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Charukesh Sekar

2026-05-07T18:21:56Z

JaniePan0653361: Put up initial article basic info

{{orphan|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charukesh Sekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Film director, Screenwriter
| years_active = 2015–present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Charukesh Sekar''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who has directed Tamil-language films and web series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2022-11-10 |title='Karthik Subbaraj gave everything that I needed for Triples' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Dec/14/karthik-subbaraj-gave-everything-that-i-needed-for-triples-charukesh-sekar-21768.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the anthology film ''[[Bench Talkies]]''<ref name="BT">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/bench-talkies-an-okayish-showcase-for-amateur-talent/article6969422.ece|date=7 March 2015 |title=Bench Talkies Review: A Promising Anthology of New Voices in Tamil Cinema |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and went on to direct the web series ''Triples'' (2020)<ref name="Triples">{{cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Triples Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/triples/season-1/seasonreview/79512443.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and the Telugu film [[Ammu (2022 film)|''Ammu'']].<ref name="Ammu">{{cite news |date=19 October 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ammu-movie-review-8218760/ |title=Ammu Movie Review: This movie on domestic abuse lacks maturity and perspective|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Career ==
Charukesh Sekar made his directorial debut through the Tamil anthology film [[Bench Talkies]] (2015), which featured a collection of short films by different filmmakers.<ref name="BT" /> His segment was noted for its realistic storytelling and character-driven narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-09 |title=Vani Bhojan's next with director Charukesh Sekar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vani-bhojans-next-with-director-charukesh-sekar/articleshow/72439773.cms |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He later made for directing the Tamil web series ''Triples'' (2020), produced by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="Triples" /> Starring [[Jai (actor)|Jai Sampath]], [[Vani Bhojan]], and Vivek Prasanna The series received positive responses for its light-hearted tone and vibrant direction.<ref name="Triples"/>

In 2022, Charukesh directed the Telugu film ''Ammu'', produced by Kalyan Subramanian and Karthik Subbaraj under [[Stone Bench Films]] for [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="Ammu" /> Starring [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Naveen Chandra]], and [[Bobby Simha]], the film explored domestic abuse and female empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=2022-10-22 |title='Ammu' & Alia Bhatt's 'Darlings' Are Unique Despite Their Similarities: Charu |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/ammu-amazon-prime-video-telugu-original-team-interview-domestic-abuse-unique-similarities-alia-bhatt-darlings |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Bench Talkies]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Segment: "Puzhu"
|-
|2020
|[[Triples (TV series)|''Triples'']]
|
|-
|2022
|[[Ammu (2022 film)|''Ammu'']]
|Telugu
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm7188710|Charukesh Sekar}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/ ''Ammu'' on Amazon Prime Video]
* [https://www.hotstar.com/ ''Triples'' on Disney+ Hotstar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekar, Charukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Virugampakkam Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T16:38:58Z

JaniePan0653361: made a post first draft

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{coord|13.049557|N|80.184928|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Virugampakkam
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = Constitution-Virugampakkam.svg
| mla = Sabarinathan.R
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance = N/A
| latest_election_year = 2026
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 200,578
}}

'''Virugampakkam''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 22. It comprises a part of [[Chennai]] and falls under [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211957/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20%26%20Order%20.pdf |archive-date= 4 August 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The constituency was created following delimitation of constituencies in 2008. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[B. Parthasarathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Virugai V. N. Ravi]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=22}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[A. M. V. Prabhakara Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[R. Sabarinathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 22 Virugampakkam Assembly constituency is composed of Wards 65 and 128-131 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|44.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|49.65}}}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virugampakkam}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[R. Sabarinathan]] |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 76,092|percentage= 44.03%|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. V. Prabhakara Raja]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=49,006|percentage=28.35%|change=-16.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Virugai V. N. Ravi|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=38,767|percentage=22.43%|change=-10.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhosh|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=6,056|percentage=3.5%|change=-2.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1,030|percentage=0.6%|change=-0.33}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 27,086|percentage= 15.68%|change=4.72%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=172,831|percentage=86.17%|change=28.73%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =200578 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.35%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virugampakkam<ref>{{cite web|title=Virugampakkam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a022|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. V. Prabhakara Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,351 |percentage=44.38% |change=+7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Virugai V. N. Ravi|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=55,984|percentage=33.42%|change=-5.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senegan|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=16,939|percentage=10.11%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Rajendran|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=10,185|percentage=6.08%|change=+4.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gunasekaran (A) Star M. Gunasekaran|party=Independent politician|votes=5,186|percentage=3.10%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Parthasarathy|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=1,585|percentage=0.95%|change=-4.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1,563|percentage=0.93%|change=-1.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mayilsamy|party=Independent politician|votes=1,440|percentage=0.86%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,367 |percentage=10.96% |change= 9.60% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=167,524|percentage=57.44%|change=-1.19%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=187|percentage=0.11%}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,642 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virugampakkam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Virugai V. N. Ravi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,979 |percentage=38.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thanasekaran|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=63,646|percentage=37.15%|change=-2.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=19,167|percentage=11.19%|change=+5.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Parthasarathy|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=9,730|percentage=5.68%|change=-43.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. H. Jayarao|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=3,945|percentage=2.30%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=3,897|percentage=2.27%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Rajendran|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=2,926|percentage=1.71%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,333 |percentage=1.36% |change= -8.42% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=171,339|percentage=58.63%|change=-8.41%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,248 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -11.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virugampakkam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Parthasarathy]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=71,524 |percentage=49.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thanasekaran|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=57,430|percentage=39.86%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sritharan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,525|percentage=5.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagavel|party=Independent politician|votes=3,431|percentage=2.38%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Baskar|party=Puratchi Bharatham|votes=1,447|percentage=1.00%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramaniyam|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=969|percentage=0.67%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,094 |percentage=9.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=144,069|percentage=67.04%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,898 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T01:24:03Z

JaniePan0653361: put up new entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =10
| electors ={{formatnum:37491}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Kamaraj Nagar
| latest_election_year = 2026
| type= SLA
| map_image = Kamraj-Nagar-assembly-constituency-10.png
| mla = [[Jose Charles Martin]]
| party = [[Latchiya Jananayaka Katchi (LJK)]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kamaraj Nagar''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency was part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Segments==
Brindavanam, Kamaraj Nagar, Krishna Nagar, Rainbow Nagar, Sithankudi, Venkata Nagar and Venkateshwara Nagar.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<ref name=election2011>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3438-puducherry-2011/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2011 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[V. Vaithilingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3474-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019{{efn|by-election}}
| rowspan=2|[[A. Johnkumar]]
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref name=election2021/>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamaraj Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jose Charles Martin |party=LJK |votes=16592 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.K. DEVADOSS |party=Indian National Congress|votes=6387 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Suman |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=6289 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= B. Gowri|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=693 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=440 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10205 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =34676 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamaraj Nagar<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[A. Johnkumar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 16,687
|percentage = 56.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,458
|percentage = 31.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Sharmila Begum
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|votes = 1,982
|percentage = 6.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 658
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,229
|percentage = 24.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,741
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 By-Election===
{{Election box begin | title=2019 By-Election Puducherry Legislative Assembly election: Kamaraj Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[A. Johnkumar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14,782
|percentage = 61.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bouvanesvarane
|party = All India N.R. Congress
|votes = 7,612
|percentage = 31.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M. Praveena
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|votes = 620
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Other 3 Parties
|party = Others
|votes = 421
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = 3 Independent Candidates
|party = Independent
|votes = 394
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,170
|percentage = 30.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 23,884
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.939|79.823|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Kamaraj]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Khudnapur

2026-05-05T19:55:31Z

JaniePan0653361: put up new details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khudnapur
| Website =
| native_name = खुदनापूर
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|19|5|N|76|28|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| governing_body = Gat Grampanchayat, Thar-Bardapur
| population_total = 118
| population_as_of = 2011
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 443301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (07268)
| registration_plate = MH-28
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]], [[Mehkar]], [[Khamgaon]].
}}

'''Khudnapur''' is a village in [[Mehkar]] taluka of [[Buldhana district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a part of Thar-Bardapur Gat [[Gram panchayat|Grampanchayat]]. The village had a population of 118 as per census 2011.

Shri. Vijay Mohrut is Sarpanch of the village in 2019.

[[Category:Buldhana district]]

Moondar

2026-05-01T23:13:51Z

JaniePan0653361: New Initial Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moondar
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Moondar (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.5606|N|73.8559|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 10.92
| population_total = 1436
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Moondar''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consisting of irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 1,436, of which 752 were males and 684 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Moondar village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69717-moondar-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 61.19%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Moondar village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Moondar Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Moondar village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97.5|value2=1|value3=1.5|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Moondar village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==See also==
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

B. Shivanna

2026-04-29T07:06:29Z

JaniePan0653361: creating first details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shivanna
| honorific_suffix =
| image = B shivana.jpg
| alt = Seated portrait of 60-ish man with beard, mustache, and receding hairline, in circa-1880 formal dress with high collar, with a book in his lap and a watch at the end of a chain suspended from his coat.
| country = India
| term_start =
| term_end =
| order2 =
| ambassador_from2 =
| country2 = India
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1967|2|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India
| spouse = M Saraswathi
| party = Indian National Congress
| relations =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = Government Science College Bangalore University (1992) Islamia Law College (1995)
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| education = M Sc. LLB
}}
'''Bolappa Shivanna''' (born 1967)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=B. Shivanna(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Anekal (SC)(Bangalore Urban ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7817 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a three time member of [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=B Shivanna in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/b-shivanna-anekal-candidate-s10a177c010/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> from [[Anekal Assembly constituency]] from 2013 representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Anekal Election Results {{!}} Anekal Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023/anekal |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shivanna was born in [[Hulimavu]], [[Bangalore]] Urban District, in a farmer's family. He completed schooling at Begur High School and later did the pre university course at Government Central Junior College, Bangalore during 1983-85. He completed B.Sc. in 1987 at Government Arts and Science college.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Shivanna won from [[Anekal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 134,797 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Srinivas C. Hullahalli of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a huge margin of 31,325 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Anekal Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate B. Shivanna Wins From Anekal |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/anekal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601895 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]], winning the [[Anekal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. He went on to retain the seat in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka election 2023: Anekal Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/anekal-1169 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title=Anekal Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/anekal-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99491945.cms |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election: Anekal Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno177-acno177.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and won for the third time in [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]].<ref name=":0" /> He started his electoral journey winning as a member of the Zilla Panchayath Member from Begur Constituency in 1995. Later, he lost the Assembly election in 2004 from Anekal and in 2008 from Mahadevapura. He was active in students political activities and joined [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]. In 1989, he took part in the State Level Convention and also mobilised students from all over Karnataka.

=== Controversy ===
Just before the elections on 18 April 2018, an I-T Raid was conducted at his residence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-16 |title=Income Tax raid on Congress MLA and candidate in K'taka Assembly polls, B Shivanna |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/income-tax-raid-congress-mla-and-candidate-ktaka-assembly-polls-b-shivanna-79641 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=thenewsminute.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivanna, B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Shinku La

2026-04-27T01:45:40Z

JaniePan0653361: made initial page with sources!

{{Short description|Mountain pass in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Shingo La
| photo = Frozen Lake Shinko La Lahaul Jun24 A7CR 00315.jpg
| photo_caption = Frozen lake at Shingo La, view south towards [[Darcha]], Lahaul
| elevation = {{convert|5091|m|ft}}
| elevation_ref =
| traversed =
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| label_position = right
| location = [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| range = Himalaya
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| topo =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Shinku La''' (or '''Shingo La''')<ref>{{cite web|title=Darcha – Padum (Shingo La) Trek|url=https://www.aquaterra.in/my-product/darcha-padum-shingo-la-trek/|website=aquaterra.in|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> mountain pass on [[Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road]] on the state boundary between [[Ladakh]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref name=comp2/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi to carry out 'first blast' for Shinku La tunnel in Ladakh today |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 July 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-to-carry-out-first-blast-for-shinku-la-tunnel-in-ladakh-today-101721961944369.html |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref> connects the [[Zanskar]] region of Ladakh with the [[Lahaul]] region of Himachal Pradesh. The under-construction [[Shingo La#Shingo La Tunnel|Shingo La Tunnel]], with target expected completion date of 2028, will reduce the Manali to Kargil distance by 522 km<ref name=comp2>{{cite news |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/himachal-pradesh/1569-bid-for-150464cr-project-hc-upholds-bros-move-to-forfeit-15cr-2895610|title=1,504.64 करोड़ की परियोजना के लिए 1,569 की बोली: HC ने BRO के 15 करोड़ जब्त करने के कदम को बरकरार रखा|work=jantaserishta |date=October 2023}}</ref> while providing an additional all-weather route to Ladakh as an alternative to the existing [[Leh–Manali Highway]].<ref name=FE>{{cite web |last=Dey |first=Monidipa |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/journey-to-shinku-la-pass-connecting-lahaul-valley-in-himachal-with-the-zanskar-valley-in-ladakh/2887247/lite/ |title=Journey to Shinku-La pass connecting Lahaul valley in Himachal with the Zanskar valley in Ladakh |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=Financial Express}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{see also | Geography of Ladakh | Tourism in Ladakh }}
[[File:Travellers Shinko La Snow Zanskar Lahaul Jun24 A7CR 00304.jpg|left|thumb|Travellers at the pass in June 2024. Lahaul on the left, Zanskar on the right.]]

The Sinkula Pass, traversed by a 10-day Zanskar-Lahaul footpath used by locals and trekkers, features Sinkula Lake, a shallow pool 20m below its summit on the southern side.<ref name=sp1>{{citation|last1=Zurick|first1=David|last2=Pacheco|first2=Julsun|year=2006|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|quote=A ten-day trek leads south from Padum into the Great Himalaya, crosses the 5,100-meter Shingo La pass, and descends to the village of Darcha, located on the main road from Manali to Leh.|pages=183–184|isbn=9780813173849}}</ref> Acclaimed as one of the Indian Himalaya's technically easiest 5,000m+ passes (no glaciers or steep climbs), it is typically snowbound October–April and avalanche-prone.<ref name=hillpost>{{cite web|last=Dutta |first=Sanjay |title=Army Border Roads To Shinku La Pass Open Round The Year |url=https://hillpost.in/2023/01/army-border-roads-to-shinku-la-pass-open-round-the-year/119307/ |date=23 January 2023 |work=Hill Post}}</ref> While an official sign states 16,615.5 ft, trekking websites list elevations from 4,900-5,100m.

On the south side of the pass, the route from Barsi Bridge near Darcha Sumdol on [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]] goes northwest via Rarig, Chikka-Be, Palamo buddhist monastery, Shinkunla Camp, Zanskar Sumdo, and past Green Tara Tal lake. "Mount Shinkun East" (6081 m) and "Mount Shinkun West" (6127 m) lie respectively to the east and west side of the pass, among these the Mount Shinkun West was summited by mountaineers in 2004.<ref>[https://www.indmount.org/IMF/shinkunwestandshinkuneast2004 Shinkun West and East], indmount.org, accessed 20 Mar 2025.</ref>

The route on the north side of the pass, along the [[Kargyak|Kurgiak Cho]] stream, has the [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association|Shunkula Upper Gompa]], and then the "Sumdo Shinkula North" which is a confluence of two glaciers (Sumdo means confluence in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan language]]). Further north are the "Lakhong" camping ground, and then the "Phuktal" camping ground near [[Gonbo Rangjon]] peak (also called Gumbok Rangan) which is a stand-alone lofty rocky [[precipice]] south of [[Kargyak]] village in the Lungnak valley considered to holy peak referred to as God's Mountain by the natives who practice [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDougall |first=Eileen |date=28 Feb 2019 |title=Gonbo Rangjon, Zanskar's Sacred Mountain |url=https://www.insidehimalayas.com/gumbo-ranjan-zanskars-sacred-mountain/ |access-date=31 Oct 2022 |website=Inside Himalayas}}</ref> Further north are the "Phersayla" camp site, and then the confluence of "Kurgiak Cho" and [[Tsarap River]] where the route forks into two with the west route going to Padum and the east route going to Chah, Darcha and [[Phugtal Monastery|Phutkar Gompa]] (Phugtal Monastery).

==Road==
{{main|Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road}}
[[File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg|thumb|left|The road from Shingo La to Darcha, Lahaul.]]
[[File:Padum Road Shingo La Zanskar Oct22 A7C 03574.jpg|thumb|left|The road from Shingo La to Padum, Zanskar.]]

A road connecting [[Darcha]] with [[Padum]] across the Shingo La pass was first conceived in after the [[Kargil conflict]] of 1999, and preliminary work began in 2002. The project was given approval in 2004 and completion was expected by 2012.<ref name=IT>{{cite web |last=Vats |first=Rohit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/connecting-ladakh-india-growing-road-network-to-link-borders-with-the-mainland-1713978-2020-08-22 |title=Connecting Ladakh: India's growing road network to link borders with the mainland |work=India Today|date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

{{anchor | MC}}A 38 km long rudimentary road from Ramjak in Lahaul to Kargyakh in Zanskar via the Shingo La was first constructed between May 2014 and June 2017 by [[Tsultrim Chonjor]] (also called ''"Meme Chonjor"''), a retired government employee from Zanskar with his own funds and help from local villagers. He had tried to persuade the government to construct the road, and decided to build it himself when he failed to convince them; he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021 for it.<ref name=livemint>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/highaltitude-shinku-la-pass-connecting-lahaul-with-zanskar-valley-open-for-vehicles-this-time-of-year-11671270926444.html |title=High-altitude Shinku La Pass connecting Lahaul with Zanskar Valley open for vehicles this time of year |date=17 December 2022 |work=Livemint |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.team-bhp.com/news/meme-chonjor-man-who-built-road-himalayas-all-himself Meme Chonjor - The Man Who Built A Road In The Himalayas All By Himself], team-bhp.com, 17 June 2025.</ref> The road was later taken over by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO), and black-topped. The new metalled road has a capacity to carry truck loads of over 18 tonnes. A minibus service for Padum using the road was started by the [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC).<ref name=livemint/> The BRO is turning the road into a double laned one, and is planning to construct a tunnel under the pass for all-weather connectivity. The organisation is also attempting to keep the road open during the winter months.<ref name=hillpost/>

==Shinku La tunnel==
{{anchor | Tunnel | Shingo La Tunnel | Shinku La Tunnel | Shinkun La Tunnel}}

Shinku La Tunnel is an under-construction {{Convert|4.1|km|4=-long|adj=mid}} tunnel on the [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]], with a projected cost of ₹1,681 crores.<ref name=target1>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2023 |title=Cabinet approves construction of Shinku La Tunnel to provide all-weather connectivity in Ladakh |work=[[All India Radio|All India Radio News]] |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Cabinet-approves-construction-of-Shinku-La-Tunnel-to-provide-all-weather-connectivity-in-Ladakh&id=455852 |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Its north portal will be in [[Zanskar]]'s [[Padum Valley]] in [[Ladakh]] and south portal in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=shintunl1/> It is being constructed under BRO's "Project Yojak"<ref name=tunlen1>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=David|date=19 April 2022|url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/india-plans-worlds-highest-tunnel-in-the-himalayas/|title=India plans world's highest tunnel in the Himalayas|work=Global Construction Review}}</ref> and will have two unidirectional tubes, each with 2 lanes, for a total of 4 lanes.<ref name=comp2/> This tunnel, which will cut Manali-Leh distance by 60 km and facilitate the transportation of heavy machinery to [[Kargil]] and Siachen,<ref name=shintunl1>l [https://globalmatrix.in/strategic-road-development-in-ladakh-by-bro/ Strategic Road Development in Ladakh by BRO], globalmatrix.in, 18 March 2025.</ref> will provide all-weather access to 15 remote villages of Zanskar Valley and the India-China border that are cut off during winter, thus improving the economy and tourism value of Zanskar Valley while providing crucial year-round strategic border access to the defense forces of India.<ref name=target1/> The tunnel will have longitudinal ventilation using banana fans{{Clarify|date=January 2026}}, which require minimal electricity and lower operational costs.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} With the completion of this Tunnel, Nimmu–Padum–Darcha Road will become an all-weather road.<ref name=comp1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-clears-the-bro-tunnel-under-shinkun-la-in-ladakh-101621414374031.html Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh], [[Hindustan Times]], 19 May 2021.</ref>

===Status===

Conceived in 2006,<ref name=IT/> the project was forgotten<ref name=IT/> until it was revived in 2020.<ref name=tunstat1/> Since then the project has seen many false starts, resulting in the earlier expected completion date of 2025<ref name=daterev1/> moving to August 2028 with actual construction finally beginning in May 2025.<ref name=shintunl1/>

2006–2007: Plan for tunnel conceived.<ref name=IT/>

2009: Tenders floated, but no progress was made.<ref name=IT/>

2020: Indian government has approved preparation of a detailed project report (DPR).<ref name=tunstat1>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/work-on-shinkun-la-tunnel-sped-up-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-world-s-longest-high-altitude-tunnel/656869 |title=Work on Shinkun La Tunnel sped up: All you need to know about the world's longest high-altitude tunnel|date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

2021: length was reduced to a new shorter 4.25-kilometer-long alignment to be built as part of BRO's "Project Yojak",<ref name=tunlen1/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/bro-develops-project-yojak-in-himachal-pradesh-to-boost-road-infra/32056 |title=BRO develops Project Yojak in Himachal Pradesh to boost road infra |date=18 January 2022 |work=Construction World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2021|title=Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-clears-the-bro-tunnel-under-shinkun-la-in-ladakh-101621414374031.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

2022 April: BRO stated construction will commence by July with expected completion by 2025.<ref name=daterev1>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/bro-to-construct-worlds-highest-tunnel-at-shinku-la-pass-to-connect-himachal-to-ladakh/articleshow/91049727.cms?from=mdr |date=24 April 2022|title=BRO to construct world's highest tunnel at Shinku La Pass to connect Himachal to Ladakh |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> This plan did not materialise.

2023 February: the Union Cabinet approved the fundng of ₹1,681 crores with a target completion date of December 2027.<ref name=target1/>

2024 July: Foundation stone for commencement of construction laid by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=target2>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Conducts 'First Blast' Of Shinku La Tunnel In Ladakh {{!}} All You Need To Know |url=https://www.livemint.com/videos/news/pm-modi-conducts-first-blast-of-shinku-la-tunnel-in-ladakh-11721996292162.html |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref>

2025 March: Four-year timeline fixed in the contract, major construction to begin in May 2025, completion date is by August 2028.<ref name=shintunl1/>

2025 November: Work was in progress from both portals, completion will be in 4 years (2028–29).<ref name=opbrd1>[https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/linking-frontiers-with-the-nation-1503507700.html Linking frontiers with the nation], The Statesman, 5 Nov 2025.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Atal Tunnel]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]]
* [[India–China Border Roads]]
* [[Leh Manali road]]
* [[Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district]]

15th Madhya Pradesh Assembly

2026-04-26T15:13:27Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Madhya Pradesh Assembly
| before = 14th Assembly
| after = [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly|16th Assembly]]
| image = [[File:Madhya Pradesh Assembly 2020.svg|300px]]
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| body = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = * [[Kamal Nath ministry|Kamal Nath (2018-2020)]]
* [[Fourth Shivraj Singh Chouhan ministry|Chouhan IV (2020-2023)]]
| opposition = * [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2018–2020)
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2020–2023)
| term_start = 6 January 2019
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| website = 
| membership1 = '''230'''
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = Speaker
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Girish Gautam]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Govind Singh]]
}}

The '''Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh''' constituted after the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s which were concluded in November 2018, with the results being declared on 11 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Election dates for Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Mizoram and Telangana out, results on Dec 11 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-dates-for-rajasthan-madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh-mizoram-and-telangana-announced-1357271-2018-10-06 |accessdate=13 November 2018 |work=India Today |date=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The tenure of 14th Madhya Pradesh Assembly ended on 5 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=11 May 2018}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{update|section|date=October 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sheopur district|'''Sheopur District''']]
|-
|1
|[[Sheopur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheopur]]
|[[Babu Jandel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]
|[[Sitaram Aadivashi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Morena district|'''Morena District''']]
|-
|3
|[[Sabalgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabalgarh]]
|[[Baijnath Kushwah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Joura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Joura]]
|[[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Sumawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sumawali]]
|[[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
|[[Rakesh Mavai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Dimani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dimani]]
|[[Ravindra Singh Tomar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Ambah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambah (SC)]]
|[[Kamlesh Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhind district|'''Bhind District''']]
|-
|9
|[[Ater (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ater]]
|[[Arvind Singh Bhadoria]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
|Sanjeev Singh Kushwaha
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Switched from BSP to BJP<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=3 lawmakers join BJP in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-lawmakers-join-bjp-in-madhya-pradesh-101655197270431.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Lahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahar]]
|Dr. [[Govind Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon]]
|[[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohad (SC)]]
|[[Mevaram Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Gwalior district|'''Gwalior District''']]
|-
|14
|[[Gwalior Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Rural]]
|[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Gwalior (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
|[[Pradhuman Singh Tomar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Gwalior East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior East]]
|Satish Sikarwar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Gwalior South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior South]]
|Pravin Pathak
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Bhitarwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhitarwar]]
|[[Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Dabra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabra (SC)]]
|Suresh Raje
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Datia district|'''Datia District''']]
|-
|20
|[[Sewda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sewda]]
|[[Ghanshyam Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Bhander (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhander (SC)]]
|[[Raksha Saroniya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Datia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Datia]]
|Dr. [[Narottam Mishra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shivpuri district|'''Shivpuri District''']]
|-
|23
|[[Karera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karera (SC)]]
|[[Pragilal Jatav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Pohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pohari]]
|[[Suresh Rathkheda Dhakad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Shivpuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shivpuri]]
|[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Pichhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pichhore]]
|[[K. P. Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Kolaras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolaras]]
|[[Birendra Raghuvanshi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Switched from BJP to INC<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Shashwat |last2= |first2= |date=2023-09-01 |title=Madhya Pradesh: MLA Virendra Raghuwanshi, who quit BJP, likely to join Congress tomorrow |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/madhya-pradesh/virendra-raghuwanshi-who-quit-bjp-to-join-congress-may-contest-from-shivpuri-seat-assembly-elections-latest-news-2023-09-01-890238 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Guna district|'''Guna District''']]
|-
|28
|[[Bamori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamori]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Sisodia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Guna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Guna (SC)]]
|[[Gopilal Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Chachoura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chachoura]]
|[[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh]]
|[[Jaivardhan Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ashoknagar district|'''Ashkonagar District''']]
|-
|32
|[[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar (SC)]]
|[[Jaipal Singh Jajji|Jajpal Singh Jajji]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Chanderi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanderi]]
|[[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|34
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sagar district|'''Sagar District''']]
|-
|35
|[[Bina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bina (SC)]]
|[[Mahesh Rai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Khurai (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]]
|[[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
|[[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Deori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deori]]
|[[Harsh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Rehli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rehli]]
|[[Gopal Bhargava]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|40
|[[Naryoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naryoli]]
|[[Pradeep Lariya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|41
|[[Sagar (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
|[[Shailendra Jain]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Banda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
|[[Tarbar Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Tikamgarh district|'''Tikamgarh District''']]
|-
|43
|[[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
|[[Rakesh Giri]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|44
|[[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara (SC)]]
|[[Harishankar Khatik]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Prithvipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Prithvipur]]
| [[Shishupal Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after the death of Brijendra Singh Rathore
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Niwari district|'''Niwari District''']]
|-
|46
|[[Niwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwari]]
|[[Anil Jain (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Tikamgarh district|'''Tikamgarh District''']]
|-
|47
|[[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur]]
|[[Rahul Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhatarpur district|'''Chhatarpur District''']]
|-
|48
|[[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|[[Neeraj Vinod Dixit]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Chandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandla (SC)]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Prajapati]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
|[[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|51
|[[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Alok Chaturvedi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|52
|[[Bijawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijawar]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Kumar Shukla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Switched from SP to BJP<ref name=":0" />
|-
|53
|[[Malhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhara]]
|[[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Damoh district|'''Damoh District''']]
|-
|54
|[[Pathariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pathariya]]
|[[Rambai Govind Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Damoh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
|[[Ajay Tandon (politician)|Ajay Tandon]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after resignation by [[Rahul Lodhi]]
|-
|56
|[[Jabera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabera]]
|[[Dharmendra Bhav Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|57
|[[Hatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatta (SC)]]
|[[Ramkali Tantuway]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Panna district|'''Panna District''']]
|-
|58
|[[Pawai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pawai]]
|[[Prahlad Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Gunnaor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunnaor (SC)]]
|Shivdayal Bagri
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|60
|[[Panna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panna]]
|[[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Satna district|'''Satna District''']]
|-
|61
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|[[Neelanshu Chaturvedi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Raigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raigaon (SC)]]
| Kalpana Verma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after the death of Jugal Kishore Bagri
|-
|63
|[[Satna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
|[[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagod]]
|[[Nagendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|65
|[[Maihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maihar]]
|[[Narayan Tripathi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Amarpatan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarpatan]]
|[[Ramkhelawan Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|67
|[[Rampur-Baghelan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur-Baghelan]]
|[[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rewa district|'''Rewa District''']]
|-
|68
|[[Sirmour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirmour]]
|[[Divyaraj Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Semariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Semariya]]
|[[K.P. Tripathi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|70
|[[Teonthar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teonthar]]
|[[Shyam Lal Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|71
|[[Mauganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mauganj]]
|[[Pradeep Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|72
|[[Deotalab (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deotalab]]
|[[Girish Gautam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Mangawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangawan (SC)]]
|[[Panchu Lal Prajapati]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|74
|[[Rewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|75
|[[Gurh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurh]]
|[[Nagendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sidhi district|'''Sidhi District''']]
|-
|76
|[[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]]
|[[Sharadendu Tiwari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|77
|[[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
|[[Kedar Nath Shukla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|78
|[[Sihawal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihawal]]
|[[Kamleshwar Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Singrauli district|'''Singrauli District''']]
|-
|79
|[[Chitrangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chitrangi (ST)]]
|Amar Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|80
|[[Singrauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singrauli]]
|[[Ram Lallu Vaishya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|81
|[[Devsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Devsar (SC)]]
|[[Subhash Ram Charitra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sidhi district|'''Sidhi District''']]
|-
|82
|[[Dhauhani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhauhani (ST)]]
|[[Kunwar Singh Tekam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shahdol district|'''Shahdol District''']]
|-
|83
|[[Beohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beohari (ST)]]
|[[Sharad Kol]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|84
|[[Jaisingnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaisingnagar (ST)]]
|[[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|85
|[[Jaitpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaitpur (ST)]]
|Manisha Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Anuppur district|'''Anuppur District''']]
|-
|86
|[[Kotma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kotma]]
|[[Suneel Saraf]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|87
|[[Anuppur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anuppur (ST)]]
|[[Bisahulal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Pushprajgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pushprajgarh (ST)]]
|[[Phundelal Singh Marko]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Umaria district|'''Umaria District''']]
|-
|89
|[[Bandhavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandhavgarh (ST)]]
|Shivnarayan Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|90
|[[Manpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manpur (ST)]]
|[[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Katni district|'''Katni District''']]
|-
|91
|[[Barwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwara (ST)]]
|[[Vijayraghvendra Singh|Vijay Raghvendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|92
|[[Vijayraghavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayraghavgarh]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak|Sanjay Satyendra Pathak]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Murwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murwara]]
|[[Sandip Shree Prasad Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|94
|[[Bahoriband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahoriband]]
|[[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jabalpur district|'''Jabalpur District''']]
|-
|95
|[[Patan (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|[[Ajay Vishnoi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|96
|[[Bargi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bargi]]
|[[Sanjay Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Jabalpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur East (SC)]]
|[[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|98
|[[Jabalpur North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur North]]
|[[Vinay Saxena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|99
|[[Jabalpur Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur Cantonment]]
|[[Ashok Rohani]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|100
|[[Jabalpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur West]]
|[[Tarun Bhanot]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|101
|[[Panagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panagar]]
|[[Sushil Kumar 'Indu' Tiwari|Sushil Kumar Tiwari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|102
|[[Sihora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihora (ST)]]
|[[Nandni Maravi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dindori district|'''Dindori District''']]
|-
|103
|[[Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpura (ST)]]
|[[Bhoopendra Maravi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Dindori (Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori (ST)]]
|[[Omkar Markam|Omkar Singh Markam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandla district|'''Mandla District''']]
|-
|105
|[[Bichhiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bichhiya (ST)]]
|[[Narayan Singh Patta]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|106
|[[Niwas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwas (ST)]]
|Dr. [[Ashok Marskole]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|107
|[[Mandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandla (ST)]]
|[[Deosingh Saiyam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Balaghat district|'''Balaghat District''']]
|-
|108
|[[Baihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baihar (ST)]]
|[[Sanjay Uikey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|109
|[[Lanji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanji]]
|[[Hina Kaware]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|110
|[[Paraswada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paraswada]]
|[[Ram Kishor Nano Kawre]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|111
|[[Balaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
|[[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|112
|[[Waraseoni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Waraseoni]]
|Pradeep Jaiswal
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD |
| Independent
|
|-
|113
|[[Katangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katangi]]
|[[Tamlal Sahare]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Seoni district|'''Seoni District''']]
|-
|114
|[[Barghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barghat (ST)]]
|[[Arjun Singh Kakodiya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|115
|[[Seoni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seoni]]
|[[Dinesh Rai Munmun]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|116
|[[Keolari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keolari]]
|[[Rakesh Pal Singh|Rakesh Pal Singh (politician)]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Lakhnadon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhnadon (ST)]]
|[[Yogendra Singh (politician)|Yogendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Narsinghpur district|'''Narsinghpur District''']]
|-
|118
|[[Gotegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gotegaon (SC)]]
|[[N. P. Prajapati]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|119
|[[Narsingpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsingpur]]
|[[Jalam Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|120
|[[Tendukheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tendukheda]]
|[[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|121
|[[Gadarwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gadarwara]]
|[[Suneeta Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhindwara district|'''Chhindwara District''']]
|-
|122
|[[Junnardeo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Junnardeo (ST)]]
|[[Sunil Uikey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|123
|[[Amarwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarwara (ST)]]
|[[Kamlesh Pratap Shah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|124
|[[Chourai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chourai]]
|[[Choudhary Sujeet Mer Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Saunsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saunsar]]
|[[Vijay Revnath Chore]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|126
|[[Chhindwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
|[[Kamal Nath]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|127
|[[Parasia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parasia (SC)]]
|[[Sohanlal Balmik]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|128
|[[Pandhurna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandhurna (ST)]]
|[[Nilesh Pusaram Uikey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Betul district|'''Betul District''']]
|-
|129
|[[Multai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Multai]]
|[[Sukhdeo Panse]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|130
|[[Amla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amla]]
|Dr. Yogesh Pandagre
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|131
|[[Betul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
|Nilay Vinod Daga
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|132
|[[Ghoradongri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghoradongri (ST)]]
|[[Bramha Bhalavi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|133
|[[Bhainsdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhainsdehi (ST)]]
|[[Dharmu Singh Sirsam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Harda district|'''Harda District''']]
|-
|134
|[[Timarni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Timarni (ST)]]
|Sanjay Shah
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|135
|[[Harda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harda]]
|[[Kamal Patel (politician)|Kamal Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Hoshangabad district|'''Hoshangabad District''']]
|-
|136
|[[Seoni-Malwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seoni-Malwa]]
|[[Premshanker Kunjilal Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|137
|[[Hoshangabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
|Dr. [[Sitasaran Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|138
|[[Sohagpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohagpur]]
|[[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|139
|[[Pipariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipariya (SC)]]
|[[Thakurdas Nagwanshi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Raisen district|'''Raisen District''']]
|-
|140
|[[Udaipura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udaipura]]
|[[Devendra Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|141
|[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|[[Surendra Patwa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|142
|[[Sanchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanchi (SC)]]
|Dr. [[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|143
|[[Silwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silwani]]
|[[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Vidisha district|'''Vidisha District''']]
|-
|144
|[[Vidisha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
|[[Shashank Bhargav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|145
|[[Basoda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basoda]]
|[[Leena Jain]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|146
|[[Kurwai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurwai (SC)]]
|[[Hari Singh Sapre]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|147
|[[Sironj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sironj]]
|[[Umakant Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|148
|[[Shamshabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shamshabad]]
|[[Rajshri Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhopal district|'''Bhopal District''']]
|-
|149
|[[Berasia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Berasia (SC)]]
|[[Vishnu Khatri]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|150
|[[Bhopal Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Uttar]]
|[[Arif Aqueel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|151
|[[Narela (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narela]]
|[[Vishvas Sarang]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|152
|[[Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim]]
|[[P. C. Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|153
|[[Bhopal Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Madhya]]
|[[Arif Masood]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|154
|[[Govindpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Govindpura]]
|[[Krishna Gaur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|155
|[[Huzur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Huzur]]
|[[Rameshwar Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sehore district|'''Sehore District''']]
|-
|156
|[[Budhni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Budhni]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|157
|[[Ashta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashta (SC)]]
|[[Raghunath Singh Malviya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|158
|[[Ichhawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichhawar]]
|[[Karan Singh Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|159
|[[Sehore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sehore]]
|[[Sudesh Rai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rajgarh district|'''Rajgarh District''']]
|-
|160
|[[Narsinghgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsinghgarh]]
|[[Rajyavardhan Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|161
|[[Biaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biaora]]
|Ramchandra Dangi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|162
|[[Rajgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
|[[Bapu Singh Tanwar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|163
|[[Khilchipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khilchipur]]
|[[Priyavrat Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|164
|[[Sarangpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarangpur (SC)]]
|[[Kunwarji Kothar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Agar Malwa district|'''Agar Malwa District''']]
|-
|165
|[[Susner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Susner]]
|[[Vikram Singh Rana]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Switched from Independent to BJP<ref name=":0" />
|-
|166
|[[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar (SC)]]
|Vipin Wankhede
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shajapur district|'''Shajapur District''']]
|-
|167
|[[Shajapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]]
|[[Hukum Singh Karada]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|168
|[[Shujalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shujalpur]]
|[[Inder Singh Parmar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|169
|[[Kalapipal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalapipal]]
|[[Kunal Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dewas district|'''Dewas District''']]
|-
|170
|[[Sonkatch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonkatch (SC)]]
|[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|171
|[[Dewas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dewas]]
|[[Gayatri Raje Puar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|172
|[[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]]
|[[Manoj Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|173
|[[Khategaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khategaon]]
|[[Aashish Govind Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|174
|[[Bagli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagli (ST)]]
|[[Pahad Singh Kannoje]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Khandwa district|'''Khandwa District''']]
|-
|175
|[[Mandhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandhata]]
|[[Narayan Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Narayan Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|176
|[[Harsud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsud (ST)]]
|[[Kunwar Vijay Shah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|177
|[[Khandwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandwa (SC)]]
|[[Devendra Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|178
|[[Pandhana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandhana (ST)]]
|[[Ram Dangore]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Burhanpur district|'''Burhanpur District''']]
|-
|179
|[[Nepanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nepanagar]]
|[[Sumitra Devi Kasdekar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|180
|[[Burhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Burhanpur]]
|Thakur Surendra Singh Naval Singh
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD |
| Independent
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Khargone district|'''Khargone District''']]
|-
|181
|[[Bhikangaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhikangaon (ST)]]
|Dr. [[Dhyansingh Solanki]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|182
|[[Barwah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwah]]
|[[Sachin Birla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|183
|[[Maheshwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshwar (SC)]]
|Dr. [[Vijayalaxmi Sadho]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|184
|[[Kasrawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasrawad]]
|[[Sachin Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Sachin Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|185
|[[Khargone (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
|[[Ravi Joshi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|186
|[[Bhagwanpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagwanpura (ST)]]
|[[Kedar Dawar]]
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD |
| Independent
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Barwani district|'''Barwani District''']]
|-
|187
|[[Sendhawa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sendhawa (ST)]]
|[[Gyarsilal Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|188
|[[Rajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajpur (ST)]]
|[[Bala Bachchan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|189
|[[Pansemal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pansemal (ST)]]
|[[Sushri Kirade|Chandrabhaga]]
[[Sushri Kirade|Kirade]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|190
|[[Barwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwani (ST)]]
|[[Premsingh Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Alirajpur district|'''Alirajpur District''']]
|-
|191
|[[Alirajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alirajpur (ST)]]
|[[Mukesh Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|192
|[[Jobat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jobat (ST)]]
| Sulochana Rawat
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after the death of Kalawati Bhuria
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jhabua district|'''Jhabua District''']]
|-
|193
|[[Jhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhabua (ST)]]
|[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|194
|[[Thandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thandla (ST)]]
|[[Veer Singh Bhuriya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|195
|[[Petlawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Petlawad (ST)]]
|[[Val Singh Maida]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dhar district, India|'''Dhar District''']]
|-
|196
|[[Sardarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sardarpur (ST)]]
|[[Pratap Grewal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|197
|[[Gandhwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandhwani (ST)]]
|[[Umang Singhar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|198
|[[Kukshi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kukshi (ST)]]
|[[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|199
|[[Manawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manawar (ST)]]
|Dr. [[Hiralal Alawa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|200
|[[Dharampuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharampuri (ST)]]
|[[Panchilal Meda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|201
|[[Dhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
|[[Neena Vikram Verma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|202
|[[Badnawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnawar]]
|[[Rajvardhan Singh Dattigaon]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Indore district|'''Indore District''']]
|-
|203
|[[Depalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Depalpur]]
|[[Vishal Jagdish Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|204
|[[Indore-1 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-1]]
|[[Sanjay Shukla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|205
|[[Indore-2 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-2]]
|[[Ramesh Mendola]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|206
|[[Indore-3 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-3]]
|[[Akash Vijayvargiya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|207
|[[Indore-4 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-4]]
|[[Malini Gaur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|208
|[[Indore-5 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-5]]
|[[Mahendra Hardia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|209
|[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow]]
|[[Usha Thakur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|210
|[[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]]
|[[Jitu Patwari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|211
|[[Sanwer (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanwer (SC)]]
|[[Tulsi Silawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ujjain district|'''Ujjain District''']]
|-
|212
|[[Nagda-Khachrod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagda-Khachrod]]
|[[Dilip Gurjar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|213
|[[Mahidpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahidpur]]
|[[Bahadursingh Chouhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|214
|[[Tarana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarana (SC)]]
|[[Mahesh Parmar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|215
|[[Ghatiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatiya (SC)]]
|[[Ramlal Malviya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|216
|[[Ujjain North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain North]]
|[[Paras Chandra Jain]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|217
|[[Ujjain South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain South]]
|Dr. [[Mohan Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|218
|[[Badnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnagar]]
|[[Murli Morwal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ratlam district|'''Ratlam District''']]
|-
|219
|[[Ratlam Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam Rural (ST)]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Makwana]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|220
|[[Ratlam City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam City]]
|[[Chetanya Kasyap]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|221
|[[Sailana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sailana]]
|[[Harsh Gehlot]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|222
|[[Jaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaora]]
|[[Rajendra Pandey (Indian politician)|Rajendra Pandey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|223
|[[Alot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alot (SC)]]
|[[Manoj Chawla]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandsaur district|'''Mandsaur District''']]
|-
|224
|[[Mandsour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandsour]]
|[[Yashpal Singh Sisodia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|225
|[[Malhargarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhargarh (SC)]]
|[[Jagdish Dewda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|226
|[[Suwasra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suwasra]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Dang]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|227
|[[Garoth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garoth]]
|[[Devilal Dhakad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Neemuch district|'''Neemuch District''']]
|-
|228
|[[Manasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manasa]]
|[[Aniruddha Maroo]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|229
|[[Neemuch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Neemuch]]
|[[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|230
|[[Jawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawad]]
|[[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023| ]]

Belagavi City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:45Z

JaniePan0653361: creating initial place basic info

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{other uses|Belagavi Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Belgaum
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 185,703
|reservation = None
}}
'''Belgaum City Assembly constituency''' was part of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka state assembly]] in India, and part of [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency]]. The seat ceased to exist after the assembly seats' boundary was redrawn in 2008. Now the city's constituencies are [[Belgaum Dakshin Assembly constituency|Belgaum Dakshin]] and [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency|Belgaum Uttar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/marathi-belt-divided-maharashtra-ekikaran-samiti-could-help-bjp-and-congress/articleshow/63993774.cms |title=maharashtra ekikaran samiti: Marathi belt: Divided Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti could help BJP and Congress |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 May 2018 |author=Naveen Menezes |access-date= 24 August 2021}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dalvi Bhujang Keshav || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Sunthankar Balakrishna Rangrao
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Sayanak Balwant Bhimrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=8}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. W. B. Annappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sayanak Balwant Bhimrao
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Mane Rajabhau Shankar Rao
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Bapusaheb Raosaheb Mahagaonkar
|-
| [[1989 elections in India#Karnataka|1989 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 26 December 1991}} || Arjunrao Laxmanrao Hishobkar
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Narayan Rao Tarale]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Kudachi Ramesh Laxman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kudachi Ramesh Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,198 |percentage = 32.58% |change = {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Ramachandra Pawar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,181 |percentage = 31.55% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Deepak Arjun Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,051 |percentage = 29.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madiwale. F. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,213 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Ramachandra Shirolkar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,197 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girish Parasharam Balekundri |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satish Neminath Gouragonda |party = Independent politician |votes = 925 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyed Bande Nawaz Mohammed Hanif |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 693 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,017 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,907 |percentage = 53.26% |change = {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,820}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,703 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kudachi Ramesh Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,664 |percentage = 40.93% |change = {{increase}}29.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtekar Malojirao Shantaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,004 |percentage = 32.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajpurohit Babulal Achalsingh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,405 |percentage = 25.44% |change = {{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Farook Hannan |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 617 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,660 |percentage = 8.33% |change = {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,227 |percentage = 59.75% |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,010}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,196 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,386 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narayan Rao Tarale]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,515 |percentage = 44.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potdar Anil Mohanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,689 |percentage = 31.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandshawale Sayed Anwarsha Syeed Peer |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,375 |percentage = 11.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shankarrao Irappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,535 |percentage = 10.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddawani Narayan Krishnayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 478 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,826 |percentage = 13.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,420 |percentage = 56.47% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,297}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,123 |percentage = 1.40% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,404 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 elections in India#Karnataka|1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/9assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Nineth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 6 Apr 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163649/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/9assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arjunrao Laxmanrao Hishobkar |party = Independent politician |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}38.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapusaheb Raosaheb Mahagaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,196 |percentage = 38.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potdar Anil Mohanrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,809 |percentage = 32.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Deepak Arjun Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,037 |percentage = 11.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shobha Anil Herwadkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,382 |percentage = 9.28% |change = {{decrease}}23.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potadar Asha Vasantrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,973 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mushtaq Hussain Faroqui |party = Independent politician |votes = 831 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Shankarrao Mandekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 703 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,387 |percentage = 5.96% |change = {{decrease}}10.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,644 |percentage = 67.27% |change = {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,350}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,294 |percentage = 3.52% |change = {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}10.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Rajabhau Shankar Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,401 |percentage = 49.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakatkar Shivajirao Yallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,477 |percentage = 32.69% |change = {{decrease}}5.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chindak Rajendra Goverdhan |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,770 |percentage = 8.78% |change = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,924 |percentage = 16.63% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,390 |percentage = 59.31% |change = {{decrease}}20.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,704}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 686 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,931 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Rajabhau Shankar Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 42,763 |percentage = 54.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddannavar Surendra Alias Komalanna Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,159 |percentage = 38.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirur Chandrashekhar Neelakantappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,183 |percentage = 5.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moulvi Farook Ahmed. A. Hannan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,604 |percentage = 15.93% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,974 |percentage = 80.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,109}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 865 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,592 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sayanak Balwant Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,736 |percentage = 56.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naghnoor. M. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,720 |percentage = 39.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mokashi Abdulsattar Mohamad Ghouse |party = Independent politician |votes = 942 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vidyasagar |party = Independent politician |votes = 865 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,016 |percentage = 17.23% |change = {{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,658 |percentage = 81.31% |change = {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,753}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 905 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,901 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. W. B. Annappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,814 |percentage = 45.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. R. Bhimarao |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,783 |percentage = 25.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Parasharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 12,646 |percentage = 22.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Shankarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 3.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Abdul Majid |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,409 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Tatyasahab Mirji |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 356 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,031 |percentage = 20.06% |change = {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,785 |percentage = 76.95% |change = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,495 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sayanak Balwant Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,818 |percentage = 52.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. B. Bharmagauda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,224 |percentage = 45.84% |change = {{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Parasharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,594 |percentage = 6.80% |change = {{decrease}}27.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,595 |percentage = 84.24% |change = {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,843}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,808 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |swing = {{decrease}}14.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belagavi City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sunthankar Balakrishna Rangrao |party = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |votes = 27,643 |percentage = 67.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidaram Basappa Kanabargi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,614 |percentage = 33.00% |change = {{decrease}}8.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,029 |percentage = 34.00% |change = {{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,664 |percentage = 74.39% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,351 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sunthankar Balakrishna Rangrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,179 |percentage = 58.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Qazi Mohamed Husain Mohamed Saheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,915 |percentage = 41.78% |change = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,264 |percentage = 16.44% |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,094 |percentage = 71.18% |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,094}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,520 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum Urban <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Bhujang Keshav |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,732 |percentage = 45.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potdar Bhimaji Balaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,812 |percentage = 36.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pai Nath Bapu |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 6,078 |percentage = 18.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,920 |percentage = 8.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,622 |percentage = 62.46% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,622}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,230 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Belagavi District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.87|74.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Aarthi Ganeshkar

2026-04-16T17:12:31Z

JaniePan0653361: creating first data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aarthi
| image = [[File:Aarathi (actress).jpg|Actress Aarathi in a interview]]
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Aarthi
| birth_place = [[Ooty|Uthagai]], [[The Nilgiris District|Nilagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| other_names = Harathi
| years_active = 1987–present
| occupation = Actress, comedian, television host
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ganeshkar]]|2009}}
}}
'''Aarthi''', also known as '''Harathi''' is an Indian actress, comedian and television host who works in Tamil films and television dramas. She initially worked as a child artist in the late 1990s, she also appeared in stand-up comedy shows namely ''Super10'' and ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'', before joining the Tamil film industry, she has played roles in ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004), ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009) and ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Harathi's husband Ganesh hospitalised after a car accident near Pattinapakkam, rejects the allegations that he fled away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-harathis-husband-ganesh-hospitalised-after-a-car-accident-near-pattinapakkam-rejects-the-allegations-that-he-fled-away/articleshow/90070275.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career in Vanna Kanavugal movie when she was only 6 months old. Later {{lang|ta-Latn|Iyal Isai Nadaka Mandram}} headed by ex chief minister of Tamil Nadu Mr. Mu. Karunanidhi awarded her "Kalaimamani" for her unique style of humorous acting in films. Some of her popular early films included ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' (2004), ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004) and ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005), in which she collaborated with actor [[Vadivelu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/yatchan-a-wellcrafted-black-comedy-that-isnt-all-it-could-have-been/article7642207.ece |title=Yatchan: A well-crafted black comedy that isn't all it could have been |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Comediennes-who-made-Tamil-cinema-bright/article14404869.ece |title=Comediennes who made Tamil cinema bright |first=N. |last=Kesavan |date=26 June 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> For her roles in ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009) and ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010), she won the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Best Female Comedienne]] awards from [[Ananda Vikatan]] for two consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners.php |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2016 |first=Vikatan |last=Awards |website=www.vikatan.com}}</ref> During the same year, she was awarded the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] for her work in the film, ''Paraseega Mannan'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |date=14 July 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She later won appreciation from [[The Hindu]]'s critic for her appearance in an [[item number]] in [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s ''[[Yatchan]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Yatchan-A-well-crafted-black-comedy-that-isn%E2%80%99t-all-it-could-have-been/article10370133.ece |title=Yatchan: A well-crafted black comedy that isn't all it could have been |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |date=11 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2017, Aarthi took part in the Tamil reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil (Season 1)|Bigg Boss]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]]. She was evicted from the show on day 21, but later returned for a fortnight as a guest contestant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-aarthi-and-julie-fight-on-day-1/articleshow/59335482.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil: Aarthi and Julie fight on Day 1 |work=The Times of India|date=27 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Aarthi married fellow comedian [[Ganeshkar]] in a ceremony in [[Guruvayoor]] during October 2009, before the pair returned to Chennai for a wedding reception. The pair had earlier been dance partners during the reality dance show, ''[[Maanada Mayilada]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=eventdetails.php?newsid=2265 |title=Ayngaran International |work=ayngaran.com}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
===Tamil films===
{{colbegin}}
;Child artiste
*''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]'' (1987)
*''[[En Thangai Kalyani]]'' (1988)
*''[[Thendral Sudum]]'' (1989)
*''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' (1990)
*''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990)
*''[[Chatriyan]]'' (1990)
;Comedian
*''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' (2004) as Neelaveni
*''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004) as Bun
*''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005) as Constable Eashwari
*''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' (2005) as Jyothika
*''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005)
*''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' (2005) as Maha
*''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' (2005)
*''[[Pattiyal]]'' (2006) as Aarthi
*''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kusthi]]'' (2006) as Sulukku Sundari
*''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' (2006)
*''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007) as Meenakshi
*''[[Malaikottai]]'' (2007)
*''[[Machakaaran]]'' (2007)
*''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008) as Constable Ranganayaki
*''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008) as Sindhamani
*''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009)
*''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009)
*''[[Engal Aasan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' (2009)
*''[[Karthik Anitha]]'' (2009)
*''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Thoranai]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Pudhiya Payanam]]'' (2009)
*''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Pinju Manasu]]'' (2009)
*''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' (2009)
*''Netru Pol Indru Illai'' (2009)
*''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thairiyam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Veerasekaran]]'' (2010)
*''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (2010)
* ''Pournami Nagam'' (2010)
*''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (2010)
*''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' (2010)
*''[[Aduthathu]]'' (2011)
*''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' (2012)
*''[[Chaarulatha]]'' (2012)
*''Paraseega Mannan'' (2012)
*''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013)
*''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' (2013)
*''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Chithirayil Nilachoru]]'' (2013)
*''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' (2013)
*''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' (2013)
*''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013)
*''Ingu Kadhal Katrutharapadum'' (2013)
*''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' (2014)
*''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' (2014)
*''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Aranmanai]]'' (2014)
*''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' (2014)
*''[[Killadi]]'' (2015)
*''Sonna Pochu'' (2015)
*''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' (2015)
*''[[Yatchan]]'' (2015)
*''[[Kalai Vendhan]]'' (2015)
*''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' (2016)
*''Aasi'' (2016)
*''[[Girls (2016 film)|Thiraikku Varadha Kadhai]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' (2016)
*''[[Enna Thavam Seitheno]]'' (2018)
*''[[Sandimuni]]'' (2020)
*''[[Baby and Baby]]'' (2025)
*''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]'' (2025)
*''[[Mrs & Mr]]'' (2025)
{{colend}}

===Other language films===
;Telugu films
*''[[Souryam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]'' (2009)
*''[[Nuvvekkadunte Nenakkadunta]]'' (2012)
*''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante ]]'' (2015)
;Malayalam films
*''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' (2006)
*''[[Money Ratnam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Girls (2016 film)|Girls]]'' (2016)
;Kannada film
*''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'' (2011)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
|-
|2009
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Comedian – Female]] - ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
|-
|2010
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Comedian – Female]] - ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]''
|-
|2012
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] - ''Paraseega Mannan''
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|
|''Super 10''
|
|-
|
|''Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Maanada Mayilada]]''
|
|-
|2008
|[[Kalasam (TV series)|''Kalasam'']]
|
|-
|2009
|''Anu Alavum Bayamillai''
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Sirippulogam]]''
|
|-
|
|''Kitchen Super Star (season 1)''
|
|-
|2017
|[[Bigg Boss Tamil (Season 1)|''Bigg Boss'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-22 |title=Bigg Boss 16: Ex-Bigg Boss contestant Arti Singh comes in support of Tina Datta against Sreejita De's 'character assassinating' remarks |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-16-ex-bigg-boss-contestant-arti-singh-comes-in-support-of-tina-datta-against-sreejita-des-character-assassinating-remarks/articleshow/96431688.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2018
|[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)|''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)'']]
|(season 5/6/7)
|-
|2017-2018
|[[Star Wars (Indian TV series)|''Star Wars'']]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]''
|guest day "85 to 91"
|-
|2019
|''[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]''
|
|-
|2020
|[[Idhayathai Thirudathey (TV series)|''Idhayathai Thirudathey'']]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|''Anbe Vaa'']]
|
|-
|''[[Documental#International versions|LOL: Enga Siri Paapom]]''
|Contestant<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lol-enga-siri-papom-review-a-drought-of-humour-9920281.html|title=Lol: Enga Siri Papom review — A drought of humour|date=28 August 2021|website=Firstpost|access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|''Abhiyum Naanum'']]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4742592}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aarthi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vyara Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:49Z

JaniePan0653361: made basic stub with sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vyara
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Tapi district|Tapi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 171
| mla = Kokani Mohanbhai Dhedabhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:223141}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Vyara''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Tapi district|Tapi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is a segment of [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vyara Taluka

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1972 ||rowspan=4| [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/vyara-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title = Vyara Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency}}</ref> ||rowspan=4|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1975
|-
| 1980
|-
| 1985<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1985}}</ref>
|-
| 1990|| Amarsinh Z Chaudhari||
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1995 || Pratapbhai Babubhai Gamit ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Tushar Chaudhary]] || [[File:Tusharbhai Chaudhary addressing at the launch of the first Inter-operable, Electronic Toll Collection System based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology at Toll Plazas of Mumbai – Vadodara Section.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2007 || Punabhai Gamit ||
|-
|2012 || Punabhai Gamit ||
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Puna Gamit]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Mohan Kokani|Kokani Mohanbhai Dhedabhai]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|}
* 1990 - Amarsinh Z Chaudhari (Independent), defeated his namesake Amarsinh B Chaudhari (Congress)
** Amarsinh Zinabhai Chaudhari was elected to Lok Sabha as Congress candidate from [[Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandvi]] in 1971.

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohan Kokani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69633
|percentage = 40.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Punabhai Gamit|party=Indian National Congress|votes=45904|percentage=26.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bipin Chaudhary|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=47513|percentage=27.75|change=''New''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=12.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=171224|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:220873}}

}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vyara<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Punabhai Gamit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 88,576
|percentage = 55.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvindbhai Chaudhari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,162
|percentage = 39.86
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 16.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,954
|percentage = 77.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Punabhai Gamit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73138
|percentage = 48.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratapbhai Gamit
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59582
|percentage = 39.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13356
|percentage = 9.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 149663
|percentage = 78.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
* Amarsinh Zinabhai Chaudhary (IND): 34,320 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1990}}</ref>
* Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chaudhari (INC): 32,612 votes

===1985===
* Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chaudhari (INC): 41,711 votes
* Patel Dhirubhai Bhenklabhai (CPI): 2,811 votes

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Tapi district}}
{{coord|21.11|73.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tapi district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Depalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:27Z

JaniePan0653361: Put up initial pg and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Depalpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 203
| map_image = 203-Depalpur.svg
| mla = [[Manoj Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Vishal Jagdish Patel
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Depalpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Depalpur Assembly constituency is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sajjan Singh Vishnar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Khadiwala Kanahiyalal
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Sajjan Singh Vishnar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Nandial Joshi
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Bapusingh Ramsingh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. Sabu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ramchandra Agrawal
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Bhartiya Kushti Patrika|Ratan Patodi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Nirbhay Singh Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Rameshwar Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nirbhay Singh Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Jagdish Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Manoj Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Manoj Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018-1">{{cite news |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2018/depalpur-chunav-result-live/ |title=Depalpur Elections Results 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |publisher=Firstpost Hindi |date=12 December 2018}}</ref>
| Vishal Jagdish Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Manoj Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Depalpur<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:95577}}
|percentage = 43.14
|change = -2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vishal Jagdish Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:81879}}
|percentage = 36.96
|change = -13.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Vikramsingh Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:37920}}
|percentage = 17.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1151}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13698}}
|percentage = 6.18
|change = +1.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221553}}
|percentage = 83.05
|change = +0.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Depalpur<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/depalpur.html|website=elections.in|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vishal Jagdish Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:94981}}
|percentage = 50.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85937}}
|percentage = 45.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1957}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9044}}
|percentage = 4.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188219}}
|percentage = 82.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]]
* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.85|75.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Indore district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Child exploitation in Arunachal Pradesh

2026-04-09T14:08:18Z

JaniePan0653361: Put up a stub basic info

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Overview of child exploitation in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Child exploitation in Arunachal Pradesh''' takes many forms: [[child labour]], [[child trafficking]], domestic servitude, sexual abuse, and forced prostitution. All of this happens in the northeastern Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="scroll">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Farhana |url=https://scroll.in/article/858125/state-of-despair-how-child-labour-and-sexual-abuse-are-becoming-endemic-to-arunachal-pradesh |title=State of despair: How child labour and sexual abuse are becoming endemic to Arunachal Pradesh |newspaper=[[Scroll.in]] |date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="federal">{{cite news |url=https://thefederal.com/category/the-eighth-column/bhonti-culture-how-minor-girls-from-assam-are-sold-into-slavery-in-arunachal-pradesh-98342 |title='Bhonti culture': How minor girls from Assam are 'sold' into slavery in Arunachal Pradesh |newspaper=The Federal |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Authorities have identified the state as a destination for trafficked children. Victims are drawn disproportionately from marginalised communities, including the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Adivasi]], and migrant populations from neighbouring [[Assam]].<ref name="scroll"/><ref name="wire">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Farhana |url=https://thewire.in/rights/arunachal-pradesh-chakma-community-child-trafficking |title=Arunachal's Exclusionist Policy Towards Chakmas Has Led to Rampant Trafficking of Their Children |newspaper=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=23 October 2022}}</ref> The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] recorded 47 incidents under the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012|POCSO Act]] in Arunachal Pradesh in 2022.<ref name="ncrb-pocso">{{cite news |url=https://satyarthi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Status-of-POCSO-Cases-2017-2019.pdf|title=UP recorded highest number of POCSO cases: NCRB report |date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

A practice known locally as the ''bhonti'' system has been widely documented as child trafficking. Minor girls from Assam are purchased and brought into Arunachal Pradesh households as domestic servants.<ref name="federal"/> Police raids in 2024 and 2026 broke up interstate trafficking networks in the state capital, Itanagar. Government officials were among those arrested.<ref name="indiatv">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/inter-state-sex-racket-busted-in-arunachal-pradesh-govt-officers-among-arrested-minors-girls-rescued-latest-updates-2024-05-16-931604 |title=Inter-state sex racket involving minors busted in Arunachal Pradesh, govt officers among 21 arrested |newspaper=India TV News |date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="assam-tribune-2026">{{cite news |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/three-minor-girls-rescued-six-held-in-arunachal-trafficking-racket-1608085 |title=Three minor girls rescued; six held in Arunachal trafficking racket |newspaper=[[Assam Tribune]] |date=20 February 2026}}</ref> In 2024, a POCSO court sentenced a government school hostel warden to death for sexually assaulting 21 children.<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/pocso-court-sentences-man-to-death-for-sexually-assaulting-21-children-in-hostel-in-arunachal-pradesh-3211019 |title=POCSO court sentences man to death for sexually assaulting 21 children in hostel in Arunachal Pradesh |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 September 2024}}</ref>

==''Bhonti'' culture==
The word ''bhonti'' comes from [[Assamese language|Assamese]], where it is a term of affection for a younger sister.<ref name="federal"/> In Arunachal Pradesh, the meaning has shifted. It now refers to a female domestic worker, and almost always a minor.<ref name="federal"/> Most ''bhontis'' are girls brought from Assam's impoverished [[Tea-garden community|tea belt]] and from [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribal areas that have been torn apart by conflict.<ref name="federal"/>

''The Federal'' investigated the practice in 2023.<ref name="federal"/> Children as young as eleven are sold by their own families to intermediaries. Sometimes the price is as low as Rs 2,000, roughly US$24.<ref name="federal"/> The intermediaries then sell the children on to households in Arunachal Pradesh, where they cook, clean, work on farms, and care for other children.<ref name="federal"/> Racho Buda, chairperson of the Child Welfare Committee of Lower Subansiri district, called it "an undeclared custom" present in "almost every household in Arunachal Pradesh" and said it violated the Child Labour Act.<ref name="federal"/>

Police data from Itanagar shows 14 human trafficking cases were registered in Arunachal Pradesh between 2019 and September 2023. Those cases led to 22 rescues and 21 arrests.<ref name="federal"/> Jummar Basar, Superintendent of Police (Crime) and nodal officer of the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit, said the numbers were just "the tip of an iceberg." Parents, traffickers, and employers are all involved, which makes victims unlikely to report anything.<ref name="federal"/>

Between the years 2020 and 2022, the Arunachal Pradesh State Commission for Protection of Child Rights had registered130 cases in total, five of which involved trafficking.<ref name="federal"/> Eleven involved child labour. One was bonded labour. Sixty-nine were filed under the POCSO Act. Four involved physical assault.<ref name="federal"/> Keni Bagra, Superintendent of Police of Lower Subansiri, said traffickers based in Assam drove the operation, contacting employers in Arunachal Pradesh to arrange sales of domestic workers.<ref name="federal"/> In some cases, girls who escaped one household were placed in another within weeks by the same trafficking networks.<ref name="federal"/>

''The Federal'' documented a girl who had worked as a ''bhonti'' since age eleven. She did not know her own name. Her employers had never called her anything but ''bhonti''.<ref name="federal"/> She was rescued and spent more than a year in a shelter home in Ziro before she could remember her home address.<ref name="federal"/> Since 2005, that shelter had housed 72 children.<ref name="federal"/> Another survivor, a fifteen-year-old Bodo girl working as domestic help in Itanagar, was raped by a male member of the household. She was sent back to Assam at seven months pregnant.<ref name="federal"/> Her family refused to take her back. She gave birth at a shelter home and gave the child up for adoption.<ref name="federal"/>

A ''Scroll.in'' investigation in 2017 reported similar findings. The Itanagar Child Welfare Committee was receiving roughly twenty complaints of child rights violations every month.<ref name="scroll"/> Between January 2016 and July 2017, [[Childline India Foundation|Childline]] recorded 104 confirmed cases of child labour and seven cases of sexual abuse across the state. Ninety-one of those child labour cases came from Itanagar alone.<ref name="scroll"/> Kani Nada Maling, who headed the Itanagar Child Welfare Committee, said most rescued children had been sent into domestic labour by poor families and then subjected to physical, psychological, or sexual abuse by employers.<ref name="scroll"/> The victims came predominantly from marginalised groups, including indigenous Adivasis, Assamese tea tribe communities, migrant workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Chakma refugees, and [[Puroik people|Puroiks]], a formerly bonded labour community in the state.<ref name="scroll"/>

==Trafficking of Chakma children==
The [[Chakma people|Chakma]], a Buddhist ethnic group who were initially displaced from the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] were resettled in Arunachal Pradesh in 1964 following the construction of the [[Kaptai Dam]]<ref name="wire"/> In 2015, the Supreme Court of India directed that Chakmas be granted citizenship rights but the state government continues to not comply. As a result, the community members still lack citizenship documents, residence certificates, and access to government jobs and services.<ref name="wire"/> Journalist notes that this might be one of the few reasons, why the community is facing an increase in child trafficking cases.

''The Wire'' investigated in 2022 and found trafficking of Chakma children was widespread. The worst-affected areas were the Diyon Circle of [[Changlang district]] and the districts of Namsai and Papum Pare.<ref name="wire"/> In the villages of Aranyapur, Udaipur, Dharmapur, Mudoidweep, and Dumpani, almost every household had lost a child to traffickers.<ref name="wire"/> Families handed children to intermediaries after being promised education and employment. The children were then put to work in domestic servitude, construction, or sexual exploitation.<ref name="wire"/>

Individual cases documented by ''The Wire'' included a twelve-year-old boy found dead in unexplained circumstances shortly after being handed to an intermediary, and a second twelve-year-old who went missing and was still untraced a decade later.<ref name="wire"/> A thirteen-year-old girl was taken to Namsai with promises of work. Her captor sexually abused her. She was eventually rescued after someone filed a complaint on her behalf.<ref name="wire"/> Without citizenship rights, families could not access legal protections or report crimes to police effectively.<ref name="wire"/> The Arunachal Pradesh Chakma Students' Union ran its own anti-trafficking unit to track missing children.<ref name="wire"/>

The United States Department of Labor's 2022 report on the worst forms of child labour cited the trafficking of Chakma children in Arunachal Pradesh. It referenced ''The Wire'' investigation as evidence of the link between exclusionist state policies and trafficking vulnerability.<ref name="usdol">{{cite web |url=https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2022/India.pdf |title=2022 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: India |publisher=United States Department of Labor |date=2022}}</ref> [[Caritas India]] separately identified northeast India as a hub for child trafficking. This particular study, found that about 80 per cent of the children from Assam's tea tribe communities were recruited for [[Child labour]] in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="caritas">{{cite web |url=https://www.caritasindia.org/assam-and-arunachal-pradesh-face-issues-of-child-trafficking/ |title=Assam and Arunachal Pradesh face issues of Child trafficking |publisher=Caritas India}}</ref>

==Sexual abuse in government institutions==
In September 2024, a [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012|POCSO]] court at [[Yupia]] sentenced had found, Yumken Bagra, a former hostel warden at the Karo Government Residential School in [[Shi-Yomi district]], for having sexually assaulted 21 children. He was subsequently sentenced to death<ref name="deccanherald"/><ref name="morung">{{cite news |url=https://morungexpress.com/arunachal-hostel-warden-sentenced-to-death-for-sexually-assaulting-21-children |title=Arunachal hostel warden sentenced to death for sexually assaulting 21 children |newspaper=Morung Express (IANS) |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> His victims which 15 girls and 6 boys, were aged six to fifteen. <ref name="morung"/><ref name="ar-observer-karo">{{cite news |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2024/09/27/karo-school-students-sexual-abuse-case-main-culprit-bagra-given-death-penalty-2-other-accused-awarded-20-year-in-jail/ |title=Karo school students sexual abuse case: Main culprit Bagra given death penalty, 2 other accused awarded 20-year in jail |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=27 September 2024}}</ref> This was the first ever death sentence ever imposed for a [[child sexual abuse]] incident in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="ne-live">{{cite news |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/in-a-first-an-arunachal-court-grants-death-penalty-to-a-former-hostel-warden-accused-of-raping-and-molesting-21-school-students/ |title=In a first, an Arunachal Court Grants Death Penalty to a Former Hostel Warden Accused of Raping and Molesting 21 School Students |newspaper=Northeast Live |date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

The court also sentenced former headmaster Singtung Yorpen and Hindi teacher Marbom Ngomdir to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment each. Both had helped cover up the offences and failed to report them.<ref name="ar-observer-karo"/> Students had told Yorpen what was happening. He told them to stay quiet to protect the school's reputation.<ref name="ar-observer-karo"/> A special investigation team had found that Bagra had drugged students before assaulting them and had also threatened them to not speak out.<ref name="ar-observer-karo"/><ref name="indiatodayne">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-hostel-warden-sexually-assaults-21-children-in-shiyomi-district-617299-2023-07-19 |title=Arunachal: Hostel warden sexually assaults 21 children in Shiyomi district |newspaper=India Today NE |date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Six of his victims attempted suicide.<ref name="ar-observer-karo"/> This abuse was discovered in late November 2022 when two sisters told their parents.<ref name="indiatodayne" /> Bagra fled to Itanagar and was arrested in December 2022.<ref name="fpj">{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/arunachal-rape-accused-hostel-warden-surrenders-in-court |title=Arunachal: Rape Accused Hostel Warden Surrenders In Court |newspaper=Free Press Journal |date=1 August 2023}}</ref> Later on, the [[Gauhati High Court]] annulled his bail order granted by the lower court.The.<ref name="fpj" />

In December 2024, police arrested a man in Itanagar for allegedly sexually assaulting a fourteen-year-old girl who had been employed as domestic help, in a case registered under the POCSO Act.<ref name="at-dec24">{{cite news |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/man-held-for-alleged-sexual-assault-of-14-year-old-domestic-help-in-arunachal-pradesh-1561094 |title=Man held for alleged sexual assault of 14-year-old domestic help in Arunachal Pradesh |newspaper=[[Assam Tribune]] |date=14 December 2024}}</ref>

==Interstate sex trafficking==
In early May 2024, the [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state police had broken up an interstate [[sex trafficking]] ring in Itanagar.<ref name="indiatv"/> During this operation, they rescued five girls aged between ten to fifteen, who had been trafficked from [[Dhemaji]] in Assam.<ref name="indiatv"/> As a result a total of twenty-one people were arrested. Among them were a deputy superintendent of police of the 1st Arunachal Armed Police Battalion, a deputy director of health services, two state-employed engineers, and a doctor.<ref name="indiatv"/><ref name="nenews">{{cite news |url=https://nenews.in/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-interstate-sex-racket-dsp-of-1st-arunachal-armed-police-battalion-2-others-arrested/10148/ |title=Arunachal interstate sex racket: DSP of 1st Arunachal Armed Police Battalion, 2 others arrested |newspaper=Northeast News |date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

Two sisters from Dhemaji ran the operation. They owned a beauty parlour in Itanagar and ran a brothel out of their home.<ref name="indiatv"/> Two hotels served as venues for the sexual exploitation.<ref name="indiatv"/> The sisters, along with two other women, coerced the girls into prostitution.

The Arunachal Pradesh State Commission for Women condemned the case. It said the involvement of government employees was a source of institutional shame.<ref name="observer-racket">{{cite news |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2024/05/15/condemnations-pour-in-sex-racket-6-more-nabbed-1-more-minor-girl-rescued/ |title=Condemnations pour in; Sex racket: 6 more nabbed, 1 more minor girl rescued |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=15 May 2024}}</ref> The Arunachal Pradesh Women's Welfare Society petitioned the Deputy Commissioner of Itanagar Capital Region to cancel licences for hotels and beauty parlours found to have facilitated trafficking.

In February 2026, Itanagar Police uncovered a separate interstate child trafficking network linking Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="assam-tribune-2026"/><ref name="devdiscourse">{{cite news |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3811134-interstate-child-trafficking-racket-uncovered-between-assam-and-arunachal-pradesh |title=Interstate Child Trafficking Racket Uncovered Between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh |newspaper=Devdiscourse |date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The case began when police found a severely injured seven-year-old girl in Itanagar. Three more minor girls were rescued. Six people were arrested.<ref name="assam-tribune-2026"/> Investigators found an organised system in which children were trafficked from Assam and sold through cash transactions with no legal adoption process, destined to work as domestic servants.<ref name="assam-tribune-2026"/> The children were denied schooling, identity documents, and basic rights.<ref name="devdiscourse"/> At the time of reporting, two children were still missing.<ref name="assam-tribune-2026"/>

==Institutional capacity and enforcement==
Arunachal Pradesh's child welfare infrastructure is widely regarded as too thin to address the scale of the problem.<ref name="scroll"/> As of 2017, the state had only six Child Care Institutions. Two of them were not functioning.<ref name="scroll"/> Of 21 Child Welfare Committees across the state, only those in Ziro, Lower Subansiri, and Itanagar were active.<ref name="scroll"/> Child rights workers reported being threatened and abused by perpetrators.<ref name="scroll"/> Sunil Mow of the Indian Council for Child Welfare's Arunachal Pradesh chapter said that adding more committees would not be enough without shelter homes and trained social workers to back them up.<ref name="scroll"/>

As of 2022, Arunachal Pradesh had not joined the central government's scheme to set up Fast Track Special Courts for rape and POCSO cases. Only two other states or union territories had similarly failed to do so.<ref name="satyarthi">{{cite web |url=https://satyarthi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Paper-on-Pendency-of-POCSO-Cases_Jan23.pdf |title=Status of POCSO Cases in India |publisher=Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation |date=January 2023}}</ref> Nationally, 90 per cent of POCSO cases remained pending as of 2022. Courts completed trials in only 12 per cent of cases.<ref name="usdol"/>

A 2024 analysis by 360info found that at least 11 million children are trafficked for labour in India. Weak enforcement of laws and poor training of authorities continued to undermine protections even where comprehensive legislation existed.<ref name="360info">{{cite web |url=https://360info.org/child-trafficking-thrives-in-india-despite-strong-laws/ |title=Child trafficking thrives in India despite strong laws |publisher=360info |date=16 September 2024}}</ref> A 2017 ReliefWeb report by Caritas India identified northeast India as a hub for child trafficking, with child labour and sexual exploitation as the main drivers.<ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/child-rights-violations-and-trafficking-haunting-north-east-india |title=Child Rights Violations and Trafficking haunting North-East India |publisher=ReliefWeb |date=29 September 2017}}</ref> Caritas India's anti-trafficking programme in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh covers 75 villages across five partner organisations.<ref name="caritas"/>

==See also==
*[[Child labour in India]]
*[[Human trafficking in India]]
*[[Chakma people]]
*[[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Child labour in India]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Children's rights in India]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]

P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri

2026-04-08T19:36:26Z

JaniePan0653361: made a info

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar (1890–1978)}}
{{distinguish|P. S. Subrahmanyam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri
|image = P_S_Subrahmanya_Sastri_(1890-1978).png
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1890|07|29}}
|birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|05|20|1890|07|29}}
|death_place = [[Tiruvaiyaru]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|death_cause =
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholar
|education = PhD ([[Madras University]])
|employer =
| occupation = Professor
| title =
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|signature =
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|}}

'''P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri''' (29 July 1890 – 20 May 1978) was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar, who also acquired mastery over [[Tamil language]] and literature. He was the first to translate ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' into English.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/dr-ps-subrahmanya-sastri-a-sanskrit-and-tamil-scholar-whose-125th-birth-anniversary-was-on-july-29-2015/article7456140.ece | title=The First Tamil Ph.D | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2017 | author=Dr. V. Kameswari | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170302004239/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/dr-ps-subrahmanya-sastri-a-sanskrit-and-tamil-scholar-whose-125th-birth-anniversary-was-on-july-29-2015/article7456140.ece | archivedate=2 March 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Education==
Subrahmanya Sastri did his S.S.L.C. at National High School, F.A. at St. Joseph's College and B.A. Mathematics at SPG (later Bishop Heber's) College – all in [[Tiruchirappalli]]. He started his professional career as a Mathematics assistant at the Central High School (now Srinivasa Rao Higher Secondary School), [[Thiruvaiyaru]], and National High School, Tiruchi.

He studied Sanskrit under Nilakanta Sastri, a specialist in [[grammar]] and [[philosophy]]. He also learnt Nyaya (logic) and Alankara Sastra (Poetics and Literary Criticism) from Prof. S. Kuppuswami Sastri of the [[Madras Presidency College]] (professor of Sanskrit and [[comparative philology]], and curator of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras<ref>{{cite book| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5959/page/n1/mode/2up| title = A primer of Indian logic according to Annambhatt aʼs Tarkasamgraha | year = 1932 | author = Sastri, S. Kuppuswami | via = [[Internet Archive]]| publisher = P. Varadachary and Co., Madras }}</ref>) and Mimamsa (Linguistics) from Chinnaswami Sastri of the [[Benares Hindu University]]. A graduate in M.A. (Sanskrit), Subrahmanya Sastri also passed L.T. through [[Saidapet Teachers' College|Teachers’ Training College]] at [[Saidapet]], [[Chennai]].

While teaching Sanskrit, Subrahmanya Sastri had to teach Tamil also. This paved the way for his in-depth study in both Sanskrit and Tamil, specifically grammar. Prof. Kuppuswami Sastri also taught him the Comparative Philology of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo Aryan languages]]. All these inspired Subrahmanya Sastri to take up a systematic study of [[Tamil literature]] and grammar.<ref name=hindu/>

==First Ph.D in Tamil==
Subrahmanya Sastri submitted his Ph.D. thesis, ‘History of Grammatical Theories in Tamil and their relation to grammatical literature in Sanskrit’ in 1930 at the [[Madras University]]. His was the first Ph.D. degree in Tamil awarded by the University of Madras.<ref name=hindu/>
This was subsequently published by the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Chennai

==Career==
Subrahmanya Sastri was appointed Professor of Oriental Studies at SPG College, Tiruchi, by Fr. Gardiner in 1917 and served his ''alma mater'' till 1926. He then became the Asst. Editor, Tamil Lexicon, University of Madras, in which capacity he served till 1932 and editor of the Lexicon for a month. He was principal, Rajah's College, Thiruvaiyaru (1932-1942) and Head of the Department of Sanskrit at the [[Annamalai University]] (1942–1947).

During his tenure at Annamalai University Subrahmanya Sastri revived the defunct Sanskrit Honours course. His class lectures in Sanskrit or English used to be interspersed with parallels from Tamil literature. It is because of this, Mr. [[Thomas Burrow|Thomas T. Burrow]], a Sanskrit scholar from England (later Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the [[Oxford University]] and the joint author of the epoch making Dravidian Etymological Dictionary<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/burrow/ |title=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905021347/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/burrow/ |archive-date=5 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>), took keen interest in attending his Sanskrit classes at Annamalai University.<ref name=hindu/>

==Research==
Subrahmanya Sastri worked on the Tolkappiyam, which he later translated into English. The translation of ‘Ezhuthu’ and ‘Poruladhikaram’ were published by the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, while the ‘Solladhikaram part’ was published by Annamalai University.

Subrahmanya Sastri's text on Tolkappiyam in Roman transliteration and English translation received encomiums from linguists across the world.<ref name=hindu/>

==Literary works==
During his tenure at Annamalai University, Subrahmanya Sastri published two volumes of lectures on Patanjali's Mahabhashya, the Thonivilakku, a Tamil translation of Dhvanyaloka (a Sanskrit rhetorical text), History of Sanskrit literature and Sanskrit Language (2 books) in Tamil and Historical Tamil Reader in English.

On his retirement, he returned to Thiruvaiyaru and completed the translation of the Mahabhashya into English (in 14 volumes running to about 4,000 pages) on the advice of the [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Mahaperiyava]] of Kanchi. He finished his translation in 1953. The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute has published all the 14 Vols. of Prof. P.S.S.Sastri.

Under each sutra just before taking up the bhashya, Subrahmanya Sastri had pointed out the topics that would be dealt with in the great commentary. Then giving the original in the Devanagari script, he translated each passage of the text. With a view to elucidating the obscure points, he often added notes mostly based on Kaiyata's Pradipa and Nagesabhatta's Udyota. Footnotes are also given offering further explanation and showing variance in readings. The index of words is a welcome addition.<ref name=hindu/>

==Awards and felicitations==
Subrahmanya Sastri was a recipient of several titles.
* Vidyaratna (Benares)
* Vidyanidhi (Kerala)
* Vidyabhushana (Karnataka)
* Mahamahimopadhyaya (Allahabad) and
* Vani-Triveni-Prayaga from the Periyava of Kanchi Mutt.

In the fifth title, the Mahaswami implied that Sanskrit and Tamil represented the rivers [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] and English represented Antarvahini Saraswathi since his proficiency in English was hidden in his works.<ref name=hindu/>

==Personality==
Subrahmanya Sastri read and wrote in various fields. In addition to Sanskrit, Tamil, and English, he studied German, French, Telugu, [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]]. During his retirement at Tiruvaiyaru, he taught Tirukkural to a manual scavenger.

Subrahmanya Sastri was extremely kind to his students that sometimes he would pay their course and examination fee. He had studied the Rg, Yajur and Sama Vedas and taught them to many students. He had also published about 40 books besides his contribution of research articles in journals.<ref name=hindu/>

==Death==
Subrahmanya Sastri died on 20 May 1978 at Tiruvaiyaru.<ref name=hindu/>
An Endowment has been created in his name in 1997 at the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute and every year lecture is being arranged under this Endowment.

==See also==
* [[List of translators into English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subrahmanya Sastri, P. S.}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Translators from Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil–English translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]

Manwinder Singh

2026-04-07T23:47:23Z

JaniePan0653361: New New Biography Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
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| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
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| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Lakhvir Singh Lakha]]
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'''Manwinder Singh Giaspura''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Payal Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=A win of common man: AAP victors |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/a-win-of-common-man-aap-victors-377114 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=11 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312161206/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/a-win-of-common-man-aap-victors-377114 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Giaspura has been whistle blower in unearthing 1984 [[Hondh-Chillar massacre]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Another turncoat whistle-blower wins high-profile Payal segment | website=The Tribune | date=2022-03-25 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/another-turncoat-whistle-blower-wins-high-profile-payal-segment-380604 | access-date=2022-03-27 | archive-date=25 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325040440/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/another-turncoat-whistle-blower-wins-high-profile-payal-segment-380604 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Payal Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Payal Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Payal Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6Im1RdUMxVmt1UjM5T1BDdXVFQTBXM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY1REWDIzXC9lUFN5UmxsanJRVStyNnc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjVlODMzNDNkOTIyMjNhYzllMjk3Y2MxYzJmMDIyMmM0ZGZiZWRmNWNiOGZjZjFiMjhiNTE3MDA0MDdjZDRjMTcifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Payal
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manwinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Southern Tibet

2026-04-07T18:19:50Z

JaniePan0653361: made the post w/ refs!

