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Panihati Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T07:09:28Z

Janandh:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panihati
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-w0|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Panihati.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Panihati Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ratna Debnath]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-2026-assembly-results-panihati-constituency-rg-kar-victim-mother-bjp-tmc-congress-cpi/article70937824.ece|title=R.G. Kar victim’s mother and BJP candidate Ratna Debnath wins from Panihati|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2026-05-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2026-05-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| constituency_no = 111
| established = 1967
| electors = 185,897
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
}}

'''Panihati Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 111 Panihati Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos.1 to 14, 16, 17 and 22 to 34 of [[Panihati]] municipality.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Panihati Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Tapan Chatterjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Tania Chakraborty
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nirmal Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Nirmal Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Ratna Debnath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
In the 2026 election, [[Ratna Debnath]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] defeated his nearest rival Tirthankar Ghosh of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panihati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ratna Debnath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87977}}
|percentage = 50.28
|change = {{increase}}15.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tirthankar Ghosh|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:59,141}}|percentage=33.8|change={{decrease}}15.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalatan Dasgupta|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:24032}}|percentage=13.73|change={{new}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subhashis Bhattacharya|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:1175}}|percentage=0.67|change={{decrease}}11.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:28836}}|percentage=16.47|change={{increase}}1.87}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:174984}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{increase}} 15.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panihati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nirmal Ghosh]]
|votes = 86,495
|percentage = 50.28
|change = {{Decrease}}8.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanmoy Banerjee|votes=61,318|percentage=35.65|change={{Increase}}33.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tapas Majumdar|votes=21,169|percentage=12.31|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box majority|votes=25,177|percentage=14.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=172,022|percentage=78.5|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Nirmal Ghosh of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ahibhusan Chakraborty of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Panihati constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=111| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507064737/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=111| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 7 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Panihati| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nirmal Ghosh]]|votes=88,334|percentage=58.34|change=+6.38#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ahibhusan Chakraborty|votes=56,902|percentage=37.58|change=-10.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kishor Kumar Shaw|votes=3,759|percentage=2.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya
|votes = 1,290
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhaskar Roy|votes=1,134|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=31,432|percentage=20.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=151,419|percentage=81.45|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 16.85#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Panihati assembly seat, defeating his nearest rival Nirmal Ghosh of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nirmal Ghosh representing Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> defeated Kamal Sengupta Basu of CPI(M), and representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> defeated Tania Chakraborty of CPI(M). Tania Chakraborty of CPI(M) defeated Nirmal Ghosh of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya of CPI(M) defeated Tapan Chattopadhyay of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Sanmatha Nath Ghosh of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp135.htm |title = 135 - Panihati Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1967–1972===
Tapan Chatterjee of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Krishna Bhattacharjee of CPI(M) won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the Panihati seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Subhavaartha

2026-05-07T21:16:45Z

Janandh: data

{{short description|1998 Indian Telugu-language film directed by P. N. Ramachandra Rao}}
{{No plot|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Subhavaartha.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]
| producer = M. Y. Maharshi (Telugu) [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] (Tamil)
| writer = P. N. Ramachandra Rao [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]] (Tamil dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]|[[Soundarya]]}}
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = M. Y. M. Creations (Telugu) Kalaipuli International (Tamil)
| released = {{Film date|1998|10|08|Telugu|1999|01|15|Tamil|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Subhavaartha''''' ({{Translation|Good news}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]], starring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Soundarya]]. The film was partially reshot in Tamil as '''''Mannavaru Chinnavaru''''' ({{translation|The younger one is a king}}) with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] replacing [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as well as different cast. The Tamil version, produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]], was released in 1999.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=25 January 1999 |title=Love and learn |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116082735/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=தாணு தயாரிப்பில் சிவாஜி கணேசன் நடித்த 'மன்னவரு சின்னவரு' படப்பிடிப்பின்போது நடந்த நிகழ்ச்சிகள் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/11225537/thaanu-cinema-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022075355/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/11225537/thaanu-cinema-history.html |archive-date=2013-10-22 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Telugu)
!Cast (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
|-
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Arjun Sarja]] || colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rajendra Prasad (Raja)
|-
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Soundarya]] || colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| Meghana
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| Rajashekar
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Kavya || style="text-align:center;"|[[Maheswari]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| Shweta
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Visu]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| Shanmugasundaram
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Siva Parvathi || style="text-align:center;"| [[K. R. Vijaya]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| Shanmugasundaram's wife
|-
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Srihari]] || colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| Siddaraju
|-
| colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] || colspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| Dharmaraju
|-
|}

;Telugu version
{{Cast listing|
* Velu
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* Master Aditya Paruchuri
* Master Surya Paruchuri
* Master Venkatesh Battula
* Master Phanindra Pagidi
* Master Manideep Lingala
}}
; Tamil version
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Minor Rajamani
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Sigaram
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Rajamani's cousin
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Village man

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. All lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhavaartha(1998) |url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627175249/http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3348 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=CineRadham.com}}</ref> The Tamil soundtrack is credited to composer Geethapriyan, who reused the original songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannavaru Chinnavaru |url=https://gaana.com/album/mannavaru-chinnavaru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304180031/https://gaana.com/album/mannavaru-chinnavaru |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Are Bapre
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Atcha Maina
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Jaabilamma
| note3 = duet
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Kulluku Baby
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title5 = Jaabilamma
| note5 = sad
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adi Paaduthe
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Kathi Vaitha
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Ranjani
| title3 = Konji Pesu
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| title4 = Vaannilave
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Ranjani
| title5 = Mannavaru
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Krishnaraj, Ranjani
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that the director should be congratulated for not showing any vulgar and unwanted scenes in this family story film which has a natural flow of good drama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=23 October 1998 |title=శుభవార్త |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/23-Oct-1998.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004829/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/23-Oct-1998.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9, 12 |language=te}}</ref> Reviewing the Tamil version, a critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted "though thespian Sivaji Ganesan and Soundarya shoulder the film, it is too late for the director to realise his mistakes. If some of the stunt and murder scenes are any indication, it seems the director has no basic knowledge about law and order".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviews / Cinema |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5A21EED636527D5365256941001E4B53?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214151059/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5A21EED636527D5365256941001E4B53?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Both Soundarya and Arjun simply mouth the fast paced dialogues, their expressions not doing full justice to the content".<ref name="H">{{Cite web |date=22 January 1999 |title=Film Review: Housefull/Mannavaru Chinnavaru/Rush Hour |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010505152621/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220223.htm |archive-date=5 May 2001 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=The Telugu portions like the dance sequences lack clarity.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{IMDb title|12458854|title=Mannavaru Chinnavaru}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 drama films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1999 drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Peeragarhi metro station

2026-05-05T15:46:31Z

Janandh: put up page

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Peeragarhi पीरागढ़ी
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Green|line2=Magenta}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Peeragarhi metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Main Rohtak Rd, Peeragarhi Village, Peera Garhi, West Delhi, Delhi, 110087
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|4|2|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 11,510 /day 356,796/ Month average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Green|left1=Udyog Nagar|right1=Paschim Vihar West
|header2=Future service|line2=Magenta|left2=Mangolpuri|to-left2=Ramakrishna Ashram Marg|right2=Paschim Vihar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Indigo Line Route}} {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Peeragarhi''' is a metro station on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] and is located at Peeragarhi in the [[West Delhi]] [[Districts of Delhi|district]] of [[Delhi]]. It is an elevated station and was inaugurated on 2 April 2010.<ref name="Green1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122515/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Metro's Green Line opened|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2010-04-02|access-date=2010-05-25}}</ref><ref name="Green2">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Delhi-Metro-to-add-fifth-line-tomorrow/articleshow/5751009.cms|title=Delhi Metro to add fifth line tomorrow|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2010-04-01|access-date=2010-05-25}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The station is named after the ''"Peeragarhi"'' village. The history of Peeragarhi (also referred to as Garhi Pira) is deeply rooted in the agrarian and defensive traditions of the Delhi-Haryana frontier. The name is a compound of the Hindi words ''"Garhi"'' (गढ़ी), meaning a "small fort" or "fortified enclosure," and ''"Peera"'' (पीरा), which likely refers to a local Muslim [[Pir (Sufism)|Peer]] or a prominent founding figure of the settlement.<ref name=pir6>"Garhi Pira (definition and history)". ''WisdomLib''. 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2026.</ref> The defensive nature of the settlement is reflected in its name, ''"Garhi"'' (''गढ़ी'') denoting a fortified residential enclosure commonly used by local agrarian clans for protection against raiding parties and regional skirmishes during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=pir14>"Garhi Pira (definition and history)". ''WisdomLib''. 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2026.</ref> The history of Peeragarhi is intrinsically linked to the broader military and social shifts of the Delhi-Haryana frontier, particularly during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. While not a primary theatre of combat like the [[Delhi Ridge]] or the [[Siege of Delhi]], the village was situated along the critical northwestern supply lines used by the [[Punjab Regiment (India)#History|Punjab Movable Column]] to transport siege trains and reinforcements to the British forces stationed at the Ridge.<ref name=pir8>Livingston, M. (2002). ''Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India''. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-56898-322-6.</ref><ref name=pir12>Laffont, J. M. (2000). ''The French & Delhi: Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana''. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-565053-2.</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], the area was incorporated into the revenue administration of the Delhi District under the Punjab Government, as documented in the colonial-era gazetteers.<ref name=pir7>''Gazetteer Of The Delhi District 1883-84''. Punjab Government. 1883. pp. 212–215.</ref> Demographically, Peeragarhi has historically been a Hindu [[Jat]]-dominated village, belonging to the agrarian belt of West Delhi that transitions into Haryana.<ref name=pir9>''Gazetteer Of The Delhi District 1883-84''. Punjab Government. 1883. pp. 212–215.</ref> In the colonial era, Jats were recorded as the primary landholding community (proprietors) in the Delhi District, controlling approximately 44.3% of the assessed land.<ref name=pir10>''Settlement Report of the Delhi District''. Punjab Government Press. 1910. pp. 15–18.</ref> This agrarian structure, characterized by the [[Khap]] system of social organization, persisted until the mid-20th century when the village's agricultural lands were acquired for urban expansion and industrial development.<ref name=pir11>Chandiok, K. et al. (2016). "Demographic insights into the Jat population". ''Journal of Human Sciences'', 13(2), 3112-3121.</ref> Today, the village retains its ethnic core of Hindu Jat and [[Brahmin]] families, alongside a significant population of Punjabi migrants who settled in the neighboring [[Paschim Vihar]] following the 1947 [[Partition of India]].

