring events disestablished in 2018]]
[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct sports competitions in India]]
[[Category:WTA 125 tournaments]]
[[Category:Sport in Pune]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Open]]

Sikkim Professional University

2026-02-13T04:16:48Z

Janni: Put up the info v1

{{Notability|1=Companies|date=January 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Sikkim Professional University
|image_name =
|motto = An Abode of Knowledge
|established = {{start date and age|2008}}
|type = Private
|vice_chancellor = Dr. H. S. Yadav
|city = [[Gangtok]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|country = [[India]]{{flagicon|IND}}
|campus = Semi-Urban
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Indian Nursing Council| INC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]]
|website = {{URL|www.spu.ac}}
|colours = Blue and Orange {{Color box|Blue|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|orange|border=darkgray}}
}}

'''Sikkim Professional University''', erstwhile ''[[Vinayaka Missions Sikkim University]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SPU_Gazette_Notification.pdf|title= Sikkim Professional University Act, 2008|publisher=[[Government of Sikkim (India)|Government of Sikkim]]|work=Sikkim Government Gazette|date=12 May 2020}}</ref> [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]] is a State Private University founded in the year 2008<ref name=Private>{{cite web|url= https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf |title=State-wise List of Private Universities in India |work=ugc.ac.in |date=|access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> under Sikkim Professional University Act, Sikkim (Act No. 11 of 2008) of Sikkim State Assembly. SPU is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission of India]] (UGC), The [[Indian Nursing Council]] (INC), and the [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI). Formerly, the University was well known by Vinayaka Missions Sikkim University but now the name has been amended to Sikkim Professional University as per The Vinayaka Missions Sikkim University (Amendment) Act, 2020; (Act No 09 of 2020).

==Academics==
Sikkim Professional University offers Under Graduate Degree Programme & Post Graduate Degree Programme in all major disciplines including Arts, Commerce and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spu.ac/courses/|title= Sikkim Professional University |work=SPU, Courses Offered|date=}}</ref>

*College of Arts and Social Science
*College of Engineering & Technology
*College of Business Management and Administrative Studies
*College of Computer and Information Technology
*College of Pharmaceutical and Paramedical Science
*College of Library & Information Science
*College of Nursing
*College of Agriculture
*College of Commerce
*College of Pharmaceutical & paramedical Science
*College of Hotel Management
*College of Physiotherapy
*College of Allied Health Study

==Recognition & Approvals==
*University Grant Commission (UGC)
*Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
*Indian Nursing Council (INC)
*Sikkim Nursing Council (SNC)
*Association of Indian Universities (AIU)

== Awards & Achievements ==
* Best Private University of Sikkim in Professional & Skill Education 2023
[[File:Best Private University of Sikkim in Professional & Skill Education 2023.jpg|thumb|alt=spu best university]]
*SPU Received International Life Saver award and Certificate from World Book of Record

* Innovation in Teaching Pedagogy Award 2023
* Sikkim Professional University Top 100 Universities in The Country
* Most Inspirational University of the Year 2021
* Sikkim Professional University- ISO 9001:2015 Certified for Quality Management System

[[File:SPU Convo pic.jpg|thumb|Sikkim Professional University Convocation]]

== Convocation ==
SPU 9th CONVOCATION CEREMONY HELD AT CAEPHT AUDITORIUM RANIPOOL
[[File:Spu 9th convocation.webp|thumb]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.spu.ac}}
{{Universities in Sikkim}}
{{Universities in smaller states and territories of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:Gangtok]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]

{{Sikkim-university-stub}}

Araria Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-12T20:00:45Z

Janni: Adding first post added tags

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Araria (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Araria
| map_image =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1967
| assembly_cons = [[Narpatganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narpatganj]] [[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] [[Forbesganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Forbesganj]] [[Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Araria]] [[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat]] [[Sikti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikti]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Pradeep Singh MP.jpg
| mp = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| preceded_by = [[Sarfaraz Alam]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
}}

'''Araria Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. In 2024, the incumbent [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] again won the election from this constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS049.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
| caption = Each election in the Araria Lok Sabha constituency has been won by a different political party (1967–2024)
| value1 = 25
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (4 term)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 31.25
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (5 term)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 18.75
| label3 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (3 term)
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| value4 = 6.25
| label4 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
|colour4 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| value5 = 18.75
| label5 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''']] (3 term)
| color5 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| colour = #0000CD
}}
==Assembly segments==
Araria Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|46
|[[Narpatganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narpatganj]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Araria district|Araria]]
|[[Devanti Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|47
|[[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (SC)
|Avinash Manglam
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|48
|[[Forbesganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Forbesganj]]
|[[Manoj Bishwas]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|49
|[[Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
|[[Avidur Rahman]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|50
|[[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat]]
|[[Mohammad Murshid Alam|Murshid Alam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
|51
|[[Sikti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikti]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tulmohan Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|Mahendra Narayan Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dumar Lal Baitha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Ramji Das Rishidev]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sukdeo Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2018^
|[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by poll

Source:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm|date=2009-01-31}}</ref>

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Araria]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 6,00,146
|percentage =47.91
|change = {{decrease}}4.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam]]|votes=5,80,052|percentage=46.31|change= {{increase}}5.17
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent|candidate =Shatrughan Prasad Suman
|votes = 13,746
|percentage = 1.10%
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate =Md Ghousul Azam
|votes = 12,690
|percentage = 1.08%
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes=13,504
|percentage=1.08
|change={{decrease}}0.68
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,094
|percentage = 1.6
|change = {{decrease}} 10.16
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,52,751|percentage=62.02|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}} 4.96
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Araria]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 6,18,434
|percentage = 52.87
|change = +9.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|votes = 4,81,193
|percentage = 41.14
|change = -8.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 20,618
|percentage = 1.76
|change = +0.06
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,37,241
|percentage = 11.73
|change = +5.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,69,741
|percentage = 64.79
|change = +5.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +3.72
}}{{Election box end}}

===2018 By election===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2018: Araria}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|votes = 5,09,334
|percentage = 49.15
|change = +7.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 4,47,546
|percentage = 43.19
|change = +16.39
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Prince Victor
|party = [[Jan Adhikar Party Loktantrik|JAP(L)]]
|votes = 20,922
|percentage = 2.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party|RJSP]]
|candidate = Upendra Sahani
|votes = 18,772
|percentage = 1.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Sudama Singh
|votes = 11,347
|percentage = 1.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,607
|percentage = 1.70
|change = --
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 61,788
|percentage = 5.96
|change = -9.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,36,194
|percentage = 59.62
|change = -1.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +7.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Araria]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin|Taslimuddin]]
|votes = 4,07,978
|percentage = 41.81
|change = +41.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 2,61,474
|percentage = 26.80
|change = -11.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Mandal
|votes = 2,21,769
|percentage = 22.73
|change = +22.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abdul Rahman
|votes = 17,724
|percentage = 1.82
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Pankaj Kishor Mandal
|votes = 10,704
|percentage = 1.10
|change = +1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = Sar Wat Jahre Ansari
|votes = 6,376
|percentage = 0.65
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan
|votes = 5,685
|percentage = 0.58
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Alamdar Hussain
|votes = 5,645
|percentage = 0.58
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Rishidev
|votes = 5,292
|percentage = 0.54
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Md. Aslam Beg
|votes = 5,149
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Bharat Vikas Morcha
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = 4,646
|percentage = 0.48
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Ramanand Rishideo
|votes = 3,411
|percentage = 0.35
|change = +0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Bidayanand Paswan
|votes = 3,350
|percentage = 0.34
|change = +0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 16,608
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,46,504
|percentage = 15.01
|change = +11.93
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,75,811
|percentage = 61.48
|change = +5.77
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner= Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +3.10
}}{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Araria]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 202702
|percentage = 21.58
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Zakr Hussain Khan
|votes = 260240
|percentage = 19.85%
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr Shakil Ahmad khan
|votes = 49619
|percentage = 3.79%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = DiNesh Rathour
|votes = 27308
|percentage = 2.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Prince Victor
|votes = 22264
|percentage = 1.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raja Raman Bhaskar
|votes = 10578
|percentage = 0.81%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Sada
|votes = 9487
|percentage = 0.72%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Shukdeo Paswan
|votes = 9015
|percentage = 0.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Saifur Rab
|votes = 6936
|percentage = 0.53%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = independent
|candidate = Pramod Singh Yadav
|votes = 5,889
|percentage = 0.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdul Wahab
|votes = 4475
|percentage = 0.34%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satya narayan (Writer)
|votes = 4199
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RKJP
Rashtriya karantikari Janata Party
|candidate = Ayajudin
|votes = 4179
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Sah
|votes = 4088
|percentage = 0.31%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sadhana Devi
|votes = 3628
|percentage = 0.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nityanad Bishwas
|votes = 3534
|percentage = 0.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdul Gafoor
|votes = 3157
|percentage = 0.24%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RJJM
Rashtriya Jan Jagaran Morcha
|candidate = Nasim Ahmad Gazi
|votes = 3089
|percentage = 0.24%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sada Nand Choudhary
|votes = 2751
|percentage = 0.21%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanahiya Kumar Das
|votes = 2740
|percentage = 0.21%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nand Lal Paswan
|votes = 2678
|percentage = 0.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = CPI (ML)(L)
|candidate = Kamali Devi
|votes = 2319
|percentage = 0.18%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = OM Prakash
|votes = 1955
|percentage = 0.15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Kha
|votes = 1924
|percentage = 0.15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Sajjad
|votes = 1632
|percentage = 0.12%
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 22502
|percentage = 1.73%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 730456
|percentage = 55.71%
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner= Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Araria]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate =
[[ Sukdeo Paswan ]]
|votes = 216677
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party |candidate =
[[ Rarji Das Rishideo ]]
|votes = 188933
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party|candidate =
[[ Ram Sewak Hazari ]]
|votes = 173502
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate =
[[Narayan Kumar Ram]]
|votes = 17316
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent |candidate =
[[ Satya Narayan Writer ]]
|votes = 11946
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 27,744
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 652439 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|Loser = SP Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==See also==
* [[Araria district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{coord|26.1|87.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Araria district]]

Sandeep (parathlete)

2026-02-07T23:46:26Z

Janni: Put up first details w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian para athlete (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Sandeep
| full_name =
| nickname =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Para athletics]]
| disability =
| disability_class = [[T44 (classification)|T44]]
| event = [[100 metres]] [[200 metres]]
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|09|30|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| country =
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres|200 m T44]]}}
}}

'''Sandeep''' (born 30 September 2001)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2025-10/WPA%20-%20New%20Delhi%202025%20Results%20Book.pdf|title=WPA - New Delhi 2025 Results Book|website=Paralympic.org|format=PDF|page=582}}</ref> is an Indian T44 [[Para-athletics|para athlete]] who competes in sprinting events.

==Career==
In August 2025, Sandeep was selected to represent India at the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/world-champion-sumit-antil-to-lead-indian-challenge-at-world-para-athletics-championships-preethi-pal-dharambir-named-flag-bearers-10215089/|title=World champion Sumit Antil to lead Indian challenge at World Para Athletics Championships; Preethi Pal, Dharambir named flag-bearers|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2025-08-27}}</ref> He won the bronze medal in the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres|200 metres T44]] event, which was his first international medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiasun.com/news/278618834/world-para-athletics-chips-india-final-flourish-brings-3-silver-1-bronze-as-nation-best-campaign-finishes-with-22-medals-in-delhi|title=World Para Athletics C'ships: India's final flourish brings 3 silver, 1 bronze as nation's best campaign finishes with 22 medals in Delhi|publisher=Malaysia Sun|date=2025-10-05|access-date=2025-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023122756/https://www.malaysiasun.com/news/278618834/world-para-athletics-chips-india-final-flourish-brings-3-silver-1-bronze-as-nation-best-campaign-finishes-with-22-medals-in-delhi|archive-date=2025-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-para-athletics-championships-2025-india-day-10-report-result|title=Simran Sharma, Preethi Pal and Navdeep Singh’s silver medals cap off India’s best campaign|author=Ali Asgar Nalwala|website=Olympics.com|date=2025-10-06|access-date=2025-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023123319/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-para-athletics-championships-2025-india-day-10-report-result|archive-date=2025-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandeep}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

2026-02-06T17:59:36Z

Janni: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Presiding officer of Rajasthan state legislative assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Speaker
| image = Vasudev Devnani (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Vasudev Devnani]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2023
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| appointer = Members of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = During the life of the Assembly (five years maximum)
| inaugural = [[Narottam Lal Joshi]]
| formation = 31 March 1952
| body = the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
| insignia = Emblem Rajasthan.png
| insigniacaption = Emblem of the State of Rajasthan
| department = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| member_of = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| deputy = vacant
| imagesize = 150px
}}

The speaker of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of the state of [[Rajasthan]], the main law-making body for the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. He is elected by the members of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. The speaker is always a member of the Legislative Assembly. [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]] is the longest serving speaker for a period of ten years while [[Sumitra Singh]] is the first women speaker of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=C.P. Joshi new Rajasthan Speaker|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cp-joshi-new-rajasthan-speaker/article26007144.ece|access-date=2021-08-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Explained: How are a Speaker and Deputy Speaker elected?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-electing-a-speaker-deputy-speaker-7399970/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Indian Express|date=12 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=CP Joshi elected Speaker of Rajasthan assembly - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cp-joshi-elected-speaker-of-raj-assembly/articleshow/67564141.cms|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=rajassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==List of speakers of Rajasthan==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
!colspan="3"|Tenure
!Assembly
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|
|[[Narottam Lal Joshi]]
|31 March 1952
|25 April 1957
|{{Ayd|31 march 1952|25 april 1957}}
|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="5" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Shri Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpeg|75px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
|rowspan="2"|25 April 1957
|rowspan="2"|3 May 1967
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|25 april 1957|3 may 1967}}
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|-
|3
|
|[[Niranjan Nath Acharya]]
|3 May 1967
|20 March 1972
|{{Ayd|3 may 1967|20 march 1972}}
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|4th]]
|-
|4
|
|[[Ram Kishore Vyas]]
|20 March 1972
|18 July 1977
|{{Ayd|20 march 1972|18 july 1977}}
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
|-
|5
|
|[[Laxman Singh]]
|18 July 1977
|20 June 1979
|{{Ayd|18 july 1977|20 june 1979}}
|rowspan="2"|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|-
|6
|
|[[Raja Gopal Singh]]
|25 September 1979
|7 July 1980
|{{Ayd|25 september 1979|7 july 1980}}
|-
|7
|
|[[Poonam Chand Vishnoi]]
|7 July 1980
|20 March 1985
|{{Ayd|7 july 1980|20 march 1985}}
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|8
|[[File:Hiralal Devpura.jpg|75px]]
|[[Hira Lal Devpura]]
|20 March 1985
|16 October 1985
|{{Ayd|20 march 1985|16 october 1985}}
|rowspan="2"|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
|-
|9
|
|[[Giriraj Prasad Tiwari]]
|31 January 1986
|11 March 1990
|{{Ayd|31 january 1986|11 march 1990}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|10
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|[[Hari Shankar Bhabhra]]
|16 March 1990
|21 December 1993
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|16 march 1990|5 october 1994}}
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|30 December 1993
|5 October 1994
|rowspan="3"|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
|-
|11
|
|[[Shanti Lal Chaplot]]
|7 April 1995
|18 March 1998
|{{Ayd|7 april 1995|18 march 1998}}
|-
|12
|
|[[Samrath Lal Meena]]
|24 July 1998
|4 January 1999
|{{Ayd|24 july 1998|4 january 1999}}
|-
|13
|[[File:PRMaderna.jpg|75px]]
|[[Parasram Maderna]]
|6 January 1999
|15 January 2004
|{{Ayd|6 january 1999|15 january 2004}}
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
|
|[[Sumitra Singh]]
|16 January 2004
|1 January 2009
|{{Ayd|16 january 2004|1 january 2009}}
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
|
|[[Deependra Singh Shekhawat]]
|2 January 2009
|20 January 2014
|{{Ayd|2 january 2009|20 january 2014}}
|[[13th Rajasthan Assembly|13th]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
|[[File:Kailash-Meghwal.jpg|75px]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Meghwal]]
|22 January 2014
|15 January 2019
|{{Ayd|22 January 2014|15 January 2019}}
|[[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|17
|[[File:C P Joshi UNDP 2010.jpg|75px]]
|[[C. P. Joshi]]
|16 January 2019
|20 December 2023
|{{Ayd|16 January 2019|20 December 2023}}
|[[15th Rajasthan Assembly|15th]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|18
|[[File:Vasudev Devnani (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Vasudev Devnani]]
|21 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|21 December 2023}}
|[[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
== Deputy==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140301162612/http://rajassembly.nic.in/sp-photo.htm Former Speakers of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090910074937/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/RAJASTHAN.htm RAJASTHAN LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY]

{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Rajasthan politics-related lists|Speakers]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|R]]

Ankur Diwakar

2026-02-06T05:42:23Z

Janni: Adding new pg v1

{{Short description|Indian esports player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankur Diwakar
| image = Ankuratsmaashesports2018.jpg
| caption = Diwakar in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|04|19}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[India]]
| other_names = JauntyTank
| occupation = [[Esports]] Athlete
}}

'''Ankur Diwakar ''' (born 19 April 1991) better known by his alias '''Jauntytank''', is an Indian professional esports player. He is the winner of [[UCypher]] [[MTV (India)|MTV India]] Season 1 tournament in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esportsportal.com/ankur-jauntytank-diwakar/|title=Exclusive: We talked Ankur JauntyTank Diwakar about his motivations and challenges|date=2018-07-09|website=Esports Portal -|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> He represented India in [[Esports at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2018-fun-competitive-and-rewarding-e-sports-successful-pilot-run-proves-electronic-gaming-is-here-to-stay-5084031.html|title=Asian Games 2018: Fun, competitive, and rewarding, e sports' successful pilot run proves electronic gaming is here to stay|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> and won the South Asian Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From gamer to athlete, story of Ankur 'JauntyTank' Diwakar's decade-long esports journey |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/ankur-divakar-jauntytank-indian-esports-gamer-interview}}</ref>

== Esports career ==
Diwakar plays ''FIFA'', ''Pro Evolution Soccer'', and other games on consoles. Ankur Diwakar entered the esports scene in 2007. He started playing in local competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/898849/its-not-all-just-fun-and-games-the-phenomenal-growth-of-esports-in-india|title=It's not all just fun and games: The phenomenal growth of esports in India|last=Sudevan|first=Praveen|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> He won three majors in three different games in one year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/sports/2018/08/10/i-want-to-make-everyone-respect-the-sport.html|title=I want to make everyone respect the sport|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

Diwakar was the winner of MTV India Ucypher Season 1, India's first televised multi-platform, multi-game, esports tournament where six veteran teams competed over a prize pool of Rs. 51 lakhs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://t2online.com/tech/interview-tekken-champion-ucypher-gaming-pro-gamer-ankur-diwakar/cid/20418|title=Despite repeated setbacks, never lost resolve to prove doubters wrong: UCypher champion Ankur Diwakar|website=t2online.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*2018 MTV India UCypher Season 1 Winner.<ref name=":0" />
*Indian Representative at [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]] (esports) Indian Team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/9-strong-esports-squad-to-represent-india-in-asian-games-2018/|title=Contingent of 9 athlete to represent India in esports Asian Games 2018|last=Desk|first=InsideSport|date=2018-08-22|website=InsideSport|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>
*South Asian Champion PES 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konami.com/games/corporate/en/news/release/20180625/|title=18th Asian Games Jakarta-Palembang "Winning Eleven 2018" Regional Representatives Decided! {{!}} Konami Digital Entertainment|website=www.konami.com|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diwakar, Ankur}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian esports players]]
[[Category:Esports players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:FIFA (video game series) players]]

Satish Amarnath

2026-02-06T03:41:23Z

Janni: Put up first stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian microbiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Amarnath
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Head, Quality Compliance and Outreach Services, Manipal Hospitals
| years active =
| spouse = Jyotsna.<ref name=deccanherald1>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov292005/spectrum20104620051127.asp Getting on with life] ''Deccan Herald'' - Spectrum (29 November 2005). Retrieved 2014-11-09</ref>
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Satish Amarnath''' is a Medical Microbiologist associated with Manipal Hospitals. He works as the Coordinator for distance education in Allied and Sciences, Quality Management Representative for Manipal for the ISO certification, Advisor in Microbiology and Chairman of the Manipal Infection Control Committee.<ref name=eyeway1>[http://www.eyeway.org/?q=satish-amarnath Satish Amarnath]. EYEWAY.org (17 July 2012). Retrieved 2014-11-09</ref> He is acclaimed for his passion for his work despite having zero vision.<ref name=eyeway1 />

== Personal life ==
Amarnath was brought up in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=bm1>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/you/Seeing-the-world-with-sightless-eyes-and-a-plucky-heart/articleshow/45073419.cms Seeing the world with sightless eyes and a plucky heart] ''Bangalore Mirror'' - Columns - You (7 November 2014). Retrieved 2014-11-09</ref> He is married to Jyotsna and the couple have a daughter and a son.