'''Southern Tibet'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Feng |last2=Wang |first2=Yanbin |last3=Yu |first3=Tony |last4=Zhu |first4=Lupei |last5=Zhang |first5=Junfeng |last6=Wen |first6=Jianguo |last7=Gasc |first7=Julien |last8=Incel |first8=Sarah |last9=Schubnel |first9=Alexandre |last10=Li |first10=Ziyu |last11=Chen |first11=Tao |last12=Liu |first12=Wenlong |last13=Prakapenka |first13=Vitali |last14=Jin |first14=Zhenmin |date=2018-08-28 |title=Lower-crustal earthquakes in southern Tibet are linked to eclogitization of dry metastable granulite |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3483 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05964-1 |pmid=30154406 |pmc=6113232 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3483S |issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tremblay |first1=Marissa M. |last2=Fox |first2=Matthew |last3=Schmidt |first3=Jennifer L. |last4=Tripathy-Lang |first4=Alka |last5=Wielicki |first5=Matthew M. |last6=Harrison |first6=T. Mark |last7=Zeitler |first7=Peter K. |last8=Shuster |first8=David L. |date=2015-09-29 |title=Erosion in southern Tibet shut down at ∼10 Ma due to enhanced rock uplift within the Himalaya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=112 |issue=39 |pages=12030–12035 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1515652112 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4593086 |pmid=26371325|bibcode=2015PNAS..11212030T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kola-Ojo |first1=O |last2=Meissner |first2=R |date=2001-02-01 |title=Southern Tibet: its deep seismic structure and some tectonic implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912000000419 |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(00)00041-9 |bibcode=2001JAESc..19..249K |issn=1367-9120|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is a literal translation of the Chinese term "{{Lang-zh|s=藏南|labels=no}}" ({{zh|p=Zàng Nán}}), which may refer to different geographic areas:

The southern part of [[Tibet]], covering the middle reaches of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo|Yarlung Tsangpo River]] Valley between [[Saga County]] to the west and [[Mainling County]] to the east, as well as neighbouring areas located between the [[Himalayas]] to the south and the [[Transhimalaya]]s range to the north. The region extends around 1,000 km from west to east and 300 km from north to south. By this definition, Southern Tibet includes most of modern-day [[Shigatse]], [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]], [[Shannan, Tibet|Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture]] and [[Nyingchi|Nyingchi Prefecture]].

Southern Tibet may also refer to a shorter section of the Yarlung Tsangpo and tributaries covering most of Lhoka and Nyingchi Prefectures from the confluence with the [[Lhasa River]] to the west up to the beginning of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]] near Mainling County to the east.

When used in relation to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]], Southern Tibet is a term mainly used by the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) to refer to an area south of the [[McMahon Line]], part of the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Jeff M. |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxhmAgAAQBAJ |chapter=Defining the Dispute |title=Cold Peace: India-China Rivalry in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=27 |isbn=978-0-7391-8279-6 |quote=Though not readily apparent in the above map [of China's claim line], the first notable feature about China's claim line is that it ''does not'' include the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh (as better seen in map 2.1 [of the Sino-Indian border dispute]). ... The other notable feature of China's claim line is that it includes a narrow sliver of the Indian state of Assam north of the Brahmaputra River. This tract of claimed land in Assam appears to be roughly 180 kilometers long and fifteen kilometers wide at its widest point. }}</ref> This region was recognised by the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|''de facto'' independent state of Tibet (1912–1951)]] as belonging to [[presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] under the McMahon Line Agreement (part of the 1914 [[Simla Convention]]). The PRC does not recognise the McMahon Line and claims that the area is a part of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=帝国遗梦: 中国印度的三段边境争议 |trans-title=The Last Dream of an Empire: Three Border Disputes between China and India |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-52826828 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> The [[Dalai Lama]], the head of the Central Tibetan Administration, did not recognize Arunachal Pradesh as part of India till 2003 claiming it part of Tibet. According to [[Hsiao-ting Lin]] and other scholars, both the British and the Chinese claim to sovereignty over the area can be deemed "largely imaginary", reflected only in official maps and political propaganda.<ref>
{{citation|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting |last1=Lin |first1=Hsiao-ting |title=Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=32 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1080/0308653042000279650|s2cid=159560382 }}:
"... the professed sovereignties claimed by both Republican China and British India over the Assam-Tibetan tribal territory were largely imaginary, existing merely on official maps and political propagandas. .... More significantly, the war against Japanese encroachment also made it inevitable that the Kuomintang government would be obliged to [..] face the reality that its claimed sovereignty over the Sino-Indian frontier regions was in fact imaginary. ... China's sovereignty over the Tibet-Assam frontier thus existed only in cartography and imagination."
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |title=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |pages=55–57}}:
"The contrast between Republican China's sensitivity towards its imaginary sovereignty and the British Empire's apparent forgetfulness in this regard are connected with the fact that British and Qing expansion attempts had very different 'sovereignty goals' in the eastern Himalayas. [British India's] vision followed an imperial logic: the eastern Himalayas should be a buffer between India and its neighbourhood. Confronted by Chinese expansionism, their aim was limited to achieving external sovereignty over the region – that is, to ensure that no foreign power would intrude into the eastern Himalayas, and that local people would have 'no relations or intercourse with any Foreign Power other than the British Government'."
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Caroe |first=Olaf |title=The Sino-Indian Frontier Dispute |journal=Asian Review |volume=LIX |number=218 |date=April 1963 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3235 |via=archive.org |pages=72–73}}:
"[''The Times''] actually shows the frontier before 1914 down here [at the foothills]; it never was. The Tibetans never penetrated this area, except for one or two monasteries right up in the north of it (Tawang was one of them), where monks levied certain monastic dues. The fact of the matter is that this area was a tribal, sort of semi-autonomous, area on the frontier of Assam..."
</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Set index article}}

[[Category:Geography of Tibet]]
[[Category:China–India border]]

Suneel Puranik

2026-04-04T23:25:20Z

JaniePan0653361: made basic data w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suneel Puranik
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = President, [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]]
| status = 
| term_start = 1 January 2020
| term_end = 12 July 2022
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| chair =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| constituency =
| majority =
| appointer = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| predecessor = [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]
| successor =
| prior_term =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
| alongside2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| president2 = 
| governor_general2 = 
| prime_minister2 = 
| chancellor2 = 
| taoiseach2 = 
| governor2 = 
| chair2 = 
| vice_president2 = 
| vice_prime_minister2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| vicechair2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| parliamentary_group2 = 
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 = 
| prior_term2 = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = {{nowrap|Suneel Puranik}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|8|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| notable_works =
| party =
| other_party = 
| height = 
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = Sagar Puranik and Sameer Puranik
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater = K.H.K Institute, Dharwad
| occupation = [[film actor|Actor]], [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Suneel Puranik''' (A.K.A. ''Sunil Puranik'') is a [[National Film Award]]<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/documentary-on-temple-dances-in-karnataka-makes-a-mark-at-70th-national-film-awards-101724127460248.html |title= Documentary on temple dances in Karnataka makes a mark at 70th National Film Awards |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/not-likely-to-make-festival-type-films-anymore-rishab-shetty-101723812399278.html |title= Rishab Shetty says OTT platforms don't buy Kannada content: Forced to put our content on YouTube |newspaper= Hindustan Times|date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/national-film-awards-kannada-films-technicians-bag-top-honours/articleshow/112579516.cms| title= National Film Awards: Kannada films, technicians bag top honours |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Triveni|first=Shradha |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/seven-national-awards-a-sweep-for-kannada-3153787 |title= Seven national awards: A sweep for Kannada |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/marathi-cinema-steals-the-spotlight-at-70th-national-film-awards | title= Marathi Cinema Steals the Spotlight at 70th National Film Awards | date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Shemin |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/70th-national-film-awards-south-cinemas-sweep-top-honours-rishab-shetty-wins-best-actor-for-kantara-3152924|title=70th National Film Awards: South cinemas sweep top honours; Rishab Shetty wins best actor for 'Kantara' |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref>-winning director; and film and tele-serial actor, director and producer, predominantly working in the Kannada Film and Television Industry.<ref name="Kappu Gulabi">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/15/nikitha-narayan-in-her-first-heroine-centric-film-kappu-gulabi-1754844.html|title=Nikitha Narayan in her first heroine-centric film Kappu Gulabi|work= Indian Express News|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Award">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|title=Vishnuvardhan, Anu Prabhakar bag KSF best actor awards|work= filmibeat.com|date=20 October 2011|access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Guru">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/gurukula.html|title=Gurukula|work=Filmibeat|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="PIB1">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184490|title=Indian Panorama Announces Official Selection for 49th International Film Festival of India, 2018|work=PIB|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> He was the President of the [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]]<ref name="Chair1">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-politics/sunil-puranik-appointed-film-academy-chief-790627.html|title=Sunil Puranik appointed film academy chief|work=deccanherald.com|date=January 2020|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chair2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sunil-puranik-is-chairman-of-karnataka-film-academy/article30457160.ece|title=Sunil Puranik is chairman of Karnataka Film Academy|work=thehindu.com|date=2 January 2020|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chair3">{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sunil-puranik-appointed-as-president-of-karnataka-chalanachitra-academy/articleshow/73060306.cms|title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ನೂತನ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾಗಿ ಸುನೀಲ್‌ ಪುರಾಣಿಕ್‌ ನೇಮಕ|work=vijaykarnataka.com|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chair4">{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/news-section/state-news/sunil-puranik-appointed-to-film-academy|title=ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಗೆ ಸುನಿಲ್‌ ಪುರಾಣಿಕ ನೇಮಕ|work=udayavani.com|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chair5">{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/news-entertainment/actor-director-suneel-puranik-appointed-as-president-of-karnataka-chalanachitra-academy-q3gqei|title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ನೂತನ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾಗಿ ನಟ ಸುನೀಲ್ ಪುರಾಣಿಕ್!|work=kannada.asianetnews.com|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sunil-puranik-is-chairman-of-karnataka-film-academy/article30457160.ece|title=Sunil Puranik is chairman of Karnataka Film Academy|work=News The Hindu|date=2 January 2020|access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref> and has served on the jury of the National Film Awards <ref>https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/39_63rdNfaArchives.pdf}}</ref> and the International Film Festival of India.<ref name="JURY">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1551989|title=The International Film Festival of India to commence in Goa from 20th-28th Nov|work=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="PIB1"/><ref>{{cite news |url= https://filminformation.com/featured/iffi-off-to-flying-start-21-november-2024/|title= IFFI off to flying start |newspaper= Film Information |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |url= https://pickle.co.in/film-bazaar-2024/the-whole-world-is-a-story-telling-platform-sri-sri-ravi-shankariffi-2024/ |title= The Whole World is a Story-Telling Platform: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar@IFFI 2024 |newspaper=Pickle |date= November 20, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://goanews.com/55th-iffi-takes-off-with-a-theme-young-filmmakers-the-future-is-now/|title=55th IFFI takes off with a theme 'Young Filmmakers: The Future is Now |newspaper=Goa News |date= November 21, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Suneel was born and brought up in Dharwad.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} He attended Junior Technical School, Hubli and Karnataka High School, Dharwad, obtained Diploma in Mechanical Engineering from K.H.K Institute, Dharwad and pursued professional training in film making from Adarsha Film Institute, headed at the time by [[Girish Kasaravalli]].<ref>{{cite news |last=C. George |first= Nina |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/from-dharwad-to-bengaluru-810172.html |title=From Dharwad to Bengaluru |newspaper= |date=March 3, 2000 |access-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref> Suneel married Suhasini in 1991 and has two sons [[Sagar Puranik]] (born 1992), and Sameer Puranik (born 2000).{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Career==
===Acting===
Suneel started his career in film industry as an actor in tele-serial. His first project was ''Venkataswami Pranaya Prasangagalu'' directed by [[M. S. Sathyu]].

===Directing===
Thereafter he assisted [[V. Somashekhar]] in directing movie named [[Ranaranga]] and [[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]. Chirasmarane a Kannada TV serial about freedom fighters from Karnataka such as, Mundaragi Bhimarao, Naragunda Babasaheb, Surapura Venkatappa Nayaka, Sangolli Rayanna, Kitturu Chennamma, etc telecasted by [[Doordarshan]] was directed by him 1997. In 2010, he made his directorial debuts with film ‘Gurukula’ about the Gurukula, an education system of our ancient India which won Best Children’s Movie Award State Award in 2009-2010.

===Academy member===
He has held various positions in the Kannada Film and Television Industry
*President, Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy
*Member, Karnataka Chalanachitra Nirdeshakara Sangha
*Member, Karnataka Chalanachitra Prashasti Samithi

===Jury===
*64th National Film Awards (feature films, South II panel)
*Indian Panorama at [[International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival of India (IFFI)]] - 2018
*IFFI - 2024 (Debut Films)

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Director !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Chevalier Michael]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Ignatiaus
| [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Joseph
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Gurukula''<ref name="Guru"/><ref name="Chair5"/>
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film]]<ref name="Award"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''Lift Man ''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|
|-
| TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Kappu Gulabi'' {{dagger}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Filming<ref name="Kappu Gulabi"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Sankeshwara
|
|-
|}

==TV Series==
;As Actor
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Channel
|-
|2000–2001||Devru Devru Devru||rowspan=2|[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2001–2002||[[Danda Pindagalu]]
|-
|2003–2004||[[Moodala Mane]]||[[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2011–2012||Thangali||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2014–2016||[[Mangala Gowri Maduve|Putta Gowri Madhuve]]||[[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2016–2017||Mahasati||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2020–2021||[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2024–2025||Chikkejamani||[[Udaya TV]]
|}

;As director
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Channel
|-
|1997–1998||Chirasmarane||[[DD Chandana|Doordarshan]]
|-
|2016–2017||Mahasati||[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|}

==Awards & accolades==
Suneel has been awarded numerous awards and accolades for his work. The most important ones are as follows:
*National Film Award
*[[Kempegowda]] Award in 2009<ref name="Chair5"/>
*Karnataka [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyothsava Award]] (2009) by [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref name="Chair5"/>
*Aryabhata Award
*Best Children Film Awardee for his directorial film ‘Gurukula’.
*Chitra Rasikara Prashasti for his role in the tele-serial Sangolli Rayanna.
*Act Television award
*Indira Priyadarshini Award
*‘Communicator of the Year’, Award from Public Relations Counsel of India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8727607}}
* {{IMDb name|2131256}}
*[https://house-of-illusions.com/awards/ Suneel Puranik] at House of Illusions

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puranik, Suneel}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]

Vadalvaat

2026-03-30T07:12:34Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{Short description|2003 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vadalvaat.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Abhay Paranjape, [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| director = Mandar Devsthali
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "''Ek Vadalachi Vaat''" by [[Devaki Pandit]]
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 939
| list_episodes =
| producer = Shashank Solanki
| news_editor =
| company = Seventh Sense Media
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2003|07|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2007|02|09}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Vadalvaat''''' ({{translation|The Road of Storm}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fans Emotional After Santosh Juvekar Shares Memory From Marathi Show Vadalvaat|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/fans-emotional-after-santosh-juvekar-shares-memory-from-marathi-show-vadalvaat-5606071.html|website=[[News18]]|date=22 July 2022 }}</ref> It is produced by Shashank Solankiand directed by Mandar Devsthali under the banner of Seventh Sense Media.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Umesh Kamat and Priya Bapat reminisce memories of their popular show 'Vadalvat'; the latter says, "This was the time we fell in love" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/umesh-kamat-and-priya-bapat-reminisce-memories-of-their-popular-show-vadalvat-the-latter-says-this-was-the-time-we-fell-in-love/articleshow/93796635.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2022 }}</ref> It starred [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] and Lokesh Gupte in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chinmay Mandlekar and Pankaj Vishnu get nostalgic as they share major throwback pictures from their show 'Vadalvaat' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chinmay-mandlekar-and-pankaj-vishnu-get-nostalgic-as-they-share-major-throwback-pictures-from-their-show-vadalvaat/articleshow/80782391.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 7 July 2003 by replacing ''[[Aabhalmaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hemangi Kavi gets nostalgic as she shared BTS pictures from her debut TV show Vadalvaat - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hemangi-kavi-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shared-bts-pictures-from-her-debut-tv-show-vadalvaat/articleshow/80136500.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2021 }}</ref> It ended on 9 February 2007 completing 939 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi asserts good show by prime time soap 'Vadalvaat'|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/apr/aprrel34.htm|website=Indian Television}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The focal point is the Chaudhari family, spearheaded by Aabasaheb. This dynamic household consists of Aabasaheb's three children—Satyajit, Soham and Shravani—each contributing to the intricate narrative. At the heart of their endeavors is the family-owned newspaper 'Nirbhid'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=16 years of Vadalvaat: A look at Then and Now pics of the 90's popular Marathi TV show's star cast - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/16-years-of-vadalvaat-a-look-at-then-and-now-pics-of-the-90s-popular-marathi-tv-shows-star-cast/photostory/97976672.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2023 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] as Rama Chaudhari
* Lokesh Gupte as Samar Ajinkya

=== Recurring ===
* [[Arun Nalawade]] as Shrikrishna Chaudhari (Aaba)
* Meghana Vaidya as Sulakshana Chaudhari
* [[Neelam Shirke]] as Vishakha Chaudhari
* Ashish Kulkarni / Shekhar Phadake as Nikhil Saranjame
* [[Hemangi Kavi]] / Shubhada Patankar as Shravani Chaudhari
* [[Prasad Oak]] as Bhaskar Chaudhari
* Pooja Nayak as Janhavi Chaudhari
* [[Umesh Kamat]] as Soham Chaudhari
* Avinash Narkar as Satyajeet Chaudhari
* Anuradha Rajadhyaksha as Purva Chaudhari
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Devram Khandagale
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]] as Pratap Khandagale
* Sunil Godse as Shivram Khandagale
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Jaysingh Rajput
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]] as Vaijayanti Barve-Mujumdar
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Samsher Singh
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Alandi Chhatre
* [[Shweta Shinde]] as Monika Sardesai
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] as Uddhav Gadre
* Vighnesh Joshi as Shree Kalyani
* Prajakta Hanamghar as Shriya Kalyani
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Krushna Gunjal
* Akshay Pendse as Parth Vidwans
* Prabhakar Panashikar as Bhaiyya Chaudhari
* Rujuta Deshmukh as Saumya Raichand
* Vibhavari Pradhan as Samidha
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Shailesh Kavishwar
* [[Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar]] as Gayatri Kavishwar
* Pratima Kulkarni as Vasundhara Karkhanis
* Smita Oak as Lalita Kavishwar
* Maithili Jawkar as Champa Khandagale
* [[Mandar Chandwadkar]] as Sandesh Kothare
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Shrikant Vazalvar
* Mahesh Subhedar as Subhash Salvi
* Pankaj Vishnu as Ajay Nimbalkar
* Angad Mhaskar as Ujjwal
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] as Baban Ghodghate
* Aastad Kale as Anand Kane
* Ajinkya Joshi as Ulhas
* Nilpari Khanwalkar as Neeta Joshi
* Mandar Devsthali as Vishwambar Pai
* Vinita Kale as Sanjyot Mujumdar
* Ketan Kshirsagar as Anand Rasal
* Rashmi Solanki as Shruti Jahagirdar
* Madhavi Soman as Nirmala Sadafule
* Chaitrali Gupte as Jaya Nikam
* Prashant Choudappa as Abhijeet
* [[Shubhangi Joshi]] as Jiji
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Anna
* [[Anant Jog]] as Maharav
* Rama Joshi as Asha
* [[Usha Nadkarni]]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2004
|Best Character Female
|[[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
|Rama Chaudhari
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpha Marathi celebrates 5th birthday with Aapla Alpha Awards|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug115.htm|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|Best Father
|[[Arun Nalawade]]
|Aaba Chaudhari
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
|Devram Khandagale
|-
|Best Negative Actress
|[[Neelam Shirke]]
|Vishakha Chaudhari
|-
|Best Series
|Mandar Devsthali
|Director
|-
|rowspan="13"|2005
|Best Actor
|rowspan="2"|[[Arun Nalawade]]
|rowspan="2"|Aaba Chaudhari
|rowspan="13"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dabur Vatika Zee Marathi Award 2005 recognises Marathi television talent|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/dabur-vatika-zee-marathi-award-2005-recognises-marathi-television-talent-17333.html|website=Exchange4media}}</ref>
|-
|Best Father
|-
|Best Actress
|rowspan="2"|[[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
|rowspan="2"|Rama Chaudhari
|-
|Best Character Female
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Lokesh Gupte
|Samar Ajinkya
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|Shubhada Patankar
|Shravani Chaudhari
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
|Devram Khandagale
|-
|Best Character Male
|[[Subodh Bhave]]
|Jaysingh Rajput
|-
|Best Mother
|Meghana Vaidya
|Sulakshana Chaudhari
|-
|Best Couple
|[[Arun Nalawade]]-Meghana Vaidya
|Aaba-Sulakshana
|-
|Best Title Song
|Shashank Solanki
|Producer
|-
|Best Series
|Mandar Devsthali
|Director
|-
|Best Family
|
|Chaudhari Family
|-
|rowspan="6"|2006
|Best Supporting Female
|Pooja Nayak
|Janhavi Chaudhari
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2006 Winners List|url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023042309/http://zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Female
|[[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
|Rama Chaudhari
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
|Devram Khandagale
|-
|Best Father
|[[Arun Nalawade]]
|Aaba Chaudhari
|-
|Best Mother
|Meghana Vaidya
|Sulakshana Chaudhari
|-
|Best Family
|
|Chaudhari family
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=40 | title = Vadalvaat | archive-date = 2007-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070207135305/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=40 | access-date = 2022-11-22 | url-status = live }}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/vadalvaat/0-6-66 ''Vadalvaat''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt13960086}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television series endings]]

Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram

2026-03-28T23:54:13Z

JaniePan0653361: made first entry needs work!

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram
| image = Parameswara Vinnagaram.JPG
| alt = Parameshwara Vinnagaram on a full moon day
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|13|N|79|42|36|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram]]
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vaikunta Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Vaikunthavalli Thayar
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = [[Tamil script|Tamil]]
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pallava]]
| website =
}}

'''Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram''' also known today as the '''Vaikunta Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]] (or [[Krishna]]),<ref name="Hudson">{{cite book | last = Hudson | first = D. Dennis | editor-last = Case | editor-first = Margaret H. | title = The Body of God: An Emperor’s Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram | edition = 1st | year = 2008 | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780195369229}}</ref>{{rp|10}} located in the ancient [[Pallava]] capital city of [[Kanchipuram]] in the present-day South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Built by the emperor [[Nandivarman II|Nandivarman II Pallavamalla]], the 8th century stone temple was originally known as ''Paramechuravinnagaram'' in Tamil and ''Vishnugriha'' in Sanskrit, meaning "Vishnu-house", signifying a royal palace for [[Parameshvara (epithet)|Parameshvara]], an epithet of the deity.{{r|Hudson|p=3}}

Study of the Vaikunta Perumal Temple has contributed to dating portions of the [[Bhagavata Purana]], one of the eighteen major [[Puranas]] and an influential text in Hindu religious tradition.<ref name="GuptaValpey2013">{{cite book |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Ravi M. |editor2-last=Valpey |editor2-first=Kenneth R. |title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-14999-0 |page=13}}</ref> The temple is the subject of a detailed analysis by historian D. Dennis Hudson, whose monograph is dedicated to decoding its iconography and layout as an architectural summa of the Bhagavata Purana.{{r|Hudson|p=27}}

The temple is one of the prominent tourist attractions in the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217 217]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

==Legend==
According to local tradition, the sage [[Bharadwaja|Bharadvaja]] was doing penance at the site of the unbuilt temple and was attracted by a celestial nymph. The sage married her and they had a son. The sage returned to his penance and the nymph returned to [[svarga]], but the child remained on Earth. Shiva and Vishnu undertook the protection of the child.<ref name="Vijayalakshmy2001">{{cite book | last=Vijayalakshmy | first=R. | title=An Introduction to Religion and Philosophy: Tēvāram and Tiviyappirapantam | publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies | location=Chennai | year=2001 | pages=520–521}}</ref> Vishnu one day took the form of a hunter to give the child to an heirless Pallava king who had been praying for a son; the child would later ascend the throne, construct the temple in honor of Vishnu, and according to legend, also become the temple's namesake: [[Paramesvaravarman II]].<ref name="Vijayalakshmy2001">{{cite book | last=Vijayalakshmy | first=R. | title=An Introduction to Religion and Philosophy: Tēvāram and Tiviyappirapantam | publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies | location=Chennai | year=2001 | pages=520–521}}</ref> Notably, this legend departs from mainstream historical consensus that the temple was built by [[Nandivarman II]]).<ref name="BV162">[[#B.V.|B.V. 1973]], pp. 161-162</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|page=6|ref=Malla}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:A view of Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram temple 1956.jpg|thumb|The Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram in Kanchipuram, photographed in 1956.]]
According to Hultzh, the Parameswara Vinnagaram was constructed by the Pallava Monarch [[Nandivarman II]] in 690 CE, while other scholars place it in the late 8th century.<ref name="BV162">[[#B.V.|B.V. 1973]], pp. 161-162</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|page=6|ref=Malla}}</ref> Rhie stylistically dates the temple to approximately 770–775 CE, believing that the temple's construction was a Vaishnava response to the grand Shaiva Kailasanatha Temple built fifty years earlier by Nandivarman II's predecessor, Rajasimha {{r|Hudson|p=59}}. The great Vaishnava saint [[Thirumangai Alvar]] was Nandivarman II's contemporary,<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', p. 142, Oxford University Press, New Delhi (Reprinted 2003), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Temple Arts|page=298|last1=Ca. Vē|first=Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|last2=G.|first2=Rajendran|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference|volume=1|journal=Oriental Philology|year=1951|page=146}}</ref> and cemented the temple's legacy by composing a poem about it, found in the [[Periya Tirumoli]], some time between the temple's completion and the Pallava king's death, likely around 790 CE.{{r|Hudson|p=3}}

There are various inscriptions in the temple that provide insight into the socio-economic and political situation of the country during the Pallava reign and also confirm the temple's continued royal patronage into the 9th century. {{r|Hudson|p=157}} Around the sanctum sanctorum in the first precinct, there is an inscription dated to the 8th century which records a golden vessel weighing ten thousand ''kalanju'' gifted to the temple by Nandivarman II's son, Dantivarman I in 813 as well as an image made of gold measuring 1,000 sovereigns by King Abhimanasiddhi. There was another gift of 3,000 ''kalanju'' of gold to meet daily expenses of the temple. A record of gift of a devotee named Thiruvaranga Manickam to feed devotees of Vishnu is also seen in the temple.<ref name=MS>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |location=Tirupati|year=1993|last=M.S.|first=Ramesh|pages=90–94}}</ref> The temple is believed to have been constructed few years after the construction of [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple]]. The bas reliefs in the temple reveal the war between the Pallavas and [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Gangas]] and also with [[Chalukyas]].<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=143|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Sculptures on the panel depicting commemoration scenes of outstanding events in the reign of the Pallava kings, Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram temple 1956 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sculptures on the panel depicting commemoration scenes of outstanding events in the reign of the Pallava king|left]]
[[File:Vaikunta Perumal temple Kanchipuram (6).jpg|thumb|Sculptures on the panel|right]]
Paramesvara Vinnagaram is an early example of Dravidian architecture. The temple has a rectangular plan and approached through a flat granite gateway tower. The [[vimana]] has a stepped pyramidal roof and it resembles a [[vihara]]. Three sanctuaries host the image of [[Vishnu]] in different postures - seated (ground floor), lying (first floor; accessible to devotees only on [[Ekadashi|ekadashi days]]) and standing (second floor; inaccessible to devotees).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=46}}</ref> The logical and complex plan of the temple provided a prototype for the much larger shrines to be constructed all over [[Tamil Nadu]]. The external cloisters, with their lion pillars, are predecessors of the grand thousand pillared halls of later temples. In modern times, the four lions have been replaced with [[Garuda]] (image of eagle mount of Vishnu).<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Paramapada Nathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=271|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=8 August 2013}}</ref>

The cloister walls have a sequence of relief sculptures depicting the history of the Pallava dynasty.<ref>C. Minakshi, (1999). ''The Historical Sculptures of the Vaikunthaperumal Temple Kanchi'', Archaeological Survey of India</ref> The first set of panels show the supposedly divine lineage of the Pallavas starting from [[Brahma]], followed by [[Angiras (sage)]], [[Bṛhaspati]], [[Bharadwaja|Bharadvaja]], [[Drona]] and [[Ashwatthama]]. These panels are followed by panels depicting the actual Pallava kings themselves. A typical panel shows the king on the left frame of the panel. In some cases, the coronation of the king is shown as can be seen by priests pouring [[Holy water#Hinduism|sacred water]] on his head. The right side of the panel shows battle scenes or other events during that monarch's reign. The panels of [[Mahendravarman I]] and [[Narasimhavarman I]] show the battles with [[Pulakesin II]] of the [[Badami Chalukyas]]. Finally, there are panels that show the search and the finding of a successor after [[Paramesvaravarman II]]'s early death. The successor was found and became [[Nandivarman II]], who built this temple.

The niches on the walls around the sanctum are similar to the ones in [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Mahabalipuram]]. Some of the sculptures depict various events from the [[Mahabaratha]], depicting the images of [[Dharmaraj]]a, [[Arjuna]] and [[Bhima]]. The temple is built of granite with a mixture of sandstone. The three storied temple is the forerunner for various later built temples like [[Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur|Vaikunta Perumal temple]] at [[Uthiramerur]], [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] at [[Madurai]] and [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy temple]] at [[Mannargudi]]. The three stories are achieved with three concentric squares with a small passage in between with the top layer being closed by a filial.<ref name=MS/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
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|image2=Vaikunta Perumal temple Kanchipuram (1).jpg
|image1=Vaikunta Perumal temple Kanchipuram (4).jpg
|footer= Stucco images of the legend of [[Narasimha]]
| footer_align = center
}}
The temple follows [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Vaikhanasa Agama|Vaikasana Agama]]. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, from the Brahmin varna. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7:30 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 6:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:30 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vaikuntanathan and Vaikundavalli. During the last step of worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The Vaikasi Brahmotsavam, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May–June), and [[Vaikunta Ekadashi]] celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Margaḻi'' (December–January) are the two major festivals celebrated in the temple. Verses from ''Nalayira Divya Prabandham'' are recited by a group of temple priests amidst music with ''[[Nadaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''tavil'' (percussion instrument).<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Culture==
This temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ten hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the Sri Vaishnava canon. The temple is one of the fourteen ''Divya Desams'' in [[Kanchipuram]] and is part of Vishnu Kanchi, the place where most of the Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram are located.<ref name="BV162"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=parameswara+vinnagaram&pg=PT305|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=305|isbn=9788184950243|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref> The temple is also revered in the verses of Divyakavi Pillai Perumal Iyengar.<ref name=MS/>

The temple is declared as a heritage monument and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Vaikuntha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram, dedicated to Vishnu, Pallava period, 8th century.jpg|Entrance
File:Vaikuntha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram, dedicated to Vishnu, Pallava period, 8th century (4).jpg|Flagpost
File:Vaikunta Perumal temple Kanchipuram (26).jpg|Outer prakara (right)
File:Ashtanga Vimana of Vaikunda Perumal Temple of Kanchipuram.jpg|Outer prakara (left)
File:Vaikunta Perumal Temple43.jpg|Outer prakara (right)
File:Vaikunta Perumal Temple 054.jpg|Outer prakara (left)
File:Vaikunta Perumal Temple 7.jpg|Inner prakara
File:Vaikunta Perumal Temple 8.jpg|Inner prakara
File:Vaikunta Perumal Temple 13.jpg|Vimana
File:Vaikunta Perumal temple (3).jpg|The temple tank
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|title=History of Vaishnavism in South India Upto Ramanuja|last=B.V.|ref=B.V.|first=Ramanujam|publisher=Annamalai University|year=1973}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram}}

[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park

2026-03-28T14:19:39Z

JaniePan0653361: New The Data First Draft

{{Short description|UNESCO-recognized monuments}}
[[File:Sahar ki Masjid, champaner, Gujarat.JPG|thumb|right|Sahar ki Masjid]]
[[File:'Champaneer, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879'.jpg|thumb|right| Oil painting on paper of Champaner and Pavagadha, 1879]]

There are eleven different types of buildings at the [[UNESCO]]-protected [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]] in [[Gujarat]], India, including mosques, temples, granaries, tombs, wells, walls, and terraces.<ref name="Survey">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner_monuments.asp |title=World Heritage Sites - Champaner - Monuments at Champaner |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151106/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner_monuments.asp |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1101.pdf|title= Advisory Body Evaluation, Champaner-Pavagadh (India) No 1101|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=26–29}}</ref><ref name=Tour>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=73&webpartid=75|title=Mosques of Champaner|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=Official Web site of Government of Gujarat Tourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016003238/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=73&webpartid=75|archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Central>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002219u00060000.html|title=Champaner: Central mehrab in the Jama mosque|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=Onlinegallery, British Library, UK}}</ref>{{sfn|Bombay Gazetteer|1879|pp=304-309}} The monuments are situated at the foot of and around the [[Pavagadh Hill]]. The Baroda Heritage Trust lists 114 monuments in the area, of which only 39 are maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India, due to limited funding.<ref name="Ruggles 2009">{{cite book|last1= Ruggles |first1= D. Fairchild |author1-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |last2= Silverman |first2= Helaine |title=Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&pg=PA99|access-date=23 September 2012|year=2009|publisher= Springer |isbn=9781441900715|pages=91–93, 96–97}}</ref> The Forest Department owns 94% of the land here, while the temple trusts and other sectarian establishments provide facilities for boarding and lodging to pilgrims and tourists. On the southern side near the foot of the hill some dilapidated houses and the foundations of Jain temples can also be seen.<ref name="Ruggles 2009"/>{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}

Some of the major monuments are as follows:<ref name="Survey"/>

==Religious buildings==

===Mosques===
Among the five mosques which are in very good condition, the [[Jama Masjid, Champaner|Jama Masjid]] (also spelled "Jami Masjid") near the east gate, built by Sultan Begada, is one of the most notable of the 114 monuments listed by the Baroda Heritage Trust. It has a blend of Hindu and Muslim architecture preserving the Islamic ethos and is considered one of the finest mosques in Western India with its elegant interiors.<ref name="Ruggles 2009"/> The masjid is built over a high plinth, has a central dome, two minarets, each {{convert|30|m}} high, 172 pillars, seven mihrabs and ornately carved entry gates fitted with stone [[jali]]s.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}<ref name=World>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|title=Champaner-Pavagadh|access-date=23 September 2012|publisher=Worldheritagesite.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006154345/http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Mughal architecture]] is said to have drawn from the architecture of the Sultanates, which is a blend of Hindu religious connotations and workmanship with Muslim ethos; the large domes are indicative of such a mix.<ref name=Advisory/><ref name=Fact>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 |title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Fact Sheet|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> In the Jami Masjid, the ornamentation of the surface areas of the mosque and tomb consist of symbols of motifs of the Sun, diamonds, pots and vines, and lotus insignia which were used in the earlier temples; the artists of the region who worked on these monuments had imbibed their craftsmanship from their forefathers and they were not sectarian in character as they worked as per assignments given by Hindus, Muslims or Jains. Tombs have been built adjacent to mosques, invariably to a square plan with columns and domes erected over them, and also embellished with decorations.<ref name=Advisory/>

Other notable mosques in the heritage area are: the [[Kevada Masjid, Champaner|Kevada Masjid]], the ''Ek Minarka Masjid'' (single dome mosque); the ''Panch Mahuda ka masjid'' (five domed mosque) in a forested area; the ''Shehrka Masjid'' (city mosque), an elegant structure located inside the citadel; and the ''Nagina Masjid'' (jewel mosque), about {{convert|0.75|mi|km}} to the south of the citadel, built with pure white stone; a stepwell decorated with arches is close to this mosque.

====Jami Masjid====
[[File:CHAMPNER GUJARAT.JPG|thumb|right|Jama Masjid]]
[[Jama Masjid, Champaner|Jami Masjid]] is located about {{convert|150|ft}} east of the city walls (''Jahdnpandh''). It dates to 1513; construction was carried out over 125 years.<ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA742|access-date=29 September 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=LP|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8|pages=742–}}</ref> The mosque is a place of pilgrimage for those who seek blessings from the [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] who is buried in one corner of the mosque gardens.<ref name="Patel2002">{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Geeta|title=Lyrical Movements, Historical Hauntings: On Gender, Colonialism, and Desire in Miraji's Urdu Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztx1ZCneph4C&pg=PA38|access-date=29 September 2012|date=31 January 2002|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3329-8|pages=38–}}</ref> The two impressive towers at the entrance of the masjid and the fine blend of Hindu and Islamic architecture are stated to constitute a fine model of "symmetrical composition, perfection of details and decorative beauty particularly intricately carved ceiling of prayer hall."<ref name=Science/>

The building is double-storied,<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Anjali H.|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA178|access-date=29 September 2012|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|pages=178–}}</ref> with both Islamic and Hindu styles of decoration.<ref name="Singh2009"/> Its plan is similar to that of the [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. It is rectangular with the entrance on the east side. There is a portico which has a large dome built over a podium. There are steps to the mosque from northern and southern directions. Towering [[minaret]]s, {{convert|30|m}} in height, are situated on both sides of the main carved<ref name=Central/><ref name="Singh2009" /> entrance.<ref name="Rough2011">{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VT6aAXqO8kC&pg=PT1225|access-date=29 September 2012|date=20 January 2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4053-8849-8|pages=1225–}}</ref> There are two floors of open arcade with decorative carvings and jaali over the courtyard with pillars.<ref name=Tour/> The two minarets at the entrance are octagonal in shape. The prayer hall has eleven domes with the central dome, a double-storied structure, built on pillars in an arcade form. A typical Gujarat style of architecture is seen in the form of [[oriel window]]s with distinctive carvings on the outer surface.<ref name=Central/> An [[Ritual purification|ablution]] [[temple tank|tank]] of octagonal ''kund'' appearance<ref name="Desai2007" /> was used for rainwater harvesting and washing before prayer. The carved roof contains several domes,<ref name="Rough2011" /> and the courtyard is large.<ref name="Singh2009" /> There are seven mihrabs, and the entrance gates are carved and fitted with fine stone [[jalis]]. This mosque had three oblong mural plaques, one at the top of the pulpit and the other two on the sides, with engravings of hymns from the [[Koran]]. Of the two minarets, one was damaged by an intentional gun firing in 1812 by Patankar, a [[Scindia]] Governor considered a “tyrant.”{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}

====Kevda Masjid and cenotaph====
[[File:Kevda Masjid 07.jpg|thumb|right|Kevada Masjid]]
The mosque at [[Kevada Masjid, Champaner|Kevda Masjid and cenotaph]] has minarets, globe-like domes, and narrow stairs.<ref name="Singh2009"/> According to Ruggles (2008), nature was integrated into the Kevada mosque's architecture in a way that was unusual for the Islamic world.<ref name="RugglesSilverman2009">{{cite book|last1=Ruggles|first1=D. Fairchild|last2=Silverman|first2=Helaine|title=Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&pg=PA90|access-date=29 September 2012|date=15 June 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0071-5|pages=90–}}</ref> The masjid has many mihrabs.<ref name=Tour/>

This mosque was built in Champaner during the time of [[Mahmud Begada]], as were several other masjids, such as the [[Bawaman Mosque|Bawaman]], Ek Minar, [[Jama Masjid, Champaner|Jama]], Khajuri, Nagina, and Shahar Ki.<ref name="Congress2003">{{cite book|author=Congress|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ|access-date=29 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=Indian History Congress|page=342}}</ref> After James Burgess and Henry Cousens wrote descriptions of the Kevada, Jama, and Nagina Masjid, roads were built to reach them.<ref name="Khanna1992">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Amar Nath|title=Archaeology of India: retrospect and prospect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwhuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 September 2012|date=1 February 1992|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=978-81-85120-17-1|page=223}}</ref> The Kevada is notable because of its [[mausoleum]]. Kathra Masjid is west of the Kevada.<ref name="Gujarat1972">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India)|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx8bAAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 September 2012|year=1972|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|pages=95, 762, 768}}</ref>

====Nagina Masjid and cenotaph====
[[File:General view of the Nagina Masjid, Champaner.jpg|thumb|right| General view of the Nagina Masjid, Champaner, 1885]]
[[Nagina Masjid, Champaner|Nagina Masjid and cenotaph]] is about {{Convert|0.75|mi}} to the south of the citadel and is built with pure white stone. It is a large monument built on a high-rise plinth with a large open yard in the front. At the main entrance, the masjid is marked by [[minaret]]s with intricate and elegant carvings; as in other masjids like Kevada Masjid, it has floral designs in its niches. Three large domes are seen over the main prayer hall (a two-storied structure with balcony), which are built over decorative columns and windows. There is stone pulverization on the building's pillars.<ref name="Beri2008" />

Within the precincts of the masjid there are a few brick structures, and step wells. Northeast of the masjid is the cenotaph, which has openings on all four sides and whose frontage, columns and niches are artistically carved with floral and geometrical designs. A series of beautifully designed projecting [[corbels]] and the projecting [[cornice]] are also notable; geometric motifs at regular intervals give a beautifying effect. Similar motifs are seen both inside and outside, at the platform level. The cenotaph's central dome has disappeared.<ref name=Tour/><ref name="Survey"/>

====Lila Gumbaj Ki Masjid====
[[File:Champaner, Lila Gumbaj Ki Masjid (9840188055).jpg|thumb|right|Lili Gumbaz Masjid]]
[[Lila Gumbaj Ki Masjid]] stands on a high plinth and has a frontage with arched entrance at the center flanked by two lateral arches. The central arch is a structure of well spaced minarets fashioned with horizontal cornices and mouldings; the niches have decorations. There are three mehrabs in the prayer hall and these are decorated with a central suspended kalash carved with floral motifs. Of the three domes, the one at the center has a fluted design and is colourful. Initially three entrances existed on the east, south, and north sides. On the north-east corner there is a rectangular ablution tank with a deep drain in front.<ref name=Tour/><ref name="Survey"/> The building is situated northeast of Jami Masjid.<ref name="Beri2008">{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=10642&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151228074319/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=10642&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 28, 2015|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh|last=Beri|first=Rekha Beri|date=March 12, 2008|pages=4, 5, 7|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref> Stone pulverization has been observed on the masjid's pillars.<ref name="Beri2008" />

====Sahar Ki Masjid====
[[File:Sahar ki Masjid - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Sahar Ki Masjid]]
This masjid near the royal palace, very large and imposing, was for the exclusive use of the Sultans. It has five mehrabs. At the front, the entrance has an arched doorway with a large dome, with smaller domes at the four sides and minarets on either side embellished with a projection which is inclined [[chhajja]]. The other two openings flanking the central doorway are embellished with [[jharokha]]s. A rectangular ablution tank is seen on the platform.<ref name=Tour/><ref name="Survey"/>

====Bawaman Mosque====
This mosque, located on the western side of the fort gate, is named after Bawaman, a follower of [[Sadan Shah]] revered as a saint. Built on a raised platform on a high plinth, the mosque has a minaret, three large domes, three [[mehrab]]s on the rear wall and three arched entrances. There are also ablution tanks close to the mosque. Many of its structural elements are damaged.<ref name="Survey"/>

====Kamani Masjid====
Kamani Masjid is so named since it has architectural features of pillars and arches in the hall. The central hall also has a [[marble]]-roofed dome fixed with glazed tiles.<ref name="Survey"/> It is situated near the distant signal of Pavagadh's railroad station in the northbound direction, towards [[Sivarajpur]].<ref name="ArchaeologicalSurvey1922">{{cite book|author=Archaeological Survey of India. Western Circle|title=Archaeology, progress report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWJBAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 September 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1922|publisher=Bombay (India : State). General Dept|page=125}}</ref>

====Ek-Minar Ki Masjid====
This masjid built by Bahadur Shah (1526–36 AD) on a high plinth has a single minaret ('''Ek-Minar'''), while all other architectural features have disappeared.<ref name="Survey"/>

====Panch-Mahuda-Ki Masjid, Halol====
This masjid, also built on a high platform, is severely damaged and only the corner minarets can be seen.<ref name="Survey"/>

===Temples===

====Lakulisa temple====
The earliest temple on the Pavagadh hill in the Mauliya plateau is dated to the 10th–11th centuries and is dedicated to [[Lakulisa]]. However, the temple is in ruins, with only the [[Garbhagriha|gudha mandapa]] ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) and [[Ardha mandapa]] part of the [[antarala]] now present. [[Lakulisha]], [[Dakshinmurthi]], [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Gajendra Moksha]], various forms of [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], seated [[Parvati|Ambika]] and [[Sura Sundari]]s are the images seen in this temple.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_1BE01ADA16E57D45AE12B1BAA3A6840B7ABF0A00/filename/B+B+Goud.pdf|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh|author=B. Busa Goud|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=UNESCO. Org}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple was built in the [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara]] style of architecture with [[garbhagriha]], [[mandapa]] and an entrance [[porch]].<ref name =Champa/> It had ornate decorations, mostly stone carvings.

====MahaKali Mata Temple====
The most visited temple on the hill (summit {{Convert|800|m}}) is the [[MahaKali Mata Temple, Pavagadh|MahaKali Mata Temple]], the oldest in the area (10th-11th centuries).<ref name=Advisory/>{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}} It has three images of goddesses: the central image is of [[MahaKali|MahaKali Mata]], flanked by [[Kali]] on the right and [[Bahucharamata]] on the left. The spire of this temple carries a shrine of Sadanandsha Pir, a Muslim ‘[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]’ or “saint” held in great reverence in the region. It is the third of the major [[Shakti Peethas]] of Gujarat and is known for [[Tantra|tantric]] worship.<ref name=" Vyas 2006">{{cite book|last= Vyas |first= Rajnee |title= Welcome to Gujarat|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUduAAAAMAAJ&q=the+prasies+of+the+Goddess+Mahakali+|access-date=28 September 2012|year=2006|publisher= Akshara Prakashan|pages=128}}</ref> The temple has large fortifications and an open chowk in front, with two altars for sacrifices and an array of lights for special occasions. The idol of MahaKali Mata in the inner sanctum is only the head, the mukhwato, painted in red. Also present are full idols of Mahakali and the yantras of Bahuchara. The temple is open from very early to quite late every day, to accommodate pilgrims arriving at all hours. The Machi Haveli is a rest house available to pilgrims. To reach the temple at the summit is about a {{Convert|5|km}} walk along a jungle footpath to the top of the hill. However, it is also accessible by a mono-cable [[Aerial lift|ropeway]] {{Convert|740|m|ft}} in length which can carry 1,200 people per hour and is stated to be the country's highest ropeway.<ref name=Limca>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Champaner-Pavagadh+Archaeological+Park&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks#hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&oq=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&gs_l=serp.12...11395.24834.0.26669.42.28.0.0.0.11.160.3067.10j18.28.0...0.0...1c.1.SRchSY1qzSs&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=feba6114275f50ab&biw=1920&bih=895|title=Limca Book of Records|year=1990|publisher= Bisleri Beverages Ltd.|access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> On [[Chaitra]] [[Ashtami|sud 8]], during [[navaratri]] (nine-day festival), a fair is held at the MahaKali Mata temple which is attended by thousands of devotees. Hindu pilgrims were coming to visit this temple long before the development of Champaner as a major city and have continued to do so for hundreds of years after its decline, right up to the present day.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Another building with columns is also located on the Pavagadh Hill, above the roof of the Mahakali temple.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}} The ruins of Patai Raval's palace can be seen on the way to the temple.

===Jain temples===
{{Main|Jain temples, Pavagadh}}
[[File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Pavagadh Jain temple]]

The temples of [[Jainism]] at Pavagadh are also noteworthy. They fall into three different groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near the Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honor of the [[tirthankara]]s [[Suparshvanatha]] and [[Chandraprabhu]] and the third group, situated on the south east of Pavagarh Hill (''Mataji's'' cliff), is near the [[Pārśva]] temple next to the Dudhia tank. On the basis of their "stylistic and architectural features", the date of construction of these temples is deduced to be the 14th–15th centuries. The temple is made up of pure white stone with elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] are seen on the outer walls of the temples. The Garbabrihas are enshrined with beautiful stone images of tirthankaras in these temples. All the temples have been renovated over time.<ref name=Science/> The temple also has a 30 ft. tall statue of God Bahubali stands tall in its vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://champaner-pavagadh.blogspot.in/2008/08/shwetamber-jain-temple.html|title = Champaner-Pavagadh: Shwetamber Jain Temple|date = 18 August 2008}}</ref>
The Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]], who journeyed to India in the year 140 A.D. regarded this temple as an ancient and holy place. In the year 1483(V.S. 1540), Mohammed Begdo, the Muslim sultan, heavily impaired this temple. In 1880(V.S. 1937) this temple was repaired. This temple is considered very holy. The entire complex houses a Dharmshala or Guest house, a Jain restaurant and gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/pavagadh.htm |title=www.Jinalaya.com - Shri Pavagadh Tirth - Jain Temples in Gujarat |access-date=2016-09-01 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801102425/http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/pavagadh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Tombs and mausoleums===
[[Sakar Khan’s Dargah]], [[Halol]], is a dargah or mausoleum of Sakar Khan. It is the largest in the old part of Champaner. It has a low plinth and a large dome, with windows in the frontage.<ref name="Survey"/>

[[Tomb of Sikandar Shah|Sikandar Shah’s Tomb]], the tomb of the last ruler of Champaner, who was assassinated by Imad-ul-Mulk, Khusqadam in 1526 A.D., is seen near Halol. It is a single-storey building in Muslim architectural style. It consists of a central chamber and entrance porches with fluted domes. The brick dome of the central chamber and the side chamber have collapsed. Sikandar Shah’s brothers, Latifkhan and Nasirkhan, were also buried here. The structure is very simple but the brackets, plinth base and finial of the dome are elaborately carved with floral and geometrical patterns.<ref name="Survey"/>

The shrine of ''Khon pir'', a saint, a colourful tomb, was a place of worship of the weaver community (Muslims known as ''Tais'') of Champaner.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}

The tomb near Panch Mahuda-Ki Masjid has a rectangular layout. There are four arched entrances with two small ones on the flanks built facing in the [[cardinal direction]]s and the tomb has two corner minarets built over a high plinth.<ref name="Survey"/>

The tomb with a brick dome in the centre and small corner domes was built with bricks. It was one of the first such tombs to be built of bricks in Gujarat. It has arched openings on all four sides. The domed chamber built over an [[ashlar masonry]] plinth is square in shape. The central dome is flanked by four corner domes which are plastered with lime masonry brick. While the central dome is nearly plain, in the interior the four corners are provided with a series of [[squinche]]s. The outer plinth shows decorated mouldings.<ref name="Survey"/>

==Fortresses and walls==
The fortress built by the [[Chaulukya]] kings of Gujarat was further fortified by Khichi Chauhans. In 1484, Sultan Mahmud Begadah captured the fort and renamed it Muhammadabad Champaner. The fortifications start on the Mauliya plateau, which is situated on the hill and ends on the plains. They are very large and are built of sandstone connected with bastions at intervals and have elegant balconies.<ref name=Champa>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|title=Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2004), Gujarat|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher=National InformaticCentre (NIC) for Arechaeological Survey of India (ISI)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501061825/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|archive-date=2012-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are several gates in the fortifications and the enclosed area within contains barracks and jails.<ref name=Fact/> The west gate has fortifications running from the ridge to the north built of brick and cement which is followed by a freely laid stone wall for about a mile, then by a second line of old wall ({{Convert|30|ft|m}} in height) which extends {{Convert|220|yard|m}} and rises to join the first line (known as ''atak'') of fortifications on the hill. The huge wall of free stone is known as Bigada’s wall, and encloses the ''Jahapanah'' (the world shelter) and the ''Bhadar'' or the citadel of Mahmudabad Champaner; the area enclosed by this fortification is {{Convert|1|mi|km}} long and {{Convert|280|yard|m}} wide.<ref name=Fact/>{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}} A rectangular building at the approach to the citadel is a guard room {{Convert|150|ft|m}}x1{{Convert|120|ft|m}} in size with double gates and with stone window openings embellished with intricate carvings.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}} ''Shikari Kot'' or Hunters' Fort is located to the east of the Citadel. The ''Bada Talao'' or the Great Lake is next to the ruins of the palace.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}

===Fort of Pavagadh and the ruined Hindu and Jain Temples on the top of the Pavagadh Hill===
This famous Hindu fort built by the Solanki kings of Gujarat and improved by Khichi Chauhans is part of the Pavagadh hill landscape. Within the fort wall, there are many religious structures. Of these, the earliest temple, dated to the 10th-11th century and dedicated to Lakulisa, is in the Mauliya plateau. What is left of the temple are the gudhamandapa ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) and a portion of the [[antarala]]. The other temples, built by Hindus and by Jains, are dated to approximately the 13th-15th centuries; all the temples are built in the [[Hindu architecture|Nagara style]] of architecture with a [[garbhagriha]], a [[mandapa]] and a [[porch]] at the entrance.<ref name="Survey"/>

===Three cells===
The building with three cells located within the fort walls is conjectured to have been constructed during the rule of Mahmud begada.<ref name="Survey"/>

[[File:Champaner citadel walls.jpg|thumb|right|Citadel walls]]

===Walls===
Several enclosure walls remain, such as those built at the time of the citadel and the fort. The "Citadel Walls" refers to the walls of the fort, which is laid out in the north–south direction and is fortified with many bastions. It has four gates in good condition, which originally were double-storied, with rooms for housing the watch and guard staff.<ref name="Survey"/> The "City Walls at the Southeast Corner of the Citadel going up the hills" refers to the fort wall, built in ashlar stone masonry; four of its bastions are in good shape.<ref name="Survey"/> The "Walls of fort on top" refers to the walls of the fort, dated to approximately the 13th century, built in ashlar masonry.<ref name="Survey"/>

==Gates==
[[File:Champaner eastern gate.jpg|thumb|right|Eastern fortress gate]]
The City Gate, initially two-storied, is in good condition. It has a projecting arch in the fort wall, which is laid out in the north–south direction. The very large East and South Bhadra gates of the fort built by Mahmud Begada are laid out on a rectangular plan and are named after the towns which they face towards, namely the [[Halol]] gate to the east and the [[Godhra]] gate to the south.<ref name="Survey"/>

Gate No. 1, the Atak gate (with two gateways) was built in the 13th century and is to the west end of the fort on the Pavagadh Hill. It ends near the Khaprakodia watch tower and continues further in an east–west direction; the main gate is hemmed with the Budhiya gate. Gate No. 2, the Budhiya gate (with three gateways), was also built in the 13th century and covers the western end of the fort on the Pavagadh Hill and ends near the Khaprakodia watch tower and continues thereafter in east–west direction with its main gate hemmed with the Atak gate. Gate No. 3, the Moti gate or Sadanshah gate, refers to the gate on the Machi plateau which has four gates, each built on a successively lower level and joined by massive bastions. These are double gates. The Moti gate represents the second line of defence, which is most formidable. Sadan Shah Gate is cut through solid rock above which there are tall walls and bastions dating to approximately the 13th century. Gate No. 4 has big bastions and cells in the interior. This gate is part of the third line of defence of the fortification. It has a circuitous passage and was built in-situ of solid rock. The walls are towering and provided with bastions which also date to approximately the 13th century. Gate No. 5, the Gulan-Bulan gate, was built in the 13th century and was integral to the ridge fortification behind the Sat Manzil. Gate No. 6, Buland Darwaja, is of 13th-century vintage, built on the hill near Makai Kothar, and has strong fortifications on its flanks. Gate No. 7, the Makai gate, was also built in the 13th century. It is between gates 6 and 8. It is similar in architectural style to the other gates but has a [[true arch]], with secure fortifications and bastions flanking it. Gate No. 8, the Tara pore gate, is the last gate of the lower citadel. It has an arched opening and was initially double-storied when built in the 13th century.<ref name="Survey"/>

==Palaces and pavilions==
[[File:Kabutarkhana Pavilion Champaner 02.JPG|thumb|right|Kabutarkhana Pavilion]]
The palaces in the heritage site were built by different rulers over the period of the city's active existence as a capital and are nearly ruined. Gardens, fortifications and pavilions were integral to the palace environment. The pavilions of Champanar were known as "pleasure pavilions".<ref name=Fact/>{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}} Other structures seen in the site include a single arch near the West Gate of Champaner; a square pond called ''Kasbi talao'' with descending steps which was built by Sakar Khan, a [[Pathan]], and used by the courtesans; the Julan Badan gate and wall starting from the Pavagadh spur and extending into a ravine; the palace of a brother-in-law of Patai Ravals on the ridge of a hill; and the custom house or ''Mandvi'' located in the centre of the citadel.

Patai Rawal’s Palace with Tank was built by Jai Singh, last in the Patai Rawal family line of succession, in the 13th century. The ruins of his palace are situated to the south-east of the Machi plateau. Excavations have shown that the rooms of the palace were built of rubble plastered with lime, and some covered water cisterns were also unearthed.<ref name="Survey"/>

Kabutarkhana Pavilion is situated on the north bank of Bada Talao near Khajuri Masjid.<ref name="Panchmahals1964">{{cite book|author=India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat|title=Panchmahals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqAWAQAAMAAJ|access-date=28 September 2012|year=1964|publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State|page=188}}</ref> Basically a [[Caravanserai|sarai]], a small structure made of bricks and [[lime plaster]], it was built next to the Vada Talav or pond.<ref name="Survey"/>

==Other structures==
[[File:Navlakha Kothar ASI GJ 115.jpg|thumb|right]]
;Helical Stepped Well
This [[step well]] dated to approximately the 16th century, is [[Helix|helical]] in shape and was built with bricks and stone paved steps. From the entrance of the well, a stairway built into the wall of the shaft descends in the form of a snake coil. The steps are {{Convert|1.2|m}} wide and protected by a parapet wall {{Convert|1|m}} high. The architectural development of this type of wells in the 16th century was distinctive for its three typologies of the spiral, the linear and the composite.<ref name="Survey"/>

;Mint above gate No. 4
This small structure was built during the 15th century near Gate no. 4, to serve as a [[Mint (coin)|mint]].<ref name="Survey"/>

;Sat Manzil with steps right up to bastion on top
The seven-storied watchtower was built during the 15th century. Only four storeys survive, while traces of the rest can be seen close to the cliff, with a stone staircase.<ref name="Survey"/>

;''Mandvi'' or Custom House
The well laid out square structure in the center of Champaner's fort was an exclusive and separate enclosure for royalty visiting as guests of the kings. When [[Maratha]]s ruled here, the building was an [[octroi]] or [[custom house]]. It is built with dressed stone and is well planned with six bays in length and five bays in width, with five rows of arches and five equal colonnaded aisles.<ref name="Survey"/> The custom house was probably used as a guard room. From the Custom House to the east gate, the view of present-day Champaner consists of shabby houses on a lone street.{{sfn| Bombay Gazetteer |1879|pp=304-309}}

;Granaries
Makai Kothar is a three-domed structure which was part of the military establishment and used as a store house ("kothar") for [[maize]] ("makai"). Navlakha Kothar is a large brick structure overlooking a steep cliff. It was used to store grains.<ref name="Survey"/>

==See also==
* [[Jain temples, Pavagadh]]
* [[Palitana temples]]
* [[Pavagadh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |author= |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay (India :State) |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305 |access-date=23 September 2012|year=1879 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=304–309 |ref={{sfnref|Bombay Gazetteer|1879}} }}

{{coord|22.48|73.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]

Shalom Obadiah Cohen

2026-03-26T08:21:10Z

JaniePan0653361: made new post initial version

{{Short description|Founder of Jewish community in Calcutta}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalom Aaron Obadiah Cohen
| birth_date = 1762
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]]
| death_date = 13 February 1836
| death_place = [[Kolkata]]
| spouse =
| children = 10
| other_names = Shalom ben Aharon ben Obadiah ha-Cohen
| occupation = Jeweler
| known_for =
}}
'''Shalom Aaron Obadiah Cohen''' (1762–1836) was a Jewish jeweler, merchant, and community leader known for founding the [[History of the Jews in Kolkata|Jewish community]] in [[Kolkata]].

==Life and career==
===Early life===
{{Expand section|date=September 2023}}
Shalom Aaron Obadiah Cohen was born in [[Aleppo]] in 1762 to Aaron Obadiah Cohen and Chana Dayan. Much of what is known about his early life originates from his diary, spanning from 1789 to 1834. The manuscript was written in [[Judeo-Arabic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ezra |first=Esmond David |title=Turning Back the Pages: A chronicle of Calcutta Jewry |publisher=Brookside Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780851730073 |pages=75 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ספר הנוורוז : במכונת כתיבה יומן {{!}} Manuscript NNL_ALEPH990001346530205171 {{!}} The National Library of Israel |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/manuscripts/NNL_ALEPH990001346530205171/NLI |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref>

===First journey to India===
Cohen traveled to India in 1789 via [[Baghdad]], [[Hillah]], and [[Basra]]. From Basra, at the time an important port for merchants, he embarked on a six-week voyage on a British ship heading to [[Bombay|Mumbai]].<ref name="auto" /> He first arrived in [[Surat]] for a five-month stay between September 1790 and April 1791. While some scholars have speculated that he left due to the increasingly perilous position of Jews in Aleppo and Baghdad, the main reason for his journey was likely to gauge the potential for growing his business in India.<ref name="auto17">{{cite book |last1=Roland|first1=Joan |title=Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century |chapter=The Baghdadi Jews of India: Perspectives on the Study and Portrayal of a Community |date=2007 |pages=158–180 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, New York|doi=10.1057/9780230603622_10 |isbn=978-1-349-53700-6 }}</ref>

===Surat===
Cohen returned to India on a more permanent basis in April 1792, bringing a cook and servant and buying a house from an Armenian merchant. However, when he sent for his wife Seti Duek Cohen and daughter Rebecca to join him in India, his father-in-law responded that they would not be coming "even if the entire distance from Aleppo to Surat were paved in jewels."<ref name="auto"/>

In Surat, he organized a petition for lower taxes from the British, which was signed by 65 Jewish merchants in 1795.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=Fischel |first1=Walter |date=1965 |title=The immigration of" Arabian" Jews to India in the eighteenth century. |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=33 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2307/3622407 |jstor=3622407}}</ref> His trade consisted mainly of diamonds, indigo, [[Dacca]] cloth, and silk. At one point he had a conflict with [[Samuel Guise-Moores]], who was then acting as his private physician. In a letter to John Griffin, the head of the [[East India Company]] in Surat, Cohen demanded that he reprimand Guise-Moores.<ref name="auto1"/>

While waiting for his wife and daughter to join him, Cohen married the daughter of his business partner, Jacob ben Semah Nissim, Najima. Cohen had nine children with Najima. Apart from a handful of business trips to Baghdad and Basra, Cohen lived in Surat through the end of 1797, when he left for Kolkata via Mumbai, [[Cochin]], [[Madras]], and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].<ref name=":0" />

===Kolkata===
Cohen arrived in [[Kolkata]] on 5 August 1798.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oy! Calcutta |url=https://segulamag.com/en/today_event/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95/ |website=Segula: The Jewish History Magazine |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abraham|first1=Isaac |title=The Origina and History of the Calcutta Jews |date=1969 |publisher=Daw Sen and Co. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elias|first1=Flower | last2 = Cooper | first2 = J.E. |title=The Jews of Calcutta: An Autobiography of a Community, 1798-1972 |date=1974 |publisher= Jewish Association of Calcutta}}</ref> Soon after he settled there, he was joined by other Jewish merchants from Aleppo and Baghdad, including his brother Abraham.<ref name=":0" /> Though he is often recognized as the [[History of the Jews in Kolkata|first Jew in Kolkata]], this claim is refuted by records of other Jewish merchants living in Kolkata for shorter periods before his arrival. The first Jew to reside in the city was likely [[Lyon Prager]], a Jewish merchant from London, who came to Kolkata in 1786 to work for Israel Levin Solomons. Cohen was, however, the founder of the community, and the first to establish a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] trading firm in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Jonathan |title=Jewish Identities in East and Southeast Asia. |journal=In Jewish Identities in East and Southeast Asia |date=2015 |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Judah |first1=Ben |title=The last of our synagogues |date=3 January 2017 |url=https://www.thejc.com/comment/columnists/ben-judah-the-last-of-our-synagogues-1.429978 |publisher=The Jewish Chronicle |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

By 1806, as evidenced by a letter to Thomas Brown, then acting Chief Secretary of the British Government in India, Cohen requested British protection as he closed his businesses in Aleppo, Baghdad, Bushehr, and Basra. Cohen decided to settle in India instead of returning to the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhilekh Patal |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/1647909?searchWord=shalom&backquery=%5Blocation=123456789/1&query=shalom%20cohen&filtername=dateIssued&filtertype=equals&filterquery=%5B1800-01-01%20TO%201810-01-01%5D&filtername_1=dateIssuedTo&filtertype_1=equals&filterquery_1=%5B1800-01-01%20TO%201810-01-01%5D&rpp=20&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&originalquery=%5D |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.abhilekh-patal.in}}</ref>

In May 1811, he purchased a home in Kolkata, which also served as the prayer hall for the growing local Jewish community, that still lacked a synagogue.<ref name="auto" /> A feud with his business partner and father-in-law Jacob Semah in 1812 led to Semah's imprisonment. Around the same time as the feud, Cohen moved his family to [[Chinsura]], a day's journey from Kolkata. He maintained his property in Kolkata as a place of worship for the Jewish community.<ref name="auto" /> Semah returned to Baghdad, where he financed synagogues and Jewish schools.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= A. Ben-Jacob | first1= Yehudei Bavel| title= History of the Jews in Baghdad | date=1965 }}</ref>

===Court jeweller in Lucknow===
Having become particularly well known as an expert in the jewelry trade, he moved to Lucknow as the court jeweler for the [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah|Nawab Wazir Ghazi ad-Din Haidar]] and his son in 1816. In [[Lucknow]], the Nawab granted him a "Robe of Honor" and he was given the distinction of riding with the Nawab on his elephant.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Musleah |first1=E.M. |title=On the banks of the Ganga: The sojourn of Jews in India |date=1975}}</ref><ref name="encyc">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7s5AQAAMAAJ|title=The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|last1=Singer|first1=Isidore|last2=Adler|first2=Cyrus |date=1916|publisher=Funk and Wagnalls}}</ref> His monthly salary in this period was around 2,000 rupees.

===Later life===
After a three-year stay as the court jeweler, Cohen left Lucknow with a group of more than one hundred people who were employed by him. In 1828, he had an audience with the Governor General of India, [[Lord William Bentinck|Lord William Cavendish Bentinck]].<ref name="auto" />

Towards the end of his life, Cohen traveled to the court of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in Punjab and was asked to appraise the [[Koh-i-Noor|Kohinoor]] diamond. According to legend, he responded by saying the diamond had no value at all – for it could only be given in love or captured by war.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021 |title=Jews of Kolkata: A slice of history |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jews-of-kolkata-a-slice-of-history/articleshow/87886913.cms |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Grave of Shalom Aaron Obadiah Cohen EF 191.jpg|thumb|Shalom Cohen's grave in the Jewish Cemetery of Beleghata]]

Cohen and his son-in-law Moses Duek were two of the founders of Kolkata's first synagogue, [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Neveh Shalome]], in 1831.<ref name="auto" />

He also provided land to establish the first Jewish cemetery on Narkeldanga Road. He is said to have been offered this land as a gift from a Bengali friend when he inquired about land for a Jewish cemetery. His friend refused to accept payment, but Cohen, unwilling to receive the land for free, gave him a golden ring as payment.<ref name="auto" /> The cemetery is still in use by the few remaining members of the [[History of the Jews in Kolkata|Kolkata Jewish community]] today, and Cohen is buried there.

Shalom is featured in the children's book ''Shalome Rides a Royal Elephant.'' It was written by his descendant, [[Jael Silliman]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee Mehta |first1=Julie |title=Author Jael Silliman talks about her charming and whimsical new fable Shalome Rides a Royal Elephant - The Story of the First Jews of Calcutta |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/author-jael-silliman-talks-about-her-charming-and-whimsical-new-fable-shalome-rides-a-royal-elephant-the-story-of-the-first-jews-of-calcutta/686407 |publisher=T2 Online |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of the Jews in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Immigrants to British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Aleppo]]
[[Category:1762 births]]
[[Category:1836 deaths]]

Roberto Carlos

2026-03-22T16:31:10Z

JaniePan0653361: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Brazilian footballer (born 1973)}}
{{Portuguese name|da Silva|Rocha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| image = LS3 1288 (53332367864) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Carlos in 2023
| full_name = Roberto Carlos da Silva Rocha<ref name="wf">{{Worldfootball.net|roberto-carlos|new_id=pe4155}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Garça]], [[São Paulo]], Brazil
| height = 1.68 m<ref name="wf"/>
| position = [[Left-back]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = 1988–1991
| youthclubs1 = [[União São João Esporte Clube|União São João]]
| years1 = 1991–1993
| clubs1 = [[União São João Esporte Clube|União São João]]
| caps1 = 21
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 1992–1993
| clubs2 = → [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] (loan)
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 1993–1995
| clubs3 = [[Palmeiras]]
| caps3 = 44
| goals3 = 3
| years4 = 1995–1996
| clubs4 = [[Inter Milan]]
| caps4 = 30
| goals4 = 5
| years5 = 1996–2007
| clubs5 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
| caps5 = 370
| goals5 = 47
| years6 = 2007–2009
| clubs6 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]]
| caps6 = 65
| goals6 = 6
| years7 = 2010–2011
| clubs7 = [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]]
| caps7 = 35
| goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2011–2012
| clubs8 = [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi Makhachkala]]
| caps8 = 25
| goals8 = 4
| years9 = 2015–2016
| clubs9 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| caps9 = 3
| goals9 = 0
| totalcaps = 593
| totalgoals = 69
| nationalyears1 = 1996
| nationalteam1 = [[Brazil national under-23 football team|Brazil U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 1992–2006
| nationalteam2 = [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
| nationalcaps2 = 125
| nationalgoals2 = 10
| manageryears1 = 2012
| managerclubs1 = [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi Makhachkala]] (coach)
| manageryears2 = 2013–2014
| managerclubs2 = [[Sivasspor]]
| manageryears3 = 2015
| managerclubs3 = [[Akhisar Belediyespor|Akhisarspor]]
| manageryears4 = 2015
| managerclubs4 = [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|Football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|BRA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 Korea/Japan]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 France]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997 Saudi Arabia]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999 Mexico]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1997 Copa América|1997 Bolivia]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[1999 Copa América|1999 Paraguay]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1995 Copa América|1995 Uruguay]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup|FIFA U–20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1991 FIFA World Youth Championship|1991 Portugal]]|}}
}}
'''Roberto Carlos da Silva Rocha''' (born 10 April 1973), often recognized as '''Roberto Carlos''' (Brazilian Portuguese: [[Help:IPA/Portuguese|[ʁoˈbɛʁ.tʊ ˈkaʁ.lʊs]]]) and sometimes '''''RC3''''',{{refn|group=note|name=name|An [[abbreviation]] of his initials and common shirt number.<ref name ="The Beautiful Game 1" /><ref name ="The Beautiful Game 2" />}} is a Brazilian former professional [[association football|footballer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2018/3/23/roberto-carlos-is-airasias-new-global-ambassador|title=Roberto Carlos is AirAsia's new global ambassador|website=AirAsia Newsroom|date=23 March 2018 }}</ref> He has been described as the "most offensive-minded left-back in the history of the game",<ref name="Most Bonito">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/playmagazine/04brazil.html?pagewanted=2|title=Most Bonito|date=4 June 2006|work=The New York Times}}</ref> and one of the greatest full-backs in history.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014313/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/222/542/7/ "Roberto Carlos: Brazil have a great chance"]. ''[[FIFA]].com''. 28 November 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.givemesport.com/best-left-backs-football-history-ranked/|title =15 Best Left-Backs in Football History|website =givemesport.com |date =9 June 2025 |accessdate =31 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2004 |title=Pele's list of the greatest |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3533891.stm |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> In 1997, he was runner-up in the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] and in 2002, was runner-up for the [[2002 Ballon d'Or|Ballon d'Or]]. He is primarily known for his long career at [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] and constant presence on the Brazilian national team.

He started his career in Brazil as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] but spent most of his career as a [[left-back]]. At club level, Roberto Carlos joined [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] from [[Inter Milan]] in 1996 to spend 11 highly successful seasons, playing 584 matches in all competitions and scoring 71 goals. At Real, he won four [[La Liga]] titles and the [[UEFA Champions League]] three times. In April 2013, ''[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]'' named him in their "Best Foreign Eleven in [[History of Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid's History]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/04/11/en/football/real_madrid/1365709938.html|title=The best foreign eleven in Real Madrid's history|date=12 April 2013|publisher=Marca.com}}</ref> He is one of the few players to have made over [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances|1,100 professional career appearances]] at clubs and international levels.

Roberto Carlos made his debut for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] in 1992. He played in three [[FIFA World Cup|World Cups]], helping the team reach [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final|the final]] in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] in France, and win the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 tournament]] in South Korea and Japan. He was named in the [[FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]] in 1998 and 2002. With Brazil, he is especially known for a bending 40-yard free kick against [[France national football team|France]] in the inaugural match of [[Tournoi de France (1997)|Tournoi de France 1997]]. With 125 caps, he has made the [[Brazil national football team#Most capped players|fourth-most appearances for his national team]].<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/braz-recintlp.html "Appearances for Brazil National Team"]. Rsssf.com. Retrieved 12 June 2018</ref> He was chosen for the [[FIFA World Cup Dream Team]] in a 2002 [[FIFA]] poll.

He took up management and was named as the manager of [[Sivasspor]] in the Turkish [[Süper Lig]] in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1467826/roberto-carlos-named-sivasspor-boss |title=Roberto Carlos named Sivasspor boss |publisher=ESPN |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> He resigned as head coach in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/brazils-roberto-carlos-quits-turkeys-sivasspor-145528668--sow.html |title=Brazil's Roberto Carlos quits Turkey's Sivasspor |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |date=21 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720185036/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/brazils-roberto-carlos-quits-turkeys-sivasspor-145528668--sow.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> From January to June 2015, he was manager of [[Akhisar Belediyespor|Akhisarspor]]. Although he announced his retirement from playing at the age of 39 in 2012,<ref name="retire">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214131/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/167/446/5/index.html "Roberto Carlos retirement confirmed"]. FIFA. Retrieved 2 June 2014</ref> he briefly came out of retirement in 2015 when he was appointed player/manager of [[Indian Super League]] club [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33466552 |title=Roberto Carlos: Former Brazil left-back named Delhi player-manager |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Early years===
{{Quote box| width = 29% |quote = I owe all clubs for which I worked, even to my little [[União São João Esporte Clube|União São João]], because we must never forget our origins. But I owe my coming to Spain to [[Atlético Mineiro]], who gave me the opportunity to work on the team in 1992, a trip to the country. So I made a point to make it clear and I thank this important club for me to have opened the doors here in Europe. |source =—Roberto Carlos paying tribute in 2014 to the two Brazilian clubs whom he started his career with.<ref name="Atletico">{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/colunistas/jaeci-carvalho/2015/06/18/se-coluna_jaeci_carvalho_interna,312789/roberto-carlos-agradece-ao-galo.shtml|title=Roberto Carlos agradece ao Galo |work=Superesportes |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>}}
Roberto Carlos began his professional career playing for [[União São João Esporte Clube|União São João]], a football club based in [[Araras]] in the state of São Paulo. In 1992, despite playing at what was seen as a lesser club and only being 19 years old, he was called up for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]]. In August 1992, aged 19, he joined [[Atlético Mineiro]] on loan and went on the club's tour of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galodigital.com.br/enciclopedia/Roberto_Carlos_da_Silva|title=Roberto Carlos da Silva |work=Galo Digital |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/atletico/roberto-carlos-se-diz-triste-por-n%C3%A3o-ter-jogado-pelo-atl%C3%A9tico-e-agradece-o-clube-1.723776 |title=Roberto Carlos se diz triste por não ter jogado pelo Atlético e agradece o clube |work=O Tempo |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217030834/http://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/atletico/roberto-carlos-se-diz-triste-por-n%C3%A3o-ter-jogado-pelo-atl%C3%A9tico-e-agradece-o-clube-1.723776 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/atletico/roberto-carlos-se-diz-triste-por-n%C3%A3o-ter-jogado-pelo-atl%C3%A9tico-e-agradece-o-clube-1.723776 |title=Apesar de curta passagem, Roberto Carlos mostra gratidão ao Galo em retrospectiva |work=Superesportes |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217030834/http://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/atletico/roberto-carlos-se-diz-triste-por-n%C3%A3o-ter-jogado-pelo-atl%C3%A9tico-e-agradece-o-clube-1.723776 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tour consisted of the B team, as the club was prioritising the first [[Copa CONMEBOL]] in South America at the same time. The tour served as a test for many players, and those who stood out could be integrated definitively to the main group. Roberto Carlos did not participate in the first two games in Italy but played the full match against [[Unió Esportiva Lleida|Lleida]] in Spain on 27 August in a match for the [[Ciutat de Lleida Trophy]]. He remained in the team for the next two games, held in [[Logroño]], against [[Club Deportivo Logroñés|Logroñés]] and [[Athletic Bilbao]]. Before retiring from football in 2014, Roberto Carlos thanked Atlético Mineiro for the opportunity.<ref name="Atletico"/>

In 1993, Roberto Carlos joined [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]], where he played for two seasons, winning two consecutive [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian league titles]]. After almost signing for [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] in 1995, Roberto Carlos chose a move to [[Inter Milan]], in the [[Serie A]], playing one season for the ''Nerazzurri''. He scored a 30-yard free-kick on his debut in a 1–0 win over [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/40941|title=AWAITING PRIMA SERATA: "MESS MY HAIR UP IF..."|date=28 September 2012|publisher=F.C. Internazionale Milano|archive-date=12 May 2016|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512234430/http://www.inter.it/en/news/40941|url-status=dead}}</ref> but his [[1995–96 Inter Milan season|season]] at Inter was unsuccessful, with the club finishing seventh in [[1995–96 Serie A|Serie A]].

In an interview with ''[[FourFourTwo]]'' in a May 2005 issue, Roberto Carlos said that the then-coach of Inter, [[Roy Hodgson]], wanted him to play as a [[Forward (association football)#Winger|winger]], but Roberto Carlos wanted to play as a [[left back]]. Roberto Carlos spoke to Inter owner [[Massimo Moratti]] "to see if he could sort things out and it soon became clear that the only solution was to leave".<ref name="One-on-One">{{cite web|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/interviews/one-on-one/236/article.aspx |title=Roberto Carlos – One-on-One |work=[[FourFourTwo]] |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

===Real Madrid===
Roberto Carlos joined [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] in the year 1996 close season. When newly appointed manager [[Fabio Capello]] learned that Roberto Carlos had become transferable he barely could believe it, and he asked chairman [[Lorenzo Sanz]] to travel to Milan immediately. An agreement had been reached 24 hours later.<ref>[https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2021/04/28/608927f946163fde738b45f3.html Capello reveals how was Roberto Carlos signed for Real Madrid: "in 24 hours he was signed"]. [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 28 April 2021</ref> Roberto Carlos was given the number 3 shirt and held the position as the team's first choice left-back from the [[1996–97 Real Madrid CF season|1996–97 season]] until the [[2006–07 Real Madrid CF season|2006–07 season]]. During his 11 seasons with Madrid, he appeared in 584 matches in all competitions, scoring 71 goals. In January 2006, he became Real Madrid's most [[Cap (sport)|capped]] foreign-born player in [[La Liga]] with 370 appearances, breaking the previous record of 329 held by [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]].<ref>[https://www.overlyzer.com/en/football/roberto-carlos-an-all-time-real-madrid-great/ Roberto Carlos – An all-time Real Madrid great] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208125038/https://www.overlyzer.com/en/football/roberto-carlos-an-all-time-real-madrid-great/ |date=8 December 2021 }}. Overlyzer, 08 December 2021</ref> During his Real Madrid career, Roberto Carlos was, alongside [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] and [[Italy national football team|Italy]] legend [[Paolo Maldini]], considered the greatest left-back in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2337728/Mourinho-Roberto-Carlos-still-the-best.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2337728/Mourinho-Roberto-Carlos-still-the-best.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Mourinho: Roberto Carlos still the best|date=1 June 2006|publisher=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/henrywinter/2427236/On-the-spot-Steven-Gerrard.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/henrywinter/2427236/On-the-spot-Steven-Gerrard.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=On the Spot: Steven Gerrard|date=20 December 2003|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/community/news/newsid=134318.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630133555/http://www.uefa.com/community/news/newsid=134318.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|title=Jaap Stam: My Team of 2003|date=8 January 2004|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> As a high-profile player and one of the most influential members of the team,<ref name=thighs/> Roberto Carlos was considered one of Madrid's ''[[Galácticos]]'' (which included [[Zinedine Zidane]], [[Luís Figo]], [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] and [[David Beckham]]) during [[Florentino Pérez]]'s first tenure as [[List of Real Madrid CF presidents|club president]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/henrywinter/2386035/Centre-Stage-Making-the-grade-among-galacticos.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/henrywinter/2386035/Centre-Stage-Making-the-grade-among-galacticos.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Centre Stage: Making the grade among 'galacticos'|date=3 September 2004|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 27%
| quote = Roberto Carlos can cover the entire [left] wing all on his own.
| source = —Real Madrid coach [[Vicente del Bosque]] on Roberto Carlos having the ability to defend and attack the left side of the field by himself.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120718055122/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/sid_lowe/12/28/realmadrid.alltimeXI/index.html#ixzz32IhjONa2 "Real Madrid's team of the decade"]. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 20 May 2014</ref>
}}
He won four [[List of Spanish football champions|La Liga titles]] with Madrid, and played in the [[1998 UEFA Champions League Final|1998]], [[2000 UEFA Champions League Final|2000]] and [[2002 UEFA Champions League Final|2002]] [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|UEFA Champions League finals]], assisting Zinedine Zidane's winning goal in 2002, considered one of the greatest goals in [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/apr/16/best-champions-league-goals|title=Ten of the best Champions League goals|date=16 April 2009|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.btvision.bt.com/sport/whos-made-our-champions-league-top-five/|title=Who's made our Champions League top five|publisher=British Telecom|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105220012/http://www.btvision.bt.com/sport/whos-made-our-champions-league-top-five/|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Roberto Carlos was named as [[UEFA Club Football Awards|Club Defender of the Year]] and included in the [[UEFA Team of the Year]] in 2002 and 2003. In the later part of his Real Madrid career, Roberto Carlos was named as one of the club's "three [[Captain (association football)|captains]]" alongside [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]] and [[Guti (Spanish footballer)|Guti]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/2006/1202733133344/noticia/Noticia/Gala_Anual_de_la_Fundacion_2008-04-28.htm|title=Gala Anual de la Fundación|language=es|date=24 April 2006|publisher=Real Madrid CF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527135156/http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/2006/1202733133344/noticia/Noticia/Gala_Anual_de_la_Fundacion_2008-04-28.htm|archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> Renowned for getting forward from his left-back position and scoring spectacular goals, in February 1998, he scored arguably his most memorable goal for Real Madrid with a [[Curl (football)|bending]] [[Volley (football)|volley]] struck with the outside of his left foot from near the [[Association football pitch#Pitch boundary|sideline]] in a [[1997–98 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]] match against [[CD Tenerife|Tenerife]] in what was described as an "impossible goal".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diariosur.es/rc/20110228/deportes/futbol/coulibaly-repite-imposible-roberto-201102280853.html|title=Coulibaly repite el 'gol imposible' de Roberto Carlos|trans-title=Coulibaly repeats the "impossible goal" of Roberto Carlos|
language=es|date=28 February 2011|publisher=Sur.es}}</ref>

On the final day of the [[2002–03 La Liga|2002–03 season]], with Madrid needing to beat Athletic Bilbao to overtake [[Real Sociedad]] and win their 29th La Liga title, Roberto Carlos scored from a free-kick in the second minute of first half [[stoppage time]] to put ''los Blancos'' 2–1 ahead.<ref name=champion>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/23/1056220540779.html|title=Real Madrid's champions the champion team|date=24 June 2003|publisher=The Age}}</ref> The team eventually ran out 3–1 winners to wrap up the title.<ref name=champion/> On 6 December 2003, Roberto Carlos scored the opening goal for Madrid as they beat [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in ''[[El Clásico]]'' at [[Camp Nou]] for the first time in a La Liga match in 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/dec/08/match.sport6|title=Beckham's arrival is complete as the clamour grows|date=8 December 2003}}</ref>

In March 2007, in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16 against [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], Roberto Carlos failed to control the backpass when Madrid kicked off, allowing Bayern's [[Hasan Salihamidžić]] to steal the ball and feed to [[Roy Makaay]], who scored the quickest goal in Champions League history at 10.12 seconds.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/10783424/Bayern-Munich-v-Real-Madrid-Champions-Leagues-greatest-rivalry.html "Bayern Munich v Real Madrid: Champions League's greatest rivalry"]. The Telegraph, Retrieved 7 May 2014</ref> Roberto Carlos bore the brunt of criticism for that mistake which led to the team's elimination from the Champions League, and, on 9 March 2007, he announced he would leave Real Madrid upon the expiration of his contract at the end of the [[2006–07 Real Madrid CF season|2006–07 season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roberto Carlos to leave Real at end of season |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-spain-real-roberto-carlos/roberto-carlos-to-leave-real-at-end-of-season-idUKL0917097120070309 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=Reuters |date=9 March 2007}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His final goal for Real Madrid was a stoppage time winner against [[Recreativo de Huelva]] with three games remaining in the [[2006–07 La Liga|2006–07 La Liga season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/news/2007/May/20/roberto-carlos-keeps-madrid-on-course/|title=Roberto Carlos keeps Madrid on course|date=21 May 2007|work=Soccerway}}</ref> The goal proved to be crucial to Real Madrid winning its 30th league title as they eventually finished level on points with Barcelona, becoming champions via the [[La Liga#Competition format|head-to-head rule]]. Madrid clinched La Liga in Roberto Carlos's final match, a 3–1 win over [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]] at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202730196845/noticia/Noticia/Real_Madrid_3-1_Mallorca.htm|title=Real Madrid 3–1 Mallorca|date=18 June 2007|publisher=Real Madrid CF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095337/http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202730196845/noticia/Noticia/Real_Madrid_3-1_Mallorca.htm|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

===Fenerbahçe===
[[File:Roberto Carlos in Moscow 3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Roberto Carlos with Fenerbahçe in 2007]]
On 19 June 2007, Roberto Carlos signed a two-year contract (with one year optional) with the Turkish [[Süper Lig]] champions [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]]; he was presented at the club's home ground, the [[Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium]], in front of thousands of fans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fenerbahce.org/eng/detay.asp?ContentID=967 |title=Carlos' Signing Ceremony |work=Fenerbahce.org |date=19 June 2007 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/06/sports/SOCCER.php "Roberto Carlos joins Fenerbahçe"]. [[International Herald Tribune]]. 6 June 2007.</ref> In the first official match he played with the team, Fenerbahçe won the [[Turkish Super Cup]] against [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]] by a score of 2–1. During a league match against [[Sivasspor]], he scored his first goal for Fenerbahçe on 25 August 2007 from a diving header, which was only the third headed goal of his career. He was injured during the final period of the same season and missed the title race between Fenerbahçe and rivals [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/news/2008/April/17/fenerbahces-carlos-set-to-miss-rest-of-season |title=Fenerbahçe's Carlos Set to Miss Rest of the Season |work=Soccerway.com |date=17 April 2008 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> His team eventually lost the title to their rivals, while guaranteeing a place for themselves in [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] knockouts for the next season. He announced that he was unhappy about the final result and would do his best to carry the domestic trophy back to the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/08/06/haber,3EA27DA8B7DA4590860F4DF755244C41.html |title=Carlos'la Bir Yıl Daha |work=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah.com]] |language=tr |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123713/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/08/06/haber,3EA27DA8B7DA4590860F4DF755244C41.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 7 October 2009, Roberto Carlos announced that he would leave Fenerbahçe when his contract expired in December 2009. He offered to return to Real Madrid and play for free, though he also said return to the Brazilian domestic leagues was a possibility,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/10/07/1545961/fenerbahces-roberto-carlos-says-hed-play-for-real-madrid-for |title=Roberto Carlos says he'd play for Madrid for free |work=Goal.com |date=7 October 2009 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> and announced his departure on 25 November. He made his last appearance for Fenerbahçe on 17 December, as a late substitute against [[FC Sheriff Tiraspol|Sheriff Tiraspol]] in the [[2009–10 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e0-0e739223ee9b-8aa5f7a5b2af-1000--fenerbahce-snuff-out-sheriff-hopes/ |title=Fenerbahçe snuff out Sheriff hopes |publisher=UEFA |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

===Corinthians===
After 15 years away from Brazil, Roberto Carlos returned to his country in 2010 to play for [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]], joining his friend and former Real Madrid teammate [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]].
On 4 June 2010, Roberto Carlos scored a goal against [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and helped Corinthians to move to the top of the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] table. The ''Timão'' won the game 2–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=792582&sec=global&cc=5739|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607034137/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=792582&sec=global&cc=5739|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2010|title=Carlos strikes as Corinthians go back top|date=4 June 2010|work=[[ESPN Soccernet]]}}</ref>
On 16 January 2011, Roberto Carlos scored an impressive goal directly from a corner kick against [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]]. Concerned with his safety after being threatened by fans after the [[Copa Libertadores da América]] defeat to Colombian club [[Deportes Tolima|Tolima]], Roberto Carlos requested his release by the club, which was promptly facilitated by Corinthians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roberto Carlos está fora do Timão|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/corinthians/noticia/2011/02/roberto-carlos-esta-fora-do-timao.html|publisher=[[Globo.com|Globoesporte]]|language=pt|date=11 February 2011|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref>

===Anzhi Makhachkala===
[[File:Roberto Carlos 7221.jpg|thumb|upright|Roberto Carlos in August 2011]]
On 12 February 2011, after being heavily linked with a move to [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]], Roberto Carlos signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with [[Russian Premier League]] club [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi Makhachkala]],<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9400100.stm "Roberto Carlos joins Russian club Anzhi Makhachkala"]. ''BBC Sport''. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.</ref> worth approximately €10 million.<ref>[http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/corinthians/noticia/2011/02/roberto-carlos-acerta-contrato-de-dois-anos-com-time-russo.html "Roberto Carlos hits two-year contract with Russian team"]. ''Globoesporte.com''. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.</ref> Playing in a [[defensive midfielder|defensive midfield]] position, Roberto Carlos was named captain of Anzhi on 8 March. On 25 April, he scored his first goal for Anzhi in a 2–2 draw with [[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]], converting a 58th minute [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Anzhi Makhachkala's Roberto Carlos scores his first goal in Russia|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/553/russia/2011/04/25/2458047/anzhi-makhachkalas-roberto-carlos-scores-his-first-goal-in|publisher=Goal.com|date=25 April 2011|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> On 30 April, he scored his second goal, converting a penalty in a 1–0 win over [[FC Rostov|Rostov]], and on 10 June, he then scored his third goal on a 20th minute in a 2–0 win over [[PFC Spartak Nalchik|Spartak Nalchik]].