==Station layout==

{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Paschim Vihar West}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Udyog Nagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==

[[Cash machine|ATMs]] are available at Peeragarhi metro station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref>

==Transport interchange==

===Metro's Green and Magenta lines===

The existing Peeagarhi metro station on Green Line ([[Bahadurgarh]]-[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]] route along the [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]]) is set to be an interchange with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] (Indraprastha-[[Okhla Bird Sanctuary metro station|Okhla Bird Sanctuary]] route along the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]]) as a new station with the same name is currently being constructed. The existing Peeragarhi Metro station on Green line will be connected to the new Peeragarhi metro station on Magenta line via a {{cvt|140|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} footbridge for the passenger transfer. When ready by 2026, it will ease traffic woes and improve connectivity to northern and southern parts of Delhi, [[IGI Airport]], [[Noida International Airport]] and [[Noida]].<ref name=ke/>

===Peera Garhi Chowk long distance buses===

'''Peera Garhi Chowk''' is a major intersection of Outer Ring Road and NH-9 [[Rohtak]]-Hisar Road adjacent to the Peeragarhi metro station. The chowk lies in the [[Paschim Vihar]] area, and is a major transport hub on the NH-9 where long-distance buses between Delhi and western Haryana (Bahadurgarh, [[Rohtak]], [[Hansi]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]], [[Sirsa]] and [[Dabwali]]), western Punjab ([[Bathinda]], [[Abohar]] and [[Fazilka]]), and north Rajasthan ([[Nohar]], [[Bhadra]], [[Hanumangarh]], [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rawatsar]], and [[Suratgarh]]) are available 24x7 with to 10 minutes frequency. Once the under-construction [[Keshopur_metro_station|Keshopur]] and Peeragahri Magenta Line stations on Megenta line are completed, bus passengers can switch to Magenta Line for connection to [[IGI Airport]] T1.<ref name=ke>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/peeragarhi-metro-station-on-delhi-s-green-line-to-become-important-interchange-station-with-magenta-line-extension-boosting-connectivity-and-easing-commuting-for-residents-set-to-open-in-september-2025-101680459347166.html Peeragarhi set to emerge as key Metro interchange station in West Delhi], Hindustan Times, 3 Apr 2023.</ref>

==Attractions==

The Peragarhi village's religious and communal identity centers on the Prachin Sidh Baba Mandir and its associated water structures.<ref name=pr5/> Over the late 20th century, the expansion of the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]] and the rapid urbanization of the West Delhi corridor transformed Peeragarhi from a rural agricultural community into a major transit and commercial hub. Despite this modernization, the local community continues to preserve the oral traditions and "personal history" of the site, maintaining the baoli and temple as vestiges of the village's pre-colonial past.<ref name=pr5>Sharma, V. (2026). "The breathing villages of Delhi". ''The Times of India''. April 6, 2026.</ref>

* '''Prachin Sidh Baba Mandir''' temple complex: is a Hindu temple on the western flank of [[Outer Ring Road]] and 650m south of [[Peeragarhi metro station]], also has the following:

** '''Dada Sidh Maharaj pond''': a shallower, rectangular basin lined with broad stone slabs.<ref name=pr2/>

{{anchor| Baoli }}
** '''Peeragarhi Baoli''' is a historical subterranean [[stepwell]] located in Peeragarhi Village, Delhi, situated approximately 20–30 metres south-southwest of the Prachin Sidh Baba Mandir on the western side of the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]].<ref name=pr1>Laffont, J. M. (2000). ''The French & Delhi: Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana''. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-565053-2.</ref> The baoli consists of a deep, circular masonry well with a dedicated internal flight of stone steps designed to access the water table during fluctuating seasonal levels.<ref name=pr2>Livingston, M. (2002). ''Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India''. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-56898-322-6.</ref> Baoli was primarily utilized for potable water and specific Hindu ritual ablutions, with local tradition attributing therapeutic properties to its source.<ref name=pr3>Sarin, V. (2005). ''The Lost Monuments of Delhi''. Wisdom Tree. p. 112. ISBN 978-81-86685-61-7.</ref> Although the site has undergone modern modifications, including the installation of protective iron grates and cement plastering that partially obscure its original stonework, the underlying masonry aligns with the 18th or 19th-century vernacular water architecture prevalent in the Delhi-Haryana region.<ref name=pr4>"Inventory of Monuments and Sites of National Importance". ''Archaeological Survey of India''. Vol. I, Part 3. 2011.</ref> The Peeragarhi Baoli, constructed using local masonry techniques, reflects the 19th-century focus on hydraulic engineering to sustain semi-arid settlements.<ref name=pr5/> Despite its local religious significance, the structure remains an unlisted heritage site, lacking formal protection from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) or the Delhi Heritage Conservation Committee.

* '''Prachin Shiv Mandir''' and park: further west of ''Prachin Sidh Baba Mandir''.

== Present status==

* '''2023 April''': Under-construction [[Keshopur_metro_station|Keshopur]] and additional Peeragahri Meganta Line stations on Meganta line are completed by September 2025, bus passengers can switch to Magenta Line for connection to IGI Airport T1.<ref name=ke/>{{requires update inline|date=March 2026}}

==See also==

*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

Diocese of Eluru

2026-05-03T11:13:13Z

Janandh: Adding New Article Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Eluru
| latin = Dioecesis Eluruensis
| local = ఏలూరు డియోసెస్
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 6,880
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 7,867,781
| population_as_of = 2006
| catholics = 281,531
| catholics_percent = 3.6
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 9 December 1976
| cathedral = Amalodbhavi Cathedral in [[Eluru]]
| cocathedral =
| patron =
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop =
| bishop = Jaya Rao Polimera
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = Prakash Mallavarapu
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Diocese of Eluru''' comprises parts of [[Eluru district]], [[Konaseema district]], and [[West Godavari district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. This territory was formed from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayawada]] and was erected into a Diocese by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 9 December 1976.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|delur|Diocese of Eluru|21 January 2015}}</ref>

==Bishops==
*[[John Mulagada]] (5 May 1977 – 16 August 2009)
*[[Jaya Rao Polimera]] (25 July 2013–present)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Fr. Silvio Pasquali, PIME<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.7143|N|81.0849|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eluru}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]
[[Category:West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]

{{Asia-RC-diocese-stub}}

Ravi Prakash

2026-05-01T03:34:58Z

Janandh: put up new data

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{for|the politician|Ravi Prakash Verma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Prakash
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|12|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2000–present
| occupation = Actor
| nickname =
| parents =
| spouse =
}}

'''Ravi Prakash''' (born 4 December 1978) is an Indian actor who primarily appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ravi-Prakash/movies|title=Ravi Prakash Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Ravi Prakash - eTimes|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031013518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ravi-Prakash/movies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/ravi-prakash|title=Telugu Movie Actor Ravi Prakash|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206051606/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/ravi-prakash|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Ravi was born in [[Vijayawada]] and grew up in [[Visakhapatnam]], India. After completing his secondary education, he chose to pursue a career in medicine and studied for his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS degree]] in [[Russia]]. During his university holidays, Ravi returned to Visakhapatnam and often took part in modelling, while also attending the Satyanand Acting Institute alongside his friends.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news71.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=11 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311025102/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news71.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ravi-Prakash-tests-his-luck-with-Vaanam/articleshow/6706837.cms|title=Ravi Prakash tests his luck with Vaanam|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030061233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ravi-Prakash-tests-his-luck-with-Vaanam/articleshow/6706837.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was spotted by the film studio, [[Ushakiran Movies]], who offered him the chance to play the leading role in their production, ''Subhavela'' (2000). Credited in the film as Ravikanth, his first film opened to mixed reviews and went unnoticed at the box office, with a critic noting the "newcomers fail to impress".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/subhavela/telugu/subhavela-movie-reviews-179-2.html|title=Subhavela review: Subhavela (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com|website=movies.fullhyderabad.com|access-date=10 March 2013|archive-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205174903/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/subhavela/telugu/subhavela-movie-reviews-179-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The failure of the film prompted him to finish his degree and then train as a house surgeon, before he decided to concentrate on a career in the film industry. After his break, he was first offered the chance to portray a small role in ''[[Eeswar (2002 film)|Eeswar]]'' (2002), before developing a niche in portraying bigger supporting roles in films. Notably, he portrayed a police officer in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004) and [[Trivikram Srinivas]]'s ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67535.html|title=Telugu Cinema News - Telugu Movie Reviews - Telugu Movie Trailers|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=10 March 2013|archive-date=19 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419015625/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67535.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 2010s, he featured in more Tamil films and notably appeared as a pilot in the heist drama ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011), as a police officer in the anthology film ''[[Vaanam]]'' (2011), a villain in [[K. V. Anand]]'s action drama ''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012) and as the lead actor's supportive brother in Gautham Menon ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thrice-as-nice-for-Ravi-Prakash/articleshow/14673094.cms|title=Thrice as nice for Ravi Prakash|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030052634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thrice-as-nice-for-Ravi-Prakash/articleshow/14673094.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Telugu-actor-Ravi-Prakash-is-working-in-two-Tamil-filmsVaanam-and-Payanam-Its-been-eight-years-since-I-entered-the-industry-and-Im-happy-with-the-way-my-career-is-going-And-now-that-my-career-in-Tamil-cinema-has-also-taken-off-I-have-all-the-more-reason-to-be-happy-says-he-/articleshow/6712213.cms|title=Telugu actor Ravi Prakash is working in two Tamil films, Vaanam and Payanam."It's been eight years since I entered the industry and I'm happy with the way my career is going. And now that my career in Tamil cinema has also taken off, I have all the more reason to be happy," says he.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031004944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Telugu-actor-Ravi-Prakash-is-working-in-two-Tamil-filmsVaanam-and-Payanam-Its-been-eight-years-since-I-entered-the-industry-and-Im-happy-with-the-way-my-career-is-going-And-now-that-my-career-in-Tamil-cinema-has-also-taken-off-I-have-all-the-more-reason-to-be-happy-says-he-/articleshow/6712213.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Telugu ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2000
|''Subhavela''
| Surya
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Eeswar (2002 film)|Eeswar]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003
|''[[Seetayya]]''
| Srinivas Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Okariki Okaru]]''
|Shahrukh
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2004
|''[[Gharshana]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2005
|''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|
|
|-
|''123 from Amalapuram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Athadu]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| ''[[Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
|''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
| Sekhar's friend
|
|-
|''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''
| Mahesh
|
|-
|''[[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]]''
| Vamsi's brother
|
|-
|''[[Oka V Chitram]]''
| Supraja's husband
|
|-
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|Software Engineer
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
| ''[[Chandrahas (film)|Chandrahas]]'' || Sohail ||
|-
|''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2008
|''[[Aatadista]]''
| Jagan's elder brother
|
|-
| ''[[John Apparao 40 Plus]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Baladoor]]''
| Groom
|
|-
|''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''
| Karthik
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2009
|''[[Indumathi (film)|Indumathi]]''
|Investigating officer
|
|-
|''[[Fitting Master]]''
| Ashok
|
|-
| ''[[Malli Malli]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Naa Style Veru]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ganesh Just Ganesh]]''
| Prakash
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2010
|''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
| Shivaram
|
|-
|''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''
| Anand Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Vykuntapali]]''
| Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Panchakshari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manasara...]]''
| young Kutti
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|2011
|''[[Vykuntapali]]''
| Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Gaganam]]''
|Flight Captain Girish
|
|-
|''[[Seema Tapakai]]''
| Manoj
|
|-
|''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]''
| Hari
|
|-
|''[[Dookudu]]''
| Ravi Prakash IPS
|
|-
|''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2012
|''[[Rushi (film)|Rushi]]'' || Venkat || credited as Ravi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rushi/20120209.htm|title=Review: ''Rushi'' is a meaningful film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=9 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''
| Prabhu
|
|-
|''[[Julai]]''
| Dhanushkoti
|
|-
|''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]''
| Narasimha Naidu's brother
|
|-
|''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
| Pattabhi
|
|-
|''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]''
|Harish
|
|-
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarocharu]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
| Radha Krishna Simha
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| Siddhappa Naidu's son
|
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]''
| Ravi Chandar
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|2014
|''[[Love You Bangaram]]''
|Police officer
|
|-
|''[[Prathinidhi]]''
| ACP
|
|-
|''[[Rabhasa]]''
| Obul Reddy's brother
|
|-
|''[[Aagadu]]''
| Bharath's brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Rough (film)|Rough]]''
| Chandu's brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
| Baachi's brother
|
|-
| rowspan="9"|2015
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
| Kumaraswamy Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''
| Hari
|
|-
|''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]''
| Ravindra
|
|-
|''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]''
|Doctor
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|title=Where is Vidya Balan: Nothing to do with Vidya|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2015|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]''
| C.I.
|
|-
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| Dr. Ganesh
|
|-
|''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Kanche]]''
| Janardhan Sashtri
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016
|''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
| Inspector Rasool
|
|-
|''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]''
| Siva
|
|-
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
| Police Officer Dinesh Kumar