=== Acid attack and vision loss ===
On 5 September 1998, two unidentified people threw [[sulfuric acid]] on his face as he stepped out of a tailor shop.<ref name=eyeway1 /> The incident burnt his face and blinded him for life. Eight [[reconstructive surgery|reconstructive surgeries]] were performed on his face.<ref name=bm1 /> Despite the harrowing experience, he was back to work on the 40th day of the incident.<ref name=eyeway1 />

== Professional life ==
After finishing his ICSE exams, Amarnath enrolled for B.Sc. in Botany and Zoology St Joseph's College.<ref name=bm1 /> After that he studied MBBS from Karnataka Medical College where he met his future wife Jyotsna.<ref name=bm1 /> Amarnath went on to do his MD in Microbiology in 1983. Then he joined [[JIPMER]] as a resident doctor and later became an associate professor. He returned to Bangalore in 1996 to join [[Manipal hospitals]] as a Consultant Microbiologist.<ref name=bm1 />

== Achievements ==
Amarnath headed the digitization of medical and patient records in JIPMER.<ref name=bm1 /> He published 12 scientific papers while he was in JIPMER. After the loss of vision, Amarnath helped Manipal Hospitals in implementing ISO 9001-2000 for quality procedures. He wrote two books and published several papers after his vision loss.<ref name=bm1 />

== See also ==
*[[List of blind people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amarnath, Satish}}
[[Category:Indian microbiologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]

Shaala Darpan

2026-02-04T02:59:16Z

Janni: expanded content

{{Short description|ICT Programme of the Government of India}}
'''Shala Darpan''' is an ICT Programme of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]] that aims to provide mobile access to parents of students of Government and Government aided schools.<ref>[http://mhrd.gov.in/ Highlights of New Initiatives Taken by the Ministry of HRD]</ref><ref>[http://www.medianama.com/2014/09/223-hrd-ministry-to-launch-mooc-platform-national-e-library-know-your-college-portal-more/ Updated: HRD Ministry to launch MOOC platform, National E-Library, Know Your College portal & More]</ref><ref>[http://educationhp.org/Files/shaladarpan.pdf16_21_2014_03_07_15.pdf Digitization of data for Shaala Darpan SE NMP Phase-1]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141105211444/http://125.63.72.116/shaaladarpan.htm Shaala Darpan Software For Schools]</ref> This information can only be obtained about the students of government schools. The implementation of Shala Darpan Portal is with the [[Rajasthan government|Rajasthan Government]] Education Department.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Shala Darpan Rajasthan: RMSA Shaladarpan Login and Registration|url=https://nvsp.co.in/shala-darpan/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=NVSP|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Facilities available on Rajasthan Shala Darpan portal ==

# School search process
# Process to view school report
# Procedure for viewing student's report
# Procedure for viewing staff report
# Scheme Search Process
# Know Your School NICSD ID<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajshaladarpan.nic.in/SD1/Home/Staff/SchoolSearch.aspx|title = Shaala Darpan : Staff Window}}</ref>
# Process to know the staff details
# Staff login
# Transfer schedule<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shala Darpan |url=https://shaladarpanportal.org/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=education.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:E-government in India]]
[[Category:Educational software]]
[[Category:E-learning in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{Mobile-software-stub}}
[https://shaladarpan.net.in/ Shala darpan]

Mangal Prabhat

2026-01-31T09:10:21Z

Janni: expanded content

{{Short description|1958 book by Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mangal Prabhat
| image = Mangal Prabhat (Book Cover).jpeg
| alt =
| author = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| title_orig = મંગળપ્રભાત
| series =
| subject = [[Gandhian philosophy]]
| publisher = [[Navajivan Trust]]
| release_date = 1958
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn = 9788172290634
| native_wikisource =મંગળપ્રભાત
| orig_lang_code= gu
}}
'''''Mangal Prabhat''''' is a book by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. It was published posthumously in 1958 with the preface written by [[Kaka Kalelkar|Dattatreya Balkrishna Kalelkar]].

==Origin and publication history==
Gandhi used to deliver a speech on the Ashram vows every Tuesday after prayers. These speeches later compiled by Narandas Gandhi and was published as a book ''Mangal Prabhat''<ref>{{cite book|author=Pyarelal|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Salt satyagraha: the watershed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRFWAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7229-133-4|page=xvii}}</ref> in 1958.

==Summary==
''Mangal Prabhat'' discusses the [[eleven vows]] taken by Gandhi in detail.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Tandon|first=Vishwanath|title=Acharya Vinoba Bhave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvDsAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=182}}</ref>

==Translation==
The book was translated into [[Hindi]] by Amritlal Thakordas Nanavaty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.307565/page/n3/mode/2up|title=Mangal Prabhat|year=1958}}</ref> It was also adapted into verse in [[Marathi language]] and was titles ''Abhang Vraten''.<ref name=":0"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/198943 हिन्द स्वराज के 'शिक्षा' अध्याय व 'मंगल प्रभात' के परिपेक्ष्य में 'निति शिक्षा' की संकल्पना व उसका समाधान : गुणात्मक व दार्शनिक अध्ययन]
* [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/196964 Gautam Buddha ane Mahatma Gandhiji Prerit Naitik Mulyo Tulnatmak Adhyayan Dhammapad ane Mangalprabhat Ekadashvrat na Sandarbhman]

==External links==
{{Wikisourcelang|gu|મંગળપ્રભાત}}
* [https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/mahatma-gandhi-books/mangal-prabhat-gujarati ''Mangal Prabhat'']
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.307565/ ''Mangal Prabhat''] Internet Archive
* [https://archive.org/details/16-parishishta Audio book] on Internet Archive
{{Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[Category:1958 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Literature about spirituality]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]

Kundrathur Nageswarar Temple

2026-01-27T14:55:57Z

Janni: Put up new place from scratch

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Kundrathur Nageswarar Temple
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Chennai
|coordinates = {{coord|12.9981|80.0936|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Chennai
|sanskrit_translit =
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Chennai]]
|locale = [[Kundrathur]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = Nageshwara ([[Shiva|Lord Shiva]])
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 1
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 
|year_completed = 12th century CE 
|creator = [[Sekkilar]]
|temple_board =
|website =
}}

'''Kundrathur Nageswarar Temple''', also known as '''Vada Thirunageswaram''', is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]], located in the neighbourhood of [[Kundrathur]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The temple was built in the 12th century by the [[Shivite]] saint [[Sekkilar]] and is modelled on the [[Tirunageswaram Naganathar Temple|Thirunageswaram temple]] at [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/>

The temple is one of the nine [[Navagraha]] temples of the [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Mandalam]] and is known as the ''Rahu sthala'' (lit. place of [[Rahu]]).<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = குன்றத்தூர் திருநாகேஸ்வரர் கோவில் தேரோட்டம் [Chariot procession at Kundrathur Tirunageswarar Temple]
| newspaper = Maalai Malar
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Maalai Malar
| date = 27 April 2018
| url = https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/spirituality-todays-keyevents-and-panchangam-703465?infinitescroll=1
| access-date = 17 February 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Sekkilar, the 12th-century Shivaite poet-saint and the author of the [[Periya Puranam]], built the temple at his native place of Kundrathur after visiting the [[Tirunageswaram Naganathar Temple|Nageshwara Swami temple]] in [[Tirunageswaram]] near [[Kumbakonam]], which is associated with [[Rahu]], one of the [[navagraha]]s (nine [[planets]]) of [[Hinduism]]. Since the temple at Kundrathur is situated to the north of the original temple at Thirunageshwaram, the temple came to be known as ''Vada Nageshwaram'' (lit. "North Nageshwaram").<ref name="MaalaiMalar_VadaNageshwaram">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = நாகதோஷம் போக்கும் வடநாகேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில்
| newspaper = Maalai Malar
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Maalai Malar
| date = 18 November 2016
| url = https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/temples/2016/11/18111432/1051513/Sri-Nageswarar-Temple-at-Kundrathur.vpf
| access-date = 17 February 2024}}</ref> The temple features several [[Chola]] architectural elements.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = Chithra
| title = A Rahu sthalam built by devotee at Kundrathur
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 27 July 2016
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jul/27/a-rahu-sthalam-built-by-devotee-at-kundrathur-944821.html
| access-date = 5 January 2023}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
The temple has 46 stone inscriptions including those of [[Kulothunga III|Kulothunga Chola III]] (1178–1218 CE), [[Rajendra III|Rajendra Chola III]] (1246–1271 CE), [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Sundara Pandiyan]] (1251–1271 CE), [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekara Pandiyan I]] (1268–1311 CE), Harihara Rayar I (1509–1592 CE), and Sriranga Devarayar (1582–1592 CE).<ref name="MillionGods">{{cite web
| url = https://milliongods.com/kancheepuram-district-temples/sriperumbudur-saivite-temples/nageswarar-kundrathur/
| title = Nageswarar Kundrathur
| last =
| first =
| date = n.d.
| website = Million Gods
| publisher = Million Gods
| access-date = 17 February 2024
| quote = }}</ref>

==The temple complex==
The temple is located on the Kundrathur Main Road.<ref name="TH_SchoolTemple"/> The main deity of the temple is Lord Nageswarar ([[Shiva]]) and his consort goddess Kamakshi Amman ([[Parvathi]]). The main entrance with a five-tier tower (''raja [[gopuram]]'') lies on the eastern side of the complex.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/> The main entrance leads to a ''[[mandapa]]'' or auditorium of the Chola times, near which a shrine for Kamakshi Amman is present.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/> The main deity is the [[Linga|shiva linga]], worshipped as Nageshwara Swami, and the ''utsava-murti'' or the deity of procession is [[Somaskanda]].<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/> There is also a separate shrine for Sekkilar, where the idol of the scholar-devotee sports a garland of prayer beads (japa mala) in his right hand and palm-leaf manuscripts in his left hand.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/> Several inscriptions of the reigns of the Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara monarchs, and the kings such as Rajanarayana Sambuvarayar have been discovered in the temple.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/>

The temple is one of the nine Shiva temples around [[Porur]] associated with the [[Navagraha]].<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam"/> The temple's holy [[theertham]] (pond) is known as Suryapushkarini and the sacred tree is the ''shenbagam'' (''[[Magnolia champaca|Michelia champaka]]'') tree.<ref name="MillionGods"/>

A school of 70 pupils functions at the temple premises, which was started in September 1990.<ref name="TH_SchoolTemple">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = School, temple function on common land
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 December 2016
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/School-temple-function-on-common-land/article16931291.ece
| access-date = 5 January 2023}}</ref>

==Festivities==
The temple conducts annual ''[[Brahmotsava|brahmosthsawam]]'' that spans 10 days around Chithra Pournami (April).<ref name="MaalaiMalar_VadaNageshwaram"/>

==See also==
* [[Religion in Chennai]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Navagraha temples in Chennai]]

Meenal

2026-01-26T03:34:21Z

Janni: updated page

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Meenal
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| relatives = [[Senthi Kumari]] (sister)
| family =
| website =
}}

'''Meenal''' is an Indian actress who mainly appears in Tamil films. She has appeared in [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]'s ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'', [[Vetrimaran]]'s ''[[Aadukalam]]'', [[Thangar Bachan]]'s ''[[Ammavin Kaipesi]]'' and [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Annakodi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Venkadesan S |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article592707.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829021252/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article592707.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2012 |title='Aadukalam' Meenal lands a new role |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 August 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhil Raghavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-liberal-dose-of-comedy/article4084851.ece |title=A liberal dose of comedy |work=The Hindu |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-27/news-interviews/35387083_1_annakodiyum-kodiveeranum-aadukalam-iniya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-27/news-interviews/35387083_1_annakodiyum-kodiveeranum-aadukalam-iniya |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2013 |title=Meenal plays sex worker in Bharathiraja's movie |date=27 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhil Raghavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera/article3696640.ece |title=Etcetera |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[En Sakhiye]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Nurse Madhumitha || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' || Ramanathan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Aadum Koothu]]'' || Deivanayaki ||
|-
| ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || Raj Guru's Daughter ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' || Kundhavi's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]]'' || || Telugu film; special appearance in the song "Steppu Veyara"
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' ||Revathy
|
|-
| ''[[Soorya Kireedam]]'' || Ashwathy || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' ||Kumarasamy's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Viyabari]]'' ||Item dancer
|
|-
| 2008 || ''Valvellam Vasantham'' || Nithya ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]'' ||Kingfisher's love interest ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Veeran Maran''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Magane En Marumagane]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || Meena (Pettaikaran's wife) ||
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]'' || Abducted girl ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aduthathu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || Saroja's maid ||
|-
| ''[[Suzhal (film)|Suzhal]]'' || Prabhu's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Ammavin Kaipesi]]'' || Kanaga ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Annakodi]]'' || Narthanga Magudeeshwari ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Complainant ||
|-
|| ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || Naidu's sister- in-law (second wife) ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mosakutty]]'' || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Chittu || [[Television film|TV film]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Karumegangal Kalaigindrana]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]'' || Naidu's sister- in-law (second wife) || Web Series
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4863924|name=Meenal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meenal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madurai]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu

2026-01-24T02:29:52Z

Janni: starting stub

{{Only primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''[[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]]''' (AMRUT) is a program undertaken by [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] of [[Government of India]]. The scheme was launched on 25 June 2015 and aims to develop infrastructure in important cities and municipalities across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.87.10/writereaddata/The%20Mission.pdf|title=About AMRUT Mission|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], infrastructure development work under various categories such as water supply, underground drainage systems, public health facilities and transportation services are undertaken in the identified cities under the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=AMRUT scheme|publisher=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For the year 2024 and 2025, the state government is planning to undertake the development works of 40 towns along with the listed cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amrut Towns and Cities developmental works |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-govt-awards-contracts-for-preparation-of-master-plans-for-over-40-towns/article68787507.ece}}</ref>

==List of cities and municipalities==
In Tamil Nadu, 33 cities and towns have been listed under the scheme:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.87.10/list_of_cities.aspx|title=AMRUT list of cities|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"style="font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!City
!District
|-
|[[Alandur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|-
|[[Ambattur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|-
|[[Ambur]]
|[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
|-
|[[Avadi]]
|[[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
|-
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|-
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|-
|[[Cuddalore]]
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|-
|[[Dindigul]]
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|-
|[[Erode]]
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|-
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|-
|[[Kancheepuram]]
|[[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|-
|[[Karaikudi]]
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|-
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|-
|[[Kurichi]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|-
|[[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madavaram]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|-
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|-
|[[Nagapattinam]]
|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|-
|[[Nagercoil]]
|[[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
|-
|[[Pallavaram]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|-
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|-
|[[Rajapalayam]]
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|-
|[[Rameshwaram]]
|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
|-
|[[Salem, India|Salem]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|-
|[[Tambaram]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|-
|[[Thanjavur]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|-
|[[Thoothukkudi]]
|[[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|-
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|-
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|-
|[[Tiruvottiyur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|-
|[[Velankanni]]
|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|-
|[[Vellore]]
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu]]

Raja Rithvik R

2026-01-20T18:25:23Z

Janni: Added new post

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2004)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Raja Rithvik|Rajavaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image = Raja rithvik mugshot.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|5|4}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229350.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2557 (June 2025)
| FideID = 35007394
}}

'''Raja Rithvik Rajavaram''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster. He became a grandmaster at the age of 17.