On 11 September 2011, Roberto Carlos scored his fourth goal in a 2–1 win over [[FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod|Volga Nizhny Novgorod]]. As of his first season for Anzhi, Roberto Carlos made 28 appearances and scored five goals. On 30 September, he became the caretaker coach of Anzhi following the sacking of [[Gadzhi Gadzhiyev]], before [[Andrei Gordeyev]] assumed the role also in a caretaker capacity.<ref name="Coaches and staff, Official site of FC Anji">{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-anji.ru/users/coaches/first/?lng=en |title=Coaches and staff |work=Fc-anji.ru |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> Roberto Carlos announced his plans to retire at the end of 2012, but continued to work behind the scenes at Anzhi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002224/http://eurosport.yahoo.com/30012012/58/liga-roberto-carlos-retire-end-year.html "Roberto Carlos to retire at end of year"]. ''Eurosport.yahoo.com''. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.</ref> In August 2012, Anzhi coach [[Guus Hiddink]] confirmed his retirement at a news conference in Moscow, also stating, "Roberto was a world class football player. Every master's career ends at some point."<ref name="retire"/>

====Cases in Russia====
In March 2011, during a game away at [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]], a banana was held near Carlos by one of the fans as the footballer was taking part in a flag-raising ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/soccer/blog/dirty-tackle/post/Russian-fan-presents-Roberto-Carlos-with-a-racis?urn=sow-wp265 |title=Russian fan presents Roberto Carlos with a racist banana |first=Brooks |last=Peck |date=23 March 2011 |work=[[Yahoo! Sports]] |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195915/https://sports.yahoo.com/soccer/blog/dirty-tackle/post/Russian-fan-presents-Roberto-Carlos-with-a-racis?urn=sow-wp265 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June, in a match away at [[FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov Samara]], Roberto Carlos received a pass from the goalkeeper and was about to pass it when a banana was thrown onto the pitch, landing nearby. Carlos picked it up and threw it by the sidelines, walking off the field before the final whistle and raising two fingers at the stands, indicating this was the second such incident since March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gziDwP58fE8Z6qoSoC1SyRaP-c-Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223131918/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gziDwP58fE8Z6qoSoC1SyRaP-c-Q |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2012 |title=Roberto Carlos banana attack alarms Russia |first=Maria |last=Antonova |date=23 June 2011 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-09-29 |title=Russia’s FC Rostov face sanction for banana-throwing in Champions League |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/sep/29/russia-banana-throwing-racism-football-champions-league |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

===Delhi Dynamos===
He ended his professional playing career with a spell as [[player-manager]] of [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |title=Roberto Carlos in ISL: The Bullet Man's final stop |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/roberto-carlos-isl-indian-super-league-football |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

==International career==
[[File:Roberto Carlos.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Roberto Carlos in 2006 with the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]]]]
Roberto Carlos amassed 125 [[Cap (sport)|appearances]], scoring 11 goals for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian national team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/braz-recintlp.html |title=Brazil – Record International Players |website=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> He represented Brazil at three [[FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cups]], four [[Copa América]] tournaments, the [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup]] and the [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996 Olympic Games]].

===Early senior career===
[[File:Banana-shape shoot-fr.svg|thumb|Roberto Carlos's 'banana shot' from 40 yards out against France in [[1997 Tournoi de France]]<ref name="Ducked">{{cite news |title=Roberto Carlos' brilliant Brazil free-kick against France remembered |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10899358/roberto-carlos-brilliant-brazil-free-kick-against-france-remembered |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=[[Sky Sports]]|quote=A full 40 yards from France's goal [...]. A ball-boy could be seen ducking as he braced himself for impact, but with an arcing trajectory like a banana, the ball somehow swerved back the other way, clipping the post as it whistled past the motionless Barthez and into the net.}}</ref>]]
On 26 March 1992, Roberto Carlos debuted for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian senior team]] in a 3–0 friendly victory against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Game That Changed My Life|url=https://gb.readly.com/magazines/fourfourtwo/2024-10-17/6708e919e00b91db4bbad59b|magazine=FourFourTwo|date=17 October 2024|access-date=28 June 2025|via=Readly}}</ref> He is especially famous for a bending 40-yard [[Direct free kick|free kick]] against France in the inaugural match of [[Tournoi de France (1997)|Tournoi de France 1997]] on 3 June 1997. The ball [[Curl (association football)|curled]] so much that the [[ball boy]] ten yards to the right ducked instinctively, thinking that the ball would hit him.<ref name="Ducked"/> Instead, much to the surprise of goalkeeper [[Fabien Barthez]] – who just stood in place – it curled back on target. This particular attempt has been considered to be the greatest free kick of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roberto Carlos, The Greatest Free Kick Of All Time|url=http://www.greatestsportingmoments.com/roberto-carlos-the-greatest-kick-of-all-time/|website=Greatest Sporting Moments|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706141326/http://www.greatestsportingmoments.com/roberto-carlos-the-greatest-kick-of-all-time/|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37475858/physics-impossible-strike |title=Roberto Carlos' Brazil free kick in 1997: The physics behind 'impossible' strike |website=ESPN FC|publisher=ESPN|last1=De Laurentiis |first1=Francisco |last2=Gabriel |first2=Joao |date=2 June 2017 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> In 2010, a team of French scientists produced a paper explaining the trajectory of the ball.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gill |first=Victoria |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11153466 |title=Roberto Carlos wonder goal 'no fluke', say physicists |website=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|date=2 September 2010 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

At the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]], he played seven matches, including the [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final|final]] loss to [[France national football team|France]]. After a qualifying game for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]] which was held in South Korea/Japan, [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] goalkeeper [[José Luis Chilavert]] spat on Roberto Carlos, an action which caused [[FIFA]] to give Chilavert a three-match suspension and forced him to watch the first game of the World Cup from the stands. Roberto Carlos played six matches in the finals, scoring a goal from a free-kick against [[China national football team|China]], and was a starter in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup Final|final]] against [[Germany national football team|Germany]], with Brazil winning 2–0. After the tournament, he was also included in the [[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|World Cup All-Star Team]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Phil|last=McNulty|title=Campbell makes the World Cup All star team|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/other_news/newsid_2071000/2071344.stm|website=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=3 June 2014|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> Roberto Carlos later referred to the 2002 World Cup winning team as a "band of brothers together", and mentioned that the squad had a [[WhatsApp]] group and still talked regularly.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Blood brothers': Roberto Carlos on the day he saved Ronaldo's life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/13/blood-brothers-roberto-carlos-ronaldo-brazil-world-cup|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 November 2022|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

===2006 FIFA World Cup, retirement, and desire to return===
Roberto Carlos' next international tournament was the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. In July 2006, after Brazil's 1–0 defeat to France in the quarter-finals, he announced his retirement from the national team, saying: "I've stopped with the national team. It was my last game."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/brazil/5143004.stm|title=Carlos quits international scene|website=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=3 July 2006}}</ref> He said he no longer wanted to play for Brazil because of the criticism he faced from fans and Brazilian media for his failure to mark goalscorer [[Thierry Henry]] on France's winning goal.<ref name="play">{{cite news|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/worldcup/story/Roberto-Carlos-still-wants-to-play-at-WC|url-status=dead|title=Roberto Carlos still wants to play at World Cup|date=10 January 2010|website=[[Fox Soccer]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113152606/http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/worldcup/story/Roberto-Carlos-still-wants-to-play-at-WC|archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>

Upon signing with [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] in January 2010, Roberto Carlos told [[Rede Globo|TV Globo]] that he hoped to play at the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]] and believed his return to Brazilian football may help him return to the national team, as manager [[Dunga]] had yet to settle on a left-back.<ref name="play"/> However, he was left off the 30-man provisional squad that was submitted to FIFA on 11 May 2010, along with [[Ronaldinho]] and Ronaldo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/sportscenter/post/_/id/51078/in-case-you-missed-it-the-day-in-sports-92|title=In Case You Missed It: The Day In Sports|date=11 May 2010|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Despite his deep desire to do so, Roberto Carlos was ultimately not named in Dunga's final 23-man squad for the Brazil at the World Cup. Instead, newcomer [[Michel Bastos]] earned a spot for the left-back position.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/preview?id=264067&cc=5739&ver=global|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618074454/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/preview?id=264067&cc=5739&ver=global|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2010|title=Selecao seek a style change|date=15 June 2010|publisher=ESPN}}</ref>

==Style of play==
[[File:Roberto Carlos 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Roberto Carlos in 2011]]
Tactically, Roberto Carlos started out playing football in Brazil as a forward – usually as a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|centre-forward]] or [[Forward (association football)#Winger|outside forward]] – but spent most of his career as [[Defender (association football)|defender]], usually as a left-sided full-back or [[Defender (association football)#Wing-back|wing-back]]. In 2006, he was described as the "most offensive-minded left-back in the history of the game", by John Carlin of ''[[The New York Times]]'';<ref name="Most Bonito"/><ref name="Carlos on free-kicks">{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=751901.html |title=Roberto Carlos on free-kicks |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="l'uomo proiettile">{{cite news |url=https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/ilcuoio/2019/04/10-55626338/roberto_carlos_l_uomo_proiettile/ |title=Roberto Carlos: l'uomo proiettile |work=Il Corriere dello Sport |language=it |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> indeed, he was known for his forward surging runs throughout his career.<ref name="unknown">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/aug/25/samuel-etoo-anzhi-makhachkala |title=Samuel Eto'o takes step into the unknown with Anzhi Makhachkala |work=The Guardian |last1=Wilson |first1=Jonathan |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> Roberto Carlos is also widely considered by several pundits as one of the best left backs in the history of the sport.<ref name="Top Ten Left-Backs">{{cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/131346-greatest-ever-football-top-ten-left-backs-of-all-time|title=Greatest Ever: Football: Top Ten Left-Backs Of All Time|date=11 June 2018|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="Brazil soccer legend Roberto Carlos">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/parramatta/sport/brazil-soccer-legend-roberto-carlos-to-have-life-celebrated-at-riverside/news-story/042eefb63f6aabb7f92ac6834f813b6b|title=Brazil soccer legend Roberto Carlos to have life celebrated at Riverside|date=11 June 2018|work=Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="l'uomo proiettile"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1082324-20-best-fullbacks-in-world-football#slide0 |title=The 20 Best Fullbacks in World Football |publisher=Bleacher Report |last1=Webster |first1=Peter |date=1 March 2012 |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/premier-league/2017/10/09/inter-roberto-carlos-hodgson-mi-ha-distrutto |title=Roberto Carlos: "All'Inter Hodgson mi ha distrutto, non capiva di calcio" |publisher=Sky Sport |language=it |date=9 October 2017 |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> During his time at Inter, he was also used out of position as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] in a [[Formation (association football)#4–4–2|4–4–2 formation]] on occasion by manager Roy Hodgson, which had a negative impact on his performances, and often saw him caught out defensively;<ref name="One-on-One"/><ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-carlos-da-silva_%28Enciclopedia-dello-Sport%29/ |title=ROBERTO CARLOS da Silva |publisher=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport (2002) |language=it |last1=Monti |first1=Fabio |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> in his later career with Anzhi Makhachkala, he was instead deployed as a [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]] in a three-man midfield, in order to compensate for his loss of pace and physical decline due to his advancing age.<ref name="unknown"/>

Roberto Carlos was nicknamed ''El Hombre Bala'' ("The Bullet Man") throughout his career, due to his powerful [[Curl (association football)|bending]] shots and [[Direct free kick|free kicks]], which have been measured at over {{convert|105|mph|km/h}},<ref name="thighs">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jun/16/worldcupfootball2002.sport2|title=Try me for thighs|work=The Guardian|date=16 June 2002}}</ref> and for which he became renowned. A set-piece specialist, he is regarded as one of the foremost free kick takers of his generation, and was known for being capable of striking the ball powerfully – in particular from long range – and of producing curling shots with the outside of his left boot in dead ball situations.<ref name="Carlos on free-kicks"/><ref name="Roberto Carlos">[https://archive.today/20141218213212/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=esp/news/newsid=765938.html "Beckham is best says Roberto Carlos"]. UEFA. Retrieved 18 December 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2019/aug/14/the-joy-of-six-football-and-the-outside-of-the-boot |title=The Joy of Six: football and the outside of the boot |work=The Guardian |last1=Smyth |first1=Rob |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/11/29/brazil-legend-roberto-carlos-reveals-lucky-element-aided-his-iconic-free-kick-against-france |title=Roberto Carlos Says His Iconic Free Kick Was Wind-Aided |publisher=Sports Illustrated |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaeworldcup/news/kings-the-free-kick-1551015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806164048/https://www.fifa.com/fifaeworldcup/news/kings-the-free-kick-1551015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2020 |title=Kings of the free-kick |publisher=FIFA.com |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/sports/soccer/science-explains-carlos-banana-kick |title=Science explains Carlos' banana kick |work=The National Post |last1=Petrequin |first1=Samuel |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="tuttocalciatori"/> A talented and consistent player, with good [[Dribbling#Association football|dribbling]] skills at speed, as well as precise passing and crossing ability, he also possessed significant strength and excellent physical qualities, which along with his pace, work-rate, and energy, allowed him to cover the left flank effectively and assist at both ends of the pitch.<ref name="tuttocalciatori"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/performance/training/roberto-carlos-play-brazilian-full-back |title=Roberto Carlos: Play like a Brazilian full-back |publisher=FourFourTwo |last1=Murray |first1=Andrew |date=28 July 2014 |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> While he earned a reputation as a hard-tackler, he was also known for being a clean player throughout his career.<ref name="tuttocalciatori">{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttocalciatori.net/notizie/2014/09/roberto-carlos-il-tritolo-nel-sinistro/ |title=Roberto Carlos, il tritolo nel sinistro! |publisher=www.tuttocalciatori.net |language=it |last1=Iaccarino |first1=Lucio |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034736/https://www.tuttocalciatori.net/notizie/2014/09/roberto-carlos-il-tritolo-nel-sinistro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Positions guide">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197076.stm |title=Positions guide: Wing-back |date=September 2005 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/30/cafu-picks-his-all-time-brazil-xi |title=Cafu picks his all-time Brazil XI |work=The Guardian |last1=Cafu |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> In addition to his stamina, running speed, technical skills, and [[Cross (football)|crossing]] ability,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=71747/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129073958/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=71747/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014|title=MasterCard All-Star Team of the 1998 World Cup|date=10 July 1998|website=www.fifa.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solocalcio.com/gallery/stelle98/lestelle12.htm|title=Le stelle di Francia 98: da Luis Oliveira a Romario|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107221212/http://www.solocalcio.com/gallery/stelle98/lestelle12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RM-Profile-RC">{{cite web |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/about-real-madrid/history/football-legends/roberto-carlos-da-silva |title=ROBERTO CARLOS |publisher=Real Madrid |access-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> he was also known for his long [[throw in]]s, as well as his strong {{convert|24|in|cm|adj=on}} thighs, despite his small stature, which allowed him to accelerate quickly and strike the ball powerfully.<ref name="thighs" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-worldcup-throwin/long-throw-ins-a-perfect-secret-set-piece-weapon-says-specialist-coach-idUKKBN1JO1VH |title=Long throw-ins a perfect secret set-piece weapon, says specialist coach |publisher=Reuters |last1=O'Connor |first1=Philip |date=28 June 2018 |access-date=11 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:Roberto-carlos-wikipedia-2021.png|thumb|right|upright|Roberto Carlos speaking with [[Real Madrid TV]] in 2021]]
Roberto Carlos has appeared in commercials for the sportswear company [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]].<ref name="Jackson"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Nike and Maven Networks Introduce JogaTV |url=http://nikego.com/media/pr/2006/04/17_jogaTV.html |work=Nikego |publisher=Nike |date=17 April 2006 |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130024001/http://nikego.com/media/pr/2006/04/17_jogaTV.html |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> In 1998, he starred in a Nike commercial set in an airport in the buildup to the 1998 World Cup alongside a number of stars from the Brazil national team, including [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] and [[Romário]].<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Steven J.|title=Sport, Culture and Advertising: Identities, Commodities and the Politics of Representation|url=https://archive.org/details/sportscultureadv00jack|url-access=limited|date=10 November 2004|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/sportscultureadv00jack/page/n198 186]|isbn=9780415339926}}</ref> In a Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, Roberto Carlos starred in a "[[Secret Tournament]]" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by [[Terry Gilliam]], appearing alongside other star footballers, including Ronaldo, [[Thierry Henry]], [[Francesco Totti]], Ronaldinho, [[Luís Figo]] and the Japanese [[Hidetoshi Nakata]], with former player [[Eric Cantona]] the tournament's "referee".<ref>{{cite news |title=A lighter shoe, cooler kits, a faster ball, a Secret Tournament – every touch counts |url=http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml |work=NikeBiz |publisher=Nike |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602055510/http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml |archive-date=2 June 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Claire |last=Cozens |title=Cantona hosts World Cup with a difference |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/03/advertising.worldcupfootball2002?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |work=The Guardian |date=3 April 2002 |access-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref>

Roberto Carlos has also starred in [[Pepsi]] commercials, including a 2002 World Cup Pepsi advertisement where he lined up alongside [[David Beckham]], Raúl and [[Gianluigi Buffon]] in taking on a team of [[Sumo]] players.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/3025745/Millions-riding-on-injured-England-captain-mean-he-is-still-a-crock-of-gold.html "Millions riding on injured England captain mean he is still a crock of gold"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 February 2015</ref>

Roberto Carlos features in EA Sports' [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'' video game series]], and was selected to appear on the cover of ''[[FIFA Football 2003]]'' alongside [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] and Juventus midfielder [[Edgar Davids]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/gamingzone/editorial/20021025fifarelease.html|title=FIFA 2003 release date announced|publisher=ESPN|date=25 October 2002|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> He was named in the Ultimate Team Legends in ''[[FIFA 15]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2014/fifa-15-player-ratings-fut-legends|title=FIFA 15 Player Ratings – FIFA Ultimate Team Legends|publisher=EA Sports.com|date=10 September 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the arcade game company [[Konami]] announced that Roberto Carlos would feature in their football video game ''[[Pro Evolution Soccer 2016]]'' as one of the new myClub Legends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2015/12/09/legends-coming-to-myclub-in-pes-2016|title=Legends Coming to myClub in PES 2016|publisher=IGN|author1=Matt Porter|date=9 December 2015|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Roberto Carlos launched a software called [[Ginga Scout]] that connects players with coaches across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/duplaexplosiva/2014/11/16/tataraneto-do-patrono-do-gremio-e-dono-de-clube-de-de-futebol-nos-estados-unidos-o-miami-dade-fc/?topo=13,1,1,,,13|title=Legends Coming to myClub in PES 2016|publisher=RBS|author1=Leandro Behls|date=16 November 2014|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215050443/http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/duplaexplosiva/2014/11/16/tataraneto-do-patrono-do-gremio-e-dono-de-clube-de-de-futebol-nos-estados-unidos-o-miami-dade-fc/?topo=13,1,1,,,13|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2018, Carlos was announced as ambassador of [[Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid|Morocco]]'s candidature of the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/04/244457/roberto-carlos-moroccos-2026-world-cup-bid/|title=Brazilian Legend Roberto Carlos to Represent Morocco's 2026 World Cup Bid}}</ref>

In June 2022, Roberto Carlos co-hosted (alongside Ronaldinho) an exhibition match in Miami including both current and retired players called "The Beautiful Game by R10 and RC3". Roberto Carlos' team won the match 12–10.<ref name ="The Beautiful Game 1">{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Rob |date=2022-06-19 |title=Team Ronaldinho vs Team Roberto Carlos was an absolute goal-fest |url=https://www.givemesport.com/88023487-team-ronaldinho-vs-team-roberto-carlos-was-an-absolute-goal-fest/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en}}</ref><ref name ="The Beautiful Game 2">{{Cite web |title=Team Ronaldinho Vs Team Roberto Carlos Was A Legendary Spectacle |url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/team-ronaldinho-vs-team-roberto-carlos-was-a-legendary-spectacle-20220619 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=SPORTbible |date=19 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A rematch was held in Orlando on 23 June 2023, which was suspended after about an hour of game time due to rain and pitch invasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citro |first=Michael |date=2023-06-23 |title=The Beautiful Game Provided an Evening of Fun Soccer Until Pitch Invaders and Rain Halted the Proceedings |url=https://themaneland.com/2023/06/23/the-beautiful-game-provided-an-evening-of-fun-soccer-until-pitch-invaders-and-rain-halted-the-proceedings/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=themaneland.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The score of the second match ended 4–3 for Ronaldinho's team.

== Charity ==
On 16 June 2019, Roberto Carlos took part in [[Soccer Aid]] at [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]], London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/sport/2019-06-16/soccer-aid-2019-teams-players-managers/|title=Who's in the Soccer Aid 2019 line-up? Full England and World XI teams as celebs and professionals face off|website=Radio Times|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> He played for the World XI team which was captained by [[Usain Bolt]] and they beat the England XI on penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/bolt-scores-in-soccer-aid-triumph/1hroh4yui1i4q1e5qfiffpbg3v|title=Usain Bolt scores in Soccer Aid triumph as his World XI beat an England XI on penalties |website=www.goal.com|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Roberto Carlos became the global ambassador of the international children's social programme [[Football for Friendship]]. Carlos attended programme's Forum and awarded the winners.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-01|title=Роберто Карлос наградил победителей Чемпионата мира по "Футболу для дружбы"|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/futbol-dlya-druzhby/news/roberto-karlos-nagradil-pobediteley-chempionata-mira-po-futbolu-dlya-druzhby-1551133/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=sport-express.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

In January 2022, Bull In The Barne United, an English [[Sunday league football|Sunday League]] pub team, won a [[raffle]] meaning that Roberto Carlos would play for them in a one-off [[exhibition game|friendly]]. The [[Shrewsbury]]-based side play in Division One of the Shrewsbury & District Sunday League and paid just £5 to enter the [[eBay]] raffle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-31|title=Roberto Carlos: Brazil legend set to make appearance for Shropshire pub team|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60197741|access-date=2022-01-31|website=BBC.co.uk}}</ref> On 4 March 2022, Roberto Carlos made a goalscoring debut for Bull In The Barne United during a 4–3 defeat to Harlescott Rangers in a friendly match at [[Hanwood]].<ref name="Debut for Bull in the Barne United – Shropshire Live">{{cite web |url=https://www.shropshirelive.com/sport/2022/03/04/roberto-carlos-scores-in-sunday-league-team-debut-for-bull-in-the-barne-united/ |title=Roberto Carlos scores in Sunday League team debut for Bull in the Barne United |website=ShropshireLive.com |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |date=4 March 2022 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306132532/https://www.shropshirelive.com/sport/2022/03/04/roberto-carlos-scores-in-sunday-league-team-debut-for-bull-in-the-barne-united/ |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 February 2024, Roberto Carlos took part in the Match4Hope. He played for Team [[Chunkz]], alongside [[Eden Hazard]], [[David Villa]], and various media personalities, against Team AboFlah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teams - Match For Hope |work=Match For Hope |url=https://match4hope.com/teams/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224133324/https://match4hope.com/teams/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roberto Carlos played for the starting 8 minutes only, before being [[Substitution (sport)|substituted]].

==Managerial career==

===Anzhi Makhachkala===
[[File:Roberto Carlos 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|Roberto Carlos coaching Anzhi Makhachkala in 2012]]
Roberto Carlos had a brief spell as interim manager at Anzhi Makhachkala in early 2012. He later criticised the club upon resigning alongside manager Guus Hiddink.<ref name="goal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2931/go-global/2013/09/11/4254702/anzhi-will-collapse-in-two-years-roberto-carlos |title='Anzhi will collapse in two years' – Roberto Carlos |work=Goal.com|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref>

===Sivasspor===
Roberto Carlos was appointed manager of Turkish Süper Lig team [[Sivasspor]] in June 2013.<ref name="fifa.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/209/773/3/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205103009/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/209/773/3/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2013 |title=Roberto Carlos takes charge at Sivasspor |work=Fifa.com|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> On 21 December 2014, he left the club following a defeat to [[İstanbul Başakşehir F.K.|İstanbul BB]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Após derrota em casa, Roberto Carlos deixa comando do Sivasspor|url=http://www.lancenet.com.br/futebol-internacional/derrota-Roberto-Carlos-comando-Sivasspor_0_1270672943.html|website=Lancenet|publisher=Lance!|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221211743/http://www.lancenet.com.br/futebol-internacional/derrota-Roberto-Carlos-comando-Sivasspor_0_1270672943.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

===Akhisarspor===
On 2 January 2015, Carlos was appointed as manager of [[Akhisar Belediyespor|Akhisarspor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Roberto Carlos acerta contrato com o Akhisar e segue como técnico na Turquia|url=http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2015-01-02/roberto-carlos-acerta-contrato-com-o-akhisar-e-segue-como-tecnico-na-turquia.html|website=iG|access-date=2 January 2015|date=2 January 2015|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122190536/http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2015-01-02/roberto-carlos-acerta-contrato-com-o-akhisar-e-segue-como-tecnico-na-turquia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Delhi Dynamos===
After finishing his season in Turkey, Roberto Carlos signed for [[Al-Arabi SC (Qatar)|Al-Arabi]] of the [[Qatari Stars League]], but due to talks breaking down, he did not join the Qatari club.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Novevanto|first1=Eric|title=BRAZILIAN LEGEND ROBERTO CARLOS TAKES AL ARABI MANAGERIAL ROLE|url=http://footballchannel.asia/2015/06/03/post4148/|access-date=5 July 2015|work=Football Channel|date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Then, on 5 July 2015, it was announced that he had signed to be the head coach of the [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] of the [[Indian Super League]] for the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 season]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandra|first1=Shikharr|title=OFFICIAL: Delhi Odisha announce the signing of Roberto Carlos as head coach|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/05/13295252/official-delhi-dynamos-announce-the-signing-of-roberto-carlos-as-|access-date=5 July 2015|work=Goal.com|date=5 July 2015|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707171521/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/05/13295252/official-delhi-dynamos-announce-the-signing-of-roberto-carlos-as-|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the end of the season, it was announced that he would not return to Delhi Dynamos in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vasavda|first1=Mihir|title=ISL 2015: Roberto Carlos will not return, Zico likely to follow suit |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-roberto-carlos-will-not-return-zico-likely-to-follow-suit/|access-date=22 April 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

==Doping accusations==
In 2017, a report of investigative journalists of German broadcasting station [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] revealed [[doping in sport|doping]] practices in Brazil, including physician Júlio César Alves who claims to have treated Carlos for many years. Carlos denies the allegations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170613190013/http://www.sportschau.de/doping/video-doping-top-secret---brazils-dirty-game-100.html Doping Top Secret - Brazil´s Dirty Game], 10 June 2017, [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]</ref><ref>[https://peru.com/futbol/internacional/roberto-carlos-fue-acusado-dopaje-y-asi-se-defendio-noticia-518157 Roberto Carlos fue acusado de dopaje y así se defendió], peru.com, 12 June 2017 {{in lang|es}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Roberto Carlos was born in Garça, São Paulo, on 10 April 1973 to Oscar and Vera Lucia da Silva.<ref>[https://assignmentpoint.com/biography-of-roberto-carlos/ Biography of Roberto Carlos]</ref>

On 24 June 2005, Roberto Carlos was robbed by two gunmen while doing a live radio interview. He was not hurt but they took his watch and the interviewer's cellular phone.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4621437.stm "Brazil footballer robbed on radio"]. BBC. Retrieved 9 May 2014</ref>

On 2 August 2005, he was naturalised as a Spanish citizen. This proved important for Real Madrid, as it meant that he now counted as a European Union player, opening up one of the club's allowed three slots for non-EU players and enabling Real Madrid to sign fellow Brazilian [[Robinho]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roberto Carlos cede su plaza de extracomunitario a Robinho |trans-title=Roberto Carlos leaves his non-EU place for Robinho |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2005/08/02/futbol/1122976599.html |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=El Mundo |date=2 August 2005 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

For his 38th birthday, it was reported that [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi Makhachkala]] owner [[Suleyman Kerimov]] bought him a [[Bugatti Veyron]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roberto Carlos kijgt 1001 pk voor zijn verjaardag|url=http://www.autogespot.com/nl/item/10854/roberto-carlos-kijgt-1001-pk-voor-zijn-verjaardag.html |language=nl|date=18 April 2011|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128222204/http://www.autogespot.com/nl/item/10854/roberto-carlos-kijgt-1001-pk-voor-zijn-verjaardag.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roberto Carlos has 11 children with 7 women.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Méndez |first1=M. |title=Roberto Carlos "wants to put his two kids on the street" |url=https://en.as.com/en/2018/03/21/football/1521636766_210484.html |access-date=21 November 2020 |work=AS |date=21 March 2018}}</ref> In October 2017, he became a grandfather when his daughter Giovanna gave birth to a son.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Atkinson|first1=Guy|title=Brazil legend Roberto Carlos becomes grandfather at 44 |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/roberto-carlos-becomes-grandfather-at-44/17v29coq25eos14d1wiqy2hy3d|website=Goal.com|access-date=15 October 2017|date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==

=== Club ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}<ref>{{NFT player|1007|name=Roberto Carlos |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://futpedia.globo.com/campeonato/copa-do-brasil |title=Roberto Carlos Copa do Brasil stats |work=Globo.com |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019043443/http://futpedia.globo.com/campeonato/copa-do-brasil |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lfp.es/Estadisticas/Plantillas.aspx |title=Roberto Carlos Spanish League stats |publisher=[[Liga de Fútbol Profesional|LFP]] |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425045707/http://www.lfp.es/Estadisticas/Plantillas.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fc-anji.ru/users/12/?lng=en |title=Roberto Carlos da Silva |publisher=Anzhi Makhachkala |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318083643/http://www.fc-anji.ru/users/12/?lng=en |archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/roberto-carlos-da-silva/135/|title=Roberto Carlos|work=Soccerway|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827005307/https://int.soccerway.com/players/roberto-carlos-da-silva/135/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[União São João]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|1991]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]]
|colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||24{{efn|[[1991 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||1||24||1
|-
|[[1992 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|1992]]
|Série B
|21||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||21{{efn|[[1992 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||1||42||4
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!21!!3!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!45!!2!!66!!5
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]
|[[1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1993]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|20||1||5||0||colspan="2"|–||40{{efn|[[Torneio Rio – São Paulo|1993 Torneio Rio – São Paulo]]}}{{efn|[[1993 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||5{{efn|[[1993 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||65||6
|-
|[[1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1994]]
|Série A
|24||2||3||0||6||1||27{{efn|[[1994 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||0||60||3
|-
|[[1995 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1995]]
|Série A
|0||0||4||1||10||3||23{{efn|[[1995 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||3||37||7
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!44!!3!!12!!1!!16!!4!!90!!8!!162!!16
|-
|[[Inter Milan]]
|[[1995–96 Inter Milan season|1995–96]]
|[[Serie A]]
|30||5||2||1||2||1||colspan="2"|–||34||7
|-
|rowspan="12"|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
|[[1996–97 Real Madrid CF season|1996–97]]
|[[La Liga]]
|37||5||5||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||42||5
|-
|[[1997–98 Real Madrid CF season|1997–98]]
|La Liga
|35||4||1||1||9||2||2{{efn|[[1997 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]]}}||0||47||7
|-
|[[1998–99 Real Madrid CF season|1998–99]]
|La Liga
|35||5||4||0||8||0||2{{efn|[[1998 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], [[1998 Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]]}}||0||49||5
|-
|[[1999–2000 Real Madrid CF season|1999–2000]]
|La Liga
|35||4||3||0||17||4||3{{efn|[[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||58||8
|-
|[[2000–01 Real Madrid CF season|2000–01]]
|La Liga
|36||5||0||0||14||4||2{{efn|One appearance in [[2000 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], one appearance, one goal in [[2000 Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]]}}||1||52||10
|-
|[[2001–02 Real Madrid CF season|2001–02]]
|La Liga
|31||3||6||1||13||2||2{{efn|[[2001 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]]}}||0||52||5
|-
|[[2002–03 Real Madrid CF season|2002–03]]
|La Liga
|37||5||1||0||15||1||2{{efn|One appearance, one goal in [[2002 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], one appearance in [[2002 Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]]}}||1||55||7
|-
|[[2003–04 Real Madrid CF season|2003–04]]
|La Liga
|32||5||7||1||8||2||2{{efn|[[2003 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]]}}||0||49||9
|-
|[[2004–05 Real Madrid CF season|2004–05]]
|La Liga
|34||3||2||0||10{{efn|Two appearances in [[2004–05 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds]]}}||1||colspan="2"|–||46||4
|-
|[[2005–06 Real Madrid CF season|2005–06]]
|La Liga
|35||5||3||1||7||0||colspan="2"|–||45||6
|-
|[[2006–07 Real Madrid CF season|2006–07]]
|La Liga
|23||3||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|–||32||3
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!370!!47!!33!!4!!109!!16!!15!!2!!527!!69
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe]]
|[[2007–08 Fenerbahçe S.K. season|2007–08]]
|[[Süper Lig]]
|22||2||3||0||9||0||1{{efn|[[2007 Turkish Super Cup|Turkish Super Cup]]}}||0||35||2
|-
|[[2008–09 Fenerbahçe S.K. season|2008–09]]
|Süper Lig
|32||4||8||2||10||1||colspan="2"|–||50||7
|-
|[[2009–10 Fenerbahçe S.K. season|2009–10]]
|Süper Lig
|11||0||0||0||8||1||colspan="2"|–||19||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!65||6||11||2||27||2||1||0||104||10
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]]
|[[2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2010]]
|Série A
|35||1||colspan="2"|–||8||0||14{{efn|[[2010 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||3||57||4
|-
|[[2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2011]]
|Série A
|0||0||colspan="2"|–||1||0||3{{efn|[[2011 Campeonato Paulista]]}}||1||4||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!35!!1!!0!!0!!9!!0!!17!!4!!61!!5
|-
|[[FC Anzhi Makhachkala|Anzhi]]
|[[2011–12 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season|2011–12]]
|[[Russian Premier League]]
|25||4||3||1||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||28||5
|-
|[[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|[[2015 Delhi Dynamos FC season|2015]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|3||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||3||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!593!!69!!61!!9!!163!!23!!168!!16!!985!!117
|}{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/rcarlos-intl.html |title=Roberto Carlos – Century of International Appearances |work=RSSSF |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="15"|[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||5||0
|-
|1994||7||0
|-
|1995||13||1
|-
|1996||4||0
|-
|1997||18||1
|-
|1998||10||0
|-
|1999||13||2
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||11||1
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||12||0
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!125!!10
|}

:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Carlos goal.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Roberto Carlos
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
{{Ig match
| n =1
| d1= 6 June 1995
| st=Goodison Park| ci=Liverpool| co=England
| o=Japan
| sc=3–0
| fr=3–0
| comp=[[Umbro Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =2
| d1= 3 June 1997
| st=Stade de Gerland| ci=Lyon| co=France
| o=France
| sc=1–0
| fr=1–1
| comp=[[1997 Tournoi de France]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =3
| d1= 26 June 1999
| st=Arena da Baixada| ci=Curitiba| co=Brazil
| o=Latvia
| sc=2–0
| fr=3–0
| comp=[[Exhibition game|International friendly]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =4
| d1= 9 October 1999
| st=Amsterdam Arena| ci=Amsterdam| co=Netherlands
| o=Netherlands
| sc=1–0
| fr=2–2
| comp= International friendly}}
{{Ig match
| n =5
| d1= 9 August 2001
| st=Arena da Baixada| ci=Curitiba| co=Brazil
| o=Panama
| sc=5–0
| fr=5–0
| comp= International friendly}}
{{Ig match
| n =6
| d1= 8 June 2002
| st=Jeju World Cup Stadium| ci=Seogwipo| co=South Korea
| o=China
| sc=1–0
| fr=4–0
| comp=[[2002 FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =7
| d1= 12 October 2003
| st=Walkers Stadium| ci=Leicester| co=England
| o=Jamaica
| sc=1–0
| fr=1–0
| comp= International friendly}}
{{Ig match
| n =8
| d1= 9 February 2005
| st=Hong Kong Stadium| ci=Hong Kong| co=Hong Kong
| o=Hong Kong
| sc=2–0
| fr=7–1
| comp=[[2005 Carlsberg Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =9
| d1= 8 June 2005
| st=El Monumental| ci=Buenos Aires| co=Argentina
| o=Argentina
| sc=1–3
| fr=1–3
| comp=[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2006 World Cup qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =10
| d1= 12 October 2005
| st=Mangueirão| ci=Belém| co=Brazil
| o=Venezuela
| sc=2–0
| fr=3–0
| comp= 2006 World Cup qualifying}}
|}

===Managerial statistics===
{{updated|20 December 2015}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|From
!rowspan=2|To
!colspan=8|Record
|-
!{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}
|-
| [[Sivasspor]]
| 3 June 2013
| 21 December 2014
{{WDL|59|23|9|27|for=90|against=94|diff=yes}}
|-
| [[Akhisar Belediyespor]]
| 11 January 2015
| 1 June 2015
{{WDL|20|5|7|8|for=25|against=28|diff=yes}}
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| 3 July 2015
| 20 December 2015
{{WDL|16|7|4|5|for=19|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
! colspan=3|Career totals
{{WDLtot|95|35|20|40|for=134|against=145|diff=yes}}
|}

==Honours==
'''Palmeiras'''
* [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]]: [[1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1993]], [[1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1994]]
* [[Campeonato Paulista]]: [[1993 Campeonato Paulista|1993]], [[1994 Campeonato Paulista|1994]]
* [[Torneio Rio – São Paulo|Torneio Rio–São Paulo]]: 1993

'''Real Madrid'''
* [[La Liga]]: [[1996–97 La Liga|1996–97]], [[2000–01 La Liga|2000–01]], [[2002–03 La Liga|2002–03]], [[2006–07 La Liga|2006–07]]
* [[Supercopa de España]]: [[1997 Supercopa de Espana|1997]], [[2001 Supercopa de Espana|2001]], [[2003 Supercopa de Espana|2003]]
* [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[1997–98 UEFA Champions League|1997–98]], [[1999–2000 UEFA Champions League|1999–2000]], [[2001–02 UEFA Champions League|2001–02]]
* [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2002 UEFA Super Cup|2002]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[1998 Intercontinental Cup|1998]], [[2002 Intercontinental Cup|2002]]

'''Fenerbahçe'''
* [[Turkish Super Cup]]: [[2007 Turkish Super Cup|2007]]

'''Brazil U23'''
* [[CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament]]: [[1996 CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament|1996]]
* [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Bronze Medal]]: [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996]]

'''Brazil'''
* [[FIFA World Cup]]: [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]; runner-up: [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final|1998]]
* [[Copa América]]: [[1997 Copa América|1997]], [[1999 Copa América|1999]]; runner-up: [[1995 Copa América|1995]]
* [[FIFA Confederations Cup]]: [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997]]
* [[Umbro Cup]]: [[Umbro Cup|1995]]
* [[Lunar New Year Cup]]: [[2005 Lunar New Year Cup|2005]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Bola de Prata (Brazil)|Bola de Prata]]: 1993, 1994, 2010
* [[FIFA World Player of the Year]]: 1997 (silver)
* [[ESM Team of the Year]] (7): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04
* [[Onze d'Or|Onze Mondial]]: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005<ref>{{Cite web|title="Onze Mondial" Awards|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|access-date=2021-12-17|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704020132/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]]: 1998, 2002
* [[Trofeo EFE]]: 1997–98
* [[UEFA Club Defender of the Year]]: 2002, 2003
* [[UEFA Team of the Year]]: 2002, 2003
* [[Ballon d'Or]]: 2002 (runner-up)
* [[Golden Foot award|Golden Foot]]: 2008
* [[List of 2009 all-decade Sports Illustrated awards and honors#Soccer All-Decade Team|Sports Illustrated Team of the Decade]]: 2009<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wahl|first=Grant|title=2000s: The Decade in Sports; All-Decade Team: Soccer|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/magazine/specials/2000s/12/15/soccer.decade.team/index.html|date=21 December 2009|access-date=30 August 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113202936/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/magazine/specials/2000s/12/15/soccer.decade.team/index.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref>
* [[ESPN World Team of the Decade]]: 2009<ref>{{cite news|last=Brewin |first=John|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/717519/espn-soccernet-international-team-of-the-decade|title=World Team of the Decade|date=25 December 2009|work=ESPNsoccernet|publisher=ESPN|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
* [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year]]: [[2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2010]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão |url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/temporeal/cobertura/livre/06-12-2010/premio-craque-do-brasileirao/ |access-date=19 May 2009 |date=6 December 2010 |work=Globo Esporte |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[FIFA 100]]
* [[Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame]]
* [[Ballon d'Or Dream Team]] (silver): 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=The other two Ballon d'Or Dream Team XIs: Zidane, Cruyff, Iniesta, Di Stefano... but no Casillas |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/12/14/5fd7bc8522601d53598b45b2.html |website=[[MARCA]]|date=15 December 2020 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>
* 11Leyendas Jornal AS: 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/02/25/reportajes/1614273403_238476.html |title=11 Leyenda el mejor once de la historia |publisher=JornalAS|date=25 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#All-time Men's Dream Team (2021)|IFFHS All-time Men's B Dream Team]]: 2021<ref name="IFFHS Dream Team">{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1110 |title=IFFHS ALL TIME WORLD MEN'S DREAM TEAM |work=IFFHS |date=22 May 2021 }}</ref>
* [[IFFHS World Team#All-time Men's Dream Team (2021)|IFFHS South America Men's Team of All Time]]: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1116|title=Iffhs All Time South America Men's Dream Team|work=IFFHS |date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances]]
* [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps]]
* [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]
* [[List of athletes who came out of retirement#Football|List of athletes who came out of retirement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.robertocarlos.com.br/ Fansite website] {{in lang|pt}}
* {{FIFA player}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120318083643/http://www.fc-anji.ru/users/12/?lng=en Profile] on Anzhi Makhachkala's official website

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards
| bg = gold
| list1 =
{{1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}
{{2002 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}
{{1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament}}
{{2002 UEFA Team of the Year}}
{{2003 UEFA Team of the Year}}
{{1993 Bola de Prata}}
{{1994 Bola de Prata}}
{{2010 Bola de Prata}}
{{2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}}
{{Trofeo EFE}}
{{UEFA Club Football Awards}}
{{Golden Foot winners}}
{{FIFA World Cup Dream Team}}
{{Sports Illustrated Soccer 2000s All-Decade Team}}
{{Ballon d'Or Dream Team}}
{{IFFHS All-time Men's World Dream Team}}
{{IFFHS All-time Men's South American Dream Team}}
{{FIFA 100}}
{{Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Brazil squads
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{{Brazil squad 1993 Copa América}}
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{{Brazil men's football squad 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{{Brazil squad 1997 Copa América}}
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{{Brazil squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Managerial positions
| list1 =
{{Sivasspor managers}}
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[[Category:1973 births]]
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Surjya Kanta Mishra

2026-03-20T00:41:57Z

JaniePan0653361: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Surjya Kanta Mishra
| native_name =
| image = File:Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra at a meeting to assess implementation of safe drinking water, rural sanitation and NREGA schemes, in Kolkata on June 01, 2007.jpg
| caption = Mishra in 2007
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|4|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Polit Bureau]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = April 2012
| term_end1 = April 2025
| office4 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal]]
| constituency4 =
| term_start4 = 1 June 2011
| term_end4 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
| successor4 = [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]]
| deputy4 = [[Subhas Naskar]]
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
| constituency5 = [[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
| term_start5 = 19 June 1991
| term_end5 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor5 = Bibhuti Bhusan De
| successor5 = Pradyot Kumar Ghosh
| office3 = [[Government of West Bengal|Cabinet Minister, Government of West Bengal]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry
| 2namedata3 = Health & Family Welfare, Biotechnology, Panchayat Affairs & Rural Development
| term_start3 = 16 May 1991
| term_end3 = 13 May 2011
| predecessor3 = [[Prasanta Sur|Prasanta Chandra Sur]]
| successor3 = [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Jyoti Basu]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Usha Misra
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| residence = [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[SCB Medical College]] ([[MBBS]]) [[Midnapore College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Social worker]], [[Physician|Doctor]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| office2 = State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
| predecessor2 = [[Biman Bose]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| successor2 = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Md. Salim]]
| termend2 = 2022
}}
'''Surjya Kanta Mishra''' (born 18 April 1949) is an Indian politician, belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He served as Minister of Health and Minister in-charge of Land & Land Reforms, Panchayats & Rural Development in the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] governments of [[West Bengal]]<ref name="h"/><ref>Chaturvedi, Pradeep. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u5koy_hk8lsC&pg=PA289 Food Security and Panchayati Raj]''. New Delhi: Published for Indian Association for the Advancement of Science and Food & Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations by Concept Pub. Co, 1997. p. 289</ref> and was the Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal State Committee between 2015 and 2022.

After the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|2011 assembly election]] he was elected as [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in May 2011.<ref name="h">{{cite news |title=Surjya Kanta Mishra: A profile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/profile-of-surjya-kanta-mishra/article8429516.ece |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was inducted into the [[politburo]] of the CPI(M) following the death of veteran leader [[M.K. Pandhe]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Anindya |title=Rising sun in CPM's cloudy sky |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rising-sun-in-cpm-s-cloudy-sky/cid/467910 |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>tripurainfo.com. ''[http://www.tripurainfo.com/Info/ArchiveDet.aspx?WhatId=11344 Surja Kanta predicts 7th Left Front government]''</ref> In 2015, he was elected as the state secretary of CPI(M) in West Bengal, succeeding [[Biman Bose]].

==Early life==
Mishra was born in Khakurda in Narayangarh. He is a qualified doctor. He received his [[MBBS]] degree from [[Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital]], [[Cuttack]] in 1971 and then a Diploma in Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surjyakanta Mishra(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- NARAYANGARH(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=120 |website=myneta.info |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

He also studied in Medinipur College and University of Calcutta.

== Early political life==
Mishra's emergence in the political arena happened in the early 1970s, when he joined [[Students' Federation of India]]. Senior party leader [[Biman Bose]] heard the then SFI leader deliver a speech in Midnapore. Bose nudged Mishra to join politics full-time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Datta |first=Romita |date=9 May 2016 |title=Daktar babu takes on Didi: Can Surjya Kanta Mishra give CPM a booster shot? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20160509-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2016-mamata-banerjee-tmc-marxists-surjya-kanta-mishra-828818-2016-04-27 |magazine=India Today |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>

He was also involved in the peasants movement in the district and was associated with [[All India Kisan Sabha]].

Surjya Kanta Mishra became a member of CPI(M) in 1973. He unsuccessfully contested the 1977 assembly election from [[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]].

The following year he contested a district council seat from Narayangarh. He was elected as the Chairperson of the Medinipur Zila Parishad in 1978 and served until 1991.

==Political career==
In 1991, he was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and was inducted into the state cabinet as a cabinet minister. He continued to represent [[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]] till 2016.

Within his capacity as a cabinet minister he served in the Land & Land Reforms, Panchayats & Rural Development departments. He has also served as Minister-In-Charge of Health and Family Welfare, Biotechnology. He remained in the state cabinet till 2011.

He became a state committee member in 1988 and a state secretariat member in 1995. He was elected to the Central committee of the party in 2002. He was elevated to the Politburo of the party in 2012.

Mishra, regarded as a hardliner, was part of the team that voted against Jyoti Basu becoming prime minister of a Left supported Congress-led government in 1996. Again, he was the one who, other hardliners, thought withdrawing support to UPA-I in 2008 over the US nuke deal was right.

After the defeat of the CPI(M) in the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|2011 assembly election]] he was elected as [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in May 2011 and continued till 2016. He lost to [[Trinamool Congress|TMC's]] Prodyut Kumar Ghosh with a margin over 13,500 votes in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]] as a candidate in [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]].

In 2015, he succeeded [[Biman Bose]] as the secretary of the West Bengal state committee. He is also a member of the all India working committee of [[All India Kisan Sabha (Ashoka Road)|All India Kisan Sabha]]. He was re-elected as secretary of the West Bengal state committee in 2018.

In 2022, he stepped down from his position as secretary of the West Bengal state committee and was succeeded by [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]. He also left the membership of the state committee owing to the age-limit. He continued to be a member of the central committee and politburo of CPI(M).

However, he continues to be active in the political space in the state.

== Electoral history ==
Mishra was elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] for five consecutive terms.

{| class="wikitable"
!Election
Year
!Office
Held
!Constituency
!Party affiliation
! Result
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|-
|}

== Personal life==
Mishra is married to Usha Misra. The couple has two daughters.

Even after shifting base to Kolkata and becoming a heavy weight minister in the state cabinet, Mishra stuck to his roots.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Communism}}
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Prasanta Sur]] |
| title = Minister of Health, Biotechnology, Panchayat Affairs & Rural Development in the [[West Bengal Government]]
| years = 1996 – 2011
| after = [[Mamata Banerjee]] [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]] |
| title = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| years = 2011 – 2016
| after = [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]]
}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= WB
| constituency= Narayangarh
| before= [[Bibhuti Bhusan De]]
| after= [[Pradyot Kumar Ghosh]]
| years= [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] – [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]}}
{{S-ppo-cpim}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Biman Bose]] |
| title = West Bengal State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| years = 2015 –
| after = Incumbent }}
{{succession box
| before = - |
| title = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Polit Bureau]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| years = 2011 –
| after = Incumbent }}
{{s-end}}

{{commons category}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Surjya Kanta}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Mazhavil Entertainment Awards

2026-03-16T21:48:06Z

JaniePan0653361: New Initial Stub Basic Info

{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| awarded_for = Excellence in film achievement for [[Malayalam cinema]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| year = 2021
}}
The '''Mazhavil Entertainment Awards''' is an award ceremony for films presented by [[Mazhavil Manorama]], a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language television network from the state of [[Kerala]].

The most recent was award show is being held on 7 and 8 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Award 2024 to be telecast today, tomorrow at 7pm |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/07/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2024-telecast-event-amma-producers-association.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മഴവിൽ എന്റർടെയ്ൻമെന്റ് അവാർഡ് 2024: ടിക്കറ്റുകൾ സ്വന്തമാക്കാൻ അവസരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/08/18/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2024-tickets.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==Awards categories==
* Entertainment Actor of the Year
* Best Choreographer
* Stunt
* Special Awards
* Entertainer of the Year

==Awards for actor and actress==
===Entertainment Actor of the Year {{ndash}} Male===

The Mazhavil Manorama Film Award for '''Best Entertainment actor of the year ''' has been awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Film(s)
|-
|2019-2020||[[Biju Menon]]||[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]
|-
|2020-21||[[Jayasurya]]||[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|2022||[[Dulquer Salmaan]]||[[Kurup]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tovino Thomas]]||[[Minnal Murali]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|2023||Various films
|-
|[[Kunchacko Boban]]||[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]
|-
|2024||[[Mammootty]]||[[Bramayugam]], [[Kaathal – The Core]]
|-
|2025||[[Mohanlal]]||[[Thudarum]]
|-
|}

===Entertainment Actor of the Year {{ndash}} Female===

The Mazhavil Manorama Film Award for '''Best Entertainment actor-Female of the year ''' has been awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Film(s)
|-
|2019-2020||[[Manju Warrier]]||[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]
|-
|2020-21||[[Anaswara Rajan]]||[[Vaanku (film)|Vaanku]]
|-
|2022||[[Navya Nair]] ||[[Oruthee]]
|-
|2023||[[Darshana Rajendran]]||[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]
|-
|2024
|[[Anaswara Rajan]]
|[[Neru (film)|Neru]]
|-
|2025
|[[Lijomol Jose]]
|[[Ponman]], [[Samshayam]]
|-
|}

==Technical Awards==
===Best Choreographer===
The Mazhavil Manorama Film Award for '''Best Choreographer''' has been awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Film(s)
|-

|2024
|Sandy
|''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]]''
|-
|}

===Stunt===
The Mazhavil Manorama Film Award for '''Stunt''' has been awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Film(s)
|-

|2024
|Phoenix Prabhu
|[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]
|}

==Special Awards==
The Mazhavil Manorama Film Award for '''Special Awards''' has been awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Achievement
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|Master of Entertainment Actor
|-
|[[Sheela]]
|Best Evergreen Actor
|-
|rowspan="1"|2025
|[[Jayaram]]
|Master or Entertainer Actor
|-
|}

==Other Awards==
===Best Entertainer of the Year===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
!style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
!style="background:#FAEB86" | Award
!style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
!style="background:#FAEB86" | Film(s)
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|Debut
|Jithin Laal
|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
|-
|Upcoming Project
| Dinjith Ayyathan
|''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]''
|-
|Upcoming Actor
|[[Siju Sunny]]
|''Various films''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Asianet Film Awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Kerala awards]]

Jagadish Joshila

2026-03-14T18:05:21Z

JaniePan0653361: put up new post

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagadish Joshila
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Khargone]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[novelist]]
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title= Padma Awards 2025: Government announces first list of Padma Shri awardees; see full list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-government-announces-first-list-of-padma-shri-awardees-see-full-list/articleshow/117556477.cms|access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
}}

'''Jagadish Joshila''' is an Indian [[writer]] and [[novelist]] known for his contributions to [[Nimari language|Nimadi literature]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Para-archer, folk singer, 96-yr-old puppeteer: Unsung heroes shine in Padma list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/para-archer-folk-singer-96-yr-old-puppeteer-unsung-heroes-shine-in-padma-list/articleshow/117566919.cms|access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 for his work in preserving and promoting the cultural and literary heritage of the [[Nimar]] region in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jagadish Joshila hails from the [[Khargone]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=खरगोन के जगदीश जोशीला को पद्मश्री मिलेगा:निमाड़ी साहित्य में योगदान देने पर होंगे सम्मानित, 56 किताबें लिखी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/khargone/barwaha/news/khargones-jagdish-joshila-will-get-padma-shri-134357532.html|access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> He developed a passion for [[literature]] from a young age, which later became the foundation of his literary career.<ref name="Bhaskar1">{{cite news |title= In conversation with the Padma Shri novelist, doctor, and folk singer |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/khargone/barwaha/news/in-conversation-with-the-padma-shri-novelist-doctor-and-folk-singer-134376410.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Literary contributions ==
Joshila has authored numerous works in [[Nimari language|Nimari]], a regional language spoken in parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. His writings focus on folklore, cultural narratives, and traditional themes that depict the lifestyle and history of the [[Nimar]] region.<ref name="NBT">{{cite news |title= The only Nimari novelist in the country: Who is Jagdish Joshila? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/niwari/padma-awards-2025-the-only-nimari-novelist-in-the-country-who-is-jagdish-joshila-awarded-padma-shri/articleshow/117559834.cms |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Navbharat Times}}</ref> His ability to blend literature with folk traditions has earned him recognition.<ref name="LiveHindustan">{{cite news |title= Jagdish Joshila got Padma Shri for his contribution to Nimari literature |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/madhya-pradesh/jagdish-joshila-got-padma-shri-for-his-contribution-to-nimari-literature-told-how-he-got-this-special-name-201737828536938.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Live Hindustan}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2025, the [[Government of India]] honored him with the [[Padma Shri]], one of the country’s highest [[civilian]] awards, the fourth highest, for his exceptional work in [[literature]] and [[folk music]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title= Who is Jagdish Joshila of MP, who will receive the Padma Shri award? |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/videos/khargone-news-who-is-jagdish-joshila-of-mp-who-will-receive-the-padma-shri-award-894013 |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar3">{{cite news |title= Struggles of grassroots heroes felicitated with Padma Shri |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/struggles-of-grassroots-heroes-felicitated-with-padma-shri-134377287.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar English}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar4">{{cite news |title= Padma Shri conferred to five personalities from MP |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/padma-shri-conferred-to-five-personalities-from-mp-134357506.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshila, Jagadish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:People from Khargone district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Carbon dioxide

2026-03-13T04:39:57Z

JaniePan0653361: updated page

{{Redirect2|CO2|CO₂}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477004235
| ImageFile1 = Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg
| ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSize1 = 180
| ImageName1 = Structural formula of carbon dioxide with bond length
| ImageClass1 = skin-invert-image
| ImageFileL1 = Carbon dioxide 3D ball.png
| ImageClassL1 = bg-transparent
| ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of carbon dioxide
| ImageFileR1 = Carbon dioxide 3D spacefill.png
| ImageClassR1 = bg-transparent
| ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageNameR1 = Space-filling model of carbon dioxide
| IUPACName = Carbon dioxide
| OtherNames = {{ubl|Carbonic acid gas|Carbonic anhydride|Carbonic dioxide|Carbonic oxide|Carbon(IV) oxide|Methanedione|R-744 ([[List of refrigerants|refrigerant]])|R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)|[[Dry ice]] (solid phase)}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 124-38-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 280
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1231871
| ChemSpiderID = 274
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| UNII = 142M471B3J
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| EINECS = 204-696-9
| UNNumber = 1013 (gas), 1845 (solid)
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00004
| MeSHName = Carbon+dioxide
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 16526
| RTECS = FF6400000
| Beilstein = 1900390
| Gmelin = 989
| 3DMet = B01131
| SMILES = O=C=O
| SMILES1 = C(=O)=O
| StdInChI = 1S/CO2/c2-1-3
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| InChI = 1/CO2/c2-1-3
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| InChIKey = CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAO}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=1 | O=2
| Appearance = Colorless gas
| Odor = {{ubl|Low concentrations: none|High concentrations: sharp; acidic<ref name=AirProductsMSDS/>}}
| Density = {{plainlist|
* 1562{{nbsp}}kg/m3 (solid at {{cvt|1|atm}} and {{cvt|-78.5|°C}})
* 1101{{nbsp}}kg/m3 (liquid at saturation {{cvt|-37|°C}})
* 1.977{{nbsp}}kg/m3 (gas at {{cvt|1|atm}} and {{cvt|0|°C}})
}}
| Solubility = 1.45{{nbsp}}g/L at {{cvt|25|C}}, {{cvt|100|kPa|atm}}
| SublimationConditions = 194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa)
| pKa = [[Carbonic acid]]: p''K''a1 = 3.6 p''K''a1(apparent) = 6.35 p''K''a2 = 10.33
| RefractIndex = 1.00045
| Viscosity = {{plainlist|
* 14.90 μPa·s at {{cvt|25|°C|K}}<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Schäfer M, Richter M, Span R |title=Measurements of the viscosity of carbon dioxide at temperatures from (253.15 to 473.15) K with pressures up to 1.2 MPa|journal=The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics|volume=89|year=2015|pages=7–15|doi=10.1016/j.jct.2015.04.015|bibcode=2015JChTh..89....7S | issn = 0021-9614}}</ref>
* 70{{nbsp}}μPa·s at {{cvt|-78.5|°C|K}}
}}
| VaporPressure = 5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K))
| Dipole = 0{{nbsp}}D
| MagSus = −20.5·10−6{{nbsp}}cm3/mol
| ThermalConductivity = 0.01662{{nbsp}}W·m−1·K−1 ({{cvt|300|K}})<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Touloukian YS, Liley PE, Saxena SC |title=Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series|volume=3|journal=Thermal Conductivity - Nonmetallic Liquids and Gases|publisher=Data book|year=1970}}</ref>
| CriticalTP=304.128(15) K<ref name = "Span_1999">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Span R, Wagner W |date=1996-11-01 |title=A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data|volume=25|issue=6|page=1519|doi=10.1063/1.555991|bibcode=1996JPCRD..25.1509S}}</ref> (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (72.808(30) atm)
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = Trigonal
| MolShape = [[Linear (chemistry)|Linear]]
| PointGroup = D∞h
}}
|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −393.5{{nbsp}}kJ·mol−1
| HeatCapacity = 37.135{{nbsp}}J/(K·mol)
| Entropy = 214{{nbsp}}J·mol−1·K−1
}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
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| ATCCode_suffix = AN02
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/aldrich/295108 Sigma-Aldrich]
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-S = SA
| NFPA_ref = <ref name="AG-20180212">{{cite web |title=Safety Data Sheet – Carbon Dioxide Gas – version 0.03 11/11 |url=https://www.airgas.com/msds/001013.pdf |date=12 February 2018 |work=AirGas.com |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231941/https://www.airgas.com/msds/001013.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.praxair.com/-/media/documents/sds/carbon-dioxide/liquiflow-liquid-carbon-dioxide-medipure-gas-co2-safety-data-sheet-sds-p4573.pdf?la=en#page=9 |title= Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid |work= [[Praxair]] |page= 9 |access-date= 26 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111736/http://www.praxair.com/-/media/documents/sds/carbon-dioxide/liquiflow-liquid-carbon-dioxide-medipure-gas-co2-safety-data-sheet-sds-p4573.pdf?la=en#page=9 |archive-date= 29 July 2018 |url-status= dead}}</ref>
| PEL = TWA 5000{{nbsp}}ppm (9000{{nbsp}}mg/m3)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0103}}</ref>
| IDLH = 40,000{{nbsp}}ppm (72,000{{nbsp}}mg/m3)<ref name=PGCH/>
| REL = TWA 5000{{nbsp}}ppm (9000{{nbsp}}mg/m3), ST 30,000{{nbsp}}ppm (54,000{{nbsp}}mg/m3)<ref name=PGCH/>
| LCLo = 90,000{{nbsp}}ppm (162,000{{nbsp}}mg/m3) (human, 5{{nbsp}}min)<ref>{{IDLH|124389|Carbon dioxide}}</ref>
}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = {{ubl|[[Carbon disulfide]]|[[Carbon diselenide]]|[[Carbon ditelluride]]}}
| OtherCations = {{ubl|[[Silicon dioxide]]|[[Germanium dioxide]]|[[Tin dioxide]]|[[Lead dioxide]]|[[Titanium dioxide]]|[[Zirconium dioxide]]|[[Hafnium dioxide]]|[[Cerium dioxide]]|[[Thorium dioxide]]}}
| OtherFunction_label = [[carbon]] [[oxide]]s
| OtherFunction = See [[Oxocarbon]]
| OtherCompounds = {{ubl|[[Carbonic acid]]|[[Carbonyl sulfide]]|[[Carbonyl selenide]]}}
}}
}}
'''Carbon dioxide''' is a [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] '''{{CO2}}'''. It is made up of [[molecule]]s that each have one [[carbon]] atom [[covalent bond|covalently]] [[double bond]]ed to two [[oxygen]] atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the [[carbon cycle]], atmospheric {{CO2}} is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs [[infrared|infrared radiation]], acting as a [[greenhouse gas]]. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in [[groundwater]], [[lake]]s, [[ice cap]]s, and [[seawater]].

It is a [[trace gas]] [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|in Earth's atmosphere]] at 428 [[parts per million]] (ppm),{{efn|where "part" here means per [[molecule]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=CO2 Gas Concentration Defined |url=https://www.co2meter.com/blogs/news/15164297-co2-gas-concentration-defined |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=CO2 Meter |language=en}}</ref>}} or about 0.043% (as of July 2025) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%.<ref name="Cambridge2013">{{cite book | vauthors = Eggleton T |title=A Short Introduction to Climate Change|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=52 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeSwRly2M_cC&q=280&pg=PA52 | isbn=978-1-107-61876-3 | access-date=9 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name=noaa>{{Cite web |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.noaa.gov|date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Burning [[fossil fuel]]s is the main cause of these increased {{CO2}} concentrations, which are the primary cause of [[climate change]].<ref name="AR6 WGIII Ch 13">IPCC (2022) [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SPM.pdf Summary for policy makers] in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US</ref>

Its [[concentration]] in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the [[Precambrian]] was regulated by organisms and geological features. [[Plant]]s, [[algae]] and [[cyanobacteria]] use [[energy]] from [[sunlight]] to synthesize [[carbohydrate]]s from carbon dioxide and water in a process called [[photosynthesis]], which produces oxygen as a waste product.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Kaufman DG, Franz CM |title=Biosphere 2000: protecting our global environment |year=1996 |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. |isbn=978-0-7872-0460-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/biosphere2000pro0000kauf}}</ref> In turn, oxygen is consumed and {{CO2}} is released as waste by all [[aerobic organism]]s when they metabolize [[organic compound]]s to produce energy by [[Cellular respiration|respiration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacyproject.org/activities/foodfactories.html |title=Food Factories |website=www.legacyproject.org |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812043852/http://www.legacyproject.org/activities/foodfactories.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{CO2}} is released from organic materials when they [[decomposition|decay]] or combust, such as in forest fires. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms [[carbonate]] and mainly [[bicarbonate]] ({{Chem2|HCO3-}}), which causes [[ocean acidification]] as [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric {{CO2}}]] levels increase.<ref name="NRC2010">{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12904/ocean-acidification-a-national-strategy-to-meet-the-challenges-of |title=Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean |date=22 April 2010 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-15359-1 |location=Washington, DC |pages=23–24 |doi=10.17226/12904 |bibcode=2010nap..book12904N |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205175823/http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12904/ocean-acidification-a-national-strategy-to-meet-the-challenges-of |archive-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Carbon dioxide is 53% denser than dry air, but is long-lived and thoroughly mixes in the atmosphere. About half of excess {{CO2}} emissions to the atmosphere are absorbed by [[carbon fixation|land]] and ocean [[carbon sink]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter= Summary for Policymakers |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |author= IPCC |author-link= IPCC |year= 2021 |title= Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |pages=20}}</ref> These sinks can become saturated and are volatile, as decay and [[wildfire]]s result in the {{CO2}} being released back into the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myles |first=Allen |date=September 2020 |title=The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting |url=https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/publications/reports/Oxford-Offsetting-Principles-2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002083510/https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/publications/reports/Oxford-Offsetting-Principles-2020.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> {{CO2}}, or the carbon it holds, is eventually [[Carbon sequestration|sequestered]] (stored for the long term) in rocks and organic deposits like [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]].

Nearly all {{CO2}} produced by humans goes into the atmosphere. Less than 1% of {{CO2}} produced annually is put to commercial use, mostly in the fertilizer industry and in the oil and gas industry for [[enhanced oil recovery]]. Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses.<ref name="IEA-2019-3">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=Putting CO2 to Use – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Rp|page=3}}{{TOC limit|3}}

== Chemical and physical properties ==
=== Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations ===
{{See also|Molecular orbital diagram#Carbon dioxide}}
The [[Molecular symmetry|symmetry]] of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and [[centrosymmetric]] at its equilibrium geometry. The [[bond length|length]] of the [[carbon–oxygen bond]] in carbon dioxide is 116.3 [[picometer|pm]], noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded [[functional group]]s such as [[carbonyls]].<ref name=Green/> Since it is centrosymmetric, the molecule has no [[electric dipole moment]].

[[File:Co2 vibrations.svg|thumb|left|[[Infrared spectroscopy#Number of vibrational modes|Stretching and bending oscillations]] of the {{CO2}} molecule. Upper left: symmetric stretching. Upper right: antisymmetric stretching. Lower line: degenerate pair of bending modes.]]

As a linear triatomic molecule, {{CO2}} has four [[Molecular vibration|vibrational modes]] as shown in the diagram. In the symmetric and the antisymmetric stretching modes, the atoms move along the axis of the molecule. There are two bending modes, which are [[Degenerate energy levels|degenerate]], meaning that they have the same frequency and same energy, because of the symmetry of the molecule. When a molecule touches a surface or touches another molecule, the two bending modes can differ in frequency because the interaction is different for the two modes. Some of the vibrational modes are observed in the [[Infrared spectroscopy|infrared (IR) spectrum]]: the antisymmetric stretching mode at [[wavenumber]] 2349 cm−1 (wavelength 4.25 μm) and the degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm−1 (wavelength 15.0 μm). The symmetric stretching mode does not create an electric dipole so is not observed in IR spectroscopy, but it is detected in [[Raman spectroscopy]] at 1388 cm−1 (wavelength 7.20 μm), with a [[Fermi resonance]] doublet at 1285 cm−1.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Atkins P, de Paula J | title = Physical Chemistry | edition = 8th | publisher = W.H. Freeman | date = 2006 | pages = 461, 464 | isbn = 978-0-7167-8759-4}}</ref>

In the gas phase, carbon dioxide molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a [[Coulomb explosion imaging]] experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced. Such an experiment<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siegmann B, Werner U, Lutz HO, Mann R | title = Complete Coulomb fragmentation of {{CO2}} in collisions with 5.9 MeV u−1 Xe18+ and Xe43+ | journal = J Phys B | volume = 35 | issue = 17 | page = 3755 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/35/17/311 | bibcode = 2002JPhB...35.3755S | s2cid = 250782825}}</ref> has been performed for carbon dioxide. The result of this experiment, and the conclusion of theoretical calculations<ref name=Jensen2020>{{cite journal |vauthors = Jensen P, Spanner M, Bunker PR |title = The {{CO2}} molecule is never linear− |journal = J Mol Struct |volume = 1212 |article-number = 128087 |year = 2020 |doi = 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128087 |bibcode = 2020JMoSt121228087J |hdl = 2142/107329 |hdl-access = free }}</ref> based on an [[Ab initio quantum chemistry methods|ab initio]] [[potential energy surface]] of the molecule, is that none of the molecules in the gas phase are ever exactly linear. This counter-intuitive result is trivially due to the fact that the nuclear motion [[volume element]] vanishes for linear geometries.<ref name=Jensen2020/> This is so for all molecules except [[diatomic molecule]]s.

=== In aqueous solution ===
{{See also|Carbonic acid}}
Carbon dioxide is [[soluble]] in water, in which it reversibly forms {{chem2|H2CO3}} (carbonic acid), which is a [[Acid strength|weak acid]], because its ionization in water is incomplete.
:{{chem2|CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3}}

The [[Henry's law|hydration equilibrium constant]] of carbonic acid is, at 25 °C:
:<math chem>K_\mathrm{h} = \frac{\ce{[H2CO3]}}{\ce{[CO2_{(aq)}]}} = 1.70 \times 10^{-3}</math>
Hence, the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into carbonic acid, but remains as {{CO2}} molecules, not affecting the pH.

The relative concentrations of {{CO2}}, {{chem2|H2CO3}}, and the [[deprotonation|deprotonated]] forms {{chem2|HCO3-}} ([[bicarbonate]]) and {{chem2|CO3(2-)}}([[carbonate]]) depend on the [[pH]]. As shown in a [[Bjerrum plot]], in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate. The oceans, being mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5, contain about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter.

Being [[diprotic acid|diprotic]], carbonic acid has two [[acid dissociation constant]]s, the first one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also called hydrogen carbonate) ion ({{chem2|HCO3-}}):

:{{chem2|H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+}}
:''K''a1 = 2.5 × 10−4 mol/L; p''K''a1 = 3.6 at 25 °C.<ref name=Green>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=305–314|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
This is the ''true'' first acid dissociation constant, defined as
:<math chem>K_\mathrm{a1} = \frac{\ce{[HCO3- ][H+]}}{\ce{[H2CO3]}}</math>
where the denominator includes only covalently bound {{chem2|H2CO3}} and does not include hydrated {{CO2}}(aq). The much smaller and often-quoted value near 4.16 × 10−7 (or pKa1 = 6.38) is an ''apparent'' value calculated on the (incorrect) assumption that all dissolved {{CO2}} is present as carbonic acid, so that
:<math chem>K_\mathrm{a1}{\rm{(apparent)}}=\frac{\ce{[HCO3- ][H+]}}{\ce{[H2CO3] + [CO2_{(aq)}]}}</math>
Since most of the dissolved {{CO2}} remains as {{CO2}} molecules, ''K''a1(apparent) has a much larger denominator and a much smaller value than the true ''K''a1.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jolly WL | title = Modern Inorganic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 1984 | pages = 196 | isbn = 978-0-07-032760-3}}</ref>

The bicarbonate ion is an [[amphoteric]] species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the [[carbonate]] ion ({{chem2|CO3(2-)}}):
:{{chem2|HCO3- <-> CO3(2-) + H+}}
:''K''a2 = 4.69 × 10−11 mol/L; p''K''a2 = 10.329

In organisms, carbonic acid production is catalysed by the [[enzyme]] known as [[carbonic anhydrase]].

In addition to altering its acidity, the presence of carbon dioxide in water also affects its electrical properties. [[File:Millipore co2.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|400px|Electrical conductivity of carbondioxide saturated desalinated water when heated from 20 to 98 °C. The shadowed regions indicate the error bars associated with the measurements. A comparison with the temperature dependence of vented desalinated water can be found [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_conduction_of_vented_and_CO2_saturated_desalinated_water_as_function_of_temperature.svg here] .]] When carbon dioxide dissolves in desalinated water, the electrical conductivity increases significantly from below 1 μS/cm to nearly 30 μS/cm. When heated, the water begins to gradually lose the conductivity induced by the presence of <math> \mathrm{CO_{2}} </math> , especially noticeable as temperatures exceed 30 °C.

The [[Conductivity (electrolytic)#Conductivity of purified water in electrochemical experiments|temperature dependence]] of the electrical conductivity of fully deionized water without {{CO2}} saturation is comparably low in relation to these data.

=== Chemical reactions ===
{{CO2}} is a potent [[electrophile]] having an electrophilic reactivity that is comparable to [[benzaldehyde]] or strongly electrophilic [[α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound]]s. However, unlike electrophiles of similar reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with {{CO2}} are thermodynamically less favored and are often found to be highly reversible.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Z, Mayer RJ, Ofial AR, Mayr H | title = From Carbodiimides to Carbon Dioxide: Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Heteroallenes | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 142 | issue = 18 | pages = 8383–8402 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32338511 | doi = 10.1021/jacs.0c01960 | bibcode = 2020JAChS.142.8383L | s2cid = 216557447}}</ref> The reversible reaction of carbon dioxide with [[amine]]s to make [[carbamate]]s is used in {{CO2}} scrubbers and has been suggested as a possible starting point for carbon capture and storage by [[amine gas treating]].
Only very strong nucleophiles, like the [[carbanion]]s provided by [[Grignard reagent]]s and [[organolithium compound]]s react with {{CO2}} to give [[carboxylate]]s:
:{{chem2|MR + CO2 -> RCO2M}}
:where M = [[Lithium|Li]] or [[Magnesium|Mg]][[Bromine|Br]] and R = [[alkyl]] or [[aryl]].

In [[metal carbon dioxide complex]]es, {{CO2}} serves as a [[ligand]], which can facilitate the conversion of {{CO2}} to other chemicals.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Aresta M | date = 2010 | title = Carbon Dioxide as a Chemical Feedstock | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | isbn = 978-3-527-32475-0}}</ref>

The reduction of {{CO2}} to [[Carbon monoxide|CO]] is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction:
:{{chem2|CO2 + 2 e- + 2 H+ -> CO + H2O}}
The [[redox potential]] for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V ''versus'' the [[standard hydrogen electrode]]. The nickel-containing enzyme [[carbon monoxide dehydrogenase]] catalyses this process.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finn C, Schnittger S, Yellowlees LJ, Love JB | title = Molecular approaches to the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide | journal = Chemical Communications | volume = 48 | issue = 10 | pages = 1392–1399 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22116300 | doi = 10.1039/c1cc15393e | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10852481/Molecular_approaches_to_the_electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide.pdf | access-date = 6 December 2019 | url-status = live | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 19 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419185431/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10852481/Molecular_approaches_to_the_electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide.pdf | hdl = 20.500.11820/b530915d-451c-493c-8251-da2ea2f50912 | s2cid = 14356014}}</ref>

[[Photoautotrophs]] (i.e. [[plant]]s and [[cyanobacteria]]) use the energy contained in sunlight to [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] simple [[sugar]]s from {{CO2}} absorbed from the air and water:
:{{chem2|''n'' CO2 + ''n'' H2O -> (CH2O)_{''n''} + ''n'' O2}}

=== Physical properties ===
{{further|Carbon dioxide data}}
[[File:Dry Ice Pellets Subliming.jpg|right|thumb|Pellets of "dry ice", a common form of solid carbon dioxide]]
Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations, the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.<ref name=AirProductsMSDS>{{cite web |title=Carbon Dioxide |website=Air Products |url=http://www.airproducts.com/~/media/Files/PDF/company/product-summary-carbon-dioxide.pdf?la=en |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729131131/http://www.airproducts.com/~/media/Files/PDF/company/product-summary-carbon-dioxide.pdf?la=en |url-status=dead}}</ref> At [[standard temperature and pressure]], the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.53 times that of [[Earth's atmosphere|air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html |title=Gases – Densities |publisher=Engineering Toolbox |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302054722/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below 0.51795(10) [[MPa]]<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (5.11177(99) [[Standard atmosphere (unit)|atm]]). At a pressure of 1 atm (0.101325 MPa), the gas [[deposition (physics)|deposits]] directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6855(30) K<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (−78.4645(30) °C) and the solid [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimes]] directly to a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called [[dry ice]].

[[File:Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Pressure–temperature [[phase diagram]] of carbon dioxide. Note that it is a log-lin chart.]]

[[Liquid carbon dioxide]] forms only at [[pressure]]s above 0.51795(10) MPa<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (5.11177(99) atm); the [[triple point]] of carbon dioxide is 216.592(3) K<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (−56.558(3) °C) at 0.51795(10) MPa<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (5.11177(99) atm) (see phase diagram). The [[Critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] is 304.128(15) K<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (30.978(15) °C) at 7.3773(30) MPa<ref name = "Span_1999" /> (72.808(30) atm). Another form of solid carbon dioxide observed at high pressure is an [[amorphous]] glass-like solid.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Santoro M, Gorelli FA, Bini R, Ruocco G, Scandolo S, Crichton WA | title = Amorphous silica-like carbon dioxide | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7095 | pages = 857–860 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16778885 | doi = 10.1038/nature04879 | s2cid = 4363092 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..857S}}</ref> This form of glass, called ''[[amorphous carbonia|carbonia]]'', is produced by [[supercooling]] heated {{CO2}} at extreme pressures (40–48 [[GPa]], or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a [[diamond anvil]]. This discovery confirmed the theory that carbon dioxide could exist in a glass state similar to other members of its elemental family, like [[silicon dioxide]] (silica glass) and [[germanium dioxide]]. Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass is not stable at normal pressures and reverts to gas when pressure is released.

At temperatures and pressures above the critical point, carbon dioxide behaves as a [[supercritical fluid]] known as [[supercritical carbon dioxide]].