||
|-
|''[[Nirmala Convent]]''
| Bhupati Raja's younger brother
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2017
|''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]''
| Raju's friend
|
|-
|''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''
|Gandaraya
|
|-
|''[[Katamarayudu]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]''
|C.I. Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]''
|Ravi Prakash
|
|-
|''[[Babu Baga Busy]]''
|Uttej
|
|-
|''[[Jayadev (film)|Jayadev]]''
|Srihari
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jayadev/movie-review/59386105.cms|title=Jayadev Movie Review|date=30 June 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sridhar|last=Adivi|access-date=30 April 2026|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701215926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jayadev/movie-review/59386105.cms}}</ref>
|-
|''Kadhile Bommala Katha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Meda Meeda Abbayi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja The Great]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
|rowspan="13"|2018
|''[[Jai Simha]]''
| Shaam
|
|-
| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || Keerthi's father ||
|-
|''Anthaku Minchi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ammammagarillu]]''
| Santhosh's uncle
|
|-
|''Shambho Shankara''
|
|
|-
|''[[Neevevaro]]''
| Blind singer
|
|-
|''[[Goodachari]]''
| Vijay
|
|-
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
| Police Officer Ravi
|
|-
|''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
| Oosanna
|
|-
|''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]''
| Dr. Surya
|
|-
|''[[Taxiwaala]]''
| Shiva's brother
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
| Chidambaram
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2019
|''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu]]''
| [[D. Yoganand]]
|
|-
|''[[Majili]]''
| Coach Srinu
|
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]''
| Police Officer Sravan
|
|-
|''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]''
| PT Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Marshal (2019 film)|Marshal]]'' || Abhi's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]'' || Police Inspector||
|-
| ''[[Hulchul (2019 film)|Hulchul]]'' || ||
|-
|2020
|''[[Valayam (film)|Valayam]]''
|Police Inspector Raghuram
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Lakshya (2021 film)|''Lakshya'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Gamanam (2020 film)|''Gamanam'']]
|Police Officer Raghuram
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|[[Son of India (2021 film)|''Son of India'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]
| Sivudu
|
|-
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
|Assistant Manager Krishna Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
| Police SP
|
|-
|''[[Raajahyogam]]''
|Car owner
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]'' || NIA Officer Ravi ||
|-
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|SI Rangappa
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[The Family Star]]'' || Govardhan's brother || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/family-star-review-vijay-deverakonda-mrunal-thakur-s-family-drama-tests-your-patience-101712300576257.html|title=Family Star review: Vijay Deverakonda, Mrunal Thakur's family drama tests your patience|date=April 5, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Jithender Reddy]]''
|Gunman Gattaiah
|
|-
|''[[Laggam]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
|''[[Coffee with a Killer]]''
|Jagadeesh
|
|-
|[[Jack (2025 film)|''Jack'']]
|Manoj’s assistant
|
|-
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thank You Dear]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Trimukha]]''
| CI Satya
|
|-
|''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''
|Vishal Trivedi
|
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
|Asha Mary’s husband
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]''
|
|
|}

=== Tamil ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''Kadhalna Summa Illai'' || Police officer
|-
| ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]''
| Police Commissioner of Chennai
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''
|Flight Captain Girish
|-
|''[[Vaanam]]''
| Shivaram
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|''[[Maattrraan]]''
| Dinesh
|-
|''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]''
|Harish
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
| Coach Raja Singh
|-
|''[[Thalaivaa]]''
| Kesav
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]''
| Dharma
|-
|''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]''
| Srinivasan
|-
|2016
|''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]''
| School Chairman
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Mupparimanam]]''
| Anusha's uncle
|-
|''[[Veruli]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''
| Prabhakar
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Viswasam]]''
| Gautham Veer's personal assistant
|-
|''[[Kaappaan]]''
| Mahadev's assistant
|-
|2022
|''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]''
| Doctor Salim Rahman
|-
|2023
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|SI Rangappa
|-
|2025
|''Thiral''
|
|-
|}

=== Other languages ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
|2014
|''[[RajadhiRaja]]''
| Devilal Patel IPS
| [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2015
|''[[Gabbar is Back]]''
| Ravi
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
|2018
| ''[[Seizer]]''
| Police Officer Ravi
| [[Kannada]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]''
| Scindia King of Gwalior
| Hindi
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Chadarangam (web series)|Chadarangam]]''
|Bapineedu
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title='Chadarangam' review: Zee5 series is yet another misfire inspired by NTR's life|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chadarangam-review-zee5-series-yet-another-misfire-inspired-ntrs-life-118887|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=Chadarangam: A New Web Series from Zee5 to go Live From 20th February|url=https://clickitornot.com/chadarangam-streaming-on-zee5/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=ClickItorNot|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]''
|Mahendra
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=July 15, 2021 |title=Amala Paul shares Kudi Yedamaithe trailer. Web series to release on July 16|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/amala-paul-shares-kudi-yedamaithe-trailer-web-series-to-release-on-july-16-1828565-2021-07-15|access-date=2021-07-16|magazine=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[9 Hours]]''
|Shivaji
| rowspan="2" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='9 Hours' trailer shows up the violent side of robberies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/9-hours-trailer-shows-up-the-violent-side-of-robberies/articleshow/91746269.cms |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Kobali]]''
|Srinu
|
|-
|[[Mayasabha (TV series)|''Mayasabha'']]
|Valluri Chalapathi Rao
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3046678}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Ravi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Kirtana Kumar

2026-04-27T14:53:20Z

Janandh: new first bio w/ refs

{{short description|Indian actor and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kirtana Kumar कीर्तन कुमार
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|03|08}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| occupation = Theatre Artist, Theatre Trainer and [[Film Maker]]
| spouse = Konarak Reddy <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/weve-worked-together-forever/article3204817.ece|title='We've worked together forever'|date=19 December 2006|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
}}

'''Kirtana Kumar''' (born 8 March 1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/errorpage/|title=Page not found News|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> is an Indian actor, director, and film-maker based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. She writes on theatre and film and has been published in various national papers and magazines. She has a master's degree in European Classics and American Literature. She has received several major awards and fellowships including from the ''McArthur Foundation'' and [[India Foundation for the Arts]] for her contribution to ''theatre'' & film. She was educated at [[Sophia High School]], Bangalore. She is a trustee of Women Artists' Group, runs the year long Theatre Lab for children and is the co-owner of Infinite Souls Farm, a rural artists residency in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bpersonal.bkhush.com/dev/content/amazing-woman-kirtana-kumar|title=Amazing woman- Kirtana Kumar - B'Personal|website=bpersonal.bkhush.com}}</ref>

==Life in Theatre==
Kirtana Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Chinwag-with-Kirtana-Kumar/articleshow/40425188.cms|title=Chinwag with...Kirtana Kumar|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> trained and performed for six years as an actor with The Asian-American Theatre Project at "The Los Angeles Theatre Centre"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelatc.org/|title=The Los Angeles Theatre Center - The LATC|website=The Los Angeles Theatre Center - The LATC}}</ref> She is trained in Suzuki Theatre & Butoh, thang-ta, kalari payattu and voice technique. She continues to study with and train other artists.

Over the years, her work has included lead roles in plays such as "Agnes of God", "Gati & Bhagawadajukam" at Questor's Theatre, London, the world premiere of Bill C. Davis’ "Spine" at the Cast Theatre, Los Angeles, "Shakuntala" at Trestle Theatre, St. Alban's and a stage adaptation of Sri Aurobindo's Savitri called "In the Hour of God". Her production of Genet's classic "The Maids" played at several festivals including the [[Ranga Shankara]] Festival and Bahuroopi Festival at [[Rangayana]]. Her solo work includes Dario Fo "Medea" & "Orgasmo Adulto" and "Unruly Women – Or Shakespeare's Chicks", a lec-dem devised by her based on women characters in the plays of Shakespeare. She received a New Performance Grant from India Foundation for the Arts for her path-breaking promenade play "The Wedding Party" which received much critical acclaim. Subsequently, she directed Eugène Ionesco's "The Bald Soprano" and most recently, directed and performed in Dario Fo's "Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/bold-vignettes/article4081237.ece|title=Bold vignettes|first=Sravasti|last=Datta|date=9 November 2012|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> for Jagriti Theatre. She is currently directing [[Steven Berkoff]]'s "The Secret Love Life of Ophelia" for the Bangalore stage and is reviving "The Wedding Party" as both a promenade and [[proscenium]] performance.

For the past 4 years she has been engaged in an Indo-German<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.germany-and-india.com/wap/eventsdetail.php?postId=509 |title=Boy with a Suitcase |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105454/http://www.germany-and-india.com/wap/eventsdetail.php?postId=509 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> collaboration between Ranga Shankara and Schnawwl, Mannheim. In 2011, she choreographed the Schnawwl production of the Ramayana called ''Das Lied von Rama''. She is the dramaturg and assistant director of the internationally acclaimed "Boy with a Suitcase" which most recently played at Augen Blick Mal in Berlin 2013. After Berlin, Kirtana conducted a workshop on Illusion and Reality in Theatre for the actor's ensemble at Munster Stadt-Theatre.