==Career==
In June 2018, he defeated grandmaster [[Valeriy Neverov]] (who was rated 200 points higher) in an upset in the fifth round of the 11th Mumbai Mayor's International Chess Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/881674/mumbai-mayors-cup-chess-raja-rithvik-upsets-gm-neverov-valeriy |title=Mumbai Mayor's Cup chess: Raja Rithvik upsets GM Neverov Valeriy|date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

In August 2021, he achieved his second GM norm after defeating grandmaster [[Valentina Gunina]] at the Skalica Chess Festival and finishing in second place in the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/IM-Raja-Rithvik-scores-his-second-GM-norm-at-Skalica-Open-Leon-finishes-third-in-Masters|title=IM Raja Rithvik scores second GM-norm at Skalica Open, Leon finishes third in Masters|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021, he completed all of the requirements for the Grandmaster title by surpassing the 2500 rating mark at the Vezerkepzo GM Tournament in Budapest. He became India's 70th Grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/raja-rithvik-becomes-a-grandmaster/article36545336.ece|title=Raja Rithvik becomes a Grandmaster|work=The Hindu |date=19 September 2021}}</ref>

In December 2022, he won the Chessable Sunway Sitges Blitz tournament with an undefeated score of 8.5/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/9th-Chessable-Sunway-Sitges-Blitz-18-12-report |title=Raja Rithvik decimates 9th Chessable Sunway Sitges Blitz 18/12, Adhiban third|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

In January 2023, he was leading the [[Rilton Cup]] after the fifth round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/rilton-cup-indian-grandmaster-raja-rithvik-leads-after-five-rounds |title=Rilton Cup: Indian Grandmaster Raja Rithvik leads after five rounds|first=Andre|last=Schulz|date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

In April 2023, he was a joint leader after the fifth round of the Chessable Sunway Formentera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/2nd-Chessable-Sunway-Formentera-2023-Round-5-report |title=2nd Chessable Sunway Formentera R5: Raja Rithvik and Pranav Venkatesh make it a five-way lead|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=23 April 2023}}</ref>

In March 2024, he won the silver medal in the Indian National Blitz Chess Championship, finishing behind [[Diptayan Ghosh]] in a field of over 220 players.<ref name="blitz">{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telanganas-rithvik-bags-silver-at-national-blitz-chess-championship |title=Telangana's Rithvik bags silver at National Blitz Chess Championship|work=Telangana Today|date=7 March 2024|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Raja Rithvik's parents are Srinivasa Rao Rajavaram, an Electrical Engineer, and Deepika. Srinivasa Rao is originally from [[Manthani]] in the combined Karimnagar district of Telangana. Deepika was working as a lecturer but left her job to support Raja Rithvik's chess journey. Rithvik spent his formative years in Warangal. Raja Rithvik is an engineering student at [[KL University]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="blitz"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajavaram, Raja Rithvik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Bengaluru City railway station

2026-01-10T19:54:27Z

Janni: Added location

{{short description|Railway station in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bengaluru City Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station
| image = KSRBengaluruEntrance.jpg
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>Krāntivīra Saṅgoḷḷi Rāyaṇṇa (Beṅgaḷūru Nildāṇa)
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name = KSR Bengaluru Station, Bengaluru City Station, Banglore City Railway Station, Majestic Station, SBC station, KSR Station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image_caption = Main entrance of Bengaluru City Railway Station
| address = Gubbi Thotadappa Road, M.G. Railway Colony, Majestic [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], 560023
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|42|N|77|34|10|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|920|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line|Bangalore–Hubli]] [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Bangalore–Chennai]] [[Mysore–Bangalore railway line|Bangalore–Mysore]] [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Bangalore–Guntakal]] [[Hassan–Bangalore section|Bangalore–Hassan]] [[Template:Salem–Bangalore line|Bangalore–dharmapuri-Salem]]
| platform = 10
| tracks = 15
| connections = {{Plainlist|
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] '''[[Kempegowda Bus Station]]'''
{{ric|Namma Metro|green}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|green|croute}} [[City Railway Station metro station (Bangalore)|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station]] [[Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Stn., Majestic]]
}}
| structure = At–ground
| parking = Available
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SBC
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Bangalore}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1968}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former = *Bangalore City railway station (1968–2014)
*Bangalore City railway station (2014–2016)
| passengers = 3,00,000/day
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| embedded = [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|20px|Luggage Checking System]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] [[File:SymbolCoffeeShop.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Kiosks]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi Stand]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]] {{rint|metro}}
| map_type = India Bangalore
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Bengaluru City Railway Station''', officially '''Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station''' {{Audio|KSR Bengaluru Station Pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}, also known as '''Bangalore City Railway Station''', '''KSR Bengaluru Station''', or '''Majestic Railway station'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7096&did=145449704189594354ECD102CEC97451280C24522002C.web91 |title=South Central Railway Press Release |date=3 February 2016 |website=[[South Central Railway zone]] |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002151745/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7096&did=145449704189594354ECD102CEC97451280C24522002C.web91 |url-status=live }}</ref> (station code: '''SBC'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |year=2015 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622042400/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>), is the main railway station of Bengaluru, serving the city of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is the busiest railway station in the [[South Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], and is the only [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|NSG1]] category railway station in the South Western zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Western Railway |url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,800,802 |website=swr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064206/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,800,802 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is located across the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]. The station has 10 platforms and three entrances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Third entry for KSR station in Bengaluru opened |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jun/29/third-entry-for-ksr-station-in-bengaluru-opened-1997072.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
The establishment of the British cantonment in 1809 made Bengaluru a crucial military hub in South India. Soon enough, a need arose to establish more transportation links between the new civil and military outpost with the colonial administrative headquarters in Madras. In the 1840s, proposals for these railway lines were debated in the British Parliament, a move supported by traders and shipping companies. In Bengaluru, Sir [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] pushed for the development of the railway link during his tenure as the Commissioner of Mysore and Coorg. He proposed a railroad project connecting Mysore and Madras through Bengaluru and Calicut but the plan was stalled. The line was initially meant for military purposes -for transporting soldiers, grains and ammunition but was later made open to the public. [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]] took over as the commissioner of Mysore and the land for the railway project was donated by the Mysore government. The train that chugged from Cantonment was called 'Bangalore Mail'. The year 1864 also saw other crucial developments in Bengaluru. The railway link was a turning point in the history of the city as it encouraged immigration from the rest of the country. Trade witnessed a huge boost, and many potters from Madras also settled down in the Cantonment around the same time, leading to the establishment of Pottery Town.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|title=Date with History: In 1864, first train chugged from Cantonment to Jolarpettai|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms|date=3 August 2017|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000340/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1944, the rail network was nationalised. On 14 April 1951, the three major networks administered by the erstwhile Madras and Southern Maratha Railway, the Southern Indian Railway and Mysore State Railway were joined to form Southern Railway.

Due to historical reasons, the headquarters of the erstwhile Mysore State Railway was located in Mysore though Bengaluru was the hub of operations. To improve administration and enhance monitoring, Bengaluru Division was inaugurated on 27 July 1981.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Renuka|date=2 August 2014|title=Bangalore's rail connectivity turns 150 years|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|access-date=19 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018071527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The metre-gauge lines bound to Hubli, Mysore were converted into broad gauge in the 1990s.

In 2015 it was decided to rename the station; three stations in the city were using Bangaluru in their name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Aparajita |date=5 November 2015 |title=Bengaluru city station to be renamed as Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-city-station-to-be-renamed-as-kranthiveera-sangolli-rayanna-soon/articleshow/49673788.cms |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The station was renamed Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Bangalore Station in 2016 in honour of the Indian freedom fighter [[Sangolli Rayanna]], who fought against British rule in Karnataka..<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2016 |title=Bengaluru Railway station renamed as Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/may/15/bengaluru-railway-station-renamed-as-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-station-904076.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The station has numerous licensed food stalls,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=26 July 2022 |title=KSR railway station gets five-star rating for food quality, hygiene |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ksr-railway-station-gets-five-star-rating-for-food-quality-hygiene/article65686486.ece |access-date=14 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> modernised digital lockers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Digital, smart cloakrooms operational at two railway stations in Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/digital-smart-cloakrooms-railway-stations-bengaluru-8008580/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> facilities for the disabled,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 March 2022 |title=Ksr B’luru Station Adds Features To Become Disabled Friendly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ksr-bluru-station-adds-features-to-become-disabled-friendly/articleshow/90429204.cms |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S |date=14 February 2022 |title=Four railway stations in Bengaluru Division set to become disabled-friendly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/feb/14/four-railway-stations-in-bengaluru-division-set-to-become-disabled-friendly-2419407.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and child-friendly spaces which will also accommodate trafficked children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S |date=8 April 2022 |title=Exclusive child-friendly space takes shape in Bengaluru's KSR railway station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/apr/08/exclusive-child-friendly-space-takes-shape-in-bengalurus-ksr-railway-station-2439437.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Platforms ==
[[File:Bangalore city railway schematic.jpg|thumb|left|The station is shown on map|151x151px]]
Platforms 1 to 7 connects to the [[Chennai]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] railway lines. On platforms 8 to 10, service trains arrive via [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwantpur]] from [[Hubli-Dharwad]]. Platforms 1 to 4 terminate at [[Bengaluru]]. On platforms 5 to 10, service trains depart towards [[Mysore]]. There are railway lines between Platforms 4 and 5 that are used as the railway yard. There are 5 railway lines passing from KSR Bengaluru– to [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad junction]] via [[Guntakal]] , [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]] via Guntakal and kurnool , [[Chennai]] via [[Krishnarajapuram]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] via [[Hosur|Dharmapuri]], [[Mysore]], [[Hubli-Dharwad]] via [[Tumkur]], [[Birur]]. The Bangalore–Chennai railway line via [[Bangalore Cantonment]], Bangarpet, is fully electrified and open for traffic. The Bangalore–Mysore line has also been doubled and electrified.

== Connections ==
The railway station is served by [[Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station metro station]] on the [[Namma Metro]]'s Purple Line, which opened on 30 April 2016. Later that year, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) decided to construct a foot over bridge from the metro station until the boundary of the railway station, while the South Western Railway, would complete the rest of the work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wait for FOB to City Railway Station gets longer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Wait-for-FOB-to-City-Railway-Station-gets-longer/article17242807.ece |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207180445/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Wait-for-FOB-to-City-Railway-Station-gets-longer/article17242807.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wait for metro-city railway station bridge gets longer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Wait-for-metro-city-railway-station-bridge-gets-longer/article17266232.ece |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=9 February 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018071535/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Wait-for-metro-city-railway-station-bridge-gets-longer/article17266232.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The foot overbridge connecting platform 10 with the metro station was opened on 18 February 2019. The BMRC reported that monthly ridership at the metro station was 175,000 passengers per day prior to opening the bridge, and increased to 250,000 two months after its opening.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Chiranjeevi |title=Bridge linking boosts Bengaluru metro ridership |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bridge-linking-boosts-bengaluru-metro-ridership-731744.html |access-date=4 May 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504013453/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bridge-linking-boosts-bengaluru-metro-ridership-731744.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The railway station is also served by [[Kempegowda Bus Station]].

===Bengaluru Suburban Railway===
The [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]], under construction, will make KSR Bengaluru railway station a major hub in the network.

Two corridors of the system will serve the station:
* '''Sampige line (Corridor 1):''' Originates at KSR Bengaluru and runs northwards via Yeshwanthpur and Yelahanka towards Devanahalli and the Kempegowda International Airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru suburban rail project: Corridor 1 to link KSR Bengaluru to Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-corridor-1-to-link-ksr-bengaluru-to-airport/articleshow/69932732.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

* '''Parijaata line (Corridor 3):''' Connects Kengeri in the west to Whitefield in the east, passing through KSR Bengaluru as a central station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru suburban rail: Corridor 3 to connect Kengeri and Whitefield |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-suburban-rail-corridor-3-to-connect-kengeri-and-whitefield/articleshow/73562265.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

This integration will link KSR Bengaluru with long-distance trains, the Namma Metro Purple Line, and the suburban rail system, enhancing its role as a key interchange point in the city’s transport network.

== Gallery ==
Some of this railway station pictures are shown below:-
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:KSR Bengaluru station platform 5.jpg|Platform 5 of this railway station
File:KSR Bangalore City railway station 01.jpg|Bengaluru City station water fountain
File:KSR Bangalore City railway station 02.jpg|Departure hall of the railway station
File:Rain clouds over Bangalore City railway station JEG2354.JPG|Rainy night at the railway station
File:A Krishnarajapuram-based WAG-9HC at Bangalore City Railway Station.jpg|[[South Western Railway zone|SWR]]'s [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|KJM]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9HC]] on standby at this station
</gallery>
Few photos of [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains around this railway station:-
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:MGR Chennai Central - Mysuru Jn Vande Bharat Express.jpg|Vande Bharat Express departing towards {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}}
File:5th Vande Bharat Express departing towards Mysuru Jn.jpg|[[MGR Chennai Central–Mysuru Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] on standy at KSR Bengaluru City Jn
File:Mysuru - Chennai Central Mini Vande Bharat Express.jpg|Mini Saffron-Grey [[Mysuru Junction–MGR Chennai Central Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] arriving from {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}}
File:Mysuru Chennai Central Vande Bharat Express (Nov '23).jpg|Vande Bharat Express standing on Platform 7
File:2023-06-17 111245 SBC UBL DWR.jpg|Mini [[KSR Bengaluru–Dharwad Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] ready for departure towards {{stnlnk|Dharwad}}
File:Malgudi Express entering KSR Bengaluru.jpg|[[Malgudi Express]] entering KSR Bengaluru
File:Tumakuru KSR Bengaluru Tumakuru Passenger 56222-56225 (06576-06575) at PF9 of KSR Bengaluru.jpg|Tumakuru KSR Bengaluru Tumakuru Passenger 56222-56225 (06576-06575) at PF-9 and Malgudi Express entering KSR Bengaluru to PF-10
</gallery>

== Important trains ==
The important trains originating/terminating and passing from Bengaluru city station are [[Belagavi (Belgaum)–KSR Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express|Belagavi (Belgaum)–Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express]],[[KSR Bengaluru–Dharwad Vande Bharat Express|KSR Bengaluru–Dharwad Vande Bharat Express]], [[Kacheguda-Mysuru Express]], [[Karnataka Express]], [[KSR Bengaluru]] [[Sangli]] [[Rani Chennamma Express]], [[Island Express (train)|Island Express]], [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Lal Bagh Express]], [[Mysuru Junction–MGR Chennai Central Vande Bharat Express]], [[Uday Express]], KSR Bengaluru-Kannur Express, [[Brindavan Express]], [[Wodeyar Express]], [[Malgudi Express]], [[Chamundi Express]], [[Siddhaganga Intercity Express|Siddhaganga Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express|Mysore–Bangalore Rajya Rani Express]],[[Udaipur City–Mysuru Palace Queen Humsafar Express|Udaipur - Mysore Spl Humsafar Express]] etc

== Aquatic Kingdom ==
{{See also|Bangalore Aquarium}}
{{stack|[[File:Aquatic_Kingdom,_KSR_railway_station,_Bengaluru_(39).jpg|thumb|The tunnel aquarium inside ''Aquatic Kingdom'']]}}
The station features a [[public aquarium]] called ''′Aquatic Kingdom′'' which has been functional since 1 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |agency=TNN |title=Aquarium a new delight at KSR Bengaluru railway station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/aquarium-a-new-delight-at-ksr-bengaluru-railway-station/articleshow/84053604.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002082401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/aquarium-a-new-delight-at-ksr-bengaluru-railway-station/articleshow/84053604.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways' to get a movable freshwater tunnel aquarium at KSR Bengaluru station - Freshwater tunnel aquarium |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-to-get-a-movable-freshwater-tunnel-aquarium-at-ksr-bengaluru-station/freshwater-tunnel-aquarium/slideshow/84138656.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002082354/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-to-get-a-movable-freshwater-tunnel-aquarium-at-ksr-bengaluru-station/freshwater-tunnel-aquarium/slideshow/84138656.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It includes a 12-foot-long tunnel aquarium,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=12-Feet-Long Tunnel Aquarium Opens At Bengaluru Railway Station |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/12-feet-long-tunnel-aquarium-opens-at-bengaluru-railway-station-2480547 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=NDTV.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002082403/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/12-feet-long-tunnel-aquarium-opens-at-bengaluru-railway-station-2480547 |url-status=live }}</ref> which is India's first.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 |title=India's first movable tunnel aquarium opens at Bengaluru railway station |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indias-first-movable-tunnel-aquarium-opens-bengaluru-railway-station-151673 |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=The News Minute |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |location=India |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703093946/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indias-first-movable-tunnel-aquarium-opens-bengaluru-railway-station-151673 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |first=BS Web Team & |date=2 July 2021 |title=In pictures: Indian Railways' first movable freshwater tunnel aquarium |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/in-pictures-indian-railways-first-movable-freshwater-tunnel-aquarium-121070200896_1.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Business Standard India |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |location=India |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702114217/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/in-pictures-indian-railways-first-movable-freshwater-tunnel-aquarium-121070200896_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is developed in collaboration with HNI Aquatic Kingdom.<ref name=":0"/>

== See also ==
* [[Mysore–Bangalore railway line]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IndiaRailInfo|136}}

{{Adjacent communities
| title = '''Areas around KSR Bangalore City Railway Station'''
| Northwest = Old Mysore Road
| North = Okalipuram
| Northeast = Sheshadri Road
| West = Old Mysore Road
| Centre = KSR Bangalore City Railway Station
| East = [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]/Majestic
| Southwest = Magadi Road
| South = TCM Royan Road
| Southeast = Gubbi Thotadappa Road/Kempegowda Bus Station/Majestic
}}
{{Bangalore}}
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1968]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengaluru railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Karnataka]]

King of India

2025-12-04T08:24:00Z

Janni: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian monarchs]]

Randhir Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:39:09Z

Janni: made new bio...

{{short description|Raja of Maihar (1910 – 1911)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| reign = 18 July 1910 – 15 December 1911
| predecessor = [[Jadubir Singh]]
| successor = [[Brijnath Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1865|10|19|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1911|12|15|1865|10|19|df=yes}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maihar_State.png}} [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| father = [[Raghubir Singh of Maihar|Raghubir Singh]]
}}
'''Randhir Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1910 until his death in 1911.
==Biography==
He was born the second son of [[Raghubir Singh of Maihar|Raghubir Singh]] on 19 October 1865.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=Swapan Kumar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annapurna_Devi_An_Unheard_Melody/R6lyBAAAQBAJ |title=Annapurna Devi: An Unheard Melody |date=2005-04-01 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-855-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=135}}</ref> Following the death of his elder brother, [[Jadubir Singh]], on 18 July 1910, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":0" /> However, he was formally installed on 7 January 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC? |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> He was invited to attend the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar]] of 1911 but declined due to financial reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284348/ |title=The Indian States 1936 |date=1937 |pages=37}}</ref> He married and had three sons: [[Brijnath Singh]], Yadunath Singh, and Brijdev Singh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=C E Luard |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284475/ |title=The Ruling Families And Persons Of Note In The Central Indian Agency |pages=24}}</ref>

He was murdered in [[Maihar]] on 15 December 1911 and was succeeded by his son, [[Brijnath Singh]], as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284347/ |title=The Indian States 1935 |date=1936 |pages=37}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

List of knights commander of the Order of the Star of India

2025-11-05T09:53:01Z

Janni: starting new stub!

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of '''knights commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India''' from 1867 until 1947, when the order ceased to be awarded. It was the second highest class of the [[Order of the Star of India]], following on from the highest class of [[List of knights grand commander of the Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander]]. Recipients used the post-nominal initials "KCSI" and prefixed "sir" to their forenames. Wives of knights commanders could prefix "lady" to their surnames. Such forms were not used by peers and Indian princes, except when the names of the former were written out in their fullest forms.