{{clear}}

Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid carbon dioxide:<ref name=Holman>{{Cite book |last=Holman |first=Jack P. |title=Heat Transfer |publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. |year=2002 | isbn=978-0-07-240655-9 |edition=9th |location=New York, NY |pages=600–606 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=Incropera>{{Cite book |last1=Incropera |last2=Dewitt |last3=Bergman |last4=Lavigne |first1=Frank P. |first2=David P. |first3=Theodore L. |first4=Adrienne S. |title=Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-471-45728-2 |edition=6th |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=941–950 |language=English}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"
![[Temperature]] (°C)
![[Density]] (kg/m3)
![[Specific heat]] (kJ/(kg⋅K))
![[Kinematic viscosity]] (m2/s)
![[Thermal conductivity]] (W/(m⋅K))
![[Thermal diffusivity]] (m2/s)
![[Prandtl Number]]
|-
|−50
|1156.34
|1.84
|1.19 × 10−7
|0.0855
|4.02 × 10−8
|2.96
|-
|-
|−40
|1117.77
|1.88
|1.18 × 10−7
|0.1011
|4.81 × 10−8
|2.46
|-
|-
|−30
|1076.76
|1.97
|1.17 × 10−7
|0.1116
|5.27 × 10−8
|2.22
|-
|-
|−20
|1032.39
|2.05
|1.15 × 10−7
|0.1151
|5.45 × 10−8
|2.12
|-
|-
|−10
|983.38
|2.18
|1.13 × 10−7
|0.1099
|5.13 × 10−8
|2.2
|-
|-
|0
|926.99
|2.47
|1.08 × 10−7
|0.1045
|4.58 × 10−8
|2.38
|-
|-
|10
|860.03
|3.14
|1.01 × 10−7
|0.0971
|3.61 × 10−8
|2.8
|-
|-
|20
|772.57
|5
|9.10 × 10−8
|0.0872
|2.22 × 10−8
|4.1
|-
|30
|597.81
|36.4
|8.00 × 10−8
|0.0703
|0.279 × 10−8
|28.7
|-
|}
Table of thermal and physical properties of carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) at atmospheric pressure:<ref name=Holman/><ref name=Incropera/>
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"
!Temperature (K)
!Density (kg/m3)
!Specific heat (kJ/(kg⋅°C))
![[Dynamic viscosity]] (kg/(m⋅s))
!Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
!Thermal conductivity (W/(m⋅°C))
!Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
!Prandtl Number
|-
|220
|2.4733
|0.783
|1.11 × 10−5
|4.49 × 10−6
|0.010805
|5.92 × 10−6
|0.818
|-
|250
|2.1657
|0.804
|1.26 × 10−5
|5.81 × 10−6
|0.012884
|7.40 × 10−6
|0.793
|-
|300
|1.7973
|0.871
|1.50 × 10−5
|8.32 × 10−6
|0.016572
|1.06 × 10−5
|0.77
|-
|350
|1.5362
|0.9
|1.72 × 10−5
|1.12 × 10−5
|0.02047
|1.48 × 10−5
|0.755
|-
|400
|1.3424
|0.942
|1.93 × 10−5
|1.44 × 10−5
|0.02461
|1.95 × 10−5
|0.738
|-
|450
|1.1918
|0.98
|2.13 × 10−5
|1.79 × 10−5
|0.02897
|2.48 × 10−5
|0.721
|-
|500
|1.0732
|1.013
|2.33 × 10−5
|2.17 × 10−5
|0.03352
|3.08 × 10−5
|0.702
|-
|550
|0.9739
|1.047
|2.51 × 10−5
|2.57 × 10−5
|0.03821
|3.75 × 10−5
|0.685
|-
|600
|0.8938
|1.076
|2.68 × 10−5
|3.00 × 10−5
|0.04311
|4.48 × 10−5
|0.668
|-
|650
|0.8143
|1.1
|2.88 × 10−5
|3.54 × 10−5
|0.0445
|4.97 × 10−5
|0.712
|-
|700
|0.7564
|1.13
|3.05 × 10−5
|4.03 × 10−5
|0.0481
|5.63 × 10−5
|0.717
|-
|750
|0.7057
|1.15
|3.21 × 10−5
|4.55 × 10−5
|0.0517
|6.37 × 10−5
|0.714
|-
|800
|0.6614
|1.17
|3.37 × 10−5
|5.10 × 10−5
|0.0551
|7.12 × 10−5
|0.716
|}

== Biological role ==
Carbon dioxide is an end product of [[cellular respiration]] in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and [[amino acid]]s with oxygen as part of their [[metabolism]]. This includes all plants, algae and animals and [[aerobic respiration|aerobic]] fungi and bacteria. In [[vertebrate]]s, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., [[amphibian]]s) or the gills (e.g., [[fish]]), from where it dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where it is exhaled. During active photosynthesis, [[compensation point|plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release]] in respiration.

=== Photosynthesis and carbon fixation ===
[[File:Calvin Cycle 5.svg|left|thumb|Overview of the [[Calvin cycle]] and carbon fixation]]
[[Carbon fixation]] is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and cyanobacteria into [[fuel|energy-rich]] organic molecules such as [[glucose]], thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and [[water]] to produce sugars from which other [[organic compound]]s can be constructed, and [[oxygen]] is produced as a by-product.

[[RuBisCO|Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase]], commonly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the [[enzyme]] involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of [[3-phosphoglycerate]] from {{CO2}} and [[ribulose bisphosphate]], as shown in the diagram at left.

RuBisCO is thought to be the single most abundant protein on Earth.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhingra A, Portis AR, Daniell H |date=April 2004 |title=Enhanced translation of a chloroplast-expressed RbcS gene restores small subunit levels and photosynthesis in nuclear RbcS antisense plants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=101 |issue=16 |pages=6315–6320 |bibcode=2004PNAS..101.6315D |doi=10.1073/pnas.0400981101 |pmc=395966 |pmid=15067115 |quote=(Rubisco) is the most prevalent enzyme on this planet, accounting for 30–50% of total soluble protein in the chloroplast |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Phototroph]]s use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the [[biosynthesis]] of more complex organic molecules, such as [[polysaccharide]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, and proteins. These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the [[food chain]]s and webs that feed other organisms, including animals such as ourselves. Some important phototrophs, the [[coccolithophore]]s synthesise hard [[calcium carbonate]] scales.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Evolution of primary producers in the sea |vauthors=Falkowski P, Knoll AH |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Elsevier, Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-370518-1 |oclc=845654016}}</ref> A globally significant species of coccolithophore is ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'' whose [[calcite]] scales have formed the basis of many [[sedimentary rock]]s such as [[limestone]], where what was previously atmospheric carbon can remain fixed for geological timescales.[[File:Auto-and heterotrophs.png|thumb|Overview of photosynthesis and respiration. Carbon dioxide (at right), together with water, form oxygen and organic compounds (at left) by [[photosynthesis]] (green), which can be [[cellular respiration|respired]] (red) to water and {{CO2}}.]]

Plants can grow as much as 50% faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm {{CO2}} when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2002 |title=Carbon Dioxide In Greenhouses |url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-077.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429202513/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-077.htm |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=12 June 2007 |vauthors=Blom TJ, Straver WA, Ingratta FJ, Khosla S, Brown W}}</ref> Elevated {{CO2}} levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated {{CO2}} in FACE experiments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ainsworth EA |year=2008 |title=Rice production in a changing climate: a meta-analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration |url=http://www.plant-biotech.dk/Meetings/PBD_Symposium_Plant%20Stress_litterature/LisaAinsworth_pdf2.pdf |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1642–1650 |bibcode=2008GCBio..14.1642A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01594.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130608/http://www.plant-biotech.dk/Meetings/PBD_Symposium_Plant%20Stress_litterature/LisaAinsworth_pdf2.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |s2cid=19200429}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Long SP, Ainsworth EA, Leakey AD, Nösberger J, Ort DR |date=June 2006 |title=Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising {{CO2}} concentrations |url=http://www.as.wvu.edu/biology/bio463/Long%20et%20al%202006%20Lower%20yield%20than%20expected%20under%20increased%20CO2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1918–1921 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1918L |citeseerx=10.1.1.542.5784 |doi=10.1126/science.1114722 |pmid=16809532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020165354/http://www.as.wvu.edu/biology/bio463/Long%20et%20al%202006%20Lower%20yield%20than%20expected%20under%20increased%20CO2.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2017 |s2cid=2232629}}</ref>

Increased atmospheric {{CO2}} concentrations result in fewer stomata developing on plants<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward F, Kelly C |year=1995 |title=The influence of {{CO2}} concentration on stomatal density |journal=New Phytologist |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=311–327 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03067.x |doi-access=free|bibcode=1995NewPh.131..311W }}</ref> which leads to reduced water usage and increased [[water-use efficiency]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drake BG, Gonzalez-Meler MA, Long SP |date=June 1997 |title=More Efficient Plants: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric {{CO2}}? |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=609–639 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609 |pmid=15012276 |s2cid=33415877}}</ref> Studies using [[Free-Air Concentration Enrichment|FACE]] have shown that {{CO2}} enrichment leads to decreased concentrations of micronutrients in crop plants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loladze I |year=2002 |title=Rising atmospheric {{CO2}} and human nutrition: toward globally imbalanced plant stoichiometry? |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=457–461 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02587-9 |s2cid=16074723}}</ref> This may have knock-on effects on other parts of [[ecosystem]]s as herbivores will need to eat more food to gain the same amount of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Coviella CE, Trumble JT |year=1999 |title=Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Insect-Plant Interactions |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=700–712 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98267.x |jstor=2641685 |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..700C |s2cid=52262618}}</ref>

The concentration of secondary [[metabolites]] such as [[phenylpropanoid]]s and [[flavonoid]]s can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of {{CO2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davey MP, Harmens H, Ashenden TW, Edwards R, Baxter R |year=2007 |title=Species-specific effects of elevated {{CO2}} on resource allocation in ''Plantago maritima'' and ''Armeria maritima'' |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=121–129 |doi=10.1016/j.bse.2006.09.004|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1550389 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Davey MP, Bryant DN, Cummins I, Ashenden TW, Gates P, Baxter R, Edwards R |date=August 2004 |title=Effects of elevated {{CO2}} on the vasculature and phenolic secondary metabolism of Plantago maritima |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=65 |issue=15 |pages=2197–2204 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.016 |pmid=15587703|bibcode=2004PChem..65.2197D|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1550460 }}</ref>

Plants also emit {{CO2}} during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use [[C3 photosynthesis]], are only net absorbers during the day. Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of {{CO2}} each year, a mature forest will produce as much {{CO2}} from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Environment Division Greenhouse Gas Assessment Handbook – A Practical Guidance Document for the Assessment of Project-level Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/09/07/000094946_02081604154234/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603011630/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/09/07/000094946_02081604154234/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=10 November 2007 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral, mature forests can continue to accumulate carbon<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Luyssaert S, Schulze ED, Börner A, Knohl A, Hessenmöller D, Law BE, Ciais P, Grace J |date=September 2008 |title=Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks |url=https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00910763/file/Luyssaert2008.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7210 |pages=213–215 |bibcode=2008Natur.455..213L |doi=10.1038/nature07276 |pmid=18784722 |s2cid=4424430}}</ref> and remain valuable [[carbon sink]]s, helping to maintain the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved {{CO2}} in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of {{CO2}} from the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falkowski P, Scholes RJ, Boyle E, Canadell J, Canfield D, Elser J, Gruber N, Hibbard K, Högberg P, Linder S, Mackenzie FT, Moore B, Pedersen T, Rosenthal Y, Seitzinger S, Smetacek V, Steffen W |date=October 2000 |title=The global carbon cycle: a test of our knowledge of earth as a system |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5490 |pages=291–296 |bibcode=2000Sci...290..291F |doi=10.1126/science.290.5490.291 |pmid=11030643 |s2cid=1779934}}</ref>

=== Toxicity ===
{{See also|Carbon dioxide poisoning}}
[[File:Main symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity, by increasing [[volume percent]] in air<ref name="friedman">{{cite web |title=Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide Gas Exposure, {{CO2}} Poisoning Symptoms, Carbon Dioxide Exposure Limits, and Links to Toxic Gas Testing Procedures |url=http://www.inspect-ny.com/hazmat/CO2gashaz.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928073740/http://www.inspect-ny.com/hazmat/CO2gashaz.htm |archive-date=28 September 2009 |work=InspectAPedia |vauthors=Friedman D}}</ref>]]

Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about {{cvt|30|km}} altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location.<ref>{{cite web |title=CarbonTracker CT2011_oi (Graphical map of {{CO2}}) |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213080315/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/ |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=20 April 2007 |work=esrl.noaa.gov}}</ref>

In humans, exposure to {{CO2}} at concentrations greater than 5% causes the development of [[hypercapnia]] and [[respiratory acidosis]].<ref name="Permentier-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Permentier |first1=Kris |last2=Vercammen |first2=Steven |last3=Soetaert |first3=Sylvia |last4=Schellemans |first4=Christian |date=2017-04-04 |title=Carbon dioxide poisoning: a literature review of an often forgotten cause of intoxication in the emergency department |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y |issn=1865-1372 |pmc=5380556 |pmid=28378268 |doi-access=free}}[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.<ref name="USEPA">{{cite news |title=Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/fire/co2/co2report.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002093443/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/fire/co2/co2report.html |archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Concentrations of more than 10% may cause convulsions, coma, and death. {{CO2}} levels of more than 30% act rapidly leading to loss of consciousness in seconds.<ref name="Permentier-2017" />

Because it is heavier than air, in locations where the gas seeps from the ground (due to sub-surface volcanic or geothermal activity) in relatively high concentrations, without the dispersing effects of wind, it can collect in sheltered/pocketed locations below average ground level, causing animals located therein to be suffocated. Carrion feeders attracted to the carcasses are then also killed. Children have been killed in the same way near the city of [[Goma]] by {{CO2}} emissions from the nearby volcano [[Mount Nyiragongo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2005 |title=Volcano Under the City |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3215_volcanoc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405155241/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3215_volcanoc.html |archive-date=5 April 2011 |work=A NOVA Production by Bonne Pioche and Greenspace for WGBH/Boston |publisher=Public Broadcasting System}}.</ref> The [[Swahili language|Swahili]] term for this phenomenon is {{lang|sw|[[mazuku]]}}.

[[File:Apollo13 apparatus.jpg|thumb|Rising levels of {{CO2}} threatened the [[Apollo 13]] astronauts, who had to adapt cartridges from the command module to supply the [[carbon dioxide scrubber]] in the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], which they used as a lifeboat.]]
Adaptation to increased concentrations of {{CO2}} occurs in humans, including [[Respiratory adaptation|modified breathing]] and kidney bicarbonate production, in order to balance the effects of blood acidification ([[acidosis]]). Several studies suggested that 2.0 percent inspired concentrations could be used for closed air spaces (e.g. a [[submarine]]) since the adaptation is physiological and reversible, as deterioration in performance or in normal physical activity does not happen at this level of exposure for five days.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6045 |title=Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Studies |id=SAM-TR-67-77 |access-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072828/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6045 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |url-status=usurped |vauthors=Glatte Jr HA, Motsay GJ, Welch BE |year=1967 |series=Brooks AFB, TX School of Aerospace Medicine Technical Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3861 |title=Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Toxicity |publisher=Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center |id=No. 2-71 |access-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724044527/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3861 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |vauthors=Lambertsen CJ |year=1971 |series=IFEM Report}}</ref> Yet, other studies show a decrease in cognitive function even at much lower levels.<ref name="pollutant2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Satish U, Mendell MJ, Shekhar K, Hotchi T, Sullivan D, Streufert S, Fisk WJ |date=December 2012 |title=Is {{CO2}} an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate {{CO2}} concentrations on human decision-making performance |url=http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ehp.1104789.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=120 |issue=12 |pages=1671–1677 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1104789 |pmc=3548274 |pmid=23008272 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212909/http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ehp.1104789.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="scores2016">{{cite journal |author-link=Joseph G. Allen |vauthors=Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD |date=June 2016 |title=Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1510037 |pmc=4892924 |pmid=26502459|bibcode=2016EnvHP.124..805A }}</ref> Also, with ongoing respiratory [[acidosis]], adaptation or compensatory mechanisms will be unable to reverse the condition.

==== Below 1% ====
There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous {{CO2}} exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. Occupational {{CO2}} exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.<ref name="inspectpedia">{{cite web |title=Exposure Limits for Carbon Dioxide Gas – {{CO2}} Limits |url=http://www.inspectapedia.com/hazmat/CO2_Exposure_Limits.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235612/https://inspectapedia.com/hazmat/CO2_Exposure_Limits.htm |archive-date=16 September 2018 |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=InspectAPedia.com}}</ref> At this {{CO2}} concentration, [[International Space Station]] crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/trs/_techrep/TP-2010-216126.pdf |title=In-Flight Carbon Dioxide Exposures and Related Symptoms: Associations, Susceptibility and Operational Implications |id=TP–2010–216126 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627061502/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-2010-216126.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2011 |url-status=dead |vauthors=Law J, Watkins S, Alexander D |year=2010 |series=NASA Technical Report}}</ref> Studies in animals at 0.5% {{CO2}} have demonstrated kidney calcification and bone loss after eight weeks of exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer KE, Douglas WH, Messier AA, Shea ML, Gohman PA |year=1979 |title=Effect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% {{CO2}} on kidney calcification and ultrastructure of lungs |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA075625 |url-status=dead |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=6 |issue=Suppl |pages=S155–S161 |pmid=505623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019131035/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA075625 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000{{nbsp}}ppm) {{CO2}} likely due to {{CO2}} induced increases in cerebral blood flow.<ref name="pollutant2012" /> Another study observed a decline in basic activity level and information usage at 1000 ppm, when compared to 500 ppm.<ref name="scores2016" />

However a review of the literature found that a reliable subset of studies on the phenomenon of carbon dioxide induced cognitive impairment to only show a small effect on high-level decision making (for concentrations below 5000 ppm). Most of the studies were confounded by inadequate study designs, environmental comfort, uncertainties in exposure doses and differing cognitive assessments used.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Du B, Tandoc MC, Mack ML, Siegel JA |date=November 2020 |title=Indoor {{CO2}} concentrations and cognitive function: A critical review |journal=Indoor Air |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=1067–1082 |doi=10.1111/ina.12706 |pmid=32557862 |bibcode=2020InAir..30.1067D |s2cid=219915861|doi-access=free}}</ref> Similarly a study on the effects of the concentration of {{CO2}} in motorcycle helmets has been criticized for having dubious methodology in not noting the self-reports of motorcycle riders and taking measurements using mannequins. Further when normal motorcycle conditions were achieved (such as highway or city speeds) or the visor was raised the concentration of {{CO2}} declined to safe levels (0.2%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Ask the doc: Does my helmet make me stupid? - RevZilla |url=https://www.revzilla.com/common-tread/ask-the-doc-does-my-helmet-make-me-stupid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522081133/https://www.revzilla.com/common-tread/ask-the-doc-does-my-helmet-make-me-stupid |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=www.revzilla.com |vauthors=Kaplan L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brühwiler PA, Stämpfli R, Huber R, Camenzind M |date=September 2005 |title={{CO2}} and {{O2|nolink=no}} concentrations in integral motorcycle helmets |journal=Applied Ergonomics |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=625–633 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2005.01.018 |pmid=15893291}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Typical {{CO2}} concentration effects
! Concentration !! Note
|-
| 280 ppm || Pre-industrial levels
|-
| 421 ppm || Current (May 2022) levels
|-
| ~1121 ppm || [[ASHRAE]] recommendation for indoor air<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality |url=https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62.1-2016/62_1_2016_d_20180302.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=1041-2336 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026132957/https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62.1-2016/62_1_2016_d_20180302.pdf |archive-date=Oct 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 5,000 ppm || USA 8h exposure limit<ref name="inspectpedia"/>
|-
| 10,000 ppm || Cognitive impairment, Canada's long term exposure limit<ref name="friedman" />
|-
| 10,000-20,000 ppm || Drowsiness<ref name="USEPA" />
|-
| 20,000-50,000 ppm || Headaches, sleepiness; poor concentration, loss of attention, slight nausea also possible<ref name="inspectpedia" />
|}

==== Ventilation ====
[[File:CO2Mini monitor TFA Dostmann.jpg|thumb|A [[carbon dioxide sensor]] that measures {{CO2}} concentration using a [[nondispersive infrared sensor]]]]
Poor ventilation is one of the main causes of excessive {{CO2}} concentrations in closed spaces, leading to poor [[indoor air quality]]. Carbon dioxide differential above outdoor concentrations at steady state conditions (when the occupancy and ventilation system operation are sufficiently long that {{CO2}} concentration has stabilized) are sometimes used to estimate ventilation rates per person.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation |url=https://www.astm.org/d6245-98.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.astm.org |language=en}}</ref> Higher {{CO2}} concentrations are associated with occupant health, comfort and performance degradation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD |date=June 2016 |title=Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1510037 |pmc=4892924 |pmid=26502459|bibcode=2016EnvHP.124..805A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2015 |title=Exclusive: Elevated {{CO2}} Levels Directly Affect Human Cognition, New Harvard Study Shows |url=https://thinkprogress.org/exclusive-elevated-co2-levels-directly-affect-human-cognition-new-harvard-study-shows-2748e7378941/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092140/https://thinkprogress.org/exclusive-elevated-co2-levels-directly-affect-human-cognition-new-harvard-study-shows-2748e7378941/ |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=ThinkProgress |vauthors=Romm J}}</ref> [[ASHRAE]] Standard 62.1–2007 ventilation rates may result in indoor concentrations up to 2,100 ppm above ambient outdoor conditions. Thus if the outdoor concentration is 400 ppm, indoor concentrations may reach 2,500 ppm with ventilation rates that meet this industry consensus standard. Concentrations in poorly ventilated spaces can be found even higher than this (range of 3,000 or 4,000 ppm).

Miners, who are particularly vulnerable to gas exposure due to insufficient ventilation, referred to mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as "[[blackdamp]]", "choke damp" or "stythe". Before more effective technologies were developed, [[miners]] would frequently monitor for dangerous levels of blackdamp and other gases in mine shafts by bringing a caged [[Domestic Canary|canary]] with them as they worked. The canary is more sensitive to asphyxiant gases than humans, and as it became unconscious would stop singing and fall off its perch. The [[Davy lamp]] could also detect high levels of blackdamp (which sinks, and collects near the floor) by burning less brightly, while [[methane]], another suffocating gas and explosion risk, would make the lamp burn more brightly.

In February 2020, three people died from suffocation at a party in Moscow when dry ice (frozen {{CO2}}) was added to a swimming pool to cool it down.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2020 |title=Three die in dry-ice incident at Moscow pool party |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51680049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229151448/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51680049 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |work=BBC News |quote=The victims were connected to Instagram influencer Yekaterina Didenko.}}</ref> A similar accident occurred in 2018 when a woman died from {{CO2}} fumes emanating from the large amount of dry ice she was transporting in her car.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2018 |title=A Woman Died from Dry Ice Fumes. Here's How It Can Happen |url=https://www.livescience.com/63241-dry-ice-death.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082215/https://www.livescience.com/63241-dry-ice-death.html |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Live Science |language=en |vauthors=Rettner R}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==== Indoor air ====
Humans spend more and more time in a confined atmosphere (around 80-90% of the time in a building or vehicle). According to the French [[Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail|Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety]] (ANSES) and various actors in France, the {{CO2}} rate in the indoor air of buildings (linked to human or animal occupancy and the presence of [[combustion]] installations), weighted by air renewal, is "usually between about 350 and 2,500 ppm".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/AIR2012sa0093Ra.pdf |title=Concentrations de CO2 dans l'air intérieur et effets sur la santé |date=July 2013 |publisher=ANSES |pages=294 |language=fr}}</ref>

In homes, schools, nurseries and offices, there are no systematic relationships between the levels of {{CO2}} and other pollutants, and indoor {{CO2}} is statistically not a good predictor of pollutants linked to outdoor road (or air, etc.) traffic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chatzidiakou |first1=Lia |last2=Mumovic |first2=Dejan |last3=Summerfield |first3=Alex |date=March 2015 |title=Is CO 2 a good proxy for indoor air quality in classrooms? Part 1: The interrelationships between thermal conditions, CO 2 levels, ventilation rates and selected indoor pollutants |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0143624414566244 |journal=Building Services Engineering Research and Technology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=129–161 |doi=10.1177/0143624414566244 |s2cid=111182451 |issn=0143-6244|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{CO2}} is the parameter that changes the fastest (with hygrometry and oxygen levels when humans or animals are gathered in a closed or poorly ventilated room). In poor countries, many open hearths are sources of {{CO2}} and CO emitted directly into the living environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cetin |first1=Mehmet |last2=Sevik |first2=Hakan |date=2016 |title=INDOOR QUALITY ANALYSIS OF CO2 FOR KASTAMONU UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.universitypublications.net/proceedings/0903/pdf/H6V141.pdf |journal=Conference of the International Journal of Arts & Sciences |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=71}}</ref>

==== Outdoor areas with elevated concentrations ====
Local concentrations of carbon dioxide can reach high values near strong sources, especially those that are isolated by surrounding terrain. At the Bossoleto hot spring near [[Rapolano Terme]] in [[Tuscany]], Italy, situated in a bowl-shaped depression about {{cvt|100|m}} in diameter, concentrations of {{CO2}} rise to above 75% overnight, sufficient to kill insects and small animals. After sunrise the gas is dispersed by convection.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Plant responses to elevated {{CO2}}: Evidence from natural springs |vauthors=van Gardingen PR, Grace J, Jeffree CE, Byari SH, Miglietta F, Raschi A, Bettarini I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-58203-2 |veditors=Raschi A, Miglietta F, Tognetti R, van Gardingen PR |location=Cambridge |pages=69–86 |chapter=Long-term effects of enhanced {{CO2}} concentrations on leaf gas exchange: research opportunities using {{CO2}} springs}}</ref> High concentrations of {{CO2}} produced by disturbance of deep lake water saturated with {{CO2}} are thought to have caused 37 fatalities at [[Lake Monoun]], [[Cameroon]] in 1984 and 1700 casualties at [[Lake Nyos]], Cameroon in 1986.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Plant responses to elevated {{CO2}}: Evidence from natural springs |vauthors=Martini M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-58203-2 |veditors=Raschi A, Miglietta F, Tognetti R, van Gardingen PR |location=Cambridge |pages=69–86 |chapter={{CO2}} emissions in volcanic areas: case histories and hazards}}</ref>

== Human physiology ==

=== Content ===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[Reference range]]s or averages for [[partial pressure of carbon dioxide|partial pressures of carbon dioxide]] (abbreviated [[PCO2|p{{CO2}}]])
|-
! Blood compartment
! ([[kilopascal|kPa]])
! ([[mm Hg]])
|-
| [[vein|Venous]] blood carbon dioxide
| {{convert|41–51|mmHg|kPa|order=flip|disp=tablecen}}<ref name=brookside>{{cite web |title=ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) |website=Brookside Associates |url=http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812201558/http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Alveolar [[pulmonary gas pressures|pulmonary gas pressures]]
| {{convert|36|mmHg|kPa|order=flip|disp=tablecen}}
|-
| [[Arterial blood gas#carbon dioxide|Arterial blood carbon dioxide]]
| {{convert|35–45|mmHg|kPa|order=flip|disp=tablecen}}<ref name=brookside/>
|}

The body produces approximately {{convert|2.3|lb|kg}} of carbon dioxide per day per person,<ref>{{cite web |title=How much carbon dioxide do humans contribute through breathing? |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/fq/emissions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202140715/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/fq/emissions.html |archive-date=2 February 2011 |access-date=30 April 2009 |work=EPA.gov}}</ref> containing {{convert|0.63|lb|g}} of carbon. {{anchor|partial pressure}} In humans, this carbon dioxide is carried through the [[venous system]] and is breathed out through the lungs, resulting in lower concentrations in the [[arteries]]. The carbon dioxide content of the blood is often given as the [[partial pressure]], which is the pressure which carbon dioxide would have had if it alone occupied the volume.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistry00henr |title=Chemistry |vauthors=Henrickson C |publisher=Cliffs Notes |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7645-7419-1}}</ref> In humans, the blood carbon dioxide contents are shown in the adjacent table.

=== Transport in the blood ===
{{CO2}} is carried in blood in three different ways. Exact percentages vary between arterial and venous blood.
* Majority (about 70% to 80%) is converted to [[bicarbonate]] ions {{chem2|HCO3-}} by the enzyme [[carbonic anhydrase]] in the red blood cells,<ref name="solarnav">{{cite web |title=Carbon dioxide |url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar_cola/carbon_dioxide.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914125551/http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar_cola/carbon_dioxide.htm |archive-date=14 September 2008 |access-date=12 October 2007 |publisher=solarnavigator.net}}</ref> by the reaction:
:{{chem2|CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-}}
* 5–10% is dissolved in [[blood plasma]]<ref name="solarnav" />
* 5–10% is bound to [[hemoglobin]] as [[carbamino]] compounds<ref name="solarnav" />

[[Hemoglobin]], the main oxygen-carrying molecule in [[red blood cell]]s, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the {{CO2}} bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of [[allosteric regulation|allosteric]] effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of {{CO2}} decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. This is known as the [[Haldane Effect]], and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of {{CO2}} or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the [[Bohr effect]].

=== Regulation of respiration ===
Carbon dioxide is one of the mediators of local [[autoregulation]] of blood supply. If its concentration is high, the [[capillaries]] expand to allow a greater blood flow to that tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Battisti-Charbonney |first1=A. |last2=Fisher |first2=J. |last3=Duffin |first3=J. |date=15 Jun 2011 |title=The cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide in humans |journal=J. Physiol. |volume=589 |issue=12 |pages=3039–3048 |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2011.206052 |pmc=3139085 |pmid=21521758}}</ref>

Bicarbonate ions are crucial for regulating blood pH. A person's breathing rate influences the level of {{CO2}} in their blood. Breathing that is too slow or shallow causes [[respiratory acidosis]], while breathing that is too rapid leads to [[hyperventilation]], which can cause [[alkalosis|respiratory alkalosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S. |last2=Miao |first2=J.H. |last3=Yetiskul |first3=E. |last4=Anokhin |first4=A. |last5=Majmunder |first5=S.H. |year=2022 |title=Physiology, Carbon Dioxide Retention |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482456/ |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH |pmid=29494063 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

Although the body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen levels normally do not stimulate breathing. Rather, breathing is stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels. As a result, breathing low-pressure air or a gas mixture with no oxygen at all (such as pure nitrogen) can lead to loss of consciousness without ever experiencing [[air hunger]]. This is especially perilous for high-altitude fighter pilots. It is also why flight attendants instruct passengers, in case of loss of cabin pressure, to apply the [[oxygen mask]] to themselves first before helping others; otherwise, one risks losing consciousness.<ref name="solarnav" />

The respiratory centers try to maintain an arterial {{CO2}} pressure of 40 [[mmHg]]. With intentional hyperventilation, the {{CO2}} content of arterial blood may be lowered to 10–20 mmHg (the oxygen content of the blood is little affected), and the respiratory drive is diminished. This is why one can hold one's breath longer after hyperventilating than without hyperventilating. This carries the risk that unconsciousness may result before the need to breathe becomes overwhelming, which is why hyperventilation is particularly dangerous before free diving.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=Peter |date=1998 |title=ABC of oxygen |journal=BMJ |volume=317 |issue=7164 |pages=996–999 |doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7164.996 |pmc=1114047 |pmid=9765173}}</ref>

== Concentrations and role in the environment ==

=== Atmosphere ===
{{Further|Carbon cycle}}
{{excerpt|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere}}
[[File:Global carbon budget components.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Annual {{CO2}} flows from anthropogenic sources (left) into Earth's atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right) since the 1960s. Units in equivalent gigatonnes carbon per year.<ref name="gcb19">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Friedlingstein P, Jones MW, O'sullivan M, Andrew RM, Hauck J, Peters GP, Peters W, Pongratz J, Sitch S, Le Quéré C, Bakker DC, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Anthoni P, Barbero L, Bastos A, Bastrikov V, Becker M, Bopp L, Buitenhuis E, Chandra N, Chevallier F, Chini LP, Currie KI, Feely RA, Gehlen M, Gilfillan D, Gkritzalis T, Goll DS |year=2019 |title=Global Carbon Budget 2019 |journal=Earth System Science Data |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1783–1838 |bibcode=2019ESSD...11.1783F |doi=10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/385668 |hdl-access=free}}.</ref>]]

=== Oceans ===
{{Main|Carbon cycle|Ocean acidification}}

==== Ocean acidification ====

Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid ({{chem2|H2CO3}}), bicarbonate ({{chem2|HCO3-}}), and carbonate ({{chem2|CO3(2-)}}). There is about fifty times as much carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans as exists in the atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous [[carbon sink]], and have taken up about a third of {{CO2}} emitted by human activity.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=How Long Can the Ocean Slow Global Warming? |url=http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=17726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104004633/http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=17726 |archive-date=4 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=Oceanus |vauthors=Doney SC, Levine NM}}</ref>

{{excerpt|ocean acidification|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}
[[File:Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an [[ocean chemistry]] projected for the year 2100]]
{{excerpt|Ocean acidification#Decreased calcification in marine organisms|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}

==== Hydrothermal vents ====
Carbon dioxide is also introduced into the oceans through hydrothermal vents. The ''Champagne'' hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku volcano in the [[Mariana Trench]], produces almost pure liquid carbon dioxide, one of only two known sites in the world as of 2004, the other being in the [[Okinawa Trough]].<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lupton J, Lilley M, Butterfield D, Evans L, Embley R, Olson E, Proskurowski G, Resing J, Roe K, Greene R, Lebon G |year=2004 |title=Liquid Carbon Dioxide Venting at the Champagne Hydrothermal Site, NW Eifuku Volcano, Mariana Arc |journal=American Geophysical Union |volume=2004 |issue=Fall Meeting |at=V43F–08 |bibcode=2004AGUFM.V43F..08L}}</ref> The finding of a submarine lake of liquid carbon dioxide in the Okinawa Trough was reported in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Inagaki F, Kuypers MM, Tsunogai U, Ishibashi J, Nakamura K, Treude T, Ohkubo S, Nakaseama M, Gena K, Chiba H, Hirayama H, Nunoura T, Takai K, Jørgensen BB, Horikoshi K, Boetius A |date=September 2006 |title=Microbial community in a sediment-hosted {{CO2}} lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=38 |pages=14164–14169 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10314164I |doi=10.1073/pnas.0606083103 |pmc=1599929 |pmid=16959888 |doi-access=free}} Videos can be downloaded at {{cite journal |title=Supporting Information | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=19 September 2006 | volume=103 | issue=38 | pages=14164–14169 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0606083103 | last1=Inagaki | first1=Fumio | last2=Kuypers | first2=Marcel M. M. | last3=Tsunogai | first3=Urumu | last4=Ishibashi | first4=Jun-Ichiro | last5=Nakamura | first5=Ko-Ichi | last6=Treude | first6=Tina | last7=Ohkubo | first7=Satoru | last8=Nakaseama | first8=Miwako | last9=Gena | first9=Kaul | last10=Chiba | first10=Hitoshi | last11=Hirayama | first11=Hisako | last12=Nunoura | first12=Takuro | last13=Takai | first13=Ken | last14=Jørgensen | first14=Bo B. | last15=Horikoshi | first15=Koki | last16=Boetius | first16=Antje | doi-access=free | pmid=16959888 | pmc=1599929 | bibcode=2006PNAS..10314164I }}</ref>

== Sources ==
{{anchor|CO2 production}}The burning of [[fossil fuel]]s for energy produces 36.8 billion tonnes of {{CO2}} per year as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JV |title=Fossil CO2 emissions at record high in 2023 |url=https://globalcarbonbudget.org/fossil-co2-emissions-at-record-high-in-2023/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Global Carbon Budget |language=en}}</ref> Nearly all of this goes into the atmosphere, where approximately half is subsequently absorbed into natural [[carbon sink]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.climate.gov |language=en}}</ref> Less than 1% of {{CO2}} produced annually is put to commercial use.<ref name="IEA-2019-3"/>{{Rp|page=3}}

=== Biological processes ===
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of the [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] of sugar in the [[brewing]] of [[beer]], [[whisky]] and other [[alcoholic beverage]]s and in the production of [[bioethanol]]. [[Yeast]] metabolizes sugar to produce {{CO2}} and [[ethanol]], also known as alcohol, as follows:
:{{chem2|C6H12O6 -> 2 CO2 + 2 CH3CH2OH}}

All [[cellular respiration|aerobic]] organisms produce {{CO2}} when they oxidize [[carbohydrate]]s, [[fatty acid]]s, and [[protein]]s. The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily. Refer to [[cellular respiration]], [[anaerobic respiration]] and [[photosynthesis]]. The equation for the respiration of glucose and other [[monosaccharide]]s is:
:{{chem2|C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O}}

[[Anaerobic organisms]] decompose organic material producing methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=Collecting and using biogas from landfills |url=http://www.eia.gov/Energyexplained/?page=biomass_biogas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711073415/https://www.eia.gov/Energyexplained/?page=biomass_biogas |archive-date=11 July 2018 |access-date=22 November 2015 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> Regardless of the type of organic material, the production of gases follows well defined [[chemical kinetics|kinetic pattern]]. Carbon dioxide comprises about 40–45% of the gas that emanates from decomposition in landfills (termed "[[landfill gas]]"). Most of the remaining 50–55% is methane.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2000 |title=Facts About Landfill Gas |url=http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/benviron/waste/central/lfgfact.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213448/http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/benviron/waste/central/lfgfact.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>

==== Combustion ====
The [[combustion]] of all [[carbon-based fuel]]s, such as [[methane]] ([[natural gas]]), petroleum distillates ([[gasoline]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[kerosene]], [[propane]]), coal, wood and generic organic matter produces carbon dioxide and, except in the case of pure carbon, water. As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and [[oxygen]]:
:{{chem2|CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O}}

[[Iron]] is reduced from its oxides with [[coke (fuel)|coke]] in a [[blast furnace]], producing [[pig iron]] and carbon dioxide:<ref>
{{Cite book | vauthors = Strassburger J | title = Blast Furnace Theory and Practice | publisher = American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers | place = New York | year = 1969 | isbn = 978-0-677-10420-1}}</ref>
:{{chem2|Fe2O3 + 3 CO -> 3 CO2 + 2 Fe}}

==== By-product from hydrogen production ====
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by [[steam reforming]] and the [[water gas shift reaction]] in [[ammonia production]]. These processes begin with the reaction of water and natural gas (mainly methane).<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_165|chapter=Carbon Dioxide|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2000| vauthors = Topham S |isbn=3527306730}}</ref>

==== Thermal decomposition of limestone ====
It is produced by thermal decomposition of limestone, {{chem2|CaCO3}} by heating ([[calcining]]) at about {{convert|850|C}}, in the manufacture of [[Calcium oxide|quicklime]] ([[calcium oxide]], CaO), a compound that has many industrial uses:
:{{chem2|CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2}}

Acids liberate {{CO2}} from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]], where it is produced by the action of acidified water on [[limestone]] or [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]]. The reaction between [[hydrochloric acid]] and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below:
:{{chem2|CaCO3 + 2 HCl -> CaCl2 + H2CO3}}

The [[carbonic acid]] ({{chem2|H2CO3}}) then decomposes to water and {{CO2}}:
:{{chem2|H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O}}

Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released. They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams.

== Commercial uses ==
[[File:CO2 use in 2015 - IEA.png|thumb|alt=Pie chart of commercial CO2 use. See caption for description.|The biggest commercial uses of CO2 are in producing urea for fertilizer and in extracting oil from the ground. Beverages, food, metal fabrication, and other uses account for 3%, 3%, 2%, and 4% of commercial CO2 use, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=Putting CO2 to Use – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=IEA |at=Figure 1 |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
Around 230 Mt of {{CO2}} are used each year,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CO2 Capture and Utilisation - Energy System |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/co2-capture-and-utilisation |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> mostly in the fertiliser industry for urea production (130 million tonnes) and in the oil and gas industry for [[enhanced oil recovery]] (70 to 80 million tonnes).<ref name="IEA-2019-3"/>{{Rp|page=3}} Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses.<ref name="IEA-2019-3" />{{Rp|page=3}}

Technology exists to [[Carbon capture and storage|capture {{CO2}} from industrial flue gas]] or [[Direct air capture|from the air]]. Research is ongoing on ways to use [[Carbon capture and storage#CO2 utilization in products|captured {{CO2}} in products]] and some of these processes have been deployed commercially.<ref name="Dziejarski-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Dziejarski |first1=Bartosz |last2=Krzyżyńska |first2=Renata |last3=Andersson |first3=Klas |date=June 2023 |title=Current status of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies in the global economy: A survey of technical assessment |journal=Fuel |volume=342 |article-number=127776 |bibcode=2023Fuel..34227776D |doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127776 |issn=0016-2361 |doi-access=free}}[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> However, the potential to use products is very small compared to the total volume of {{CO2}} that could foreseeably be captured.<ref name="IEA-2024">{{Cite web |title=CO2 Capture and Utilisation - Energy System |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/co2-capture-and-utilisation |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}[[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> The vast majority of captured {{CO2}} is considered a waste product and sequestered in underground geologic formations.<ref name="Sekera-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Sekera |first1=June |last2=Lichtenberger |first2=Andreas |date=6 October 2020 |title=Assessing Carbon Capture: Public Policy, Science, and Societal Need: A Review of the Literature on Industrial Carbon Removal |journal=Biophysical Economics and Sustainability |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=14 |bibcode=2020BpES....5...14S |doi=10.1007/s41247-020-00080-5 |issn= |doi-access=free}}Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>

=== Precursor to chemicals ===
{{expand section|date=July 2014}}
{{See also|Sabatier reaction}}
In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is mainly consumed as an ingredient in the production of [[urea]], with a smaller fraction being used to produce [[methanol]] and a range of other products.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_chapter7.pdf|title=IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage|publisher=The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115331/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_chapter7.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some carboxylic acid derivatives such as [[sodium salicylate]] are prepared using {{CO2}} by the [[Kolbe–Schmitt reaction]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Morrison RT, Boyd RN |title= Organic Chemistry |edition=4th |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-205-05838-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry04morr/page/976 976–977] |url=https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry04morr/page/976}}</ref>

Captured {{CO2}} could be to produce [[methanol]] or [[electrofuel]]s. To be carbon-neutral, the {{CO2}} would need to come from bioenergy production or [[direct air capture]].<ref name="IEA-2020">IEA (2020), ''[https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions CCUS in Clean Energy Transitions]'', IEA, Paris [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=21–24}}

=== Fossil fuel recovery ===
Carbon dioxide is used in [[enhanced oil recovery]] where it is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under [[Supercritical fluid|supercritical]] conditions, when it becomes [[miscibility|miscible]] with the oil. This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by 7–23% additional to [[Extraction of petroleum#Primary recovery|primary extraction]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/accelerating-uptake-ccs-industrial-use-captured-carbon-dioxide |title=Accelerating the uptake of CCS: industrial use of captured carbon dioxide |date=20 December 2011 | publisher=Global CCS Institute |chapter=Appendix A: {{CO2}} for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) |access-date=2 January 2017 |chapter-url=http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/accelerating-uptake-ccs-industrial-use-captured-carbon-dioxide/appendix-co2-use |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428013833/http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/accelerating-uptake-ccs-industrial-use-captured-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It acts as both a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground [[crude oil]], significantly reduces its viscosity, and changing surface chemistry enabling the oil to flow more rapidly through the reservoir to the removal well.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Austell JM |year=2005 |title={{CO2}} for Enhanced Oil Recovery Needs – Enhanced Fiscal Incentives |url=http://www.touchoilandgas.com/enhanced-recovery-needs-enhanced-a423-1.html |journal=Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207071349/http://www.touchoilandgas.com/enhanced-recovery-needs-enhanced-a423-1.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |access-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

Most {{CO2}} injected in {{CO2}}-EOR projects comes from naturally occurring underground {{CO2}} deposits.<ref name="IEA-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-11 |title=Can CO2-EOR really provide carbon-negative oil? – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/can-co2-eor-really-provide-carbon-negative-oil |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Some {{CO2}} used in EOR is captured from industrial facilities such as [[Natural-gas processing|natural gas processing plants]], using [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture]] technology and transported to the oilfield in pipelines.<ref name="IEA-2019" />

=== Agriculture ===
Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. The atmospheres of greenhouses may (if of large size, must) be enriched with additional {{CO2}} to sustain and increase the rate of plant growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/141.html |title=Plant Growth Factors: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Transpiration |website=CMG GardenNotes | vauthors = Whiting D, Roll M, Vickerman L |publisher=Colorado Master Gardener Program |date=August 2010 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902192633/http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/141.html |archive-date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/nature/node21.html |chapter=Carbon dioxide |url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/nature/nature.html |title=How Much Land Can Ten Billion People Spare for Nature? | vauthors = Waggoner PE |date=February 1994 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012165809/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/nature/nature.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as [[whiteflies]] and [[spider mite]]s in a greenhouse.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stafford N | title = Future crops: the other greenhouse effect | journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7153 | pages = 526–528 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17671477 | doi = 10.1038/448526a | bibcode = 2007Natur.448..526S | s2cid = 9845813 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Some plants respond more favorably to rising carbon dioxide concentrations than others, which can lead to vegetation regime shifts like [[woody plant encroachment]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Archer |first1=Steven R. |title=Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences |date=2017 |work=Rangeland Systems |pages=25–84 |editor-last=Briske |editor-first=David D. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2 |isbn=978-3-319-46707-8 |last2=Andersen |first2=Erik M. |last3=Predick |first3=Katharine I. |last4=Schwinning |first4=Susanne |last5=Steidl |first5=Robert J. |last6=Woods |first6=Steven R.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Foods ===
[[File:Soda bubbles macro.jpg|thumb|Carbon dioxide bubbles in a soft drink]]

Carbon dioxide is a [[food additive]] used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the food industry. It is approved for usage in the EU<ref>UK Food Standards Agency: {{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |access-date=27 October 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124435/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |url-status=live}}</ref> (listed as [[E number]] E290), US,<ref>US Food and Drug Administration: {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/foodadditivesingredients/ucm091048.htm |title=Food Additive Status List |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104061606/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm091048.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia and New Zealand<ref>Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code{{cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |title=Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=27 October 2011 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119082034/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |url-status=live}}</ref> (listed by its [[INS number]] 290).

A candy called [[Pop Rocks]] is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XeSJLflq90C&q=Pop+Rocks+is+pressurized+with+carbon+dioxide+gas&pg=PA7-IA3 |title=Futurific Leading Indicators Magazine |volume=1 |publisher=CRAES LLC |isbn=978-0-9847670-1-4 |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224429/https://books.google.com/books?id=0XeSJLflq90C&q=Pop+Rocks+is+pressurized+with+carbon+dioxide+gas&pg=PA7-IA3 |url-status=live}}</ref> at about {{convert|4000|kPa|bar psi|abbr=on|lk=on}}. When placed in the mouth, it dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop.

[[Leavening agent]]s cause dough to rise by producing carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bmaCgAAQBAJ&q=Leavening+agents+cause+dough+to+rise+by+producing+carbon+dioxide&pg=PT29 |title=Indian Breads: A Comprehensive Guide to Traditional and Innovative Indian Breads |vauthors=Vijay GP |date=25 September 2015 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-85724-46-6}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Baker's yeast]] produces carbon dioxide by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as [[baking powder]] and [[baking soda]] release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to [[acid]]s.

==== Beverages ====
Carbon dioxide is used to produce [[carbonation|carbonated]] [[soft drink]]s and [[soda water]]. Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation, but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process. In the case of bottled and kegged beer, the most common method used is carbonation with recycled carbon dioxide. With the exception of British [[cask ale#Real ale|real ale]], draught beer is usually transferred from kegs in a cold room or cellar to dispensing taps on the bar using pressurized carbon dioxide, sometimes mixed with nitrogen.

The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an effect of the dissolved carbon dioxide rather than the bursting bubbles of the gas. [[Carbonic anhydrase 4]] converts carbon dioxide to [[carbonic acid]] leading to a [[sour]] taste, and also the dissolved carbon dioxide induces a [[somatosensory]] response.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091015141510.htm |title= Scientists Discover Protein Receptor For Carbonation Taste |website= [[ScienceDaily]] |date= 16 October 2009 |access-date= 29 March 2020 |archive-date= 29 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200329042900/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091015141510.htm |url-status= live}}</ref>

==== Winemaking ====
[[File:Dry ice used to preserve grapes after harvest.jpg|thumb|Dry ice used to preserve grapes after harvest]]
Carbon dioxide in the form of [[dry ice]] is often used during the [[cold soak]] phase in [[winemaking]] to cool clusters of [[grape]]s quickly after picking to help prevent spontaneous [[Fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] by wild [[yeast (wine)|yeast]]. The main advantage of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes without adding any additional water that might decrease the sugar concentration in the [[grape must]], and thus the [[ethanol|alcohol]] concentration in the finished wine. Carbon dioxide is also used to create a hypoxic environment for [[carbonic maceration]], the process used to produce [[Beaujolais]] wine.

Carbon dioxide is sometimes used to top up wine bottles or other [[storage (wine)|storage]] vessels such as barrels to prevent oxidation, though it has the problem that it can dissolve into the wine, making a previously [[still wine]] slightly fizzy. For this reason, other gases such as [[nitrogen]] or [[argon]] are preferred for this process by professional wine makers.

====Stunning animals====
Carbon dioxide is often used to "stun" animals before slaughter.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coghlan A |title=A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval |journal=New Scientist |date=3 February 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2159895-a-more-humane-way-of-slaughtering-chickens-might-get-eu-approval |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204842/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2159895-a-more-humane-way-of-slaughtering-chickens-might-get-eu-approval/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "Stunning" may be a misnomer, as the animals are not knocked out immediately and may suffer distress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kb.rspca.org.au/What-is-CO2-stunning_118.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409003755/http://kb.rspca.org.au/What-is-CO2-stunning_118.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2014 |title=What is {{CO2}} stunning? |publisher=RSPCA}}</ref><ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell A |title=Humane execution and the fear of the tumbril |journal=New Scientist |date=10 March 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23731680-900-humane-execution-and-the-fear-of-the-tumbril-3 |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204708/https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23731680-900-humane-execution-and-the-fear-of-the-tumbril-3/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Inert gas ===
Carbon dioxide is one of the most commonly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) systems in portable pressure tools. Carbon dioxide is also used as an atmosphere for [[welding]], although in the welding arc, it reacts to [[oxidation|oxidize]] most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are more [[brittle]] than those made in more inert atmospheres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=International |first=Petrogav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS7JDwAAQBAJ |title=Production Course for Hiring on Offshore Oil and Gas Rigs |publisher=Petrogav International |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref> When used for [[MIG welding]], {{CO2}} use is sometimes referred to as MAG welding, for Metal Active Gas, as {{CO2}} can react at these high temperatures. It tends to produce a hotter puddle than truly inert atmospheres, improving the flow characteristics. Although, this may be due to atmospheric reactions occurring at the puddle site. This is usually the opposite of the desired effect when welding, as it tends to embrittle the site, but may not be a problem for general mild steel welding, where ultimate ductility is not a major concern.

Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately {{convert|60|bar|psi atm|abbr=on|lk=on}}, allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. [[Aluminium]] capsules of {{CO2}} are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for [[air gun]]s, [[paintball]] markers/guns, inflating bicycle tires, and for making [[carbonated water]]. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests. Liquid carbon dioxide is used in [[supercritical drying]] of some food products and technological materials, in the preparation of specimens for [[scanning electron microscopy]]<ref name=Nordestgaard>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nordestgaard BG, Rostgaard J | title = Critical-point drying versus freeze drying for scanning electron microscopy: a quantitative and qualitative study on isolated hepatocytes | journal = Journal of Microscopy | volume = 137 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 189–207 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3989858 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02577.x | s2cid = 32065173}}</ref> and in the [[decaffeination]] of [[coffee bean]]s.

=== Fire extinguisher ===
[[File:US Army 53023 Fire Prevention Week.jpg|thumb|Use of a {{CO2}} fire extinguisher]]
Carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish flames by flooding the environment around the flame with the gas. It does not itself react to extinguish the flame, but starves the flame of oxygen by displacing it. Some [[Fire extinguisher#Halons, Halon-replacement clean agents and carbon dioxide|fire extinguishers]], especially those designed for [[electrical fire]]s, contain liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. Carbon dioxide extinguishers work well on small flammable liquid and electrical fires, but not on ordinary combustible fires, because they do not cool the burning substances significantly, and when the carbon dioxide disperses, they can catch fire upon exposure to [[atmospheric oxygen]]. They are mainly used in server rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Fire Extinguishers |url=https://www.firesafe.org.uk/types-use-and-colours-of-portable-fire-extinguishers/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=The Fire Safety Advice Centre |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628185630/https://www.firesafe.org.uk/types-use-and-colours-of-portable-fire-extinguishers/}}</ref>

Carbon dioxide has also been widely used as an extinguishing agent in fixed fire-protection systems for local application of specific hazards and total flooding of a protected space.<ref>National Fire Protection Association Code 12.</ref> [[International Maritime Organization]] standards recognize carbon dioxide systems for fire protection of ship holds and engine rooms. Carbon dioxide-based fire-protection systems have been linked to several deaths, because it can cause suffocation in sufficiently high concentrations. A review of {{CO2}} systems identified 51 incidents between 1975 and the date of the report (2000), causing 72 deaths and 145 injuries.<ref>Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks, US EPA. 2000.</ref>

=== Supercritical {{CO2}} as solvent ===
{{See also|Supercritical carbon dioxide|Green chemistry}}

Liquid carbon dioxide is a good [[solvent]] for many [[lipophilic]] [[organic compound]]s and is used to [[decaffeinate]] [[coffee]].<ref name="Tsotsas">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5210HQIwxzsC&pg=PA185 |title=Modern drying technology |vauthors=Tsotsas E, Mujumdar AS |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-31558-1 |series=Vol. 3: Product quality and formulation |access-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321173739/https://books.google.com/books?id=5210HQIwxzsC&pg=PA185 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbon dioxide has attracted attention in the [[pharmaceutical]] and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as [[organochloride]]s. It is also used by some [[dry cleaners]] for this reason. It is used in the preparation of some [[Aerogel#Production|aerogels]] because of the properties of supercritical carbon dioxide.

=== Refrigerant ===
{{see also|Refrigerant|Sustainable automotive air conditioning}}
[[File:Comparison carbon dioxide water phase diagrams.svg|thumb|upright=2|Comparison of the pressure–temperature phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) as a log-lin chart with phase transitions points at 1 atmosphere]]

Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important [[refrigerant]]s, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Solid carbon dioxide is always below {{convert|-78.5|C|F}} at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature.

{{anchor|R744}} Liquid carbon dioxide (industry nomenclature R744 or R-744) was used as a refrigerant prior to the use of [[dichlorodifluoromethane]] (R12, a [[chlorofluorocarbon]] (CFC) compound).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=S. Forbes |title=Refrigerants Past, Present and Future |url=http://www.r744.com/files/pdf_597.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171048/http://www.r744.com/files/pdf_597.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-13 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=R744}}</ref> {{CO2}} might enjoy a renaissance because one of the main substitutes to CFCs, [[1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane]] ([[R134a]], a [[hydrofluorocarbon]] (HFC) compound) contributes to [[climate change]] more than {{CO2}} does. {{CO2}} physical properties are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating purposes, having a high volumetric cooling capacity. Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to {{convert|130|bar|psi kPa}}, {{CO2}} systems require highly mechanically resistant reservoirs and components that have already been developed for mass production in many sectors. In automobile air conditioning, in more than 90% of all driving conditions for latitudes higher than 50°, {{CO2}} (R744) operates more efficiently than systems using HFCs (e.g., R134a). Its environmental advantages ([[Global warming potential|GWP]] of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and heat pump water heaters, among others. [[Coca-Cola]] has fielded {{CO2}}-based beverage coolers and the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] is interested in {{CO2}} refrigeration and heating technology.<ref name="ccref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/cooling-equipment-pushing-forward-with-hfc-free |title=The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming |access-date=11 October 2007 |date=5 June 2006 |publisher=The Coca-Cola Company |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101195654/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/cooling-equipment-pushing-forward-with-hfc-free |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usforces">{{cite news|title = Modine reinforces its {{CO2}} research efforts|url = http://www.r744.com/news/news_ida145.php|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210194203/http://www.r744.com/news/news_ida145.php|url-status = dead|archive-date = 10 February 2008|date = 28 June 2007|publisher = R744.com}}</ref>

=== Minor uses ===
[[File:Carbon Dioxide Laser At The Laser Effects Test Facility.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A [[carbon-dioxide laser]]]]
Carbon dioxide is the [[active laser medium|lasing medium]] in a [[carbon-dioxide laser]], which is one of the earliest type of lasers.

Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the [[pH]] of swimming pools,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWpWAAAAMAAJ&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0Carbon+dioxide+can+be+used+as+a+means+of+controlling+the+pH+of+swimming+pool |title=TCE, the Chemical Engineer |date=1990 |publisher=Institution of Chemical Engineers |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817030754/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWpWAAAAMAAJ&q=%C2%A0%C2%A0Carbon+dioxide+can+be+used+as+a+means+of+controlling+the+pH+of+swimming+pool |url-status=live}}</ref> by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids. Similarly, it is also used in the maintaining [[Reef aquarium|reef aquaria]], where it is commonly used in [[calcium reactor]]s to temporarily lower the pH of water being passed over [[calcium carbonate]] in order to allow the calcium carbonate to dissolve into the water more freely, where it is used by some [[coral]]s to build their skeleton.

Used as the primary coolant in the British [[advanced gas-cooled reactor]] for nuclear power generation.

Carbon dioxide induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals. Methods to administer {{CO2}} include placing animals directly into a closed, prefilled chamber containing {{CO2}}, or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of {{CO2}}. The [[American Veterinary Medical Association]]'s 2020 guidelines for carbon dioxide induction claim that a displacement rate of 30–70% of the chamber or cage volume per minute is optimal for the euthanasia of small rodents.<ref name=avma>{{cite web |url=https://www.avma.org/kb/policies/documents/euthanasia.pdf |title=AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 Edition |date=2020 |publisher=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]] |access-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174132/https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|5, 31}} Percentages of {{CO2}} vary for different species, based on identified optimal percentages claimed to minimize distress.<ref name=avma />{{Rp|22}}

Carbon dioxide is also used in several related [[carbon dioxide cleaning|cleaning and surface-preparation]] techniques.

== History of discovery ==
[[File:Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png|thumb|left|upright|Crystal structure of [[dry ice]]]]
Carbon dioxide was the first gas to be described as a discrete substance. In about 1640,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris D |date=September 1910 |title=The Pioneer in the Hygiene of Ventilation |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2088803 |url-status=live |journal=The Lancet |volume=176 |issue=4542 |pages=906–908 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)52420-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317181844/https://zenodo.org/record/2088803 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] chemist [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]] observed that when he burned [[charcoal]] in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting [[ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]] was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" (from Greek "chaos") or "wild spirit" (''spiritus sylvestris'').<ref>{{cite book |title=History of [[industrial gas]]es |vauthors=Almqvist E |date=2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47277-0 |page=93}}</ref>

The properties of carbon dioxide were further studied in the 1750s by the [[Scotland|Scottish]] physician [[Joseph Black]]. He found that [[limestone]] ([[calcium carbonate]]) could be heated or treated with [[acid]]s to yield a gas he called "fixed air". He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal life. Black also found that when bubbled through [[limewater]] (a saturated aqueous solution of [[calcium hydroxide]]), it would [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitate]] calcium carbonate. He used this phenomenon to illustrate that carbon dioxide is produced by animal respiration and microbial fermentation. In 1772, English chemist [[Joseph Priestley]] published a paper entitled ''Impregnating Water with Fixed Air'' in which he described a process of dripping [[sulfuric acid]] (or ''oil of vitriol'' as Priestley knew it) on chalk in order to produce carbon dioxide, and forcing the gas to dissolve by agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas.<ref name="Priestley">{{cite journal |author-link1=Joseph Priestley |vauthors=Priestley J, Hey W |year=1772 |title=Observations on Different Kinds of Air |url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/priestley.html |url-status=live |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=62 |pages=147–264 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1772.0021 |bibcode=1772RSPT...62..147. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607170541/http://web.lemoyne.edu/%7Egiunta/priestley.html |archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=11 October 2007 |s2cid=186210131|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Carbon dioxide was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by [[Humphry Davy]] and [[Michael Faraday]].<ref name="Davy">{{cite journal |author-link=Humphry Davy |vauthors=Davy H |year=1823 |title=On the Application of Liquids Formed by the Condensation of Gases as Mechanical Agents |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-107649 |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=113 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1823.0020 |jstor=107649 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest description of solid carbon dioxide ([[dry ice]]) was given by the French inventor [[Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier]], who in 1835 opened a pressurized container of liquid carbon dioxide, only to find that the cooling produced by the rapid evaporation of the liquid yielded a "snow" of solid {{CO2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thilorier AJ |year=1835 |title=Solidification de l'Acide carbonique |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29606/f194.item |url-status=live |journal=Comptes Rendus |volume=1 |pages=194–196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902172202/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29606/f194.item |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thilorier AJ |year=1836 |title=Solidification of carbonic acid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GwqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 |url-status=live |journal=The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine |volume=8 |issue=48 |pages=446–447 |doi=10.1080/14786443608648911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502065711/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GwqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

Carbon dioxide in combination with nitrogen was known from earlier times as [[Blackdamp]], stythe or choke damp.{{efn|Sometimes spelt "choak-damp" in 19th Century texts.}} Along with the other types of [[damp (mining)|damp]] it was encountered in mining operations and well sinking. Slow oxidation of coal and biological processes replaced the oxygen to create a [[Suffocation|suffocating]] mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/115391 | jstor=115391 | title=Notes of an Enquiry into the Nature and Physiological Action of Black-Damp, as Met with in Podmore Colliery, Staffordshire, and Lilleshall Colliery, Shropshire | last1=Haldane | first1=John | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London | date=1894 | volume=57 | pages=249–257 | bibcode=1894RSPS...57..249H}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Arterial blood gas test}}
* {{annotated link|Bosch reaction}}
* {{annotated link|Carbon dioxide removal}} (from the atmosphere)
* {{annotated link|Gilbert Plass}} (early work on {{CO2}} and climate change)
* {{annotated link|Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite}}
* [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions]]
* [[List of least carbon efficient power stations]]
* {{annotated link|Meromictic lake}}
* [[NASA]]'s {{annotated link|Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2}}
* {{annotated link|Soil gas}}
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box |lcheading=Carbon dioxide}}
* [https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/chem/surface/level/overlay=co2sc/winkel3 Current global map of carbon dioxide concentration]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0103.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Carbon Dioxide]
* [https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/ Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide] (NOAA)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007040239/http://www.shecco.com/about/history.php The rediscovery of {{CO2}}: History, What is Shecco?] - as [[refrigerant]]

{{Oxides}}
{{Oxides of carbon}}
{{Inorganic compounds of carbon}}
{{Global Warming|state=collapsed}}
{{Molecules detected in outer space}}
{{Oxygen compounds}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Dioxide}}
[[Category:Carbon dioxide| ]]
[[Category:Acid anhydrides]]
[[Category:Acidic oxides]]
[[Category:Coolants]]
[[Category:Fire suppression agents]]
[[Category:Greenhouse gases]]
[[Category:Household chemicals]]
[[Category:Inorganic solvents]]
[[Category:Laser gain media]]
[[Category:Nuclear reactor coolants]]
[[Category:Oxocarbons]]
[[Category:Propellants]]
[[Category:Refrigerants]]
[[Category:Gaseous signaling molecules]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]
[[Category:Triatomic molecules]]

Boeing Boeing (1985 film)

2026-03-03T20:56:13Z

JaniePan0653361: reworked content based on references and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Boeing Boeing
| image = Boeing Boeing (1985 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = Thiruppathi Chettiyar
| based_on = [[Boeing-Boeing (play)|''Boeing Boeing'']]
| writer = [[Priyadarshan]] [[Sreenivasan]] (dialogue)
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] [[Sukumari]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] [[Sankaradi]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| music = [[Reghu Kumar]] [[K. J. Joy]] (score)
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| studio = Evershine Productions
| distributor = Evershine Release
| released = {{Film date|1985|9|1|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Boeing Boeing''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. The is based on the 1960 French play [[Boeing-Boeing (play)|of the same name]] by [[Marc Camoletti (playwright)|Marc Camoletti]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Mohanlal: Bollywood films you probably didn't know were remakes of Malayalam flicks starring him |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-happy-birthday-mohanlal-bollywood-films-remakes-of-malayalam-flicks-starring-the-complete-actor-bhool-bhulaiyaa-manichitratazhu-drishyam-garam-masala-boeing-boeing-gardish-kireedam-hungama-poochakkoru-mookkuthi-khatta-meetha-2 |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613014802/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-happy-birthday-mohanlal-bollywood-films-remakes-of-malayalam-flicks-starring-the-complete-actor-bhool-bhulaiyaa-manichitratazhu-drishyam-garam-masala-boeing-boeing-gardish-kireedam-hungama-poochakkoru-mookkuthi-khatta-meetha-2 |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2013 |title=After comedy, Priyadarshan-Mohanlal team up for horror |work=[[Zee News]] |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/after-comedy-priyadarshan-mohanlal-team-up-for-horror_139624.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214115140/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/after-comedy-priyadarshan-mohanlal-team-up-for-horror_139624.html |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2017 |title=Never a dull moment: Three decades of cinema with Priyadharshan |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-dull-moment-three-decades-cinema-priyadharshan-55137 |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613014802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-dull-moment-three-decades-cinema-priyadharshan-55137 |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar & Priyadarshan: The unlikely hitmakers |work=[[Sify]] |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akshay-kumar--priyadarshan-the-unlikely-hitmakers-imagegallery-2-bollywood-khvpcuabihgsi.html |url-status=dead |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180942/http://www.sify.com/movies/akshay-kumar--priyadarshan-the-unlikely-hitmakers-imagegallery-2-bollywood-khvpcuabihgsi.html |archive-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The plot follows Shyam ([[Mohanlal]]) who is dating three [[flight attendant]]s at the same time, and the scenario gets complicated with the arrival of his friend Anilkumar ([[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]) along with other obstructions.

The film is regarded as one of the best comedy films in Malayalam cinema. The film was a blockbuster and remains one of the cult classic comic capers in [[Malayalam cinema]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2011 |title=I'm training camera on social causes: Priyadarshan |work=[[IBNLive]] |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/im-training-camera-on-social-causes-priyadarshan/186505-8-68.html |url-status=dead |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141214100014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/im-training-camera-on-social-causes-priyadarshan/186505-8-68.html |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjusha Radhakrishnan |date=19 April 2011 |title=Priyadarshan and Mohanlal back together |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/priyadarshan-and-mohanlal-back-together-1.795464 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214120113/http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/priyadarshan-and-mohanlal-back-together-1.795464 |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Chilakkottudu]]'' (1997) and in Kannada as ''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]''. [[Priyadarshan]] remade it in Hindi in 2005 as ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''. The Mohanlal and Mukesh duo became popular after this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2007 |title=Funny side up! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/funny-side-up/article2273700.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601041551/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/funny-side-up/article2273700.ece |archive-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Kambakkht Ishq inspired by a Tamil movie? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/kambakkht-ishq-inspired-by-a-tamil-movie/article1-427314.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141214095912/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/kambakkht-ishq-inspired-by-a-tamil-movie/article1-427314.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Shyam is a silver-tongued but essentially likeable weasel. He's a flirt, engaged to Sreekutty. He doesn't have much luck with women or his career, but when a bunch of opportunists seem to pop into his life with all kinds of dreamy offers, he bites. Suddenly, he finds himself stirring an ambitious fiancée soup, dating three air hostesses introduced to him by Lambodharan, and driving cars he doesn't own with the help of his friend, driver Kuttappan. He rises to the occasion admirably. Even as he meticulously takes down flight schedules and itinerary details, he finds himself flummoxed on many a turn, where he lies magnificently through his teeth. Soon, he's 'in the zone', a complete player, addicted to the thrills of infidelity and everyone is a co-conspirator.
Anil is a smarmy stud with an exuberant lack of scruples. While managing to wangle his way to a promotion, a Mumbai trip, he looks up to Shyam. Despite the obvious rivalry, Anil decides to move in as an acolyte. Shyam is a pro, and wants Anil out of his life, but has to begrudgingly admit that he's a huge help with the ladies. Anil acts unflappable with others around but grovels in front of Shyam to let him stay. Beneath the egos and competition, however, it's pretty visible that these two like each other. Another one stirring the broth is Mrs. Dick aka Dickammayi, a moody chef whose husband eloped and married her sister. She has been warned about women in the house but is unaware that her domestic duties would involve shuffling pictures in and out of photo frames and making three different kinds of dinner on the same night. Justifiably, she often flies off the handle and vainly demands a never-forthcoming raise.

Eventually, Shyam and Anil are devastated by the air hostess-surfing game they play. They barely manage to disengage from a lethal imbroglio and look set to quit while they're still ahead. Both men are exhausted, downbeat, and seemingly resigned to their fate. Elena, one of the three air hostesses starts feeling a soft corner for Anil, and they decide to lead a life together. Shyam and Anil size each other up and sigh wearily, and just when they're going to throw in the towel, they solemnly make their decision. 'One for you, two for me,' Shyam mutters. Anil, equally cool, nods and seals the deal. But the commotion doesn't end there. The other two air hostesses find out that they have been cheated. In the end, both Shyam and Anil realize their mistakes, and Shyam decides to marry his "murapennu", Sreekutty.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mohanlal]] as Shyam
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Anilkumar
*[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] as Eleena (1st Cabin-Crew)
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]] as Padma (2nd air-hostess)
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] as Indhu (3rd air-hostess)
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Sreekutty
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as O. P. Olassa
*[[Sukumari]] as Dick Ammayi
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Kuttappan
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Lambodharan Pillai
*[[Sankaradi]] as M. T. E. Damodaran
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Sreekandan Nair
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Ramankutty Shop Owner
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as (Tea Shop Owner)
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Fake father
*[[Manavalan Joseph]] as Father of Sreekutty
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as [[item number]] "Boeing Boeing"
*[[Vallathol Unnikrishnan]] as Priest
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Man at the Restaurant (cameo)
* Pavitran as Ettuveetil Raghavan Pillai
{{colend}}
[[Kottayam Santha]] gave voice ([[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]]) for all the female lead characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=ഈ മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ ചിത്രത്തിലെ എല്ലാ സ്ത്രീ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾക്കും ശബ്ദം കൊടുത്തത് ഒരാള്‍ !! |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/%E0%B4%88-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716132928/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/%E0%B4%88-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=East Coast Daily |language=ml}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Raghu Kumar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]. The film was scored by [[K. J. Joy]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| Oru Punnaaram || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[KS Chithra]], [[Unni Menon]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| Thozhukai || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Boeing Boeing (1965 film)]]
*[[Chilakkottudu]]
*[[Garam Masala (2005 film)]]
*[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0255013|Boeing Boeing}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]

Tyagayya (1981 film)

2026-03-03T20:18:40Z

JaniePan0653361: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tyagayya
| image = Tyagayya 1981 poster.jpg
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| starring = [[J. V. Somayajulu]] [[K.R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Navata Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1981|04|17}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Tyagayya''''' is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/portrait-of-an-artist/article4439546.ece|title=Portrait of an artist|date=21 February 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The cast included [[J.V. Somayajulu]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. The film is based on the life of Saint, Singer, and composer [[Tyagaraja]]. ''Tyagayya'' was showcased at the Indian Panorama of [[International Film Festival of India|Filmotsav'82]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/90_27thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-first-film-on-tyagaraja/article33933626.ece|title=The first film on Tyagaraja|first=Sriram|last=V|date=25 February 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Thyagaraja composed thousands of devotional compositions, most in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and in praise of Lord [[Rama]], many of which remain popular today, the most popular being "Nagumomu".<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/233 233]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Of special mention are five of his compositions called the ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]s'' ({{translation}} "five gems"), which are often sung in programs in his honour, and ''Utsava Sampradaya Krithis'' ({{translation}} Festive ritual compositions), which are often sung to accompany temple rituals.

==Cast==
* [[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Tyagaraja
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Kamalamba
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Japesam
* Ravi as [[Rama|Lord Rama]]
* [[Sangeetha (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as [[Sita|Goddess Seetha]]
* Arja Janardhana Raoas [[Hanuman]]
* Hemasundar as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
* Jhansi as Tyagayya's sister-in-law
* Sridhar
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0156135}}

{{Bapu (film director)|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:1980s biographical films]]

Praanam

2026-03-03T18:11:02Z

JaniePan0653361: improved article

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Praanam
| image = Pranam 2003.jpg
| director = Malli
| producer = Maganti Babu
| writer = Subba Rao Master
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Sadha]]
| music = Kamalakar
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| editing = Basva Paidireddy
| distributor = GMRC
| released = {{Film date|2003|07|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Praanam''''' ({{Translation|Life}}) is a 2003 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Malli, written by Subba Rao Master, and produced by Maganti Babu. The film stars [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Sadha]] in the lead roles, while [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], Mantripragada Venkat Rao, [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]], and [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by Kamalakar. The film was released on 25 July 2003. The film is based on the concept of [[reincarnation]].<ref name="Bhashyam Ajay">{{cite web|last1=Bhashyam|first1=Ajay|title=Praanam review|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/praanam/telugu/praanam-movie-reviews-944-2.html|website=movies.fullhyderabad.com|publisher=Fullhyderabad.com|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-praanam.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Praanam - Naresh, Sadaf - Malli - Kamalakar - Maganti Babu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-praanam.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Praanam - Naresh, Sadaf - Malli - Kamalakar - Maganti Babu }}</ref>

==Plot==
In a village by a coastal area, Sivudu belongs to a lower caste, and Kathyayani is a chaste Brahmin. When the village head, who is also Kathyayani's strict Brahmin father, learns that they fell in love, he decides to hang them off because inter-caste love/marriage is a sin as per their village laws and the consequences of previous experiences regarding inter-caste love. These two souls take a rebirth. Kathyayani is born as Uma, a sister of a powerful politician. Sivudu is born as Kaasi, an NRI orphan who returns from Los Angeles to do a Telugu music video album. He is in search of a pristine Telugu girl and finds Uma. They fall in love, but her politician brother wants her to marry his nephew. Uma and Kaasi run away from Vizag city to the coastal area, and incidentally, they land in a place where Kathyayani and Sivudu lived. The village men identify them. The rest of the film is all about how it all ends well.

==Cast==
*[[Allari Naresh]] as Sivudu / Kaasi
*[[Sadha]] as Kathyayani / Uma
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Sivudu's mother
*Mantripragada Venkat Rao as Kathyayani's father
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Uma's brother
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Uma's brother's nephew
*Anitha Chowdary
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] in a special appearance

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Praanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Kamalakar
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released =
| recorded = 2002–2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = Kamalakar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film features music by Kamalakar. The lyrics were written by Sri Sai Harsha, [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], and E. S. Murthy. The song "Nindu Noorella" was a super hit.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyricist
|-
| "Nindu Noorella" || [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] || rowspan="3" | Sri Sai Harsha
|-
| "Sayyari Na Yenki"|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Snehama Swapnama" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Vaatapi" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || E. S. Murthy
|-
| "Bramhandam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan="2" | Sai Sriharsha
|-
| "Nindu Noorella"(Sad) || Kamalakar, [[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
| "Dhim Dhim Dhim" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]] || [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1285133}}

[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Vishal Mourya and Debi Prasad Lenka

2026-03-03T17:41:08Z

JaniePan0653361: made basic stub from scratch!

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = Vishal Mourya
| birth_place = '''Vishal Mourya:''' Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India '''Debi Prasad Lenka:''' Cuttack, Odisha, India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter
| years_active = 2010–present
| notable_works = ''[[Daman (2022 film)|DAMaN]]'' (2022)
}}

'''Vishal Mourya''' and '''Debi Prasad Lenka''' is an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter, best known for co-directing the Odia film ''[[DAMaN (2022 film)|DAMaN]]'' (2022), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Odia Film]] at the 70th National Film Awards. He works primarily in Odia cinema.<ref name="TOI-Daman">{{cite web |title=Odia film 'DAMaN' wins Best Odia Film at 70th National Film Awards |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-film-daman-wins-best-odia-film-at-70th-national-film-awards/articleshow/114060553.cms |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vishal Mourya was born in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. He graduated with a degree in Information Technology from SATI, Vidisha. After completing his studies, he worked with multinational companies in Pune before transitioning into the entertainment industry. He was associated with television networks including Star Plus, Sony TV, and Zoom TV, and worked in events such as Miss India and Miss Universe. His early professional career involved production and creative roles in television and live events, which later influenced his transition into filmmaking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishal Mourya – Director Profile |website=Odisha Talks |url=https://www.odishatalks.com/vishal-mourya |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

Debi Prasad Lenka is from Cuttack, Odisha. He completed a three-year filmmaking course and started his career as an assistant director and film editor, working with media and entertainment companies including UTV, Times of India Group, Zee Entertainment, and BAG Films across Odisha and Mumbai.<ref name="BMS-Lenka">{{cite web |title=Debi Prasad Lenka – Biography, Movies, News & Photos |website=BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/debi-prasad-lenka/2021303 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mourya began his career in television with Mahayatra and [[Dance Premier League]]. Later, he collaborated with Debi Prasad Lenka with whom he later formed a director-duo. They both directed the unreleased Hindi film ''B-for Bundelkhand''.<ref>{{cite web |title=It's not just Kantara: Odia film Daman is making waves nationwide, meet the directors |website=The Federal |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/its-not-just-kantara-odia-film-daman-is-making-waves-nationwide-meet-the-directors |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
Together, they worked on several projects, including the Odia political drama ''[[Biju Babu]]'' (2019).<ref name="Biju Babu movie details">{{cite web |title=Biju Babu movie details |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/vishal-mourya |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2022, Mourya and Lenka co-directed and co-wrote ''[[Daman (2022 film)|DAMaN]]'', an Odia-language social drama inspired by true events related to malaria eradication efforts in rural Odisha.<ref name="NIE-Daman">{{cite web |title='Daman' gets National Award as Best Odia Film |website=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Aug/17/daman-gets-national-award-as-best-odia-film |date=17 August 2024 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> The film starred [[Babushaan Mohanty]] and [[Dipanwit Dashmohapatra]]. Made on a budget of around ₹94 lakh, it grossed approximately ₹7.5 crore at the box office. The film was subsequently dubbed in Hindi the following year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odia-Hindi film 'Daman' to release on Feb 3, Ajay Devgn launches trailer |website=Punjab News Express |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/odia-hindi-film-daman-to-release-on-feb-3-ajay-devgn-launches-trailer-196238 |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

The film received widespread critical acclaim and won the Best Odia Film at the 70th [[National Film Awards]], earning the directors the ''Rajat Kamal'' and a cash prize.<ref name="NIE-Daman"/>
In an interview, Mourya expressed his hope that the Hindi version of the film would bring national attention to Odisha's cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=I am hoping the Hindi version of 'DaMaN' gets a lot of love from the audience – Vishal Mourya |website=Planet Bollywood |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/interviews/i-am-hoping-the-hindi-version-of-daman-gets-a-lot-of-love-from-the-audience-vishal-mourya |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| Year !! rowspan="2"|Title !! colspan="3"|Credited as !! rowspan="2"|Language !! rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer !! Editor
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Biju Babu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || rowspan="2"|Odia || <ref name="Biju Babu movie details"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[DAMaN]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{partial|Debi Prasad Lenka}} || <ref name="TOI-Daman"/>
|}

== Awards and honours ==
* Best Odia Film – 70th National Film Awards (for ''DAMaN'').<ref name="TOI-Daman"/>
* Rajat Kamal and cash prize from the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] for ''DAMaN''.<ref name="NIE-Daman"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9070213|Vishal Mourya}}
* {{IMDb name|9070209|Debi Prasad Lenka}}

[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Screenwriting duos]]

Mangalavaaram

2026-03-03T09:20:47Z

JaniePan0653361: New New Details Initial Version...

{{short description|2023 film by Ajay Bhupathi}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangalavaaram
| image = Mangalavaaram poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ajay Bhupathi]]
| writer = Ajay Bhupathi
| story = Ajay Bhupathi
| producer = Swathi Reddy Gunupati Suresh Varma M. Ajay Bhupathi
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Payal Rajput]]|[[Nandita Swetha]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Divya Pillai]]|[[Ajmal Ameer]]|[[Chaitanya Krishna]]|[[Ravindra Vijay]]}}
| cinematography = Dasaradhi Sivendra
| editing = Madhav Kumar Gullapalli
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = Mudhra Media Works A Creative Works
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|17}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref name = r1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mangalavarm-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntg2|title=''Mangalavaaram'' (15)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=14 November 2023|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114141841/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mangalavarm-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntg2|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Mangalavaaram''''' ({{translation|[[Tuesday]]}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological thriller|psychological]] [[mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by [[Ajay Bhupathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-28 |title=The 'Mangalavaaram' concept poster stimulates curiosity! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-mangalavaaram-concept-poster-stimulates-curiosity/articleshow/98292111.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101072653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-mangalavaaram-concept-poster-stimulates-curiosity/articleshow/98292111.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced by Swathi Reddy Gunupati, Suresh Varma M., and Ajay Bhupathi, under Mudhra Media Works and A Creative Works. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Payal Rajput]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Chaitanya Krishna]], and [[Ravindra Vijay]].

The music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title=Payal Rajput goes topless in bold 1st look poster of Ajay Bhupathi's Mangalavaaram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/payal-rajput-goes-topless-in-bold-1st-look-poster-of-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-2364267-2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101074157/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/payal-rajput-goes-topless-in-bold-1st-look-poster-of-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-2364267-2023-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> with cinematography by Dasaradhi Sivendra and editing by Madhav Kumar Gullapalli. The film released on 17 November 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-26 |title=Payal Rajput starrer 'Mangalavaram' to hit screens nationwide on November 17 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/payal-rajput-starrer-mangalavaram-to-hit-screens-nationwide-on-november-17/articleshow/103952408.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101113656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/payal-rajput-starrer-mangalavaram-to-hit-screens-nationwide-on-november-17/articleshow/103952408.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=The nail-biting thriller will be released in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi,' says makers. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091023/ajay-bhupathi-pins-hopes-on-mangalavaram.html |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108105128/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091023/ajay-bhupathi-pins-hopes-on-mangalavaram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1996, life in a village appears peaceful. A mysterious series of murders then occurs twice: before each killing, someone writes on the wall of a house, accusing a married woman and a married man of having an illicit affair. Soon after, the accused individuals are found dead. The villagers initially believe the victims committed suicide out of shame, until police inspector Maya notices suspicious clues at the crime scenes, suggesting that both cases were murders.

One week later, villagers apprehend a young man named Nani while he is attempting to write on a wall and hand him over to the police. However, Maya soon releases him after reviewing the postmortem reports of the previous victims, concluding that he cannot be the killer. Around the same time, the village doctor Viswanatham claims to have seen the ghost of Sailaja, sparking a terrifying rumor that the murders are being committed by Sailaja’s vengeful spirit.
<blockquote>
One year ago, a young woman named Sailaja in the village, who was in a mentally disturbed state and suffering from [[nymphomania]], had some casual sex with some men in the village. She was harshly judged, and many men began to harass and exploit her. When the village headman Prakasam learned of this, he ordered Sailaja to be expelled from the village. Shortly afterward, Sailaja was found dead after falling into a well.
</blockquote>
One week later, Maya catches the real killer—Viswanatham—while he is once again attempting to write names on a wall. Maya had deduced his involvement from the postmortem reports, which revealed that anesthesia had been used to sedate the victims before their deaths, making Viswanatham the prime suspect. Viswanatham resists arrest and attacks Maya, knocking her unconscious. She later wakes up tied inside Viswanatham’s house, where they confront each other and Viswanatham reveals the truth.
<blockquote>
When Sailaja was alive, Viswanatham showed empathy and tried to help her, medically and emotionally. He tried to treat her and brought back Ravi to her - Sailaja's love interest in childhood who was deemed dead ten years ago. Ravi and Sailaja planned to marry and leave the village together, but before they could do so, Prakasam ordered Sailaja to be expelled.

Sailaja did not commit suicide after being driven out; she was murdered. Earlier, she had accidentally witnessed Prakasam’s wife, Rajeswari Devi, having an affair with photographer Vasu. To protect her reputation, Rajeswari Devi manipulated Prakasam into expelling Sailaja and later arranged her murder with the help of several villagers.
</blockquote>
Viswanatham and Ravi decided to avenge Sailaja’s death. Together, they killed four people involved in the crime, writing their names on the walls before each murder. As Viswanatham narrates this to Maya, Ravi kills Vasu, leaving Rajeswari Devi as the last person responsible for Sailaja’s death.

Prakasam, who has returned to the village to investigate the ongoing murders, overhears the confrontation between Viswanatham and Maya. After returning home, he kills his wife Rajeswari Devi by burning her alive. He later tells the villagers that Rajeswari Devi sacrificed herself to Mahalaximi to end the cycle of deaths and save the village.