In 1999, she was a facilitator for the ''Royal National Theatre'' Youth Project – Project Nadia. In September 2001 she was commissioned by Common Ground Sign Dance Theatre Company, Liverpool to write and direct a new piece for them. This resulted in a work titled ''Karma Café.'' The play premiered in Manchester. She facilitated the Common Ground performance and workshop tour of India and made an experimental film called "Once Upon a Warm September" on the Common Ground tour of South Canara. In 2004 she directed Picasso's "Four Little Girls" as an experiment with words and paint.

In order to work laterally and politically with theatre, Kirtana has been facilitating theatre projects on gender and sexuality for the non-governmental sector. Some of the organizations she has consulted with include ISST, Sakshi, Ifsha, Hengsara Hakkina Sangha, National Law School [[Autonomous law schools in India]], World Vision and United Theological College. One of these workshops was the genesis for the play ''My Children who should be running thru Vast Open Spaces...'' which was subsequently turned into a documentary film for Madhyam. In 2006 she was a consultant to Path India on a Magnet Theatre/ HIV/AIDS <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Kirtana-Kumars-sojourn-to-Imphal/movie-review/29299584.cms |title=theatre: Kirtana Kumar's sojourn to Imphal | Kannada Movie News |work=The Times of India |date=2014-01-24 |accessdate=2018-05-05}}</ref> risk reduction project in four states. In 2009 she was Director of Ancillary Programs at the Ranga Shankara's Children's Theatre Festival.

==Filmography==
===As a film director===
*1993: ''My Children Who should be Running Through Vast Open Spaces'' - Kirtana directed ''My Children Who should be Running Through Vast Open Spaces'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/no-full-stops/article2243181.ece|title=No full stops|date=3 April 2007|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> a documentary film on [[child sexual abuse]].
*1997: ''Guhya'' - she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship to make a film on Feminine Sexual Symbols and Rituals in four states in India. This film, "Guhya", was awarded the First Prize (Long Documentary Category) in the New Delhi Video Forum organized by NISCORT. ''Guhya'' opened the Nottam traveling documentary film festival on 20 April 2001 in Trivandrum. It was chosen as part of the women's retrospective "First Story" in Portugal. It was awarded a citation at the Vatican City, Rome in 2002. It was screened at Film South Asia '01, [[Kathmandu]] and at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaifilmfest.org/|title=Welcome mumbaifilmfest.org - BlueHost.com|website=www.mumbaifilmfest.org|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005084219/http://www.mumbaifilmfest.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> February 2002.
*2001: The Simputer Project - After ''Guhya'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/27/stories/1327061a.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150313091528/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/27/stories/1327061a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-03-13|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-05-27|title=Initiating debate}}</ref> Kirtana directed ''The Simputer Project'' - a film about technology and development. It is inspired by the idea of free software and the [[Open Source Initiative]]. It has most recently been screened for a Think Tank of scientists at the Media Lab in [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), Boston. Subsequently, she made ''The Simputer Project II'' on using the Simputer in tribal communities in [[Chhattisgarh]].
*2000: Once upon a warm September... - Kirtana made a 5-minute silent short called "Once upon a warm September..." It was made while working with Liverpool-based Common Ground Sign-Dance Theatre Company, a company of deaf and hearing actors. It was screened at the Kathmandu Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kimff.org/|title=Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival (KIMFF)|website=kimff.org}}</ref> and has toured as part of the Dus Goongi Film in package.
*2005: Namma Cinema Talkies, Chandri - For the University of California, San Francisco & Samuha, Kirtana made two films, one a process document on Adolescent Health & Livelihoods called ''Namma Cinema Talkies'' and the second, a slice-of-life film, on a young Lambani girl called ''Chandri''. ''Chandri'' was screened in San Francisco and both films traveled to the ''Feminale'' International Women's Film Festival in Cologne, Germany.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} ''Chandri'' was selected to be screened at the One Billion Eyes Festival in Chennai.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaifa.org/programmes/project560/project-560-found-spaces-initiative.html|title=Project 560 2017 Onwards - India Foundation for the Arts|website=www.indiaifa.org|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610091337/http://www.indiaifa.org/programmes/project560/project-560-found-spaces-initiative.html|url-status=dead}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kirtana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]

Aay (film)

2026-04-25T19:53:42Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Anji K Maniputhra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Aay
| image = Aay Telugu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anji K. Maniputhra
| screenplay =
| writer = Anji K. Maniputhra
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Bunny Vas]]
* Vidya Koppineedi
* Riyaz Chowdary
* Bhanu Pratapa
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Narne Nithin
* [[Nayan Sarika]]
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]]
* [[Ankith Koyya]]
}}
| cinematography = Sameer Kalyani
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| music = '''Score:''' Ajaya Arasada''' Songs:''' [[Ram Miriyala]] Ajaya Arasada
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind)|GA2 Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|16}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹16.50 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=AAY Movie Total WW Collections Report!!
|url=https://t2blive.com/aay-movie-total-ww-collections-report/ |website=T2BLive.com |language=en |date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Aay''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Anji K. Maniputhra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-08-11 |title='AAY' is a film rooted in Godavari culture: Narne Nithiin |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/aay-is-a-film-rooted-in-godavari-culture-narne-nithiin-898676 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913031459/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/aay-is-a-film-rooted-in-godavari-culture-narne-nithiin-898676 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features Narne Nithin, [[Nayan Sarika]], [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] and [[Ankith Koyya]] in important roles. ''Aay'' was released on 16 August 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title='Aay' opts for paid premieres on August 15th |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/aay-opts-for-paid-premieres-on-august-15th |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075141/https://telugucinema.com/news/aay-opts-for-paid-premieres-on-august-15th |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Karthik, a software engineer from Hyderabad, harbours resentment towards his father, Burayya, due to their strained relationship and financial struggles. Burayya, who is often ill and dependent on handouts, is blamed by Karthik for preventing him from securing a college seat in the past. This situation led Karthik to leave his hometown, and over time, he became estranged from his childhood friends, Subbu and Hari, despite their continued affection for him. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Karthik returns to his village to work remotely, where he begins reconnecting with his friends, though his relationship with Burayya remains distant.

While in the village, Karthik falls in love with Pallavi, a college student and the daughter of Durga, a local politician. Pallavi, who belongs to a different caste, initially rejects Subbu's long-time one-sided affection and starts a relationship with Karthik, to which Subbu finally agrees. However, fearing her father's disapproval due to caste differences, Pallavi accepts an arranged marriage proposal and urges Karthik to remain friends, asking him to respect her decision. Karthik is confused by her behaviour, especially when she invites him to help with her wedding preparations.

Subbu and Hari, determined to help Karthik and Pallavi, decide to kill Durga to eliminate the caste obstacle. Their multiple attempts fail comically, and Pallavi soon learns of their plan. Karthik confronts her and learns that Pallavi is struggling with depression over their situation, feeling that their love cannot overcome the caste divide. Despite this, she has tried to maintain a cheerful façade to avoid suspicion and to spend more time with Karthik. Their interaction is interrupted when her uncle, Bose, catches them together. Karthik pleads with Bose not to harm him publicly, promising to respect Pallavi’s decision and stay away from her. Bose lets him go, and the wedding preparations continue.

On the wedding day, Karthik vents his frustrations to Burayya, blaming him for their financial troubles and wishing they were as wealthy as Durga to have a chance at marrying Pallavi. Burayya, in an emotional moment, goes to Durga and requests his approval for Karthik and Pallavi’s marriage. Burayya tearfully explains that this might be his only opportunity to offer something to Karthik, having denied him many wishes in the past. Upon hearing of Burayya’s unexpected request, Karthik, Subbu, and Hari rush to the wedding hall, worried for Burayya’s safety. To their surprise, Durga fully supports Karthik and Pallavi's marriage and cancels the wedding, announcing that they will marry at a later date.

Pallavi is initially concerned that Durga’s approval is part of a scheme to harm Karthik, but Durga reassures her that he genuinely supports their union. Meanwhile, the trio discovers from an elderly man that Durga and Burayya were once close friends, and that Burayya once secretly helped him during a financial crisis, refusing repayment and choosing to preserve their friendship over their caste differences. Burayya’s selflessness, including his refusal to use the money he gave Durga to secure Karthik’s college seat, helps Karthik understand his father's actions. In the end, Karthik gains a newfound admiration for Burayya, Subbu and Hari, and the film closes with the celebration of Karthik and Pallavi’s marriage, surrounded by their families and loved ones.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Narne Nithin as Karthik
* [[Nayan Sarika]] as 'Funk' Pallavi
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] as Subhash (Subbu)
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Hari
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Burayya
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Durga
* Krishna Chaitanya
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Manager Kishore
* Surabhi Prabhavathi
* Sri Vani Tripuraneni
* Srinivas Vadlamani
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aay
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ram Miriyala]] and Ajay Arasada
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = Ram Miriyala
}}

The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] is composed by [[Ram Miriyala]] and Ajay Arasada, while the [[background score]] is composed by Ajay Arasada. The first single "Sufiyana" was released on 20 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-20 |title=Sufiyana from Aay out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/20/sufiyana-from-aay-out |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075138/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/20/sufiyana-from-aay-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sufiyana
| length1 = 4:03
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| music1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| extra1 = Ram Miriyala, Sameera Bharadwaj, Ramya Shree
| title2 = Ranganayaki
| length2 = 4:10
| lyrics2 = Suresh Banisetti
| music2 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title3 = Amma Laalo Ram Bhajana
| length3 = 3:36
| lyrics3 = Anji K Maniputhra
| music3 = Ajay Arasada
| extra3 = [[Penchal Das]]
| title4 = Entha Andhamo
| length4 = 3:30
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| music4 = Ajay Arasada
| extra4 = [[Mangli]]
}}

==Release==
''Aay'' was initially scheduled release on 15 August 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Narne Nithiin's Film Aay To Release On August 15 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/narne-nithiins-film-aay-to-release-on-august-15-article-111283230 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913031459/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/narne-nithiins-film-aay-to-release-on-august-15-article-111283230 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-25 |title=Narne Nithiin-starrer Aay gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/25/narne-nithiin-starrer-aay-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625100733/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/25/narne-nithiin-starrer-aay-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> thus having a three-way clash with ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' and ''[[Double iSmart]]'', which were released on the same day. To avoid the clash, the film was rescheduled to release on 16 August 2024.<ref name=":0" /> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] and was premiered on 12 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Aay Is Streaming on OTT: Narne Nithiin's Film Can Be Watched Online On This OTT Platform |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/aay-is-streaming-on-ott-narne-nithiins-film-can-be-watched-online-on-this-ott-platform-article-113299562 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aay locks its OTT platform: Where to watch the Narne Nithin film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aay-locks-its-ott-platform-where-to-watch-the-narne-nithin-film/158b7175ab169 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Appreciating the Anji K. Maniputhra's work, and the performance of Rajkumar Kasireddy and [[Ankith Koyya]], Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "An enjoyable, lighthearted social drama from the Godavari region".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-08-16 |title='Aay' movie review: An enjoyable, lighthearted social drama from the Godavari region |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aay-movie-review-an-enjoyable-lighthearted-social-drama-from-the-godavari-region/article68531522.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' echoed the same, calling it "worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-08-15 |title=Movie review: "AAY" is a light-hearted entertainer with a twist |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-aay-is-a-light-hearted-entertainer-with-a-twist |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820060102/https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-aay-is-a-light-hearted-entertainer-with-a-twist |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28359277|title=Aay}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]

Amarkkalam

2026-04-25T16:34:43Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|1999 film directed by Saran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Amarkkalam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| writer = Saran
| producer = V. Satya Narayana V. Sudhir Kumar V. Sumanth Kumar
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| studio = Venkateswaralayam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|8|15}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Amarkkalam''''' ({{audio|Ta-அமர்க்களம்.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|First class}})<ref name="rediff2000">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=10 February 2000 |title='The only thing I wanted to do was direct films' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/10saran.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422005314/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/10saran.htm |archive-date=22 April 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] written and directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] in the lead roles, with [[Raghuvaran]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] in supporting roles.