==1860s==
===1867===
*[[Daniel Eliott]], Madras Civil Service (Retired), late Member of the Law Commission, of the Legislative Council of India, and of the Council of the Governor of Madras<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=23255 |page=2996 |date=24 May 1867 }}</ref>
*[[George Frederick Harvey (administrator)|George Frederick Harvey]], Bengal Civil Service (Retired), late Commissioner of Agra<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*Major-General [[William Hill (Indian Army general)|William Hill]], late Madras Army, Commanding the Nizam's Contingent during the mutinies of 1857-1858<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*Major-General [[Vincent Eyre]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, Royal (late Bengal) Artillery<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[The Rajah Jodhbir Chund of Nadown]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Henry Lacon Anderson]], Bombay Civil Service (Retired), late Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay, and Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Richard Temple]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Resident at Hyderabad<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*Colonel [[Arthur Purves Phayre]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, Bengal Staff Corps, Chief Commissioner in British Burmah<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===1869===
*His Highness the [[Rama Varma XIV|Rajah of Cochin]]<ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette |issue= 23503|pages=3179–3180 |date=2 June 1869 }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-General [[John Campbell (1802–1878)|John Campbell]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, Madras Army<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*Major-General [[George Le Grand Jacob]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, late Bombay Army<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==1870s==
===1870===
*His Highness Prince [[Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib|Gholam Mahomed]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{London Gazette |issue=23620 |page=2787 |date=31 May 1870 }}</ref>
*[[William Grey (governor)|William Grey]], Bengal Civil Service, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

===1871===
*The Nawab Mohsin-ood-Dowlah Bahadoor of Oude<ref name="ReferenceD">{{London Gazette |issue= 23739|pages=2473–2474 |date=20 May 1871 }}</ref>
*His Highness Mohubut Khan, Nawab of [[Junagadh State|Joonaghur]]<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
*Major-General [[George Inglis Jameson]], Bombay Army, late President of the Military Finance Commission for India, Auditor of the Accounts of the Department of the Secretary of State for India in Council<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
*[[John William Kaye]], formerly of the Bengal Artillery, now Secretary in the Political and Secret Department of the Office of the Secretary of State for India in Council<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
*[[Henry James Sumner Maine|Henry Sumner Maine]], late Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

===1872===
*[[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]], Bengal Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceE">{{London Gazette |issue=23863 |page=2575 |date=31 May 1872 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceF">{{London Gazette |issue=23864|page=2620 |date=4 June 1872 }}</ref>
*[[John Cracroft Wilson]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} Bengal Civi Service (Retired), late Civil and Sessions Judge at Moradabad, and Special Commissioner for the Trial of Rebels and Mutineers in 1857-58<ref name="ReferenceE"/><ref name="ReferenceF"/>

===1873===
*Nawab Khan Bahadoor Khwajah Muhammad Khan Khuttuk, of Kohat<ref name="ReferenceG">{{London Gazette |issue=23979 |pages=2583–2584 |date=24 May 1873 }}</ref>
*[[George Campbell (1824–1892)|George Campbell]], Bengal Civil Service, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal<ref name="ReferenceG"/>
*[[Alexander John Arbuthnot]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Madras Civil Service, late Member of the Council of the Governor of Madras<ref name="ReferenceG"/>
*Major-General [[Harry Burnett Lumsden]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} Bengal Staff Corps, late Envoy to Candahar<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

===1874===
*[[Robert Henry Davies]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab<ref name="ReferenceH">{{London Gazette |issue=24093 |page=2445 |date=8 May 1874 }}</ref>
*Colonel [[Richard John Meade]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Staff Corps, Chief Commissioner of Mysore and Coorg<ref name="ReferenceH"/>
*Colonel [[Lewis Pelly]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bombay Staff Corps, Agent to the Governor-General for the States of Rajpootana, and late Political Resident in the Persian Gulf<ref name="ReferenceH"/>
*Maharaja [[Chandrakirti Singh]], King Of The Ningthouja Dynasty and kingdom of Manipur

===1877===
*[[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MD|CB}} Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew<ref name="ReferenceI">{{London Gazette |issue= 24464|pages=3442–3443 |date=30 May 1877 }}</ref>
*[[Thomas Lawrence Seccombe]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} Financial Secretary to the Secretary of State for India in Council<ref name="ReferenceI"/>

===1878===
*The Honourable [[Ashley Eden]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal<ref name="ReferenceJ">{{London Gazette |issue=24327 |page=3040 |date=19 May 1876 }}</ref>
*[[Stuart Colvin Bayley]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bengal in the Judicial and Political Departments<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>

==1880s==
===1881===
*General [[William Orfeur Cavenagh|Orfeur Cavenagh]], Bengal Staff Corps<ref name="ReferenceK">{{London Gazette |issue=24976 |pages=2673–2675 |date=24 May 1881 }}</ref>
*[[Charles Umpherston Aitchison]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Chief Commissioner British Burmah<ref name="ReferenceK"/>
*His Highness [[Takhtsinhji|Tukht Singh]], Thakur Saheb of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagur]]<ref name="ReferenceK"/>
*[[James Davidson Gordon]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Resident at Mysore<ref name="ReferenceK"/>
*John Forsyth, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} Inspector-General of Hospitals (Retired), Bengal Medical Service<ref name="ReferenceK"/>
*[[Lepel Griffin|Lepel Henry Griffin]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Agent to the Governor-General in Central India<ref name="ReferenceK"/>

===1882===
*The Maharajah [[Jatindramohan Tagore|Jotendro Mohun Tagore]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}<ref name="ReferenceL">{{London Gazette |issue=25110 |page=2409 |date=23 May 1882 }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel [[Oliver St John (civil servant)|Oliver Beauchamp Coventry St. John]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Royal (late Bengal) Engineers, late Resident at Kandahar<ref name="ReferenceL"/>

===1885===
*Colonel [[Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Madras Staff Corps, Agent to the Governor-General<ref name=gazette_25477>{{London Gazette|issue=25477|pages=2631-2632|date=6 June 1885}}</ref>

===1886===
*[[Theodore Hope|Theodore Cracraft Hope]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Bombay Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceM">{{London Gazette |issue=25592 |page=2633 |date=28 May 1886}}</ref>
*[[Charles Bernard (civil servant)|Charles Edward Bernard]], Esq., CSI, Bengal Civil Service, Chief Commissioner of Burmah<ref name="ReferenceM"/>
*Nawab [[Khwaja Abdul Ghani|Khwaja Abdul Ghani Meeah]], of Dacca, CSI<ref name="ReferenceM"/>
*[[William Chichele Plowden]], Esq., Bengal Civil Service (Retired), late Census Commissioner for India<ref name="ReferenceM"/>

===1888===
*[[James Broadwood Lyall]], Bengal Civil Service, Lt.-Governor of the Punjab<ref name="ReferenceN">{{London Gazette |issue= 25823 |page=3123 |date= 1 June 1888 }}</ref>
*[[Charles Crosthwaite|Charles Hawkes Todd Crosthwaite]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Chief Commissioner, Burmah<ref name="ReferenceN"/>

===1889===
*Colonel [[Henry Yule]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, Royal (late Bengal) Engineers, Member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 25939 |page=2873 |date= 24 May 1888 }}</ref>

==1890s==
===1890===
*[[Andrew Scoble|Andrew Richard Scoble]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceO">{{London Gazette |issue= 26053 |pages=2965–2966 |date= 20 May 1890 }}</ref>
*[[Dennis Fitzpatrick (colonial administrator)|Dennis Fitzpatrick]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Bengal Civil Service, Resident at Hyderabad<ref name="ReferenceO"/>

===1891===
*[[P. P. Hutchins|Philip Perceval Hutchins]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Madras Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26167 |pages=2921–2923 |date= 29 May 1891 }}</ref>
* [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie]], Esq., CSI, [[Bengal Civil Service]], [[List of colonial governors of Burma|Chief Commissioner of Burma]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1891 |page=9 |issue=33210 }}</ref>

===1892===
*Sir [[Auckland Colvin]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CIE}} Bengal Civil Service, Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh<ref name="ReferenceP">{{London Gazette |issue= 26291 |pages=3137–3139 |date= 24 May 1892 }}</ref>
*[[Henry Stokes|Henry Edward Stokes]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Madras Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor of Madras<ref name="ReferenceP"/>
*His Excellency Maharaja [[Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], Prime Minister of Nepal<ref name="ReferenceP"/>
*Maharaja [[Mana Vikrama Bahadur Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]<ref name="ReferenceP"/>

===1893===
* [[Anthony Patrick MacDonnell]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces]]<ref name="ReferenceQ">{{London Gazette |issue=26359 |date=2 January 1893 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
* [[K. Seshadri Iyer|Kumarapuram Sheshadri Aiyar]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, [[Dewan]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]<ref name="ReferenceQ"/>

===1894===
*Major General [[Oliver Newmarch|Oliver Richardson Newmarch]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Military Secretary at the India Office<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26516 |pages=3115–3117 |date= 25 May 1894}}</ref>
*Sir [[Mortimer Durand|Henry Mortimer Durand]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26472|date=2 January 1894 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>

===1895===
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|William Stephen Alexander Lockhart]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CSI}}<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26628 |pages=3079–3080 |date= 25 May 1895 }}</ref>
*[[James Westland (colonial administrator)|James Westland, Esq, CSI]], Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceR">{{London Gazette |issue=26584 |date=1 January 1895 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
*[[Frederick William Richards Fryer|Frederick William Richards Fryer, Esq, CSI]], Officiating Financial Commissioner, Punjab<ref name="ReferenceR"/>
*[[Sirohi State#Rulers|His Highness Maharao Kesri Singh of Sirohi]]<ref name="ReferenceR"/>
*[[Courtenay Ilbert|Courtenay Peregrine Ilbert, Esq, CSI, CIE]]<ref name="ReferenceR"/>

===1896===
*[[William Erskine Ward]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Chief Commissioner of Assam<ref name="ReferenceS">{{London Gazette |issue=26741 |pages=3053–3054 |date= 20 May 1896}}</ref>
*Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel [[Alfred Swaine Lethbridge]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MD|CSI}}<ref name="ReferenceS"/>
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[Henry Brackenbury]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|RA|KCB}}, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceT">{{London Gazette |issue=26695|date=1 January 1896 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
*[[Palitana State#Rulers|Mansinghji Sarsinghji Thakore Saheb of Palitana]]<ref name="ReferenceT"/>

===1897===
*[[John Woodburn (Bengal governor)|John Woodburn]], Esq., CSI, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="ReferenceU">{{London Gazette |issue=26808|date=1 January 1897 |page=1}}</ref>
*His Highness Maharao Raja [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raghubir Singh Bahadur]], Chief of Bundi<ref name="ReferenceU"/>
*Sir [[Edward Charles Buck]], CSI, Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Revenue and Agriculture<ref name="ReferenceU"/>
*[[William Mackworth Young]] CSI, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab<ref name="ReferenceV">{{London Gazette |issue=10895 |date=25 June 1897 |pages=589–600 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref>
*[[Sri Raja Rama Varma]] of Cochin<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*[[Charles James Lyall]] CSI CIE, Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*[[Robert Joseph Crosthwaite]] CSI, Agent to the Governor-General in Rajputana<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*[[William John Cuningham]] CSI, Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*Major-General [[Montagu Gilbert Gerard]] CB CSI, Indian Staff Corps<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*Raja [[Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala|Jagatjit Singh Bahadur]] of Kapurthala<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*[[Richard Udny]] CSI, Indian Civil Service<ref name="ReferenceV"/>
*Colonel Howard Melliss CSI, Inspector-General of Imperial Service Troops<ref name="ReferenceV"/>

===1898===
*[[William Lee-Warner]], Esq., CSI, Political Secretary, India Office<ref name="ReferenceW">{{London Gazette |issue=26969 |pages=3229–3230 |date=21 May 1898}}</ref>
*Trevor John Chichele Chichele-Plowden, Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service<ref name="ReferenceW"/>
*His Highness Maharaja [[Datia State#Maharajas|Lokindra Bhawani Singh Bahadur of Datia]]<ref name="ReferenceX">{{London Gazette |issue=26925|date=1 January 1898 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
*[[Arthur Trevor (colonial administrator)|Arthur Charles Trevor, CSI]], Indian Civil Service<ref name="ReferenceX"/>
*[[John Frederick Price|John Frederick Price, Esq, CSI]], Indian Civil Service<ref name="ReferenceX"/>

===1899===
* His Highness [[Junagadh State#Rulers|Rasul Khanji Mahabat Khanji, Nawab of Junagarh]]<ref name="ReferenceY">{{London Gazette |issue=27038|date=2 January 1899 |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
* [[Charles Cecil Stevens]], Esq., CSI, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]]<ref name="ReferenceY"/>

==1900s==
===1901===
* [[James John Digges La Touche]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service<ref name="Birthday Honours">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Birthday Honours |date=9 November 1901 |page=8 |issue=36608}}</ref>
* His Highness Raja [[Surendra Bikram Prakash|Surindar Bikram Prakash Bahadur]], of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]]<ref name="Birthday Honours"/>
* Sultan Ahmed bin Fadthl, of Lahej<ref name="Birthday Honours"/>
* [[Charles Montgomery Rivaz]], Esq., CSI, Ordinary Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Council of the Governor General of India]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1901 |page=8 |issue=36340}}</ref>

===1902===
*Lieutenant-Colonel [[David William Keith Barr]], CSI, [[Indian Staff Corps]], resident at [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="The Coronation Honours">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Coronation Honours |date=26 June 1902 |page=5 |issue=36804}}</ref>
*[[Henry John Stedman Cotton]], Esq., CSI, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], [[List of governors of Assam|Chief Commissioner of Assam]]<ref name="The Coronation Honours"/>
*[[A. Seshayya Sastri|Amaravati Seshayya Sastri]], CSI, of [[Madras]]<ref name="The Coronation Honours"/>

===1903===
*[[Denzil Ibbetson|Denzil Charles Jelf Ibbetson]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="New Year Honours">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>
*Rear-Admiral [[Charles Carter Drury]], Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Naval Forces in the East Indies<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*[[Henry Martin Winterbotham]], Esq, CSI, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*[[James Monteath]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*Lieutenant-Colonel [[Donald Robertson (Indian Army officer)|Donald Robertson]], CSI, Indian Staff Corps, Resident in Mysore, and Chief Commissioner of Coorg<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*[[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*[[Hugh Shakespear Barnes]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*Surgeon-General William Roe Hooper, CSI, Indian Medical Service (retired), President of the Medical Board at the India Office<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*Colonel Sir [[Colin Scott-Moncrieff|Colin Campbell Scott Moncrieff]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], CSI, Royal Engineers (retired), President of the Indian Irrigation Commission<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*His Highness [[Garhwal Kingdom|Raja Kirti Sah, of Tehri, Garhwal]], CSI<ref name="New Year Honours"/>
*Kunwar Ranbir Singh, of Patiala<ref name="New Year Honours"/>

===1904===
*[[Arundel Tagg Arundel]], Esq., CSI, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], an Ordinary Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Council of the Governor-General]]<ref name="Indian Honours">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Indian Honours |date=1 January 1904 |page=8 |issue=37279}}</ref>
*James Austin Bourdillon, Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Resident in [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and Chief Commissioner of Coorg, lately [[Lieutenant Governor of Bengal|Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal]]<ref name="Indian Honours"/>

===1907===
*[[Thomas William Holderness]], Esquire, CSI, Indian Civil Service (retired), Secretary in the Revenue and Statistics Department of the India Office<ref name="ReferenceZ">{{London Gazette |issue=28034 |date=25 June 1907|pages=4430–4436 |supp=y}}</ref>
*[[Lancelot Hare]], Esquire, CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, [[List of rulers of Bengal|Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam]]<ref name="ReferenceZ"/>

===1908===
*[[Charles Stuart Bayley]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, [[List of Governors of Assam|Officiating Lieutenant-Governor, Eastern Bengal and Assam]]<ref name="lg28151">{{London Gazette |issue=28151 |date=23 June 1908|pages=4641–4648 |supp=y}}</ref>
*[[Edward Norman Baker]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg28151"/>
*His Highness [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Raj Rajeshwar Maharaja Dhiraj Sardar Singh Bahadur]], of Jodhpur<ref name="lg28151"/>
*His Highness Raj Rana Bhavvaui Singh, of [[Jhalawar]]<ref name="lg28151"/>
*His Highness [[Raja Sir Tassaduq Rasul Khan]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, of [[Jahangirabad Raj]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Oudh]]<ref name="lg28151"/>

===1909===
*[[John William Muir Mackenzie|John William Pitt Muir-Mackenzie]], Esq., CSI, [[Indian Civil Service]], an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg12105">{{London Gazette |issue=12105 |date=5 January 1909 |pages=13–15 |city=e}}</ref>
*Nawab Bahadur [[Khwaja Salimullah|Khwaia Salimulla]], CSI, of Dacca, an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg12105"/>
*[[James Wilson (civil servant)|James Wilson]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Financial Commissioner, Punjab, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg12105"/>
*His Highness Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh Prabhakar|Jai Singh]], Bahadur, of [[Alwar]]<ref name="lg12105"/>
*[[Henry Erle Richards]], Esq., KC, Barrister-at-law, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg12105"/>
*[[Gabriel Stokes]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service (retired), lately an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George<ref name="lg12105"/>
*His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-ul-Itikad Daulat-i-Inglishia Raja-i-Rajagan Raja [[Ranbir Singh Jind|Ranbir Singh]], Bahadur of [[Jind State|Jind]]<ref name="lg12105"/>
*His Highness [[Maharana]] Shri [[Ajitsinhji of Dhrangadhra|Ajitsinghji Jaswatsinghji]]<nowiki/>i, Raj Sahib of [[Dhrangadhra State|Dhrangadhra]]<ref name="lg12105"/>
*[[G. S. Forbes|George Stuart Forbes]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George<ref name="lg28263">{{London Gazette |issue=28263 |date=22 June 1909|pages=4853–4860 |supp=y}}</ref>
*Captain His Highness Raja [[Sajjan Singh of Ratlam]]<ref name="lg28263"/>

==1910s==
===1910===
*Sir [[James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape|James Lyle Mackay]], GCMG, KCIE, a Member of the Council of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India<ref name="lg12209">{{London Gazette |issue=12209 |date=4 January 1910 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*Sir [[Harvey Adamson]], CSI, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg12209"/>
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[Beauchamp Duff]], KCB, KCVO, CIE, Indian Army, [[Military Secretary to the India Office|Secretary in the Military Department, India Office]]<ref name="lg12209"/>
*Ihtisham-ul-Mulk Rais-ud-Daula Amir-ul-Omrah Nawab Asif Kadr [[Wasif Ali Mirza|Saiyid Wasif Ali Mirza]] Khan Bahadur, Mahabat Jang, [[Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad]], Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg12209"/>
*Lieutenant-Colonel [[James Dunlop Smith|James Robert Dunlop Smith]], CSI, CIE, Indian Army, Private Secretary to His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India<ref name="lg12209"/>

===1911===
*[[John Ontario Miller]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, lately an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg12317">{{London Gazette |issue=12317 |date=3 January 1911 |pages=1–4 |city=e}}</ref>
*[[Lionel Montague Jacob]], Esq., CSI, MICE, Secretary to the Government of India, Public Works Department, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg12317"/>
*[[Murray Hammick]], Esq., CSI, CIE, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George<ref name="lg12317"/>
*[[Krishna Govinda Gupta]], CSI, Member of the Council of India<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28505 |date=16 June 1911 |pages=4587-4598 |city=e}}</ref>
*[[Leslie Alexander Selim Porter]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh<ref name="lg28559">{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>
*[[John Lewis Jenkins]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Spencer Harcourt Butler]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Robert Warrand Carlyle]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*Captain His Highness Umdae Rajahae Baland Makan Maharajadhiraja Sir Madan Singh Bahadur, KCIE, Maharaja of Kishangarh<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Reginald Craddock|Reginald Henry Craddock]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[James McCrone Douie]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, First Financial Commissioner of the Punjab, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[James Scorgie Meston]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India in the Finance Department, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Benjamin Robertson]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India, Commerce and Industry Department, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Richard Amphlett Lamb]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member and Vice-President of the Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg28559"/>
*Maharajadhiraja Sir [[Bijay Chand Mahtab]] Bahadur, KCIE, of Burdwan, a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Elliot Colvin (died 1940)|Elliot Graham Colvin]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Agent to the Governor-General of India in Rajputana, and Chief Commissioner, Ajmer-Merwara<ref name="lg28559"/>
*Sir [[Trevredyn Rashleigh Wynne]], KCIE, VD, Chairman of the Railway Board and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*Surgeon-General [[Charles Pardey Lukis]], CSI, MD, Indian Medical Service, Director-General, Indian Medical Service, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Stanley Ismay]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service (retired), Chief Justice of the Chief Court of Mysore<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[George Casson Walker]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service (retired), lately Financial Adviser to the Government of the Nizam of Hyderabad<ref name="lg28559"/>
*[[Apcar Alexander Apcar]], Esq., CSI, Consul for Siam in Calcutta<ref name="lg28559"/>
*His Highness Raja Udaji Rao Puar, Raja of Dhar, in Central India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*His Highness Raja [[Tukojirao III|Tukoji Rao Puar]] of Dewas State (Senior Branch), in Central India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*Surgeon-General [[Francis Wollaston Trevor]], CB, MB, KHS, Principal Medical Officer, India<ref name="lg28559"/>
*His Highness Maharaja 5 Sris Sir [[Ugyen Wangchuk]], KCIE, of Bhutan<ref name="lg28559"/>

===1912===
* [[John Nathaniel Atkinson]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, [[Imperial Civil Service|Indian Civil Service]], an Ordinary Member of the Council of the [[Madras Presidency|Governor of Fort St. George]]<ref name="lg28617">{{London Gazette |issue=28617 |date=11 June 1912 |pages=4297–4302 |supp=y}}</ref>
* [[William Thomson Morison]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service (Retd.), lately an Ordinary Member of the Council of the [[Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]]<ref name="lg28617"/>