At the end, Maya allows Viswanatham to go free, choosing neither to arrest him nor to reveal the truth to the village.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Payal Rajput]] as Sailaja "Sailu"
** Shaurya as Young Sailu
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Maaya
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Ravi
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Zamindar Prakasam Babu
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Rajeswari Devi, Prakasam Babu's wife
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Madan, Sailaja's Professor
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as RMP Viswanatham
* Aayushi Patel as Professor Madan's wife
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Kaasi Raju
* [[Shravan Reddy]] as Vasu, photographer and Rajeswari's lover
* Lakshman Meesala as Puli 'Guddodu', Kaasi Raju's assistant
* Rahul Varma as Nani
* Srilekha Rajendran as Sooramma, Sailu's grandmother
* Ananth Prabu as Sailaja's father
* [[Sritej]] as Guraja
* Thanmai Bolt as Nagamani
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] in a [[Guest appearance|special appearance]] in the song "Appadappada Thaandra"
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Principal filming started on 9 December 2022, and the shoot was wrapped up on 13 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=It's a Wrap for Ajay Bhupathi's enthralling village thriller 'Mangalavaaram' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-ajay-bhupathis-enthralling-village-thriller-mangalavaaram/articleshow/100966504.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102164623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-ajay-bhupathis-enthralling-village-thriller-mangalavaaram/articleshow/100966504.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Payal Rajput]] played the principal lead in the film, marking her second collaboration with Ajay Bhupathi, after [[RX 100 (film)|''RX 100'']].{{fact|date=January 2026}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
It was released on 17 November 2023, with dubbed versions in four Indian languages:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ''Mangalavaara'' in Kannada, ''Mangalavaar'' in Hindi, ''Chevvaikizhamai'' in Tamil and ''Chovvazhcha'' in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Mangalavaar: अजय भूपति की 'मंगलवार' का धमाकेदार टीजर हुआ रिलीज, गांव की पृष्ठभूमि पर आधारित है फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/rx100-director-ajay-bhupathi-mangalavaar-intriguing-teaser-out-now-based-on-action-thriller-film-2023-07-18 |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101072730/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/rx100-director-ajay-bhupathi-mangalavaar-intriguing-teaser-out-now-based-on-action-thriller-film-2023-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Ajay Bhupathi's village action thriller 'Chevvaikizhamai' shoot wrapped up |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ajay-bhupathis-village-action-thriller-chevvaikizhamai-shoot-wrapped-up/article66972424.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101133723/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ajay-bhupathis-village-action-thriller-chevvaikizhamai-shoot-wrapped-up/article66972424.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |date=2023-10-07 |title=ചൊവ്വാഴ്‍ചയിലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ajay-bhupathis-new-horror-film-chovvazhcha-song-out-hrk-s25vwh |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108003402/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ajay-bhupathis-new-horror-film-chovvazhcha-song-out-hrk-s25vwh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Mangalavaaram' to have pan-India release on November 17 |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/director-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-to-have-pan-india-release-on-november-17 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Telugu Times - USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108002337/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/director-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-to-have-pan-india-release-on-november-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney Plus Hotstar]] on 26 December 2023 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] & [[Malayalam]] languages. The film's Hindi dubbed version premiered on [[Zee Cinema]] on 9 August 2024 at 8:00 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2023-12-26 |title=Mangalavaram OTT Release Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/261223/mangalavaram-now-streaming-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mangalavaaram
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| released = 15 December 2023<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2023 |title=Mangalavaaram (Album)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2MKCgrurgz9W42upk73ABj?si=VUxOWZR6RqujllAel-NEFQ |website=Spotify}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:00
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Saregama]]
| prev_title = [[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Kaiva]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|50nYjOifGII&pp|Mangalavaaram – Full Album}}}}
}}

[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] composed both the music and background score for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-10-07 |title=Second single 'Emayyindho Emito' from director Ajay Bhupathi's 'Mangalavaaram' unveiled |url=https://industryhit.com/t/second-single-emayyindho-emito-from-director-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-unveiled/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108003059/https://industryhit.com/t/second-single-emayyindho-emito-from-director-ajay-bhupathis-mangalavaaram-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single, ''Ganagana Mogalira'', was released on 16 August 2023, followed by the second single, ''Emayyindho Emito'', on 7 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Emayindho Ento from Mangalavaaram out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/07/emayindho-ento-from-mangalavaaram-out-48384.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101133710/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/07/emayindho-ento-from-mangalavaaram-out-48384.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single, ''Appadappada Thaandra'', featuring [[Tharun Bhascker]] in a cameo appearance, was released on 3 November, and was featured during the end credits of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Appadappada Thaandra song from Mangalavaaram is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/03/appadappada-thaandra-song-from-mangalavaaram-is-out-49236.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104051404/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/03/appadappada-thaandra-song-from-mangalavaaram-is-out-49236.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Tharun Bhascker to make special appearance in 'Mangalavaaram' song 'Appadappada Tandra' |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tharun-bhascker-make-special-appearance-mangalavaaram-song-appadappada-tandra-243718 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104051514/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tharun-bhascker-make-special-appearance-mangalavaaram-song-appadappada-tandra-243718 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ganagana Mogalira
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = V. M. Mahalingam
| length1 = 3:54
| title2 = Emayyindho Emito
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra2 = Harshika Devanath
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Appadappada Thaandra
| lyrics3 = Ganesh A
| extra3 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = O Praanama
| lyrics4 = Sira Sri
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
| length4 = 3:44
| total_length = 16:00
}}

=== Background score ===
The background score was released on 4 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2024 |title=Mangalavaaram – OST |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7HjFGBR2amY3WSJZXZt3o1?si=BoO2GEWURICXWRkgZvpM8w |website=Spotify}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Truth On The Wall
| length1 = 1:58
| title2 = The Village
| length2 = 0:39
| title3 = The Shock
| length3 = 0:44
| title4 = First Death
| length4 = 0:26
| title5 = Reveal
| length5 = 1:06
| title6 = Jamindar
| length6 = 1:05
| title7 = The Intro
| length7 = 0:50
| title8 = The Long First Love
| length8 = 2:32
| title9 = The Blind
| length9 = 0:43
| total_length = 10:06
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt26763310|title=Mangalavaaram}}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]

Palaivana Rojakkal

2026-03-03T05:22:20Z

JaniePan0653361: made entry!

{{short description|1986 film by Manivannan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Palaivana Rojakkal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Vartha]]''|[[T. Damodaran]]}}
| producer = [[Murasoli Selvam]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]}}
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Poompuhar Productions
| distributor = N. M. T. Raman Agencies
| released = {{film date|df=y|1986|11|1}}
| runtime = 162 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=105}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Palaivana Rojakkal''''' ({{IPA|ta|paːlaɪʋaɳa ɾoːdʑaːkkaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|Desert roses}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 January 1988 |title=Rush of contenders for top place in Tamil films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880115-rush-of-contenders-for-top-place-in-tamil-films-796855-1988-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621144846/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880115-rush-of-contenders-for-top-place-in-tamil-films-796855-1988-01-15 |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political satire]] film written by [[M. Karunanidhi]] and directed by [[Manivannan]]. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Vartha]]'', released earlier the same year. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]. It focuses on a journalist, his lover and his friend as they fight a corrupt system to expose unscrupulous politicians. ''Palaivana Rojakkal'' was released on 1 November 1986 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2021}}
Journalist Sabarathnam, his lover and his friend fight a corrupt system to expose unscrupulous politicians.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Sabarathnam
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Surya<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2018 |title='உங்கள் உப்பு என் உழைப்புக்குத்தானே தவிர என் உடலுக்கில்லை' – கருணாநிதியின் பெண் கதாபாத்திர வசனங்கள் #MissUKarunanidhi |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/133553-meet-some-female-characters-created-by-legendary-karunanidhi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207111616/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/133553-meet-some-female-characters-created-by-legendary-karunanidhi.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Rani{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Babu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as VJV{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
*Vasanth as Sekar
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Aalavandhan{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Kannayiram{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Chinnaiya
*[[Janagaraj]] as Majunu
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Aalavandhan's P.A.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Ekambaram{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
*[[Charuhasan]] as Sabarathnam's grandfather{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=105}}
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]] as Shanthi
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Sekar's friend
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Saraswathi Ammal{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=106}}
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Politician [[M. Karunanidhi]]'s production company Poompuhar Productions, after a [[layoff]], sought to raise both political and financial capital. They chose to remake the 1986 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Vartha]]'' in Tamil with the title ''Palaivana Rojakkal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=24 April 1987 |title=Politics again |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Karunanidhi wrote the screenplay, while [[Manivannan]] directed the film, which was produced by Murasoli Selvam.<ref name="IEreview" /><ref name="movie" /> [[Sathyaraj]] said he accepted to act in the film because it was a remake of a successful film and was guaranteed to do well.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sunil |first=K. P. |date=29 November 1987 |title=The Anti-Hero |url=https://ibb.co/426dJsW |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083322/https://ibb.co/426dJsW |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=40–41 |volume=108}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by A. Sabapathi, and editing by P. Venkateswara Rao.<ref name="movie" /> Karunanidhi appeared as himself onscreen, giving the opening and closing monologues.<ref name="IEreview" /><ref name="filmcompanion" /> Some scenes were shot at ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]'' office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title="கலைஞர் வசனம் எழுதிய படத்தில் வாய்ப்பு வழங்கியது பெரியார் தான்" – சத்யராஜ் பகிரும் சுவாரசியம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/sathyaraj-speech-about-kalaignar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240424140046/https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/sathyaraj-speech-about-kalaignar |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Palaivana Rojakkal'' is about the [[freedom of the press]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thiagarajan |first=Shantha |date=9 August 2018 |title=An idyllic setting that boosted M Karunanidhi's creativity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/an-idyllic-setting-that-boosted-m-karunanidhis-creativity/articleshow/65334383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190207094620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/an-idyllic-setting-that-boosted-m-karunanidhis-creativity/articleshow/65334383.cms |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the "struggle between corrupt politicians and angry heroes".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maderya |first=Kumudan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |journal=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170523083451/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', historian [[Kanakalatha Mukund]] noted that, in contrast ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) and ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' (1954) where Karunanidhi "virtually blasted the audience with extremely dramatic, alliterative dialogues", he used a "far more subdued and sophisticated style to convey his political message" in this film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha |author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund |date=13 July 1996 |title=Elites vs Subalterns or Ideology vs Methodology? |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.16399/page/n1231/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230303073936/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.16399/page/n1231/mode/2up |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |magazine=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |page=1881 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=31}}</ref> Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] compared ''Palaivana Rojakkal'' to ''Parasakthi'' for the way they "took on the times".<ref name="filmcompanion" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while the lyrics were written by [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paalaivan Rojakkal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/paalaivan-rojakkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607041651/https://mossymart.com/product/paalaivan-rojakkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kadhal Enbadhu
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thoranthu
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Nenachathellam
| extra3 = Ilaiyaraaja
| length3 =
}}

== Release ==
''Palaivana Rojakkal'' was released on 1 November 1986, during [[Diwali]] day,{{sfn|Rathinagiri|2007|p=67}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1986 |title=Palaivana Rojakkal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and distributed by N. M. T. Raman Agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 1986 |title=Palaivana Rojakkal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861109&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]'', ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2017 |title=Rajinikanth turns 67: More than moondru mugam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/11/rajinikanth-turns-67-more-than-moondru-mugam-1724738.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180420112329/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/11/rajinikanth-turns-67-more-than-moondru-mugam-1724738.html |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]'',{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=107}} the film emerged a commercial success, and was instrumental in establishing Sathyaraj as a "mass hero".<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2004 |title=Sibiraj is all set to make it big! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sibiraj-is-all-set-to-make-it-big-news-tamil-kkfvEFdcfchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102181952/http://www.sify.com/movies/sibiraj-is-all-set-to-make-it-big-news-tamil-kkfvEFdcfchsi.html |archive-date=2 November 2017 |access-date=2 November 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It also led to a slew of political films being made, mainly those which spoke against [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] and ministers, depicting them as [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womanisers]], drunkards and [[wikt:wheeler-dealer|wheeler dealers]].<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=22 January 1989 |title=Action! |url=https://ibb.co/ckLJYty |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303094919/https://ibb.co/ckLJYty |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=The Telegraph |location=India |pages=16}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
In a review dated 7 November 1986, N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "One sees [Karunanidhi's] stamp in the hyperbolic references to [[The pen is mightier than the sword|the pen being mightier than the sword]], and in certain needless allusions, but these however are not too long or too frequent to detract from the value of the film. The main strength of [''Palaivana Rojakkal''] is that it has some lively characters."<ref name="IEreview" /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 23 November, said the film stands out because of the right cast chosen to play the various roles. The reviewer added that the artistes had acted competitively with each other, thus enhancing the appeal for the film and being worthy of appreciation. The reviewer added that the film stood out for attacking the-then political powers, and the backbone of the film was the dialogue written by Karunanidhi who adapted himself well for the 20th century and wrote dialogues which could be liked even by contemporary audiences. The reviewer said the director needs to be appreciated for making a hard-hitting film without worrying about the political consequences and rated the film 51 out of 100.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=107}} [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the uneducated layman cannot be roused so much by the press; ''Palaivana Rojakkal'' should tap them.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=21 December 1986 |title=பாலைவன ரோஜாக்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-12-21/page/n41/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230227093156/https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-12-21/page/n41/mode/2up |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=8 August 2018 |title=Five Highlights From Karunanidhi's Film Career |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/five-highlights-from-karunanidhis-film-career-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207102232/https://www.filmcompanion.in/five-highlights-from-karunanidhis-film-career-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Palaivana Rojakkal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Poompuhar Productions |year=1986 |trans-title=Desert Roses |time=0:00 to 7:55 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>

<ref name="IEreview">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=7 November 1986 |title=Fruits of Honesty |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861107&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rathinagiri |first=R. |title=Time capsule of Kalaignar |publisher=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] |year=2007 |oclc=680676772}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s political satire films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political satire films]]

List of Scheduled Tribes

2026-02-28T08:10:37Z

JaniePan0653361: New New Details More To Come...

{{Short description|Tribal List of India}}
{{pp|reason=Persistent addition of unsourced material from new and anonymous editors, not a single useful contribution from them in years.|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
This is a '''list of [[Scheduled Tribes in India]]'''. The term "Scheduled Tribes" refers to specific [[tribes]] whose status is acknowledged to some formal degree by national legislation.
[[File:Percent of scheduled tribes in India-tehsils-census 2011.svg|thumb|Percent of scheduled tribes in India by tehsils by census 2011]]

== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]], [[Cari people|Chariar]], Chari, [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]], Tabo, [[Bo people (Andaman)|Bo]], Yere, Kede, [[Bea people|Bea]], Balawa, Bojigiyab, Juwai, [[Kol people|Kol]]
# [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawas]]
# [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]
# [[Onge]]s
# [[Sentinelese]]
# [[Shompen people|Shom Pens]]

== Andhra Pradesh ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=21–22 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Andh]]
# [[Bagata people|Bagata]]
# [[Bhil people|Bhil]]
# [[Chenchu people|Chenchu]], Chenchwar
# [[Gadaba people|Gadabas]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]], Naikpod, [[Gondi people|Rajgond]]
# Goudu (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and [[Khammam]] districts)
# [[Jatapu people|Jatapus]]
# [[Kammara]]
# [[Kattunayakan]]
# [[Kolam people|Kolam]], [[Mannerwarlu|Mannervarlu]]
# Konda Dhoras
# Konda Kapus
# [[Konda Reddis]]
# [[Khonds|Kondhs]], Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Kondhs, Kuttiya Kondhs, Tikiria Kondhs, Yenity Kondhs
# Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, Holva, Paiko, Putiya, Sanrona, Sidhopaiko
# Koya, [[Goud]], Rajah, Rasha Koya, Lingadhari Koya (ordinary), Kottu Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
# Kulia
# [[Mali caste|Malis]] (excluding [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]], [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] and [[Warangal district|Warangal]] districts)
# [[Manna-Dora language|Manna Dhora]]
# [[Mukha-Dora language|Mukha Dhora]], Nooka Dhora
# Nayaks (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and [[Khammam district|Khammam]] districts)
# [[Pardhan language|Pardhan]]
# Porja, Parangiperja
# Reddi Dhoras
# Rona, Rena
# [[Sora people|Savaras]], Kapu Savaras, Maliya Savaras, Khutto Savaras
# [[Sugali]]s, [[Banjara|Lambadis]]
# [[Thoti]] (in [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]], [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] and [[Warangal district|Warangal]] districts)
# [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki]] (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and [[Khammam district|Khammam]] districts)
# [[Yenadis]]
# [[Yerukala people|Yerukulas]]

== Arunachal Pradesh ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and as inserted by Act 69 of 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=4 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

All tribes in the state including:
# [[Adi people|Abor]]
# [[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]
# [[Apatani people|Apatani]]
# [[Dafla]]
# [[Galo tribe|Galong]]
# [[Khamti people|Khampti]]
# [[Khowa people|Khowa]]
# [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]]
# [[Memba people|Momba]]
# Any [[Naga people|Naga tribes]]
# [[Sherdukpen people|Sherdukpen]]
# [[Singpho people|Singpho]]

== Assam ==
{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Assam}}

=== General areas ===
# [[Barmans in Cachar]]
# [[Deori people|Deori]]
# [[Hojai (surname)|Hojai]]
# [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]], [[Sonowal Kachari people|Sonowal]]
# [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Lalung]]
# [[Mech people|Mech]]
# [[Miji people|Miri]]
# [[Rabha people|Rabha]]

=== Autonomous districts ===
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=9–11 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

The autonomous districts comprise Bodoland Territorial Council, Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts.

# [[Boro people|Bodo]]
# [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
# [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]]
# [[Garo people|Garo]]
# [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
# [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
# [[Karbi people|Karbi]]
# [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Pnar people|Jaintia]], [[Synteng]], [[Pnar people|Pnar]], [[Wa people|War]], [[Bhoi]], [[Lyngngam language|Lyngngam]]
# [[Any Kuki Tribes]]
# [[Lakher]]
# [[Manchu people|Man]] (Tai speaking)
# Any [[Mizo people|Mizo]] (Lushai) tribes
# Any [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes
# [[Pai People|Pawi]]
# [[Synteng|Syntheng]]

== Bihar ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=3 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
{{div col}}
# [[Asur people|Asur]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# [[Banjara]]
# [[Bathudi]]
# [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]]
# [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# [[Binjhia]]
# [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# Birjia
# [[Chero]]
# [[Chick Baraik]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]
# Gorait
# [[Ho people|Ho]]
# [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]]
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Kharwar]]
# Kondh
# [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
# [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]
# [[Korwa people|Korwa]]
# Lohara, Lohra
# [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]]
# [[Mal Paharia language|Mal Pahariya]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]]
# [[Kurukh people|Oraon]]
# [[Parahiya|Parhaiya]]
# [[Santal people|Santal]]
# [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
# Savar
{{div col end}}

== Chhattisgarh ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 28 of 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=14–16 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Agariya people|Agariya]]
# [[Andh]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# Bhaina
# Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, [[Bharia people|Bharia]], Paliha, Pando
# Bhattra
# [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Bhilala]], Barela, Patelia
# [[Bhil Meena|Bhil Mina]]
# [[Bhunjia]]
# Biar, Biyar
# Binjhwar
# Birhul, [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# [[Damor]], Damaria
# Dhanwar
# [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]], [[Gadaba people|Gadba]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]; Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Kolibhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj Gond, 'Sonjhari, Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi
# [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], Halbi
# Kamar
# Karku
# Kawar, [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kanwar]], Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, [[Tanwar]], Chattri
# [[Kharwar|Khairwar]], Kondar
# Kharia
# [[Khonds|Kondh]], [[Khonds|Khond]], [[Khonds|Kandh]]
# [[Kol tribe|Kol]]
# [[Kolam people|Kolam]]
# [[Korku people|Korku]], Bopchi, [[Mouasi tribe|Mouasi]], Nihar, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
# [[Korwa people|Korwa]], [[Kodaku people|Kodaku]]
# [[Musahar|Majhi]]
# [[Majhwar]]
# Mawasi
# [[Munda people|Munda]]
# [[Nagesia]], Nagasia
# [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Dhanka]], [[Kurukh people|Dhangad]]
# Pao
# Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti
# [[Phase Pardhi|Pardhi]], Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Dantewara, Kanker, Raigarh, Jashpurnagar, Surguja and Koria districts; (ii) Katghora, Pali, Kartala and Korba tehsils of Korba district' (iii) Bilaspur, Pendra, Kota and Takhatpur tehsils of Bilaspur district; (iv) Durg, Patan, Gunderdehi, Dhamdha, Balod, Gurur and Dondilohara tehsils of Durg district; (v) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspector Circles of Rajnandgon district' (vi) Mahasamund, Saraipali and Basna tehsils of Mahasamund district; (vii) Bindra-Navagarh Rajim and Deobhog tehsils of Raipur district; and (viii) Dhamtari, Kurud and Sihava tehsils of Dhamtari district)
# Parja
# [[Sahariya caste|Sahariya]], Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor
# [[Santal people|Saonta]], Saunta
# Saur
# Sawar, Sawara
# Sonr

== Dadra and Nagar Haveli ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Dadra & Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=19 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Dhodia]]
# [[Dubla]] including [[Halpati]]
# [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]]
# [[Kokna]]
# KoliDhor including Kolgha
# [[Naikda]] or Nayaka
# [[Varli people|Varli]]

== Daman and Diu ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 and as inserted by Act 18 of 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=19 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Dhodia]]
# [[Dubla]] ([[Halpati]])
# [[Naikda]] (Talavia)
# [[Siddi]] (Nayaka)
# Varli

== Goa ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 and as inserted by Act 18 of 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=24 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Dhodia]]
# [[Dubla]] ([[Halpati]])
# [[Naikda]] (Talavia)
# [[Siddi]] (Nayaka)
# Varli

This list has been updated by the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], Government of India, to add the following three.<ref>{{Citation|title=State/Union Territory-wise list of Scheduled Tribes in India|url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf|pages=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409105910/https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=2018-04-09}}.</ref>

{{Ordered list|Kunbi|Gawda|Velip|item1_value=6|item2_value=7|item3_value=8}}

== Gujarat ==
{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=18–19 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Barda (tribe)|Barda]]
# Bavacha, [[Bamcha]]
# [[Bharwad]] (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, [[Barda Hills|Barada]] and [[Gir forest|Gir]]). The area comprises [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] and [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] districts.
# [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Bhil Garasia]], [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], Vasave
# [[Charan]] (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, [[Barda Hills|Barada]] and [[Gir National Park|Gir]]). The area comprises [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] and [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] districts.
# [[Chaudhri]] (in [[Surat district|Surat]] and [[Valsad district|Valsad]] districts)
# Chodhara
# [[Dhanka]], [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], Tetaria, Valvi
# [[Dhodia]]
# [[Dubla]], Talavia, [[Halpati]]
# [[Gamit]], Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi
# [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Rajgond]]
# [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]], [[Katkari people|Katkari]], Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
# [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kokna]], [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kokni]], Kukna
# [[Koli people|Koli]] (in [[Kutch district]])
# Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
# [[Kunbi]] (in the [[Dang district, India|Dangs district]])
# [[Naikda]], Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
# [[Padhar]]
# Paradhi (in [[Kutch district]])
# [[Phase Pardhi|Pardhi]], Advichincher, [[Phase Pardhi|Phanse Pardhi]] (excluding [[Amreli district|Amreli]], [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]], [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]], [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] and [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] districts)
# Patelia
# Pomla
# [[Rabari]] (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, [[Barada]] and [[Gir National Park|Gir]]). The area comprises [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] and [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] districts.
# Rathawa
# [[Siddi]] (in [[Amreli district|Amreli]], [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]], [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]], [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]], [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] and [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] districts)
# [[Vagri|Vaghri]] (in [[Kutch district|Kutch]] district)
# [[Varli people|Varli]]
# Vitola, Kotwalia, Barodia

== Himachal Pradesh ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=1 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhot]], [[Bodh people|Bodh]]
# [[Gaddis|Gaddi]] (excluding the territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] (31 of 1966), other than the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]). The areas excluded now comprise [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Una district|Una]] and [[Shimla district|Shimla]] districts.
# [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] (excluding the territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966)). The areas excluded now comprise [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Una district|Una]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]s.
# [[Jad people|Jad]], Lamba, Khampa
# [[Kanaura]], Kinnara
# [[Lahaula]]
# [[Pangwala]]
# [[Swangla]]

== Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Jammu & Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1989 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=1 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bakarwal]]
# [[Balti people|Balti]]
# [[Beda people|Beda]]
# [[Boto people|Bot]], [[Boto people|Boto]]
# [[Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin]]
# [[Changpa]]
# [[Gaddis|Gaddi]]
# [[Garra people|Garra]]
# [[Gujjar]] and [[Bakarwal]]
# [[Mon people|Mon]]
# [[Purigpa]]
# [[Sippi]]
# [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pahadi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-26 |title=Bills to expand Jammu & Kashmir’s Scheduled Castes, Schedule Tribes lists introduced in the Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bills-to-expand-jammu-kashmirs-scheduled-castes-schedule-tribes-lists-introduced-in-the-lok-sabha/article67124014.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Jharkhand ==
{{Main|Tribes of Jharkhand}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 30 of 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=12 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
{{div col}}
# [[Asur people|Asur]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# [[Banjara]]
# [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]]
# [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]]
# [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# [[Binjhia Tribe|Binjhia]]
# [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# Birjia
# [[Chero]]
# [[Chik Baraik|Chick Baraik]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]
# Gorait
# [[Ho people|Ho]]
# [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]]
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Kharwar]]
# [[Khonds|Khond]]
# [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
# [[Kora people|Kora]]
# [[Korwa people|Korwa]]
# Lohra
# [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]]
# [[Mal Paharia people|MalPahariya]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]]
# [[Oraon people|Oraon]]
# [[Parahiya|Parhaiya]]
# [[Santal people|Santhal]]
# [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
# [[Savara people|Savar]]
{{div col end}}

== Karnataka ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 39 of 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=23–24 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Adiyan]]
# Barda
# Bavacha, [[Bamcha]]
# [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Bhil Garasia]], [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], [[Vasava|Vasave]]
# Chenchu, Chenchwar
# Chodhara
# Dubla, Talavia, Halpati
# Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi
# Gond, Naikpod, Rajgond
# Gowdalu
# [[Hakkipikki]]
# Hasalaru
# Irular
# Iruliga
# Jenu Kuruba
# Kadu Kuruba
# Kammara (in Dakshina Kannada district and Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district)
# Kaniyan, Kanyan (in Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district)
# Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
# Kattunayakan
# Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
# Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
# Konda Kapus
# Koraga
# Kota
# Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
# [[Kudiya language|Kudiya]], Melakudi
# Kuruba (in Kodagu district)
# Kurumans
# Maha Malasar
# Malaikudi
# Malasar
# Malayekandi
# Maleru
# Maratha (in Kodagu district)
# Marati (n Dakshina Kannada district)
# Meda
# Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik, Nayak, Beda, Bedar and Valmiki
# Palliyan
# Paniyan
# Pardhi, Advichincher, Phanse Pardhi
# Patelia
# Rathawa
# Sholaga
# Soligaru
# Toda
# Varli
# Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia
# [[Yerava]]

== Kerala ==
{{main|Tribals in Kerala}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=25–26 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Adiyan]]
# [[Aranadan people|Arandan]]
# [[Eravallan people|Eravallan]]
# Hill Pulaya
# [[Irula people|Irular]], Irulan
# Kadar
# Kammara (in the areas comprising the [[Malabar district]] as specified by sub-section (2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)). Malabar district comprises [[Kannur district|Kannur]] (earlier Cannanore), [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram district]]s and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] (earlier Palaghat) district excluding [[Chittur]] taluk.
# [[Kanikkaran|Kanikaran]], [[Kanikkaran language|Kanikkar]]
# [[Kattunayakan]]
# Kochu Velan
# Konda Kapus
# Kondareddis
# Koraga
# Kota
# Kudiya, Melakudi
# Kurichchan
# Kurumans
# Kurumbas
# Maha Malasar
# Malai Arayan
# Malai Pandaram
# Malai Vedan
# Malakkuravan
# Malasar Tribe
# Malayan (in the areas comprising the Malabar district as specified by sub-section (2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)). Malabar district comprises [[Kannur district|Kannur]] (earlier Cannanore), [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram district]]s and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] (earlier Palaghat) district excluding [[Chittur]] taluk.
# Malayarayar
# Mannan
# Marati (in [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg Taluk]] and [[Kasaragod taluk]]s of [[Kasaragod district]])
# Muthuvan, Mudugar, Muduvan
# Palleyan
# Palliyan
# Palliyar
# Paniyan
# Ulladan
# Uraly

== Lakshadweep ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=25 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# Inhabitants of the Lakshadweep who, and both of whose parents, were born in the Union Territory.

== Madhya Pradesh ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=16–17 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
# [[Agariya people|Agariya]]
# [[Andh]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# Bhaina
# Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando
# Bhattra
# Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia
# [[Bhil Meena]]
# [[Bhunjia]]
# Biar, Biyar
# Binjhwar
# Birhul, Birhor
# [[Damor]], Damaria
# Dhanwar
# [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]], [[Gadaba people|Gadba]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]; Arakh, Arrakh, [[Agaria]], [[Asur people|Asur]], Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi
# [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], Halbi
# Kamar
# [[Karku (tribe)|Karku]]
# Kawar, [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kanwar]], Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri
# Keer (in [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]], [[Raisen district|Raisen]] and [[Sehore district|Sehore]] districts)
# [[Kharwar|Khairwar]], Kondar
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Khonds|Kondh]], Khond, Kandh
# [[Kol people|Kol]]
# [[Kolam people|Kolam]]
# Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
# [[Korwa people|Korwa]], [[Kodaku people|Kodaku]]
# [[Musahar|Majhi]]
# [[Majhwar]]
# Mawasi
# Mina (in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district)
# Munda
# Nagesia, Nagasia
# Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad
# Panika (in Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts)
# Pao
# Pardhan, Pathari Saroti
# Pardhi (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts)
# [[Phase Pardhi|Pardhi]]; Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Takonkar, Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh, Seoni and Surguja districts; (ii) Baihar tehsil of Balaghat district; (iii) Betul and Bhainsdehi tehsils of Betul district; (iv) Bilaspur and Katghora tehsils of Bilaspur district; (v) Durg and Balod tehsils of Durg district; (vi) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspectors Circles of Rajnandgaon district; (vii) Murwara, Patan and Sihora tehsils of Jabalpur district; (viii) Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tehsils of Hoshangabad district and Narsimhapur district; (ix) Harsud tehsil of East Nimar district; and (x) Dhamtari and Mahasamund districts and Bindra-Nawagarh tehsil of Raipur district)
# Parja
# [[Saharia|Sahariya]], Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor
# [[Saontal|Saonta]], Saunta
# Saur
# Sawar, [[Sabara people|Sawara]]
# Sonr

== Maharashtra ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=19–21 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Andh]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# [[Barda (tribe)|Barda]]
# Bavacha, [[Bamcha]]
# Bhaina
# [[Bharia people|Bharia]] Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Pando
# Bhattra
# [[Bhil people|Bhil]], Bhil Garasia, [[Dholi Bhil|DholiBhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], Vasave
# [[Bhunjia]]
# Binjhwar
# Birhul, [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# Chodhara (excluding [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondia district|Gondiya]], [[Buldhana district|Buldana]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Beed district|Beed]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]] and [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] districts)
# [[Dhanka]], [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], Tetaria, Valvi
# Dhanwar
# [[Dhodia]]
# [[Dubla]], Talavia, [[Halpati]]
# [[Gamit]], Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi
# [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Rajgond]], Arakh, Arrakh, [[Agaria]], [[Asur people|Asur]], Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koilabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Naikpod, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria
# [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], Halbi
# Kamar
# [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]], [[Katkari people|Katkari]], Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Kathkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
# Kawar, [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kanwar]], Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri
# [[Kharwar|Khairwar]]
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kokna, Kokni, Kukna]]
# [[Kol people|Kol]]
# [[Kolam people|Kolam]], [[Mannerwarlu|Mannervarlu]]
# Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
# Koli Mahadev, Dongar Koli
# Malhar Koli
# [[Khonds|Kondh]], Khond, Kandh
# [[Korku people|Korku]], Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
# [[Koya (tribe)|Koya]], Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
# [[Nagesia]], Nagasia
# [[Naikda]], Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
# [[Oraon people|Oraon]], [[Dhangad]]
# Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti
# [[Pardhi]]: Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia
# Parja
# Patelia
# Pomla
# Rathawa
# Sawar, Sawara
# Thakur, [[Thakar (tribe)|Thakar]], Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur, Ma Thakar
# [[Thoti]] (in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Beed district|Beed]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]] and [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] districts and Rajura tehsil of [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] district)
# Varli
# Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia

== Manipur ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=5 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Aimol people|Aimol]]
# [[Anāl Naga people|Anal]]
# [[Angami Naga|Angami]]
# [[Chiru people|Chiru]]
# [[Chothe Naga people|Chothe]]
# [[Gangte people|Gangte]]
# [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
# [[Rongmei people|Kabui]]
# [[Zeme people|Kacha Naga]]
# [[Thangal Naga people|Koirao]]
# [[Koireng people|Koireng]]
# [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom]]
# [[Lamkang Naga people|Lamgang]]
# [[Mao Naga people|Mao]]
# [[Marma people|Maram]]
# [[Maring Naga people|Maring]]
# Any [[Mizo people|Mizo]] ([[Lushai]]) tribes
# [[Monsang Naga people|Monsang]]
# [[Moyon Naga people|Moyon]]
# [[Paite people|Paite]]
# [[Purum people|Purum]]
# [[Ralte people|Ralte]]
# [[Sema Naga|Sema]]
# [[Simte people|Simte]]
# [[Sukte people|Suhte]]
# [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul]]
# [[Thadou people|Thadou]]
# [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphui]]
# [[Zou people|Zou]]

== Meghalaya ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=8–9 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# Boro Kacharis
# [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
# [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]]
# [[Garo people|Garo]]
# [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
# [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
# [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]], [[Synteng]], [[Pnar people|Pnar]], [[Wa people|War]], [[Bhoi]], Lyngngam
# [[Koch people|Koch]]
# [[Any Kuki Tribes|Any Kuki tribes]]
# [[Lakher]]
# Man (Tai speaking)
# Any [[Mizo people|Mizo]] ([[Lushai]]) tribes
# [[Mikir]]
# Any [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes
# Pawi
# [[Rabha people|Raba]], Rava
# [[Synteng]]
# [[Tripuri people]]

== Mizoram ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and as inserted by Act 81 of 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=5–7 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
# [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] ([[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]])
# [[Garo people|Garo]]
# [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
# [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
# [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]] (including Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam)
# [[Any Kuki Tribes]]
# [[Lakher]]
# Man (Tai speaking)
# Any [[Mizo people|Mizo]] ([[Lushai]]) tribes
# [[Mikir]]
# Any [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes
# [[Lai people|Pawi]]
# [[Synteng]]
# [[Reang|Riang]]

== Nagaland ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=4 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Garo people|Garo]]
# [[Kachari (tribe)|Kachari]]
# [[Karbi people|Karbi]]
# [[Kuki people|Kuki]]
# [[Naga people|Naga]]

== Odisha ==
{{main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=13–14 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bagata people|Bagata]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# [[Banjara]], [[Banjari (scheduled tribe)|Banjari]]
# [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]]
# [[Bhottada]], Dhotada
# [[Bhuiya]], [[Bhuyan]]
# Bhumia
# [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# [[Bhunjia]]
# [[Binjhal]]
# [[Binjhia Tribe|Binjhia]], Binjhoa
# [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# Bondo Poraja
# [[Chenchu people|Chenchu]]
# Dal
# Desua [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# Dharua
# Didayi
# [[Gadaba people|Gadaba]]
# Gandia
# Ghara
# [[Gondi people|Gond]], Gondo
# [[Ho people|Ho]]
# Holva
# [[Jatapu people|Jatapu]]
# [[Juang people|Juang]]
# [[Kandha Gauda]]
# Kawar
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]], Kharian
# [[Kharwar]]
# [[Khonds|Khond]], Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha
# [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
# [[Kol people|Kol]]
# Kolah Loharas, Kol Loharas
# Kolha
# [[Koli people|Koli]], Malhar
# Kondadora
# [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]
# Korua
# Kotia
# [[Koya (tribe)|Koya]]
# Kulis
# [[Lodha]]
# Madia
# [[Mahali]]
# [[Mankidia|Mankidi]]
# Mankirdia
# Matya
# [[Mirdha (tribe)|Mirdhas]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]], Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis
# Mundari
# Omanatya
# [[Oraon people|Oraon]]
# Parenga
# Paroja
# Pentia
# [[Rajuar]]
# [[Santal people|Santal]]
# [[Saora]], Savar, Saura, Sahara
# [[Shabar]], [[Lodha]]
# [[Sounti]]
# [[Tharu people|Tharua]]

== Rajasthan ==
{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=2 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Bhil Garasia]], [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], [[Vasava|Vasave]]
# [[Bhil Meena|Bhil Mina]]
# [[Damor]], Damaria
# [[Dhanka]], [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], Tetaria, Valvi
# [[Garasia]] (excluding Rajput Garasia)
# [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]], [[Katkari people|Katkari]], Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
# [[Kokna]], [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kokni]], Kukna
# Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
# [[Meena|Mina]]
# [[Naikda]], Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
# Patelia
# Seharia, Sehria, [[Saharia|Sahariya]]

== Sikkim ==
In accordance with The Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=4 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhotiya|Bhutia]] (including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, [[Dukpa]], [[Kagate people|Kagatey]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], Tromopa, [[Yolmo people|Yolmo]])
# [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]

== Tamil Nadu ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=26–27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Adiyan]]
# [[Aranadan people|Aranadan]]
# [[Badagas]]
# [[Eravallan people|Eravallan]]
# [[Irula people|Irular]]
# [[Kadar people]]
# [[Kammara]] (excluding [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] district and Shencottah taluk of [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] district)
# Kanikaran, Kanikkar (in [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] district and Shencottah taluk of [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] district)
# Kaniyan, Kanyan
# [[Kattunayakan]]
# Kochu Velan
# Konda Kapus
# [[Konda Reddis|Kondareddis]]
# [[Koraga people|Koraga]]
# [[Kota people (India)|Kota]] (excluding [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] district and Shencottah taluk of [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] district)
# Kudiya, Melakudi
# Kurichchan
# [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumbas]] (in the [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiri]] district)
# Kurumans
# [[Mala Malasar language|Maha Malasar]]
# [[Malayarayan|Malai Arayan]]
# [[Malapandaram language|Malai Pandaram]]
# [[Malavedan language|Malai Vedan]]
# [[Malankuravan language|Malakkuravan]]
# [[Malasar Tribe|Malasar]]
# [[Malayali (tribe)|Malayali]] (in [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Vellore Fort|Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]], [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]], [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Karur district|Karur]] and [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] districts)
# Malayekandi
# [[Mannan people|Mannan]]
# [[Mudugar]], Muduvan
# [[Muthuvan]]
# Palleyan
# [[Paliyan|Palliyan]]
# Palliyar
# Paniyan
# Sholaga
# [[Toda people|Toda]] (excluding [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] district and Shencottah taluk of [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] district)
# Uraly

== Tripura ==
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=7–8 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhil people|Bhil]]
# [[Bhotiya|Bhutia]]
# Chaimal
# [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
# [[Garo people|Garoo]]
# [[Halam tribe|Halam]]
# [[Jamatia]]
# [[Khasi people|Khasia]]
# [[Kuki people|Kuki]]
# [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]
# [[Lushai]]
# [[Marma people|Mag]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]], Kaur
# [[Noatia]]
# [[Oraon people|Orang]]
# [[Reang|Riang]]
# [[Santal people|Santal]]
# [[Tripuri people|Tripura]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Tripuri people|Tippera]]
# Uchai

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh}}
In accordance with The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=2 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhotiya|Bhotia]]
# [[Bhoksa people|Buksa]]
# [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]]
# [[Raji people|Raji]]
# [[Tharu people|Tharu]]
# [[Agariya people|Agariya]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
# [[Bhuiya]], [[Bhuiya|Bhuinya]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
# [[Buksa language|Buksa]]
# [[Chero]] (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Varanasi)
# [[Gondi people|Gond]], Dhuria, Nayak, Pathari, [[Gondi people|Raj Gond]] (in the districts of [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]], [[Siddharthnagar district|Sidharth Nagar]], [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Deoria district|Deoria]], [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]], [[Mau district|Mau]], [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]], and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]])
#
# [[Kharwar]], [[Kharwar|Khairwar]] (in the districts of [[Deoria district|Deoria]], [[Ballia district|Balia]], [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]])
# [[Pankho people|Pankha]], [[Panika]] (in the districts of [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] and [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]])
# [[Parahiya]] (in the district of [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]])
# [[Patari]] (in the district of [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]])
# [[Saharia]] (in the district of [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]])

== Uttarakhand ==
{{Main|List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand}}

Formerly Uttaranchal. In accordance with The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967 and as inserted by Act 29 of 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=2 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhotiya|Bhotia]]
# [[Buksa language|Buksa]]
# [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]]
# [[Raji people|Raji]]
# [[Tharu people|Tharu]]

== West Bengal ==
{{main|List of Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal}}
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=11–12 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Asur people|Asur]]
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]], Bediya
# [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# [[Bhotiya|Bhutia]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Toto people|Toto]], [[Bhutia|Dukpa]], [[Yolmo people|Kagatay]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Yolmo people|Yolmo]]
# [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
# [[Birjia language|Birjia]]
# [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
# [[Chero]]
# [[Chik Baraik]]
# [[Garo people|Garo]]
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]
# Gorait
# [[Hajong people|Hajang]]
# [[Ho people|Ho]]
# [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]]
# [[Kharwar]]
# [[Khonds|Khond]]
# [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
# [[Kora people|Kora]]
# [[Korwa people|Korwa]]
# [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]
# [[Lodha]], [[Kharia people|Kheria]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]a, Lohra
# [[Barua people|Magh]]
# [[Mahali]]
# [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]]
# [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Pahariya]]
# [[Mech people|Mech]]
# [[Mru people|Mru]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]]
# [[Kisan people|Nagesia]]
# [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] ([[Kurukh people|kurukh]])
# [[Parahiya|Parhaiya]]
# [[Rabha people|Rabha]]
# [[Santal people|Santal]]
# [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
# [[Sora people|Savar]]
# [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]

== Statistics ==
=== Most populous Scheduled Tribes ===
The following list shows the 33 largest Scheduled Tribes according to the [[2011 census of India|Census in India 2011]] (76% ≈ 80 of a total of 104 million members) with their population development ([[population explosion]] from +25%), their proportions and their [[Sex ratio in India|gender distribution]] (number of female relatives per 1000 male) as well as the populated [[States and union territories of India|states/territories]] – the growth rates from 2001 can also be due to new government regulations, so some subgroups were assigned differently:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

{| class="wikitable sortable zebra" style="text-align:right;"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="line-height:180%;"
! data-sort-type="number"|
! Scheduled Tribes
! Population
! Growth rate
! Percent
! data-sort-type="number"| Sex ratio
! Notified States and Union Territories
|- style="background:#FFDC9C;"
| 0
|style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="0"| '''{{IND|1=Indien|2= 705 ST:}}'''
| '''104.281.034'''
| '''+23,66 %'''
| 100%
| '''990''' : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| 8.61% of the population (1,210,854.977 | +17.69% from 2001 | 943 female 1,000 male inhabitants)
|- {{anchor|Bhil}}
| 1
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Bhil]]
| 17.071.049
| +34,42 %
| 16,37 %
| 980 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Madhya Pradesh]], Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
|- {{anchor|Gond}}
| 2
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Gondi people|Gond]]
| 13.256.928
| +22,08 %
| 12,71 %
| 1004 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Madhya Pradesh]], Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh u. a. (insg. 11)
|- {{anchor|Santal people|Santal}}
| 3
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Santal people|Santal]]
| 6.570.807
| +12,55 %
| 6,30 %
| 1007 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Jharkhand]], West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Tripura
|-
| 4
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Meena|Mina]]
| 4.345.528
| +14,36 %
| 4,17 %
| 919 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Rajasthan]]
|-
| 5
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Naikda]]
| 3.787.639
| +13,23 %
| 3,63 %
| 987: 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Daman and Diu]], Goa, Dadra und Nagar Haveli, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra
|-
| 6
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kurukh people|Oraon]]
| 3.682.992
| +17,21 %
| 3,53 %
| 1002 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[West Bengal]], Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 7
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Banjara people|Sugalis]]
| 2.407.637
| +15,87 %
| 2,31 %
| 956 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|- {{anchor|Munda}}
| 8
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Munda people|Munda]]
| 2.203.006
| +14,85 %
| 2,11 %
| 998 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Jharkhand]], Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 9
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Koli people|Koli Dhor]]
| 2.152.540
| ?
| 2,06 %
| 968 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Maharashtra]], Gujarat, Karnataka, Dadra und Nagar Haveli, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh
|- {{anchor|Naga}}
| 10
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Naga people|Naga]]
| 1.673.555
| −8,10 %
| 1,60 %
| 976 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Nagaland]]
|-
| 11
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Khond]]
| 1.628.501
| +16,54 %
| 1,56 %
| 1059 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Bihar]], Westbengalen, Jharkhand, Odisha
|-
| 12
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Koli people|Koli Mahadev]]
| 1.459.565
| +18,90 %
| 1,40 %
| 966 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Maharashtra]]
|- {{anchor|Khasi}}
| 13
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Khasi people|Khasi]]
| 1.428.745
| +25,51 %
| 1,37 %
| 1032 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Meghalaya]], Assam, Mizoram
|-
| 14
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo]] (Boro)
| 1.361.735
| +0,66 %
| 1,31 %
| 994 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Assam]]
|-
| 15
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kol people|Kol]]
| 1.263.818
| +27,48 %
| 1,21 %
| 963 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Odisha]] (Orissa), Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand
|-
| 16
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Varli people|Varli]]
| 1.238.066
| +27,00 %
| 1,19 %
| 1014 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujarat]], Daman and Diu, Dadra und Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa
|-
| 17
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kokna]]
| 1.076.854
| +16,20 %
| 1,03 %
| 994 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
|-
| 18
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujjar]]
| 1.073.201
| +34,26 %
| 1,03 %
| 922 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Himachal Pradesh
|-
| 19
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Ho people|Ho]]
| 1.033.095
| +28,03 %
| 0,99 %
| 1020 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Bihar]], Westbengalen, Jharkhand, Orissa
|- {{anchor|Garo}}
| 20
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Garo people|Garo]]
| 1.000.511
| +37,91 %
| 0,96 %
| 988 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Meghalaya]], Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura
|-
| 21
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Korku people|Korku]]
| 995.823
| +28,63 %
| 0,96 %
| 961 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Chhattisgarh]], Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
|-
| 22
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kawar]]
| 946.672
| +16,47 %
| 0,91 %
| 1008 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Odisha]] (Orissa), Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
|-
| 23
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
| 869.653
| +13,55 %
| 0,83 %
| 993 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Westbengalen]], Jharkhand, Odisha
|-
| 24
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Mizo people|Mizo]] (Lushai)
| 747.858
| +12,00 %
| 0,72 %
| 1023 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Assam]], Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya
|-
| 25
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Koya (tribe)|Koya]]
| 738.629
| +6,70 %
| 0,71 %
| 1049 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Maharashtra]], Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
|-
| 26
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Saharia]]
| 685.757
| +30,12 %
| 0,66 %
| 943 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Madhya Pradesh]], Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
|-
| 27
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Mising people|Mising]] (Miri)
| 680.424
| +15,85 %
| 0,65 %
| 968 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Assam]], Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 28
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Dhodia]]
| 680.090
| ?
| 0,65 %
| '''1000''' : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujarat]], Daman & Diu, Dadra und Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Goa
|-
| 29
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Dubla]]
| 675.945
| +7,70 %
| 0,65 %
| 995 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Goa]], Gujarat, Daman und Diu, Dadra und Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Karnataka
|-
| 30
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]]
| 650.631
| +1,81 %
| 0,63 %
| 1013 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Madhya Pradesh]], Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
|-
| 31
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Rathwa people|Rathawa]]
| 642.881
| +19,91 %
| 0,62 %
| 973 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 32
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Kolha]]
| 625.009
| ?
| 0,60 %
| 1015 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Odisha]] (Orissa)
|-
| 33
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
| 592.255
| +8,90 %
| 0,57 %
| 985 : 1000
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Tripura]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat]]
* [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]]
* [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://ncst.nic.in/index.asp?langid=1 |title=National Commission for Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114013721/http://ncst.nic.in/index.asp?langid=1 |archive-date=2012-01-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf List of Notified Scheduled Tribes]
*{{Citation|title=State/Union Territory-wise list of Scheduled Tribes in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409105910/https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-09|url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Scheduled Tribes In India}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people|Scheduled Tribes]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of tribes]]

Gola Ghar

2026-02-27T09:58:10Z

JaniePan0653361: improved citations also and improved wording

{{Disputed|date=July 2023}}
{{short description|Historical monument in Sivasagar, Assam, India}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Gola Ghar
| image = File:Gola ghar.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Front view of Gola Ghar
| location = [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| location_town = [[Sivasagar]]
| location_country = [[India]]
}}

The '''Gola Ghar''' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]] for 'Cannon House') is a historical monument located in Joysagar, 4 km from [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]]. It is an ammunition store house used by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] and is situated near the [[Talatal Ghar]].

== Structure ==
Architecturally it is a rectangular brick hut with two-layered roof. The Gola Ghar is 22.8 metres long, 11.7 metres wide and the walls are 2.15 metres thick. There are circular holes in front and back and also multiple square holes for ventilation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/weapons-display-at-ahom-era-golaghar/cid/1432554|title=Weapons display at Ahom-era Golaghar|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>

[[File:GolaGhar.JPG|thumb|Side view]]

== See also ==
* [[Rang Ghar]]
* [[Kareng Ghar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
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Yousuf Shah Chak

2026-02-27T03:19:28Z

JaniePan0653361: general adjusted page for consistency further and improved wording

{{Short description|Chak Sultan of Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yousuf Shah Chak يوسف شاہ چک
| title = [[Sultan]] [[Nasir al-Din|Nasiru'd-Din]] [[Padishah]] [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]] [[Shah]]
| titletext =
| image = King of Kashmir (1575–1585) (2).jpg
| caption = Yousuf Shah Chak depicted as the ''King of Kashmir'' in the [[Sinbad the Sailor|Sinbadnama]], {{circa|1575–1585}}
| succession = 22nd [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]]
| reign = December 1578 – February 1579
| reign-type = 1st Reign
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Ali Shah Chak]]
| regent =
| successor = [[Sayyid Mubarak]]
| reign1 = November 1580 – 14 February 1586
| reign-type1 = 2nd Reign
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Lohar Khan| Lohar Khan Chak]]
| regent1 =
| successor1 = [[Yakub Shah Chak]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1545
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| death_date = 22 September 1592 (aged 46–47)
| death_place = [[Puri]], [[History of Odisha#Modern era#Mughal rule|Orissa Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], India)}}
| spouse = [[Habba Khatoon]]
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = [[Yakub Shah Chak]] Ibrahim Shah Chak Haidar Khan Chak
| full name = Yousuf Shah Chak
| posthumous name = Sultān-ul-Azīm (lit. 'The most mighty of the Authority)
| dynasty = [[Chak dynasty|Chak]]
| father = [[Ali Shah Chak]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]{{efn|School of [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]]: [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari]] [[Tariqa|Order of Sufism]]: [[Noorbakshia Islam|Noorbakshia]]}}
| Full title =
| burial_date = 28 December 1592
| burial_place = Biswak, [[Bihar]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day Biswak, [[Bihar]], India)}}
}}

'''Yoūsuf (Yūsuf) Shāh Chak''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: یُوسُفْ شاہ چک) was the fourth [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Sultan of Kashmir]] from the [[Chak dynasty]] from 1578 to 1579 and then from 1580 to 1586. Yousuf succeeded his father, [[Ali Shah Chak]], who crowned Yousuf before he died. Yousuf defeated all other contenders for the throne, including his uncle Abdal Chak,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Meena |date=2019-12-19 |chapter=Akbarnama: Persian Chronicle in World Literature |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0095 |title=A Companion to World Literature |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0095|isbn=9781118993187 |s2cid=213021590 }}</ref> and ascended the throne in 1578.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=ff 168b - 69a |oclc=825179763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=ff 137b - 38a |language=English}}</ref>

Yousuf belonged to the Chak Dynasty. The Chaks were originally [[Dards]](Kashmiris from Gilgit region) who settled in Kashmir in the early 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=217 |oclc=825179763}}</ref> Most Chaks converted to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] branch of [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]]. Many during Yousuf's period retained Hindu names such as Shankar, Bhat, Pandu Chak, etc. Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 5 years and 6 months, from 1578 till 1579 and from 1580 till 1586.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=ff 189b |oclc=825179763}}</ref> Yousuf was exiled for a year and 9 months as the rebels occupied his throne after defeating him in the battle of Eidgah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=ff 173a - 74a |oclc=825179763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=ff 145a - b |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf was a ferocious fighter, he fought for his people but he lost the respect of his subjects and ministers because of his deficiencies in administration and authority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=f 172a |oclc=825179763}}</ref> Nonetheless, Yousuf was said to have ruled justly and to have had a great sense of justice that made him much different than his predecessors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik. |first=Chadurah, Haidar |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/825179763 |title=History of Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Jaykay Books |isbn=978-81-87221-84-5 |pages=182b |oclc=825179763}}</ref> He not only ruled the valley and hills of Kashmir, but also received tributes from [[Ladakh]], [[Baltistan Division|Baltistan]] and the hill states of [[Jammu division|Jammu]].

== Background and early life ==
Yousuf Shah Chak was born in 1545 to Ali Shah Chak, a brother of Ghazi Shah Chak, the [[Grand vizier|Wazīr i Azam]] (Prime Minister) of the [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mirs]] and later a Sultan himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=159 |oclc=844529832}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=f 125a |oclc=864282833}}</ref> Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 8 years with an interregnum of 1 year and 11 months when his throne was occupied by rebels. Even though he led a life of luxury and ease, Yousuf reputedly always cared for the welfare of his subjects. He went against the rebels and defeated them. Wishing to secure his throne, he agreed to the superiority of [[Emperor Akbar]], which in the end led to his own dismissal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 191a |oclc=231642495}}</ref>

Not much is known about Yousuf's early life. He was born during the reign of Nazuk Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=133 |oclc=844529832}}</ref> Kashmir at that time was under the influence of the [[Mughals]] with [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mirza Haidar Dughlat]] as the Governor and the [[de facto]] ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Haidar, Mirza |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/465977990 |title=The Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Haidar, Dughlát : a History of the Moghuls of Central Asia : An English Version |date=1895 |pages=485 |oclc=465977990}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn-Mubārak |first=Abu-'l-Faḍl |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075953965 |title=The Akbar nama. |publisher=Atlantic Publishing |year=1989 |pages=Vol I pg 402 |oclc=1075953965}}</ref> When Yousuf came of age, he accompanied his uncle on his campaigns and in his journey to the throne. After both of his uncles' reigns, his father ascended the throne in 1570 and appointed Yousuf as his heir apparent the same year.<ref name=":0" />

In 1572, on the advice of Muhammad Bhat, Yousuf assassinated his uncle Aiba Khan, who was a contender to the throne, and then went away to [[Sopore]] in the fear of his father. The murder angered his father Ali Shah, who ordered his brother Abdal Chak to capture and bring Yousuf in front of him.<ref name=":0" /> Abdal Chak went aggressively against Yousuf, considering the throne for himself after Ali Shah, but with the help of [[Sayyid Mubarak]], the former Wazīr i Azam of Ali Shah, both the parties came to an agreement that reconciled the father and son.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=f 135a |oclc=864282833}}</ref>

== First reign (1578–1579) ==
[[File:Yousuf.webp|center|150px|thumb|Modern-day depiction of Yousuf Shah Chak]]
Yousuf was crowned Sultan by his father and predecessor Ali Shah Chak before he died in December 1578.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=ff 168b-69a |oclc=231642495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=137b–38a |oclc=864282833}}</ref> Yousuf appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=f 142b |oclc=864282833}}</ref> Shortly after he ascended the throne, civil unrest started to rise led by Yousuf's uncle Abdal Chak who wanted the throne for himself.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=162 |oclc=844529832}}</ref>
=== Yousuf and Abdal Chak ===
Before the [[Islamic funeral|funeral]] of Ali Shah, Abdal Chak started a campaign to contest for the throne. Sayyid Mubarak tried to restrain Abdal Chak from these activities by sending Baba Khalil to him. Later he visited him and requested him to attend the funeral with the rest of the royal family,<ref name=":1" /> but this was in vain because Abdal Chak couldn't forgive Yousuf for assassinating Aiba Khan. Before returning to the court of Yousuf, Sayyid Mubarak warned Abdal Chak that Yousuf was in a much better position than him.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=f 138a-b |oclc=864282833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 169b-70b |oclc=231642495}}</ref> Yousuf, on the advice of Sayyid Mubarak and the other nobles, started to organise his army. On the other hand, Abdal Chak also arranged his forces for retaliation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 171a |oclc=231642495}}</ref>

Abdal Chak and his forces first encountered the advance guard of Yousuf's army led by Muhammad Khan at [[Nowhatta|Nauhatta]]. Abdal Chak was wounded after being hit by a bullet. While both sides incurred heavy losses, Muhammad Khan was reinforced by Sayyid Mubarak with 2000 horses. After a fierce fight, Abdal Chak was finally killed by Sayyid Mubarak himself<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn-Mubārak |first=Abu-'l-Faḍl |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075953965 |title=The Akbar nama. |publisher=Atlantic Publishing |year=1989 |pages=Vol III pg 408 |oclc=1075953965}}</ref> and Yousuf, after being ensured that Abdal Chak has been killed, came forward from the rear guard and proclaimed victory while rest of Abdal Chak's broken army ran in disgrace pursued by Yousuf's men.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=163 |oclc=844529832}}</ref> Yousuf forbade Abdal Chak's burial but he was secretly buried by some Sayyids against the Sultan's orders. After Ali Shah's funeral, Yousuf Shah was officially crowned Sultan on the next day.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=f 139a-42b |oclc=864282833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=ff 170a-71b |oclc=231642495}}</ref>

=== Rebellion by the nobles and abdication ===
After over 2 months of Yousuf's rule in the valley, another rebellion rose to threaten his rule, this time led by a minister in his cabinet, Abdal Bhat, who had been a contender for the office of the Wazīr i Azam but had been declined in favor of Muhammad Bhat.<ref name=":2" /> Abdal Bhat convinced the majority of the nobles and ministers who were unsatisfied with Yousuf over negligence in the civil and administrative services while he spent time in the presence of women and alcohol with music and a company of poets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 172a |oclc=231642495}}</ref> Abdal Bhat proposed Sayyid Mubarak as Sultan after getting Yousuf deposed. Sayyid Mubarak, reluctant at first, agreed because Yousuf was unwilling to cooperate in peace talks even after Sayyid's efforts for reconciliation through the office of Baba Khalil; he joined the rebels.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=ff 143b-44a |oclc=864282833}}</ref>

Even though his senior ministers like Naji Malik warned him to send a more experienced and observant commander, Yousuf sent a force under Muhammad Khan against the rebels in Eidgah, [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=ff 172b-73a |oclc=231642495}}</ref> After a ferocious clash between the two sides, Muhammad Khan was killed with 300 of his men. This spread terror among the rest of the army, which then disintegrated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=ff 173a-74a |oclc=231642495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=ff 145a-b |oclc=864282833}}</ref>

== Abdication and retreat to Thanna ==
After this crushing defeat, Yousuf was joined by the defeated army, some joined the rebels, while the rest were arrested.<ref name=":3" /> According to [[Baharistan-i-shahi|Baharistan i Shahi]], Yousuf's position was so weak that if Sayyid Mubarak made an ambush against Yousuf, he would have been caught but Sayyid Mubarak abstained from this. Seeing the deranged differences between Sayyid and his own strength, Yousuf sent Mulla Hasan Aswad to Sayyid to ask for forgiveness. Sayyid immediately forgave him.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Pandita, K. N. (Kashi Nath) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864282833 |title=Baharistan-i-shahi : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=2013 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-166-5 |pages=146a–47a |oclc=864282833}}</ref>

There are two theories on why Yousuf retreated to [[Thanamandi|Thanna]]. The first one, narrated by Baharistan i Shahi, explains that Sayyid told Yousuf to leave Kashmir as he'll be recalled after three months. Yousuf, reacting to this, retreated to Thanna and waited for his return.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 174a |oclc=231642495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn-Mubārak |first=Abu-'l-Faḍl |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075953965 |title=The Akbar nama. |date=1989 |publisher=Atlantic Publ |pages=Vol III pg 409 |oclc=1075953965}}</ref> The second theory says that Yousuf and his army was too weak to fight Sayyid who was more capable and strong with the help of the nobles.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=164 |oclc=844529832}}</ref> This theory is backed by the fact that Sayyid never had a magnanimous attitude towards Yousuf and would never forgive him over his indecent acts. Regardless of the theories, Yousuf retreated to Thanna leaving his Sultanate and authority in the hands of Sayyid Mubarak and Abdal Bhat.<ref name=":4" />

=== Attempt for the throne ===
When the nobles became dissatisfied with Sayyid after he asserted his own authority rather than being dominated by them, they rebelled and asked Yousuf to return.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=f 174b |oclc=231642495}}</ref> Yousuf agreed and left Thanna but when he reached Barbal, Sayyid sent him his peace negotiators to which Yousuf sent his sons Yakub and Ibrahim with Mulla Hasan Aswad and Daud Mir.<ref name=":4" /> With this great initiative, he readied himself to visit Sayyid himself but Abdal Bhat, who now led the rebellious faction, was on a different page. He was unhappy because of the sudden advancements between the two sides and started to hatch a plot that would end in his favour. Abdal told Yousuf not to believe in Sayyid's words as he can be traitorous. Yousuf agreed, broke off all the ties with Sayyid, and called his negotiators back.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashmīrī |first=Muḥammad ʻAlī |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1343198078 |title=Bahāristān-i-shāhī : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=7 September 2023 |isbn=978-81-88643-83-7 |pages=ff 149a-50a |publisher=Akshaya Prakashan |oclc=1343198078}}</ref> Sayyid attacked Yousuf and, with no help from the nobles who gave him their words, was forced to retreat to Thanna again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashmīrī |first=Muḥammad ʻAlī |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1343198078 |title=Bahāristān-i-shāhī : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=7 September 2023 |isbn=978-81-88643-83-7 |pages=ff 150b |publisher=Akshaya Prakashan |oclc=1343198078}}</ref>

Abdal Bhat continued his deceptive plans and made Sayyid Mubarak abdicate in November 1579.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadura |first=Ḥaidar Malik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231642495 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |pages=ff 175a |oclc=231642495}}</ref> He made [[Lohar Khan]], the son of Shankar Chak and a cousin of Yousuf, the Sultan and appointed himself as the Wazīr i Azam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/844529832 |title=... Kashmir under the Sultans, by M. Hasan. |date= |publisher= |pages=165 |oclc=844529832}}</ref> He also threw the insolent nobles in prison and sent a message to Yousuf not to enter [[Srinagar]] ever again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashmīrī |first=Muḥammad ʻAlī |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1343198078 |title=Bahāristān-i-shāhī : a chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir |date=7 September 2023 |isbn=978-81-88643-83-7 |pages=ff 155b-56a |publisher=Akshaya Prakashan |oclc=1343198078}}</ref>

== Return to the throne ==
With the message received, Yousuf became highly annoyed at how his nobles had always favoured their own benefits rather than working for the Sultanate and the public.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=166 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He knew he alone cannot defeat the rebels and departed from Thanna reaching [[Lahore]] to gain the aid of the Mughals. He met [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]] and [[Mirza Yusuf]] Khan, who took him to [[Agra]] and was presented to Emperor Akbar in January 1580.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 503 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> Akbar agreed to help Yousuf firmly and ordered Raja Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan to help Yousuf regain his throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=157a |language=English}}</ref> They proceeded to Lahore and raised an army of Mughals. When Muhammad Bhat, his former Wazīr i Azam, heard of this, he joined him at Lahore, leaving his force of 1000 men at [[Behlolpur]]. Both Yousuf and Muhammad decided not to command the Mughal army into Kashmir as they would be unpopular and would take over the administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=157b |language=English}}</ref>

Yousuf borrowed some money from the Lahori merchants and with 800 of the men, marched to Behlolpur.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=176a |language=English}}</ref> Raising another body of 3000 men there with the help of some nobles, Yousuf turned towards [[Bhimber]] and after conquering the south-west territories set out towards [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] and [[Rajouri|Rajauri]]. Both of the cities were easily taken in possession.<ref name=":7" /> The Raja of Rajauri, Raja Mast Wali Khan, gave him the command of his vanguard and with this, Yousuf moved again towards Thanna.<ref name=":8" /> This time, Lohar Khan sent Yusuf Khan, the son of [[Husain Shah Chak]] and the cousin of Yousuf, with Nazuk Bhat, the son of Abdal Bhat. When Yousuf reached the village of Sidau, Yusuf Khan seized Nazuk Bhat and himself entered the services of Yousuf while his army became disintegrated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=176b |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=157a |language=English}}</ref> Chiefs and nobles like Shams Duni, Malik Hasan and many others panicked and joined Yousuf at [[Thanamandi|Thanna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=176b–77a |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=158a |language=English}}</ref>

=== Clashes in Sopore ===
Lohar Khan now despatched Haidar Chak, whom he stationed at Hirpora thinking that Yousuf and his army will cross the [[Pir Panjal Pass|Pir Panjal route]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=167 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Still, in reality Yousuf left a small batch behind and left for [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] and through the [[Tosa Maidan|Toshamaidan Pass]] entered Kashmir.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir (Bibliotheque Nationale) |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=58a |language=English}}</ref> He defeated Lohar's forces at Chira Har and then at [[Sopore]]. While crossing the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum river]], he destroyed the Sopore bridge and occupied the entire country beyond it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=177a |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=158b |language=English}}</ref> Lohar Khan released Ali Chak to gain his support<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=159b |language=English}}</ref> and called all of his forces back to Srinagar including Haidar Chak who was at [[Hirpora]] and set out with a large army towards Sopore but when he saw the bridge razed to ground, he tried to cross it with the means of boats. Still, he was unsuccessful as there was an equally better resistance from the other side of the bank.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=177a–b |language=English}}</ref>

After this descent move, Lohar detached a faction of 2000 men under Haidar Chak and ordered him to attack Yousuf through the Khuyahom Pass while he stayed back to watch the enemy's movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=177b |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=160b |language=English}}</ref> Meanwhile, he sent a message to Yousuf through Baba Khalil that he'll be attacked from the rear and the front and will be left with no other choice but to run away, so he should immediately withdraw from his position and move back. In return, he would be given the jagir of Dachun Khovur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=178b |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=160b–61a |language=English}}</ref> This, for a moment, disheartened Yousuf as he was numerically inferior to the opposition but Hasan Malik encouraged him and guaranteed him victory.<ref name=":9" />

=== Final ambush against Lohar Khan ===
In the early morning of 8 November 1580, Yousuf crossed the Jhelum river and made a surprise attack on the enemy.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=168 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For retaliation, Lohar Khan sent Ali Bhat with 2000 of his men but was beaten back and defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=179a |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf's army then marched towards Abdal Bhat, who, after a fierce clash, was killed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 465 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref> Lohar Khan, seeing this, retreated to Brathana ([[Budgam]]) and after facing defeat again retreated to Srinagar. Yousuf entered Srinagar without much resistance and proclaimed himself Sultan after 1 year and 11 months in exile<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=178a–80a |language=English}}</ref> and also appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.<ref name=":10" />

== Second reign (1580–1586) ==
After assembling his power over the Sultanate, Yousuf ordered the arrest of Lohar Khan, his brother Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak.<ref name=":10" /> Lohar Khan was found in the house of Qazi Musa, the [[Qadi|Qazi]] of Sopore while Muhammad Khan was discovered in Baramula and Hasan Chak was seized from Mamosa in Bangil [[Pargana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=164a |language=English}}</ref> Additionally, many other chiefs were also arrested and were presented to Yousuf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=180a–81b |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf was utterly unhappy with them on how they joined Lohar Khan even though he and his father bestowed them with great favours. He issued the orders to blind Lohar Khan, Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=164b–65b |language=English}}</ref> some had their limbs removed while the others were executed. The soldiers and the villagers who joined Lohar Khan were pardoned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=166a |language=English}}</ref>
[[File:Yousuf Shah Chak picture.png|thumb|Painting of Yousuf Shah Chak on a Horse]]

=== Campaign against the rest of the rebels ===
Haidar Chak and another Chak chief from [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]], [[Shams Chak]] Kupwara fled to Karnav hills after Lohar's defeat.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=169 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haidar advised Shams not to stay there for long as Yousuf will soon find out about their whereabouts and will despatch a strong force against them which they'll not be able to resist.<ref name=":11" /> Shams, disagreeing with Haidar, stayed back while Haidar ran away to [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=181a–b |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf, after some time, sent a force against the rebels through the Karnav hills just as Haidar predicted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=181b |language=English}}</ref> Seeing this, Shams left Karnav and occupied the fort of Firuz in [[Pakhli]] but due to his cruelties in the garrison, the soldiers and chiefs made a request to Lohar for a raid and capture Shams.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278184 |title=Nawadir Al Akhbar |pages=95b}}</ref> Lohar did accordingly and led siege to the fort, occupying it shortly after. Shams surrendered and was taken to Yousuf who had him blinded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=181b–82a |language=English}}</ref>

=== Yousuf Shah and the Gyalpo (King) of Ladakh ===
In early 1581, Yousuf's cousin Shams Khan Chak, Alam Sher Magre and other nobles started planning to overthrow Yousuf's authority. Still, Yousuf was alerted and arrested the nobles, who were later imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=166b–67b |language=English}}</ref> Alarmed by the advancements, Habib Khan Chak, another noble from the royal family, escaped to the hills where he met with Haidar Chak.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 504 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> Both of them agreed on taking the help of the then Gyalpo of Ladakh [[Tsewang Namgyal I|Tsewang Namgyal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Francke |first=A. H. |title=A History of Western Tibet - One of the Unknown Empires |date=1995-09-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1043-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=90 |language=English}}</ref> The Gyalpo secured them the aid of about 4000 horses. Hearing of this, Yousuf sent an army against them, which the rebels couldn't resist as there was no unity between them.<ref name=":11" /> The Ladakhi forces withdrew and the rebels either panicked and ran away or surrendered to Yousuf's forces. Haidar Chak went away to Kishtwar while Habib Chak made his way towards Srinagar secretly after finding no routes to escape anywhere else.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=170 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Habib didn't stop there as he started to make trouble in Srinagar but was found and seized in the village of Sonawar near [[Takht-e-Sulaiman|Takht i Sulaiman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=167b–68a |language=English}}</ref> Other nobles like Yusuf Khan and his brothers were seized as well and on the orders of Yousuf, had their limbs removed while Habib was blinded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=168b |language=English}}</ref>

After the revolt led by the nobles, Yousuf had to deal with his Wazīr i Azam Muhammad Bhat. Muhammad Bhat had a grudge against Shams Duni and wanted to punish him. Still, Yousuf opposed him.<ref name=":12" /> Muhammad Bhat decided to assassinate him with the help of Yusuf Khan but the plot was discovered and Muhammad Bhat fled but was found and imprisoned with some of his followers while the rest escaped to Haidar Chak who was at that time in Kishtwar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=169a–b |language=English}}</ref>

=== Yousuf Shah and Haidar Chak ===
Yakub Shah, Yousuf's son, deserted the royal chamber and escaped to Kishtwar with Aiba Khan Bhat, the son of Abdal Bhat. However, Mulla Hasan Aswad brought him back on the orders of Yousuf but Aiba Bhat remained with Haidar Chak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=169b–70a |language=English}}</ref> Other than Aiba Bhat, Shams Chak also joined Haidar Chak after escaping from the prison when Yousuf was away in Lar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=170a |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 505 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> This made Yousuf worried and in 1582 he despatched Sher Ali Bhat and Naji Malik with a large army against Haidar Chak in Kishtwar. Sher Ali was killed and Naji Malik was captured in a night attack.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=170b |language=English}}</ref> This defeat highly favoured the rebels as they further organised their army.

Meanwhile, Yousuf departed with a much larger army and gave Yakub the command of the advanceguard to crush the rebels. However, the rebels made a counterattack and defeated Yakub's men who joined the main army.<ref name=":12" /> Even though the majority of the soldiers stepped back, Yakub continued to resist with the rest of the army and after a severe engagement, defeated and routed the rebels.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=171 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haidar Chak, along with Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat, fled while Yousuf came to the front and declared victory. He also rewarded Ibrahim and Abul Maali with Khilaats and Jagirs for their courage and bravery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=170b–71a |language=English}}</ref> Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat later started peace negotiations with Yousuf who forgave them and granted them Jagirs on the advice of the Raja of Kishtwar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=172a |language=English}}</ref>

Haidar, on the other hand, refused to surrender and went to Lahore, receiving the protection of [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]], who gave him the Jagir of [[Bhimber]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=182a |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf sent Khwaja Qasim to counteract the actions of Haidar but returned unsuccessful. Raja Man Singh, who was angry on Yousuf for not commanding the Mughal troops in Kashmir during the civil war, favoured Haidar for the seat of Sultan and also to strengthen the Mughal sovereignty in Kashmir through a local pawn.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=172a–b |language=English}}</ref>

=== Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir ===
Akbar sent Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil as Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir from [[Jalalabad]] when he was returning from [[Kabul]] in late 1581. Yousuf received the ambassadors in [[Baramulla]] and as a mark of respect, brought them back to [[Srinagar]].<ref name=":13" /> The ambassadors delivered the imperial command that Yousuf was not keeping the royal court aware of the matters in Kashmir and Yousuf should also pay personal homage to the Emperor immediately if he's free of any internal dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=183a |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf discussed the matter with his ministers. They advised Yousuf to leave the life of ease and luxury and prepare for resistance as Akbar is anxious to annex Kashmir<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=183a–b |language=English}}</ref> but Yousuf paid no attention to their advice and sent precious gifts and his youngest son Haidar Khan with Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=183b |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 550 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref> but these expressions of loyalty didn't satisfy Akbar who sent back Haidar after a year along with Yaqub Sarfi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=184b–85a |language=English}}</ref> who was told to represent Akbar's order in the presence Yousuf that he should proceed to the royal court at once or else an army will be sent against him to conquer his land.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 576 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref>

Shortly after, Timur Beg was despatched by Raja Man Singh as the Mughal ambassador to Kashmir with the same order.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=172 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This frightened Yousuf with the repeated summons and sent his eldest son [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub]] with Timur Beg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=173a–b |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=185a |language=English}}</ref> Yakub was presented to Akbar on 9 February 1585.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 676 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref> Instead of expressing his approval, Akbar was displeased that Yousuf has evaded his orders not once but twice and has sent his sons who were neither fit for military service nor were ethical with their words.<ref name=":14" />

When [[Akbar]] left for [[Kabul Subah]] for some internal matters, he sent Hakim Ali Gilani and Baha-ud-din Kambu as his ambassadors to Kashmir on 1 October 1585 with the orders to pay homage to the Emperor as he was in Punjab this time.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 707 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=174a |language=English}}</ref> Yousuf was receiving reports from his son on Akbar's plans regarding Kashmir and after these envoys consulted his counsellors and ministers who begged him to pay more attention to the public, organise his army and to focus more on resisting the upcoming invasion but Yousuf was blinded by Akbar's orders that he should visit the Emperor himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=185b |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=173 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was also concerned over Yakub as he was with the Mughals, who may treat him based on how Yousuf may act.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=186a |language=English}}</ref> Not only the ministers, every person, rich or poor, old or young, were ready to resist the invasion but it helped Yousuf no more who had lost the will to resist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=186b |language=English}}</ref>

As the discussions progressed, Yakub secretly escaped the Mughal camp in [[Khawaspur]] and reached Srinagar before the envoys.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=186b–87a |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=174 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=173b |language=English}}</ref> Yakub was unhappy on how Akbar treated him<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Abdul Qadir Ibn I. Muluk |title=A History of India = Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh - 3 Vols. |date=January 1990 |isbn=978-81-7156-278-7 |pages=Vol II, 365 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> but Yousuf cared no less who wanted to punish him but was stopped by the ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=187a |language=English}}</ref> Shortly After, Yousuf received Hakim Ali and Baha-ud-din at Khampur and brought them to Srinagar.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=187b |language=English}}</ref> Both the ambassadors stayed in Srinagar for two months and failed to bring Yousuf with them as the Kashmiris forced Yousuf not to go with them even though he was mentally prepared to accompany the envoy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=187b–88a |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 505–6 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> The envoys left Kashmir and joined the imperial Mughal camp at [[Hasan Abdal]] on 13 December 1585.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 714 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref><ref name=":13" />

=== Encounter with the Mughals ===
When [[Akbar]] heard of this report, he became highly enraged and just after a week on 20 December 1585,<ref name=":15" /> despatched a force of about 5000 horses to invade Kashmir under the commands of Mirza [[Shah Rukh]], Raja Bhagwant Das and Shah Quli Mahram while Haidar Chak and Yaqub Sarfi as guides.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 715 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol II, 398 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Abdul Qadir Ibn I. Muluk |title=A History of India = Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh - 3 Vols. |date=January 1990 |isbn=978-81-7156-278-7 |pages=Vol II, 360 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited |language=English}}</ref> The Mughal commanders wanted to invade Kashmir in early spring as the routes will be cleared of snow and also to take the Bhimber route which was much easier to ride on as the chiefs of Bhimber were slightly inclined towards the Mughals but on the orders of Akbar they moved in the harsh winter and also through the Pakhli route as Kashmiris wouldn't be expecting an invasion in the cold winter through Pakhli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=175 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Akbar's assessment was proved right as the Mughal forces easily entered Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 722–3 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref>

When this news entered [[Srinagar]], the people came to Yousuf and begged him to organise a resistance as they'll be facing harsh circumstances just how they did last time against the Kashgarians when they invaded Kashmir some decades ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=176 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yousuf, to please his subjects, organised an army for the defence of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=J. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180776 |title=Kings Of Kashmira |date=1879 |pages=400–1}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> He released Muhammad Bhat and Alam Sher Magre from the prison and proceeded with the latter to Baramulla and left the former in charge of the capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=174b |language=English}}</ref> At Baramulla he organised three armies, Hasan Malik and Alam Sher Khan commanded the advanceguard, the right was left under Yakub and Abu'l Maali. At the same time, the left was placed under Baba Talib Isfahani and Hasan Bhat, the younger son of Muhammad Bhat. After these appointments, Yousuf proceeded to the Baramulla Pass.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=188a–b |language=English}}</ref>

The [[Mughals]] and the [[Kashmiris]] met at the Buliasa Pass but both the sides were met with hostilities due to the harsh conditions, scarcity of supplies and many other circumstances.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=189a |language=English}}</ref> Seeing this Raja Bhagwant Das sent an envoy to Yousuf which warned him that the Mughals will be supplied with heavy reinforcements and then it'll be difficult for the Kashmiris to resist anymore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=177 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Yousuf held talks with the envoys and after a whole night of discussion was convinced that further resistance would be useless and after cheering up the inhabitants and soldiers in various villages and posts, left his camp with a few horsemen to the Mughal camp on 14 February 1586.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=189b |language=English}}</ref><ref name="The Akbar Nama">{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 724 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref> Betrayed by their ruler, the Kashmiris appointed his son Yakub instead of him. They continued their resistance under him.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.amazon.com/Tuzk-Jahangiri-Iqbal-Hussain/dp/B07PCTZ4QM |title=Tuzk e Jahangiri by Iqbal Hussain |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Al Faisal Publishers |pages=Vol II, 132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=176a |language=English}}</ref>

== Treaty and violation ==
Although Raja Bhagwant Das agreed with Yakub, he also held talks with Yousuf and after some time both of them signed a treaty.<ref name="Qandhari 1993 Vol II, 401">{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol II, 401 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> The treaty was read as;

* ︎The coins should be struck and the [[Khutbah|Khutba]] recited in the name of Emperor Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=177a |language=English}}</ref>
* ︎The mint, [[saffron]] cultivation, [[Kashmir shawl|shawl]] manufacture and [[game law]]s would be placed under the control of three imperial officers, Khwaja Miraki, Qalandar Beg and Mulla Mazhari.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=725 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref>
* The daughter of Mubarak Khan Gakhar would be given in marriage to Yakub.<ref name="Chādūrah 1991 191a">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=191a |language=English}}</ref>
* ︎Yousuf would be responsible for bringing Yakub to the court of Emperor Akbar.<ref name="Pandit 177b">{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st |pages=177b |language=English}}</ref>

Akbar didn't approve the treaty but seeing the conditions accepted it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Abdul Qadir Ibn I. Muluk |title=A History of India = Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh - 3 Vols. |date=January 1990 |isbn=978-81-7156-278-7 |pages=Vol III, 363 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Qandhari 1993 Vol II, 401"/> Yakub and his followers, on the other hand, also rejected the treaty and had coins struck and Khutba read in Yakub's name.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date=1959 |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=182 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After this treaty, Mughal forces withdrew from Kashmir and on 28 March 1586 at [[Attock]],<ref name=":6" /> Yousuf was placed in the presence of Akbar who, even though received him with respect, imprisoned him, violating the treaty between Yousuf and Bhagwant.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Akbar Nama |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-049-3 |pages=Vol III, 738 |language=English |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 506 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref>

== Administration and policies ==

=== Political government ===
Even though the Sultan held the highest order of the Sultanate with executive, legislative and judicial powers in his hand, he still formed a central government to run his Sultanate effectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=194–5 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yousuf thus formed a council ([[Council of Ministers|Majlīs e Wūzra]]) of his most trusted ministers and appointed them accordingly.<ref name=":10" />

* [[Grand vizier|︎Wazīr i Azam]] ([[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]) was the highest official in the state and was also responsible for the civil administration. He was the constant advisor to the Sultan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=198 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Wazīr i Azam during Yousuf's reign were granted with excellent and sovereign executive and judicial powers and even led expeditions under the Sultan's orders.<ref name=":10" />
* ︎Dīwan i Kul ([[Finance minister|Finance Minister]]) was a minister of the Sultan's council who held the economical, revenue and financial powers of the Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 457–8 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> There were many Diwan e Kul under Yousuf's reign who were appointed by Yousuf himself.
* Qāzī'l-Quzāt or the Qāzī of Srinagar ([[Ministry of Religious Affairs|Minister of Religious]] and [[Justice minister|Judicial Affairs]]) was responsible for the religious harmony between the Muslims and the non Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Azam |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27441 |title=Waqiat-I-Kashmir |pages=52a}}</ref> As [[Kashmiriyat]] prevailed over the Kashmiris at that time, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played a big role to settle quarrels between the Kashmiri Pandits and the Kashmiri Muslims. Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also in charge of the judicial matters on personal and land disputes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Azam |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27441 |title=Waqiat-I-Kashmir |pages=60a}}</ref>
* Mir Bakhshī or [[Ispahsalar|Sipahsālār]] ([[Commanding officer|Military Commander]]) was the commander of the military department and led the Sultan's army into foreign invasion or civil wars.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=201 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Amīr i Dar ([[Lord Chamberlain]]) had the responsibility to organise royal meetings and also made arrangements for important celebrations in the court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=202 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Akhūrbek ([[Master of the Horse|Chief Master of Horse]]) was an important office granted to an officer of the Royal Stable. He controlled the Royal Stable and was obliged to take care of the Royal Horses.<ref name=":17" />
* Khazānchī ([[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]]) functioned as the head of the Sultan's treasury, which includes the capital of taxation and management.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=159b |language=English}}</ref>

=== Taxation ===
Different taxation and duties have been imposed on many occasions throughout the Sultanate. [[Jizya]] ([[Poll tax|Head Tax]]) was realized from the non Muslims by many Sultans but Yousuf in his tenure, demolished the tax to relieve the non Muslims.<ref name=":18" /> [[Zakat|Zakāt]] (Poor Tax) was deposited from every Muslim of the working class or above.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ZakheeraTul-Mulook-MirSayyidAliHamadaniFarsi |title=Zakheera tul-Mulook - Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (Farsi) |pages=2b}}</ref> 2.5% of their annual income was subtracted and added to the [[Treasury|Royal Treasury]] which was later distributed in the poor and the lower class.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ZakheeraTul-Mulook-MirSayyidAliHamadaniFarsi |title=Zakheera tul-Mulook - Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (Farsi) |pages=14b}}</ref> It was also given to travellers and students and was spent in providing food and shelter to the needy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=215 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Kharaj]] and Ushr were land taxes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allami |first=Abul Fazl |title=The Aín I Akbari, Vol. 2 |date=2018-04-22 |publisher=FB&C LTD |isbn=978-0-259-18618-2 |pages=366 |language=English}}</ref> The latter from non Muslims while the former was extracted from the Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=213 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Except for these, no other taxes are allowed to be imposed on the public as per the Sharia Law. Still, custom duties were taken from the subjects which came under the pretext of Zakāt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=216 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Both the Muslim and Hindu merchants had to pay the custom duty tax. Yousuf also abolished taxes on artisans, cows and gardens and the Zakāt on [[Sailor|hanjis]] (boatmen).<ref name=":18" />

=== Policies ===
Yousuf held a moderate policy towards his subjects. Even though Yousuf was an Orthodox Shia, he deeply cared for his [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Noorbakshia Islam|Nurbakhshiya]] subjects. The [[Kashmiri Pandits]] were also given special status and high posts in Yousuf's government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=233 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The lower class were benefited with various reliefs whether on taxes or duties. Outside of civil policies, Yousuf focused on a conservative foreign policy. He gave the hill states of Jammu much importance, especially [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], by marrying his son Yakub to the daughter of the Raja of Kishtwar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=187 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although the [[Balti people|Baltis]] under [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan|Ryalfo Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] and [[Ladakhis]] under [[Tsewang Namgyal I|Gyalpo Tsewang Namgyal]] never established peace ties with the Kashmiris, Yousuf was eager to solve the internal disputes between both of them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qandhari |first=Muhammad Arif |title=Tarikh-I-Akbari |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7307-013-6 |location=Delhi |pages=Vol III, 481 |translator-last=Ahmad |translator-first=Tasneem}}</ref> Yousuf most probably also had his ambassadors sent to various Indian states like [[Sindh]] ruled by [[Tarkhan dynasty|Tarkhans]] (Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan), [[Kalat Division|Kalat]] ruled by [[Khanate of Kalat|Qambranis]] (Malook Khan Qambrani), [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] ruled by [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodias]] ([[Maharana Pratap|Pratap Singh]]) and [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] ruled by [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s ([[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]]) just like his predecessors especially [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain ul Abidin]]. Yousuf sent precious gifts and presents to the Mughal Emperor Akbar and treated his ambassadors with kindness.<ref name=":19" />

== Personal life ==
Yousuf was credited with a handsome appearance and courteous personality and was fond of music and art. He sought the company of musicians and poets and took pleasure in listening to and composing poems in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=182b |language=English}}</ref> He also took great interest in women and reputedly always had a fancy cup of expensive wine and alcohol near him. Yousuf loved hearing his subjects' worries in his court and solving them himself. He promoted the welfare of the Sultanate by abolishing unnecessary taxes and granting comfort to the peasants like the hanjis (boatmen).<ref name="Retzlaff 179">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=179 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

It isn't certain on how many times Yousuf married, but he made Habba Khatoon his Queen Consort after he regained the throne in late 1580.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=318 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He showered Habba with love and affection and the same was returned by Habba. One day, when Yousuf was out on hunting that he heard Habba singing under a Chinar tree, he was so attracted to her soft and delicate voice and her beauty that he fell in love with her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khuhami |first=Peer Ghulam Hassan Shah |url=https://www.amazon.in/Tareekh-Hassan-Peer-Ghulam-Khuhami/dp/B0B15B78K6 |title=Tareekh e Hassan Volume 1 |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Ali Mohammad & Sons |pages=143a |language=Urdu}}</ref> Habba also fell in love with the young prince. Habba was only 16 while Yousuf was about 25 when they married in 1570.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khuhami |first=Peer Ghulam Hassan Shah |url=https://www.amazon.in/Tareekh-Hassan-Peer-Ghulam-Khuhami/dp/B0B15B78K6 |title=Tareekh e Hassan Volume 1 |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Ali Mohammad & Sons |pages=142b |language=Urdu}}</ref> He was blessed with three sons, Ibrahim Shah Chak, Haider Khan Chak and [[Yakub Shah Chak]]. Yakub was his eldest son and succeeded him as the Sultan.<ref name="The Akbar Nama"/>

After his exile, Yousuf could not adapt to Bihar's harsh heat after life in the valley of Kashmir, which had a colder climate. He also missed his Queen Habba whom he loved dearly.<ref name="Retzlaff 179"/> Habba also could not live without Yousuf and reputedly wandered in the valley reading and writing poems for the love she felt that never vanished.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=180 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Yousuf was given in charge of Ram Das Kachwaha as a prisoner.<ref name="Chādūrah 1991 191a"/> This affected [[Bhagwant Das]], who saw this as a challenge to his honour as a [[Rajput]].<ref name="Pandit 177b"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Abdul Qadir Ibn I. Muluk |title=A History of India = Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh - 3 Vols. |date=January 1990 |isbn=978-81-7156-278-7 |pages=Vol II, 364 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited |language=English}}</ref> After [[Akbar]] reached [[Lahore]], Yousuf was placed in charge of Raja [[Todar Mal]] who imprisoned him for two and a half years.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=178 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1589, Raja [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] returned from [[Kabul]] and requested that Akbar release Yousuf. Accepting his request, Yousuf was released and was given a mansab of 500 horses, a rank with the salary of 2,100 to 2,500 rupees monthly, and was sent with Raja Man Singh to [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=62b |language=English}}</ref>

Along with the separation from the love of his life Yousuf couldn't tolerate his new condition<ref name=":5" /> and fell seriously ill. After six days of illness he died in [[Puri]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] on 22 September 1592 (14 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1000 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]). He was buried in Biswak, [[Bihar]] just next to his son Yakub.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allami |first=Abul Fazl |title=The Aín I Akbari, Vol. 2 |date=2018-04-22 |publisher=FB&C LTD |isbn=978-0-259-18618-2 |pages=Vol II, 121 |language=English}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Yousuf is regarded as the last effective ruler of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Sultan Yousuf Shah Chak: The Last Native King of Kashmir |url=https://www.gyawun.com/sultan-yousuf-shah-chak-the-last-native-king-of-kashmir/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Gyawun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Sultan Yousuf Shah Chak: The Last Native King |url=https://www.yemberzal.in/2022/10/sultan-yousuf-shah-chak-last-native.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> He is still proudly mentioned in Kashmiri literature for his love for the Sultanate and how he cared for his people, submitting his will and presenting his own throne to the Mughals without knowing that he would never get the opportunity to rule again.<ref>{{Cite web |last=teamht |date=2023-03-12 |title=Sultan Yusuf Shah Chak, Grave of an exiled Kashmiri king lies in ruins in Bihar |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/sultan-yusuf-shah-chak-grave-of-an-exiled-kashmiri-king-lies-in-ruins-in-bihar/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&pg=PA182 |year=1959 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |ref={{sfnref|Hasan, Kashmir under the Sultans|1959}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=K. N. |url=https://www.amazon.com/BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI-Chronicle-Mediaeval-Kashmir-Pandit/dp/B0025B166E |title=BAHARISTAN-I-SHAHI A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-88643-83-7 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Tarikh-I-Hasan Vol I|last=Shah|first=Pir Hasan|url=https://www.amazon.in/Tareekh-Hassan-Peer-Ghulam-Khuhami/dp/B0B15B78K6|date=2022|publisher=Ali Mohammad & Sons}}
* {{Cite book |title=Tarikh-I-Hasan Vol II|last=Shah|first=Pir Hasan|url=https://www.flipkart.com/tareekh-hassan-2/p/itmegzj8abtukfgm|date=2012|publisher=Ali Mohammad & Sons|isbn=978-81-92192-55-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kings of Kashmira|last=Dutt|first=J.C|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781143988608/Kings-K%C3%A1shm%C3%ADra-R%C3%A1jataranggini-J.C-Dutt-1143988604/plp|date=1923|publisher=AbeBooks|isbn=978-11-43988-60-8}}
* {{Cite book |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh Vol I|last=Badayuni|first=Abd al Qadir|url=https://www.amazon.in/Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh-Mulla-Abdul-Qadir-Badauni/dp/B09VB918X9|date=1905|publisher=Publications Division, AMU|isbn=978-93-84876-24-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh Vol II|last=Badayuni|first=Abd al Qadir|url=https://www.amazon.in/Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh-Mulla-Abdul-Qadir-Badauni/dp/B09VBD8YKZ#:~:text=Book%20details&text=II%20(Hardcover%2C%20Edition%202018%2C,as%20early%20as%201864%2D69.|date=1905|publisher=Publications Division, AMU|isbn=978-93-84876-24-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh Vol III|last=Badayuni|first=Abd al Qadir|url=https://www.amazon.in/Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh-Mulla-Abdul-Badauni/dp/B09VB5RVCL|date=1905|publisher=Publications Division, AMU|isbn=978-93-84876-24-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tarikh-I-Sayyid Ali|last=Ali|first=Sayyid|date=2014|publisher=Jay Kay Books, Srinagar|isbn=978-81-87221-22-7}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tarikh-I-Rashidi|last=Dughlat|first=Muhammad Haidar|date=2017|publisher=Hansebooks|isbn=978-33-37319-85-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Waqiat-I-Kashmir |last=Dadmari|first=Muhammad Azam|date=2012|publisher=Sheikh Usman & Sons|isbn=978-81-83391-88-7}}

[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

List of equipment of the Indian Army

2026-02-23T08:39:00Z

JaniePan0653361: edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The below is a list of present equipment used by the [[Indian Army]] and the Indian Army's future [[Military acquisition|equipment procurement]].