''Amarkkalam'' was Ajith's 25th film. The film released on 15 August 1999 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 May 2002 |title=The age of rage |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704161455/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' and in Telugu as ''[[Leela Mahal Centre]]''.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2023}}
Vasu is a ruthless hooligan who lives in a cinema theatre owned by Aarumugam. He had a tortured childhood and wastes his days by drinking, fighting, and sleeping. When Vasu's friend, Thilak, loses a reel of the [[Rajinikanth]] starrer ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992) to Mohana, Vasu and Mohana clash when he attempts to retrieve the reel. Mohana's family is members of the police, headed by Birla Bose, Mohana's father. At this point, Tulasi Das, an ex-mafia dada who spent many years in jail because of Bose, comes to the theatre. He dislikes Bose and hires Vasu to kidnap Mohana. When Mohana mocks Vasu for preventing her from singing, Vasu sings out his pain, and Mohana falls in love with him.

When Tulasi realizes that Mohana loves Vasu, he hires Vasu to pretend to love her. At first, it is just a pretense, but then he too begins to love her. Tulasi visits Bose to inform him of his daughter's love for a gangster and realises that Mohana is indeed his daughter. A flashback shows the parted friendship between the two men, and Ganga, Tulasi's wife, abandoning him and their child when she discovers that her husband is a don. Knowing that Mohana is his daughter, Tulasi instructs Vasu to give up his love. When Vasu refuses, Tulasi visits Mohana and tells her about his ploy and that Vasu's love for her was fake. Mohana confronts Vasu and breaks off their relationship. Vasu, after a tense argument with Tulasi, tries to convince Mohana that even though it started as fake, what he feels for her now is genuine. However, she fails to understand. Heartbroken, Vasu joins Aasai's gang. In the meantime, Mohana meets Singampuli and hears about Vasu's childhood trauma and feels bad for him. Eventually, Vasu proves to Mohana that his love is sincere and unites with her after a clash between the cops, Tulasi, and Aasai's gang.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Vasu
* [[Shalini (actress, born 1979)|Shalini]] as Mohana
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Tulasi Das
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Commissioner Birla Bose
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Aarumugam
* [[Charle]] as Joe Thomas
* [[Dhamu]] as Thilak
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Mani
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Singampuli
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as "Aasai" Raj
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Kutty
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Kasi
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as DCP Ranjith Bose
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Sharadha
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Ganga
* [[Manish Borundia]] as Kishen
* Master Goutham as young Vasu
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The producers of the [[Saran (director)|Saran]] directorial ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'' (1998), Venkateswaralayam had lost a lot of money on that film so its star [[Ajith Kumar]] insisted on doing another film for the studio. The film began production without a script but only the title ''Amarkkalam'' being revealed. Saran initially came up with a script revolving around a gangster who loses his eyesight and makes many enemies; however he changed the script when his friends told him that several films on a similar subject were made at that time. He built a story around a setup of "a father meets his daughter without she releasing that he was her dad" based on a film he had seen and made this script completely into "a hero-centric film".<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=13 August 2019 |title=20 years of Ajith's Amarkkalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-ajiths-amarkkalam/photostory/70659513.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815081101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-ajiths-amarkkalam/photostory/70659513.cms?picid=70659515 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Jyothika]] was the first choice for the lead actress but could not accept it due to scheduling conflicts.<ref name="toi" /> Saran approached [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], who was studying at the time, and she refused, but after a three-month pursuit, he finally got her to sign on as well.<ref name="rediff2000" /> Saran wanted Shalini because he found her "eyes to be arresting" and she gained the "image of 'everybody's adorable daughter' after ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''", which he felt would be right for this role.<ref name="toi" /> The role of Tulasi Das was initially offered to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] who accepted before later pulling out of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=30 April 1998 |title=And AB too |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/apr/30ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026014309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/apr/30ss.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Raghuvaran]] was Saran's next choice for the role who agreed because Saran felt "he'd understand this complex character, who wasn't a violent one or routine villain character. Also, I was particular that no one should be able to guess the film's turning point".<ref name="toi" /> [[Raghava Lawrence]] made his debut as a lead dancer in Tamil cinema through the song "Kaalam Kalikalam".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raghava-lawrence-reminisces-how-his-career-started-with-a-ganapathi-song-from-ajiths-film/articleshow/77688851.cms|title=Raghava Lawrence reminisces how his career started with a Ganapathi song from Ajith’s film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Uh6Zj|archive-date=25 April 2026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film began production in January 1999 during the same time when Ajith was already attending shooting schedules for ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'', and during the production of the film, Ajith and Shalini fell in love and eventually got married in April 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=15 September 2006 |title=From a child artiste to badminton player |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304152603/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=15 September 1999 |title=Pyar to hona hi tha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090458/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> For the lead protagonist's staying place, Saran decided to use a film theatre as a backdrop; he found Srinivasa Theatre after looking at its infrastructure.<ref name="toi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarkalam (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/amarkalam-songs-T0000006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508053403/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/amarkalam-songs-T0000006 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> Shalini sang a song in the film, with Saran recommending her after he had heard her humming to a tune.<ref name="toi" /> Saran did not want the song "Satham Illamal" to be cinematic; for that he created a sad past of Ajith's character to justify the presence of the song in the film. The song's lyrics were based on a poem written by Vairamuthu where every line ended with the word "vendum" (I want). Bharadwaj suggested that instead of "vendum", the word should be "kaetaen" (I asked), so that the song would convey that the hero asked for everything, but ultimately did not get any, including death. Singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] performed this song in a breathless manner.<ref name="toi" />

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:19
| title1 = Kaalam Kalikalam
| extra1 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Sontha Kuralil Paada
| extra2 = [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Satham Illatha
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 4:19
| title4 = Unnodu Vaazha
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Megangal Ennai Thottu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 5:44
| title6 = En Seidhaayo
| extra6 = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| length6 = 2:19
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Amarkkalam'' was released on 15 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarkalam / அமர்க்களம் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/amarkalam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118113836/https://screen4screen.com/movies/amarkalam |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A STORY of love and vendetta has been given glossy touches and interesting twists by director Saran (the screenplay, dialogue and story are also his) in Venkateswaralayam's ''Amarkallam'', making it worth the money".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Kannodu Kaanbathellam/Amarkallam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604215940/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the director created huge expectations, love element which was barely touched became a main focal point in second half, what could have been a first class film became an average film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=29 August 1999 |title=அமர்க்களம் |url=https://ibb.co/NsxN2Tr |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508051917/https://ibb.co/NsxN2Tr |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=84 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film went on to become a large success, extending Ajith Kumar's success after his previous film ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=14 June 2000 |title=Of debut directors and second offerings |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129003006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Nilufer |title=Meet the Southern sensation Ajith |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164915/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Ajith went on to purchase Saran a car as a token of gratitude for the success.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aarkay |last2=Rajitha |date=11 August 2000 |title=The dancing brush |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/11ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026082320/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/11ss.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
In 2000, ''Amarkkalam'' was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Adbhutam'' by V. Satya Narayana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=8 December 1999 |title=More success for Ajit |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/08spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026090450/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/08spice.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It was later remade in Kannada as ''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' (2001), with Raghuvaran reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2000 |title=Aasura Movie Review |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2020-aasura-movie-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003014650/https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2020-aasura-movie-review.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> Despite the release of dubbed Telugu version there was a 2004 remake version in the same language titled ''[[Leela Mahal Centre]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review – Leela Mahal Center |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-leelamahalcenter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129064927/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-leelamahalcenter.html |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A [[Hindi]] remake starring [[Vivek Oberoi]] was planned by Saran but later dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=28 May 2002 |title=Mean Street mogul |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800060200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719155221/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800060200.htm |archive-date=19 July 2004}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
A digitally restored version of ''Amarkkalam'' was released on 16 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2014 |title=Ajith's Amarkalam to release again |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ajiths-Amarkalam-to-release-again/articleshow/33736963.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ajiths-Amarkalam-to-release-again/articleshow/33736963.cms |archive-date=3 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2014 |title=Yet another Thala treat on May 16? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yet-another-thala-treat-on-may-16/articleshow/34879179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508055448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yet-another-thala-treat-on-may-16/articleshow/34879179.cms |archive-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Saran (director)}}

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

[[Category:1990s romantic action films]]
[[Category:1999 action films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saran (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
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Manish Maheshwari

2026-04-24T17:38:40Z

Janandh: created some entry nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Entrepreneur}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manish Maheshwari
| image = Manish Maheshwari.jpg
| alt = Head and shoulder photo of Manish Maheshwari in blue collared t-shirt
| caption = Maheshwari in 2023
| native_name = मनीष माहेश्वरी
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Tatanagar, India
| alma_mater = ([[BCom|B.com hons]]) [[Shri Ram College of Commerce|SRCC]], [[Delhi University]]; ([[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]]) [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]]; ([[Master of Public Administration|M.P.A]]) [[Harvard Kennedy School]], [[Harvard University]]
| occupation = Mason Fellow, [[Harvard Kennedy School]] Co-Founder, Fanory.ai Former Head of [[Twitter|Twitter India]] Former CEO-Digital of [[Network18]]
| module =
}}