===1913===
*[[Michael Francis O'Dwyer]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab<ref name="lg28724">{{London Gazette |issue=28724 |date=3 June 1913 |pages=3903–3908 |supp=y|city=l }}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel Sir [[George Roos-Keppel|George Olaf Roos-Keppel]], KCIE, [[List of Governors of the North-West Frontier Province|Chief Commissioner and Agent to the Governor-General of India, North-West Frontier Province]]<ref name="lg28724"/>
*Sir [[George Head Barclay]], KCMG, CVO, lately Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Teheran<ref name="lg12526">{{London Gazette |issue=12526 |date=3 January 1913 |pages=1–5 |city=e}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-General Sir [[James Willcocks]], KCMG, CB, DSO, [[Northern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding the Northern Army in India]]<ref name="lg12526"/>

===1914===
*His Excellency Sardar Arfa, Amir Nuyan Sheikh Khazal Khan ibn Haji Jabir Khatij KCIE, Sheikh of Mohammera (Honorary)<ref name="lg28842">{{London Gazette |issue=28842 |date=6 June 1913 |pages=4875–4882 |supp=y }}</ref>
*Sheikh [[Mubarak Al-Sabah|Mubarak-bin-Subah]], KCIE, [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Ruler of Koweit]] (Honorary)<ref name="lg28842"/>
*[[Michael William Fenton]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Financial Commissioner, Punjab<ref name="lg28842"/>
*Sir [[Harold Stuart|Harold Arthur Stuart]], KCVO, CSI, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George<ref name="lg28842"/>
*Colonel [[Sir Sidney Burrard, 7th Baronet|Sidney Gerald Burrard]], CSI, FRS, RE, [[Surveyor General of India|Surveyor-General in India]]<ref name="lg28842"/>
*[[Syed Ali Imam]], Esq., CSI, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg28788">{{London Gazette |issue=28788 |date=1 January 1914 |pages=1-6| supp=y}}</ref>
*[[Duncan Colvin Baillie]], Esq., CSI, Member of the Board of Revenue, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh<ref name="lg28788"/>

===1915===
*[[Pazhamaneri Sundaram Sivaswami Iyer]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}}, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of Fort St. George, Madras<ref name="lg29180">{{London Gazette |issue= 29180 |pages=5325–5331 |date= 3 June 1915|supp=y }}</ref>
*Sir [[William Duke (colonial governor)|Frederick William Duke]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service (retired), a Member of the Council of India<ref name="lg29180"/>
*[[Edward Albert Gait]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bihar and Orissa<ref name="lg29180"/>
*His Highness Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan Sherwani Bahadur, Chief of [[Malerkotla State|Maler Kotla]], Punjab<ref name="lg29180"/>
*His Highness Raja Amar Prakash Bahadur, Chief of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], Punjab<ref name="lg29180"/>
*Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}}, Indian Army, Indian Political Department, Resident, Hyderabad<ref name="lg29180"/>
*[[William Henry Clark]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CMG}}, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg29180"/>
*Sir [[William Stevenson Meyer]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg29180"/>
*Major-General [[William Riddell Birdwood]], CB, CSI, CIE, DSO, late Secretary in the Army Department to the Government of India<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29024 |date=29 December 1914 |pages=1–3 |supp=y}}</ref>

===1916===
*[[Alexander Cardew|Alexander Gordon Cardew]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George, Madras]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29608 |pages=5553–5603 |date= 3 June 1916 |supp=y}}</ref>
*Lt.-Col. Sir [[Hugh Daly]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Army, lately Resident in [[Mysore]] and Chief Commissioner, [[Kodagu district|Coorg]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29608 |pages=5553–5603|date= 3 June 1916 |supp=y}}</ref>
*[[Steyning Edgerley|Sir Steyning William Edgerley]], KCVO, CIE, Member of the [[Council of India]]<ref name="lg29423">{{London Gazette |issue=29423 |date=31 December 1915 |pages=79–90 |supp=y}}</ref>
*[[Verney Lovett|Harrington Verney Lovett]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner of the Lucknow Division, United Provinces, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg29423"/>
*[[Robert Woodburn Gillan]], Esq., CSI, Indian Civil Service, President of the Railway Board<ref name="lg29423"/>
*Maharaj Sri Bhairon Singh Bahadur, CSI, Vice-President and Political Member of the State Council, Bikaner, Rajputana<ref name="lg29423"/>

===1917===
*[[Charles Edmund Fox|Sir Charles Edmund Fox]], Chief Judge, Chief Court, Lower Burma<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30111 |supp=y |pages=5453–5494 |date=4 June 1917}}</ref>
*[[Claude Hill|Claude Hamilton Archer Hill]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}}, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General<ref name="the times">{{cite news |title= Honours for the Somme|work=[[The Times]] |page=9 |date=1 January 1917 }}</ref>
*His Highness Raja Malhar Rao Baba Saheb Puar, Chief of [[Dewas State|Dewas]] (Junior Branch), Central India<ref name="the times"/>
*His Highness Maharaja [[Jitendra Narayan|Jitendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur]], of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], Bengal<ref name="the times"/>
*His Highness [[Ranjitsinhji|Jam Shri Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji]], Jam Saheb of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency<ref name="the times"/>
*His Highness Maharaja [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji]], Maharaja Saheb of [[Dhrangadhra State|Dhrangadhra]], Kathiawar Bombay Presidency<ref name="the times"/>
*Lieutenant-Colonel Sir [[Francis Younghusband|Francis Edward Younghusband]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|}} [[Legum Doctor|LLD]] [[Doctor of Science|DSc]], Indian Political Department (retired)<ref name="the times"/>
*Sir [[Theodore Morison]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}, lately a Member of the [[Council of India]]<ref name="the times"/>
*Major-General [[George Macaulay Kirkpatrick]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}}, Chief of the Indian General Staff<ref name="the times"/>
*Major-General [[Robert Charles Ochiltree Stuart]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Director-General of Ordnance in India<ref name="the times"/>

===1918===
*Sir [[William Henry Hoare Vincent]], Indian Civil Service, an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg30723">{{London Gazette |issue=30723 |date=3 June 1918 |pages=6523–6534 |supp=y}} (Viscount, Baron, KG, KSP, PC, Bt, Kt, KGB, KCB, CB, GCSI, KCSI, CSI, GCMG, KCMG, CMG, GCIE, KCIE, CIE, GCVO, KCVO, CVO, MVO, CH, ISO, Kaisar-i-Hind, RRC)</ref>
*Sir [[Thomas Henry Holland]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|DSc|FRS}} President, Indian Munitions Board<ref name="lg30723"/>
*[[George Rivers Lowndes]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KC}} an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India<ref name="lg30451">{{London Gazette |issue= 30451 |supp=2 |pages=79–86 |date=1 January 1918 }}</ref>
*His Highness Maharajadhiraja Maharawal Jawahir Singh Bahadur of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], Rajputana<ref name="lg30451"/>
*[[Archdale Earle|Sir Archdale Earle]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Indian Civil Service, Chief Comm. of Assam<ref name="lg30451"/>
*[[Stuart Fraser (diplomat)|Stuart Mitford Fraser]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Political Dept., Resident at Hyderabad<ref name="lg30451"/>
*[[John Stratheden Campbell]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Junior Member, Board of Revenue, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations<ref name="lg30451"/>
*[[Frank Sly|Frank George Sly]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Comm., Central Provinces<ref name="lg30451"/>
*His Highness Maharaja Lakendra Govind Singh Bahadur of [[Datia State|Datia]]<ref name="lg30451"/>
*His Highness [[Udaybhanu Singh|Maharajadhiraja Sri Sawai Maharaj Rana Udai Bhan Singh Lokindar Bahadur]] of [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]]<ref name="lg30451"/>

===1919===
*Maj.-Gen. [[Harry Triscott Brooking|Sir Harry Triscott Brooking]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCMG}}<ref name="lg31370">{{London Gazette |issue=31370 |supp=y |pages=6789–6919 |date= 3 June 1919}}</ref>
*Maj.-Gen. [[George Fletcher MacMunn|Sir George Fletcher MacMunn]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CSI|DSO}} Inspector-General of Communications<ref name="lg31370"/>
*[[Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Agent to the Governor-General in Central India<ref>{{cite news |title=New Year Honours |work=[[The Times]] |page=9 |date=1 January 1919}}</ref>

==1920s==
===1920===
*[[George Stapylton Barnes|Sir George Stapylton Barnes]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} Ordinary Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg31931">{{London Gazette |issue=31931 |supp=y |pages=6313–6320 |date=4 June 1920}}</ref>
*Colonel Nawab Muhammad Nasrulla Khan, Heir-apparent to the Bhopal State, Central India<ref name="lg31931"/>
* The Right Honourable Sir [[Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough|Francis John Stephens Hopwood, Baron Southborough]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCMG|sep=,}}<ref name="lg31712">{{London Gazette |issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |pages=1–10 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Maharaja [[Daulat Singh|Daolat Singhji]], Maharaja of [[Idar State|Idar]], Bombay<ref name="lg31712"/>
* Diwan Bahadur Penungavur Rajagopala Achariyar Avargal, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}, Member of the Council of His Excellency the Governor, Madras<ref name="lg31712"/>

===1921===
*[[Charles Todhunter|Charles George Todhunter]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council, Madras<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=King's Birthday – Colonial Office List |work=[[The Times]] |page=12 |date=3 June 1921 }}</ref>
*Sir Henry Wheeler {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council, Bengal<ref name="times"/>
* Sir [[Edward Douglas MacLagan]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI|sep=,}}, [[List of Governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor-Designate of the Punjab]]<ref name="lgjan21">{{London Gazette |date=1 January 1921 |supp=y |issue=32178 |pages=1–12 }}</ref>
* The Right Honourable Sir [[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prassano, Baron Sinha]] of Raipur, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KC}}, [[Governor of Bihar and Orissa]]<ref name="lgjan21"/>
* [[Nicholas Beatson-Bell|Sir Nicholas Dodd Beatson-Bell]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE, CSI}}, [[List of Governors of Assam|Governor-Designate of Assam]]<ref name="lgjan21"/>
* Sir [[William Sinclair Marris]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE}}, Governor-Designate of Assam (in succession to Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell)<ref name="lgjan21"/>
* [[Louis James Kershaw]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI, CIE}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Secretary in the Revenue and Statistics Department, [[India Office]]<ref name="lgjan21"/>
* [[George Seymour Curtis]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lgjan21"/>
* [[Lionel Davidson (civil servant)|Lionel Davidson]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras<ref name="lgjan21"/>

===1922===
* Captain His Highness Maharawal Shri Ranjitsinhji Mansinhji, [[Baria State|Raja of Baria]], Bombay<ref name="lg32563">{{London Gazette |issue=32563 |date=30 December 1921 |pages=10709–10720|supp=y}}</ref>
* Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}, Barrister-at-Law, Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Viceroy's Council]]<ref name="lg32563"/>
* [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|William Malcolm Hailey]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE|sep=,}}, Member of the Viceroy's Council<ref name="lg32563"/>
* [[Hamilton Grant|Sir Alfred Hamilton Grant]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI|sep=,}}, late Chief Commissioner and Agent to the Governor-General, [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]]<ref name="lg32563"/>
*Raja Sir Muhammad Ali Muhammad Khan, Khan Bahadur {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, of Mahmudabad, Member of the Governor's Executive Council, United Provinces<ref name=LG32716>{{London Gazette|issue=32716|supp=y|page=4322|date=3 June 1922}}</ref>
*[[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt}}, Bombay<ref name=LG32716/>
*[[Sassoon David|Sir Sassoon Jacob David]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt}} President, Bombay Municipality<ref name=LG32716/>
*Sir [[William Mitchell Acworth]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MA}}<ref name=LG32716/>

===1923===
* [[Rao Bahadur]] [[B. N. Sarma|Bayya Narasimheswara Sarma]], Member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg32830">{{London Gazette |issue=32830 |date=1 June 1923 |pages=3943–3954 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}, Member of the Executive Council, Bombay<ref name="lg32830"/>
* [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=LLD}}, Member of the Viceroy's Council<ref name="lg32782">{{London Gazette |issue=32782 |date=29 December 1922 |pages=1–16 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Sir [[Ludovic Charles Porter]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE, CSI, OBE}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Member of Council, United Provinces<ref name="lg32782"/>
* Sir [[Richard Havelock Charles]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=GCVO}}, Medical Adviser to the Secretary of State for India<ref name="lg32782"/>

===1924===
*His Highness Maharajadhiraja Maharao Sarup Ram Singh Bahadur, Maharao of Sirohi, Rajputana<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32941 |supp=y |pages=4407–4422 |date=3 June 1924}}</ref>
* [[Charles Alexander Innes]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE|sep=,}}, Indian Civil Service; Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg32893">{{London Gazette |issue=32893 |date=1 January 1924 |pages=1–10 |supp=y}}</ref>
* General Sir [[Claud William Jacob]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCB, KCMG, [[Aide-de-Camp General|ADC-Gen.]]}}, [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff, India]]<ref name="lg32893"/>

===1925===
*Major His Highness Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraja [[Umaid Singh]] Bahadur {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCVO}} Maharaja of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], Rajputana<ref name="lg33053">{{London Gazette |issue=33053 |supp=y |pages=3767–3781 |date= 3 June 1925 }}</ref>
*Sir [[Frederick Whyte|Alexander Frederick Whyte]], President, [[Central Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="lg33053"/>
*Sir [[Maurice Henry Weston Hayward]], Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council, Bombay<ref name="lg33053"/>
*Sir [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Abdur Rahim]], Member of the Executive Council, Bengal<ref name="lg33053"/>
* Captain His Highness [[Maharana]] [[Shri]] Vijayasinhji Chhatrasinhji, [[Maharaja]] of [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]]<ref name="lg33007">{{London Gazette |issue=33007 |date=30 December 1924 |pages=1–10 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Sir Frederick Augustus Nicholson, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (retired), Madras<ref name="lg33007"/>

===1926===
*Sir [[Alexander Muddiman|Alexander Phillips Muddiman]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref>{{cite news |title=King's Birthday Honours Postponed |work=[[The Times]] |page=16 |date=20 May 1926 }}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Maharaja Sri Brajindra Sawai [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]] Bahadur, Maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]<ref name="lg33119">{{London Gazette |issue=33119 |date=29 December 1925 |pages=1–12 |supp=y }}</ref>
* His Highness Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III|Mahabat Khanji Rasul Khanji]], [[Nawab of Junagadh]]<ref name="lg33119"/>
* Sir [[Basil Phillott Blackett]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCB}}, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General<ref name="lg33119"/>
* [[Henry Staveley Lawrence]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council, Bombay<ref name="lg33119"/>

===1927===
*Khan Bahadur Sir [[Muhammad Habibullah]], Sahib Bahadur {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33280 |supp=y |pages=3603–3620 |date= 3 June 1927}}</ref>
*His Highness Maharaja Gulab Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], Central India<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33235 |supp=y |pages=1–10 |date= 31 December 1926}}</ref>

===1928===
*[[William John Keith|Sir William John Keith]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, late Finance Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Burma<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33390 |supp=y |pages=3845–3863 |date= 4 June 1928}}</ref>
*Sir [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CBE}} Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33343">{{London Gazette |issue=33343 |supp=y |pages=1–10 |date= 30 December 1927}}</ref>
*[[Samuel Perry O'Donnell|Sir Samuel Perry O'Donnell]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of the United Provinces<ref name="lg33343"/>
*Sir Chunilal Vijbhukhandas Mehta, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg33343"/>

===1929===
* His Highness [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] Natvarsinhji Bhavsinhji, Maharaja Rana Saheb of [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]<ref name="lg33501">{{London Gazette |issue=33501 |date=31 May 1929 |pages=3665–3682 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>
* [[James Crerar]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI, CIE}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33501"/>
* [[Jean Louis Rieu]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg33501"/>
* [[George Bancroft Lambert]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the [[Governor of the United Provinces]]<ref name="lg33501"/>
*Captain His Highness Rukn-ud-Daula Nusrat-i-Jang Hafiz-ul-Mulk Mukhlis-ud, Daula Nawab Sir [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sadiq Muhammad Khan]], Abbasi, Bahadur {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCV}} Nawab of Bahawalpur<ref>United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=33472 |supp=y |pages=1435–20 |date= 26 February 1929}}</ref>

==1930s==
===1930===
* [[George Rainy (administrator)|Sir George Rainy]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE, CSI}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33611">{{London Gazette |issue=33611 |date=30 May 1930 |pages=3473–3488 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>
* Sir [[Denys de Saumarez Bray]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE, CSI, CBE}}, Indian Civil Service (Retd.), lately Foreign Secretary to the Government of India<ref name="lg33611"/>
* [[John Ernest Buttery Hotson]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI, CBE}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the [[Governor of Bombay]]<ref name="lg33611"/>
*His Highness Maharaja Shri Lakhdirji Waghji, [[Morvi State|Maharaja of Morvi]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33566 |supp=y |pages=1–16 |date= 31 December 1929}}</ref>

===1931===
* Sir [[George Ernest Schuster]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CBE|MC|sep=,}}, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33722 |date=2 June 1931 |pages=3623–3638 |supp=y |nolink=yes}}</ref>
*Lieutenant His Highness Raja Jogindar Sen Bahadur, Raja of Mandi, Punjab States<ref name="lg33675">{{London Gazette |issue=33675 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 30 December 1930}}</ref>
*Thakor Saheb Shri Sir Daulatsinhji Jasvatsinhji {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Thakor Saheb of Limbdi, Western India States<ref name="lg33675"/>
*Sir [[Norman Marjoribanks|Norman Edward Marjoribanks]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service (retired), Chairman, Madras Services Commission, Madras<ref name="lg33675"/>

===1932===
* Khan Bahadur Mian Sir [[Fazl-i-Hussain]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE}}, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33831 |date=31 May 1932 |pages=3567–3584 |supp=y |nolink=yes}}</ref>
*Sir Brojendra Lal Mitter, Law Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33785">{{London Gazette |issue=33785 |supp=y |pages=1–16 |date= 29 December 1931}}</ref>
*His Highness Maharaja Mahendra Sir [[Yadavindra Singh|Yadvendra Singh Bahadur]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Maharaja of Panna, Central India<ref name="lg33785"/>
*Major His Highness Raja Narendra Shah {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, Raja of Tehri (Garhwal), United Provinces<ref name="lg33785"/>
*[[John Perronet Thompson|Sir John Perronet Thompson]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Chief Commissioner of Delhi<ref name="lg33785"/>
*Major-General Sir [[Leonard Rogers]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} Indian Medical Service (retired), President, India Office Medical Board<ref name="lg33785"/>

===1933===
* Captain His Highness Maharaja Aditya Narayan Singh Bahadur, [[Narayan dynasty|Maharaja of Benares]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]<ref name="lg33946">{{London Gazette |issue=33946 |date=2 June 1933 |pages=3799–3816 |supp=y }}</ref>
* Khan Bahadur Shaikh Sir [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], Member and Vice-President of the Executive Council of the [[Governor of Bombay]]<ref name="lg33946"/>
*Sir [[J. W. Bhore|Joseph William Bhore]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CBE}} Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33898">{{London Gazette |issue=33898 |supp=y |pages=1–16 |date= 30 December 1932}}</ref>
*[[Harry Graham Haig]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg33898"/>
*Captain Nawab Sir [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|MBE}} of Chhatari, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of the United Provinces<ref name="lg33898"/>
*Sir Provash Chandra Mitter {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bengal<ref name="lg33898"/>
*Sir [[Sir Henry Craik, 3rd Baronet|Henry Duffield Craik]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of the Punjab<ref name="lg33898"/>
*Vice-Admiral [[Humphrey T. Walwyn|Humphrey Thomas Walwyn]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB|DSO}} Flag Officer Commanding, and Director, Royal Indian Marine<ref name="lg33898"/>
*[[Reginald Arthur Mant|Sir Reginald Arthur Mant]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Member of the Council of India<ref name="lg33898"/>