==Individual equipment==
{{main|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#Individual equipment}}

==Infantry weapons==
{{main|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#Infantry weapons}}

==Vehicles==
===Armoured combat vehicles===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;"| Name
! style="width:1%;"|Image
! Type
! style="width:6%;" | Quantity
! style="width:10%;Reveryed"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center;" | Tanks
|-
| [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Mk 1]]<hr>Arjun Mk 1A ||[[File:Arjun MK1 Republic day parade 2023.jpg|150px]] <hr> [[File:Arjun Mk.1A.jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Main battle tank]] || 124 (Mk 1)<ref name="thewire.in">{{Cite web |title=Why the Arjun MK-1A Main Battle Tank May Prove to Be a Costly Mistake for the Army |url=https://thewire.in/government/defence-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tanks-indian-army |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Wire |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911053210/https://thewire.in/government/defence-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tanks-indian-army |url-status=live }}</ref> <hr> 2 (Mk 1A)
| {{IND}}
| '''Status: In service.'''
5 Mk 1A to be inducted in 2024.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Army eyes Rs 57,000cr project to make combat vehicles to replace T-72 tanks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-eyes-57000cr-project-to-make-combat-vehicles-to-replace-t-72-tanks/articleshow/107801757.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-eyes-57000cr-project-to-make-combat-vehicles-to-replace-t-72-tanks/articleshow/107801757.cms |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 118 Mk 1A on order<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi will hand over Arjun Mark 1A to the Indian Army.Know its features |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-will-hand-over-arjun-mark-1a-to-indian-army-know-its-features-11613217391683.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214021150/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-will-hand-over-arjun-mark-1a-to-indian-army-know-its-features-11613217391683.html |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=Livemint}}</ref>
|-
| [[T-90#India|T-90S Bhishma]] <hr> T-90S Bhishma Mk 2<hr> T-90 Bhishma Mk 3
| [[File:The T-90 Tanks Bheeshma passes through the Rajpath during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.jpg|150px]]
| 1300 (T-90S)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title=Indian Army rolls out its first overhauled T-90 'Bhishma' tank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-rolls-out-its-first-overhauled-t-90-bhishma-tank-101728313383363.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202022743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-rolls-out-its-first-overhauled-t-90-bhishma-tank-101728313383363.html |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Modernisation proposals worth Rs 54,000 crore get ministry of defence's initial nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modernisation-proposals-worth-rs-54000-crore-get-ministry-of-defences-initial-nod/articleshow/119278163.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <hr> 10 (Mk 3)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=2024-06-13 |title=India rolls out T-90 Mk-III tanks |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-rolls-out-t-90-mk-iii-tanks |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Jane's |language=en}}</ref>
| {{RUS}} {{IND}} 
| '''Status: In service.'''
Initial orders were a combination of Russian-made and locally assembled units before being licence-produced by [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=War in Ukraine speeds up indigenisation of T-90 tanks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/war-in-ukraine-speeds-up-indigenisation-of-t-90-tanks/articleshow/103918345.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127161837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/war-in-ukraine-speeds-up-indigenisation-of-t-90-tanks/articleshow/103918345.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> T-90S being upgraded to T-90MS standard.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vandenbosch |title=India Receives First Batch of Upgraded T-90 Bhishma Mk-3 Tanks |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/india-receives-first-batch-of-upgraded-t-90-bhishma-mk-3-tanks |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> 464 Mk 3 ordered in 2019.<ref name=":1" /> 10 delivered as of 2024.
|-
| [[T-72 operators and variants#India|T-72M1 Ajeya]]<hr>T-72 Ajeya Mk 2 <hr>T-72 Combat Improved Ajeya
| [[File:T-72 Ajeya1.jpg|150px]]<hr>[[File:T-72 CI-Ajeya.jpg|150px]]
| 2,418{{sfn|The Military Balance 2024|pages=266-267||p=}}<ref>{{Cite web |author=EurAsian Times Desk |date=2021-06-03 |title=India-China Row: Indian Army Starts Hunt For Stealthy, AI-Enabled, Next-Gen Tanks |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-china-row-indian-army-starts-hunt-for-stealthy-ai-enabled-next-gen-tanks/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811042943/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-china-row-indian-army-starts-hunt-for-stealthy-ai-enabled-next-gen-tanks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{USSR}} {{IND}} || {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = '''Status: In service.''' To be replaced by [[#Mechanised forces|Future Ready Combat Vehicle]] and [[Arjun (tank)#FMBT|Future Main Battle Tank]] programmes.<ref name="fresh RFI">{{Cite web |title=Indian Army issues fresh RFI for Future Ready Combat Vehicle |url=http://www.janes.com/article/75533/Indian-army-fresh-RIF-for-future-ready-combat-vehicle |access-date=2017-11-08 |work=Jane's 360}}</ref>| 968 T72M1 upgraded by HVF. 1400 T-72M1 fitted with [[Explosive reactive armor|ERA]] MK1 armour being upgraded to ERA Mk 2. standard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=Indian Army to Upgrade 1,400 T-72 M1 Tanks |url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/indian-army-to-upgrade-1400-t-72-tanks/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213052639/https://ssbcrackexams.com/indian-army-to-upgrade-1400-t-72-tanks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Further 1,000 tanks will be upgraded with new engines, [[fire control system]] & other modern systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2023-11-23 |title=Army issues RFI for overhaul of T-72 tanks as it seeks to reduce reliance on Russia |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/army-issues-rfi-for-overhaul-of-t-72-tanks-as-it-seeks-to-reduce-reliance-on-russia/article67566051.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213050843/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/army-issues-rfi-for-overhaul-of-t-72-tanks-as-it-seeks-to-reduce-reliance-on-russia/article67566051.ece |archive-date=2024-02-13 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=Ministry of Defence signs $248 mn deal with Rosoboronexport for procurement of engines for T-72 Tanks for Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ministry-of-defence-signs-248-mn-deal-with-rosoboronexport-for-procurement-of-engines-for-t-72-tanks-for-indian-army/articleshow/118787474.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
}}
|-
|[[Zorawar (tank)|Zorawar]]
|[[File:Zorawar Light Tank.jpg|150px]]
|[[Light tank]]
|59 (on order)
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: On order.'''
295 more planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april20240112205536/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=aninews.in |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113151840/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april20240112205536/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="by April">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april/articleshow/106780188.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221171244/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april/articleshow/106780188.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center;" | Infantry fighting vehicles
|-
| [[BMP-2#India|BMP-2 Sarath]] || [[File:Indian Army BMP-2.jpg|150px]]
| Tracked [[infantry fighting vehicle]]|| 2,400{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=247−248}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=BMP-IIK {{!}} AVNL |url=https://avnl.co.in/products/bmp-iik |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref>
| {{IND}} {{USSR}} || '''Status: In service. '''
All BMP-2/2K vehicles are to be upgraded to BMP-2M standard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancile |url=https://www.deagel.com/news/n000011456 |access-date=2022-01-31 |website=www.deagel.com |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720004558/https://www.deagel.com/news/n000011456 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manufactured locally in India by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. In March 2024, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] signed an initial contract with [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVNL]] to upgrade 693 units to [[BMP-2#India|BMP-2M]] configuration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoD inks contract with AVNL for 693 Armament Upgrades of Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP2 to BMP2M |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2014345 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313161104/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2014345 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional 156 units on order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=MoD inks contract with AVNL to upgrade Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP2 to BMP2M |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-mod-inks-contract-with-avnl-to-upgrade-infantry-combat-vehicle-bmp2-to-bmp2m-3425280/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tata Kestrel]]
| [[File:WHAP During Defence Expo 2018.jpg|150px]]
| Wheeled [[infantry fighting vehicle]]
|15<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Tata-DRDO WhAP (Wheeled Armour Platform) |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2024/01/14/tata-drdo-whap-wheeled-armour-platform/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.'''
9 on order<ref name=":32" /> with additional 105 planned.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-07-05 |title=Infantry combat vehicle bidding process reaches advanced stage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/05/infantry-combat-vehicle-bidding-process-reaches-advanced-stage |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Tank destroyer
|-
| [[Nag (missile)#NAMICA|NAMICA]] || [[File:Nag missile test on 8 July 2019.jpg|150px]]
| Tracked [[tank destroyer]]|| || {{Flag|India}} || '''Status: On order.''' 13 units ordered on 27 March 2025.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=MoD signs deals worth ₹2,500 cr for new anti-tank missile system, light vehicles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mod-signs-deals-worth-rs-2-500-cr-for-new-anti-tank-missile-system-light-vehicles-101743082563645.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center;" | Miscellaneous tracked vehicles
|-
| [[BMP-2#India|NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle]] ||[[File:CBRN Recce vehicle during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|150px]]
|[[CBRN defense|CRBN]] [[reconnaissance vehicle]]|| 16 || {{Flag|India}} || '''Status: In service.'''
BMP-2 based CRBN developed by [[CVRDE]] and produced by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-04/india/28180829_1_nbc-recce-vehicle-drdo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226195504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-04/india/28180829_1_nbc-recce-vehicle-drdo | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Army inducts DRDO-developed NBC recce vehicle | date=4 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Carrier Mortar Tracked]] ||[[File:The Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|150px]]
|[[Mortar carrier]]|| 220 ||{{Flag|India}}
| '''Status: In service.'''
BMP-2 based mortar carrier. Developed by [[CVRDE]] and manufactured by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrier Mortar Tracked on BMP-2 {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/carrier-mortar-tracked-bmp-2|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.drdo.gov.in|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902185544/https://www.drdo.gov.in/carrier-mortar-tracked-bmp-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[DRDO Armoured Ambulance]] ||[[File:Armoured Ambulance Tracked Vehicle passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2013, in New Delhi on January 23, 2013.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military ambulance|Armoured ambulance]]|| 275<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/aug/11/aat-vehicle-documents-handed-over-to-dgqa-1641480.html|title=AAT vehicle documents handed over to DGQA|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221171227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/aug/11/aat-vehicle-documents-handed-over-to-dgqa-1641480.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{Flag|India}} || '''Status: In service.'''
BMP-2 based armoured ambulance developed by [[CVRDE]] and produced by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], 288 ordered.
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center;" | [[Armoured personnel carrier]]s
|-
| [[Kalyani M4]]
| [[File:Kalyani M4 army vehicle.jpg|150px]]
|[[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (Heavy)|| 126<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-10-21 |title=China threat in mind, Army buys more M4 armoured vehicles with anti-tank missiles |url=https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-buys-more-m4-armoured-vehicles-with-anti-tank-missiles/1176158/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603091321/https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-buys-more-m4-armoured-vehicles-with-anti-tank-missiles/1176158/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Made in India Muscle: Kalyani M4 Armored Vehicle Revs Up Army's Power |url=https://defence.in/threads/made-in-india-muscle-kalyani-m4-armored-vehicle-revs-up-armys-power.6550/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>|| {{IND}} || '''Status: In Service.'''
Additional units were ordered for the deployment along the LAC. To be equipped with [[Spike (missile)|Spike]] [[anti-tank guided missile]] and 20 mm automatic turret.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-buys-more-m4-armoured-vehicles-with-anti-tank-missiles/1176158/|title=China threat in mind, Army buys more M4 armoured vehicles with anti-tank missiles|date=21 October 2022|publisher=The Print|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603091321/https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-buys-more-m4-armoured-vehicles-with-anti-tank-missiles/1176158/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[TATA Motors|TATA]] [https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/armoured-personnel-carrier Quick Reaction Fighting Vehicle]
| [[File:TATA QRFV.jpg|150px]]
|[[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (Medium)
|36
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service. '''
First batch of Quick Reaction Fighting Vehicle inducted.<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite web |title=ARMY CHIEF INDUCTS INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED SPECIALIST VEHICLES INTO SERVICE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1816086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412123210/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1816086 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] [https://www.mahindraarmored.com/vehicle-category/armoured-personnel-carrier-apc/straton-plus-apc Straton Plus]
|
|[[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (Medium)
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.'''
Used by UN Peace keeping force.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rawat|first=Kshitij|date=2020-07-17|title=Mahindra's Mine Resistant Vehicle To Be Used By United Nations|url=https://gaadiwaadi.com/mahindras-mine-resistant-vehicle-to-be-used-by-united-nations/|access-date=2020-10-11|website=Gaadiwaadi.com|language=en-US|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719085841/https://gaadiwaadi.com/mahindras-mine-resistant-vehicle-to-be-used-by-united-nations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Casspir]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camp |first1=Steve |last2=Heitman |first2=Helmoed-Römer |title=Surviving the Ride: A Pictorial History of South African-Manufactured Armoured Vehicles |date=19 September 2014 |publisher=30 Degrees South Publishers |isbn=978-1-928211-17-4 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2ZBgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907014433/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2ZBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[File:Mechem Casspir Mk II (9686200019).jpg|150px]]|| [[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (Medium)|| 200<ref name="IISS 2019, pp. 267">[[#IISS2019|IISS 2019]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-01|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#IISS2019|reason= }}, pp. 267</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Camp |first1=Steve |title=Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African manufactured mine-protected vehicles |last2=Heitman |first2=Helmoed-Römer |date=November 2014 |publisher=30 Degrees south |isbn=978-1928211-17-4 |location=Pinetown |page=240}}</ref>|| {{ZAF}} ||'''Status: In service.'''
|-
| [[Ordnance Factory Board Mine Protected Vehicle|OFB Aditya]]
|[[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Mine Protected Vehicle.jpg|150px]]|| [[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (Medium)|| 1,600|| {{IND}} || '''Status: In service. '''
Based on [[Casspir]]. Manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] and [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-03 |title=Army's armoured thrust: Order placed for 250 mine proof vehicles to tackle terrorists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-armoured-order-mine-proof-vehicles-terrorists-344613-2016-10-03 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicle|Mahindra Armado]]
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Mahindra Armado Side view.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle]]|| 1,300 || rowspan="2" | {{IND}} || '''Status: In Service. '''
Also known as Armored Light Specialist Vehicle (ALSV).<ref name="Shukla">{{Cite web |last=Broadsword |title=Indian Army to get its own Humvee |url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2021/03/indian-army-to-get-its-own-humvee.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Broadsword by Ajai Shukla - Strategy. Economics. Defence.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=As Army gets more 'Indian Humvees', Anand Mahindra gets deluge of requests for launch of the special vehicle for common man |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/as-army-gets-more-indian-humvees-anand-mahindra-gets-deluge-of-requests-for-launch-of-the-special-vehicle-for-common-man/articleshow/107282614.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicle|Mahindra Airawat]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle]] ([[Mortar carrier]])
|50
|'''Status: In Service.'''
Also known as Vehicle Mounted Infantry Mortar System (VMIMS).<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-21 |title=Army enhances border defense with deployment of VMIMS in Sikkim |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/army-enhances-border-defense-with-deployment-of-vmims-in-sikkim-1503410505.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Indian Army deploys Vehicle Mounted Infantry Mortar System near LAC |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/land/indian-army-deploys-vehicle-mounted-infantry-mortar-system-near-lac |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahindra Marksman]]
| [[File:Mahindra Marksman Delhi Police New Delhi.jpg|150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle]]
|N/A<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-14 |title=Mumbai police to drive M&M defence vehicles {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mumbai-police-to-drive-mm-defence-vehicles-1225435 |access-date=2023-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614111827/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mumbai-police-to-drive-mm-defence-vehicles-1225435 |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''
Mainly used for anti-terror operations in Kashmir region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Insane Vehicles Used By The Indian Armed Forces That Keep Them Combat-Ready 24/7|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2020/05/6-insane-vehicles-used-by-indian-armed.html|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193911/http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2020/05/6-insane-vehicles-used-by-indian-armed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahindra Rakshak]] ||[[File:Rakshak.JPG|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle]]|| 1,000<ref name="web.archive.org"/>||{{Flag|India}}
| '''Status: In service (Phasing out).'''
All units will be replaced by [[Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicle|Mahindra ALSV]] until 2024. Bulletproof vehicle with composite armour which offers protection against 7.62 mm bullets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Rakshak|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Misc/0573.jpg.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407111647/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Misc/0573.jpg.html|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Rakshak' saved soldiers' lives: Mahindra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-06/news/27700353_1_new-engine-indian-army-vehicles|access-date=5 August 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=6 April 2008|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226194610/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-06/news/27700353_1_new-engine-indian-army-vehicles|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra says 'Rakshak' saved soldiers' lives|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/national2008040661365.asp?section=updatenews|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226081323/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/national2008040661365.asp?section=updatenews|archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sherpa Light|Renault Sherpa]]||
[[File:Festival automobile international 2012 - Renault Sherpa light Scout - 006.jpg|Festival automobile international 2012 - Renault Sherpa light Scout - 006|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle]]
|14<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIPRI Arms Transfers Database {{!}} SIPRI |url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.sipri.org |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316112723/https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flag|France}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Indian Army Spotted Using French Armored Vehicles In Kashmir For Anti-Terror Operations |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-army-spotted-using-french-armored-vehicles-in-kashmir-for-anti-terror-operations/?amp |website=Eurasian Times |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123602/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-army-spotted-using-french-armored-vehicles-in-kashmir-for-anti-terror-operations/?amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day 2021: Top 10 vehicles used by Indian army and defense forces |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/features/article/independence-day-2021-top-vehicles-used-by-indian-army-and-defence-forces/797241 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123545/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/auto/features/article/independence-day-2021-top-vehicles-used-by-indian-army-and-defence-forces/797241 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] Prahaar 510
|[[File:The Prahar–510 passes through the Rajpath during the 62nd Republic Day Parade-2011, in New Delhi on January 26, 2011.jpg|154x154px]]
|[[Armoured personnel carrier]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69362 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123547/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69362 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Unknown
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2011-01-26|title=Mini-India on display at Republic Day parade|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/gNWhszbrNYAC3lT4UrcldM/MiniIndia-on-display-at-Republic-Day-parade.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175241/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/gNWhszbrNYAC3lT4UrcldM/MiniIndia-on-display-at-Republic-Day-parade.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Utility and staff transport===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:14%;"| Name
! style="width:1%;"|Image
!Type
! style="width:11%;" | Quantity
! style="width:5%;"| Origin
! Notes

|-
| [[Force Gurkha]] 4×4 (''Dhwansak'')
| [[File:Force Gorkha Light Strike Vehicle.jpg|150x150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]] || || {{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In Service''', was ordered in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/force-motors-bags-light-strike-vehicles-order-from-the-indian-army-1850379|title=Force Motors Bags Light Strike Vehicles' Order From The Indian Army|work=CarAndBike |date=10 May 2018|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510235842/https://auto.ndtv.com/news/force-motors-bags-light-strike-vehicles-order-from-the-indian-army-1850379|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/force-motors-to-supply-light-strike-vehicles-to-indian-army-408330|title=Force Motors to supply Light Strike Vehicles to Indian Army|date=10 May 2018|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510163700/https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/force-motors-to-supply-light-strike-vehicles-to-indian-army-408330|url-status=live}}</ref> Further 2,978 units of Light Strike Vehicle (LSV) variant ordered on 27 March 2025. To be used by the [[Indian Air Force]] also. Payload: 800 kg; Soft Top model.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Force Gurkha To Be Latest Addition To Indian Defence Forces Fleet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/force-gurkha-to-be-latest-addition-to-indian-defence-forces-fleet-8025037 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Force Motors secures order of 2,978 Gurkhas for Indian defence forces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/force-motors-secures-order-of-2978-gurkhas-for-indian-defence-forces-2700569-2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tata Safari|Tata Safari Storme]]
| [[File:Indian Army Tata Safari Storm.jpg|150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|1,300<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-28 |title=Tata Motors rolls out 1,500th Safari Storme for Indian Armed Forces |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/tata-motors-rolls-out-1500th-safari-storme-for-indian-armed-forces/articleshow/65542889.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720062159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/tata-motors-rolls-out-1500th-safari-storme-for-indian-armed-forces/articleshow/65542889.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}}|| Status:In Service. 3193 units ordered in May 2017.<ref name="safari_intoday">{{cite news|title=Tata Safari Storme joins the Indian Armed forces' fleet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/tata-safari-storme-joins-the-indian-armed-forces-fleet-973835-2017-04-27|access-date=27 April 2017|work=India Today|date=27 April 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103801/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/tata-safari-storme-joins-the-indian-armed-forces-fleet/1/939531.html|url-status=live}}</ref> GS800 category. To replace Maruti Suzuki Gypsy.<ref name="safari replaces gypsy">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/on-new-wheels-army-to-replace-maruti-gypsy-with-tata-safari-storme/article9442142.ece|title=On new wheels: Army to replace Maruti Gypsy with Tata Safari Storme|date=23 December 2016|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005009/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/on-new-wheels-army-to-replace-maruti-gypsy-with-tata-safari-storme/article9442142.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tata Telcoline|Tata Xenon]]
|
|[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref name="Cars & 4x4s of the Indian Army">{{cite web |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/cars-4x4s-indian-army |title=Cars & 4x4s of the Indian Army |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824175643/https://www.team-bhp.com/news/cars-4x4s-indian-army |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Royal Enfield Bullet]]
|
|Light 2-person transport vehicle
|
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''
|-
|[[Tata Sumo]]
| [[File:Tata sumo (1).jpg|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref name="Cars & 4x4s of the Indian Army" />
|-
|[[Toyota Hilux]]
|[[File:Toyota Hilux 4x2 Conquest.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|
|{{JPN}}{{IND}}
|'''Status: In Service''' with Northern Command.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army adds Toyota Hilux to its fleet |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/indian-army-adds-toyota-hilux-to-its-fleet-428801 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Autocar India |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719165436/https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/indian-army-adds-toyota-hilux-to-its-fleet-428801 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahindra Scorpio]]
| [[File:Indian army mahindra scorpio.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|| 3300
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Armored version in service.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra to deliver 1,850 units of Scorpio Classic to the Indian Army {{!}} Team-BHP |date=18 July 2023 |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/mahindra-to-deliver-1850-units-of-scorpio-classic-to-the-indian-army/ |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123164545/https://www.carwale.com/news/mahindra-to-deliver-1850-units-of-scorpio-classic-to-the-indian-army/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Mahindra Scorpio Pik-up
|
|[[Pickup truck]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: On order.''' 1,986 units ordered on 27 May 2025. Payload: 800 kg.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-31 |title=Mahindra signs ₹2,700 crore deal to supply 1,986 Scorpio Pik-Ups to the Indian Army |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/cars/mahindra-signs-rs-2-700-crore-deal-to-supply-1-986-scorpio-pik-ups-to-the-indian-army-41743392976413.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahindra Major|Mahindra 550]]
| [[File:Mahindra.jpg|150px]]||[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]|| || {{IND}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Used as troop carrier<ref name="Cars & 4x4s of the Indian Army" />
|-
| [[Maruti Suzuki Gypsy]]
| [[File:Maruti Gypsy Green.JPG|150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]|| 35000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Akshay |date=2023-01-29 |title=New Maruti Jimny Likely To Replace Gypsy In The Indian Army |url=https://www.rushlane.com/new-maruti-jimny-likely-to-replace-gypsy-in-the-indian-army-12459193.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=RushLane |language=en-US |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718071048/https://www.rushlane.com/new-maruti-jimny-likely-to-replace-gypsy-in-the-indian-army-12459193.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army's Gypsy to drive off into sunset as govt moves to find replacement |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/31/indian-army-gypsy-to-drive-off-into-sunset-as-govt-moves-to-find-replacement.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718071047/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/31/indian-army-gypsy-to-drive-off-into-sunset-as-govt-moves-to-find-replacement.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{IND}} {{JPN}} || '''Status: In service.''' Additional 541 ordered in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Maruti Gypsy July 2020 sales at 541 units - For Indian Army (Photos)|url=https://www.rushlane.com/maruti-gypsy-sales-july-2020-12370446.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=RushLane|language=en-US|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123619/https://www.rushlane.com/maruti-gypsy-sales-july-2020-12370446.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="safari replaces gypsy" />
|-
|[[Toyota Fortuner]]
|[[File:Toyota Fortuner 4x4 Legender (LTD) 2-Tone White Pearl-Black.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]
|[[Military light utility vehicle|Light utility vehicle]]
|
|{{IND}} {{JPN}}
|'''Status: In Service'''. Army Signals Corps. fitted with telecommunication devices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army's Modified Toyota Fortuners With Communication Systems Spotted on Highway |url=https://www.cartoq.com/car-life/indian-army-modified-toyota-fortuners-communication-systems-spotted-highway/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Cartoq |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mitsubishi Pajero]]
| [[File:Mitsubishi Pajero (Shogun) (WEL 621).jpg|150px]]|| Staff transport
| || {{JPN}} || '''Status: In service.''' Deployed at the Indo-Chinese Border.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/auto-news/mitsubishi-pajero-debut-indian-army-vehicle-sikkim-49519/ |title=Mitsubishi Pajero SUV makes it debut as an Indian Army vehicle in Sikkim! |work=IndianCarsBikes.in |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402144432/http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/auto-news/mitsubishi-pajero-debut-indian-army-vehicle-sikkim-49519/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ashok Leyland Defence Systems|Ashok Leyland]] [https://www.ashokleyland.com/defence/logistics/short-chassis-bus-4x2 Short Chassis 4×2]
|
|[[Minibus]]
|
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: Ordered.''' 500 pre-fragmented short chassis, worth {{INRConvert|197.35|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, ordered on 18 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nihal |date=2025-03-18 |title=Indian Army inks ₹197.35 Crore deal with Ashok Leyland for 500 Short Chassis Buses THE NEW INDIAN |url=https://www.newindian.in/indian-army-inks-%E2%82%B9197-35-crore-deal-with-ashok-leyland-for-500-short-chassis-buses/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=THE NEW INDIAN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Polaris Inc.|Polaris]] Sportsman 6x6 ATV
| [[File:Schriesheim - Feuerwehr - Polaris Sportsman Forest 500 - DH-FW 176 - 2019-06-16 15-15-40.jpg|150px]]

|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
{{Flag|United States}}
| '''Status: In service.''' Used on Indo-Tibetian border<ref name="Army gets latest SiG rifles, ATVs along China border in Sikkim">{{cite news |url=https://www.thenorthlines.com/army-gets-latest-sig-rifles-atvs-along-china-border-in-sikkim/ |title=Army gets latest SiG rifles, ATVs along China border in Sikkim |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002011405/https://www.thenorthlines.com/army-gets-latest-sig-rifles-atvs-along-china-border-in-sikkim/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Polaris Inc.|Polaris Ranger]]
| [[File:Pittsburg Police Polaris Ranger XP 1000.jpg|150px]]
|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
{{Flag|United States}}
| '''Status: In service.''' Used on Indo-Tibetian border<ref name="Army gets latest SiG rifles, ATVs along China border in Sikkim" />
|-
| [[Polaris RZR|Polaris MRZR]]
| [[File:Special Warefare Command MRZR - Aviation Nation 2019.jpg|150px]]
|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|United States}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Multi-purpose all-terrain vehicle. In service with Indian Army Northern Command.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Rajnath Singh Drives An All-Terrain Vehicle In Kashmir |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-drives-an-all-terrain-vehicle-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-baramulla-3072575 |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703171722/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-drives-an-all-terrain-vehicle-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-baramulla-3072575 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Military Digest: Army conducts 'Exercise Blitzkrieg' in Ladakh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/army-exercise-blitzkrieg-ladakh-7994115/ |date=27 June 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703171723/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/army-exercise-blitzkrieg-ladakh-7994115/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Arctic Cat]] Alterra TBX 700
|
|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|United States}}
| '''Status: In service.''' Used by PARA SF{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
|-
|[[JSW Group#Group companies|JSW]] Kapidhwaj
|[[File:Sherpn1200.jpg|150px]]
|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|96<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2024-08-20 |title=Army gets all-terrain terrain four wheel drive vehicles N1200 ATOR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/20/army-gets-all-terrain-terrain-four-wheel-drive-vehicles-n1200-ator |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/jsw-group-forays-into-defence-sector-to-showcase-ator-n1200-specialist-mobility-vehicle-at-republic-day-parade/ar-BB1hfOGB {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120213/https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/jsw-group-forays-into-defence-sector-to-showcase-ator-n1200-specialist-mobility-vehicle-at-republic-day-parade/ar-BB1hfOGB |date=31 August 2024 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> Also known as ATOR N1200 Specialist Mobility Vehicle (SMV), an Indianised variant of [[Sherp|SHERP]] N1200.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=JSW Kapidhwaj showcases prowess at the Republic Day 2025 parade. Here's what it gets |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/jsw-kapidhwaj-featured-during-the-republic-day-2025-parade-here-s-what-the-specialised-mobility-vehicle-is-capable-of-41737956123173.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[BsV10]] Sindhu
|
|[[All-terrain vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}{{IND}}
|Status: On order. Local production by [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=BvS10 all-terrain vehicle to India under the “Make in India” programme |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/bae-systems-and-larsen-toubro-team-up-to-bring-bvs10-all-terrain-vehicle-to-india-under-the-make-in-india-programme |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.baesystems.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Indian Army orders BvS10 all-terrain vehicles |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/indian-army-orders-bvs10-all-terrain-vehicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119123537/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/indian-army-orders-bvs10-all-terrain-vehicles |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Field transport vehicles===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[Ashok Leyland Defence Systems|Ashok Leyland]] 4×4 Ambulance
| [[File:INDIAN ARMY ASHOK LEYLAND 4x4 AMBULANCE.jpg|150px]]
| 4×4 Ambulance
| 825|| {{IND}} ||Ordered in 2016.<ref name="Ambulance 4×4">{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-03-30 |title=A Sneak peek into Ashok Leyland Ambulance 4×4 for Indian Army |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Auto-/2016-03-30/A-Sneak-peek-into-Ashok-Leyland-Ambulance-44-for-Indian-Army/217569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123626/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Auto-/2016-03-30/A-Sneak-peek-into-Ashok-Leyland-Ambulance-44-for-Indian-Army/217569 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="worth Rs800">{{Cite web |last=Thangavelu |first=Dharani |date=2016-03-29 |title=Ashok Leyland wins orders worth Rs800 crore from Indian armed forces |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3sZvZp8niA3hGKtjKYFOpN/Ashok-Leyland-wins-orders-worth-Rs800-crore-from-Indian-arme.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912121947/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3sZvZp8niA3hGKtjKYFOpN/Ashok-Leyland-wins-orders-worth-Rs800-crore-from-Indian-arme.html |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
| Ashok Leyland 4x4 Refueling Tanker
| [[File:Indian Army Refueling Tanker.jpg|150px]]
| 4x4 Refueling Tanker
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tata LPTA|Tata LPTA 713 TC]]
|[[File:2.5 ton (2).jpg|150px]]|| [[Light truck|Light 4×4 truck]]|| 15,000+<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Sheershoo |date=2020-10-21 |title=List Of Military Trucks Of Indian Army |url=https://www.defencexp.com/trucks-of-the-indian-army/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720052543/https://www.defencexp.com/trucks-of-the-indian-army/ |url-status=live }}</ref>||{{IND}}|| 2.5 ton payload truck. Manufactured by [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].<ref name="drivespark.com">{{Cite web|url =https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2019/mahindra-everito-added-to-indian-armys-official-fleet-indian-army-goes-electric-029079.html|title =Mahindra eVerito Added To Indian Army's Official Fleet|date =5 August 2019|access-date =24 August 2021|archive-date =24 August 2021|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182253/https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2019/mahindra-everito-added-to-indian-armys-official-fleet-indian-army-goes-electric-029079.html|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Details about Tata Motors' Range of Defence Vehicles |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/commercial-vehicles/118353-details-about-tata-motors-range-defence-vehicles.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827060330/https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/commercial-vehicles/118353-details-about-tata-motors-range-defence-vehicles.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-|-
| [[Tata LPTA|Tata LPTA 2038 HMV]]
| [[File:INDIAN ARMY TATA LPTA 2038C.jpg|150px]]
|| Medium 6×6 high mobility truck || 1,239+<ref name="autocarpro.in">{{Cite web |title=Tata Motors bags repeat order from Indian Army for 6x6 trucks |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors-bags-follow-indian-army-6x6-trucks-10952 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723064422/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors-bags-follow-indian-army-6x6-trucks-10952 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{IND}} || Additional 619 units on order.<ref name="autocarpro.in"/> To augment and replace older BEML Tatra 6×6 fleet.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| [[Ashok Leyland Stallion]]
|[[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Stallion Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|150px]]|| Medium/heavy 6×6 8×8 10×10 truck || 70,000+<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjai |first=P. R. |date=2016-03-28 |title=Ashok Leyland sticks to trusted truck in defence plans |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xnkxd8xBim3uZUHbH6HjsN/Ashok-Leyland-sticks-to-trusted-truck-in-defence-plans.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723064421/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xnkxd8xBim3uZUHbH6HjsN/Ashok-Leyland-sticks-to-trusted-truck-in-defence-plans.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Leyland two-pronged strategy for Defence unveiled – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/ashok-leyland-two-pronged-strategy-defence-unveiled/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723064931/https://www.motorindiaonline.in/ashok-leyland-two-pronged-strategy-defence-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-14 |title=Army Stallion {{!}} |url=https://commercialvehicle.in/army-stallion/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123554/https://commercialvehicle.in/army-stallion/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{IND}} ||10, 12 and 15 Ton trucks. Manufactured under licence by [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].<ref name="super_stallion">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=New Defence Orders to be Executed over 2 Years: Ashok Leyland |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/new-defence-orders-to-be-executed-over-2-years-ashok-leyland-1026357.html |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821124732/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/new-defence-orders-to-be-executed-over-2-years-ashok-leyland-1026357.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[BEML Limited|BEML Tatra]]
|[[File:Tatra 815 8x8 NVA.jpg|150px]]|| Medium/heavy 6×6 8×8 10×10 12×12 truck || 10,000+<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATRA TRUCKS to Introduce TATRA FORCE Series at DEFEXPO 2016, India |url=https://www.army-technology.com/contractors/armoured/tatra-trucks/pressreleases/pressdefexpo-2016-india/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831123552/https://www.army-technology.com/contractors/armoured/tatra-trucks/pressreleases/pressdefexpo-2016-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Satya |date=2020-09-15 |title=Tata Motors To Export 600 Military Trucks To Royal Thailand Army |url=https://www.rushlane.com/tata-motors-military-trucks-thailand-12375576.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=RushLane |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727160711/https://www.rushlane.com/tata-motors-military-trucks-thailand-12375576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{IND}} {{CZS}} || [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] Force heavy trucks licence produced by [[BEML]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATRA TRUCKS resumed cooperation with the Indian state-owned company BEML :: Tatratrucks.com |url=https://www.tatratrucks.com/about-the-company/press-and-media/press-releases/tatra-trucks-resumed-cooperation-with-the-indian-state-owned-company-beml/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.tatratrucks.com |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826172233/https://www.tatratrucks.com/about-the-company/press-and-media/press-releases/tatra-trucks-resumed-cooperation-with-the-indian-state-owned-company-beml/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Used as chassis for equipment like Radars and [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka]] ([[Tatra 813|T813]], [[Tatra 815|T815]] 8×8) and [[BM-30 Smerch|Smerch MBRL]] systems ([[Tatra 816|T816]] 10×10).<ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2015 |title=India to increase production of indigenously developed rocket 'Pinaka' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-to-increase-production-of-indigenously-developed-rocket-pinaka-115040500033_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214173105/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-to-increase-production-of-indigenously-developed-rocket-pinaka-115040500033_1.html |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard India |location=Wayback Machine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Объединяя лучшее. Боевая машина 9А52-2Т РЗСО «СМЕРЧ» на шасси автомобиля «Татра» на выставке вооружений в Нижнем Тагиле «REA-2008» в 2008 году |url=http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/xlopotov_8/2010_smerch1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222032836/http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/xlopotov_8/2010_smerch1.htm |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref> Its entire 6×6 fleet will be replaced by Tata LPTA 2038 HMV.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| [[Ashok Leyland FAT|Ashok Leyland Topchi]]
| [[File:Indian Army Field Artillery Tractor.jpg|150px]]
| Light 4×4 [[Artillery tractor]]|| || {{IND}} || 3 ton payload truck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Leyland Topchi (4x4) |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/equipment/vehicles/topchi/ |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124057/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/equipment/vehicles/topchi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FAT 4x4 |url=https://www.ashokleyland.com/defence/logistics/fat-4x4?variant=defence/logistics/fat-4x4&productId=2515 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.ashokleyland.com |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120732/https://www.ashokleyland.com/defence/logistics/fat-4x4?variant=defence/logistics/fat-4x4&productId=2515 |url-status=live }}</ref> Order placed in July 2023.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ashok Leyland bags orders worth Rs 800 crore from Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ashok-leyland-bags-orders-worth-rs-800-crore-from-indian-army/articleshow/101821186.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124058/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ashok-leyland-bags-orders-worth-rs-800-crore-from-indian-army/articleshow/101821186.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Leyland bags Defence orders worth Rs. 800 Cr |url=https://www.ashokleyland.com/pressrelease/ashok-leyland-bags-defence-orders-worth-rs-800-cr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120734/https://www.ashokleyland.com/pressrelease/ashok-leyland-bags-defence-orders-worth-rs-800-cr |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.ashokleyland.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashok Leyland FAT|Ashok Leyland FAT 6×6]]
[or [https://www.ashokleyland.com/defence/specialist/gtv-6x6 Gun Towing Vehicle 6×6 (GTV)]
|[[File:Dhanush howitzer during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|151x151px]]<hr>[[File:Ashok Leyland 6x6 (HMV).jpg|150px]]
| Medium 6×6 [[Artillery tractor]] || 450+<ref name="worth Rs800" />|| {{IND}} ||Ordered in March 2016 (450)<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army orders Ashok Leyland FAT 6×6 – 2016 DefExpo |url=https://www.rushlane.com/ashok-leyland-fat-6x6-at-2016-defexpo-12192643.html |access-date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Sagar Patel |agency=Rushlane |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419100535/https://www.rushlane.com/ashok-leyland-fat-6x6-at-2016-defexpo-12192643.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with follow on order in July 2023.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":6" />
To replace [[Scania SBA111]].<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Scania SBA111]]
|[[File:ART.200015.jpg|149x149px]]
|Medium 6×6 [[Artillery tractor]]
|660<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saab-Scania SBAT 111S General Utility Truck {{!}} MilitaryToday.com |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/trucks/saab_scania_sbat_111s.htm |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.militarytoday.com |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723065930/https://www.militarytoday.com/trucks/saab_scania_sbat_111s.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scania SBA 111 |url=https://weaponsystems.net/system/1281-Scania+SBA+111 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Weaponsystems.net |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126122924/https://weaponsystems.net/system/1281-Scania+SBA+111 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{SWE}}
|Used for towing Bofors [[Haubits FH77|FH77B]] howitzers. To be replaced by [[Ashok Leyland FAT|Ashok Leyland FAT 6×6]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-03-30|title=Indian Army orders Ashok Leyland FAT 6x6 - 2016 DefExpo (LIVE)|url=https://www.rushlane.com/ashok-leyland-fat-6x6-at-2016-defexpo-12192643.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=RushLane|language=en-US|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419100535/https://www.rushlane.com/ashok-leyland-fat-6x6-at-2016-defexpo-12192643.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[KrAZ-255]]
|[[File:KRAZ 255 D pic2.JPG|148x148px]]
|Medium 6×6 [[Artillery tractor]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|USSR}}
|Used for towing 130 mm [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]] guns.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2021-06-24 |title=Army plans to buy 2,000 gun-towing vehicles to move medium guns on hilly & desert terrain |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-plans-to-buy-2000-gun-towing-vehicles-to-move-medium-guns-on-hilly-desert-terrain/683329/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124124/https://theprint.in/defence/army-plans-to-buy-2000-gun-towing-vehicles-to-move-medium-guns-on-hilly-desert-terrain/683329/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1317167697461874689 |user=Amitraaz |title=🇮🇳 Indian Army's KrAZ-255 |first=Amiet |last=Kashyap |date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2024-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1656141206072721408 |user=jaywankhadejrw |title=KrAZ 255 & TATA 2038c 6×6 Trucks; 130mm M46 Towed Field Gun; Indian Army Corps of Artillery |first=Jay |last=Wankhade |date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2024-08-27}}</ref>
|}

===Engineering and support vehicles===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[WZT#WZT-3M|WZT-3M]]
|[[File:POL Warsaw WZT-3.jpg|150px]]|| [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]|| 352<ref name="IISS 2019, pp. 267"/> || {{POL}} {{IND}} || 204 on order.<ref name=":19">{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7978427&c=ASI&s=LAN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729074316/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7978427&c=ASI&s=LAN |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-29 |title=More Armored Recovery Vehicles for Indian Army |work=Defensenews.com |access-date=2012-04-21 }}</ref> Initial orders were of Polish-made units before being licence-produced by [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]].
|-
|[[WZT#WZT-2|WZT-2]]
|[[File:Polish WZT-2.jpg|150px]]||[[Armoured recovery vehicle]]|| 222<ref name="IISS 2019, pp. 267"/>||{{POL}}||
|-
|[[VT-72|VT-72B]]
|
|[[Armoured recovery vehicle]]
|
|{{Flag|USSR}}
|Based on [[T-72]]. Being [[T-72 operators and variants#India|overhauled]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=Army Base Workshop in Pune completes pilot overhaul of vintage Armoured Recovery Vehicle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/army-base-workshop-in-pune-completes-pilot-overhaul-of-vintage-armoured-recovery-vehicle-10255660/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[BMP-2#India|Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair]] (AVLTR)
| ||[[Armoured recovery vehicle]] || || {{IND}} ||Based on BMP-2 with turret removed and bulldozer blade and other engineering equipment added. Being manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/indian-army-command-and-support/p3813-armoured-vehicle-tracked-light-repair.html |title=Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair |work=DefenceTalk.com |date=12 August 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427145147/http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/indian-army-command-and-support/p3813-armoured-vehicle-tracked-light-repair.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=14 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle]]
|[[File:The AERV passing through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for Republic Day Parade - 2005, in New Delhi on January 23, 2005.jpg|150px]]|| [[Military engineering vehicle]]||16
|{{IND}} ||Status: In service. 53 on order. BMP-2 based engineering and reconnaissance vehicle (Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle) being manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armoured-engineer-reconnaissance-vehicle-aerv|website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Mechanical Minefield Marking Equipment Mk-II
|
|Mine Detection Vehicle
|
|{{IND}}
|Status: In service since August 2025. Developed by [[DRDO]]'s [[Research and Development Establishment|R&DE(E)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minefield Marking Equipment (MFME) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/minefield-marking-equipment-mfme |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> manufactured by [[BEML]] and deployed by the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Army inducts DRDO-designed Mechanical Minefield Marking Equipment Mk-II |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-inducts-drdo-designed-mechanical-minefield-marking-equipment-mk-ii/articleshow/123238430.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1954813215361409112 |user=adgpi |title=Strengthening Combat Readiness through Indigenous Innovation... |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hydrema]]
|[[File:The Hydrema Demining Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006 (1).jpg|150px]]|| [[Mine flail|Mine clearing vehicle]] || 24<ref name="IISS 2019, pp. 267"/> || {{Flag|Denmark}} || Status: In service.
|-
|[[T-72|Bridge Laying Tank T-72]]
|[[File:Bridge Layer Tank on Ajeya manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) of Ordnance Factory Board.jpg|150px]]
|[[Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge]]
|
|{{Flag|India}} {{Flag|USSR}}
|Status: On order. 47 ordered for {{INRConvert|1561|c|lk=on|year=2025}} on 21 Jan 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-21 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Rs 1,561 crore contract inked with Heavy Vehicles Factory, AVNL for 47 T-72 Bridge Laying Tanks for Indian Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2094857 |access-date=2021-01-21 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
T-72 M1 tank variant integrated with long Military Load Classification 70 bridge, can be used to cross canal/stream/river by all tracked & wheeled vehicles in service with the Army.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridge Layer Tank (BLT - T-72) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/bridge-layer-tank-blt-t-72|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.drdo.gov.in|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811042035/https://www.drdo.gov.in/bridge-layer-tank-blt-t-72|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Pontoonova Mostova Subravia (PMS)
|[[File:Pontoon bridge Indian army.jpg|150px]]
|[[Pontoon bridge]]
|
|{{Flag|India}} {{Flag|USSR}}
|Status: In Service<ref>{{Cite web|author=ANANTHA KRISHNAN M.|date=Sep 30, 2001|title=BEML makes floating bridge for the Army {{!}} Bengaluru News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/beml-makes-floating-bridge-for-the-army/articleshow/1528469420.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126142125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/beml-makes-floating-bridge-for-the-army/articleshow/1528469420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arjun (tank)|Arjun BLT]]
|[[File:BLT-ARJUN.jpg|150px]]
|Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|BLT Arjun is a fast and reliable bridge laying system built on the Main Battle Tank Arjun, it is capable of launching a 24 m bridge with in 10 minutes on any wet and dry obstacles, facilitating speedy induction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridge Layer Tank (BLT) Arjun {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/bridge-layer-tank-blt-arjun|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.drdo.gov.in|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718165210/https://www.drdo.gov.in/bridge-layer-tank-blt-arjun|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kartik BLT]]
|
|Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|The Kartik BLT is a variant of the [[Vijayanta]] with a 20 m bridge of Military Load Classification Class 60 and is meant to move vehicle<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rakshak|first=Bharat|title=bharat-rakshak|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Engineers/0362.jpg.html|website=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921081217/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Engineers/0362.jpg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[DRDO Sarvatra]]
|[[File:15 Metre Sarvatra Bridging System passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2013, in New Delhi on January 23, 2013.jpg|150px]]
|Truck-mounted, multi-span, mobile bridging system
|50
|{{Flag|India}}
|8×8 truck-mounted bridging system<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarvatra Bridging System [www.bharat-rakshak.com]|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Engineers/0475.jpg.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104072158/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Engineers/0475.jpg.html|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-23|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR - Volume 4(5)|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/4-5/kapoor.html|access-date=2013-08-23|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|L&T Modular Bridge
|[[File:L&T modular brigde.jpg|150px]]
|Truck-mounted, single-span, mobile bridging system
|1
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In Service. 41 sets on order. Developed and designed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]. Manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]. 46 m mobile bridging system. Each sets consists of "7 carrier vehicles based on 8×8 HMVs and 2 launcher vehicles based on 10×10 HMVs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN ARMY STRENGTHENS BRIDGING CAPABILITY WITH 46-METER MODULAR BRIDGE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2009375 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302062024/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2009375 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Indigenously designed and manufactured modular bridge inducted into Indian Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigenously-designed-manufactured-modular-bridge-inducted-indian-army-9183893/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227135835/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigenously-designed-manufactured-modular-bridge-inducted-indian-army-9183893/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Axiscades Tank Transporter Trailer
|
|[[Tank transporter]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: On order. An order for 212 units placed with Axiscades Aerospace and Technologies Pvt Ltd on August 1, 2025 at a cost of {{Indian rupee|223.95}} crore. It can carry 50-ton tanks and other [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armoured vehicles]] and is equipped with hydraulic & pneumatic loading ramps, steerable and liftable axles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fareed |first=Mir |date=2025-08-02 |title=Indian Army signs Rs 223.95 crore deal for indigenous tank transporter trailers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-signs-deal-for-indigenous-tank-transporter-trailers-2765077-2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| CL 70 Mat Ground Surfacing
|
| Truck-mounted mat ground surfacing
|
| {{Flag|India}}
| Mounted on Tatra vehicle with automated laying and recovery has been developed for providing mobility in sandy and marshy terrain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Engineering/378-Mat-Fording.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219012740/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Engineering/378-Mat-Fording.html|url-status=dead|title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site - Mat Fording|first=Webmaster|last=I|archive-date=19 December 2012|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>
|}

===Unmanned ground vehicles===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:15%;"| Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[THeMIS]]
|[[File:THeMIS 5th generation UGV.jpg|150px]]|| [[Unmanned ground vehicle]] || || {{EST}} || Status: In service. Used as a [[reconnaissance vehicle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1884093|title=IMPORT AND EXPORT OF DEFENCE EQUIPMENT|website=Press Information Bureau|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-12-16|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216123457/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1884093|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[DRDO Daksh]]
|[[File:Daksh.JPG|120px]]|| [[Remote control vehicle|Bomb disposal robot]] || 250 || {{IND}} || Status: In service. Used in sensitive missions including bombs and mines.

|-
| Vision-60 robotic MULE
||
| [[Unmanned ground vehicle]] || 100 || {{US}} || Status: In service. Made in India by AeroArc and Ghost Robotics in joint venture with ToT.

|-
| Krushna
||
| [[Unmanned ground vehicle]] || || {{IND}} || Status: In service. Purchased from Jaipur-based Club First Robotics. Use for combat fire support and carries a [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs (ATGM)]].

|-
| All Terrain Tactical Haulers (ATT Haulers)
||
| [[Unmanned ground vehicle]] || 300 || {{ISR}} || Status: In service. Made in India by TVS Sundaram and Marom Dolphin joint venture with ToT.

|}

==Howitzers and field guns==
{{See also|Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+
|-
!Name
!Image
!Type
!Quantity
!Origin
!Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Tracked self-propelled howitzers
|-
|[[K9 Thunder|K9 Vajra-T]]
|[[File:Rajnath Singh in the K9 VAJRA-T on January 16, 2020.jpg|150px]]
|[[self-propelled artillery|Self-propelled howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]]
|100<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army orders 100 additional K9 howitzers |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-orders-100-additional-k9-howitzers |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Janes.com |date=20 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403203952/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-orders-100-additional-k9-howitzers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-12-31 |title=Government starts process to buy 100 more K9-Vajras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-starts-process-to-buy-100-more-k-9-vajra-howitzers/article66324023.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526221950/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-starts-process-to-buy-100-more-k-9-vajra-howitzers/article66324023.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>||{{ROK}} {{IND}}||Status: In service.
* 1st batch of 100 units ordered in 2016. Delivered by 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-31 |title=Government starts process to buy 100 more K9-Vajras |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-starts-process-to-buy-100-more-k-9-vajra-howitzers/article66324023.ece |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526221950/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-starts-process-to-buy-100-more-k-9-vajra-howitzers/article66324023.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2nd batch for 100 units ordered in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-20 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 7,629 crore contract with L&T for K9 VAJRA-T Self-Propelled Tracked Artillery Guns for Indian Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086514 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
* Further order of 100 units planned.<ref name="India Batch 2">{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=27 September 2022 |title=China threat in mind, Army to order another 100 K9 Vajra howitzers from L&T, more to follow |url=https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-to-order-another-100-k9-vajra-howitzers-from-lt-more-to-follow/1144787/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Triffaux |title=Indian Army to Receive Additional 100 South Korean K9 Vajra Self-Propelled Howitzers |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/indian-army-to-receive-additional-100-south-korean-k9-vajra-self-propelled-howitzers |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829102517/https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/indian-army-to-receive-additional-100-south-korean-k9-vajra-self-propelled-howitzers |url-status=live }}</ref>
Ordered from South Korea's [[Hanwha Group|Hanwha Defense]] and assembled by India's [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenceupdate.in/mod-concludes-deal-lt-k9-vajra-t-howitzers/|title=MoD concludes deal with L&T for K9 Vajra-T Howitzers – Defence Update {{!}} Defence Update|website=www.defenceupdate.in|access-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020452/http://www.defenceupdate.in/mod-concludes-deal-lt-k9-vajra-t-howitzers/|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/69168/india-s-acquisition-of-100-k9-sphs-approved|title=India's acquisition of 100 K9 SPHs approved {{!}} IHS Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430150346/http://www.janes.com/article/69168/india-s-acquisition-of-100-k9-sphs-approved|archive-date=30 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Towed howitzers
|-
|[[ATAGS (howitzer)|Amogh]]||[[File:ATAGS.jpg|150px]]
|[[howitzer|Towed howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]]
|
|{{IND}}
|Status: 307 guns on order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoD seals ₹6,900 crore deal with Bharat Forge & Tata for India's next-gen ATAGS artillery - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/make-in-india-hits-the-mark-mod-seals-6900-crore-deal-with-bharat-forge-tata-for-indias-next-gen-atags-artillery/articleshow/119539335.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=m.economictimes.com |date=26 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-11 |title=Indian Army officially names ATAGS as Amogh Before Army Day Parade |url=https://defence.newsd.in/military/army/indian-army-officially-names-atags-as-amogh-before-army-day-parade |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Newsd Defence |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[M777 howitzer|BAE Systems M777]]
|[[File:M 777 A2 Ultra Light Howitzer passes through the Rajpath, at the 70th Republic Day Celebrations, in New Delhi on January 26, 2019.jpg|150px]]||[[howitzer|Ultra-lightweight howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/39]]|| 145<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-09-16 |title=Indian Army draws lessons from Ukraine war, revises artillery requirements |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-draws-lessons-from-ukraine-war-revises-its-artillery-requirements/article67315823.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122406/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-draws-lessons-from-ukraine-war-revises-its-artillery-requirements/article67315823.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2023-02-20 |title=New barrel, extended range — India & US explore joint development of M777 howitzer variant |url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054032/https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |url-status=live }}</ref>||{{UK}} {{IND}} || Status: In service. Total 145 ordered. Assembled in India by [[Mahindra & Mahindra#Aerospace and Defence|Mahindra Defense]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-decades-after-bofors-scam-indian-army-gets-first-artillery-guns-from-us-1695068|title=3 Decades After Bofors, Indian Army Gets First Artillery Guns From US|date=2017-05-18|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2017-05-18|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518070133/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-decades-after-bofors-scam-indian-army-gets-first-artillery-guns-from-us-1695068|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]]
|
[[File:122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30).jpg|150px]]
|[[Howitzer|Towed howitzer]]
[[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|122 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/38]]
|520<ref name=":16" />{{sfn|The Military Balance 2024|pages=266-267||p=}}
|{{USSR}}
|Status: In service.
|-
| [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]] || [[File:Indian Army Aviation Corps and Air Defence Arty Joint Display Ex 2.jpg|150px]] || [[howitzer|Towed howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/45]]||>36<ref name=":5" />||{{IND}} ||Status: In service. 114 guns on order. Order may increase to 414.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gun-carriage-factory-hands-over-dhanush-guns-to-army/article8862254.ece|title=Gun Carriage Factory hands over 3 'Dhanush' guns to Army|date=2016-07-17|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-05|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718135028/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gun-carriage-factory-hands-over-dhanush-guns-to-army/article8862254.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haubits FH77/A|Haubits FH77 B02]]
|[[File:Bofors gun 155mm.jpg|150px]]||[[howitzer|Towed howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/45]]|| ~300{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=247−248}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2024|pages=266-267||p=}}
| {{SWE}} || Status: In service. To be replaced by end of 2025 with [[Dhanush (howitzer)|OFB Dhanush howitzer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Technology |url=https://www.army-technology.com/newsletters/modernisation-programmes-to-drive-global-artillery-market-to-16-6bn/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119123909/https://www.army-technology.com/newsletters/modernisation-programmes-to-drive-global-artillery-market-to-16-6bn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Gun made by [[Bofors]]. 410<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |title=India Gets Its First New Artillery Guns Since the 1980s |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/india-gets-its-first-new-artillery-guns-since-the-1980s/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122407/https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/india-gets-its-first-new-artillery-guns-since-the-1980s/ |url-status=live }}</ref> howitzers acquired from 1986 to 1991, roughly 300 remain in service.
|-
| [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)#India|M-46 Soltam]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Howitzer|Towed howitzer]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Army chief reviews firing of Howitzers, Bofors and Sharang in Pokhran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-chief-reviews-artillery-guns-firing-pokhran-1828534-2021-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=400 Indigenous Towed Gun–Systems |url=https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=1407&q=400-Indigenous-Towed-Gun-Systems |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.spsmai.com}}</ref> [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/45]]
|180 <ref name="OFB eyes">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-10 |title=OFB eyes to bag Army order to upgrade imported field guns |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ofb-eyes-to-bag-army-order-to-upgrade-imported-field-guns/articleshow/64528307.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407092310/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ofb-eyes-to-bag-army-order-to-upgrade-imported-field-guns/articleshow/64528307.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="signs Rs 200">{{Cite web |title=Defence Ministry signs Rs 200 crore contract to upgun 130 mm howitzers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-signs-rs-200-crore-contract-to-upgun-130-mm-howitzers-1376475-2018-10-26 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=India Today |date=26 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021103/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-signs-rs-200-crore-contract-to-upgun-130-mm-howitzers-1376475-2018-10-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=155mm M-46 Field Howitzer - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/weapons/353-155mm-M-46-Howitzer.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221171227/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/weapons/353-155mm-M-46-Howitzer.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darling">{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=Daniel |date=2018-10-31 |title=India Orders Locally-Sourced Upgrade to Army's 130mm M-46 Howitzers |url=https://dsm.forecastinternational.com/wordpress/2018/10/31/india-orders-locally-sourced-upgrade-to-armys-130mm-m-46-howitzers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721143858/https://dsm.forecastinternational.com/wordpress/2018/10/31/india-orders-locally-sourced-upgrade-to-armys-130mm-m-46-howitzers/ |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Defense Security Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{USSR}}{{ISR}} 
|Status: in service. 180 units upgraded to 155 mm standard by [[Soltam]]. Upgunned 130 mm [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]<ref name="OFB eyes" /><ref name="signs Rs 200" />
|-
|[[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)#India|IOB Sharang]]
|
|159<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-09-15 |title=Indian Army rejects substandard Sharang artillery guns; questions raised on DPSU AWEIL's manufacturing standards |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/incoming/indian-army-rejects-substandard-sharang-artillery-guns-questions-raised-on-dpsu-aweils-manufacturing-standards/article70053218.ece |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
|{{USSR}}{{IND}}
|Status: In service. 300 on order<ref name="Darling" /> Upgunned 130 mm [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]. Further induction halted in Sept 25 after defects were found.<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="6" | Field guns
|-
|[[Indian Field Gun|OFB Indian Field Gun]] Mk 1/2/3
|[[File:Indian Field Gun.jpg|153x153px]]||[[Field gun]] [[105 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/22]]|| 2,400<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharang 155mm 45 calibre gun |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sharang.htm |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.globalsecurity.org |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725061400/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sharang.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Why India used light artillery guns against Pakistan along the LoC - India News |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/watch-why-india-used-light-artillery-guns-against-pakistan-along-the-loc-34427/amp |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.wionews.com |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727050057/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/watch-why-india-used-light-artillery-guns-against-pakistan-along-the-loc-34427/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=India Makes A Lot Of Its Own Artillery |url=https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2020/02/05/india-makes-a-lot-of-its-own-artillery/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=21st Century Asian Arms Race |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721133531/https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2020/02/05/india-makes-a-lot-of-its-own-artillery/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>|| {{IND}} || Status: In service.
|-
|[[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]
|[[File:M-46 Lutsk.jpg|M-46 Lutsk|150px]]
|[[Field gun]] 130 mm [[Caliber (artillery)|L/55]]
|<1,000 <ref name="OFB eyes" /><ref name="signs Rs 200" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Ministry signs Rs 200 crore contract to upgun 130 mm howitzers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-signs-rs-200-crore-contract-to-upgun-130-mm-howitzers-1376475-2018-10-26 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=India Today |date=26 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021103/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-signs-rs-200-crore-contract-to-upgun-130-mm-howitzers-1376475-2018-10-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Balance India Vs China Part-3 Indian artillery systems |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/3/post/2021/06/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120734/http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}} {{USSR}}
|Status: in service.
180 upgraded to 155 mm standard by [[Soltam]] in 2008.<ref name="IndiaToday26102018">{{cite web |title=Military Balance India Vs China Part-3 Indian Artillery Systems |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=Full Afterburner |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617154039/http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems |url-status=live }}</ref>
300 M-46 guns being upgraded by OFB to 155 mm/45 calibre "Sharang" guns.<ref name="IndiaToday26102018" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Static artillery
|-
|[[Vijayanta]] MBT
|[[File:WLUS (25).jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[105 mm]] [[Gun turret fortifications|Gun turret fortification]]
|200{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|{{IND}} {{UK}}
|Status: In service. 105 mm Gun, used as static defence on LOC.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|first1=Sandeep|last1=Unnithan|location=New Delhi|date=9 May 2017|title=Transformers: Retired tanks functioning as bunkers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformers-retired-tanks-functioning-as-bunkers-975973-2017-05-09|access-date=2021-07-03|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182715/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformers-retired-tanks-functioning-as-bunkers-975973-2017-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[T-54/T-55|T-55]] MBT
|[[File:T-55 (Russian-built tank).jpg|150px]]
|Up to 700
|{{IND}} {{USSR}}
|Status: In service. 105 mm Gun, used as static defence on LOC.<ref name="indiatoday.in" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Future procurements or currently under trials
|-
|—
|[[File:VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|center|150x150px|IFG Mk2 SPH prototype]]
|[[self-propelled artillery|Wheeled self-propelled howitzer]] [[105 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/37]]
|200
|{{IND}}
|RFP in November 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=India boosts its artillery power with 600 105mm / 155mm guns |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/11/27/india-boosts-its-artillery-power-with-600-105mm-and-155mm-guns/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226104414/https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/11/27/india-boosts-its-artillery-power-with-600-105mm-and-155mm-guns/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Indian Army to boost firepower with 200 new mounted howitzers, 400 towed gun systems |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-boost-firepower-with-200-new-mounted-howitzers-400-towed-gun-systems/articleshow/105539057.cms |access-date=2023-11-28 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309220541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-boost-firepower-with-200-new-mounted-howitzers-400-towed-gun-systems/articleshow/105539057.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
Potential guns:

* IFG Mk2 SPH (6×6 truck)
* Garuda 105 (4×4 truck)
* Garuda 105 V2 (4×4 [[Armoured fighting vehicle|AFV]])

|-
|[[Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan#Towed Gun System (TGS) tender|Towed Gun System]] (TGS)
|—
|[[howitzer|Towed howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]]
|1st order: 400<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Army issues Rs 6,500 crore tender for buying 400 howitzers under Make-in-India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-issues-rs-6500-crore-tender-for-buying-400-howitzers-under-make-in-india/articleshow/112573675.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831114037/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-issues-rs-6500-crore-tender-for-buying-400-howitzers-under-make-in-india/articleshow/112573675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
Total: 1200<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2023-09-29 |title=Indian Army moves to buy ₹6k cr artillery guns from Indian companies |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-moves-to-buy-6k-cr-artillery-guns-from-indian-companies/articleshow/104026265.cms |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-moves-to-buy-6k-cr-artillery-guns-from-indian-companies/articleshow/104026265.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|Future mainstay gun of the Indian Army artillery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2023-09-28 |title=Not ATAGS, Vajra or Dhanush. A new gun will be the mainstay of Indian Artillery |url=https://theprint.in/defence/not-atags-vajra-or-dhanush-a-new-gun-will-be-the-mainstay-of-indian-artillery/1781864/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122407/https://theprint.in/defence/not-atags-vajra-or-dhanush-a-new-gun-will-be-the-mainstay-of-indian-artillery/1781864/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Procurement of 400 guns cleared by [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Acquisition Council approves capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore to enhance the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113916/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tender for 400 guns and towing vehicles issued.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Army issues Rs 6,500 crore tender to buy 400 Indian-made howitzer guns |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-rs-6500-crore-tender-400-made-in-india-howitzer-artillery-guns-2583578-2024-08-17 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071435/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-rs-6500-crore-tender-400-made-in-india-howitzer-artillery-guns-2583578-2024-08-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan#155 mm L/52 Mounted Gun Systems (MGS)|Mounted Gun System]] (MGS)
|[[File:OFB-BEML 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|150x150px|Dhanush prototype]]
|[[self-propelled artillery|Wheeled self-propelled howitzer]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]]
|814<ref>{{Cite web |title=India clears acquisition of mounted gun system |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-clears-acquisition-of-mounted-gun-system |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Janes.com |date=10 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122409/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-clears-acquisition-of-mounted-gun-system |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|Prototypes based on the [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]], the [[DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System|ATAGS]] exist. Foreign proposals based on the [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer|CAESAr]], the [[ATMOS 2000]], [[Archer Artillery System|Archer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India gets ball rolling on truck-mounted howitzers {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/india-gets-ball-rolling-on-truck-mounted-howitzers/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122412/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/india-gets-ball-rolling-on-truck-mounted-howitzers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Air defence systems ==
===Surface-to-air missiles===
{{See also|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#MANPADS|Indian Air Force#Air defence systems}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:12%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:13%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;" | Quantity
! style="width:11%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
||[[Barak 8|Abhra MR-SAM]]
|[[File:Medium Range Surface to Air Missile successfully test launched on December 23, 2020.jpg|150px]]<hr>[[File:Abhra Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (Barak).jpg|150x150px]]
|rowspan="2"|Medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]]
|5 regiments
(40 launchers)
|{{Flag|India}} {{Flag|Israel}}
|Status: In service.
MR-SAM is a medium range air defence system with a max range of 70–80 km.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Joseph P. |date=2021-01-26 |title=Why Indian Air Force requires Akash NG SAM when it has MRSAM? |url=https://frontierindia.com/why-indian-air-force-requires-akash-ng-sam-when-it-has-mrsam/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Frontier India |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812100228/https://frontierindia.com/why-indian-air-force-requires-akash-ng-sam-when-it-has-mrsam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is used to counter aerial threats such as Fighter aircraft, helicopter, UAV etc.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2023-02-23 |title=First Medium Range Surface to Air Missile Regiment being raised in Eastern Theatre |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-regiment-being-raised-in-eastern-theatre/articleshow/98187551.cms |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609171240/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-regiment-being-raised-in-eastern-theatre/articleshow/98187551.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]
|[[File:Akash Prime (1).jpg|150x150px]]|| 2 regiments
(48 launchers)
|{{Flag|India}}|| Status: In service.<ref name="defencexp.com" />
Akash 1S has 40 km operational range and flight ceiling of 20 km. 2 regiments of Akash Prime on order for Army.<ref name="PIB India">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912309|title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army|publisher=PIB India|date=30 March 2023|access-date=30 March 2023|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124610/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912309|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Akash-NG]] with increased range of 70–80 km being tested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO conducts successful flight-test of New Generation AKASH missile off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995445 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124627/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995445 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Anant Shastra]] (QRSAM)
| [[File:Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM) system launch from Integrated Test Range (ITR) Chandipur off the Odisha coast.jpg|150px]]
|Short-range [[surface-to-air missile]]
|5-6 regiments<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=27 September 2025 |title=Indian Army issues Rs 30,000 Cr tender to BEL for buying 'Anant Shastra' air defence missile systems |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/indian-army-issues-rs-30000-cr-tender-to-bel-for-buying-anant-shastra-air-defence-missile-systems20250927105247/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
Used in limited numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUICK REACTION SURFACE -TO- AIR MISSILE (Q R SAM) |url=https://bdl-india.in/QRSAM#:~:text=Weight%20%3A%20270%20kgs,Dia%20%3A%204.4%20m%20%26%200.225%20m |website=bdl-india.in |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124615/https://bdl-india.in/QRSAM#:~:text=Weight%20%3A%20270%20kgs,Dia%20%3A%204.4%20m%20%26%200.225%20m |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[9K33 Osa|9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)]]
|[[File:The OSA-AK Weapons System passes through the Rajpath during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.jpg|150px]]|| [[Surface-to-air missile]] system || 80 || {{Flag|USSR}} ||Status: In service (Phasing out).
To be replaced by [[QRSAM]].<ref name="defencexp.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/436_Air_Defence_Missile_Regiment_(India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215232744/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/436_Air_Defence_Missile_Regiment_(India)|url-status=dead|title=436 Air Defence Missile Regiment (India)|date=29 March 2025|archive-date=15 December 2023|via=Bharatpedia}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2025}}
|-
| [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|S-125 (SA-3 Goa)]]
|[[File:S125 Neva 250 brPVO VS, september 01, 2012.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| 25 Squadrons for IAF
| {{Flag|USSR}}
|Status: In service (Phasing out).
To be replaced by [[Akash (missile)|Akash]]. Used for point-defense of airbases.<ref name="defencexp.com" />
|-
| [[2K12 Kub|Kub (SA-6 Gainful)]]
|[[File:2P25 VS 2.jpg|150px]]|| [[Surface-to-air missile]]|| 180 || {{USSR}} || Status: In service (Phasing out)
To be replaced by [[Akash (missile)|Akash]]. Used by [[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army#Corps of Army Air Defence|501 and 502 AD Group]] of Army as of 2012<ref name="defencexp.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defencexp.com/full-list-of-indian-air-defence-systems/|title=Full List Of India's Air Defence Systems|date=23 August 2020|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120319/https://www.defencexp.com/full-list-of-indian-air-defence-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SA-6">{{cite web |title=SIPRI Arms Transfers Database |url=http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216034008/http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[9K35 Strela-10|9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)]]
|[[File:Strela 10.jpg|150px]]|| [[Surface-to-air missile]] || 200 (as of 2012) || {{USSR}} || Status: In service
Currently under upgradation with indigenous EO systems and the 9M333 missiles.<ref name="defencexp.com" />
|}

===Anti-aircraft guns===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:12%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:13%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;" | Quantity
! style="width:11%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
|-
| [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|ZSU-23-4M ''Shilka'']]
|[[File:Upgraded Schilka Weapon system passes through the Rajpath, at the 72nd Republic Day Celebrations, in New Delhi on January 26, 2021.jpg|150px]]|| [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] ||75<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |isbn=9781032780047 |pages=267–268 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>|| {{USSR}} {{IND}} || Status: In service. Upgraded by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] with [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[Fire-control radar|Fire Control Radar]]. 75 in service as of 2024.
|-
| [[2K22 Tunguska]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-12-23|title=India Buys $400M Worth of Russia Missile Systems — Source - MONEY - M…|url=http://mosnews.com/money/2005/12/20/indiamissiles.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20051223155635/http://mosnews.com/money/2005/12/20/indiamissiles.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2005-12-23|access-date=2022-01-31|website=archive.ph}}</ref>
|[[File:The Tangushka Mount System gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|150px]]|| [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] ([[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]]s) || 80<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st}}</ref>|| {{Flag|Russia}} ||Status: In service. 2S6M variant in service with [[Corps of Army Air Defence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|website=armstrade.sipri.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-12|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" | Towed anti-aircraft guns
|-
|[[ZU-23-2]]
|[[File:Zu-23 30 M1-3 - InnovationDay2013part1-40.jpg|150px]]
|[[Anti-aircraft gun]]
|320<ref name=":18" />
|{{USSR}}
{{IND}}
|Status: In service. Upgraded locally with electro-optical fire control system for detecting, tracking and engaging targets with precision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahul |first1=Singh |title=Punj Lloyd set to ink Rs 670-cr deal to upgrade army's Soviet-era guns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/punj-lloyd-set-to-ink-rs-670-cr-deal-to-upgrade-army-s-soviet-era-guns/story-X1CDJlULQjH8tEtPla4z8K.html |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/punj-lloyd-set-to-ink-rs-670-cr-deal-to-upgrade-army-s-soviet-era-guns/story-X1CDJlULQjH8tEtPla4z8K.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|Bofors L/70]] <hr> Bofors L/70 Upgraded|| [[File:Indian Army Upgraded Bofors L70 Gun.jpg|187x187px]]
|[[Anti-aircraft gun]]||~1720<ref name=":18" /><hr>200<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-21 |title=GCF ropes in BEL to upgrade L/70 anti-aircraft guns used by Indian defence forces |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gcf-ropes-in-bel-to-upgrade-l/70-anti-aircraft-guns-used-by-indian-defence-forces/articleshow/45593103.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619151648/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gcf-ropes-in-bel-to-upgrade-l/70-anti-aircraft-guns-used-by-indian-defence-forces/articleshow/45593103.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>||{{SWE}} {{IND}}||Status: In service. Bought in the 1960s from Sweden. To be upgraded by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]].<ref name="India Today"/> <hr> Status: In service. Older L-70 system upgraded by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]]. Also used as anti drone system by integrating it with Zen Anti-Drone System.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-army-is-tweaking-its-vintage-l-70-gun-into-a-drone-killer-1857876-2021-09-27|title=How the army is tweaking its vintage L-70 gun into a drone-killer|publisher=India Today|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719175004/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-army-is-tweaking-its-vintage-l-70-gun-into-a-drone-killer-1857876-2021-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=L 70 Gun Upgradation |url=https://bel-india.in/product/l-70-gun-upgradation/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=bel-india.in |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822064609/https://bel-india.in/product/l-70-gun-upgradation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|Bofors L/60]]
| || [[Anti-aircraft gun]] || Unknown || {{SWE}} || Status: In service (To be replaced by Sudarshan CIWS).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amid-border-conflict-with-china-indian-army-readies-bofors-guns-for-operations/articleshow/78146706.cms|title=Amid border conflict with China, Indian Army readies Bofors guns for operations|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201210511/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amid-border-conflict-with-china-indian-army-readies-bofors-guns-for-operations/articleshow/78146706.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Future procurements or currently under trials
|-
|[[AK-630]]
|[[File:The_AK-630_gatling-action_six_barrel_gun.JPEG|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[C-RAM]]
|6
|{{RUS}} {{IND}}
|Status: Indian Army Air Defence has floated an RFP (Request for Proposal) for the procurement of six AK-630 Air Defence Gun Systems with [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India|AWEIL]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-04 |title=Mission Sudarshan Chakra: Army to procure AK-630 air defence guns; to be deployed along Pakistan border |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-sudarshan-chakra-army-to-procure-ak-630-air-defence-guns-to-be-deployed-along-pakistan-border/articleshow/124305576.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Sudarshan Chakra: Indian Army buying high-firing multi-barrelled air defence guns to protect civilians, centres of faith close to Pak border |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mission-sudarshan-chakra-indian-army-buying-high-firing-multi-barrelled-air-defence-guns-to-protect-civilians-centres-of-faith-close-to-pak-border20251004143251/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Carrier Air Defence Tracked (CADET)
|
|[[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] ([[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]]s)
|90+
|{{IND}}
|Status: Tender ([[Request for information|RFI]]) issued. Track-based (4 crew) platform with high [[power-to-weight ratio]]. To be integrated with Akashteer Control & Reporting system and surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft guns or both. To be deployed on various terrains along with mechanised columns. The platform will be further used to develop other variants of air defence systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2024-08-13 |title=Meet All new "CADET" System |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/08/14/indian-army-rfi-cadet-systems-air-defense-procurement/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121255/https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/08/14/indian-army-rfi-cadet-systems-air-defense-procurement/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-08-15 |title=Army scouts for 90 tracked air defence systems with minimum 50% indigenous content |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-scouts-for-90-tracked-air-defence-systems-with-minimum-50-indigenous-content/2223612/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17236949816734&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://theprint.in/defence/army-scouts-for-90-tracked-air-defence-systems-with-minimum-50-indigenous-content/2223612/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121254/https://theprint.in/defence/army-scouts-for-90-tracked-air-defence-systems-with-minimum-50-indigenous-content/2223612/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17236949816734&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://theprint.in/defence/army-scouts-for-90-tracked-air-defence-systems-with-minimum-50-indigenous-content/2223612/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Sudarshan CIWS||||[[Close-in weapon system]]||~200 (to be ordered)||{{IND}}||Status: In Service. Advanced version of [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|Bofors L/70]] manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T Defence]]. System includes 3D [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar and has a range of 3.5 km and firing rate of 300 rounds/min.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=IAF Likely To Procure L&T Defence's Sudarshan Close-in Weapon System, Indian Army May Follow Suit {{!}} Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin - News for aerospace and defence in India |url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/10/19/iaf-likely-to-procure-lt-defences-sudarshan-close-in-weapon-system-indian-army-may-follow-suit/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121255/https://www.iadb.in/2022/10/19/iaf-likely-to-procure-lt-defences-sudarshan-close-in-weapon-system-indian-army-may-follow-suit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Made in India: L&T's Sudarshan SHORAD Gets Greenlight for Rs 7,000 Crore Deal |url=https://defence.in/threads/made-in-india-l-ts-sudarshan-shorad-gets-greenlight-for-rs-7-000-crore-deal.3878/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822073139/https://defence.in/threads/made-in-india-l-ts-sudarshan-shorad-gets-greenlight-for-rs-7-000-crore-deal.3878/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two orders cleared:
* {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on|year=2021}} order cleared by Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) for Indian Army in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Purchase of indigenous air defence guns, ammunition worth Rs 6,000 crore cleared |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/purchase-of-indigenous-air-defence-guns-ammunition-worth-rs-6000-crore-cleared/articleshow/83234214.cms |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124629/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/purchase-of-indigenous-air-defence-guns-ammunition-worth-rs-6000-crore-cleared/articleshow/83234214.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|7000|c|lk=on|year=2024}} order cleared for 240 guns by [[Cabinet Committee on Security|CCS]] for Indian Air Force in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarahbeth |date=2024-02-25 |title=Drones, Missiles, Radars, Fighter jets: Indian armed forces to get nearly 1 lakh crore infusion for game-changer tech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drones-missiles-radars-fighter-jets-indian-armed-forces-to-get-nearly-1-lakh-crore-infusion-for-game-changer-tech/articleshow/107981352.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822073137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drones-missiles-radars-fighter-jets-indian-armed-forces-to-get-nearly-1-lakh-crore-infusion-for-game-changer-tech/articleshow/107981352.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1760693464298373263 |user=NewsIADN |title=The clearance for IAF include the following ✅₹7000 crore worth contract for 240 units of Sudarshan... |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|[[Anti-aircraft gun]]
|220 planned
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: User trials from July 2025.''' [[Request for proposal|RfP]] sent in October 2021. Contract by June 2026. To replace L/70 and Zu-23. Two Indian firms have bid for guns and smart ammunition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-22 |title=Army plans to boost air defence capabilities with new guns, potent radars |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-plans-to-boost-air-defence-capabilities-with-new-guns-potent-radars/articleshow/118468586.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=Army to acquire 220 new anti-aircraft guns to strengthen air defence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-anti-aircraft-guns-drone-threats-air-defence-2683739-2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The contract includes 1,41,576 rounds of ammunition including 37,440 programmable rounds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-14 |title=REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL BY MINISTRY OF DEFENCE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR PROCUREMENT OF QUANTITY 220 AIR DEFENCE GUNS AND AMMUNITION |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/rfpfinal141021.pdf |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=mod.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