'''Manish Maheshwari''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] technology executive, [[entrepreneur]], and investor. He is a Mason Fellow from [[Harvard University]], with a focus on Artificial Intelligence ([[Artificial intelligence|AI]]).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=AI entrepreneur Manish Maheshwari bags Mason Fellowship at Harvard |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/ai-entrepreneur-manish-maheshwari-bags-mason-fellowship-at-harvard-3031206 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Mumbai |date=2024-05-21 |title=Harvard selects former Twitter India head Manish Maheshwari for Mason Fellowship |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/harvard-selects-former-twitter-india-head-manish-maheshwari-for-mason-fellowship/article68197248.ece |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEducation.com |title="From India to the World": Nita Ambani Headlines India Conference at Harvard, ETEducation |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/from-india-to-the-world-nita-ambani-headlines-india-conference-at-harvard/116593513 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

He earlier co-founded Fanory, an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]-enabled "[[Shopify]] for creators".<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Lohchab |first=Himanshi |date=2023-11-29 |title=AI startup for creators Fanory offers guaranteed hourly monetisation rates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ai-startup-for-creators-fanory-offers-guaranteed-hourly-monetisation-rates/articleshow/105599834.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Fanory was acquired by JetSynthesys.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Ahaskar |first=Abhijit |date=2023-01-24 |title=JetSynthesys acquires former Twitter India head's creator monetization platform |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jetsynthesys-acquires-former-twitter-india-head-s-creator-monetization-platform-11674560963434.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Mint}}</ref> It had received a majority investment from JetSynthesis and backed by the family offices of cricketing legend, [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Serum Institute of India|Serum Institute]]'s [[Adar Poonawalla]] and [[Infosys]] co-founder, [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=JetSynthesys acquires majority stake in Fanory - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/jetsynthesys-acquires-majority-stake-in-fanory/97343300 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |author=Sindhu Hariharan |date=Jan 25, 2023 |title=JetSynthesys acquires majority stake in Fanory - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jetsynthesys-acquires-majority-stake-in-fanory/articleshow/97316598.cms |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Jetsynthesys acquires majority stake in Fanory, hires former Twitter India head Manish Maheshwari |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/jetsynthesys-acquires-majority-stake-in-fanory-hires-former-twitter-india-head-manish-maheshwari/articleshow/97280554.cms |access-date=2023-01-25}}</ref>

Prior to Fanory, Maheshwari was the head of [[Twitter]] India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Anumeha |title=Twitter India: Twitter appoints Manish Maheshwari as new India MD |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/twitter-appoints-manish-maheshwari-as-india-md/articleshow/68986433.cms |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Prior to Twitter, he was the CEO of [[Network18 Group|Network18 Digital]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalan |first=Trisha |date=2019-04-22 |title=Network18 Digital CEO Manish Maheshwari joins Twitter India as MD |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/04/223-twitter-manish-maheshwari/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also worked with [[Intuit]], [[Flipkart]], [[Procter & Gamble]], and [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=Former Twitter India head Manish Maheshwari quits co to join education venture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/former-twitter-india-head-manish-maheshwari-quits-co-to-join-education-venture-7673926/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Maheshwari was elected to serve on the Governing Council of the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India|Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI)]]. He additionally served on the Executive Council as a Treasurer, a role of significant national responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JetSynthesys acquires majority stake in Fanory - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/jetsynthesys-acquires-majority-stake-in-fanory-124969.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=January 24, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

After earning an MBA with honors from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], supported by a Ford Research Fellowship, Maheshwari briefly worked as a consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], where he advised the Government of India on higher education system reforms.

Maheshwari is a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker, a [[Mensa International|MENSA]] member, and a [[Professional Association of Diving Instructors|PADI]]-certified diver.<ref>{{Citation |last=Maheshwari |first=Manish Maheshwari, Priya |title=Taking the Path Less Travelled |date=2020-06-01 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/manish_maheshwari_priya_maheshwari_taking_the_path_less_travelled |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Maheshwari went to [[Shri Ram College of Commerce|Shri Ram College Commerce]] at the [[University of Delhi]] for undergraduate education. There, he served as editor for the college magazine. He won the student body elections and served as the president of the History & Political Science Society. He has also won the Principal Madan Mohan Medal.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=India versus Twitter: The man at the center of the controversy |url=https://qz.com/india/2027340/from-indian-map-to-fir-twitters-manish-maheshwari-is-under-fire/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] at the University of Pennsylvania accepted him into the two-year full-time MBA program. There he was elected co-president of the Asia Club, one of the largest student-run clubs on campus. During the summer break, he volunteered in [[East Timor]] under the Wharton International Volunteer Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Maheshwari: All about the Twitter India chief |url=https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/from-a-small-town-in-western-india-to-heading-twitter-india-manish-maheshwari-052552397.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=sg.finance.yahoo.com |date=June 29, 2021 |language=en-SG}}</ref> He graduated with honours while also winning the Shils-Zeidman Award, the highest award for entrepreneurship at Wharton.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |author=Aishwarya Paliwal Nolan Pinto |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Twitter vs Centre: Who is Manish Maheshwari and why he is in the news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/twitter-vs-centre-who-is-manish-maheshwari-and-why-he-is-in-the-news-1820873-2021-06-29 |access-date=2022-03-01 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

Maheshwari began his career with [[Procter & Gamble|Procter & Gamble (P&G)]] in Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Network18 Digital CEO Manish Maheshwari moves to Twitter India as MD |url=https://www.afaqs.com/people-spotting/395_former-network18-digital-ceo-manish-maheshwari-moves-to-twitter-india-as-md |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=afaqs!|date=April 25, 2019 }}</ref> where he worked on the business of [[Vicks]] brand.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Network 18 ropes in Flipkart's Manish Maheshwari as CEO Web 18 - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/network-18-ropes-in-flipkarts-manish-maheshwari-as-ceo-web-18-63866.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

After earning MBA at Wharton, he started at [[McKinsey & Company]] in New York, where he advised Fortune 500 companies on new market entry and growth strategies for emerging markets.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He then moved to the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] to join [[Intuit]], a consumer software company headquartered in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], California.<ref name=":3" /> There he worked with Intuit's founder, [[Scott Cook]] and Intuit engineers, Manish Shah and Clinton Nielsen to explore a text-based mobile platform for information and news. In 2011, he, along with [[Scott Cook]], Manish Shah and Clinton Nielsen, co-founded txtWeb, an app development platform for which they hold a patent issued by [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent & Trademark Office]].<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=8566408|title=Method and system for providing a stateful experience while accessing content using a global textsite platform|pubdate=2013-10-22|inventor1-last=Shah|inventor2-last=Nielsen|inventor3-last=Maheshwari|inventor4-last=Cook|inventor1-first=Manish R.|inventor2-first=Clinton|inventor3-first=Manish|inventor4-first=Scott D.|assign1=[[Intuit Inc.]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> [[File:Scott_Cook_With_Manish_Maheshwari.jpg|thumb|Maheshwari (left) with [[Intuit]] founder, [[Scott Cook]] (middle) during early days of [[TxtWeb]] in 2011]]At its peak, txtWeb had over 11 million users using one or more of the 3500 active apps built by developers and businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=March 4, 2014 |title=txtWeb partners Bharti Airtel to launch text-based app store |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/txtweb-partners-bharti-airtel-to-launch-text-based-app-store-114030400739_1.html |access-date=Nov 26, 2022 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It grew to 1 billion transactions by 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narkhede |first=Nikhil |date=2014-05-13 |title=txtWeb crosses 1 Billion transactions - |url=https://www.technary.com/software/txtweb-crosses-1-billion-transactions/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Technary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisinfotech |date=2014-05-07 |title=txtWeb ascents fresh heights, sledgehammers one billionth mark |url=https://www.bisinfotech.com/txtweb-ascents-fresh-heights-sledgehammers-one-billionth-mark/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Bisinfotech |language=en-US}}</ref> It was recognised by [[GSMA]] as a global case study on empowerment through access to information.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TextWeb |url=https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/textweb/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Mobile for Development |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[India Today]] magazine recognised Maheshwari as one of India's top 10 innovators in the year 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite tweet |number=1426821009630367750 |user=manishm |title=Register |language=en |url-access=limited |url=https://twitter.com/manishm/status/1426821009630367750}}</ref> Snap's founder, [[Evan Spiegel]], briefly worked as an intern on the txtWeb team.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Newsmen Business |date=September 19, 2022 |title=Evan Spiegel: Know the co-founder and CEO of Snapchat |url=https://thenewsmen.co.in/high%20flyers/evan-spiegel-know-the-cofounder-and-ceo-of-snapchat/84004 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=thenewsmen}}</ref>