===1934===
* [[Frank Noyce|Sir Frank Noyce]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI, CBE}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Governor-General's Executive Council]]<ref name="lg34056">{{London Gazette |issue=34056 |date=1 June 1934 |pages=3555–3574 }}</ref>
* Major His Highness Raje Bahadur Shrimant Khem Savant Bhonsle, alias Bapu Saheb, Raja of [[Sawantwadi State|Savantvadi]], [[Deccan States Agency]]<ref name="lg34056"/>
*His Highness Maharaja [[Meidingngu Churachand|Chura Chand Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} Maharaja of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]], Assam<ref name="lg34010">{{London Gazette |issue=34010 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date=29 December 1933 }}</ref>
*[[Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier|Sir Edward Maynard Deschamps Chamier]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} lately Legal Adviser and Solicitor to the Secretary of State for India<ref name="lg34010"/>

===1935===
*His Highness [[Laxman Singh|Rai-i-Rayan Maharawal Sri Lakshman Singh Bahadur]], [[Dungarpur State|Maharawal of Dungarpur]]<ref name="lg34166">{{London Gazette |date=31 May 1935 |supp=y |issue=34166 |pages=3591–3618 }}</ref>
*His Highness Maharaja Manikya [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Bahadur]], [[Manikya dynasty|Maharaja of Tripura]]<ref name="lg34166"/>
*Captain His Highness Maharaja [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji|Shri Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]] Jadeja, [[Nawanagar State|Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawanagar]]<ref name="lg34166"/>
*[[Robert Duncan Bell]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg34166"/>
*Sir [[Maurice Linford Gwyer]], KCB, KC, First Parliamentary Counsel<ref name="lg34166"/>
*His Highness Maharaja Bhom Pal Deo Bahadur Yadukul Chandra Bhal, Maharaja of [[Karauli State|Karauli]], Rajputana<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34119 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 28 December 1934}}</ref>
*His Highness [[Laxman Singh|Rai-i-Rayan Maharawal Sri Lakshman Singh Bahadur]], [[Dungarpur State|Maharawal of Dungarpur]]<ref name="lg34166"/>
*His Highness Maharaja Manikya [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Bahadur]], [[Manikya dynasty|Maharaja of Tripura]]<ref name="lg34166"/>
*Captain His Highness Maharaja [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji|Shri Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]] Jadeja, [[Nawanagar State|Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawanagar]]<ref name="lg34166"/>
*[[Robert Duncan Bell]], Esq., CSI, CIE, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay<ref name="lg34166"/>
*Sir [[Maurice Linford Gwyer]], KCB, KC, First Parliamentary Counsel<ref name="lg34166"/>

===1936===
* Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Bundelkhand Sawai Mahendra Maharaja Shri Vir Singh Deo Bahadur, Maharaja of [[Orchha State|Orchha]], [[Central India Agency|Central India]]<ref name="lg34296">{{London Gazette |issue=34296 |date=19 June 1936 |pages=3995–4012 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Rana Bhagat Chand, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, [[Raja]] of [[Jubbal]], [[Simla Hill States]], Punjab<ref name="lg34296"/>
*Captain His Highness Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Nawab Sayyid Muhammad [[Raza Ali Khan of Rampur|Raza Ali Khan Bahadur]], Mustaid Jang, Nawab of [[Rampur State|Rampur]], United Provinces<ref name="lg34238">{{London Gazette |issue=34238 |supp=y |pages=1–18 |date= 31 December 1935}}</ref>
*[[Nripendra Nath Sircar|Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar]], Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg34238"/>
*Sir [[P. J. Grigg|Percy James Grigg]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg34238"/>
*[[Amarsinhji Banesinhji|Captain His Highness Maharana Shri Sir Amarsinhji Banesinhji]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Maharana Raj Sahib of [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]], States of Western India<ref name="lg34238"/>
*[[Reginald Isidore Robert Glancy|Sir Reginald Isidore Robert Glancy]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}, Indian Civil Service (retired), Member of the Council of India<ref name="lg34238"/>
*Sir Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} President of the Council of State<ref name="lg34238"/>
*General Sir [[Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Padma Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|KCIE}} Commander-in-Chief, Nepal<ref name="lg34238"/>

===1937===
*Sir [[Osborne Smith|Osborne Arkell Smith]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Governor of the Reserve Bank of India<ref>United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=34365 |supp=y |pages=1–20 |date= 29 January 1937}}</ref>
*''Kanwar'' Sir Jagdish Prasad, CSI, CIE, OBE<ref name="lg34396">{{London Gazette |date=11 May 1937 |supp=y |issue=34396 |pages=3073–3106 }}</ref>
*Sir [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]<ref name="lg34396"/>
*Mir Sir Muhammad Nazim Khan, the [[Mir of Hunza]], KCIE<ref name="lg34396"/>

===1938===
* His Highness [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] [[Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji]], Maharaja of [[Bhavnagar]], States of Western India<ref name="lg34518">{{London Gazette |issue=34518 |date=7 June 1938 |pages=3685–3709 |supp=y}}</ref>
* His Highness Maharaj Rana Rajendra Singh Bahadur, Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar]], Rajputana<ref name="lg34518"/>
*His Highness Maharawat Ram Singh Bahadur, Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], Rajputana<ref>United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=34469 |supp=y |pages=1–6 |date= 31 December 1937}}</ref>

===1939===
* His Highness Maharaja Sir [[Tashi Namgyal]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}, [[Maharaja of Sikkim]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34633 |date= 6 June 1939 |pages=3851–3874 |supp=y }}</ref>
*[[Reginald Maitland Maxwell]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="uklg34585">United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=34585 |supp=y |pages=1–24 |date= 30 December 1938}}</ref>
*[[Maharana Shri Bhavani Sinhji Bahadur]], Maharana of Danta, Rajputana<ref name="uklg34585"/>
*Thakor Saheb Shri Sir [[Bahadursinhji Mansinhji]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} Thakor Saheb of Palitana, States of Western India<ref name="uklg34585"/>

==1940s==
===1940===
===1941===
* His Highness [[Maharaja]] [[Shahoji II|Vikramsinha Rao Puar]], Maharaja of [[Dewas State|Dewas]], Senior Branch, [[Central India Agency|Central India]]<ref name="lg35184">{{London Gazette |issue=35184 |date=6 June 1941 |pages=3281–3302 |supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Andrew Clow|Sir Andrew Gourlay Clow]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}}, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Governor General's Executive Council<ref name="lg35184"/>
* [[Jeremy Raisman|Sir Abraham Jeremy Raisman]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=CSI CIE}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Member of the Governor General's Executive Council<ref name="lg35184"/>
*Lieutenant His Highness Raja Har Indar Singh Bahadur, Raja of Faridkot<ref name="uklg35029">United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=35029 |supp=y |pages=1–33 |date=31 December 1940}}</ref>
*Sir [[Francis Lewis Castle Floud]], KCB, KCMG, Chairman, Land Revenue Commission, Bengal<ref name="uklg35029"/>
*Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Chetput Pattabhirama Ayyar Ramaswami Ayyar]], KCIE, Diwan, Travanoore State<ref name="uklg35029"/>

===1942===
* [[Diwan Bahadur]] Sir [[Arcot Ramaswami Mudaliar]], Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35587 |date=5 June 1942 |pages=2533–2534 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>

===1943===
*Lieutenant His Highness Maharaja Shri Sewai [[Tej Singh Prabhakar|Tej Singhji Bahadur]], [[Maharaja of Alwar]]<ref name="lg36033">{{London Gazette |issue=36033 |date=28 May 1943 |pages=2417–2453 |supp=y}}</ref>
*Sir [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KBE, CIE}}, Indian Civil Service, [[Agent-General]] for India in the United States of America<ref name="lg36033"/>
*[[Thomas Guthrie Russell|Sir Thomas Guthrie Russell]], KCIE, Director-General, Munitions Production, Department of Supply, Government of India<ref name="uklg35841">United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=35841 |pages=1–34 |date=29 December 1942}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-General [[Cyril Noyes|Cyril Dupre Noyes]], CB, CIE, MC, Indian Army, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, North-Western Army<ref name="uklg35841"/>

===1944===
*[[Henry Foley Knight]], {{post-nominals|list=CSI, CIE}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Adviser to His Excellency the [[Governor of Bombay]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36544 |date=2 June 1944 |pages=2565–2652 |supp=y |nolink=yes}}</ref>

===1945===
*The Honourable [[Edward Charles Benthall|Sir Edward Charles Benthall]], Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Governor-General's Executive Council]]<ref name="uklg37119">United Kingdom and British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=37119 |date=14 June 1945 |supp=y |pages=2933–3032 }}</ref>
*The Honourable Khan Bahadur Sir [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Muhammad Usman]] Sahib Bahadur, KCIE, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="uklg37119"/>

===1946===
*Captain His Highness Raja Shrimant Sir Chintamanrao Dhundirao alias Appasaheb Patwardhan, KCIE, Raja of [[Sangli State|Sangli]]<ref name="lg37598">{{London Gazette|issue=37598|date=4 June 1946|supp=y|pages=2755–2821}}</ref>
*The Honourable [[Jwala Prasad Srivastava|Sir Jwala Prasad Srivastava]], KBE, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg37598"/>
*The Honourable Sardar [[Jogendra Singh|Sir Jogendra Singh]], Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg37598"/>
*The Honourable Khan Bahadur Maulvi [[Azizul Haque (educator)|Sir Muhammad Azizul Haque]], CIE, Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council<ref name="lg37598"/>
*Major-General (Local Lieutenant-General) [[Gordon Wilson (British Army doctor)|Gordon Wilson]], CB, CBE, MC, KHS, British Service (late [[RAMC]]), Director, Medical Services in India<ref name="lg37598"/>
*Major-General (Temporary Lieutenant-General) [[Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen]], CB, OBE, MC, British Service, Principal Administrative Officer, General Headquarters, India<ref name="lg37598"/>
*Rao Bahadur [[V. T. Krishnamachari|Sir Vangal Thiruvenkata Krishnamachari]], KCIE, lately Dewan, [[Baroda State]]<ref name="lg37598"/>
*Captain His Highness Farzand-i-Arjmand Aqidat Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja [[Pratap Singh Nabha|Pratap Singh]] Malvendra Baha-Dur, [[Nabha State|Maharaja of Nabha]]<ref name="uklg37407">United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=1–132 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
*Lieutenant-Colonel Nawab [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]], {{post-nominals|list=OBE}}, Premier of the Punjab<ref name="uklg37407"/>
*Sir [[Geoffrey Pownall Burton]], {{post-nominals|list=KCIE}}, Indian Civil Service, Financial Adviser to His Excellency the Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar<ref name="uklg37407"/>

===1947===
* Lieutenant-General Sir [[Frank Walter Messervy]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KBE, CB, DSO}}, [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command, India]]<ref name="oc2569">Order of the Crown of India: {{London Gazette |issue=37976 |date=6 June 1947 |page=2569|supp=y}}</ref>
* Sir [[George Hemming Spence]], {{post-nominals|post-noms=KCIE, CSI}}, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Secretary to the Government of India in the Legislative Department<ref name="oc2569"/>

===1948===
* Colonel His Highness Maharao [[Bhim Singh II|Bhim Singhji]] Bahadur, [[Kota State|Maharao of Kotah]]<ref name="belg38161">British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |pages=1–42 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref>
* Sir [[David Taylor Monteath]], {{post-nominals|list=KCB, KCMG, CVO, OBE}}, lately His Majesty's [[Under-Secretary of State for India]]<ref name="belg38161"/>
* Vice-Admiral Sir [[Geoffrey John Audley Miles]], {{post-nominals|list=KCB}}, Royal Navy, Commander-in-Chief, [[Royal Indian Navy]]<ref name="belg38161"/>
* Major-General (Local Lieutenant-General) [[Treffry Owen Thompson]], {{post-nominals|list=CB, CBE, KHP}}, Director of Medical Services, India<ref name="belg38161"/>
* [[John Thorne Masey Bennett|Sir John Thorne Masey Bennett]], {{post-nominals|list=CIE, CBE, MC}}, Indian Police, Inspector-General of Police, Punjab<ref name="belg38161"/>

==See also==
* [[Order of the Star of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of knights and dames|Star of India]]

5th IIFA Awards

2025-10-21T02:14:50Z

Janni: fixed issues

{{Short description|2004 Bollywood film award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 5
| award = IIFA Awards
| award_link = International Indian Film Academy
| type =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption = The official logo of the IIFA Awards
| date = {{Start date|2004|05|20|df=y}}– {{End date|2004|05|22|df=y}}
| site = [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]] [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade Concert Hall]], [[Singapore]]
| host = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rahul Khanna]] [[Celina Jaitly]] [[Mahima Chaudhry]]
}}
| producer =
| director =
| organizer =
| best_picture = ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| best_direction = ''[[Rakesh Roshan]]''
| best_direction_film = ''([[Koi... Mil Gaya]])''
| best_actor = ''[[Hrithik Roshan]]''
| best_actor_film = ''(Koi... Mil Gaya)''
| best_actress = ''[[Preity Zinta]]''
| best_actress_film = ''(Kal Ho Naa Ho)''
| most_wins = ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (13)
| most_nominations = ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (17)
| channel = [[Star Plus]]
| network = [[Star India|STAR TV]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = [[4th IIFA Awards|4th]]
| next = [[6th IIFA Awards|6th]]
}}

The '''2004 IIFA Awards''', officially known as the '''5th [[International Indian Film Academy|International Indian Film Academy Awards]] ''' ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honored the best films of 2003 and took place between 20 and 22 May 2004. This year, the city of Singapore played host to the Indian Film Industry. The tag line of this year's IIFA Awards was ''Uniquely IIFA, Uniquely Singapore ...''.

The official ceremony took place on 22 May 2004, at the [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]], in [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade Concert Hall]], [[Singapore]]. During the ceremony, [[IIFA Awards]] were awarded in 27 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. Actors [[Rahul Khanna]] hosted the ceremony.

''[[Gully Boy|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' led the ceremony with 12 nominations, followed by ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' with 9 nominations, [[Baghban (2003 film)|''Baghban'']] and ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' with 8 nominations each, and ''[[Tere Naam]]'' with 7 nominations.

''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' won 13 awards, including [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for [[Preity Zinta]]), [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (for [[Saif Ali Khan]]) and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (for [[Jaya Bachchan]]), thus becoming the most–awarded film at the ceremony.

Other multiple awards winners included ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' with 5 awards, ''Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.'' with 4 awards and ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' with 2 awards.

In addition, movies receiving a single award included ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' (Best Sound Re–Recording), [[Jism (2003 film)|''Jism'']] (Best Female Playback Singer) and ''[[Janasheen]]'' (Best Villain).

Preity Zinta received dual nominations for Best Actress for her performances in ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' and ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', winning for the former, her first and only win in the category.

==Background==
The awards began in 2000 and the first ceremony was held in [[London]] at The [[Millennium Dome]]. From then on the awards were held at locations around the world signifying the international success of [[Bollywood]]. The next award ceremony was announced to be held at [[Amsterdam Arena]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2005.htm|title=Showcase: IIFA 2005 – Amsterdam|publisher=IIFA|access-date=2012-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307164153/http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2005.htm|archive-date=7 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Singapore]] also hosted the [[13th IIFA Awards|2012 IIFA Awards]].

==Winners and nominees==
Winners are listed first and highlighted in '''boldface.'''<ref name="singapore">{{cite web |title= Welcome To International Indian Film Academy |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_singapore_2004.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728045821/http://iifa.com/city_singapore_2004.php |archive-date=28 July 2012 |access-date=2012-07-06 |publisher=Iifa.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[thumb]]

===Popular awards===
<ref name=singapore />
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article | title=Kal Ho Naa Ho leads IIFA nominees | date=2 April 2004 | first=Jeremy | last=Kay | work=Screen Daily | access-date=11 October 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan graces the launch of the new Santro.jpg|thumb|Shah Rukh Khan (Best Actor)]]
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' – [[Dharma Productions]]'''
** ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' – BR Films
** ''[[Janasheen]]'' – FK Films
** ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' – Filmkraft Productions (I) Pvt. Ltd.
** ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' – [[Vinod Chopra Productions]] and Entertainment One
** ''[[Tere Naam]]'' – MD Productions
|
* '''[[Rakesh Roshan]] – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'''''
** [[Nikhil Advani]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
** [[Rajkumar Hirani]] – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
** [[Ravi Chopra]] – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
** [[Satish Kaushik]] – ''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Performance In A Leading Role – Male]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Performance In A Leading Role – Female]]
|- valign="top"
|
*'''[[Hrithik Roshan]] – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' as Rohit Mehra'''
** [[Amitabh Bachchan]] – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' as Raj Malhotra
** [[Salman Khan]] – ''[[Tere Naam]]'' as Radhe Mohan
** [[Sanjay Dutt]] – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' as Murli Prasad Sharma ([[Munna Bhai]])
** [[Shah Rukh Khan]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' as Aman Mathur

|
* '''[[Preity Zinta]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' as Naina Catherine Kapur/ Patel'''
** [[Hema Malini]] – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' as Pooja Malhotra
** [[Rani Mukerji]] – ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' as Priya Chopra
** Preity Zinta – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' as Nisha
** [[Urmila Matondkar]] – ''[[Bhoot (2003 film)|Bhoot]]'' as Swati
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Performance In A Supporting Role – Male]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Performance In A Supporting Role – Female]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Saif Ali Khan]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' as Rohit Patel'''
** [[Arshad Warsi]] – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' as Sarkeshwar (Circuit)
** [[Ashutosh Rana]] – ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' as Yogender Singh, 18 Grenadiers
** [[Suneil Shetty]] – ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]'' as Akram sheikh
** [[Yash Tonk]] – ''[[Janasheen]]'' as Max Periera
|
* '''[[Jaya Bachchan]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' as Jennifer Kapur'''
** [[Juhi Chawla]] – ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' as Shanti
** [[Maya Alagh]]  – ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' as Manoj Pandey's mother
** [[Rekha]] – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' as Sonia Mehra
** [[Shoma Anand]] – ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' as Anjali Tiwari
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance In A Comic Role]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance In A Negative Role]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Boman Irani]] – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' as Dr. JC Asthana'''
** [[Paresh Rawal]] – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' as Hemant Patel
** Paresh Rawal – ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' as Radheysham Tiwari
** [[Rajpal Yadav]] – ''Hungama'' as Raja
** Rajpal Yadav – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' as Guru
|
* '''[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] – ''[[Janasheen]]'' as Saba Karim Shah'''
** [[Amrish Puri]] – ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'' as I.S.I Chief Ishak Khan
** [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]] – ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' as Inspector "Encounter" Shankar
** [[Bipasha Basu]] – ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' as Sonia Khanna
** [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]  – ''[[Gangaajal]]'' as Sunder Yadav
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Best Debut – Male]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Debut – Female]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Shahid Kapoor]] – ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' as Rajiv Mathur'''
|
* '''[[Amrita Rao]] – ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' as Payal'''
|}