===Radars===
{{See also|List of Indian military radars}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Name
! style="width:20%;" | Image
! style="width:15%;" | Type
! style="width:15%;" | Quantity
! style="width:15%;" | Origin
! Notes
|-
|DRDO Air Defence Tactical Control Radar (ADTCR)
|[[File:DRDO ADTCR.jpg|150px]]
|[[Radar#Applications|Air defence radar]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: Under development.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2021 |title=Explained: All Mobile Radar Systems Developed By DRDO |url=https://www.defencexp.com/explained-all-mobile-radar-systems-developed-by-drdo/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]]
|[[File:Rajendra Radar during Republic Day 2019.jpg|150px]]||[[Passive electronically scanned array|Passive electronically scanned array radar]] || N/A|| {{Flag|India}} ||Status: In service.<ref name="defencedirecteducation.com">{{Cite web|url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2019/01/19/top-radar-indian-armed-forces/|title=top 5 radar with the Indian armed forces|date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Doppler Radar|INDRA-I/II]]
|[[File:Sri Lanka Military 0257.jpg|150px]]
|[[Passive electronically scanned array|Passive electronically scanned array radar]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.<ref name="defencedirecteducation.com" />
|-
|[[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Rohini]]
|[[File:Rohini radar.jpg|150px]]
|[[3D radar]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.<ref name="defencedirecteducation.com" />
|-
|Bharani
| [[File:Bharani radar.jpg|150px]]
| Low-level lightweight 2D radar
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/04.battle/karte027.en.html#:~:text=Bharani%20or%20Low%2Dlevel%20Lightweight,and%20compact%202D%20surveillance%20radar.&text=The%20radar%20has%20an%20integral,an%20identification%20of%20hostile%20aircrafts.|title=Bharani - Radartutorial}}</ref>
|-
|Low Level Light Weight Radars
|
|
|30
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: Cleared by defence ministry in December 2025,<ref name=":29">{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 79,000 crore to enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces|date=2025-12-29|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209422&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> [[Request for proposal|tender]] issued in Feb 2026.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2019766582000648519 |user=NewsIADN |title=#IndianArmy has issued a RFP for the procurement of 30 Low Level Light Weight Radars under FTP process. |date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref>
|-

|[[BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar]]
|[[File:BFSR-SR with thermal imager.JPG|150px]]
|Short range [[Radar configurations and types#Battlefield and reconnaissance radar|battle field surveillance radar]]
|1400+<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapon Locating and Battle Field Surveillance Radars |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=699&h=Weapon-Locating-and-Battle-Field-Surveillance-Radars |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.spslandforces.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-17 |title=Range of radars |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30185455.ece |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://defenceupdate.in/what-types-of-radars-developed-by-drdo-for-indian-armed-forces/|title=What types of radars developed by DRDO for Indian Armed Forces?|date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|BEL Atulya
|
|[[Fire-control radar]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: On order.<ref>{{Cite Press Release |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 2,000 crore contract with BEL for Air Defence Fire Control Radars for Indian Army |date=2025-07-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148334 |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-25 |title=BEL bags order worth Rs 1640 cr from Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bel-bags-order-worth-rs-1640-cr-from-indian-army/articleshow/122901590.cms |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
Known as Air Defence Fire Control Radar (ADFCR). Supports [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|L/70]] guns.
|-
|[[Flycatcher (radar)|Flycatcher]]
|[[File:Flycatcher in camouflagekleuren opgesteld op een vliegbasis in Nederland, 1991.jpg|150px]]
|[[Fire-control radar]]
|260+
|{{Flag|India}}
{{Flag|Netherlands}}
| Status: In service. Domestically produced under license by [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] for L/70 guns.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inside the solid state, the history of Bharat Electronics by S. Krishnan, S. Prabhale and V.K. Koshy |publisher=Westland Ltd. |pages=41}}</ref> To be replaced by BEL Atulya fire-control radar.
|-
|[[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar]]
|[[File:Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2018, in New Delhi on January 23, 2018.jpg|150px]]
|[[Counter-battery radar]]
|
*49 (Operational)
**43 Mk.1<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2023 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912309 |publisher=PIB India}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-04 |title=BEL delivers weapon locating radar to Indian Army ahead of schedule |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/bel-delivers-weapon-locating-radar-to-indian-army-ahead-of-schedule |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref>
**6 Mk.2<ref name="Indian Army">{{Cite web |title=Indian Army inducts Swathi WLR mountain variant |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-inducts-swathi-wlr-mountain-variant |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Janes.com |date=11 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
Mk.1 is the plain variant while Mk.2 is the mountain variant.<ref name="Indian Army" />
|-
|[[AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar|AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder]]
|[[File:Q-37 (V) Firefinder Radar.jpg|150px]]
|[[Counter-battery radar]]
|12<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=[EXCLUSIVE]: Indian Army's new arsenal additions focus on indigenous acquisitions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/exclusive-indian-armys-new-arsenal-additions-focus-on-indigenous-acquisitions-article-91611429 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2007-05-02 |title=India acquires 12 contracted WLRs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-acquires-12-contracted-wlrs/story-4Bu9epIaL4dxDdCZ4esO3K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506101227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-acquires-12-contracted-wlrs/story-4Bu9epIaL4dxDdCZ4esO3K.html |archive-date=2025-05-06 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|{{flag|United States}}
|Status: In service.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2002 |title=India signs 'historic' US arms deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1937313.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414013949/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1937313.stm |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|}

=== Sensors and processing systems ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Image
!Type
!Quantity
!Origin
!Notes
|-
|[[Akashteer]]
|[[File:Akashteer C4ISR.png|left|frameless|188x188px]]
|Automated Air Defence [[Control and Reporting Centre|Control & Reporting]] System
|107 in service. Total 455 on order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Akashteer: Transforming India's air defence with cutting-edge technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akashteer-transforming-indias-air-defence-with-cutting-edge-technology/articleshow/115218211.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
Has been integrated with Integrated Air Command & Control System ([[IACCS]]).
|-
|Sanjay
|[[File:BSS Republic Day Parade 2025.jpg|frameless|192x192px]]
|[[Battlefield surveillance radar|Battlefield Surveillance System]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh flags-off 'SANJAY - The Battlefield Surveillance System' from New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2095712 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|-
|Advanced Radio Frequency Monitoring System
|
|[[Signals intelligence|Radio Frequency Monitoring]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
|}

=== Jammers and electronic warfare systems ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Image
!Type
!Quantity
!Origin
!Notes
|-
|Tarang Shakti EW System
|[[File:H20220126107460.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Electronic warfare|Electronic Warfare System]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.|Status: In service.
|-
|Dharashakti Integrated Electronic Warfare System
|
|[[Electronic warfare|Electronic Warfare System]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: Cleared by Defence Ministry. Formally sanctioned for a large-scale production order valued at {{INRConvert|5150|c|lk=on|year=2025}} by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastri |first=Vaishali |title=India's Dharashakti big blow to Pakistan, China's defence capabilities, can destroy..., it costs Rs... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-dharashakti-big-blow-to-pakistan-china-s-defence-capabilities-can-destroy-it-costs-rs-3183911 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Drone Jammer System
|
|[[Radio jamming|Drone Jammer]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.{{Clarify|date=October 2025|reason=Drone Jammer is a very generalised name. The content is neither supported by a citation, an image, production agency nor any other detail.}}
|-
|Axiscades Man Portable Counter Drone Systems (MPCDS)
|
|Drone Jammer
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: 12 on order. Range: 5 km.<ref name=":19" />
|-
|[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] {{Tooltip|SAKSHAM|Situational Awareness for Kinetic Soft and Hard kill Assets Management}}
|
|[[Counter unmanned air system]] (C-UAS)
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|Status: Being inducted. Effective up to {{Convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} altitude from ground level. Will be deployed with every battalion on border as a modular [[Command and control|C2]] system. Inductions will be completed within 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2025-10-09 |title=Counter-UAS Grid: Indian Army's Advanced Drone Defense |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-army-begins-induction-of-indigenous-saksham-counter-uas-grid-to-boost-air-defence-3758680 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaul |first=Aditya Raj |date=2025-10-09 |title=Army Launches Indigenous 'SAKSHAM' Anti-Drone Grid To Boost Air Defence |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-launches-indigenous-saksham-counter-drone-grid-to-dominate-air-littoral-9426145 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
|}

==Rocket and missile systems==
{{See also|Strategic Forces Command}}

===Close-range===
{{See also|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#MANPADS|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#Anti-tank missiles}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+ Maximum range of 150 km
|-
!Name
!Image
!Type
!Quantity
!Origin
!Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Gun-launched missiles
|-
| [[9M119 Svir/Refleks|9M119 Svir (AT-11 Sniper)]]
| [[File:9M119F1 Invar-M.jpg|150px]] || [[Anti-tank guided missile]]
| 25,000 || {{IND}} {{RUS}}
| Status: In service. [[List of gun-launched missiles|Gun-launched]] [[ATGM]] used on the Indian Army's T-90S and T-72 tanks.[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] signed a contract with [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MOD]] for Invar anti-tank guided missiles on 19-Aug-2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98429 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |work=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2013-08-23}}</ref> It is reported that 10,000 will be procured from Russia while BDL will manufacture 15,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/india/34583471_1_air-launched-version-brahmos-290-km-range-missile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/india/34583471_1_air-launched-version-brahmos-290-km-range-missile |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-03 |title=Govt nod for purchase of 25,000 Invar, air-launched version of BrahMos missiles |date=2012-10-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-23}}</ref> Further Orders are also planned tto upgrade T-90 tanks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/india-s-defence-boost-rs-3-000-crore-invar-missile-deal-awaits-cabinet-nod/ar-AA1FyuYM?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=1b0089357f5a41b9cb2f1accca5a158b&ei=69 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[SAMHO]] || [[File:SAMHO.png|frameless|150x150px]] || [[Anti-tank guided missile]] || || {{IND}} ||Status: Under development
|-
! colspan="6" |Multirole missiles
|-
|[[Martlet (missile)|Lightweight Multirole Missile (LMM)]]
|[[File:UA_LMM_Martlet_02.jpg|145x145px]]
|Laser-guided battlefield missile ([[Air-to-surface missile|ASM]], [[Air-to-air missile|AAM]], [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] and [[Surface-to-surface missile|SSM]])
|
|{{UK}}
|Status: On order'''.''' $468 million deal signed on 9 October 2025. To be manufactured in [[Belfast]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-09 |title=India, UK sign $468m-missile deal: All you need to know about Martlets; how it will boost defence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-uk-sign-468m-missile-deal-all-you-need-to-know-about-martlets-how-it-will-boost-defence/articleshow/124412109.cms |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-10-09 |title=India, UK sign £350 mn deal for Martlet. What are these Lightweight Multirole Missiles |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-uk-sign-350-mn-deal-for-martlet-what-are-these-lightweight-multirole-missiles/2760748/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Vehicle-launched missiles
|-
|[[9M113 Konkurs|9M113 Konkurs-M]]
|[[File:Стрельба-ПТРК-перенос.jpg|150x150px]]
|Vehicle-mounted and man-portable [[anti-tank guided missile]]
|25,000+
|{{IND}} {{RUS}}
|'''Status: In service.''' For [[BMP-2]], manufactured locally in India by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-02 |title=Indian Army to get BDL-manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank guided missiles from Hyderabad company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The systems were upgraded with Tonbo Imaging's cooled, [[Long-wave infrared|longwave Infrared]] (LWIR) [[thermal imagers]] known as ''Sarisa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Indian Army upgrades Konkurs-M ATGW with thermal imagers |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indian-army-upgrades-konkurs-m-atgw-with-thermal-imagers |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" | Rocket artillery
|-
| [[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher|Pinaka MBRL]]
| [[File:Pinaka MBRL at rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2011.jpg|150px]] || rowspan="4" |[[Multiple rocket launchers]]
|108+ Mk1 launchers (as of 2025)<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-09-27 |title=Army deploys medium, long-range weapons across northern border |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-army-deploys-entire-range-of-medium-range-artillery-and-long-range-rockets-as-part-of-reorientation/article65941417.ece/amp |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-06-23 |title=Indian Army boosts firepower with two deep strike Pinaka rocket regiments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/23/indian-army-boosts-firepower-with-two-deep-strike-pinaka-rocket-regiments |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{IND}} || Status: In service. Mk 1: 37–45 km range; Mk 2: 60 km range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/1662.html |title=Tata, L&T bag orders for Pinaka rocket launcher |work=The Indian Express|date=3 April 2006 |access-date=2012-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217004437/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/1662.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> As of 2014, about 5,000 missiles are being produced every year.<ref name="pib1">{{cite web|title=Pinaka Rockets|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112681|website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]], Govt of India|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211145808/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112681|url-status=live}}</ref> 4 more Pinaka regiments on order to be produced by [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] and [[Tata Advanced Systems Limited|TASL]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=Further boost to 'Make in India'; MoD signs contracts worth Rs 2580 Cr with Indian Companies for supply of Pinaka Regiments to Indian Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1650038 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627151959/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1650038 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-01 |title=Indian MoD orders six regiments' worth of Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launchers |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-mod-orders-six-regiments-worth-of-pinaka-multi-barrel-rocket-launchers |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Janes |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152009/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-mod-orders-six-regiments-worth-of-pinaka-multi-barrel-rocket-launchers |url-status=live }}</ref> Army plans to have a total of 22 regiments by 2028.<ref name="ETDec2016">{{Cite news |title=Indian Army looking at increasing Pinaka rocket regiments to 22 within a decade |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-looking-at-increasing-pinaka-rocket-regiments-to-22-within-a-decade/articleshow/55852579.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209133821/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-looking-at-increasing-pinaka-rocket-regiments-to-22-within-a-decade/articleshow/55852579.cms |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-09 |newspaper=The Economic Times |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 6 regiments active as of 2024.<ref name="Singh"/>
|-
| [[BM-21 Grad|Agnibaan]]
| [[File:Agnibaan Republic Day Parade 2025.jpg|frameless|147x147px]]
|150 launchers|| {{USSR}} {{IND}} || Status: In service.
Indian upgraded version of the Soviet [[BM-21]] Grad. Upgraded locally and firing range extended up to 40 km by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dfnc.ru/en/world-news/smirch-rocket-launcher-modified-by-india/|title=Smirch Rocket Launcher Modified by India|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720004557/https://dfnc.ru/en/world-news/smirch-rocket-launcher-modified-by-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> 5 regiments active as of 2024.<ref name=":15" />
|-
| [[BM-30|Smerch 9K58 MBRL]]
| [[File:Smerch 30MM hemant rawat (11).jpg|150px]]
| 42 launchers || {{Flag|India}} {{Flag|Russia}}
| Status: In service. 300 mm multiple rocket launch system. Maximum range: 90 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defenceview.in/how-is-the-indian-version-of-bm-30-mlrs-is-better-than-others/|title=defenceview.in}}</ref> 3 regiments active as of 2024 (14 launchers each).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-28 |title=Russia completes Indian order of 'Smerch' rocket systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/russia-completes-indian-order-of-smerch-rocket-systems/articleshow/2907965.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> A regiment has 3 batteries (4 launchers)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2021-10-22 |title=Rocket systems, BrahMos add offensive punch along LAC in Tawang sector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rocket-systems-brahmos-add-offensive-punch-along-lac-in-tawang-sector/article37132832.ece/amp |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and 2 reserved launchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's $500M Smerch-M Order: From Russia, With... Love? - Defense Industry Daily |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/indias-500m-smerchm-order-from-russia-with-love-01888/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Defenseindustrydaily |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[PULS (multiple rocket launcher)|Suryastra]]
|[[File:PULS MLRS Landmacht 2.jpg|150x150px]]
|
|{{Flag|India}} {{Flag|Israel}}
|Status: On order. 306 mm and 370 mm multi calibre rocket launcher system. Maximum range: 150 km and 300 km. Order placed in Jan 2025. Deliveries within 12 months.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-01-03 |title=Army signs deal to procure long-range rocket launchers Suryastra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-procure-long-range-rocket-launchers-in-major-deal-backed-by-israeli-technology/article70468168.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2026-01-02 |title=Army seals Rs 292 crore contract for indigenously manufactured rockets that can strike up to 300 km |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/02/army-to-get-indigenously-manufactured-rockets-that-can-strike-up-to-300-km-in-rs-292-crore-contract |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Battlefield-range===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+ Maximum range of 350 km
|-
! style="width:13%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
|[[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]]
|[[File:Prahaar missile india.jpg|center|120px]] || [[Tactical ballistic missile]]
|Unknown || {{Flag|India}}
|Status: Unknown. 150–200 km range.
|-
|[[Prithvi II missile|Prithvi II]]
|[[File:Prithvi-II missile launch on 11 March 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|120px]] || [[Tactical ballistic missile]]
| Unknown ||{{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service. 150–350 km range.
|}

===Theatre-range===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+ Maximum range of 3,500 km
|-
! style="width:13%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Short-range missiles (maximum range of 1,000 km)
|-
|[[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]]
|[[File:Launch of indigenously developed surface-to-surface missile Pralay (cropped).jpg|center|120px]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile]] with [[maneuverable reentry vehicle]]
|370 ordered<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid conflict, India approves 120 Pralay missiles for armed forces along China border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-approves-120-pralay-missiles-for-armed-forces-along-china-border-2313411-2022-12-25 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=India Today |date=25 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence forces to acquire 250 more Pralay ballistic missile for China front |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-forces-to-acquire-250-more-pralay-ballistic-missile-for-china-front-2360579-2023-04-16 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=India Today |date=16 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> || {{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
150–400 km range.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=Amid conflict, India approves 120 Pralay missiles for armed forces along China border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-approves-120-pralay-missiles-for-armed-forces-along-china-border-2313411-2022-12-25 |access-date=25 December 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=25 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[BrahMos]]
| [[File:Brahmos launcher Republic day.jpg|150px]] || [[Supersonic missile|Supersonic]] short-range [[cruise missile]]
| 120 launchers<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Army to have 2 more regiments of Brahmos missile: Manohar Parrikar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-have-2-more-regiments-of-brahmos-missile-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51634075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727150521/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-have-2-more-regiments-of-brahmos-missile-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51634075.cms |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> || {{Flag|India}} {{Flag|Russia}}
| Status: In service.
290–700 km range.
5 regiments are operational. Each regiment have 24 launchers or 72 ready to fire missiles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army to have 2 more regiments of Brahmos missile: Manohar Parrikar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-have-2-more-regiments-of-brahmos-missile-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51634075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727150521/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-have-2-more-regiments-of-brahmos-missile-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51634075.cms |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=The Economic Times| date=11 July 2018 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" | Medium-range missiles (maximum range of 3,500 km)
|-
| [[Agni-I]]
| [[File:Agni-I missile test on 13 July 2012 (cropped).jpg|150px]]||[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] || N/A
| {{Flag|India}} || Status: In service.
700–1250 km range.
|-
| [[Nirbhay]]
| [[File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|148x148px]] || [[Cruise missile|Medium-range cruise missile]]
| N/A || {{Flag|India}}
|Status: Induction phase.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Nirbhay class long-range cruise missiles to be part in all three defence forces' arsenal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nirbhay-class-long-range-cruise-missiles-to-be-part-in-all-three-defence-forces-arsenal/articleshow/105214057.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 1,000–1,500 km range.
|-
| [[Shaurya (missile)|Shaurya]]
| [[File:'Shourya' missile test fired on November 12, 2008.jpg|150px]] ||[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] with [[maneuverable reentry vehicle]]
|N/A || {{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
700–1900 km range.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaurya-missile-to-be-inducted-in-strategic-arsenal-agni-5-s-sea-version-by-2022/story-bS1100SkwoGLEXW5ANFQuO.html|title=Govt okays induction of nuke-capable Shaurya missile amid Ladakh standoff|date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-II]]
|[[File:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg|150px]] || [[Medium-range ballistic missile]]
| N/A || {{Flag|India}}
|Status: In service.
2,000–3,500 km range.
|}

===Long-range===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+ Range greater than 3,500 km
|-
! style="width:13%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Intermediate-range missiles (maximum range of 5,500 km)
|-
| [[Agni-III]]
| [[File:Agni-III Republic day.jpg|150px]] || [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]]
| N/A || {{Flag|India}}
| Status: In service.
3,500 km range.<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/|title=Agni-3|website=Missile Threat}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-IV]]
| [[File:Agni-IV A4.png|center|120px]]|| [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]]
| N/A || {{Flag|India}}
| Status: In service.
4,000 km range.
|-
! colspan="6" | Intercontinental missiles (range greater than 5,500 km)
|-
| [[Agni-V]]
| [[File:Agni-V missile during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2013.jpg|150px]] || [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]
| N/A
|{{Flag|India}}||Status: In service.
5,500–7,500 km range<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/04/india-plans-deployment-of-nuclear-capable-agni-v-this-year-2245188.html|title=India plans deployment of nuclear-capable Agni-V this year|date=4 January 2021 }}</ref>
|}

==Vessels==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:10%;"| Origin
! style="width:10%;"| Type
! style="width:10%;"| Quantity
! Notes
|-
|Aquarius Flat Bottomed Boat
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Landing Craft Assault]]
|17
|Status: In service mostly in the [[Pangong Tso]].
Flat-bottomed boat made of fiberglass with a length of {{Convert|35|ft|abbr=on}}. Capable of carrying 20–22 troops, and reaching a speed of {{Convert|20|kn|km/h|abbr=}}. Made by Aquarius Shipyard Pvt Ltd.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2021-06-12 |title=Army buys 17 boats to move troops faster at Pangong Tso amid India-China stalemate at LAC |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-buys-17-boats-to-move-troops-faster-at-pangong-tso-amid-india-china-stalemate-at-lac/676250/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aquarius Shipyard Pvt Ltd Delivers 17 Landing Craft Assault Boats to Indian Army |url=https://aquariusgoa.com/aquarius-shipyard-pvt-ltd-delivers-17-landing-craft-assault-boats-to-indian-army/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Aquarius Shipyard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|GSL Fast Patrol Boat
|
|{{Flag|India}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Patrol Boat]]
|12
|Status: In service.
Made by [[Goa Shipyard]]. Used for patrolling in [[Pangong Tso]] lake. The boats are specially equipped with anti-ramming features, optical sensors, weapon systems and other specialized surveillance gears.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-15 |title=Goa Shipyard Limited to deliver first boat to Army for Pangong Tso patrol by July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gsl-to-deliver-first-boat-to-army-for-pangong-tso-patrol-by-july/articleshow/83525276.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":21" />
|-
| Tempest 35 Swat Patrol Craft
|
|{{Flag|United States}}
|17
|Status: In service.
Used for patrolling in Pangong Tso lake. These high-speed interceptor boats are equipped with GPS, sonar, echo-sounder and infrared night-vision cameras. It can reach speeds up to 40 knots and carry 10 fully armed soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Saurabh |title=India gives China taste of its own medicine by resorting to aggressive patrols |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/india-china-new-delhi-pangong-tso-lake-ladakh-chinese-troops-indian-troops-218048-2013-11-20 |access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hooper |first1=Craig |title=On Pangong Lake, Chinese And Indian Fleets Square Off At 14,000 Feet |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/craighooper/2020/07/05/at-pangong-tso-chinese-and-indian-fleets-square-off-at-14000-feet/?sh=4da367426181 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Aircraft==
{{Main|List of active Indian military aircraft#Army Aviation Corps}}

== Loitering munition ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:20%;" |Name
! style="width:15%;" |Variant
! style="width:10%;" |Quantity
! style="width:15%;" |Origin
! style="width:40%;" |Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Long range (100 km and above)
|-
| align="center" |[[IAI Harop|Harop]]
|[[File:IAI Harop PAS 2013 02.jpg|frameless|136x136px]]
| align="center" |N/A
| align="center" |{{Flag|Israel}}
|<ref name="SIPRI2">{{cite web |title=Arms trade details|url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferData/transferResults?logic=on|access-date=1 May 2025|work=[[SIPRI]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Berkut-BM]]<ref name=":110">{{cite web |last=Khomenko |first=Vladyslav |date=2026-01-19 |title=India Purchases Belarusian Berkut-BM Kamikaze Drones |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/india-purchases-belarusian-berkut-bm-kamikaze-drones/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Militarnyi |language=en}}</ref>
|
| align="center" |N/A
| align="center" |{{Flag|Belarus}}
|Several dozens bought as per reports.<ref name=":110" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=India buys Belarus-made Berkut-BM attack drones |url=https://defence-blog.com/india-buys-belarus-made-berkut-bm-attack-drones/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Defence Blog – Military and Defense News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[IAI Harpy|Harpy]]
|[[File:Paris Air Show 2007-06-24 n25.jpg|frameless|132x132px]]
| align="center" |N/A
| align="center" |{{Flag|Israel}}
|
|-
| align="center" |[[Loitering munition|SkyStriker]]
|
| align="center" |100
| align="center" |{{Flag|Israel}}{{Flag|India}}
|Manufactured by [[Adani Group]]-owned Alpha Design Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-12 |title=Adani Group-Owned Company's SkyStriker Drones Used In Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-group-owned-companys-skystriker-drones-used-in-operation-sindoor-8394458 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250722080436/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-group-owned-companys-skystriker-drones-used-in-operation-sindoor-8394458 |archive-date=2025-07-22 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Medium range (10 km to 50 km)
|-
| align="center" |[[Warmate]]
|[[File:MSPO23 Warmate.jpg|frameless|140x140px]]
| align="center" |>100
| align="center" |{{Flag|Poland}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabak |first=Juliusz |date=2022-06-20 |title=Polska amunicja krążąca "zdobywa" Indie |url=https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/polska-amunicja-krazaca-zdobywa-indie |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=defence24.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Nagastra-1]] (Mk 1, Mk 1R)
| align="center" |
| align="center" |480
| align="center" |{{Flag|India}}
|<ref name="The Economic Times2">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Solar Industries to supply UAV 'Nagastra' to Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/solar-industries-to-supply-uav-nagastra-to-indian-army/articleshow/99664452.cms |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=Army drone deal: India orders 450 Nagastra-1R units; SDAL touts reusable, precision strike edge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/army-drone-deal-india-orders-450-nagastra-1r-units-sdal-touts-reusable-precision-strike-edge/articleshow/122022676.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Short range (less then 10 km)
|-
| align="center" |[[Loitering munition|Johnnette JM-1]]
|
| align="center" |>150
| align="center" |{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnnette Technologies Becomes the First Indian Startup to Get Contract From Indian Army to Supply More Than 150 JM-1 Loitering Munitions to Operate at 18,000 ft Altitude |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/johnnette-technologies-becomes-the-first-indian-startup-to-get-contract-from-indian-army-to-supply-more-than-150-jm-1-loitering-munitions-to-operate-at-18000-ft-altitude-90343.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.businesswireindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Spike Firefly|L-Spike 1x]]
|
| align="center" |200
| align="center" |{{Flag|Israel}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-13 |title=US UAV, Israeli loitering bombs as Indian infantry gets lethal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-looks-to-acquire-us-aerial-vehicle-to-strengthen-infantry/story-vY4Cn0fZDAofyij2b0LvbN.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Loitering munition|Hoverbee]]
|
| align="center" |N/A
| align="center" |{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haldar |first=Ajay Kumar |date=2024-08-09 |title=Indian Army to use Kamikaze drones to combat terrorism |url=https://vidhannews.com/defense/indian-army-to-use-kamikaze-drones-to-combat-terrorism/4422/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Vidhan News English |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

==Future procurement and projects==

{{See also|List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army#Future procurement and projects}}
The major ongoing weapons programmes of the Indian Army are:

=== Mechanised forces ===
* [[Arjun (tank)#FMBT|Future Main Battle Tank]] (FMBT) – Project to develop an upgraded version of the Arjun Mk1A with [[List of main battle tanks by generation#Fourth Generation|fourth generation]] capabilities. It will be a 55 tonne tank powered by the under development indigenous [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] DATRAN 1500 engine producing {{Convert|1500|hp|abbr=on}} . The MBT is in its design stage.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-11-13 |title=Army to test indigenously designed and developed light battle tank in 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-test-indigenously-designed-and-developed-light-battle-tank-next-year/articleshow/115228487.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Future Ready Combat Vehicle]] (FRCV) – Programme to replace T-72s with next generation tanks. The tank will have weight of less than 60 tonnes, carry 4 troops and will feature superior mobility, all terrain ability, multilayered protections, precision and lethal fires, and real-time situational awareness along with artificial intelligence, drone integration, [[active protection system]], [[Network-centric warfare|network centric operation]] capabilities. It should be transportable by existing infrastructure of rail, road and aircraft. Around 1,770 units shall be inducted in three phases (approx. 590 each).<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=DAC approves 10 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 1.45 lakh crore to enhance defence preparedness |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2051323 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-09-04 |title=Defence Ministry approves Future Ready Combat Vehicles procurement. Here's the roadmap for the project |url=https://theprint.in/defence/defence-ministry-approves-future-ready-combat-vehicles-procurement-heres-the-roadmap-for-the-project/2251918/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The FRCV project is renamed as Project Ranjit as reported in November 2024.<ref name=":10" />
* [[Abhay IFV#Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV)|Future Infantry Combat Vehicle]] (FICV) – Induction of 1,750 [[Tracked vehicle|tracked]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s in phases to replace the ageing [[BMP-2#India|BMP-2 Sarath]].
* [[Stryker]] – 530 planned for purchase to equip 10 wheeled standard mechanised infantry battalions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-07-05 |title=India set to carry out trials for US-made Stryker combat vehicles in Ladakh & deserts |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-set-to-carry-out-trials-for-us-made-stryker-combat-vehicles-in-ladakh-deserts/2160964/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":102"/>
* [[Armoured personnel carrier]] (wheeled) – RFI under formulation to purchase 105 APCs for wheeled reconnaissance and support battalions of Mechanised Infantry.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":102"/>
* [[Nag (missile)#Platforms|NAMIS (Tr.)]] – A contract, worth {{INRConvert|1801.34|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, for 13 [[Nag (missile)#NAMICA|NAMICA]] carriers and 293 [[Nag (missile)#Variants|Nag missiles]] placed with [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|Armoured Vehicle Nigam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=MoD signs deals worth ₹2,500 cr for new anti-tank missile system, light vehicles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mod-signs-deals-worth-rs-2-500-cr-for-new-anti-tank-missile-system-light-vehicles-101743082563645.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1905287480531624044 |user=AVANI_PR |title=The Ministry of Defence has signed a contract with Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) for the procurement of the Nag Missile System (NAMIS) Tracked version, a state-of-the-art anti-tank weapon platform. The contract... |date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-03-28}}</ref>
* [[Nag (missile)#Platforms|NAMIS (Tr.) Mk II]] – A procurement for 107 [[Nag (missile)#NAMICA Mk2|NAMICA Mk2]] carriers and 2,408 [[Nag (missile)#Variants|Nag Mk2]] missiles cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council on 23 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2025-10-22 |title=Indian Army to buy 2,408 Nag Mark 2 anti-tank guided missiles |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-army-to-buy-2408-nag-mark-2-anti-tank-guided-missiles20251022210243/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals, worth about Rs 79,000 crore, to enhance the capability of the Armed Forces |date=2025-10-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181814 |access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>

=== Missiles ===
[[File:Agni-P 20210628 Cropped.jpg|thumb|211x211px|Agni P missile test fired]]
* Ballistic missiles
** [[Prahaar (missile)]] – With a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2011 |title=Prahaar Missile to be test-fired on Sunday |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prahaar-missile-to-be-testfired-on-sunday/167739-60-117.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016161050/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prahaar-missile-to-be-testfired-on-sunday/167739-60-117.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref>
** [[Agni-P|Agni P]]- Also known as Agni Prime. {{cvt|1,000–2,000|km|mi}} range. To replace [[Agni-I]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-06-08 |title=DRDO successfully flight-tests New Generation Ballistic Missile 'Agni Prime' off Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-flight-tests-new-generation-ballistic-missile-agni-prime-off-odisha-coast/article66945266.ece |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
** [[Agni-V]] – {{cvt|7000-8000|km|mi}} Successfully tested for the ninth time by DRDO on 22 December 2022.
** [[Agni-VI]] – {{cvt|10000-12000|km|mi}} range with [[MIRV]]ed warheads. Currently in planning stage.
* Cruise missiles
** [[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle|Hypersonic cruise missile]]
** [[Nirbhay|Nirbhay Missile]]
** [[BrahMos#Further developments|BrahMos NG]]

=== Howitzers ===
[[File:K-9 VAJRA-T passes through the Rajpath, at the 71st Republic Day Celebrations, at Rajpath, in New Delhi on January 26, 2020.jpg|thumb|K-9 VAJRA-T at the 71st Republic Day (2020)]]
* Under the [[Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan]] (FARP) of 2010, the army plans to procure 3,000–4,000 units of artillery at the cost of {{INRConvert|200|b|0}}. This includes purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-propelled tracked, and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/39 calibre guns. The requirement for artillery guns would be met with indigenous development and production.<ref name="bustd">{{cite news |date=29 July 2010 |title=155-mm gun contract: DRDO enters the fray |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-entersfray/402834/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006061446/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-entersfray/402834/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>
** Towed Guns - 114 [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]] ordered (18 delivered), 307 [[DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System|ATAGS]] planned, 1,200 [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]] howitzers planned.<ref name="artillery">{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=12 August 2021 |title=Why L&T is offering the Indian army a homegrown artillery gun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-l-t-is-offering-the-indian-army-a-homegrown-artillery-gun-1839576-2021-08-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221025227/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-l-t-is-offering-the-indian-army-a-homegrown-artillery-gun-1839576-2021-08-11 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="janes.com">{{Cite web |title=Indian Army orders 100 additional K9 howitzers |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-orders-100-additional-k9-howitzers |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Janes.com |date=20 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army Intends To Purchase 1200 Advanced Towed Gun Systems (TGS). |url=https://theigmp.org/indian-army-intends-to-purchase-1200-advanced-towed-gun-systems-tgs/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=theigmp.org|date=October 2023 }}</ref>
** Mounted Guns - 200 [[105 mm calibre|105 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/37]] howitzers and 814 [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]] howitzers planned.<ref name="janes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=India clears acquisition of mounted gun system |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-clears-acquisition-of-mounted-gun-system |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Janes.com |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** Self propelled tracked guns - 100 [[K9 Thunder#India|K-9 Vajra-T]] delivered, 100 on order; another 100 planned.<ref name="janes.com"/>
** Ultra light howitzer - 145 [[M777 howitzer|M777]] guns delivered.<ref name="Variant">{{cite web |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=20 February 2023 |title=New barrel, extended range - India & US explore joint development of M777 howitzer variant |url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054032/https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website= [[ThePrint]]|publisher=}}</ref>

=== Helicopters ===

* [[Future of the Indian Air Force#Helicopters|Reconnaissance and Surveillance Helicopters]] (RSH) – In order to replace [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] and [[HAL Cheetah|Cheetah]] helicopters in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] has issued a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) for the procurement of 200 light helicopters under the RSH programme in August 2025. Under the programme, 120 units and 80 units are to be procured for the Indian Army and Air Force, respectively. Specifying the technical requirements, the RFI mentioned that the suppliers are expected to be Indian vendors partnering with [[original equipment manufacturers]] (OEM). The helicopters are expected to be capable of operating in day and night and undertake [[reconnaissance]], [[surveillance]] and [[search and rescue]] operations.<ref name=":222">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-to-defence-200-modern-light-helicopters-planned-for-army-air-force-replacing-aging-chetak-cheetah/articleshow/123191256.cms|title=Boost to defence: India to replace aging Chetak, Cheetah choppers; 200 modern light helicopters planned|date=2025-08-08|access-date=2025-08-08|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The requirement include at least one [[Hardpoints|hardpoint]] per side which will be compatible with surveillance equipment, [[Gun pod|podded guns]], articulated guns, [[air-to-air missiles]] or [[anti-tank missiles]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=2025-09-19|title=India revives army and air force light helicopter requirement|url=https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2025/09/india-revives-army-and-air-force-light-helicopter-requirement-foc/|access-date=2026-02-14|website=Asian Military Review|language=en-US}}</ref> The first Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) [[Invitation to tender|tender]] was launched in 2008 for 197 helicopters (133 for IA and 64 for IAF)<ref name=":02" /> The tender was cancelled in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2014-08-30|title=MoD Grounds Rs 6,000-crore Global Chopper Tender|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Aug/30/mod-grounds-rs-6000-crore-global-chopper-tender-654026.html|access-date=2026-02-14|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-23|title=MoD extends timeline for final call on Army chopper deal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mod-extends-timeline-for-final-call-on-army-chopper-deal/article5610140.ece|access-date=2026-02-14|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later, India moved ahead with the proposal of [[Russian Helicopters]] to produce [[Ka-226T]] in India. The proposal included 60 helicopters to be directly purchased and 140 be produced in India by Indo-Russian Helicopters Pvt Ltd, a [[joint venture]] of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]], Russian Helicopters and [[Rosoboronexport]]. However, the deal was not signed due to the stringent [[Technology transfer|ToT]] demands and [[Safran Helicopter Engines]] denying to supply its [[Turbomeca Arrius|Arrius 2G1 engine]] to Russia.<ref name=":02" />
** [[Bell Textron]], along with its Indian partner Max AeroSpace and Aviation, is expected to offer [[Bell 407]] helicopter in the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phadnis|first=Aneesh|date=2025-10-07|title=Max AeroSpace, Bell Textron tie up for govt’s helicopter programme|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/max-aerospace-bell-textron-tie-up-for-govts-helicopter-programme/article70135644.ece|access-date=2025-10-11|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Airbus Helicopters|Airbus]] will also offer the Made-in-India [[H125]] along with [[Tata Advanced Systems]]. It was one of the shortlisted designs in the 2008 LUH tender.<ref name=":02" />
** [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] and [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] have offered the [[AgustaWestland AW109|AW109 TrekkerM]] design under a strategic partnership to establish India's helicopter manufacturing ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem|date=2026-02-03|publisher=[[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]]|url=https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/03-02-2026-adani-defence-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership-to-build-india-s-helicopter-ecosystem|access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2026-02-04|title=Adani, Leonardo team up to make military helicopters|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-leonardo-team-up-to-make-military-helicopters/articleshow/127897471.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2026-02-04|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
**

=== Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) ===

* As of September 2022, the Indian Army expected to equip its [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] units two types of UAVs, one with a range of {{Convert|15-20|km||abbr=on}} and endurance of 2 hours and the other with a range of {{Convert|80|km||abbr=on}} and endurance of 4 hours. The procurement, if undertaken, would make the first UAVs not to be operated by [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Indian Army boosting surveillance, fire power capability along frontier with China |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-boosting-surveillance-fire-power-capability-along-frontier-with-china/articleshow/94483508.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Army boosting surveillance, fire power capability along frontier with China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-boosting-surveillance-fire-power-capability-along-frontier-with-china/articleshow/94483466.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Drones to give Indian artillery eyes beyond enemy lines, battle ready guns for winters on China border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drones-to-give-indian-artillery-eyes-beyond-enemy-lines-battle-ready-guns-for-winters-on-china-border-2005573-2022-09-27 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* As per a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) released in February 2025, the Indian Army plans to procure 1,000 Surveillance Copter (High Altitude Area) capable of operating at an altitude of {{Convert|5500|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level]] during both day and night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-13 |title=Govt starts process of procuring surveillance helicopters for high altitude areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-starts-process-of-procuring-surveillance-helicopters-for-high-altitude-areas/article69213898.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=Army seeks to enhance border monitoring with 1,000 surveillance helicopters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-procurement-1000-surveillance-helicopters-along-lac-china-border-ladakh-siachen-arunachal-pradesh-2680638-2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* The [https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/en/technology-perspective-and-capability--roadmap Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025] states the Indian Army's requirement of 55–70 [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] RPAs for specialised roles including [[Signals intelligence|SIGNIT]], [[Electronic Attack]] and surveillance of [[weapons of mass destruction]]. The RPAs, categorised as either [[Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV|MALE]] or [[High-altitude long-endurance|HALE]], must have a range of about {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} and an operation altitude of {{Convert|50000-60000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. The RPAs also should be equipped with equipment for communication interception, weapons jamming and [[Nuclear detection|NBC detection]] with capability for Direction of Own Artillery Fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhashwar |date=2025-09-12 |title=Army to acquire stealth-enabled long-range drones under modernisation plan |url=https://www.business-standard.com/blueprint-defence-magazine/reports/army-to-acquire-stealth-enabled-long-range-drones-under-modernisation-plan-125091200982_1.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-09-05 |title=India unveils roadmap to strengthen nuclear deterrence, drone warfare capabilities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-unveils-roadmap-to-strengthen-nuclear-deterrence-drone-warfare-capabilities/article70016263.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918172618/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-unveils-roadmap-to-strengthen-nuclear-deterrence-drone-warfare-capabilities/article70016263.ece |archive-date=2025-09-18 |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The TPCR also outlines the requirement of stealth [[unmanned combat aerial vehicles]] (UCAVs) with a service life of over 20 years. The Army and Air Force are expected operate between 90–100 and 40–50 stealth UCAVs, respectively. The UCAV is expected to achieve supersonic speeds with [[supercruise]] and low observability capabilities. The [[Bomb bay|internal weapons payload]] is expected within a range of {{Convert|4000|kg|abbr=on}} and should be compatible with both [[Air-to-air missile|air-to-air]] and [[air-to-ground missiles]]. The UCAVs should exhibit [[Manned-Unmanned Teaming]] (MUMT) including [[loyal wingman]] role. The system should feature an AI-driven programmable flight profile with advanced avionics, [[LPI radar]], EO/IR/SWIR targeting, secure low-latency SATCOM/[[Non-line-of-sight propagation|B-LOS]] and [[Line-of-sight propagation|LOS]] links, conformal defensive stores, and [[autonomous aerial refueling]]. It must also achieve a service ceiling of at least 15 km while supporting offensive and defensive manoeuvres. The DRDO is developing its [[DRDO Ghatak]] on the same lines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-09-05 |title=Defence Min unveils 15-year roadmap: Nuclear-powered warships, hypersonic missiles, more on the horizon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-min-unveils-15-year-roadmap-nuclear-powered-warships-hypersonic-missiles-more-on-the-horizon/articleshow/123705469.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904191046/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/defence-min-unveils-15-year-roadmap-nuclear-powered-warships-hypersonic-missiles-more-on-the-horizon/amp_articleshow/123705469.cms |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* On 29 December 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the Indian Army proposal to procure 850 [[loitering munitions]] with launchers worth {{INRConvert|2000|c|lk=on|year=2025}} from Indian sources. The munitions will equip the [[Indian Army#Shaktibaan regiments and Divyastra batteries|Shaktibaan regiments and Divyastra batteries]] of the Indian Army [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-30 |title=Defence ministry nod to Rs 79,000 crore military projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dac-approvs-rs-1600-cr-lease-of-2-more-predator-drones/articleshow/126241732.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":292">{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 79,000 crore to enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces |date=2025-12-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209422&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> This is part of an overall procurement of 30,000 such munitions to equip all three defence forces as well as [[Special forces of India|special forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Indian Army to buy 850 Kamikaze drones worth Rs 2000 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-buy-850-kamikaze-drones-worth-rs-2000-crore/articleshow/126081458.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Vehicles ===
* The army needs 3,000 light support vehicles and 1,600 heavy motor vehicles for mounting rockets and radar, and for reconnaissance and transportation, at a cost of Rs 15 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Military News Headlines |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=19731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105035922/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=19731 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com}}</ref>
* Indian Army has issued a requirement of 650 6×6 High Mobility Vehicles (HMV) with material handling crane for ammunition and heavy equipment transportation in mountainous terrains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=Army to buy 650 HMVs with cranes for mobility along LAC, Pakistan border |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-to-buy-650-hmvs-with-cranes-for-mobility-along-lac-pak-border-8884826/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* On 23 June 2021, the Indian Army issued an [[Request for information|RFI]] for about 2,000 '''Gun Towing Vehicles''' for towing 155 mm Medium Artillery Guns. The GTVs should have a towing capacity of 20 tonnes along with a payload capacity of 8 tonnes to carry ammunition, stores and gun crew across all terrains.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandare |first=Shankul |date=2021-06-24 |title=Army Plans To Buy 2,000 Gun-Towing Vehicles To Move Medium Guns |url=https://www.defencexp.com/army-plans-to-buy-2000-gun-towing-vehicles-to-move-medium-guns/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In July 2022, an RFI was issued for the procurement of 800 '''Light Armoured Multipurpose Vehicle (LAMV)''' including two variants, namely, Version 1 and Version 2. through a "single-stage, two-bid system" and the quantity has to be delivered within 36 months of contract singing at 300 LAMVs per year. The vehicles will equip the Reconnaissance (Recce) & Surveillance Platoons of Mechanised Infantry and Recce Troops of [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] for Reconnaissance and Surveillance operations. By design, the LAMV has to be a modular [[4×4]] vehicle with seating for four troops including driver along with 360° gun hatches mounted with [[FN MAG|7.62 MAG]] and a detachable plate with [[STANAG 4569#Level 1|STANAG Level 1]] protection to cover the frontal 120° arc.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-07-01 |title=Army to buy 800 combat vehicles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-issues-tender-for-800-light-armoured-multipurpose-vehicles/article65590122.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Request for Information (RFI) for Light Armoured Multipurpose Vehicle (LAMV) |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/rfi.pdf |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=mod.gov.in}}</ref>
** The Version 1 is expected to have a minimum payload of 1.25 tons with a troops compartment and a STANAG Level 1 protection. The Version 1 will be equipped with a telescopic retractable mast with a maximum height of at least 3 m, 360° [[swivel]] capability and 50 kg capacity to mount in service [[BFSR-SR]] and [[Thermal Imager|Hand Held Thermal Imager]] (HHTI).
** Meanwhile, the Version 2 is expected to have a minimum payload of 2 tons with a crew and a cargo compartment, each with a seating of two, and a [[STANAG 4569#Level 2|STANAG Level 2]] protection. The version will be equipped with a range of three options including Integrated Surveillance and Targeting System, Continuous Unmanned Tied Surveillance System or Anti-Thermal Anti-Laser Smoke Grenade Launchers. The first two systems will be integral with the cargo compartment of LAMV Version 2 and operated by the Vehicle Commander.
*** The Integrated Surveillance and Targeting System is a combination of [[Surveillance drones|Surveillance Drones]] and [[Loitering munition|Loitering Munitions]], each with a one way range of 15 km, and an endurance of 90 and 60 minutes, respectively.
*** The Continuous Unmanned Tied Surveillance System, a combination of Surveillance Drones and Portable Ground Control Station, will have a range and endurance of over 15 km and 60 minutes in untethered mode and an extended endurance of 12 hours in tethered mode.
*** The vehicle will have provisions to be equipped with four Anti-Thermal Anti-Laser [[Smoke grenade launcher|Smoke Grenade Launchers]] (AT AL SGL) on either side with ammunitions capable of producing a [[smoke screen]] with a height and width of 10 m and 30 m, respectively, and a duration of 20 seconds.
* In early July 2025, the Indian Army issued an [[Request for information|RFI]] for 400 '''High Mobility Reconnaissance Vehicles (HMRVs)'''. The contact is said to be through a "single-stage, two-bid system" and the quantity has to be delivered within 24 months of contract singing with long-term product support. The HRMV must have at least 50% indigenous content. By design, the HMRV has to be a modular [[4×4]] vehicle with seating for four troops, 360° gun hatches, communication systems, [[software-defined radio]]s, storage space for ammunition & gear, self-recovery equipment air conditioning systems, fire suppression units, and environmental controls for extreme conditions. The HMRV will be used to equip Armoured Regiments of the Armoured Corps and Reconnaissance & Support Battalions of the Mechanised Infantry to support "real-time surveillance and targeting equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), loitering munitions". The RFI can be responded to by [[Original Equipment Manufacturers]] (OEMs), authorised vendors, and export agencies following which, they will be shortlisted for field trials. The final selection will be based on technical evaluations and cost-effectiveness. The last date to respond to RFI is 1 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Spotlight on BEML, key defence OEMs: Indian Army floats RFI for 400 HMRVs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-spotlight-on-beml-key-defence-oems-indian-army-floats-rfi-for-400-hmrvs-3901791/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vessels ===

* On 17 October 2023, reports revealed Army's plans to procure eight [[Landing Craft Assault]]s (LCA) along with six [[Fast Patrol Boat]]s (FPB) for [[amphibious operations]] in the [[Sir Creek]] region and [[Brahmaputra Valley|Brahmaputra basin region]]. The service released two [[Request for Information]] (RFI) for the purpose with both designs mandated to be indigenous with over 60% domestic content. The due date to respond was 28 November.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2023-10-17 |title=Army looks to buy Fast Patrol Boats & Landing Craft Assaults, to be deployed in disputed Sir Creek area |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-looks-to-buy-fast-patrol-boats-landing-craft-assaults-to-be-deployed-in-disputed-sir-creek-area/1807736/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=Army begins process to procure fast patrol boats, landing craft and surveillance systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-acquire-eight-landing-attack-craft-for-operations-in-creek-areas/articleshow/104495633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In October and the second week November 2025, Army released two commercial tenders, or [[Request for Proposal]]s (RfP), for the procurement of Fast Patrol Boats and Landing Craft Assaults, respectively. The boat are expected to have a service life of 10 years or 10,000 hours of operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Army invites commercial bids for fast patrol boats, landing craft assault: Focus on operations in Sir Creek, Brahmaputra river basin, eastern Ladakh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-invites-commercial-bids-for-fast-patrol-boats-landing-craft-assault-focus-on-operations-in-sir-creek-brahmaputra-river-basin-eastern-ladakh-10373304/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122122046/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-invites-commercial-bids-for-fast-patrol-boats-landing-craft-assault-focus-on-operations-in-sir-creek-brahmaputra-river-basin-eastern-ladakh-10373304/ |archive-date=2025-11-22 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
** The LCAs are meant for transport of vehicles and material, along with patrols and limited [[search and rescue]] operations. The vessels must be capable of being operated in minimal [[Draft (hull)|draft]]. They are required to have a length of 13-14 m, speed of over 20 knots, and an endurance of eight hours. They will have a toal capacity of 35 personnel or {{Convert|5255|kg|abbr=on}} and would also be able to carry a [[Tata Safari#Safari Storme (2012–2021)|Tata Storme]] (or equivalent) car with 12 troops and {{Convert|3990|kg|abbr=on}} along with ammunition and equipment. It should also be transportable by road, rail or aircraft, [[Il-76]] or [[C-17]].<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" />
** The FPBs, on the other hand, are meant for small team insertion for [[surveillance]] and [[reconnaissance]], patrolling and [[Maritime interdiction|interception]] at sea and water bodies. They are expected to have a speed of 29 knots with eight people onboard.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" />

==Field firing ranges==
{{anchor | FFR | Range | Ranges}}

This is a list of the Indian military's field firing ranges, which are used for testing weapons, training troops, and wargaming.

* "Mahe, Ladakh#MFFR|Mahe Field Firing Range"  (MFFR), Ladakh.<ref name=maht6>{{cite news | url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/wildlife-board-okays-new-iaf-base-in-ladakh/articleshow/94060036.cms | title= APP Wildlife board okays new IAF base in Ladakh | newspaper= Economic Times | date= 8 September 2022 | access-date= 2023-02-01 | last1= Vishnoi | first1= Anubhuti }}</ref>
* ''Mahajan Field Firing Range'', on [[National Highway 62 (India)|NH-62]] halfway between [[Suratgarh]] and [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan.
* ''Hisar Field Firing Range'', on [[List of highways in Haryana#MDR|MDR-108]] between [[Kanwari]] and [[Badya Jattan]] in [[Hisar district]], Haryana.
* [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]], Pokran, Rajasthan.
* High-altitude Field Firing Range in [[Tawang]] sector in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Amid military standoff with China, Indian Army gets new high-altitude firing range in Arunachal's Tawang sector |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amid-military-standoff-with-china-indian-army-gets-new-high-altitude-firing-range-in-arunachals-tawang-sector20240927182923 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=New howitzers, firing ranges near the LAC for Army amidst China boundary dispute |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/new-howitzers-firing-ranges-near-the-lac-for-army-amidst-china-boundary-dispute-3209983 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Currently active military equipment by country]]
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]
* [[Women in Indian Armed Forces]]
* [https://indiandefenceacademy.in/ranks-in-indian-army-a-guide-to-indian-army-ranks/ Ranks In Indian Army]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-91070-4 |ref= {{harvid|The Military Balance 2023}} |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2024| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=13 February 2024| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-032-78004-7| ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2024}} }}

{{Indian Army}}
{{Military of India}}

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Equipment Of The Indian Army}}
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military equipment of India]]
[[Category:Lists of armies (land forces) equipment|Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian military-related lists|Equipment]]

Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote

2026-02-23T07:22:03Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Y. N. Hosakote
| other_name = Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Sddala betta.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = A road view of Hosakote
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]
| parts = Pavagada
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 32779
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote''', often written as '''Y. N. Hosakote''' is a small town in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 1477300 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 }} Y.N. Hosakote, Tumkur, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Pavagada]] [[taluk]] of [[Tumkur district]] in Karnataka. In 1556 a local king named Yallappa Nayaka founded the fort on the hill Siddarabetta beside Kundurpi, named Yallappanayakana hosakote.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Official website: https://ynhosakote.in

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 India [[census]], Y. N. Hosakote had a population of 12593 with 6423 males and 6170 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

The nearest town is Pavagada, {{convert|29|km}} from Y.N.Hosakote. The village has its own [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]], police station, and post office. Its pin code is 572141. District headquarters of the town is Tumkur which is {{convert|135|km}} away.
The siddalubetta is a monolithic hill at Y N Hosakote.

==Economy==
This town's main business is agriculture and also [[silk saree]] (handlooms). Many people are self employed with hand-looms and now(2023) some are using power looms. Designing for the silk sarees and coloring the silk is the main business here.

During the rainy season, the main craft is ground nut which is grown on the dry land.

==See also==
* [[Tumkur]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
Gadinada Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote -Ho.Ma.Nagaraj - 2010

==External links==
{{commons category|Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote}}
*http://Tumkur.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Tumkur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tumakuru district]]

{{Tumkur-geo-stub}}

Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli

2026-02-22T11:19:37Z

JaniePan0653361: made a info

{{Short description|Government school in Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| motto = ''Study Serve Shine''
| established = {{Start date and age|1923}}
| closed =
| type = [[State school|Government school]]
| status = Open
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator = M. Ramakrishnan<ref name="tryceo">{{cite news |title=Local holiday not applicable for institutions having exams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/local-holiday-not-applicable-for-institutions-having-exams/articleshow/67051536.cms |accessdate=12 December 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 December 2018 |location=[[Trichy]]}}</ref> (Chief Educational Officer)
| president = [[Indian Railways organisational structure#Divisional organisation|Divisional Railway Manager]]/ [[Chief Personnel Officer]]
| chairman_label = Correspondent
| chairman = [[Indian Railway Personnel Service|Workshop Personnel Officer]]
| rector =
| principal = P. M. Amaranathan
| asst principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label = Second Master
| head =
| head_name2 = Assistant Headmaster
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff = 29
| enrollment = 793
| grades_label =
| grades = [[First grade|1]] - [[twelfth grade|12]]
| address = Railway Colony, [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Ponmalai]]
| city = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|47|06|N|78|43|05|E|type:edu_region:IN-TN|display=inline}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| oversight = [[Railway Board]]
| accreditation = Anglo Indian School Leaving Certificate (Anglo-Indian Board) and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|HSC]]
| campus =
| colors =
| colours = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue and White
| athletics = Yes
| houses = [[Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli#Houses|4 Houses]]
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label = [[Emblem]]
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 = Schedule
| free_text1 = Monday-Friday, except state and district holidays
| free_label2 = Information
| free_text2 = Official Contact
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School''', commonly '''Railway School''' or '''RMHSS''' or '''RMHS/EM/GOC''' is a [[Government school#India|Government]] [[coed]] [[day school]] located at [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one among 42 schools in the state<ref>{{cite web|last=Raghupathi|first=Hemalatha|title=Tamil Nadu: Deadly equity|url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-1939|work=Education World|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> and among 4 schools in the [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirapalli Revenue district]] that follows both Anglo-Indian Board of Education<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiruchi students from Anglo Indian stream bag State ranks|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchi-students-from-anglo-indian-stream-bag-state-ranks/article438908.ece|accessdate=11 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and Higher Secondary Board, catering to pupils from [[First grade#India equivalent|Class I]] to [[Twelfth Grade#India|Class XII]] in [[Bilingual education#India|bilingual pattern]], viz., [[English-medium education|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which are the [[medium of instruction]].

== History and background ==
Prior to the 18th century, Golden Rock, was earlier referred by [[Robert Orme]] to the British as Sugar-Loaf Rock,<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Orme's Old map of Trichinopoly|url=http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/images/d/dc/Map_of_Trichinopoly.jpg|work=Kronoskaf|accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref> where after the [[Battle of Golden Rock]], the erstwhile [[Trichinopoly]] was divided into two parts, one called the [[Cantonment]], which contains the residences of European & [[Anglo-Indian]] community and the garrison-barracks for stationing the [[Europe]]an and [[British Indian Army|Indian Regiments]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|year=1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Austin|first1=Woodeson|authorlink=Austin Woodeson|title=The Engineering Association of Ceylon: Transactions for 1930|date=1930|publisher=Colombo Apothecaries Company, Ltd.|page=XXV|volume=XXIV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J|title=Siege of Trichinopoly, 3 January 1753-August 1754|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/siege_trichinopoly_1753.html|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> The cantonment<ref>{{cite web|title=Cantonments of India|url=http://sagarsrivastavagd.blogspot.in/2012/04/cantonments-of-india.html|accessdate=5 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016221046/http://sagarsrivastavagd.blogspot.in/2012/04/cantonments-of-india.html|archivedate=16 October 2013}}</ref> then comprised the present day areas of [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli Junction]], [[Senthaneerpuram]], [[Varahaneri]], [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], [[Tiruchirapalli Central Prison]] and other major parts of southern and eastern trichy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Present day Cantonment of Tiruchirapalli|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?q=tiruchirapalli+cantonment+map&hl=en&ll=10.793176,78.692064&spn=0.041397,0.084543&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&hnear=Cantonment,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&t=h&z=14|work=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> During 1878, when the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War]] broke, the whole of the European troops were withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henry |first=Frowde M.A.|title=The Imperial gazetteer of India|year=1907|publisher=Oxford|location=[[London]]|volume=XXIV|page=44}}</ref> According to [[Oral lore]], some parts of the barracks were converted to [[dispensary]] and [[clinic]]. Later, the buildings were transformed for [[Cholera]]/[[Tuberculosis|T.B.]] Hospital and again as barracks and again to hospital, which was mostly devoted and preferred for the Europeans and Anglo-Indians. Around the 1920s, provision was contemplated for a Railway School since there were considerations to move the railway workshop from [[Negapatnam]] to Trichinopoly, for strategic purposes, for which foundations were laid in 1926 and permanently moved in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|title=IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947)|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|work=Indian Railway Fan Club|publisher=IRCFA.org|accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref> Around the same time, two Railway schools at primary level in [[English Medium]] and Tamil Medium were established during 1923<ref>{{cite news|title=Plea to start Tamil medium wing|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061659540600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619002439/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061659540600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2008|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=C. E. W. |title=Report on the expenditure of the railways on the education of the children of employees in 1925-26 |url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/22166/GIPE-064933.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |website=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |publisher=[[Railway Board|Railway Department]] |accessdate=15 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815171229/http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/22166/GIPE-064933.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archivedate=15 August 2018 |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=2, 55 |format=[[PDF]] |date=31 October 1927}}</ref> and 1925<ref>{{cite news|title=Railway Mixed Primary School (Eastern Area), Ponmalai|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800670300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207065310/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800670300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2005|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railway Mixed Primary School (Eastern Area), Ponmalai|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/03/31/stories/2006033101880600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084648/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/03/31/stories/2006033101880600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2013|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 March 2006}}</ref> respectively along with an exclusive [[Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock|Divisional Railway Hospital]] was also set up and started to function here since 1927.<ref>{{cite news|title=New orthopaedic block opened at railway hospital|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-orthopaedic-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article4490886.ece|accessdate=15 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hic! Here's the secret of patients in high spirits|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225530/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|accessdate=15 October 2013|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2013}}</ref> Post-independence the administration was transferred to [[Indian Railways]], which opened many more such schools,<ref>{{cite web|title=Provision of Schools in Railway Colonies for the Children of Railway Employees|url=http://www.informationcenter.co.in/index1.php?page_id=81|work=Information Center|accessdate=18 September 2013}}</ref> where quality education is provided at subsidized cost to about one lakh children of railway employees and about 30,000 non-railway wards. There are about 5,500 teachers and about 1,100 non-teaching staff employed in these railway schools. [[Railway Board|Indian Railways]] also supports many [[Kendriya Vidyalayas]] for the benefit of wards of railway employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Railways - AN INTRODUCTION|url=http://www.rscbrc.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1307511199022-INDIAN%20RAILWAYS-%20AN%20INTRODUCTION.ppt|work=National Academy of Indian Railways|accessdate=10 August 2013|author=B.V.L.NARAYANA|format=.ppt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Scope for starting KV in railway workshop township bright|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3671657.ece|accessdate=10 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 July 2012}}</ref>
Under [[British Raj|British rule]], initially the school served the purpose only for Europeans and British children, then extended to Anglo-Indians and finally exclusive to the wards of Railway employees who serve anywhere in India. In the early 1990s, admission was open to all, with substantially a little higher fee for wards of Non-Railway employees than that of Railway employee. Preference of admission is given only for wards of Railway employee. Now, this school has been elevated to Higher Secondary School.

== Campus ==
The school is spread over a sprawling {{convert|20|acre|ha}} site, which has sufficient spacious classrooms to accommodate enough pupils. Initially, the students were taught at the building of now-defunct Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School/Tamil Medium,<ref>{{cite web|title=RMHSS/TM/GOC|url=https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/0dgHcCbBp-VNYqh26Pb6i2J_kc9NaQfyumjuW2GJfi0|work=[[Google Plus]]|accessdate=10 September 2013|author=Rajesh M}}</ref> which was then [[High School]] ([[First grade|Class I]] - [[Tenth grade|Class X]]) for both Tamil/English Medium since a [[Primary School]] ([[First grade|Class I]] - [[Fifth grade|Class V]]) for Tamil Medium was established amidst [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop#Railway Colony, Golden Rock|“C” Type Quarters]] in 1925 and [[Middle School]] ([[First grade|Class I]] - [[Eighth grade|Class VIII]]) was functioning within [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop#Railway Colony, Golden Rock|North “D” Quarters]], which also housed a [[CSI Church]]. Around the 1980s, the present premises of the school was utilised only for the High School as the sections of Primary Classes were functioning at the premises of Office of [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]], [[Golden Rock Locomotive Workshops|Central Workshops, Golden Rock]], where the pupils here would assemble at the main campus which was about 400m away, for the purpose of daily morning prayers and important events.

The school has a large central hexagonal hall with classrooms along with labs at every 90 degree (like a compass view). Later on when the large and additional building (with ground and first floor) was completed along with improvement in other basic
amenities like additional privy, bicycle parking stand, drinking water, entire pupils of the school were moved under one premises. Recently, this school was elevated to Higher Secondary School accepting students for both English and Tamil Mediums.

Apart from the facilities inside the main campus, the school is also allowed to use the nearby Railway Community hall, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Common Wedding hall, Railway Sports playground, Railway Gym Club, Railway Cinema hall and other Railway buildings for bona fide educational and recreational purposes either at very nominal cost or at free of cost.

== Extracurricular activities ==
The Annual School day is organized during second fortnight of January month or first fortnight of February month. During which events like, drama, mime, elocution, quiz, debate, essay writing, Craftwork, Choir, drawing and other activities are conducted and top three performers are awarded with certificate. Also top three rank holders every class of previous academic year are honoured with certificate. The students are also allowed to participate in inter-railway and inter-zonal competitions. Apart from these students are also involved in Green Club, [[National Service Scheme]], Literary Club, Social awareness rallies, etc.,

=== Sports ===
[[File:Sports day ending.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Closing ceremony]] at a [[Sports day]]]]
Students from all classes were encouraged to participate in various sports events. Students right from Class VI till Class XII were alphabetically partitioned and accommodated to the four houses almost within one month from the start of the academic year. During Independence Day, Annual Sports day and Republic day, the students are trained and assembled to perform a mass physical exercise drill to the musical tune of big drum. Apart from these, hand-picked students for parade and sports events were allowed to participate for [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]] and [[Republic day]] celebrations at [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop|Central Workshop, Golden Rock]] and also to Inter-School, Inter-Railway, Zonal, District and State-level competitions.

=== Houses ===
Following are the houses where, inter house competitions are held every year. Each house gets points based on their performance. The house which gets most points at the end of the year will be winner of the year.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Colour !! Name of House
|-
| {{color box|blue}} || Blue House
|-
| {{color box|green}} || Green House
|-
| {{color box|red}} || Red House
|-
| {{color box|yellow}} || Yellow House
|}

==Railway support==
In 2018, Indian Railways announced its intent to withdraw support for its Railway Schools after 2018-19. Later, it revised its position, announcing support for schools with fifteen to twenty wards of railway employees.<ref name="uturn">{{cite news |last1=Arockiaraj |first1=D Vincent |title=Railway does U-turn, gives green signal to run schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/railway-does-u-turn-gives-green-signal-to-run-schools/articleshow/64212580.cms |accessdate=29 January 2019 |publisher=Times of India |date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[History of Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli district]]
* [[Education in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]]
{{Portal bar|Education|School}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Murray's Handbook of Madras Presidency: With a Notice of the Overland Route to India|year=1879|author=E. B. Eastwick|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|title=Trichinopoly|url=https://archive.org/details/trichinopoly01madr|year=1907|publisher=Superintendent, Govt. Press|location=[[Madras]]|author=F.R. Hemingway}}
* {{cite book|title=Women of Anglo-India: Tales and Memoirs|year=2010|publisher=CTR Inc. Publishing|location=[[New Jersey]], [[US]]|editor1=Margaret Deefholts |editor2=Susan Deefholts }}
* {{cite book|last=Caplan|first=Lionel|title=Children of colonialism : Anglo-Indians in a postcolonial world|year=2003|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=1859736327}}
* {{cite news|title=Railway Mixed High School (English Medium), Golden Rock|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/10/19/stories/2007101950490600.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011232759/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/10/19/stories/2007101950490600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2013|accessdate=18 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 October 2007}}
* {{cite news|title=Railways observes World TB Day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/railways-observes-world-tb-day/article4543773.ece|accessdate=18 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=STAFF WELFARE and EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES|url=http://indianrailwayquestionbank.blogspot.in/search/label/STAFF%20WELFARE%20and%20EDUCATIONAL%20FACILITIES|work=INDIAN RAILWAY QUESTION BANK}}
* {{cite book|title=South Indian Railway Co. : Illustrated Guide|year=1921|publisher=Hoe & Co., Premier Press|location=Madras}}
* {{cite news|title=Festival of talent|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/festival-of-talent/article1444685.ece|accessdate=6 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 September 2008}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|d=y}}
* {{WordPress|rmhsgoc|RMHSS/EM/GOC}}

{{School education in India}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Education in Indian cities}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Railway schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tamil-language schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1923]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in India]]

Eastern philosophy

2026-02-21T15:27:14Z

JaniePan0653361: Put up initial details first draft - done

{{short description|Set of philosophies originating in Asia}}
{{For|the album by Apathy|Eastern Philosophy (album){{!}}''Eastern Philosophy'' (album)}}
{{distinguish|Middle Eastern philosophy}}
{{Asian philosophy sidebar}}
{{Philosophy sidebar}}

'''Eastern philosophy''' (also called '''Asian philosophy''' or '''Oriental philosophy''') includes the various [[philosophy|philosophies]] that originated in [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]], including [[Chinese philosophy]], [[Japanese philosophy]], [[Korean philosophy]], and [[Vietnamese philosophy]], which are dominant in East Asia;<ref name="Source1">{{cite book|last1=Elman |first1=Benjamin A. |last2=Duncan |first2=John B. |last3=Ooms |first3=Herman |title=Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam |date=2005}}</ref> and [[Indian philosophy]] (including [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Jain philosophy]], [[Buddhist philosophy]]), which are dominant in [[Indian Subcontinent|South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Tibet]], [[Japan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref>Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi; "Eastern philosophy" (2005)</ref><ref>Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard, Friedrichs; ''Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion'' (1994)</ref>

==Indian philosophy==
{{Main|Indian philosophy}}
{{Further|Hinduism|Hindu philosophy|Indonesian philosophy}}
[[File:திருவள்ளுவர் கலைப் படைப்பு.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|[[Valluvar]], the Tamil philosopher of the post-[[Sangam era]]]]
[[Indian philosophy]] refers to [[Ancient India|ancient]] philosophical traditions ({{langx|sa|{{IAST|dárśana}}}}; 'world views', 'teachings')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=darzana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |title=Spoken Sanskrit, ''darzana'' |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106200706/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=darzana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Hinduism]] may have roots dating back to the times of the [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref>Larson, Gerald James (1995) ''India's Agony over religion '' SUNY Press {{ISBN|0-7914-2412-X}}. "There is some evidence that Jain traditions may be even older than the Buddhist traditions, possibly going back to the time of the Indus valley civilization, and that Vardhamana rather than being a “founder" per se was, rather, simply a primary spokesman for much older tradition. p. 27"</ref><ref>Joel Diederik Beversluis (2000) In: ''Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality'', New World Library: Novato, CA {{ISBN|1-57731-121-3}} Originating on the Indian sub-continent, Jainism is one of the oldest religion of its homeland and indeed the world, having pre-historic origins before 3000 BC and the propagation of Indo-Aryan culture.... p. 81</ref><ref>Jainism by Mrs. [[Natalya Romanovna Guseva|N.R. Guseva]] p. 44</ref> The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the [[Common Era]] and the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Students' Britannica India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica, {{ISBN|978-0-85229-760-5}}, p. 316</ref> These Hindu schools developed what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" merging orthodox [[Brahmanical]] and unorthodox elements from Buddhism and [[Jainism]].<ref>Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge</ref> Hindu thought also spread east to the Indonesian [[Srivijaya empire]] and the Cambodian [[Khmer Empire]]. These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label [[Hinduism]]. Hinduism is the dominant religion, or way of life,{{refn|group=note|name="definition"|Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" ({{sfn|Sharma|2003|pp=12–13}}) etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in {{sfnlink|Flood|2008|pp=1–17}}.}} in [[South Asia]]. It includes [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], and [[Shaktism]]{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=31}} among numerous [[Hindu denominations|other traditions]], and a wide spectrum of [[Dharmaśāstra|laws and prescriptions]] of "daily morality" based on [[karma]], [[dharma]], and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorization of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.{{sfn|Georgis|2010|p=62}} Hinduism, with about one billion followers<ref>{{cite web|title=The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|work=A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010|publisher=The pew foundation|access-date=31 March 2013|date=2012-12-18|archive-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506104814/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> is the [[Major religious groups|world's third-largest religion]], after [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Hinduism has been called the "[[oldest religion]]" in the world and is traditionally called ''[[Sanātanī|{{IAST|Sanātana Dharma}}]]'', "the eternal [[dharma|law]]" or the "eternal way";{{sfn|Bowker|2000}}{{sfn|Harvey|2001|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=5}} beyond human origins.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=5}} Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion{{refn|group=note|name=Lockard|{{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=50}}: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] and [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." {{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=52}}: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."}} or synthesis{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}}{{refn|group=note|name="Hiltebeitel-synthesis"|{{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of "Hindu synthesis," Brahmanic synthesis," or "orthodox synthesis," takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency" (c. 320–467 CE)."}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}} of various Indian cultures and traditions,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}} with diverse roots{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{refn|group=note| Among its roots are the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] of the late [[Vedic period]] ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans ({{harvnb|Samuel|2010|pp=48–53}}), but also the religions of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]],{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=3}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xviii}} the [[Sramana]] or renouncer traditions of [[Maurya Empire|north-east India]],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}{{sfn|Gomez|2013|p=42}} and "popular or [[Adivasi|local traditions]]".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}}} and no single founder.{{sfn|Osborne|2005|p=9}}

Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the [[Upanishads]] of the [[Vedic period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE)]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}. Important Indian philosophical concepts include [[dharma]], [[karma]], [[samsara]], [[moksha]], and [[ahimsa]]. Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning ([[pramana]]) and logic and investigated topics such as [[Ontology]] ([[metaphysics]], [[Brahman]]-[[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], [[Sunyata]]-[[Anatta]]), reliable means of knowledge ([[epistemology]], [[Pramana]]s), value system ([[axiology]]) and other topics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roy W. Perrett|title=Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okkLgRTQ8mIC|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-3608-2|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144429/https://books.google.com/books?id=okkLgRTQ8mIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen H Phillips|title=Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij4yOAP_6fcC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51898-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USBtAAAAMAAJ |year=1982|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University |isbn=9789993624318}}; {{cite book|author1=Purusottama Bilimoria|author2=Joseph Prabhu|author3=Renuka M. Sharma|title=Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g78Cw4xQmsMC |year=2007|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-3301-3 }}</ref> Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the [[Arthashastra]] c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the [[Kama Sutra]]. The [[Tirukkural|Kural literature]] of the post-[[Sangam period]] between c. 1st century BCE and 5th century CE, written by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet-philosopher [[Valluvar]], is believed by many scholars to be based on [[Jain]]{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|pp=xiii–xvii, Appendix note on verse 1103}} or [[Hindu]] philosophies.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia)}}{{sfn|Swamiji Iraianban|1997|p=13}}{{sfn|Johnson, 2009}}{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=75}}

Later developments include the development of [[Tantra]] and Iranian-Islamic influences. Buddhism mostly disappeared from India after the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Randall Collins|title=he Sociology of Philosophies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02977-4|pages=184–185|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC|url-status=live}}</ref> The early modern period saw the flourishing of [[Navya-Nyāya]] (the 'new reason') under philosophers such as [[Raghunatha Siromani]] (c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, [[Jayarama Pancanana]], [[Mahadeva Punatamakara]] and [[Yashovijaya]] (who formulated a Jain response).<ref>Ganeri, Jonardon. ''The Lost Age of Reason Philosophy in Early Modern India 1450–1700'', Oxford U. press.</ref>

===Orthodox schools===
The principal Indian philosophical schools are classified as either orthodox or heterodox – [[Āstika and nāstika|āstika or nāstika]] – depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the [[Vedas]] are a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of [[Brahman]] and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]; and whether the school believes in afterlife and [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]].<ref>John Bowker, ''Oxford Dictionary of World Religions'', p. 259</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |title=On Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8vRAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-936008-6 |page=46 |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144429/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8vRAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are six major schools of orthodox Indian [[Hindu philosophy]]—[[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Mīmāṃsā]] and [[Vedanta]], and five major heterodox schools—[[Jainism|Jain]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Ajivika]], [[Ajñana]], and [[Cārvāka]]. However, there are other methods of classification; [[Vidyaranya]] for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the [[Shaivism|Śaiva]] and [[Raseśvara]] traditions.<ref name="cowell">Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications. {{ISBN|81-7030-875-5}}, p. xii.</ref><ref name="nicholson">Nicholson, pp. 158–162.</ref>

Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive [[Epistemology|epistemological]] literature called ''[[Pramana]]-sastras''.<ref name=kp>Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0779-0}}, pp. 25–26</ref><ref name=pbil>[[Purushottama Bilimoria|P Bilimoria]] (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy – Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-5107-1}}, pp. 137–154</ref>

In [[History of Hinduism|Hindu history]], the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the [[Gupta period]] "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīmāṃsā, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta ([[Dvaita]] "dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as ''Navya Nyaya'' "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.

====Sāmkhya and Yoga====
[[Samkhya|Sāmkhya]] is a [[Mind–body dualism|dualist]] philosophical tradition based on the [[Samkhyakarika]] (c. 320–540 CE),<ref>Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0503-3}}, pp. 146–147</ref> while the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga school]] was a closely related tradition emphasizing [[Dhyana in Hinduism|meditation]] and [[Kaivalya|liberation]] whose major text is the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga sutras]] (c. 400 CE).<ref>Maas, Philipp A. (2006). ''Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert''. Aachen: Shaker. {{ISBN|3-8322-4987-7}}.</ref> Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can, however, be traced back to the period of the early [[Upanishads]].<ref>GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60441-1}}, pp. 4–5</ref> One of the main differences between the two closely related schools was that Yoga allowed for the existence of a God, while most [[Samkhya|Sāmkhya]] thinkers criticized this idea.<ref>Roy Perrett (2007), Samkhya-Yoga Ethics, Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges (Editors: Purusottama Bilimoria et al), Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3301-3}}, p. 151</ref>

Sāmkhya [[epistemology]] accepts three of six [[pramana]]s (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge; ''pratyakṣa'' ([[perception]]), ''anumāṇa'' ([[inference]]) and ''śabda'' (word/testimony of reliable sources).<ref name="ReferenceA">John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3067-5}}, p. 238</ref> The school developed a complex theoretical exposition of the evolution of [[Purusha|consciousness]] and [[Prakṛti|matter]]. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities, [[Purusha|puruṣa]] ([[consciousness]]) and [[prakṛti]] ([[matter]]).

As shown by the ''[[Samkhyapravachana Sutra|Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra]]'' (c. 14th century CE), Sāmkhya continued to develop throughout the medieval period.

====Nyāya====
[[Nyaya|The Nyāya]] school of [[epistemology]] explores [[Pramāṇa|sources of knowledge]] (''Pramāṇa'') and is based on the ''[[Nyāya Sūtras]]'' (circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE).<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-94-3}}, p. 129</ref> [[Nyaya|Nyāya]] holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. Therefore, they sought to investigate the sources of correct knowledge or epistemology.

[[Nyaya|Nyāya]] traditionally accepts four ''[[Pramana]]s'' as reliable means of gaining knowledge – ''Pratyakṣa'' (perception), ''Anumāṇa'' (inference), ''Upamāṇa'' (comparison and analogy) and ''Śabda'' (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Nyaya|Nyāya]] also traditionally defended a form of philosophical [[Realism (philosophical)|realism]].<ref>Oliver Leaman (2006), Nyaya, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-86253-0}}, pp. 405–407</ref>

The ''[[Nyāya Sūtras]]'' was a very influential text in Indian philosophy, laying the foundations for classical Indian epistemological debates between the different philosophical schools. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self ([[anatta]]) arguments.<ref>P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-566207-8}}, pp. i–ix with Introduction and Chapter 3</ref> The work also famously argues against a creator God ([[Ishvara]]),<ref>John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-12627-4}}, p. 150</ref> a debate which became central to Hinduism in the medieval period.

====Vaiśeṣika====
[[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] is a naturalist school of [[atomism]], which accepts only two sources of knowledge, perception, and inference.<ref>DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: [[Anthony J. Marsella]]), Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, p. 172</ref> This philosophy held that the universe was reducible to ''paramāṇu'' ([[atom]]s), which are indestructible (''anitya''), indivisible, and have a special kind of dimension, called "small" (''aṇu''). Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/early-modern-india/#VaiAto Analytical philosophy in early modern India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318135737/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/early-modern-india/#VaiAto |date=18 March 2019 }} J Ganeri, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>

Vaiśeṣika organized all objects of experience into what they called ''padārtha''s (literally: 'the meaning of a word') which included six categories; ''dravya'' (substance), ''guṇa'' (quality), ''karma'' (activity), ''sāmānya'' (generality), ''viśeṣa'' (particularity) and ''samavāya'' (inherence). Later ''Vaiśeṣika''s (''Śrīdhara'' and Udayana and ''Śivāditya'') added one more category ''[[abhava]]'' (non-existence). The first three categories are defined as ''artha'' (which can be perceived) and they have real objective existence. The last three categories are defined as ''budhyapekṣam'' (product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories.<ref>[[Vaisheshika#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006|Radhakrishnan 2006]], pp. 183–186</ref>

====Mīmāṃsā====
[[Mīmāṃsā]] is a school of ritual [[orthopraxy]] and is known for its [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutical]] study and interpretation of the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Oliver Leaman 2006">Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-86253-0}}, p. 503</ref> For this tradition, the study of ''[[dharma]]'' as ritual and social duty was paramount. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, [and] infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and [[mantra]]s in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance.<ref name="Oliver Leaman 2006"/> Because of their focus on textual study and interpretation, Mīmāṃsā also developed theories of [[philology]] and the [[philosophy of language]] which influenced other Indian schools.<ref>Peter M. Scharf, ''The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy'' (1996), Chapter 3</ref> They primarily held that the purpose of language was to correctly ''prescribe'' proper actions, rituals, and correct [[dharma]] (duty or virtue).<ref>Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'' (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-86253-0}}, pp. 443–445</ref> Mīmāṃsā is also mainly atheistic, holding that the evidence for the existence of God is insufficient and that the Gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the names, mantras and their power.<ref>[[Harold Coward|Coward, Harold]] (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C ''The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206144339/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C |date=6 December 2022 }}. p. 114. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7336-8}}.</ref>

A key text of the Mīmāṃsā school is the [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras|Mīmāṃsā Sūtra]] of [[Jaimini]] and major Mīmāṃsā scholars include [[Prabhākara]] (c. 7th century) and [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] roughly 700). The Mīmāṃsā school strongly influenced [[Vedanta|Vedānta]], which was also known as ''Uttara-Mīmāṃsā''; however, while Mīmāṃsā emphasized ''karmakāṇḍa'', or the study of ritual actions, using the four early [[Vedas]], the Vedānta schools emphasized ''jñanakāṇḍa'', the study of knowledge, using the later parts of Vedas like the [[Upaniṣads]].<ref name="Oliver Leaman 2006"/>

====Vedānta====
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|[[Adi Shankara]] (8th century CE) the main exponent of [[Advaita]] Vedānta]]
[[Vedānta]] (meaning "end of the [[Vedas]]") or ''Uttara-Mīmāṃsā'', are a group of traditions which focus on the philosophical issues found in the [[Prasthanatrayi]] (the three sources), which are the ''[[Principal Upanishads]]'', the ''[[Brahma Sutras]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]].''<ref>[[Vedanta#CITEREFRanganathan|Ranganathan]]; [[Vedanta#CITEREFHiriyanna1948|Hiriyanna 1948]], pp. 19, 21–25, 150–152; [[Vedanta#CITEREFGrimes1990|Grimes 1990]], pp. 6–7</ref> [[Vedānta]] sees the Vedas, particularly the [[Upanishads]], as a reliable source of knowledge.

The central concern for these schools is the nature of and the relationship between ''[[Brahman]]'' (ultimate reality, universal consciousness), ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]'' (individual soul) and ''[[Prakriti]]'' (empirical world).