Maheshwari was then hired by [[Flipkart]] to set up and grow Seller Ecosystem for Flipkart's marketplace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flipkart creates new leadership positions |url=https://content.timesjobs.com/latest-news/flipkart-creates-new-leadership-positions/articleshow/57929976.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=TJinsite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshwar |first=Bart |date=2016-04-01 |title=Flipkart's Head Of Seller Ecosystem Manish Maheshwari Quits Company |url=https://officechai.com/news/manish-maheshwari-quits-flipkart/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=OfficeChai |language=en-US}}</ref> Under his leadership, Flipkart's seller base grew tenfold.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manish Maheshwari leaves Flipkart, to be the new CEO of Web18 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/manish-maheshwari-leaves-flipkart-to-be-the-new-ceo-of-web18/articleshow/51640024.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> He started initiatives such as ‘Flipkart Seller Campus’ and ‘Flipkart Helping Hands’ to empower and prepare small sellers during the peak festive demand season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varshney |first=Rashi |date=2015-10-09 |title=Flipkart's Big Billion Days sale from Oct 13-17, prepares sellers |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/flipkarts-big-billion-days-sale-from-oct-13-17-prepares-sellers/14089/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Express Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> He also pioneered global brand licensing for Indian sellers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-28 |title=Flipkart unveils global brand licensing for Indian sellers |url=https://www.india.com/business/flipkart-unveils-global-brand-licensing-for-indian-sellers-817831/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-28 |title=Flipkart unveils global brand licensing for Indian sellers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/flipkart-unveils-global-brand-licensing-for-indian-sellers/story-dyP2hcflbMh0CbUZTaWQTN.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2016, Maheshwari joined as the CEO of Network18 Digital to grow its online offerings which included Moneycontrol.com, Firstpost.com, News18.com, CricketNext.com, CNBC-TV18.com, Yatra.com, Homeshop18.com and BookMyShow.com.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=BS Reporter |date=April 1, 2016 |title=Flipkart loses one more top executive |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/flipkart-loses-one-more-top-executive-116033100889_1.html |access-date=Nov 26, 2022 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sundarajan |first=Priya |title=Network18 appoints Flipkart's Manish Maheshwari as CEO of Web18 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/network18-appoints-flipkarts-manish-maheshwari-as-ceo-of-web18/article8418139.ece |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=March 31, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> He pushed the group beyond web to encompass a gamut of digital services enabled by mobile, [[machine learning]], [[Programmatic advertising|programmatic ad]] buying, [[Augmented reality]] (AR), and [[Virtual reality]] (VR).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=BUILDING NETWORK18 DIGITAL IN 18 MONTHS |url=https://www.impactonnet.com/spotlight/building-network18-digital-in-18-months-5588.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Impact is weekly print magazine publishing information on Advertising and Ad Marketing news specifically targeted towards Agency & Business Managers.}}</ref> The group became the most visited and viewed media network on YouTube as per Vidooly's News Network Report for September to November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2018-01-08 |title=Network18 emerges as the most viewed news network on Youtube in India |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/network18-emerges-viewed-news-network-youtube-india/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref> Moneycontrol also launched India's first smartwatch application to have voice search for stocks enabled on the Apple watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |title=Network18 Digital launches India's first voice enabled smart watch app |url=https://www.adgully.com/network18-digital-launches-india-s-first-voice-enabled-smart-watch-app-74921.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.adgully.com |date=November 14, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> Maheshwari is credited with the regional expansion of the group through growth in 13 Indian languages resulting in a three-digit increase in traffic across platforms with corresponding growth in revenues.<ref name=":5" /> He pioneered a subscription model for Moneycontrol wherein subscribers paid a small premium for business research and stock reports.<ref name=":5" /> In two years after his joining, the company crossed the threshold of 100 million unique digital visitors per month with well-diversified revenues encompassing advertising, subscription, branded content, and syndications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KVN |first=Rohit |date=2019-04-22 |title=Who is Manish Maheshwari? Twitter India gets new MD |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-manish-maheshwari-twitter-india-gets-new-md-796402 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Jack_Dorsey_with_Manish_Maheshwari.jpg|thumb|[[Twitter]] founder, [[Jack Dorsey]] (left) with Maheshwari (right) in 2018]]In April 2019, Maheshwari joined as the head of [[Twitter]]'s India business to oversee Twitter India's teams in Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=Twitter appoints Manish Maheshwari as Managing Director of its India operations |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/manish-maheshwari-twitter-inc-twitter-india-md-managing-directory-of-twitter-india-maheshwari-191628-2019-04-22 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=Twitter appoints Manish Maheshwari as India MD |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/twitter-appoints-manish-maheshwari-as-india-md-1555915104283.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> When the coronavirus pandemic ravaged India, Twitter became the virtual helpline to organise and manage relief operations across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |last2=Ghoshal |first2=Devjyot |date=2021-04-21 |title=Twitter becomes platform of hope amid the despair of India's COVID crisis |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/twitter-becomes-platform-hope-amid-despair-indias-covid-crisis-2021-04-21/ |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> He pushed for localizing the product for India and adding a preferred Indian language option on the platform, which helped algorithms surface content in that language to the user. Non-English tweets in India grew to 50% of overall tweets.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last1=Mandavia |first1=Megha |last2=Krishnan |first2=Raghu |title='Non-English tweets are now 50% of the total': Twitter India MD |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tech/non-english-tweets-are-now-50-of-the-total-twitter-india-md/articleshow/72000048.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> India became one of the fastest-growing audience markets for Twitter globally and saw its fastest revenue growth in India in five years.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Setting Sail season 2 Ep.2 {{!}} Twitter India MD Manish Maheshwari explains how India is one of the fastest growing audience market globally |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/podcast/setting-sail-season-2-ep-2-twitter-india-md-manish-maheshwari-explains-how-india-is-the-fastest-growing-audience-market-globally-5439561.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Moneycontrol |date=June 22, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In early 2023, Maheshwari came out of stealth mode with an AI-enabled copilot for creators, called Fanory.ai.<ref name=":11" /> It enabled creators to generate incremental revenue in addition to what they can continue to earn via brand endorsements and advertising.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Fanory.ai Guarantees Higher Hourly Income For Creators with AI |url=https://startup.outlookindia.com/sector/saas/fanory-ai-guarantees-higher-hourly-income-for-creators-with-ai-news-9964 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=startup.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> Fanory.ai received a majority investment from JetSynthesys and was backed by the family offices of cricketing legend, [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Serum Institute of India]]'s [[Adar Poonawalla]] and [[Infosys]] Co-founder, [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=JetSynthesys buys majority stake in Fanory, ropes in ex-Twitter India head Manish Maheshwari as president |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/jetsynthesys-buys-majority-stake-in-fanory-ropes-in-ex-twitter-india-head-manish-maheshwari-as-president-9928911.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahaskar |first=Abhijit |date=2023-01-24 |title=JetSynthesys acquires former Twitter India head's creator monetization platform |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/jetsynthesys-acquires-former-twitter-india-head-s-creator-monetization-platform-11674560963434.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, [[Harvard University]] selected Maheshwari for Mason Fellowship to research AI’s role in empowering individuals and improving the financial security of marginalized creators.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":16" />

==Views on the Metaverse==

In May 2022, Maheshwari publicly acknowledged through a series of tweets that the [[Metaverse]] education platform has failed to deliver a significantly differentiated learning experience for students. He admitted that the vision to use the [[Metaverse]] to make education accessible and interactive for students was not getting delivered at a level it was envisaged.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Manish Maheshwari's Invact Metaversity start-up chapter may be over even before classes start - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/invact-metaversity-at-the-crossroads-after-cancelling-its-first-metamba-course-13583912.htm |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> This received widespread media coverage in India given Maheshwari’s stature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edtech startup Invact Metaversity founders now stand at crossroads after cancelling its first cohort |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/edtech-startup-invact-metaversity-founders-now-stand-at-crossroads-after-cancelling-its-first-cohort-8559831.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125142932/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/edtech-startup-invact-metaversity-founders-now-stand-at-crossroads-after-cancelling-its-first-cohort-8559831.html |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

Maheshwari's decision to cancel the [[Metaverse]]-based course citing technology and ecosystem challenges while solving accessibility on devices currently used by students proved to be prescient.<ref name=":18" /> [[Metaverse]] failed to take off globally because of issues related to technical feasibility and poor user adoption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zitron |first=Ed |title=RIP Metaverse, we hardly knew ye |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/metaverse-dead-obituary-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-tech-fad-ai-chatgpt-2023-5 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Olinga">{{Cite web |last=Olinga |first=Luc |date=2023-03-18 |title=Mark Zuckerberg Quietly Buries the Metaverse |url=https://www.thestreet.com/technology/mark-zuckerberg-quietly-buries-the-metaverse |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=TheStreet |language=en-us}}</ref> VR headsets were expensive, limiting adoption. The Quest Pro, for example, launched at $1,500, making it inaccessible to average student.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matney |first=Lucas |date=2022-10-11 |title=Meta announces the $1,499 Quest Pro |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/11/meta-announces-the-1499-quest-pro/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> A truly immersive Metaverse required high-speed internet, powerful computing, and better user interfaces—all of which were still evolving.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Three challenges the metaverse will need to overcome |url=https://www.wired.com/sponsored/story/metaverse-challenges/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], the biggest proponent of Metaverse, also quietly deprioritized the Metaverse as [[Horizon Worlds]], Meta's flagship metaverse platform, reportedly had fewer than 200,000 monthly active users in late 2022, a small fraction of Meta's total user base.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Rachel Metz, Clare |date=2022-10-30 |title=Facebook became Meta one year ago. Its metaverse dream feels as far away as ever {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/30/tech/meta-metaverse-transition/index.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Olinga"/>

== Contributions to AI ==
As a fellow at Harvard, Maheshwari concentrated on [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) and its potential to solve large-scale societal issues. He co-led the development of MEGHA, a voice-first AI assistant built to help rural Indian citizens access government welfare schemes through basic mobile phones. The innovation clinched the top prize at the Harvard Kennedy School’s AI-for-Good Hackathon in 2025, signaling the model’s real-world applicability and relevance in digitally underserved regions.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-28 |title=Meghalaya E-Governance project MEGHA wins first prize at Harvard Hackathon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/meghalaya-e-governance-project-megha-wins-first-prize-at-harvard-hackathon-2716249-2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=India-focused AI innovation 'MEGHA' wins at Harvard Hackathon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/india-focused-ai-innovation-megha-wins-at-harvard-hackathon-9970332/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond technical innovation, Maheshwari has contributed to the academic discourse on [[ethical AI]] and [[human-centered design]]. In his essay ''From Twitter to Harvard: Rethinking Leadership in the Age of AI'', published by the [[Harvard Kennedy School]], he examined the evolving role of leadership in algorithmically mediated societies. He advocates for a shift from traditional command-and-control models toward “sense-and-respond” approaches that emphasize authenticity, empathy, and the capacity to ask contextually relevant questions. At a public forum with former [[Google]] CEO [[Eric Schmidt]], he emphasized the need for strong governance to ensure AI serves human well-being. His work highlights the importance of embedding [[normative]] values into [[AI governance]] frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=From Twitter to Harvard: rethinking leadership in the age of AI |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-stories/twitter-harvard-rethinking-leadership-age-ai |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Ask how you can do human good: artificial intelligence and the future at HKS |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-stories/ask-how-you-can-do-human-good-artificial-intelligence-and-future |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Principal Madan Mohan Medal at [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]]<ref name=":8" />
* Shils-Zeidman Award, the highest award for Entrepreneurship at the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]]<ref name=":2" />
* Mason Fellow, [[Harvard Kennedy School]], [[Harvard University]]<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":16" />
* First Prize, AI for Good Hackathon, [[Harvard Kennedy School]], [[Harvard University]]<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Manish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]

Madurai South Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:01:15Z

Janandh: created the details needs work

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Madurai (South)
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 192
| map_image = Constitution-Madurai South.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[M. Boominathan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 179,919
}}
'''Madurai South''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.<ref name="MNR">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Extent of Assembly constituency==
*Madurai South Taluk (part)
*Madurai (M Corp.) Ward No.9, 10, 16, 39 and 43 to 59<ref name="MNR"/>

This is a new constituency which includes majority of the erstwhile Madurai East constituency.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Annadurai]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| S. S. Saravanan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[M. Boominathan]]
| {{Full party name with color| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.95}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (South)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. Boominathan]]|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Prof. Raama Srinivasan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sumathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. M. Gopison|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177605|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (South)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Boominathan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,812 |percentage=42.49 |change=+15.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Saravanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,297 |percentage=38.08 |change=-4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Eswaran |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=12,821 |percentage=8.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abbas |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,483 |percentage=7.09 |change=+5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sha. Raajalingam |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,672 |percentage=1.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]] |party=None of the above |votes=1,551 |percentage=1.05 |change=-0.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,515 |percentage=4.41 |change=-11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,833 |percentage=64.24 |change= -2.60 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=131 |percentage=0.09 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,133 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (South)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Saravanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,683 |percentage=42.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,920 |percentage=26.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Boominathan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,443 |percentage=13.26 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Mahalakshmi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,069 |percentage=10.96 |change=+6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]] |party=None of the above |votes=2,918 |percentage=1.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,763 |percentage=16.21 |change=-17.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=146,611 |percentage=66.84 |change= -8.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,349 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -18.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (South)<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Annadurai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=83,441 |percentage=61.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Varadharajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,990 |percentage=28.04 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anuppanadi Jeya |party=Independent politician |votes=6,243 |percentage=4.61 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. R. Santharam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,204 |percentage=4.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Josephine Mary |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,061 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,451 |percentage=33.55 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=178,736 |percentage=75.79 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,472 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (South)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Rama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,838 |percentage=46.95 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dharmaraj Santhosam |party=Independent politician |votes=18,070 |percentage=40.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,277 |percentage=7.38 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vidi V. Krishnan |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,101 |percentage=2.48 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. C. Chari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,095 |percentage=2.47 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,768 |percentage=6.24 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,381 |percentage=64.96 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,320 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9.877919|78.0387823|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Government of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Austin Town, Bengaluru