===Musical awards===
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'''''
** [[Anu Malik]] – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
** [[Himesh Reshammiya]] – ''[[Tere Naam]]''
** [[Rajesh Roshan]] – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
** [[Vishal–Shekhar]] – ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
|
* '''"[[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]" from ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' – [[Javed Akhtar]]'''
** "Ek Saathi Aur Bhi Tha" from ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' – Javed Akhtar
** "Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal" from ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' – [[Rahat Indori]]
** "Kyun Kisi Ko" from ''[[Tere Naam]]'' – [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
** "Main Yahan Tu Wahan" from ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' – Sameer
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Sonu Nigam]] for "[[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]" – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'''''
** [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for "Main Yahan Tu Wahan" – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
** [[KK (singer)|KK]] for "Tu Aashiqui Hai" – ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
** [[Udit Narayan]] for "Koi... Mil Gaya" – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
** Udit Narayan for "Tere Naam" – ''[[Tere Naam]]''
|
* '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai" – ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'''''
** [[Alka Yagnik]] for "Kal Ho Naa Ho – Sad Version" – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
** Alka Yagnik for "Seemaaye Bulaaye" – ''[[LOC Kargil]]''
** Alka Yagnik for "Oodhni" – ''[[Tere Naam]]''
** [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] for "Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhen Daal" – ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| Best Song Recording
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background score]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]] – ''Satish Gupta'''''
|
* '''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]'''''
|}

===Backstage awards===
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – ''[[Karan Johar]]'''''
** [[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]] – [[B.R. Chopra]]
** [[LOC Kargil]] – [[J.P.Dutta|J.P. Dutta]]
** [[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]] – [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
** [[Koi... Mil Gaya]] – [[Rakesh Roshan]]
** [[Janasheen]] – Supran Verma, Siraz Ahmed and [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]
|
* '''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]] – ''[[Rajkumar Hirani]], Lajan Joseph and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Abbas Tyrewala]] for ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'''''
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematographer]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – ''[[Anil Mehta]]'''''
|
* '''Maahi Ve from [[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – ''[[Farah Khan]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – [[Manish Malhotra]]'''
|
* '''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]] – [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]] – ''Mickey Contractor'''''
|
* '''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]] – ''Jeetendra Chaudhary'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Re–Recording]]
! ! style="background:#ffc1cc; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[LOC Kargil]] – ''Lesli – Anand Theatre'''''
|
* '''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]] – ''Bimmini Special Fx, Digital Art Media'''''
|}

===Special awards===
Source:<ref name="singapore" />

====Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema====
* [[Yash Johar]]

====Outstanding Achievement In Indian Cinema====
* [[Dilip Kumar]]

====Samsung Diva====
* [[Kareena Kapoor]]

====Samsung Style Icon====
* [[Saif Ali Khan]]

====Sony face of the year – Male====
* [[Shahid Kapoor]]

====Sony face of the year – Female====
* [[Amrita Rao]]

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Nominations
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |12
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|-
|9
|''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |8
|[[Baghban (2003 film)|''Baghban'']]
|-
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |7
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
|5
|''[[LOC: Kargil]]''
|-
|4
|''[[Janasheen]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|[[Hungama (2003 film)|''Hungama'']]
|-
|''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
|-
|2
|[[Jism (2003 film)|''Jism'']]
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+Films with multiple awards
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Awards
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |13
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |5
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|-
|4
|''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |2
|''[[Ishq Vishk]]''
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{IIFA Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2004 Iifa Awards}}
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards|*]]
[[Category:2004 Indian film awards|Iifa Awards]]

Sawai Madhopur District Council

2025-09-30T11:39:26Z

Janni: Put up initial place w/ infobox

{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Sawai Madhopur Zila Parishad
|type = Government Office
|status = Active
|headquarters = [[Sawai Madhopur]]
|leader_title = Zila Pramukh
|leader_name = Sudama Devi Meena
|leader_title2 = Deputy Zila Pramukh
|leader_name2 = Babu Lal Meena
|affiliations = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
}}

'''Sawai Madhopur Zila Parishad''' is one of the 33 [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]s of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP snatches Jaipur Zila Parishad, Congress rift plays out again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-bjp-takes-away-cong-winner-jaipur-zila-parishad-7493171/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress members elected at 3 out of 4 district councils in Rajasthan|url=https://theprint.in/india/congress-members-elected-at-3-out-of-4-district-councils-in-rajasthan/786573/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress dominance in Zilla Parishad|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/congress-dominance-in-zilla-parishad-7048346/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panchayati Raj Election 2021: According to the lottery drawn for 7 Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad, three women will enhance the prestige of the post|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/sawai-madhopur/news/there-is-an-election-in-the-district-this-month-after-which-three-women-will-enhance-the-glory-of-the-post-128800129.html}}</ref>

== Zila Parishad Members ==
{{Election box begin | title=Zila Parishad Members - Sawai Madhopur 2021}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babudi
|party = BJP
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Foranti Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
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|party = Indian National Congress
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Beena Devi
|party = BJP
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babulal
|party = Indian National Congress
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharti Gujjar
|party = BJP
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sana Parvin
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunita
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kailashi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satyaprakash Gujjar
|party = BJP
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudama
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mamta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babulal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Premprakash
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhanpal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prm Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Seema Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajni
|party = BJP
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gajanand
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rampati
|party = BJP
|votes =
|percentage =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pukhraj
|party = Independent politician
|votes =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chote Lal
|party = BJP
|votes =
|percentage =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hardayal Jatav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raj Bai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=September 2025}}
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]

Bhayangi

2025-09-21T18:06:37Z

Janni: Adding a data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhayangi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Indian Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.234|N|77.722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1757
| founder = Pt. Fattu Sharma
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = Pradhan
| leader_name = Pt. Mukesh Sharma
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Pt. Omprakash Sharma
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 265
| population_total = 2685
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 251201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01396
| registration_plate = UP12
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhayangi''' is a small hamlet in [[Khatauli]] Tehsil in [[Muzaffarnagar]] District of [[Uttar Pradesh]] State, India.

== Overview==
Bhayangi is a small village located on the main G.T.Road (Delhi-Dehradun Highway) near Khatauli bypass. Village Bhayangi is said to have been founded by Bhagmal Singh before 400 Years. It belongs to Uttar Pradesh Division and is located {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of District headquarters Muzaffarnagar.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* http://sec.up.nic.in/ElecLive/resultsearch.aspx

[[Category:Villages in Muzaffarnagar district]]

Sushant University

2025-09-15T07:13:22Z

Janni: Put up first stub first draft

{{Short description|Private university in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sushant University
| image =
| logo_size = 200px
| motto = Soaring High
| established = {{start date|df=yes|2012}}
| type = [[Private University|Private]]
| affiliation =
| vice_chancellor = Rakesh Ranjan
| chancellor = J. S. Mishra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.)
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Gurgaon, Haryana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.431|77.111|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://sushantuniversity.edu.in/}}
}}
[[File:Ansal Institute of Technology campus.jpg|thumb|Sushant University campus]]

'''Sushant University''', formerly '''Ansal University''' ('''AU''') is a [[private university]]<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 6.10.2017| url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Private%20University%20Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2006.10.2017.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|access-date=30 October 2017|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> situated in [[Gurgaon]], [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), [[India]]. It was established in 2012 through the ''Haryana Private Universities Act (Amendment) 2012'',.<ref>{{cite web |title='Haryana Private Universities Act (Amendment) 2012 |url=http://www.mvn.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Govt-notification.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Haryana]]|access-date=7 January 2021|date=10 February 2012|work=Haryana Gazette}}</ref> It was previously a private college affiliated with [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], established in August 2000 under the Chiranjiv Charitable Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aitgurgaon.org/about/index.php?show=profile |title=About | Ansal Institute of Technology |website=aitgurgaon.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616085139/http://aitgurgaon.org/about/index.php?show=profile |archive-date=16 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020 it was renamed to its current name,<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2020|title=Ansal University Redefines Itself as Sushant University|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ansal-university-redefines-itself-as-sushant-university/1915642|access-date=14 August 2020|website=Outlook}}</ref> under the ''Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2020''.<ref>{{cite act| url=https://www.indianemployees.com/acts-rules/details/haryana-private-universities-amendment-act-2020-haryana-act-no-10-of-2020 | title=The Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2020 | work=Haryana Government Gazette | accessdate=14 February 2021|date=4 May 2020|legislature =[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref>

== Location ==

Sushant University is located in the foothills of Aravalli Range on the Golf Course Road<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ansaluniversity.edu.in/contact-us|title=Contact {{!}} Ansal University|website=ansaluniversity.edu.in|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> with facilities on a {{convert|15|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Haryana]]

{{Haryana-university-stub}}

Devthana

2025-08-27T14:44:18Z

Janni: stub...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2018}}

{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}

'''Devthana''' is a village located in [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] tehsil of [[Beed district|Beed]] district. It belongs to [[Majalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majalgaon constituency]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra legislative assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devthana village Information|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/559821-devthana-maharashtra.html|publisher=census2011.co.in|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devthana
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt = Devthana
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.944270|76.301851|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marathwada]]
| established_title = 
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Grampanchayat]]
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat devthana
| unit_pref = Metric
| CurrentMPParty =
| CurrentMP =
| ElectedByYear =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_female =
| population_total = 1100
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Devthanakar
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431131
| registration_plate = MH-23 MH-44
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Majalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_type5 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]]
}}

== Administration ==

As per [[Constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Raj]] Act, Devthana village is administered by Sarpanch and 9 members of [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] under [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samiti]] and [[Beed district|Beed]] [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]].

== Demographics ==
'''Devthana Population figures as of 2011 [[Census of India]]'''
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! '''Particulars''' !! '''Total''' !! Male !! '''Female'''
|-
| Total No. Of Houses || 250 || - || -
|-
| Population || 1147 || 613 || 534
|-
| Child (0-6) || 168 || 100 || 68
|-
| Schedule Cast|| 193 || 100 || 93
|-
| Schedule Tribe || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literacy|| 70.89% || 77.97% || 63.09%
|-
| Total Workers || 609 || 345 || 264
|-
| Main Workers || 450 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal Workers || 159 || 10 || 149
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Small|Source: [[Census of India]]}}
|-
|}

== Education ==

1. Zilla Parishad School, Devthana

2. Maharashtra Vidyalaya, Moha (9 km)

3. Indira Gandhi Highschool, Dindrud (10 km)

4. [[Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya|Yogeshvari Nutan Vidyalaya]], [[Ambajogai|Amabajogai]] (30 km)

5. SRT Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai (30 km)

== Transport ==

◆Nearest Railway Station - [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli Vaijnath]] (30 km away)

◆Nearest Airport - [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] (195 km away)

== Important Government Offices ==

◆ Tehsil office, [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] (40 km away)

◆ [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate (India)|Deputy Collector SDM]] office, [[Majalgaon]] (40 km away)

◆ [[District Collector (India)|Collector DM Office]], [[Beed]] (70 km away)<ref>{{cite web|title=Beed Collector Office|url=http://www.beed.nic.in |publisher=beed.nic.in|accessdate=26 October 2017|date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

◆ Police Station, Sirsala (10 km away)

◆ [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samiti]], Dharur

== Temples ==
●Dakshinmukhi Hanuman Mandir, Devthana

●Lonari Devi Mandir, Devthana

●Vitthal Mandir, Devthana

●Vaijnath Jyotirling Mandir, Parli Vaijnat (30 km)

●Mahadeo Mandir, Tapovan (10 km)

●Yogeshvari Devi Mandir, Ambajogai (30 km)

== Hospitals ==
• Swami Ramanand Tirth Government Medical Hospital, Ambajogai (30 km)

== Banks ==
◆ [[State Bank of India]], [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli Vaijnat]] (30 km)

◆ Maharashtra Gramin Bank, Moha (10 km)

◆ [[HDFC Bank]], Parli Vaijnath (30 km)

◆ Ambajogai People's Bank, Sirsala (10 km)

== Sugar Factory ==
• [[Sundarrao Solanke]] Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana, Sundarnagar, [[Telgaon]] (20 km away)

== Important Family ==
■ [[Solunke|Solanke]]

== Important Place ==
• The Solanke Family Gadhi- old residence of Ranoji Rao Solanke

== See also ==

1. [[Sundarrao Solanke]]

2. [[Prakashdada Solanke]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Beed district]]

Johnny Menyongar

2025-08-25T10:42:06Z

Janni:

{{Short description|Liberian footballer (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny Menyongar
| image = Johnny Menyongar.jpg
| upright = 0.9
| caption = Menyongar with [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|6|26}}
| birth_place = [[Monrovia]], Liberia
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=5}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = 1998
| youthclubs1 = [[Lindsey Wilson College|Lindsey Wilson Blue Raiders]]
| years1 = 2000–2005
| clubs1 = [[Minnesota Thunder]]
| caps1 = 188
| goals1 = 56
| years2 = 2006–2009
| clubs2 = [[Rochester Rhinos]]
| caps2 = 106
| goals2 = 28
| years3 = 2010
| clubs3 = [[NSC Minnesota Stars]]
| caps3 = 20
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2011
| clubs4 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| caps4 = 13
| goals4 = 13
| years5 = 2011–2013
| clubs5 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps5 = 15
| goals5 = 4
| years6 = 2013
| clubs6 = → [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] (loan)
| caps6 = 8
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2013–2014
| clubs7 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| caps7 = 23
| goals7 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2000–2006
| nationalteam1 = [[Liberia national football team|Liberia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 25
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Johnny Menyongar''' (born 26 June 1980) is a Liberian former professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]].

==Club career==

===College===
Menyongar came to the United States from his native Liberia in 1998 and played [[College soccer in the United States|college soccer]] at [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]] [[Lindsey Wilson College]], leading the team to the NAIA Division III national championship.

===United States===
Menyongar signed his first professional contract in 2000 with [[Minnesota Thunder]] after impressing at a tryout camp. Menyongar spent the first six seasons of his professional career with Minnesota, totaling 50 regular-season goals in addition to many playoff and [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup]] tallies. He helped the Thunder to the 2003 [[USL First Division|A-League]] championship game and scored five goals as Minnesota reached the semifinals of the [[2005 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup]].

In November 2005, Menyongar signed with the [[Rochester Raging Rhinos]], where he was chosen as team MVP in 2008 and 2009. Prior to the 2010 season, he became the first signing for the new club [[NSC Minnesota Stars]].

===India===
In February 2011, Menyongar was recruited by [[Baichung Bhutia]] to play for [[United Sikkim FC]] in their inaugural professional season and in the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Rahul|title=India: Dazzling Launch For United Sikkim As Bhaichung Bhutia Shows Indian Football Does Have Investors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1838/i-league-division-ii/2011/03/22/2406841/india-dazzling-launch-for-united-sikkim-as-bhaichung-bhutia|website=Goal.com|date=22 March 2011|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406085245/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1838/i-league-division-ii/2011/03/22/2406841/india-dazzling-launch-for-united-sikkim-as-bhaichung-bhutia|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which he scored 13 goals in 13 games. In June 2011, he announced that he would move to [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] in the [[I-League]].

Then on 3 January 2013 it was officially announced that Menyongar had signed for reigning I-League champions [[Dempo S.C.]] for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dempo rope in Liberian midfielder Menyongar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-rope-in-Liberian-midfielder-Menyongar/articleshow/17864055.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-rope-in-Liberian-midfielder-Menyongar/articleshow/17864055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club against [[United Sikkim F.C.]] on 19 January 2013 at home in which Dempo won 7–0.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Dempo SC 7–0 United Sikkim FC: The Eagles fly past the injured Snow Lions|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123105811/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bengaluru FC====
On 13 July 2013 it was confirmed that Menyongar had signed for new direct-entry [[I-League]] side [[Bengaluru FC]] for the [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14 season]].<ref>{{cite web|title=JSW sign John Menyongar from Shillong Lajong FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/07/13/4114673/jsw-sign-john-menyongar-from-shillong-lajong-fc|work=Goal.com|access-date=29 November 2013|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107000507/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/07/13/4114673/jsw-sign-john-menyongar-from-shillong-lajong-fc|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the team in the team's first official match against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] in the [[I-League]] on 22 September 2013 at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BENGALURU VS. MOHUN BAGAN 1 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/1585279/|work=Soccerway|access-date=29 November 2013|archive-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015113729/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/1585279/|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the full match as Bengaluru FC drew the game 1–1. He then scored his first goal for the club on 26 November 2013 against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] at the [[Duler Stadium]] in which his 21st-minute strike set Bengaluru FC up for a 2–1 victory – their first away victory in team history.<ref>{{cite web|title=SALGAOCAR VS. BENGALURU 1 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/26/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/bengaluru/1585345/|work=Soccerway|access-date=29 November 2013|archive-date=29 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129120847/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/26/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/bengaluru/1585345/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon after he scored his second goal of the season on 11 December 2013 in the I-League against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] in which his 21st-minute strike gave Bengaluru FC the early 1–0 lead which would eventually turn into a 3–2 victory.<ref name="Mohammedan Away">{{cite web|last=Bera |first=Koustav |title=Mohammedan Sporting 2-3 Bengaluru FC: The table toppers win the five goal thriller amidst controversy and furore |url=http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/mohammedan-sporting-2-3-bengaluru-fc-another-chhetri-103000301.html |work=Yahoo Sports|access-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113954/http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/mohammedan-sporting-2-3-bengaluru-fc-another-chhetri-103000301.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref>

Menyongar went on to win the I-League in Bengaluru FC's first season in the league, however, after the season ended he was released by the team. He started in 23 of the side's 24 matches that season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manjunath|first=Akash|title=BFC release Menyongar; Contract extension for Rooney|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/04/30/4786103/bfc-release-menyongar-contract-extension-for-rooney|website=Goal.com|date=19 January 2013|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123105811/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96235/dempo-sports-club-vs-united-sikkim-football-club/report|archive-date=23 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 27 July 2015, he announced his retirement from competitive football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/bengaluru-fc-midfielder-johnny-menyongar-calls-time-playing-career|title=Bengaluru FC midfielder Johnny Menyongar calls time on playing career|date=27 July 2015|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817183330/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/bengaluru-fc-midfielder-johnny-menyongar-calls-time-playing-career|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
Menyongar made his international debut with [[Liberia national football team|Liberia]] in 1995. Menyongar has played in two qualifying matches for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], and played in two matches at the [[2002 African Nations Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3835/Johnny_Menyongar.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Menyongar, Johnny|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518141317/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3835/Johnny_Menyongar.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref> Menyongar played four matches during the team's qualifying campaign for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], but the team lost 0–2 against [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]]. He also captained the team from 2004 to 2006.
On official Liberian rosters, he is listed as John Menyongai.

==Honors==
;Minnesota Thunder
*[[USL First Division#top|USL A-League]] runner-up: 2000, 2003
;Shillong Lajong
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round|2011]]<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-india/scores/result-standings/186/i-league-india-division-2 I-League 2nd Division standings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420085551/http://www.goal.com/en-india/scores/result-standings/186/i-league-india-division-2 |date=20 April 2010 }} ''Goal.com''. Retrieved 1 March 2021</ref>
;Bengaluru
*[[I-League]]: [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Bengaluru-FC-crowned-champions-on-I-League-debut/articleshow/34058479.cms|title=Bengaluru FC crowned champions on I-League debut|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906190329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Bengaluru-FC-crowned-champions-on-I-League-debut/articleshow/34058479.cms|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220115400/http://www.liberiansoccer.com/pLAYERSPAGES/john_menyongai.htm Profile] on LiberianSoccer.com (archived 20 February 2008)
*{{Soccerway}}
*{{NFT player}}

{{Liberia Squad 2002 Africa Cup of Nations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menyongar, Johnny}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Liberian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Liberian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Liberia men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Minnesota Thunder players]]
[[Category:Rochester Rhinos players]]
[[Category:Minnesota United FC (2010–2016) players]]
[[Category:United Sikkim FC players]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:USL First Division players]]
[[Category:USSF Division 2 Professional League players]]
[[Category:2002 African Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Footballers from Monrovia]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in India]]
[[Category:Liberian expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Lindsey Wilson Blue Raiders men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

Sarwar, Rajasthan

2025-08-13T04:10:04Z

Janni: Put up initial data from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.07|N|75.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 337
| population_total = 20372
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarwar''' is a city and a [[Administrative subdivision|sub division]] in [[Ajmer district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]].
Additionally, it is a [[Nagar Palika]] and [[Panchayat samiti (block)|Panchayat samiti]]. It is part of the [[Kekri Assembly constituency|Kekri Assembly]] and [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer Lok Sabha]] constituencies

==Geography==
Sarwar is located at {{Coord|26.07|N|75.0|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Sawar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sawar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 337 metres (1105 feet).
It is located on the banks of the river "'''Dai'''", which is a tributary of the river Banas.
Meaning of word "Sawar" is an area which is covered by water sources. According to the name, there are many water bodies that are present in the surroundings of Sawar.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sawar had a population of 20,372. Males constitute 51.38% of the population and females 48.61%. Sawar has an average literacy rate of 64.65%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 78.43%, and female literacy is 50.07%. In Sawar, 16.24% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Sawar is 16 km from town kekri and 64 km from District Ajmer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=sawar+india&sll=37.926868,-95.712891&sspn=46.478756,77.080078&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Sawar,+Ajmer,+Rajasthan,+India&ll=26.063028,75.011044&spn=0.05428,0.075274&t=h&z=14 Sawar - Location on Google Maps]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kekri district]]

{{Kekri district}}

{{AjmerDistrict-geo-stub}}

Mahadevendra Saraswati V

2025-05-09T12:13:44Z

Janni:

{{Short description|67th Shankaracharya of the Kanchi matha}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2025}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
'''Mahadevendra Saraswati V''' was the 67th [[Peethadhishwar]] of the [[Kanchi matha]].