The sub-traditions of [[Vedānta]] include [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] (non-dualism), [[Vishishtadvaita]] (qualified non-dualism), [[Dvaita]] (dualism), and [[Bhedabheda]] (difference and non-difference).<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/Colloquium03%E2%80%93DiffVedantas.pdf Prem Pahlajrai, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington, ''Vedanta: A Comparative Analysis of Diverse Schools'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Due to the popularity of the [[bhakti movement]], [[Vedānta]] came to be the dominant current of [[Hinduism]] in the post-medieval period.

====Other====
While the classical enumeration of Indian philosophies lists six orthodox schools, there are other schools that are sometimes seen as orthodox. These include:<ref name="cowell"/>
* [[Pasupata|Paśupata]], an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] school of Shaivism founded by [[Lakulisha]] (≈2nd century CE).
* [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Śaiva Siddhānta]], a school of dualistic [[Shaivism]] which was strongly influenced by Samkhya.
* [[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijña]] (recognition) school of [[Utpaladeva]] (10th century) and [[Abhinavagupta]] (975–1025 CE), a form of non-dual Shaiva [[tantra]].
* [[Raseśvara]], the mercurial school
* [[Pāṇini]] Darśana, the grammarian school (which clarifies the theory of [[Sphoṭa]])

===Heterodox or Śramaṇic schools===
{{Main|Śramaṇa}}
The nāstika or heterodox schools are associated with the non-Vedic [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic]] traditions that existed in India since before the 6th century BCE.<ref name="reginaldray247">Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513483-4}}, pp. 237–240, 247–249</ref> The [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]] gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]], atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) and [[vegetarianism]].<ref>Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1776-0}}, pp. 57–77</ref> Notable philosophies that arose from [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic]] movement were [[Jainism]], [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]], [[Cārvāka]], [[Ajñana]], and [[Ājīvika]].<ref>AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1204-8}}, pp. 94–103</ref>

====Jain philosophy====
[[Jain philosophy]] deals extensively with the problems of [[metaphysics]], [[reality]], [[cosmology]], [[ontology]], [[epistemology]], and [[divinity]]. [[Jainism]] is essentially a [[transtheistic]] religion of ancient India.<ref>{{cite book | last =Zimmer | first =Heinrich | editor =Joseph Campbell | title =Philosophies of India | publisher =Princeton University Press | year =1969 | location =New York | isbn =978-0-691-01758-7 }}</ref>{{rp|182}} It continues the ancient [[Sramana|{{IAST|Śramaṇa}}]] tradition, which co-existed with the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book | last =Sangave | first =Dr. Vilas A. | title =Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture | publisher =Popular Prakashan | year =2001 | location =Mumbai | isbn =978-81-7154-839-2 }}, p. 14</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Oldmeadow | first =Harry |author-link =Harry Oldmeadow | title =Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West | publisher =World Wisdom Inc | year =2007 | location =Indiana | isbn =978-1-933316-22-2 }}, p. 141</ref> The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy include a [[Mind–body dualism|mind-body dualism]], denial of a [[Creator god|creative]] and [[omnipotent]] God, [[Karma in Jainism|karma]], an [[Jainism and non-creationism|eternal and uncreated universe]], [[Ahimsa in Jainism|non-violence]], the theory of the [[Anekantavada|multiple facets of truth]], and morality based on [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberation]] of the [[Jīva (Jainism)|soul]]. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of the bondage and the means to achieve liberation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Warren | first =Herbert | title =Jainism | publisher =Crest Publishing House | year =2001 | location =Delhi | url =http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/BOOK/hwarren.doc | isbn =978-81-242-0037-7 | access-date =2 July 2009 | archive-date =17 December 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081217001747/http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/BOOK/hwarren.doc | url-status =live }}</ref>
It has often been described as an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities, and renunciation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Brodd | first =Jeffery |author2=Gregory Sobolewski | title =World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery | publisher =Saint Mary's Press | year =2003 | isbn =978-0-88489-725-5 }} pp. 95–96</ref> It has also been called a model of philosophical [[liberalism]] for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies.<ref>{{cite book | last =Mohanty | first =Jitendranath | title =Classical Indian Philosophy | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield | year =2000 | location =Lanham | isbn =978-0-8476-8933-0 }}</ref> Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Carrithers | first =Michael | title =Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism | journal =Man |series=New Series | volume =24 | issue =2 | pages =219–235 |date=June 1989 | doi =10.2307/2803303 | jstor =2803303}} p. 220</ref>

The contribution of the Jains in the development of Indian philosophy has been significant. Jain philosophical concepts like [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]], [[Karma in Jainism|Karma]], [[Moksa (Jainism)|Moksa]], [[Samsara (Jainism)|Samsara]], and the like are common with other [[Indian religions]] like [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] in various forms.<ref name="Zydenbos">{{cite book | last =Zydenbos | first =Robert J. | author-link =Robert J. Zydenbos | title =Jainism Today and Its Future | publisher =Manya Verlag | year =2006 | location =München | url =http://www.manyaverlag.de/jtaif.html | access-date =3 July 2009 | archive-date =2025-10-01 | archive-url =http://web.archive.org/web/20251001122733/http://www.manyaverlag.de/jtaif.html | url-status =live }}</ref> While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of [[Mahavira]] and other [[Tirthankara]]s, various Jain philosophers from [[Kundakunda]] and [[Umasvati]] in ancient times to [[Yashovijaya|Yasovijaya]] and [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] in recent times have contributed to Indian philosophical discourse in uniquely Jain ways.

====Cārvāka====
[[Charvaka|Cārvāka]] or Lokāyata was an [[Atheism|atheistic]] philosophy of [[Philosophical skepticism|scepticism]] and [[materialism]], who rejected the [[Vedas]] and all associated supernatural doctrines.<ref>KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1607-7}}, p. 67;</ref> Cārvāka philosophers like Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. Cārvāka deemed the Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology.<ref name="page4">Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications. {{ISBN|81-7030-875-5}}, pp. xii, 4</ref> They declared the Vedas to be incoherent rhapsodies invented by humans whose only usefulness was to provide a livelihood to priests.<ref>Original Sanskrit version: [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.Hindi#page/n11/mode/2up Sarva-darsana-sangraha], pp. 3–7; English version: [https://archive.org/stream/thesarvadarsanas00madhuoft#page/4/mode/2up The Charvaka System] with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882), pp. 5–9</ref>

Likewise, they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of [[Nirvana|liberation]], [[reincarnation]], and accumulation of [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] or demerit through karma.<ref>Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. [http://www.carvaka4india.com/2011/08/materialism-in-india-synoptic-view.html Materialism in India: A Synoptic View] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091119/http://www.carvaka4india.com/2011/08/materialism-in-india-synoptic-view.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</ref> They believed the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools".<ref name="page4" /> Cārvāka [[epistemology]] holds perception as the primary source of knowledge while rejecting inference which can be invalid.<ref>MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13–16</ref> The primary texts of [[Charvaka|Cārvāka]], like the [[Barhaspatya sutras]] (c. 600 BCE) have been lost.<ref>[[Charvaka#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957|Radhakrishnan 1957]], pp. 227–249</ref>

====Ājīvika====
[[Ājīvika]] was founded by [[Makkhali Gosala]], it was a [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]] and a major rival of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-625-5}}, p. 199</ref>

Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which polemically criticized the Ajivikas.<ref name="Basham, A.L. 1951">Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). Chapter 1. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). {{ISBN|81-208-1204-2}}. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.</ref> The Ājīvika school is known for its ''Niyati'' doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.<ref name="Basham, A.L. 1951"/><ref name="james22">James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, p. 22</ref> Ājīvika considered the [[karma]] doctrine as a fallacy.<ref name="philtarajiv">[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Ajivikas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212839/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html |date=17 July 2019 }} World Religions Project, [[University of Cumbria]], United Kingdom</ref> Ājīvikas were atheists<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-964465-0}}, p. 654</ref> and rejected the authority of the [[Vedas]], but they believed that in every living being is an ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'' – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.<ref>Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization, {{ISBN|978-1-899579-54-9}}, pp. 207–208</ref><ref>Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). pp. 240–261, 270–273. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). {{ISBN|81-208-1204-2}}. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.</ref>

====Ajñana====
[[Ajñana]] was a Śramaṇa school of radical Indian skepticism and a rival of early Buddhism and Jainism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions;<ref>Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (PDF) (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 112–113.</ref> and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They were seen as sophists who specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. [[Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa]] (fl. c. 800), the author of the skeptical work entitled ''Tattvopaplavasiṃha'' ("The Lion that Devours All Categories"/"The Upsetting of All Principles"), has been seen as an important Ajñana philosopher.<ref>Salunkhe, AH (2009). Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. p. 36.</ref>

===Buddhist philosophies===
{{Main|Buddhist philosophy|Buddhist ethics|Tibetan Buddhism}}
[[File:Nalanda_university.jpg|thumb|The Buddhist [[Nalanda]] university and monastery was a major center of learning in India from the 5th century CE to c. 1200.]]
[[File:Monks debating at Sera monastery, 2013.webm|thumb|Monks debating at [[Sera monastery]], Tibet, 2013]]

[[Buddhist philosophy]] begins with the thought of [[Gautama Buddha]] (fl. between sixth and fourth centuries BCE) and is preserved in the [[Buddhist texts#Texts of the Early schools|early Buddhist texts]]. It generally refers to the philosophical investigations that developed among various [[Buddhist schools]] in India and later spread throughout Asia through the [[Silk Road]]. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. It is the dominant philosophical tradition in [[Tibet]] and Southeast Asian countries like [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Burma]].

[[Buddhism]]'s main concern is soteriological, defined as freedom from [[dukkha]] (unease).<ref>Gunnar Skirbekk, Nils Gilje, ''A history of Western thought: from ancient Greece to the twentieth century.'' 7th edition published by Routledge, 2001, p. 25.</ref> Because [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|ignorance]] of the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason.<ref name="Siderits, Mark 2007, page 6">Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6</ref> Key Buddhist concepts include the [[Four Noble Truths]], [[Anatta]] (not-self) a critique of a fixed [[personal identity]], the transience of all things ([[Anicca]]), and a certain [[The unanswered questions|skepticism about metaphysical questions]]. Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in [[East Asia]] have covered topics as varied as [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[ethics]], [[ontology]], [[epistemology]], [[logic]], and [[philosophy of time]].

Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed '[[Abhidharma]]'. [[Mahayana]] philosophers such as [[Nagarjuna]] and [[Vasubandhu]] developed the theories of [[Shunyata]] (emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or [[transcendental idealism]].<ref>Butler, Sean (2011) "Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 4: Iss. 1, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol4/iss1/6 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022350/https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol4/iss1/6/ |date=25 February 2021 }}</ref> The [[Dignāga]] (c. 480–540) school of [[Pramāṇa]] promoted a complex form of [[epistemology]] and [[Buddhist logic]]. This tradition contributed to what has been called an "epistemological turn" in Indian philosophy.<ref>Lawrence J. McCrea, and Parimal G. Patil. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5.</ref> Through the work of [[Dharmakirti]], this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in [[Tibetan Buddhist]] philosophy and debate.<ref>Dreyfus, Georges B.J. ''Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations''. pp. 24–25.</ref>

After the disappearance of Buddhism from India, these philosophical traditions continued to develop in the [[Tibetan Buddhist]], [[East Asian Buddhist]], and [[Theravada Buddhist]] traditions. In Tibet, the Indian tradition continued to be developed under the work of thinkers like [[Sakya Pandita]], [[Tsongkhapa]], and [[Ju Mipham]]. In [[East Asian Buddhism]], new developments were led by [[East Asian Yogācāra|East Asian Yogacara]] thinkers such as [[Paramartha]], [[Xuanzang]], and [[Wonhyo|Wŏnhyo]] and East Asian Madhyamaka thinkers like [[Jizang]]. New sinitic schools also arose, like [[Tiantai]], founded by [[Zhiyi]], [[Huayan]], defended by figures like [[Fazang]], and [[Zen]], which included philosophers like [[Guifeng Zongmi]].

====Buddhist modernism====
{{Main|Buddhist philosophy#Modern philosophy|Buddhist modernism}}
[[File:Hu Shih and D. T. Suzuki.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hu Shih]] and [[DT Suzuki]] during his visit to China in 1934]]
The modern period saw the rise of [[Buddhist modernism]] and [[Humanistic Buddhism]] under Western influences and the development of [[Buddhism in the West|Western Buddhism]] with influences from modern psychology and Western philosophy. Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] (1864–1933) and the American convert [[Henry Steel Olcott]], the Chinese modernists [[Taixu]] (1890–1947) and [[Yin Shun]] (1906–2005), Zen scholar [[D. T. Suzuki|D.T. Suzuki]], and the Tibetan [[Gendün Chöphel]] (1903–1951). Buddhist modernism refers to "forms of Buddhism that have emerged out of engagement with the dominant cultural and intellectual forces of modernity."<ref>McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. p. 6</ref> Forces which influenced modernists like [[Anagarika Dhammapala|Dhammapala]] and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western science. A [[Neo-Buddhist movement]] was founded by the influential Indian [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform.<ref>Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ ''Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206144339/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |date=6 December 2022 }}. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. {{ISBN|978-0-19-566329-7}}.</ref>

Buddhist modernism includes various movements like [[Humanistic Buddhism]], [[Secular Buddhism]], the [[Vipassana movement]], and [[Engaged Buddhism]]. Chinese [[humanistic Buddhism]] or "Buddhism for Human Life" (Chinese: 人生佛教; pinyin: rénshēng fójiào) which was to be free of supernatural beliefs has also been an influential form of modern Buddhism in Asia.<ref name="mbingenheimer.net">Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". In Hsu, Mutsu; Chen, Jinhua; Meeks, Lori. [http://mbingenheimer.net/publications/bingenheimer.yinshunRenjianFojiao.2007.pdf ''Development and Practice of Humanitarian Buddhism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623135303/http://mbingenheimer.net/publications/bingenheimer.yinshunRenjianFojiao.2007.pdf |date=23 June 2014 }} (PDF). Hua-lien (Taiwan): Tzuchi University Press. pp. 141–161. {{ISBN|978-986-7625-08-3}}.</ref>

===Sikh philosophy===
{{Main|Sikh religious philosophy}}
[[Sikhism]] is an Indian religion developed by [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539) in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab region]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Era]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Their main sacred text is the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]].'' The fundamental beliefs include constant spiritual meditation of [[God in Sikhism|God]]'s name, being guided by the Guru instead of yielding to capriciousness, living a householder's life instead of monasticism, truthful action to [[dharma]] (righteousness, moral duty), equality of all human beings, and believing in God's grace.<ref>Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2014). Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'']. Oxford University Press. pp. 302–314. {{ISBN|978-0-19-100411-7}}.</ref><ref>William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices''. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 130–133, 200.</ref> Key concepts include ''[[Simran (Sanskrit word)|Simran]]'', ''[[Selfless service|Seva]]'', the [[Three Pillars of Sikhism]], and the [[Five Thieves]].

===Modern Indian philosophy===
[[File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg|thumb|From left to right: [[Virchand Gandhi]], [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[G. Bonet Maury]]. [[Parliament of the World's Religions|Parliament of World Religions]], 1893]]
In response to [[colonialism]] and their contact with [[Western philosophy]], 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed [[Neo-Vedanta]] and Hindu modernism. Their ideas focused on the universality of Indian philosophy (particularly Vedanta) and the unity of different religions. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united "[[Hinduism]]." exemplified by the philosophy of [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref>Yelle, Robert A. (2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 16 (3): 335–348, {{doi|10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z}}</ref> They were also influenced by Western ideas.<ref>Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007a), "Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. III. Issues of comparative philosophy (pp. 297–314)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|81-208-3110-1}}</ref> The first of these movements was that of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] of [[Ram Mohan Roy]] (1772–1833).<ref>Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, {{ISBN|978-0-8264-8772-8}}</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda]] (1863–1902) was very influential in developing the [[Hindu reform movements]] and in bringing the worldview to the West.<ref>Georg, Feuerstein (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</ref> Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the [[Theosophical Society|Theosophical society]], modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture.<ref>Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. pp. 185–188. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip</ref>

{{See also|Hinduism in the West}}

The political thought of [[Hindu nationalism]] is also another important current in modern Indian thought. The work of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]], [[Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya]], and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] has had a large impact on modern Indian philosophy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Herbert Wallace |title=Modern Indian Thought (review) |journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy |date=1966 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=88 |id={{Project MUSE|229758}} |doi=10.1353/hph.2008.1443 |s2cid=143889851 }}</ref>

[[Jainism]] also had its modern interpreters and defenders, such as [[Virchand Gandhi]], [[Champat Rai Jain]], and [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] (well known as a spiritual guide of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]).

==East Asian philosophies==
{{Main|Chinese philosophy|Japanese philosophy|Korean philosophy|Vietnamese philosophy}}

[[Image:Pyd.jpg|thumb|One of the main halls of the ''[[Guozijian]]'' (Imperial College) in downtown [[Beijing]], the highest institution of higher learning in pre-modern China]]

===Chinese===
East Asian philosophical thought began in [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]], and [[Chinese philosophy]] begins during the [[Western Zhou]] dynasty and the following periods after its fall when the "[[Hundred Schools of Thought]]" flourished (6th century to 221 BCE).<ref>Garfield (Editor), Edelglass (Editor); ''The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy'', Chinese philosophy.</ref><ref name="pe">{{cite book|last= Ebrey |first=Patricia|year=2010 |page= 42|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools ([[Confucianism]], [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]], and [[Daoism]]) as well as numerous less influential schools ([[Mohism]], [[School of Names]], [[School of Yin Yang]]). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with [[Chinese Buddhism]], had a direct influence on the rest of [[East Asian cultural sphere|the East Asian cultural sphere]]. They are deeply rooted in the cycle of the seasons, part of a larger cycle of existence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baggini |first1=Julian |title=How the World Thinks: A Global History of Philosophy |date=2018 |publisher=Granta Books |location=London |page=108}}</ref> Buddhism began arriving in China during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE–220 CE), through a [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|gradual Silk road transmission]] and gradually developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/[[Zen]]).

====Confucianism====
{{Main|Confucianism}}
[[Confucianism]] (孔教, ''Kǒngjiào'' — "Confucius' doctrine"), also known as "Ruism" (''Rújiào'' — "doctrine of the scholars"), is a Chinese philosophical system with ritual, moral, and religious applications.<ref>Yao, Xinzhong (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-64312-0}}. pp. 38–47.</ref> The tradition developed around the teachings of [[Confucius]] (''Kǒng Fūzǐ'', 孔夫子, "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE) who saw himself as transmitting the values and theology of the ancestors before him.<ref>Fung, Yiu-ming (2008), "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia", in Richey, Jeffrey, Teaching Confucianism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-804256-6}}. p. 163.</ref> Other influential classical Confucian philosophers include [[Mencius]] and [[Xun Kuang]] who famously disagreed on the innate moral nature of humans.
[[File:Konfuzius-1770.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Confucius]]]]

Confucianism focuses on humanistic values like familial and social harmony, [[filial piety]] (孝, ''xiào''), ''[[Ren (Confucianism)|Rén]]'' (仁, "benevolence" or "humaneness") and ''[[Li (Confucianism)|Lǐ]]'' (禮/礼) which is a system of ritual norms that determines how a person should act to be in harmony with the law of Heaven. Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as [[Tian|Heaven]] (''Tiān'' 天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods (''[[Shen (Chinese religion)|shén]]'').<ref>Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010), Confucianism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN|1-84885-174-X}}. pp. 34–36.</ref>

Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as [[Neo-Confucianism]] during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). During later Chinese dynasties like [[Song dynasty]] (960–1297) and the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) as well as in the Korean [[Joseon dynasty]] (1392–1897) a resurgent [[Neo-Confucianism]] led by thinkers such as [[Zhu Xi]] (1130–1200) and [[Wang Yangming]] (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought and was promoted by the imperial state. Beginning in the [[Song dynasty]], [[Confucian classics]] were the basis of the [[imperial exams]] and became the core philosophy of the [[Scholar-officials|scholar-official class]]. Confucianism suffered setbacks during the 20th century, but is recently undergoing a revival, which is termed [[New Confucianism]].<ref>Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed. ''Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam''(Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series, 2002).</ref>

Traditionally, East Asian cultures and countries in the [[East Asian cultural sphere|cultural sphere]] are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including [[Culture of China|Mainland China]], [[Culture of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Culture of Macau|Macau]], [[Culture of Japan|Japan]], [[Culture of Korea|Korea]], [[Culture of Taiwan|Taiwan]], and [[Culture of Vietnam|Vietnam]] as well as various overseas territories settled predominantly by [[Overseas Chinese]], such as [[Culture of Singapore|Singapore]].

====Legalism====
[[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] (法家，[[pinyin]]: ''Fǎjiā;'' school of "methods" or "standards")<ref>Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. pp. 6, 7 https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062755/https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref> was a philosophical tradition which focused on laws, realpolitik, and bureaucratic management.<ref>Ross Terril 2003 p. 68. The New Chinese Empire. https://books.google.com/books?id=TKowRrrz5BIC&pg=PA68</ref> Largely ignoring [[morality]] or idealized views of how society should be, they focused on the pragmatic [[government]] through the power of the [[Autocracy|autocrat]] and [[State (polity)|state]]. Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability.<ref>Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 2. Philosophical Foundations. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112094249/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/ |date=12 January 2021 }}</ref> They were initially influenced by Mohist ideas.<ref>Hansen, Chad. Philosophy East & West. Jul 94, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp. 54, 435. Fa (standards: laws) and meaning changes in Chinese philosophy.

Chad Hansen, Shen Buhai http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119041933/http://philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm |date=19 November 2017 }}</ref> A key figure of this school was administrator and political philosopher [[Shen Buhai]] (c. 400–337 BCE).<ref>Creel, 1974 p. 4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century BCE.</ref> Another central figure, [[Shang Yang]] (390–338 BCE), was a leading statesman and reformer who transformed the [[Qin (state)|Qin state]] into the dominant power that conquered the rest of China in 221 BCE.<ref>Chad Hansen, University of Hong Kong. Lord Shang. http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426092620/http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> Shen's successor [[Han Fei]] (c. 280–233 BCE) synthesized the thought of the other Legalists in his [[eponym]]ous text, the ''[[Han Feizi]],'' one of the most influential Legalist texts which was used by successive Chinese statesmen and rulers as a guide for statesmanship and bureaucratic organization of the imperial state.<ref>Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. p. 15 https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062755/https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>Hengy Chye Kiang 1999. p.v44. Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats. https://books.google.com/books?id=BIgS4p8NykYC&pg=PA44</ref>

====Mohism====
[[Mohism]] (墨家，''Mòjiā''; "School of Mo"), was founded by [[Mozi]] (c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. It was a major school of thought and rival of Confucianism and Taoism during the [[Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[Warring States period|Warring States]] periods (c. 770–221 BCE). The main text of the school is the [[Mozi (book)|''Mozi'' (book)]]. The administrative thought of Mohism was later absorbed by Legalism, their ethics absorbed into Confucianism and its books were also merged into the [[Taoist canon]], as Mohism all but disappeared as an independent school after the [[Qin dynasty]] era.

Mohism is best known for the idea of "impartial care" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 兼愛; [[pinyin]]: ''jiān ài''; literally: "inclusive love/care").<ref>The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. Routledge Publishing. 2005.</ref> According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Mo also advocated impartial [[meritocracy]] in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing [[Pragmatism|pragmatic]] survival through farming, [[fortification]], and [[Public administration|statecraft]]. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize the general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the ''Will of Heaven'', but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels [[utilitarianism]].

Mohism was also associated with and influenced by a separate philosophical school known as the [[School of Names]] (''Míngjiā''; also known as 'Logicians'), that focused on the [[philosophy of language]], [[definition]], and [[logic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Fenrong |title=A Note on Mohist Logic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241916514 |website=Research Gate |access-date=May 1, 2024 |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Willman |first1=Marshall D |title=Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-logic-language/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=May 1, 2024 |date=2023}}</ref>

====Taoism====
{{Main|Taoist philosophy}}
[[File:WLA vanda The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove.jpg|thumb|The [[Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove]], embroidery, 1860–1880]]
Taoism (or Daoism) is a term for various philosophies and religious systems that emphasize harmony with the ''[[Tao]]'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 道; [[pinyin]]: ''Dào''; literally: "the Way") which is seen as the principle which is the source, pattern, and substance of everything that exists.<ref>Pollard; Rosenberg; Tignor, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert (2011). ''Worlds Together Worlds Apart''. New York, New York: Norton. p. 164. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91847-2}}.</ref> Taoism tends to emphasize virtues such as ''[[wu wei]]'' (effortless action), ''[[ziran]]'' (naturalness), [[Pu (Daoism)|''pu'']] (simplicity), and spontaneity while placing less emphasis on norms and ritual (as opposed to Confucianism). The [[Taoism and death|attainment of immortality]] through external alchemy ([[waidan]]) and internal alchemy ([[neidan]]) was an important goal for many Taoists historically.<ref>Henri Maspero, ''Taoism and Chinese Religion'', translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981).</ref>

Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the [[School of Naturalists]] and the ''[[I Ching]].'' The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang was another philosophical school that synthesized the concepts of [[yin-yang]] and the [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]]; [[Zou Yan]] is considered the founder.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607826/Zou-Yan "Zou Yan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426150251/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607826/Zou-Yan |date=26 April 2015 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2011.</ref>

The ''[[Dao De Jing]]'' (''Tao-Te-Ching,'' c. 4th century BCE), traditionally attributed to [[Laozi]], and the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Nan Hua Jing]]'' (''Zhuang Zi'') are considered the key texts of the tradition.<ref>Kohn, Livia, ed. ''Daoism Handbook'' (Leiden: Brill, 2000). p. 44.</ref> The first organized form of Taoism, the [[Tianshi Dao|Tianshi]] (Celestial Masters') school arose in the 2nd century CE. [[Xuanxue]] ("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the ''[[Yijing]],'' ''[[Daodejing]],'' and ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'' and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE.<ref>Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318042139/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/ |date=18 March 2019 }}.</ref> The most important philosophers of this movement were [[He Yan]], [[Wang Bi]], the [[Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove]], [[Ge Hong]], and [[Guo Xiang]].<ref>"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref> Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity).<ref>Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/ .</ref>

Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the [[Shangqing School|Shangqing school]] during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), the [[Lingbao School|Lingbao school]] during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) and the [[Quanzhen School]] which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref> The later Taoist traditions were also influenced by [[Chinese Buddhism]].<ref>"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref>

===Modern East Asian philosophy===
====Chinese====
[[File:熊十力 1960s.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Xiong Shili]] circa 1960]]

Modern Chinese thought is generally seen as being rooted in Classical Confucianism (''Jingxue''), Neo-Confucianism (''Lixue''), Buddhism, Daoism, and ''Xixue'' ("[[Western learning|Western Learning]]" which arose during the late [[Ming dynasty]]).<ref>"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref>

The [[Opium war|Opium war of 1839–42]] saw the beginning of Western and Japanese invasions and exploitation of China which was humiliating to Chinese thinkers. The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as [[Zhang Zhidong]] looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as "Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function" (''Zhongti Xiyong'').<ref>"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref>

The traditionalists meanwhile sought to revive and fortify traditional Chinese philosophical schools. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu<ref>"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref> while another influential movement is [[New Confucianism]] (Chinese: 新儒家; [[pinyin]]: ''xīn rú jiā''). New Confucianism is a traditionalist revival of Confucian thought in China beginning in the 20th-century [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican China]] which is also associated with [[New Conservatism (China)|New Conservatism]]. Key New Confucians of the first generation are [[Xiong Shili]] and [[Feng Youlan|Fung Youlan]].<ref>"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref> The second generation (1950–1979) include individuals like [[Tang Junyi]], [[Mou Zongsan]], and [[Xu Fuguan]], all three students of Xiong Shili. Together with [[Zhang Junmai]], the second generation published the [[A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture|New Confucian Manifesto]] in 1958.

====Japanese====
[[File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Fukuzawa Yukichi]] (1862) a key civil rights activist and liberal thinker]]
Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as [[Rangaku]]) during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1868). Another intellectual movement during the Edo period was [[Kokugaku]] (national study), which sought to focus on the study of ancient Japanese thought, classic texts, and culture over and against foreign Chinese and Buddhist cultures.<ref>Earl, David Margarey, Emperor and Nation in Japan, Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, 1964, pp. 66 ff.</ref> A key figure of this movement is [[Motoori Norinaga]] (1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called [[mono no aware]] ("sorrow at evanescence").<ref>Motoori, Norinaga (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&dq=motoori+norinaga&pg=PR9 ''The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151448/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&dq=motoori+norinaga&pg=PR9 |date=3 July 2023 }}. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3078-6}}.</ref>

In the [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912), the modernist [[Meirokusha]] (Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted [[Age of Enlightenment|European enlightenment]] thought. Meirokusha philosophers like [[Mori Arinori]], [[Nishi Amane]], and [[Fukuzawa Yukichi]] sought ways to combine Western ideas with [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] and values. The [[Shōwa period]] (1926–1989) saw the rise of [[State Shinto]] and [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|Japanese nationalism]].

Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the [[Kyoto School]] which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included [[Kitaro Nishida]], [[Keiji Nishitani]], [[Hajime Tanabe]], and [[Masao Abe]]. The most important trend in Japanese Buddhist thought after the formation of the Kyoto school is [[Critical Buddhism]], which argues against several Mahayana concepts such as [[Buddha nature|Buddha-nature]] and [[Hongaku|original enlightenment]].<ref name="mbingenheimer.net"/>

====North Korean====
{{Main|Juche}}
Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political [[ideology]] of [[North Korea]], described by the regime as [[Kim Il-Sung]]'s "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought".<ref name="North Korea: State of Paranoia">{{cite book |author= Paul French|date= 2014|title= North Korea: State of Paranoia|publisher= Zed Books|isbn= 978-1-78032-947-5}} {{page needed|date=July 2015}}</ref> The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny"<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions">{{cite book|author=North Korean Government|date=2014|title=Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House, Democratic People's Republic of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC42jwEACAAJ|isbn=978-9946-0-0822-6|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151448/https://books.google.com/books?id=yC42jwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction".<ref name="Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions"/>

==Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy==
{{see also|Buddhism and Western philosophy|Perennial philosophy|Intercultural philosophy|New Age}}
In the modern era, there have been many attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.

[[Arthur Schopenhauer]] developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of [[Hinduism]] with Western thought. He anticipated that the ''[[Upanishad]]s'' (primary [[Hindu]] scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which interested him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schopenhauer.philosophie.uni-mainz.de/Aufsaetze_Jahrbuch/87_2006/2006_App_Initial%20Encounter.pdf |title=Schopenhauer's Initial Encounter with Indian Thought |publisher=Uni Mainz |author=Urs App |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022234/https://www.schopenhauer.philosophie.uni-mainz.de/Aufsaetze_Jahrbuch/87_2006/2006_App_Initial%20Encounter.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the [[Kyoto School]] of philosophers, who combined the [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of [[Husserl]] with the insights of [[Zen Buddhism]]. [[Watsuji Tetsuro|Watsuji Tetsurô]], a 20th-century [[Japan]]ese philosopher attempted to combine the works of [[Søren Kierkegaard]], Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within [[Heidegger]]'s philosophy.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/1816669 |title=Zen in Heidegger's Way |journal=Journal of East-West Thought |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=2012 |pages=113–137 |author=David Storey |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817180503/https://www.academia.edu/1816669 |url-status=live }}</ref> For the most part, this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation.

The 20th-century [[Hindu]] [[guru]] [[Sri Aurobindo]] was influenced by [[German Idealism]] and his [[integral yoga]] is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenologist]] [[Jean Gebser]]'s writings on the history of [[consciousness]] referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought.

Following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] in 1911 and the end of the [[Qing dynasty]], the [[May Fourth Movement]] sought to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China (such as the old civil service system). There were two major philosophical trends during this period. One was anti-traditional and promoted Western learning and ideas. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was [[Yan Fu]] (1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The [[The Wealth of Nations|Wealth of Nations]] and Mill's [[On Liberty]].<ref>"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, {{ISSN|2161-0002}}, <nowiki>http://www.iep.utm.edu/</nowiki>.</ref> There were also attempts to incorporate Western ideas of [[democracy]], and [[republicanism]] into Chinese political philosophy, notably by [[Sun Yat-Sen]] (1866–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century. Another influential modern Chinese philosopher was [[Hu Shih]], who was a student of [[John Dewey]] at Columbia University and who promoted a form of pragmatism.

The influence of [[Marxism]] on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of [[Mao Zedong]], the most famous thinker of [[Chinese Marxist Philosophy]]. Maoism is a [[Chinese Marxist philosophy]] based on the teachings of the 20th-century [[Chinese Communist Party]] revolutionary leader [[Mao Zedong]]. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban [[proletariat]] and [[Leninism|Leninist]] emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms. The current government of the [[People's Republic of China]] continues to espouse a pragmatic form of [[socialism]] as [[Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party|its official party ideology]] which it calls [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics]]. When the Chinese Communist Party [[Chinese Civil War|took over]] the reign, previous schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism (except [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]]) were denounced as backward, and later purged during the violence of the [[Cultural Revolution]] which saw many Taoist and Buddhist temples and institutions destroyed.

Swiss psychologist [[Carl Jung]] was deeply influenced by the [[I Ching]] (Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age [[Shang dynasty]] (c. 1700–1050 BCE). It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of [[synchronicity]] moves towards an Oriental view of [[causality]], as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the [[I Ching#Influence on Western culture|I Ching]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm#2 |title="Foreword to the I Ching – By C.G. Jung." I Ching – The Book of Changes. |publisher=Iging |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620152547/https://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm#2 |url-status=live }}</ref> He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance.

==Criticism==
According to the British philosopher Victoria S. Harrison, the category of "Eastern philosophy", and similarly "Asian philosophy" and "Oriental philosophy" is a product of 19th-century Western scholarship and did not exist in East Asia or India. This is because in Asia there is no single unified philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time.<ref>Harrison, Victoria S; "Eastern Philosophy: The Basics, Introduction</ref>

Some [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] thinkers claim that philosophy as such is only characteristic of Western cultures. The German philosopher [[Martin Heidegger]] is reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing.<ref name="Spiegel">{{cite news |first1=Rudolf |last1=Augstein |first2=Georg |last2=Wolff |first3=Martin |last3=Heidegger |title=''Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten'' |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41238349.html |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=31 May 1976 |pages=193–219 |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206225835/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41238349.html |url-status=live }} [http://www.ditext.com/heidegger/interview.html English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016094800/http://www.ditext.com/heidegger/interview.html |date=16 October 2013 }} by [[William J. Richardson]] in {{cite book |title=Heidegger: the Man and the Thinker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIrWZajVZuwC |editor1-link=Thomas Havens |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Sheehan |orig-year=1981 |year=2010 |version=reprint |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location=[[Piscataway, New Jersey]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qIrWZajVZuwC&dq=%22Only+a+God+Can+Save+Us%22%22:+The+Spiegel+Interview+(1966)+Martin+Heidegger%22&pg=PA45 45–67] |isbn=978-1-4128-1537-6 }}[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVnePQAACAAJ 1st edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320072759/http://books.google.com/books?id=XVnePQAACAAJ |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> It is still commonplace in Western universities to teach only Western philosophy and to ignore Asian philosophy altogether, or consider only newer Western-influenced Asian thought proper "philosophy". Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy,<ref>Defoort, Carine. (2001). "Is There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Arguments of an Implicit Debate",
''Philosophy East and West''
51 (3) 393–413.</ref> while [[Rein Raud]] has presented an argument<ref>[[Rein Raud|Raud, Rein]]. (2006) "Philosophies versus Philosophy: In Defense of a Flexible Definition". ''Philosophy East & West'' 56 (4) 618–625. [https://www.academia.edu/217793/Philosophies_vs_Philosophy_In_Defense_of_A_Flexible_Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723052150/http://www.academia.edu/217793/Philosophies_vs_Philosophy_In_Defense_of_A_Flexible_Definition|date=23 July 2017}}</ref> against it and offered a more flexible [[definition of philosophy]] that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. In response, Ouyang Min argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from ''zhexue'', which is what the Chinese have,<ref>Ouyang Min. (2012). "There is No Need for ''Zhongguo Zhexue'' to be Philosophy" Asian Philosophy 22 (3) 199–223.</ref> even though ''zhexue'' (originally ''tetsugaku'') is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by [[Nishi Amane]] for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought.<ref>Havens, Thomas R.H. (1970).''Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 50.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Religion}}
* [[Eastern ethics in business]]
* [[Eastern religions]]
{{-}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|23em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.utm.edu/staff/jfieser/class/110/4-eastern.htm Jim Fieser: Classical Eastern Philosophy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041205035315/http://www.atmajyoti.org/spirwrit.asp Articles and commentaries on a wide range of topics related to practical Eastern Philosophy] at atmajyoti.org
* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/eastern/ Eastern Philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235543/http://www.kheper.net/topics/eastern/ |date=3 March 2016 }} on Kheper website
*{{cite IEP |url-id=chin-ovr |title=Chinese Philosophy: Overview of Topics |last=Littlejohn |first=Ronnie}}

{{Eastern world}}
{{East Asian topics}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Asia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastern Philosophy}}
[[Category:Eastern philosophy| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Eastern culture]]
[[Category:Philosophy by region]]

Sunny Gill

2026-02-12T03:03:35Z

JaniePan0653361: basic fix page to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Canadian-born Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunny Gill
| image = Sunny Gill at Kwan Party.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sunny Gill
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, Model
| known_for = ''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]''
| website = [http://www.facebook.com/SunnyGillOfficial Official Facebook Page] [https://twitter.com/TheSunnyGill1 Official Twitter Handle]
[https://www.instagram.com/thesunnygill/?hl=en]
}}

'''Sunny Gill''' is a Canadian-born Indian actor of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] origin who made his [[Bollywood]] debut in the film ''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]'' in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Times - Promising New Kids On The Block|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516506_1_miss-india-b-town-vipul-shah%7Caccess|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710094701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516506_1_miss-india-b-town-vipul-shah%7Caccess|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 December 2011}}</ref> He was placed 7th on the ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s "Most Promising Newcomers of 2011" list, where they praised him for his good looks and nuanced performance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Times of India Promising Newcomers of 2011|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Most-Promising-Newcomer-of-2011--Male/articleshow/12402801.cms%7Caccess |date=26 March 2011}}</ref> Prior to his debut as an actor he was a model who had done print and ramp assignments.

==Biography==
Sunny Gill was born in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]], to [[Jat Sikh]] Punjabi parents. He migrated to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in the entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=CNN IBN - I'm Not A Womanizer|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-am-not-a-womanizer-says-jo-hum-chahein-hero/213612-8-66.html|accessdate=20 December 2011|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202160132/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-am-not-a-womanizer-says-jo-hum-chahein-hero/213612-8-66.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Modelling career==
He started his modelling career after being noticed by fashion designers Abu Jani & Sandeep Khosla.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Life - I had a 'Saawariya' moment|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/sunny-gill-i-had-a-saawariya-moment-a-la-ranbir-kapoor/%7Caccess |date=14 December 2011}}</ref> He then went on to work at the [[Lakme Fashion Week|Lakme]] and [[India Fashion Week|Wills India Fashion Weeks]], and at Global Hindi Film Awards Shows like [[Global Indian Film Awards|GIFA]] and [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]]. At the IIFA show in Dubai he was complimented by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for his work on the ramp.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan compliments supermodel Sunny Gill|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/06/jun/24sunnygill.asp%7Caccess|date=23 June 2006|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214631/https://www.glamsham.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also featured in several TV commercials including a [[Brylcreem]] hair gel commercial and was in the [[Jagjit Singh]] music video ''Raat Khamosh Hai'' and another video for VJ [[Sophie Choudry]], ''Mera Babu Chhail Chhabila''.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA India - Dubai to Get Sunny|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_dubai-to-get-sunny_1035008%7Caccess |date=12 June 2006}}</ref>

==Film career==
Gill made his acting debut in the Bollywood film ''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]'' opposite [[Simran Kaur Mundi|Simran Mundi]] on 16 December 2011. The film didn't work at the box office, but he was noticed and appreciated by critics for his performance. Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' said "Sunny makes a handsome and confident debut, he's natural in his act and appeal and has good screen presence."<ref>{{cite web|title=Times of India Review|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524060_1_film-achint-kaur-simran-kaur-mundi%7Caccess|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707082640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524060_1_film-achint-kaur-simran-kaur-mundi%7Caccess|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2011}}</ref> Swati Rohatgi of ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust India]]'' said "Sunny looks good, is highly confident and showcases his range of acting, confidently executing dramatic, emotional and romantic scenes."<ref>{{cite web|title=Stardust India Review|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/8765/93/lang,english%7Caccess|date=16 December 2011|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214628/http://www.magnamags.com/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''India Glitz'' said "Sunny opens his Bollywood innings well, he has the Bollywood quotient right and boasts of fantastic looks."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiaglitz Movie Review|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/review/14535.html%7Caccess|date=16 December 2011|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122132/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/review/14535.html%7Caccess|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' said "Sunny renders his character with tremendous sincerity, it's a bona fide character and Sunny's performance makes it all the more relatable."<ref>{{cite web|title=Taran Adarsh Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547953%7Caccess|date=16 December 2011|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214632/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jo-hum-chahein/critic-review/jo-hum-chahein-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was the only male debutant in ''[[Mid-Day|Mid-Day's]]'' list of most-promising newcomers of 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mid Day Year End List|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/241211-Bollywoods-debut-disasters.htm%7Caccess |date=24 December 2011}}</ref> Yahoo India featured him on their most-promising newcomers of 2011 list,<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office India - Sunny Gill In Demand|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/sunny-gill-in-demand%7Caccess |date=31 December 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Times of India]]'' placed him seventh on their list of male debuts of 2011.

== Filmography ==
*2011 ''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]'' as Rohan Bhatia
*2014 ''[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]''
*2022 ''[[Ni Main Sass Kutni]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|SunnyGillOfficial}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|sunny-gill}}
* https://www.instagram.com/thesunnygill/?hl=en at Instagram

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Sunny}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Himachal Pradesh University

2026-02-01T22:24:24Z

JaniePan0653361: fixes

{{Short description|University in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Himachal Pradesh University
| image_name = Himachal Pradesh University Shimla Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng = Those, who are armed with knowledge, are skillful
| established = {{Start date and age|1970|07|22|df=yes}}
| type = [[Public Universities|Public]]
| endowment =
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Mahavir Singh
| provost =
| principal =
| dean =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Summer Hill, Shimla]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|31.1115|77.1390|type:edu_region:IN-HP|display=title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colours = Green
| colors =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| logo =
| website = {{URL|www.hpuniv.ac.in}}
| staff =
| faculty =
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]| [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]}}
}}
[[File:Entrance of HPU.jpg|thumb|Entrance gate of Himachal Pradesh University]]
'''Himachal Pradesh University''' ('''HPU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] at [[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]], [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpuniv.ac.in|title=Official website of Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla|website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref> It was established on 22 July 1970 by ''The Himachal Pradesh University Act, 1970'' (HP Act No 17 of 1970) by the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

The university has been awarded Grade 'A' by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HPU retains NAAC 'A' grade |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/hpu-retains-naac-a-grade-449400}}</ref>

The University has a total of 13 faculties, 11 of which comprise 52 departments and 5 centers and institutes, which run 132 academic programmes.

==Constituent colleges and institutes==
*[[Himachal Pradesh University Business School]]
*University College of Business Studies, Shimla
*University Institute of Legal Studies, Shimla
*[[University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University|University Institute of Information Technology]], Shimla

==General degree Colleges under Himachal Pradesh University==
[[File:Nscbmgovtcollegehamirpur.jpg|thumb|right|[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Memorial PG college|Govt College Hamirpur]] Building]]
The University's jurisdiction extends over 7 districts -Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan, Una.

* [[Government College, Sanjauli|Government College Sanjauli, Shimla]]
* Government College Solan
* [[Govt. PG College Rampur Bushahr|GB Pant Memorial Govt Degree College, Rampur Bushahr]]
* Government Degree College, [[Kumarsain]]
* Government College, Barsar hamirpur
* [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Memorial PG college]] (formerly Government College Hamirpur) is located in Anu, [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
* Rajiv Gandhi Government Degree College, Shimla
* Rajkiya Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Shimla.
[[File:HPU Library.jpg|thumb|Library of Himachal Pradesh University Shimla ]]

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2022}}

=== Politics & Governance ===
*[[Hamid Karzai]] – former [[President of Afghanistan]], MA in International Relations & Political Science<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/06hamid.htm "Hamid Karzai is an alumni [sic] of Himachal University"], 6 December 2001</ref> (1983), Doctor of Literature (honorary, 2003)
* [[J P Nadda]] – current [[President of the Bharatiya Janata Party|President of Bharatiya Janata Party]] and former [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], LL.B. from [[Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal University honours JP Nadda, Anupam Kher, Randeep Guleria with 'Alumni of the Year' award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/himachal-pradesh-university-jp-nadda-anupam-kher-randeep-guleria-alumni-of-the-year-award-1990773-2022-08-21 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=India Today |date=21 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anand Sharma]] ''–'' former Union Minister of Commerce and Industry,<ref>[http://commerce.nic.in/bio/cabinetminister.asp "Commerce Minister introduction at the Ministry of Commerce website"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224081208/http://commerce.nic.in/bio/cabinetminister.asp |date=24 February 2012 }}</ref> [[Government of India]], LL.B. from [[Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University]]
* [[Singhi Ram]] ''–'' former Union [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food and Supplies]], LL.B. from Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University
*[[Ram Lal Thakur]] ''–'' former [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Union Youth Services and Sports Minister]], LL.B. from Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-round development on Naina Devi MLA's mind |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/all-round-development-on-naina-devi-mla-s-mind-698353/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Arzu Rana Deuba]] ''–'' politician, Nepal's current Minister of Foreign Affairs, graduated from [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bedes College]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=St. Bede's College, Distinguished Alumnae |url=https://www.stbedescollege.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Distinguished-Alumnae-updated.pdf |website=St. Bede's College official web site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arzu Rana Deuba, Ph. D. {{!}} |url=https://arzuranadeuba.com.np/about/education/ |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>
* [[Ashwani Kumar (police officer)|Ashwani Kumar]] ''–'' former Governor of Nagaland<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Governor Ashwani Kumar |url=https://morungexpress.com/profile-of-governor-ashwani-kumar |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

=== Law & Judiciary ===
*[[Randeep Guleria]] ''–'' Director of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS, New Delhi]], MBBS from [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal University honours JP Nadda, Anupam Kher, Randeep Guleria with 'Alumni of the Year' award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/himachal-pradesh-university-jp-nadda-anupam-kher-randeep-guleria-alumni-of-the-year-award-1990773-2022-08-21 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=India Today |date=21 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Karol]] ''–'' Judge of the Supreme Court of India, LL.B. from [[Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Sanjay Karol {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-sanjay-karol/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402143239/https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-sanjay-karol/ |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.sci.gov.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Abhilasha Kumari]] ''–'' Judicial Member of Lokpal Committee, LL.B. from [[Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virbhadra's daughter is Manipur CJ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/virbhadra%E2%80%99s-daughter-is-manipur-cj-541438 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arts, Culture & Entertainment ===
* [[Anupam Kher]] ''–'' Bollywood and stage actor, attended Government College, Sanjauli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla taught me to dream big, says Anupam Kher |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/shimla-taught-me-to-dream-big-says-anupam-kher-423959}}</ref>
*[[Mohit Chauhan]] ''–'' Indian singer, M.Sc in Geology from Government College, [[Dharamshala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Musician Profiles - Mohit Chauhan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/entertainment-spotlight/profiles/mohit-chauhan |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Preity Zinta]] ''–'' Bollywood actress, graduated from [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bedes College]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Persis Khambatta]] ''–'' Model and actress, graduated from [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bedes College]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Vijay Sharma (painter)|Vijay Sharma]] ''–'' painter, [[Padma Shri]] awardee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hpuniv.ac.in/ Official website]
* [http://gdchamirpur.org Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Memorial PG college]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

{{Universities in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University| ]]
[[Category:Education in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Shimla]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]

Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-24T14:16:55Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhilwara
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Bhilwara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhilwara Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1952
|reservation= None
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Damodar Agarwal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons =[[Asind (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Asind]] [[Mandal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandal]] [[Sahara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sahara]] [[Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhilwara]] [[Shahpura, Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]] [[Jahazpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jahazpur]] [[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]] [[Hindoli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindoli]]
}}
'''Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|bʱiːl.ʋaːɽaː}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|177
|[[Asind (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Asind]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
|[[Jabbar Singh Sankhala]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|178
|[[Mandal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandal]]
|Udai Lal Bhadana
|-
|179
|[[Sahara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sahara]]
|[[Ladu Lal Pitliya]]
|-
|180
|[[Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhilwara]]
|Ashok Kumar Kothari
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|181
|[[Shahpura, Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]] (SC)
|[[Lalaram Bairwa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|182
|[[Jahazpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jahazpur]]
|[[Gopichand Meena]]
|-
|183
|[[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]]
|[[Gopal Lal Sharma]]
|-
|184
|[[Hindoli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindoli]]
|[[Bundi district|Bundi]]
|[[Ashok Chandna]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Hari Ram Nathany]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Vyas]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[K. L. Shrimali]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Vyas]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Hemendra Singh Banera]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Rooplal Somani]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Girdhari Lal Vyas]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Hemendra Singh Banera]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Subhash Baheria]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Rampal Upadhyay]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[C. P. Joshi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subhash Baheria]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Damodar Agarwal]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bhilwara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Damodar Agarwal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=807,640|percentage=61.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. P. Joshi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,53,034|percentage=34.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,05,144|percentage=60.74|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Bhilwara<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]|votes=936,065|percentage=71.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ram Pal Sharma|votes=325,145|percentage=24.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shivlal Gurjar|votes=15,599|percentage=1.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Right to Recall Party|candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Sharma (activist)]]|votes=13,148|percentage=1|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=17,388|percentage=1.33|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 611,460
|percentage = 46.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,311,011|percentage=65.64|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bhilwara<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]
|votes = 630,317
|percentage = 57.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Chandna
|votes = 384,053
|percentage = 34.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 19,698
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Govind Kumar Bairwa
| votes = 15,088
| percentage = 1.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 246,264
|percentage = 22.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,104,156
|percentage = 62.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhilwara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[C. P. Joshi]]
|votes = 413,128
|percentage =54.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vijayendra Pal Singh
|votes =277,760
|percentage =36.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Harish Gurjar
| votes = 28,141
| percentage = 3.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Prasad Sirotha
| votes = 17,208
| percentage = 2.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 135,368
|percentage=17.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =754,457
|percentage = 50.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =

}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhilwara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[V.P. Singh Badnore]]
| votes = 317,292
| percentage = 51.20
| change = +3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kailash Vyas]]
| votes = 256,640
| percentage = 41.41
| change = -4.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mubariq
| votes = 24,896
| percentage = 4.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ramgopal Jonwal
| votes = 20,868
| percentage = 3.38
| change = +3.03
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 60,652
| percentage = 9.79
| change = +7.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 619,696
| percentage = 50.32
| change = -3.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +3.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhilwara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.3|74.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhilwara (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]

Edlapadu

2026-01-18T21:15:54Z

JaniePan0653361: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Edlapadu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Edlapadu [[mandal]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=101 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Edlapadu [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=2 June 2019 |pages=14,366 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668465 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 10996
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522259
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8644
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Edlapadu''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Edlapadu [[mandal]] in [[Narasaraopet revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=4 June 2019 |pages=5,566–567 |date=2011}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Edlapadu is situated at {{Coord|16.1007|N|80.1339|E}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1013|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Governance ==
Edlapadu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The village forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=14 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=11 May 2019 |page=5 |url-status=live |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 12 schools. These schools include 5 private and 7 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Sarthali

2026-01-16T14:18:32Z

JaniePan0653361: made initial biography initial version!

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:History of Gurudwara Rantham Sahib.jpg|thumb|History board on main road about Gurudwara Rantham Sahib.]]
'''Sarthali''' is a village in [[Rupnagar District]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is under the [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of Anandpur Sahib, as well as under the [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan sabha]] constituency of Ropar. It is located on Nurpur Bedi- Ropar road. It has a population of approximately 3000.

== History ==

Sarthali is an old village, referenced in Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha's Mahaan Kosh. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] came there after winning the battle of Bajrur with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. This battles has also been described in Shri Gur Patap Suraj Granth of Bhai Santokh Singh Choorhamani. The folklore reference according to elders about its nomenclature is that the villagers fought with bravery with foreign invaders, so that the name of the village became a combination of Sir (head) and Tali (palm) which means that these people are fought by taking their head on their palm. By the passing of time it became Sarthali from Sirtali.

== Infrastructure ==
* The village hosts a Primary Health Centre which covers the village Sarthali including some other surrounding villages.
* A Cooperative society is to serve the farmers on sharing based agricultural equipment and also provide fertilisers.
* A milk union to collect milk for Verka milk plant Mohali and to provide feed and other supplements for cattles.
* Two gymnasiums for physical workout and exercise.
* A potable drinking water supply system has been installed to provide 70 litre per capita per day potable water in the village.
* A community centre for common functions.
* An Govt. Elementary School to provide free education to students up to 8th class, this school is affiliated to Punjab School Education Board, Mohali.
* Approximate 1300 voters are there in the village.
* Shaheed Bhagat Singh Youth Welfare Sports Club Sarthali (Registered under Societies act of 1861) is serving with its social, cultural and sports activities.
*Kaali and Sukhjeet library, dedicated to two famous Punjabi writers respectively Des Raj Kaali (Jalandhar) and Swami Sukhjeet (Machhiwara), has been set up and operated by a teacher named Sunil Banga. This is a personal library but offers books to keen readers.

== Sacred Places ==
[[File:Shiv Mandir Sarthali.JPG|thumb|Shiv Mandir Sarthali|left]]The village supports religious places of Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and other sects.[[File:Mosque at Sarthali.JPG|thumb|Back View of Mosque.]]
# Sarthaleshwar Mahadev Mandir rises approximately 100 feet above the village. It was built for the worship of [[Shiva]]. Shivratri mela is a two-day celebration in February–March. On the first day marriages of low income girls are organised. On the second day religious songs are performed by Punjabi singers. The Sant Samelan (convention) cum Jagran and Janamashtmi has equal celebrations. Free glasses, medical checkups and surgical camps are provided. Blood donation camps and others social activities are done by devotees.
# Mahaveer Mandir is dedicated to [[Lord Hanuman]].[[File:Old Mosque at Sarthali.JPG|thumb|Old Mosque at Sarthali|center]]
# A Mosque is under the control of the [[Waqf]] Board. It was constructed by Muslims who are once inhabitants of village before 1947.
# Chup Shah is an old building with three rooms and one well. It was settled by the inhabitants of Sarthali before India-Pakistan partition in the memory of a [[Muslim]] saint named [[Chup Shah]] (Silent Fakeer).
[[File:Gurudwara Rantham Sahib.jpg|thumb|Side view of Gurudwara Rantham Sahib]]Gurudwara Rantham Sahib:

Gurudwara Rantham Sahib preserves the memory of tenth master of Sikhism Guru, [[Gobind Singh]]. This is a historical Gurudwara. The Mughals of Bajrur are brutal to common people, so Guru Gobind Singh sent an army group in the command of Sahibjada Ajit Singh, they fought with bravery and get common people free. Here, at the place of this gurudwara, the battle has been stopped so it is sid Ran (battle) Tham (commencement).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31|6|47.48|N|76|31|44.92|E|display=title}}http://www.pbdwss.gov.in/dwss/circulars/Water_Policy_%202014.pdf

http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Societies_Registration_Act_1860.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102157/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Societies_Registration_Act_1860.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}

http://jagbani.epapr.in/c/12931825

http://epaper.ajitjalandhar.com/share/20160119/17/3/9/17/d107782750.cms

{{Rupnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rupnagar district]]

Uttarakhand Board of School Education

2025-12-09T11:01:10Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{Short description|Agency of Government of Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Uttarakhand Board of School Education
| native_name = उत्तराखण्ड विद्यालयी शिक्षा परिषद्
| abbreviation = UBSE
| image =
| size = 200px
| caption = UBSE logo
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2001|09|22}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubse.uk.gov.in/home |title=Home |publisher=ubse.uk.gov.in |access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref>
| logo = Uttarakhand Board of School Education Logo.jpg
| type = Governmental Board of School Education
| headquarters = [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]
| location = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| membership =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Mukul Kumar Sati<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOARD CHAIRMAN: BOARD CHAIRMAN |url=https://ubse.uk.gov.in/pages/display/105-board-chairman |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=ubse.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
| parent_organisation = Department of School Education, Uttarakhand, [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| language = [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]
| website = [https://ubse.uk.gov.in Official website] .

[https://uaresults.nic.in Result Portal]
}}

'''Uttarakhand Board of School Education''' ({{langx|hi|उत्तराखण्ड विद्यालयी शिक्षा परिषद्}}) abbr. '''UBSE''' is an agency of [[Government of Uttarakhand]] entrusted with the responsibilities of prescribing courses of instructions and text books and conducting examinations for secondary school students in Uttarakhand. It is also responsible for result declaration of Board examination. It was set up in 2001 and has its headquarters in [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]. At present more than 10,000 schools are affiliated with the Board. The Board sets up over 1,300 examination centres for over 300,000 examinees every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Home: Board of School Education Uttarakhand, Government of Uttarakhand, India|url = http://ubse.uk.gov.in/|website = ubse.uk.gov.in|access-date = 2015-09-18|first = NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit|last = Dehradun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = BOARD EXAMINATION : BOARD EXAMINATION|url = http://ubse.uk.gov.in/pages/display/100-board-examination-|website = ubse.uk.gov.in|access-date = 2015-09-18|first = NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit|last = Dehradun}}</ref>

==Timeline==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
*9 February 1996: Regional office of the Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad was established at [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]].
*1999: For the first time exams were conducted under the regional office at [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] for [[Garhwal division]] and [[Kumaon division]].
*22 September 1996: Uttaranchal Shiksha Evam Pariksha Parishad was established followed by the foundation of new state Uttaranchal from erstwhile Uttar Pradesh.
*2002: For the first time exams were conducted under Uttaranchal Shiksha Evam Pariksha Parishad.
*22 April 2006: Uttaranchal Board of School Education was created by Uttaranchal School Education Act, 2006 enacted by the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly]].
*11 December 2008: The institution was renamed Uttarakhand Board of School Education.

==See also==
*[[Education in Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://schooleducation.uk.gov.in/ schooleducation.uk.gov.in]
*[https://UBSE.UK.gov.in UBSE.UK.gov.in]
*[https://uaresults.nic.in/ UBSE Results Portal]
{{School education in India}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|S]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2001]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:Education in Uttarakhand]]

Leonard A. Gordon

2025-12-05T16:37:05Z

JaniePan0653361: formatting fix

{{Short description|American historian}}
'''Leonard Abraham Gordon''' is a historian of [[South Asia]], especially of [[Bengal]], whose 1990 book ''Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalist Leaders [[Sarat Chandra Bose|Sarat]] and Subhas Chandra Bose'' is considered the definitive biography of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Kopf|1992|pp=271–272|ps=: Quote: "After almost thirty years of the most painstaking research in the libraries and archives of Europe and Asia, and after 150 interviews, Leonard A. Gordon has published this long-awaited biography of Subhas Chandra Bose, which includes the story of his brother, Sarat, also a freedom fighter. I know of no other comparable work that offers such meticulously detailed information on twentieth-century Bengali politics and politicians, both regional and national, Hindu and Muslim. ... The result is a masterful blending of archival evidence, acute intuitive apprehension, and gossip, brilliantly organized chronologically in fourteen chapters and amazingly confined to well within 1,000 pages. Much can be written in praise of this biography; it is surely Gordon's magnum opus."}}{{Sfn|Zachariah|2012|p=109|ps=: Quote: "Academic circles have long had in Leonard A. Gordon's ''Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose'' (1990) a careful and detailed account of the lives of Subhas Bose and his elder brother Sarat. Sugata Bose's book is not likely to replace Gordon's account."}}{{Sfn|Wainwright|2013|pp=360–361|ps=: Quote: "Bose therefore continues to be seen as a treacherous fascist collaborator to some and a heroic Indian freedom fighter to others. Scholars have had to negotiate the grey area between these two polar opposites in their treatment of Bose and the Indian National Army he helped create. Perhaps the most definitive work to date is Leonard A. Gordon’s ''Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose''."}}

==Education and career==
Gordon graduated from [[Amherst College]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher = Amherst College Library: Archival and Special Collections|title=Index to the Amherst Alumni News and Amherst Magazine: Volumes 1-56, 1949-2004| url=https://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/publications/etexts/amherstmagindex|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> and received his Ph.D. from [[Harvard University]].{{Sfn|Gupta|1975|p=1033}} He was a professor of history at [[Brooklyn College]], [[City University of New York]], and has emeritus status there now. He was also the director of the Southern Asia Institute at [[Columbia University]].

Gordon's revised Harvard dissertation,{{Sfn|Gupta|1975|p=1033}} ''Bengal: the Nationalist Movement'' won the (now discontinued) biennial [[Watumull Prize]] of the [[American Historical Association]] in 1974, a prize recognizing "the best book on the history of India originally published in the United States."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=American Historical Association|url=https://www.historians.org/awards-and-grants/past-recipients/discontinued-awards|title=Discontinued Awards: Watumull Prize (1946–1982)|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> Gordon has been praised for his "narration of political events."{{Sfn|Gupta|1975|p=1033b|ps=: Quote: "Narration of political events is Gordon's forte, and the middle part of the book in which he summarizes events and condenses a number of published monographs, biographies, and autobiographies is written in brilliant prose."}}
==Bibliography==
*{{citation|last1=Gordon|first1=Leonard A.|last2=Miller|first2=Barbara Stoler|authorlink2=Barbara Stoler Miller|title=A Syllabus of Indian Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3qDMwEACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}}
*{{citation|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A.|title=Bengal: the Nationalist Movement, 1876–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyUKAQAAIAAJ|date=January 1974|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-03753-2}}
*{{citation|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A.|title=Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalist Leaders Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ-BQgAACAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-07383-7}}

==See also==
*[[Joyce Lebra]]
*[[Peter W. Fay]]
*[[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{citation|last=Framke|first=Maria|title=Encounters with Fascism and National Socialist in non-European Regions: Review of five books 1. Sugata Bose, His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle Against Empire, 2011; 2. ...|journal=Sudasien-Chronik – South Asia Chronicle|volume=2|year=2012|pages=350–374|isbn=978-3-86004-286-1|url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/suedasien/band-2/350/PDF/350.pdf|publisher=Sudasien-Seminar der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin|doi=10.18452/17972}}
*{{citation|last=Gupta|first=Brijen K.| title= Review of Bengal: The Nationalist Movement, 1876-1940 by Leonard A Gordon|journal = [[American Historical Review]]|volume=30|issue=4|pages=1033|year=1975|jstor=1867585|doi=10.2307/1867585}}
*{{citation|last=Hayes|first=Romain|title=Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941-1943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRt9mgEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932739-3}}
* {{citation|last=Kling|first=Blair B.|title=Review of :Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose by Leonard A. Gordon|journal = [[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=113|issue=1|pages=155|year=1993|doi=10.2307/604239|jstor=604239}}
*{{citation|last=Kopf|first=David| authorlink = David Kopf|title=Review of: Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose by Leonard A. Gordon|journal = [[American Historical Review]]|volume=97|issue=1|year=1992|pages=270–271|doi=10.2307/2164695|jstor=2164695}}
*{{citation|last=Wainwright|first=A. Martin|title=Review of His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire, by Sugata Bose, 2011|journal=[[The Historian (journal)|Historian]]|volume=75|issue=2|pages=361–362|date=Summer 2013|doi=10.1111/hisn.12010_25|s2cid=144712375}}
* {{citation|last=Zachariah|first=Benjamin|title=Review of Sugata Bose. His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle Against Empire|pages=109–110|journal=[[American Historical Review]]|year = 2012|volume=117|issue=2|doi=10.1086/ahr.117.2.509}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gordon, Leonard A.}}
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Amherst College alumni]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{US-historian-stub}}

Hanagodu

2025-11-28T00:53:59Z

JaniePan0653361: put up a pg - done

{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Hanagodu
|native_name =
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore district|Mysuru]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Hunsur|Hunasuru]]
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|elevation_m = 834
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|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 3,023 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/627/download/2156/DH_2011_2923_PART_B_DCHB_MYSORE.pdf|access-date=13 April 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
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|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 571106 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?Pin=dhUz8D9S2IQ=|access-date=14 April 2024|title=Post Office}}</ref>
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'''Hanagodu''' is a village/[[hobli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdpr.karnataka.gov.in/rdc/public/info-3/Mysuru/kn|access-date= 13 April 2024|title=RD&PR Mysuru}}</ref> in Hunsur taluk of [[Mysore district|Mysuru district]] in [[Karnataka|Karnataka state]], India.

==Location==
Hanagodu village is located about 15 km southwest of Hunsur city and 7 km south of [[State Highway 90 (Karnataka)|State Highway 90]]. The population of the village is 3,023. The male population is 1,524 while female population is 1,499. Literacy rate of hanagodu village is 60.21% out of which 67.45% males and 52.84% females are literate. There are about 721 houses in hanagodu village.

==Administration==
Hanagodu village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative. As per the 2019 stats, Hanagodu village comes under Hunsur assembly constituency and Mysuru parliamentary constituency. Piriyapatna is the nearest town to Hanagodu village for all major economic activities, which is approximately 17 km away.

==Facilities==
The village has a branch of Canara Bank, a post office, a lodge and a few tea shops.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/hanagodu-hobli|title=Hanagodu hobli: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Hanagodu hobli|website=Times of India|access-date=4 June 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/MYSORE/H/HANAGODU|website=pincode.net.in|title=Pin Code: Hanagodu, Mysore, Karnataka, India, Pincode.net.in |access-date=4 June 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Mysore/Hunsur/Hanagodu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604041742/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Mysore/Hunsur/Hanagodu|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 June 2022|website=indiagrowing.com|title=Hanagodu Population (2021/2022), Village in Hunsur Taluka|access-date=4 June 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Hanagodu/222537/|website=wikiedit.org|title=Hanagodu, ಕನ್ನಡ|access-date=4 June 2022}}

[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]

Super Jodi

2025-11-10T16:23:42Z

JaniePan0653361: made new details v1!

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language reality television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|சூப்பர் ஜோடி}}
| image =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] [[Game show]]
| starring =
| presenter = RJ Vijay [[Keerthi Shanthanu]]
| judges = [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] [[Baba Bhaskar]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 19
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.60–70 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|2|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|06|04|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Super Jodi''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] reality television show on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/02/zee-tamil-to-launch-indigenous-reality-show-super-jodi-|title=Zee Tamil to launch indigenous reality show 'Super Jodi'|website=bestmediainfo.com|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 5 February 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-to-launch-new-non-fiction-show-super-jodi-on-february-5/|title=Zee Tamil to launch new non-fiction show 'Super Jodi' on February 5|website=mediabrief.com|date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> every Sunday at 18:30<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/super-jodi-zee-tamil-show/|title=Every Sunday at 06:30 PM, Starting on 05th February Zee Tamil Reality Show Super Jodi|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and is also available on [[Zee5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-to-launch-its-non-fiction-show-super-jodi-on-5th-february/|title=Zee Tamil to launch its non-fiction show 'Super Jodi' on 5th February|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The show is perceived to challenge the real emotional bond and human connections of 10 real-life Tamil celebrity couples. [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] and [[Baba Bhaskar]] as the judges and RJ Vijay and [[Keerthi Shanthanu]] as the hosts.

On 4 June 2023 during the telecast of the Grand Finale of the show, Selvakumar and [[Chinnaponnu]] emerged as the title winner of the inaugural edition of the Super Jodi and Rajkumar and Shamili Sukumar claimed the first runners-up trophy.

==Format==
This show features 10 real life celebrity couple of the Tamil television industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/new-reality-show-super-jodi-on-zee-tamil-tv.html|title=பிரம்மாண்ட ரியாலிட்டி ஷோவை களமிறக்கும் பிரபல டிவி சேனல்.. கலந்துகொள்ளும் 10 ரியல் ஜோடிகள்..!|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Contestants==
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| #
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Notes
|-
| 1
| KPY Naveen & Krishnakumari
| <ref>{{cite AV media|people= KPY Naveen and Krishnakumari|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHLH8EyUvaI|title=சூப்பர் ஜோடி {{!}} KPY Naveen and Krishnakumari {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Selvakumar & [[Chinnaponnu]]
| <ref>{{cite AV media|people= Selvakumar and Chinnaponnu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feXBkHAoi_M|title=சூப்பர் ஜோடி {{!}} Selvakumar and Chinnaponnu {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Kenny & Shanmathi
|
|-
| 4
| Vikram & Dhivyaa
| <ref>{{cite AV media|people= Vikram and Dhivyaa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2n8dKzbyrLI|title=சூப்பர் ஜோடி {{!}} Vikram and Dhivyaa {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| VJ Mal Maruga & [[Shwetha Bandekar]]
| <ref>{{cite AV media|people= Mal Maruga and Shwetha Bandekar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV-av5GD14Q|title=சூப்பர் ஜோடி {{!}} Mal Maruga and Shwetha Bandekar {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| Amardeep & Tejaswini
|
|-
| 7
| Vishwa Sam & Nakshatra
|
|-
| 8
| Ramesh & Saroja Devi
|
|-
| 9
| Rajkumar & Shamili Sukumar
|
|-
| 10
| Sathyaraj & Sowmiya
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2023
| rowspan="1" | [[Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2023]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/diwali-arrives-early-with-zee-tamil-kudumbam-viruthugal/| title= Diwali arrives early with Zee Tamil.| website=www.medianews4u.com| date=4 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| Best Non-Fiction
|
|
| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/super-jodi/0-6-4z5300124 ''Super Jodi''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Nihar

2025-11-10T14:25:54Z

JaniePan0653361:

{{wikt|sa:नीहार|sa:निहार}}
'''Nihar''' ({{lit|mist, fog, dew}}) may refer to

* [[Nihar Ameen]], Indian swimming coach
* [[Nihar Mukherjee]], Indian politician
* [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]], Indian dermatologist and novelist
* [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]], Indian politician
* [[Nihar Christison]], philanthropist and whipped cream entrepreneur

==See also==
*{{In title|Nihar}}
*[[Niharika (disambiguation)]], the feminine form of the name

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Dhrti

2025-11-03T22:44:56Z

JaniePan0653361: Put up first pg w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Yama (ethical rule) in Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''{{transliteration|sa|Dhṛti}}''' or '''{{transliteration|sa|Dhriti}}''' or '''{{transliteration|sa|Dhruti}}''' ({{langx|sa|धृति}}), means to 'act with determination',<ref>''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' Sl. XVIII.26</ref> 'patience',<ref>''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]]'' Sl. V.v.10–13</ref> 'firmness',<ref>''Caitanyacaritamrita Madhya'' Sl. XXIV.11</ref> and refers to 'perseverance',<ref>''Caitanyacaritamrita Madhya'' Sl. XXIV.174</ref> 'wearing regularly'.<ref>''Caitanyacaritamrita Madhya'' Sl. XXIV.333</ref>

Dhruti, meaning 'fortitude' and 'determination', is defined as the subtle faculty in a person that makes them strive continuously towards a goal. Dhruti is a quality of peace, courage, patience, enthusiasm, and perseverance to face and overcome all odds and obstacles.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

{{transliteration|sa|Dhrti}} is one of the {{transliteration|sa|[[yamas]]}}, one of the eleven ''[[Rudrani|Rudrāṇīs]].''<ref>{{multiref2|''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]]'' Sl.III.xii.13|{{cite web|title=Sanskrit: dhrti|url=http://vedabase.net/d/dhrti|access-date=2014-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924121503/http://vedabase.net/d/dhrti|website=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network|archive-date=2014-09-24|url-status=dead}}
}}</ref> There is no correct equivalent English word for {{transliteration|sa|dhrti}} which is derived from {{transliteration|sa|dhr-}} meaning 'to bear'.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy9B-U-OVCwC&q=dhrti+upanishads&pg=PA432 |title=The Upanishads |date=29 January 2004 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780141938011 |page=432}}</ref> Dhriti was reborn as Madri in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Gita Ready Reference|year=2007|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|page=417|isbn=9788190372800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNNGYOGoibgC&q=dhrti&pg=PA433}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Lakshmi]] is referred to the epithet of Dhruti or Dhriti in the Lakshmi Sahasranama to describe her quality of courage and light.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karunakaran |first=V. S. |url=https://ixtheo.de/Record/138238503X |title=Lakṣmyaṣṭottaraśatanāmaniruktistutiḥ = Explanation of the sacred names of Sri Maha Lakshmi |date=2006 |publisher=Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Satsangam}}</ref>

The name Dhriti also appears in the [[Lalita Sahasranama]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ixtheo.de/Record/1098359399 |title=Lalit-a-Sahasranāma: with Bhāskarāraya's commentary |date=1994 |publisher=The Adyar Library [u.a.] |isbn=978-81-85141-03-9 |editor-last=Sastry |editor-first=R. Anantakrishna |edition=3. ed., 7. repr |series=The Adyar Library General series |location=Madras |editor-last2=Bhāskararāya Dīkshita Bhāratī}}</ref>
==Vedic relevance==

{{transliteration|sa|Dhrti}} is the name of a [[Vedic]] [[metre]] of the type 12.12.8|12.8|12.8., and is a variety of the
{{transliteration|sa|atichandas}}.<ref>{{cite book|first=Edward Vernon|last=Arnold|title=Vedic metre in its historical development|year=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft/page/249 249]|url= https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=dhrti vedas.}}</ref> It is also the name of a yoga in the [[Hindu Calendar]]. The [[Vedic]] [[Rishi]]s address their prayers to the [[Visvedevas]] just as they do the [[Adityas]] and the [[Maruts]]; who all as a group are the protectors of the ten [[Rta]]s including {{transliteration|sa|Dhrti}} ('forbearance') which word represents an abstract idea like {{transliteration|sa|Hri}} and {{transliteration|sa|Kirti}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology|first=Ashim Kumar|last=Bhattacharya|date=February 2006|publisher=iUniverse|page=152|isbn=9780595384556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAcewrt08boC&q=dhrti+vedas&pg=PA151}}</ref>

As part of the performance of the ''[[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha yajna]]'', as mentioned in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', ''Asvalayana-srauta-sutra'', and ''Sankhayana-srauta-sutra'', the ''[[Adhvaryu]]'' offered, for the safe movement of the Sacrificial Horse during day-time, three ''Istis'' daily to ''[[Savitr]]'' and at nightfall performed four ''Dhrti Homas'' for the safe sheltering of that horse during night-time. While the ''Dhrti Homas'' were in progress, a ''Rajanya'' (''[[Kshatriya]]'') lute-player (''veenagathi'') sang three songs (''[[Gatha (India)|Gatha]]'') made up of many verses in which he praised the royal-sacrificer with the mention of his heroic exploits, viz., the wars he waged, the battles he won, the conquests he made, so on.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas Vol.1|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|year=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons
|page=111|isbn=9788176252263|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&q=dhrti+puranas&pg=PA111}}</ref>

==Puranic relevance==

The [[Purana]] Index lists ''Dhrti'', borne by ''Vijaya'', as one of the sons of ''[[Dharma]]'' who was the son of [[Brahma]], and who married all thirteen daughters of ''[[Daksha]]'', each of whom bore ''Dhrti'' a son. ''Dhrtavarta'' was the son of ''Dhrti'' and father of ''Satyakarma''. ''Nandi'' was a consort of ''Dhrti''. ''Niyama'' was a son of ''Dhrti''. And, ''Dhrti'' ('courage') is invoked in the ''Grahabalis''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Purana Index|author=V.R.Ramachandra Dikshitar|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=159, 179, 199, 243, 677|isbn=9788120812734|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&q=dhrti&pg=PA180}}</ref>

In the ''Stuti'' of ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavatam]]'' (V.22.25-42), ''[[Shakti|Devi]]'', who is the Energy for the creation and destruction of the universe, has been praised as having many names and as residing in all in the form of ''[[shakti]]'' ('power and energy'), ''amrti'' ('memory'), ''dhrti'' ('steadfastness'), ''[[buddhi]] '' ('intelligence'), so on.<ref>{{cite book|title=Purana Vol.VIII|year=1966|publisher=All-India Kashiraj Trust, Fort Ramnagar, Varanasi|url= https://archive.org/stream/puranavolviii015194mbp/puranavolviii015194mbp_djvu.txt}}</ref>

==Implication==

''Dhrti'' meaning 'fortitude' and 'determination' is defined as the subtle faculty in man that makes him strive continuously towards a goal. It provides courage, enthusiasm and perseverance to face and overcome all odds and obstacles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Gita Ready Reference|year=2007|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|page=417|isbn=9788190372800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNNGYOGoibgC&q=dhrti&pg=PA433}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With regard to the three types of ''Dhrtis'' mentioned in the Bhagavad [[Gita]], Swami Tejomayananda states that ''Sattvic dhrti'' is the unswerving fortitude with which one works for a noble cause with enthusiasm and dedication, despite obstacles; ''Rajasic dhrti'' is the fortitude displayed for a while, in a part, place or under particular circumstances to achieve particular goals and may dissolve under different circumstances and situations, and ''Tamasic dhrti'' is the stubbornness with which one holds on to the false.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ponder Awhile|author=Swami Tejomayananda|year=2004|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|page=61|isbn=9788175973381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbYR4Bw39ckC&q=dhrti&pg=PA61}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Sri Sri Ravi Shankar suggests the three gunas that is determination, similar to dhrti; "The ambition (''rajastic'') keeps the faith alive. Satvic faith is innocence and is born out of fullness of consciousness." Tamasic faith is due to dullness, complacent that only God will take care of all these things. If there is no faith, there is fear. "In Gyana (state of wisdom) there is alertness without tension [or fear] and faith without complacency." To be one who possesses the higher spiritual knowledge.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Shankar |first1=Sri Sri Ravi |title=Faith and Alertness (original in December 2010) |url=https://knowledgesheetsbygurudev.blogspot.com/2018/01/faith-and-alertness.html |website=dailyknowledgesutra.blogspot.com |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

The two factors that supply the fuel and the motive force in all sustained endeavours are - ''buddhi'' ('understanding') and ''dhrti'' ('fortitude'), the former is 'the intellectual capacity to grasp what is happening' and the latter is 'the constancy of purpose and self-application'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Gita Ready Reference|year=2007|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|page=433|isbn=9788190372800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNNGYOGoibgC&q=dhrti&pg=PA433}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Abhinavagupta]] states that since everyone works therefore, everyone possesses ''dhrti''; he holds ''buddhi'' to mean 'resolution' and ''dhrti'' to mean 'satisfaction'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gitarthasangrha|author=Abhinavagupta|date=January 1983|publisher=BRILL|page=209|isbn=9004067361|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9oUAAAAIAAJ&q=dhrti&pg=PA209}}</ref>

In [[Hinduism]], four things viz. [[Śruti]] and [[Smriti]] which are society’s codes of ethics, ''sadacara'' which is good noble conduct accepted by society; and ''svasya ca priyam atmanah'' which is one’s own joy and pleasure, determine [[Dharma]]. The ''sanatana dharma'' is the eternal universal values to be followed by all people in life, and ''varnasrama dharma'' consists of specific duties given to each individual; Dharma means that holds everyone and everything together which leads to material prosperity and spiritual realization in this life itself. According to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], ''Dhrti'' is one of the ten values necessary for all people at all times that characterize Dharma. ''Dhrti'' means fortitude; it means the capacity to hold on to something. It is the ''sattavic dhrti'' which is strength, force and ability that makes us hold on to noble values of life.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Culture|author=Swami Tejomayananda|year=1994|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|pages=95–96|isbn=9788175971653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VZtNRl24fsC&q=dhrti&pg=PA96}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

''Sattavic dhrti'' and ''Sattvic buddhi'' are mutually related terms. [[Krishna]] explains to [[Arjuna]] ([[Bhagavad Gita]] Sl. XVIII.30):

:प्रवृति च निवृति च कार्याकार्ये भयाभये |
:बन्धं मोक्षं च या वेत्ति बुद्धिः सा पार्थ सात्त्विकी ||

Meaning; "That which knows the paths of work and renunciation, what ought to be done and what not to be done, fear and fearlessness, bondage and liberation, that 'understanding' is ''sattvic'' ('pure')." In the Bhagavad Gita the nature of Sattvic reasoning, Rajasic reasoning and Tamasic reasoning is described this way, as paths of work and renunciation. Which means the function of the intellect is [[Viveka (Discrimination)|discrimination]], the faculty of 'right understanding ' (''buddhi'') which gives real joy, success and prosperity. With regard to sattvic dhrti he states ([[Bhagavad Gita]] l. XVIII.33):

:धृत्या यया धारयते मनः प्राणेन्द्रियकिर्याः |
:योगेनव्यभिचरिण्या धृतिः सा पार्थ सात्त्विकी ||

The unwavering 'fortitude' by which through [[Yoga]], the functions of the mind, the [[Prana]] and the senses are restrained, that 'fortitude', is ''sattvic'' ('pure').<ref>{{cite web |last1=International Gita Society |title=Bhagavad Gita all 18 Chapters in Sanskrit by H.H Swami Brahmananda, Chinmaya Mission (Courtesy of Central Chinmaya Mission Trust) |url=https://www.gita-society.com/gitaaudio2011igssanskritgita.html |website=gita-society.com |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629130748/https://www.gita-society.com/gitaaudio2011igssanskritgita.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Bhagavad Gita: Chapter XVIII |url=https://hariharji.blogspot.com/2008/04/chapter-xviii-srimad-bhagwad-gita.html |website=hariharji.blogspot.com |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bhagavad Gita |publisher=International Society for Krishna Consciousness |pages=66–67 |url=https://www.bhagavad-gita-as-it-is.org/ |access-date=28 June 2019 }}</ref>
In this context [[Adi Sankara|Sankara]] in his Bhasya on the Bhagavad Gita explains that 'action' (way of works) is movement leading to bondage and 'inaction' (renunciation) leads to liberation. The remote expression – unwavering or unfaltering or unbroken concentration, should be related to resolve or ''dhrti''; the sense is that the functions of the mind and so forth, maintained through unfaltering resolve, are in fact maintained through concentration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita Bhasya of Sankaracarya|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|pages=578–580|url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/bhagavad-gita-bhashya-sankara/|quote=Bhagavad Gita Slokas XVIII.30-33}}</ref>

==Yogic relevance==

[[Patanjali]]’s [[Yoga Sutra]] II.28 reads:-

:योगाङगानुष्ठानादशुध्दिक्षये ज्ञानदीप्तिराविवेकख्यातेः |

:"From the consistent practice of the parts of the Yoga-process, on the elimination of the impurity, the radiant organ of perception becomes manifest, until there is a steady discriminative insight."

This means – as impurities are eliminated through the observance of the steps of [[yoga]], a gradual kindling of knowledge occurs up to the full illumination of discriminatory wisdom. Discriminatory wisdom as virtue is the cause of happiness, and both, Vyasa and Vijnanabhikshu in their commentaries list nine causes including as the ninth cause ''Dhrti'' here meaning sustenance; and agree that the ''yoga-angas'' eradicate the impurity in both tangible (''drshta'') and intangible (''adrshta'') ways i.e. the physical practices such as purification (''[[shaucha]]''), and through ''[[japa]]''. Elimination means disappearance of the veil on the ''sattva mind-field''. The body is the sustainer of the senses being their resort but the senses sustain the body by way of providing spiritual and material welfare. The gross elements are the sustainers of the body and also sustain each other; the diverse sub-human, human and celestial bodies are mutually the sustainers and the sustained. ''Dhrti'' also means patience, remaining true to duty ([[dharmas]] - religious duties, moral rights and duties) even in calamities, and perfection in maintaining wisdom.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yoga Sutras Of Patanjali|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=445, 450, 465, 675, 677|isbn=9788120818255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G3KR32j-T4C&q=dhrti&pg=PA677}}</ref>

==Vaishno relevance==

Verse II.vi.145 of ''Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu'' states – the steadiness of heart arising from attaining realization of the Lord, from absence of suffering in attaining the realization of the Lord, and from realizing ''prema'' with the Lord is called ''dhrti''; in this state there is no lamentation for things not attained or for things that have disappeared. ''Ksama'' ('tolerance') is included in ''dhrti-bhava''. The three types of ''rati'' ('relationship of love', 'attraction') are ''priti'' ('affection'), '' sakhya'' ('friendship') and ''vatsalya'', ''dhrti'' along with ''vitarka'' ('conjecture'), '' mati'' ('scriptural conclusion'), ''nirveda'' ('self-disgust'), ''smrti '' ('remembrance'), ''harsa'' ('joy'), and the type of ''bodha'' arising from destruction of ignorance become somewhat causes of ''rati''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu Part 1|publisher=David Bruce Hughes|page=279,293,295,317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuncDaOZSDkC&q=dhrti&pg=PA280}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}
{{Virtues}}

[[Category:Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]