== Life and times ==
Saraswathi was born as Lakshmikantan to Narasimha Sastri and Lakshmi in 1889. It is also said that he was named Lakshminarasimha (combining his parents' names).

He was given the title Mahadevendra Saraswati and made the Shankaracharya in 1907. He occupied the post for a brief period of seven days and died in 1907. He was succeeded by his first cousin, Swaminathan, a boy of thirteen, who became the sixty-eighth Shankaracharya with the title [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]].

He was in the service of his guru Sri [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VII]] who was the pontiff of the mutt from 1891. When he was offered the position of next Acharya after Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VII, Lakshmikantan who incidentally was a native of Thiruvisainallur, refused to become the Acharya, but preferred to be in the service of his guru wherever he goes. On hearing this, the guru was moved by his devotion and told that as his life coming to an end, let him accept the position till Swaminathan comes from Villupuram. After that, "I will call you to whichever place I will be in". Coincidentally, the moment Swaminathan entered Kalavai, Lakshmikantan, now known as Mahadevendra Saraswati V, attained siddhi and died of delirium, only 1 week after ascending the position as the Shankaracharya.

Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati's Samadhi is located in Kalavai, next to his Guru, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VII's samadhi.
He was also struck by the same disease that caused the Siddhi of his Guru. He died within seven days of ascending the throne of the mutt. But before he died, he had sent word for Swaminathan to be his successor.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=67th [[Shankaracharya of Kanchi]]|before=[[Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VII]]|after=[[Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VIII]]|years=6 February 1907– 13 February 1907}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswati, Mahadevendra, V}}
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|M]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Babu (actor)

2025-04-15T20:38:53Z

Janni: Adding initial details initial version

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Babu
| birth_date = {{circa|1963}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|09|19|60|df=y}}
| yearsactive = 1990–1991
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Babu''' ({{circa|1963}} – 19 September 2023) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil films. After making his debut in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' (1990), Babu appeared in a few more Tamil films before being paralysed following a failed stunt sequence.

==Career==
Babu made his acting debut in [[Bharathiraja]]'s 1990 film ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'', portraying the leading role in a cast featuring rookie actors [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] and [[Rama (actress)|Rama]]. About his performance, a critic noted "Babu beautifully essays his character", "understanding the complexities of the character, Babu forcefully brings out the intensity associated with his fanaticism yet never loses the innate guileless nature of Dharma" and "Babu makes the role his own with his body language, unique facial expressions and dialogue delivery".<ref name="geocities">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/ram_aishoo/EUT.htm|publisher=geocities.ws|title=Bharathiraja's "En Uyir Thozhan"|accessdate=2016-11-19|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013420/http://www.geocities.ws/ram_aishoo/EUT.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the film did not perform well upon release, it has since garnered attention as a "cult classic".<ref name="behindwoods">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/why-bharathirajas-kollywood-movie-en-uyir-thozhan-is-so-special.html|publisher=behindwoods.com|title=Why Bharathiraja's Kollywood movie En Uyir Thozhan is so special, Bharathiraja, En Uyir Thozhan|accessdate=2016-11-19|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131803/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/why-bharathirajas-kollywood-movie-en-uyir-thozhan-is-so-special.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then went on to play the lead role in [[Vikraman]]'s ''[[Perum Pulli]]'' (1991) featuring alongside actress [[Suman Ranganathan]] and another role in ''[[Thayamma]]'' (1991). His final release till date was ''Ponnukku Sethi Vanthachu'', which released in late 1991.

Following a stunt sequence gone wrong when shooting for a film named ''[[Manasara Vazhthungalen]]'', Babu suffered spinal injuries and became paralysed in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=சாகத்தான் போறோம்; அதைச் சொல்லி அவங்கள பயமுறுத்த வேண்டாம்னு நினைச்சேன்"- 'என் உயிர்த் தோழன்' பாபு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vintage-article-about-en-uyir-thozhan-babu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919163109/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vintage-article-about-en-uyir-thozhan-babu |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> He subsequently stopped working as an actor.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/top-kollywood-film-stars-like-ajith-suriya-vishal-and-dhanush-want-to-do-their-own-stunts-despite-suffering-injuries/article6252481.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Big Bang Theory - The Hindu|accessdate=2016-11-19|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141526/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/top-kollywood-film-stars-like-ajith-suriya-vishal-and-dhanush-want-to-do-their-own-stunts-despite-suffering-injuries/article6252481.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, he worked as a dialogue writer for the unreleased film, ''Smile Please'' starring [[Prakash Raj]], which would have marked the debut for filmmaker [[Radha Mohan]].<ref name="googleusercontent">{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |publisher=www.indolink.com |title=A-Z (V) |access-date=2016-11-19 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |archivedate=2013-04-24 }}</ref> Babu was cast in the role of a disabled nobleman in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Marudhanayagam]]'', but the film was shelved in the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90s Tamil Actor Babu Shares His Experience About Working With Kamal Haasan {{!}} Marudhanayagam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TaDeiGJqpQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219105055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TaDeiGJqpQ |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In June 2004, director [[Ponvannan]] revealed that he was going to make a film based on the life of his friend, Babu, and that he would use the profits from his film ''Gomathy Nayagam'' to fund the venture. However, the film eventually did not materialise.<ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/film-on-en-uyir-thozhan-babu-tamil-news-9600.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120093440/http://www.indiaglitz.com/film-on-en-uyir-thozhan-babu-tamil-news-9600.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2016|work=indiaglitz.com|title=Film on En Uyir Thozhan Babu - Tamil Movie News|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref>

==Death==
Babu died on 19 September 2023, at the age of 60.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=Bharathiraja mourns the demise of En Uyir Thozhan actor Babu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharathiraja-mourns-the-demise-of-en-uyir-thozhan-actor-babu/articleshow/103784918.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919231515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharathiraja-mourns-the-demise-of-en-uyir-thozhan-actor-babu/articleshow/103784918.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' || Dharma ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1991 || ''[[Perum Pulli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thayamma]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''Ponnukku Sethi Vanthachu'' || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)

2025-03-17T01:25:48Z

Janni: done...

{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Raja Kannappan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes Department
| minister2_name = [[Avadi Nasar]]
| minister2_pfo = Minister of Minorities Welfare Department
| chief1_name = Reeta Harish Thakkar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Secretary, Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/4 Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare Department]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Objective ==
The department is responsible for the formulation and implementation of welfare schemes and reservation in education and jobs for [[backward class|backward and most backward]] classes, [[List of denotified communities of Tamil Nadu|de-notified communities]] and [[Minority group|minorities]].<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/4|title=Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Reservation==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size: 80%"
|+Reservation in Tamil Nadu<ref name="Gov1"/>
! Category
! Reservation
|-
|[[Backward Class]]
|style="text-align:center"|26.5%
|-
|[[Backward Class]] [[Muslim]]
|style="text-align:center"|3.5%
|-
|[[Backward Class|Most Backward Class]] [[List of denotified communities of Tamil Nadu|De-notified Community]]
|style="text-align:center"|20%
|-
|[[Scheduled Caste]]
|style="text-align:center"|18%
|-
|[[Scheduled Tribe]]
|style="text-align:center"|1%
|-
!Total
!69%
|}

[[Reservation in India|Reservation]] is a system that allows the government to set reserved quotas or seats, at particular percentage in education admissions, employments, promotions, etc. for socially and educationally backward communities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=11 June 2020|title=Right to reservation is not a fundamental right, observes SC judge as parties withdraw plea for quota|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/right-to-reservation-is-not-fundamental-right-observes-judge-as-tn-parties-withdraw-plea-for-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/article31807732.ece|access-date=1 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Mandal Commission]] report in 1980 on the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes led to the implementation of reservation policies in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|title=Who are the OBCs?|access-date=19 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|archive-date=27 June 2006|last=Bhattacharya|first=Amit|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2006}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, however, Tamil Nadu has a 69 percent reservation, the highest in the country, through [[constitutional amendment]]s and corresponding state laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/ |title=Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992|publisher=Indian Kanoon|quote="Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%."|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Gov1">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/bcmbc_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes Policy 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The department is responsible for the facilitation and ensuring the implementation of reservation wherever applicable including [[higher education]] and [[government jobs]].<ref name="Gov"/>

==Welfare schemes==
As a part of welfare of backward communities, the department is responsible for the distribution of benefits such as free [[uniforms]], [[bicycles]] and [[scholarship]] to students.<ref name="Gov1"/> It runs and maintains student [[hostel]]s across the state for the respective community groups. The department is also responsible for implementing [[land distribution]] and construction of [[affordable housing]] through various welfare boards for the respective communities.<ref name="Gov1"/>

==Minority welfare==
The minority welfare department is responsible for the welfare of both [[religious]] and [[linguistic]] minorities.<ref name="Gov2">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/mw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Minorities welfare Policy 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> For the religious minorities, the department is responsible for implementation of welfare schemes, maintenance of hostels and religious sites, pilgrimage aid, aid for women empowerment and education among others.<ref name="Gov2"/> The department also oversees the welfare, assistance and education of linguistic minorities who speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] as their primary language.<ref name="Gov2"/>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/4 Official website of the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]

Snehlata Nath

2025-03-02T07:02:03Z

Janni: Put up first stub added tags

{{short description|Indian activist (born 1965)}}
[[File:Snehlata Nath received the Nari Shakti Puraskar in Delhi (cropped).jpg|thumb]]

'''Snehlata Nath''' (born 27 December 1965) is an Indian activist known for her work with the [[Nilgiris]]. She is a recipient of the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] and the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].

==Career==
Nath was a founding director of Keystone Foundation, which was established in 1993.<ref name=award>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/awards/archives/2013/science-and-technology/snehlata-nath|title=Snehlata Nath - Jamnalal Bajaj Award 2013 Recipient - Application of Science & Technology for Rural Development|website=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> The foundation tackled poverty among the [[Nilgiris]] people.<ref name=bit>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/169714/tamil-nadu-farmers-organic-produce-nilgiris-tribal-rights/|title=For 26 Years, This Woman Has Been Helping Nilgiris Tribals Stand For Their Rights|date=2019-01-15|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> The foundation established its base at [[Kotagiri]].<ref name=fair>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairwild.org/advisory-panel|title=FairWild advisory panel|website=FairWild Foundation|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

In 1998, Nath co-founded the [[Non-Timber Forest Products – Exchange Programme]] and has coordinated its Indian office for over 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation through Sustainable Use: Lessons from India |url=https://www.routledge.com/Conservation-through-Sustainable-Use-Lessons-from-India/Varghese-Oommen-Paul-Nath/p/book/9781032290836 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Fairwild]] foundation was established in 2008 to create a sustainable and fair trading system for wild-collected plant ingredients. Nath serves on their advisory panel.<ref name=fair/>

In 2013 she was given the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] by [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for her "Outstanding Contribution in Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development".<ref name=key/>
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development to Smt. Snehlata Nath, at a function, in Mumbai, Maharashtra on November 15, 2013.jpg|thumb|Snehlata Nath receiving [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] from the president [[Pranab Mukherjee]]]]

In 2019 Nath was invited to the presidential palace, the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in New Delhi. She was one of 41 women to receive the highest civilian honour for women in India, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], from [[Ramnath Kovind]]. Nath had been working in eco-development and sustainability at the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve for 26 years.<ref name=key>{{Cite web|url=https://keystone-foundation.org/snehlata-nath-conferred-with-the-prestigious-nari-shakthi-puraskar-award/|title=Snehlata Nath conferred with the Prestigious Nari Shakthi Puraskar Award|date=2019-03-12|website=Keystone Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Snehlata}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]

Goshainganj

2024-10-11T09:41:32Z

Janni: cleanup

{{For|Vidhan Sabha|Goshainganj Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goshainganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Gosainganj
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.570025|N|82.380130|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Mahant Iccha Goshain and Rai Ahankaari Singh
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 97
| population_total = 12931
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = 6465.50 (2011
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=11 October 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 224141
| area_code = 05278
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-42
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Goshainganj''', also known as '''Gosainganj''', is a town and [[nagar panchayat]] in the [[Ayodhya district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Census2011Gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipalities {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/|access-date=25 February 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> Located 32 km from the district headquarters [[Ayodhya]], Goshainganj has one of the oldest markets of the district.

==History==
A local [[Baruwar (Rajput clan)|Baruwar]] [[Taluqdar]] named [[Rai (title)|Rai]] Ahankaari Singh (Ahankari Rae), gave the glebe land for the current market to a saint named Mahant Inccha Gosai, on whose name, the market and later the town came to be known as Gosainganj. While Gosaiganj Katara bazaar was established by the wife of Madho Singh Barwar.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite book|last1=Benett|first1=William Charles|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924024153987|title=Gazetteer of the province of Oudh |quote=see Ahankaari pur|date=1877|publisher=Lucknow: Printed at the Oudh Government Press|others=Cornell University Library|volume=I, A to G}}</ref>{{better|reason=British Era sources are not considered reliable in Bharatpedia as per [[BP:HISTRS]]|date=March 2021}}

==Geography==
Goshainganj is located at {{Coord|26.58|N|82.38|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Gosainganj.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Gosainganj, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 97m.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Goshainganj{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|80}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|19}}
{{bar percent|Jains†|pink|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.7}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Goshainganj nagar panchayat had a total population of 12,931, of which 6,702 were males and 6,229 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,585. The total number of literates in Goshainganj was 9,512, which constituted 73.6% of the population with male literacy of 77.6% and female literacy of 69.2%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Goshainganj was 83.8%, of which male literacy rate was 88.6% and female literacy rate was 78.7%. The [[Scheduled Caste]] population was 1,187. Goshainganj had 2121 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Goshainganj |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=191974 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

==Governance and politics==
Goshainganj is a part of Goshainganj Vidhan Sabha constituency and Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambedkar Nagar MP (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019 Live: Candidate List, Constituency Map, Winner & Runner Up |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ambedkar-nagar-lok-sabha-election-result-471/|access-date=22 February 2021|website=One India|language=en}}</ref>

There is a police station in Goshainganj.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Police {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/police/|access-date=22 February 2021|language=en-US|website=ayodhya.nic.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Roadways===
[[File:Gate to Goshaingnj.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Gateway to Goshainganj from [[Ayodhya]]]]
Goshainganj is situated along [[Nawab Yusuf Road]] ([[Ayodhya]] to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] road) and is well connected to other towns and cities.

===Railways===
[[File:Goshainganj railway station.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Goshainganj Railway Station]]]]
[[Goshainganj railway station]] is the nearest railway station situated within the town.

=== Air ===
[[Ayodhya Airport]] is the nearest airport in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UP Cabinet clears proposal to rename Ayodhya Airport as Maryada Purushottam Sri Ram Airport|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/up-cabinet-clears-proposal-to-rename-ayodhya-airport-as-maryada-purushottam-sri-ram-airport/686291|last=Tyagi|first=Harshita|access-date=22 February 2021|work=Times Now|date=24 November 2020|language=en}}</ref>

==Neighbouring cities, towns and markets==
* [[Ayodhya]]
* [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
* [[Jalalpur]]
* [[Maya Bazar, Ayodhya|Maya Bazar]]
* [[Katehri]]
* [[Rajesultanpur]]
* [[Tanda, Ambedaker Nagar|Tanda]]
* [[Bandanpur]]

==See also==
* [[Akbarpur Airport]]
* [[Awadh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Faizabad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district]]

{{Faizabad-geo-stub}}

Police Commissioner of Kolkata

2024-07-13T16:59:22Z

Janni: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Commissioner of the Kolkata Police]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ramanilayam

2024-06-16T18:26:36Z

Janni: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
'''Ramanilayam''' ([[Malayalam]]:രാമ നിലയം) is a guest house owned by the [[Government of Kerala]] situated in the centre of [[Thrissur]] city of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name = "Ram">{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=7435075&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@|title= Ramanilayam|publisher=Malayala Manorma|accessdate=2010-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307175157/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=7435075&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@|archivedate=7 March 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
The building was constructed during [[British Raj]] period. Before it was converted to a guest house, it was the residence for [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political officer]]s of the [[United Kingdom]]. The guest house has 30 rooms in three blocks, and two VIP rooms. Politicians and bureaucrats get more priority in the allocation of rooms. The [[Government of Kerala]] is planning to add 40 more rooms by constructing one more block.<ref name = "Ram" /> The [[Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation|Kerala Tourism Department]] runs the facility. Being a government guest house, it has witnessed many major events in the political history of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/07/stories/2002020705090600.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020224100429/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/07/stories/2002020705090600.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 February 2002
|title= Public Hearing for Athirappally Hydro-electric project
|work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2002
|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thrissur District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur]]

List of tourist attractions in Anantapur district

2024-04-20T14:37:53Z

Janni: starting location

{{short description|None}}

{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''[[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]]''' is a city in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was a position of strategic importance for the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Due to this, there are many forts around the area with historical significance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/anantapur_gooty.html |title=Archeological Survey of India |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614022947/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/anantapur_gooty.html |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Tourist attractions ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! City / town !! State !! Image
|-
| [[Gooty Fort]] || [[Gooty]] || [[Anantapur district]] || [[File:Gooty Fort.JPG|200px|Gooty fort view]]
|-
| Penukonda Fort || [[Penukonda]] || [[Anantapur district]] || [[File:Penukonda fort.JPG|200px|Penukonda Fort]]
|-
| Rayadurgam Fort || [[Rayadurgam]] || [[Anantapur district]] ||
|-
| Thimmamma Marrimanu || [[Kadiri]] || [[Anantapur district]] || [[File:Thimmamma-marrimanu 1.jpg|200px|Thimmamma Marrimanu]]
|-
| Veerabhadra Temple || [[Rayadurgam]] || [[Anantapur district]] || [[File:Veerabhadra Temple Tower.JPG|200px|Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi]]
|-
| ISKCON Temple || [[Anantapuramu]] || [[Anantapur district]] ||
|-
| Lepakshi Veerabhadra Swamy Temple || [[Lepakshi]] || [[Anantapur district]] ||
|-
| Mounagiri Kshetram || [[Nh44 Bengaluru Highway]] || [[Anantapur district]] ||
|-
| Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple || [[Kadiri]] || [[Anantapur district]] ||
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of state protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Anantapur district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]]