2026-04-23T20:31:34Z

Janandh: Creating Some Location Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Austin Town, Bangalore
| other_name = Ferdinand Kittel Nagara
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9616|N|77.6133|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Bangalore Urban
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bangalore
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = Kannada, Tamil, English, Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560047
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Shantinagar
| blank3_name_sec1 = Original Planning Agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Bangalore Civil & Military Station Municipal Commission
| blank4_name_sec1 = Established
| blank4_info_sec1 = 1920
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Austin Town, Bengaluru''' is a locality of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], named after a British Collector and Municipal President of the Civil and Military Station, Sir. James Austin.<ref name=Harshitha-Austin>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=A timeline of Bangalore|url=http://www.citehr.com/348991-interesting-history-bangalore-its-well-known-landmarks.html|website=Suttha Muttha|publisher=Blogspot|access-date=9 January 2015|date=1 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=Janaagraha>{{cite web|title=Vannarpet |url=http://api.ichangemycity.com/wards/vannarpet |website=I Change my City |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=9 January 2015 |date=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109072914/http://api.ichangemycity.com/wards/vannarpet |archive-date=9 January 2015 }}</ref> Located in the central part of Bangalore, the suburb is known for having produced some of India's best football players, with the game being very popular. In the age of IPL, the dream of the children of Austin Town is to be playing for the best football clubs one day.<ref name=Mirror-Football>{{cite news|title=Football heroes from the ghettos|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read/Football-heroes-from-the-ghettos/articleshow/36965039.cms|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=21 June 2014}}</ref>

'''Austin Town''' was established in 1920 by the building of a number of small cottages for the benefit of lower income groups, and rented out for a nominal sum. The Collector Austin was the encouragement for this project, and hence the suburb was named after him. These cottages were in great demand by poor Indians and Anglo Indians. The neighboring localities are Linden Street, Y.G. Palya, Victoria Layout, Jayaraj Nagar, Ashoknagar and Vannarapete.<ref name=Ronnie-Austin>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=Bangalore around the late 1920s ...|url=http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/1920.htm|website=Children of Bangalore|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105113823/http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/1920.htm|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Sanitary works of Austin Town was designed by W H Murphy, Executive Engineer, Municipal Council, Bangalore Civil and Military Station, after whom [[Murphy Town, Bangalore|Murphy Town]] gets its name.<ref name=Harshitha>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=An Engineer who invented a dog killing machine|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/an-engineer-who-invented-dog-killing.html|website=Suttha Muttha|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

==Football in Austin Town ==
Unlike other parts of Bangalore where Cricket is popular, Football is a passion for the residents of Austin Town. Austin Town is considered the birthplace of Football in Bangalore. The origins of the game can be traced to the Italian soldiers who were being held as prisoners of war during the beginning of [[World War I|WWI]] in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. The Italian POWs passed on the game to the natives, even though at first the natives played football bare-footed. (Some players played without boots even in the Olympics.) The very first Olympians – Anthony, Kanniah, Raman and Shanmugham – who represented the Indian Football team in the Olympic Games of [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] and [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], were from Austin Town. Vajravelu and Varadarajan were from the City area, and the rest of the players were from the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. Most of the Football enthusiasts in Austin Town are the [[Tamil People|Tamil]] Community, with many of the local boys now playing for clubs in [[Goa]] and [[Calcutta]]. In the 1960s and 1970s, many of the Austin Town boys made it the Football teams of Government and defence companies such as HMT, MEG, ITI, NGEF, HAL, BEML, BHEL, ADA, ADE, etc. Austin Town and [[Murphy Town, Bangalore|Murphy Town]] are still considered gold-mines of football talent.<ref name=Prashanth-Football>{{cite news|last1=Prashanth|first1=G N|title=Game of the ghettoes lives on|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/10/stories/2002061000270100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020830070352/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/10/stories/2002061000270100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2002|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 June 2002}}</ref><ref name=Prashanth-Football-2>{{cite news|last1=Prashanth|first1=G N|title=Enduring passion|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Enduring-passion/articleshow/6042330.cms|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Shanmugam /> One of Austin Town's legend and local hero is 95-year-old T Shanmugham, who led India to victory in Football in the [[1951 Asian Games]], and also was part of India's Football team for the [[1951 Asian Games|1952 Olympics]]. The Austin Town Football Grounds is now known as Nandan Ground's after one of Indian Football's greatest goalkeeper Nandan, who was also from Austin Town.<ref name=Shanmugam>{{cite news|last1=Prashanth|first1=G N|title=Oldest Olympian footballer tunes into Messi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Oldest-Olympian-footballer-tunes-into-Messi/articleshow/9841508.cms|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=3 September 2011}}</ref>

Austin Town is also the birthplace of other legendary football players such as [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan|Ulaganathan]] and former Captain [[Carlton Chapman]].<ref name="Mirror-Football" /><ref name="Aliyeh2">{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: Against all odds|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Against-all-odds/articleshow/48414461.cms|access-date=12 August 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Almost every house in the lower-middle-class families of Austin Town have football players.<ref name=Sukumar>{{cite news|last1=Sukumar|first1=Dev S|title=Bangalore's Austin Town turns blue in joy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalores-austin-town-turns-blue-in-joy-1395688|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=DNA India|date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Waka-Waka>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Chethan|last2=Menon|first2=Rashmi|title=City set to go 'Waka Waka' over football|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/74503/content/219231/F|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=10 June 2010}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As common to the other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], Austin Town has a large [[Tamil People|Tamil]] population. They trace their ancestry to the large number of Tamil soldiers, suppliers and workers who were brought into the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, by the British Army, after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|fall of Tippu Sultan]]. Austin Town along with other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] was directly under the administration of the British [[Madras Presidency]] till 1949, when it was handed over to the [[Mysore State]].<ref name=Srivatsa>{{cite news|last1=Srivatsa|first1=Sharath S|title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1939954.ece|access-date=3 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=Arul>{{cite web|last1=Steve|first1=Arul|title=Specialization On Social And Cultural Indifference Among Kgf Tamil Migrants|url=https://arulsteve736.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/specialization-on-social-and-cultural-indifference-among-kgf-tamil-migrants/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh3>{{cite web|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Greet.Meat.Eat.|url=https://aturquoisecloud.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/greet-meat-eat/|website=A Turquoise Cloud|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Dasharathi>{{cite web|last1=Dasharathi|first1=Poornima|title=Cantonment: colonial past, multicultural present|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/295-bangalore-cantonment|publisher=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|date=23 July 2008}}</ref><ref name=Aam>{{cite web|last1=Aam AdMo|title=Right to be a Minority institution (and make majority profits)|url=https://aamadmo.wordpress.com/2012/07/07/right-to-be-a-minority-institution-and-make-majority-profits/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha2>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Mootocherry of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/the-mootocherry-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|publisher=Blogspot.com.au|access-date=4 January 2015|date=1 June 2013}}</ref>

==Anglo-Indians==
A larger number of Anglo-Indians used to live in Austin Town,<ref name=Tejwant>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Tejwant|title=The Bold Brave and Fearless|date=2003|publisher=Trafford Publishing|location=Victoria, Canada|isbn=1553956672|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWqPAhGmhiUC&q=austin+town+anglo+indian&pg=PA18|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> now having migrated to Australia, the UK and Canada, their numbers have declined. The Anglo-Indian Block is now inhabited mostly by non-Anglo Indians. However, those who are left behind are still proud to call Austin Town as home. During the British Raj, there was a clear distinction between the Anglo Indian and Tamil sections of Austin Town, which have now been erased, and the once posh suburbs have lost their glory as a result of poor civic maintenance. Some of the original inhabitants of Austin Town, came from [[Rangoon]], and at that time found the cantonment to be much quieter than the busy city of Rangoon, Burma. The Christmas time for the Anglo-Indian community means celebrating with carols and parties. Some of the Anglo-Indians who migrated abroad still visit in search of their roots.<ref name=Sarma>{{cite news|last1=Sarma|first1=Deepika|title=An extended family to celebrate Christmas with|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/an-extended-family-to-celebrate-christmas-with/article4050772.ece|access-date=9 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India
}}{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = Richmond Town
|North = Ashok Nagar
|Northeast = Gauthamapuram
|West = Langford Town
|Centre = Austin Town
|East = Agaram
|Southwest = [[Adugodi]]
|South = Neelasandra
|Southeast = Viveknagar
}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]

Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-23T04:42:12Z

Janandh: created basic data initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lal Bihari Yadav
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| 1blankname = Chairman
| 1namedata = [[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]]
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| term_start = {{start date|2024|07|22|df=y}}
| term_start1 = {{start date|2022|05|26|df=y}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2022|07|06|df=y}}
| 1blankname1 = Chairman
| 1namedata1 = Kunwar Manvendra Singh
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Lathar]]
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency2 = ''[[Varanasi]] Teachers Authorities''
| term_start3 =
| term_start2 = {{start date|2020|12|01|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| children = 2 sons
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]], [[BEd]]
| predecessor2 = Chet Narayan Singh
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| deputy = [[Mohammad Jasmir Ansari]]
| image =
| caption =
}}
'''Lal Bihari Yadav''' (born 1 July 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Samajwadi Party]] who is the 21st [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]], Upper House of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-27 |title=Lal Bihari Yadav is leader of opposition in UP Legislative Council |url=https://theprint.in/india/lal-bihari-yadav-is-leader-of-opposition-in-up-legislative-council/974014/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=समाजवादी पार्टी के लाल बिहारी यादव बने विधान परिषद में नेता प्रतिपक्ष |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-lal-bihari-yadav-of-samajwadi-party-became-the-leader-of-opposition-in-the-legislative-council-nodss-4282585.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Vidhan parishad: लाल बिहारी यादव होंगे विधान परिषद में नेता प्रतिपक्ष |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lal-bihari-yadav-will-be-the-leader-of-opposition-in-up-vidhan-parishad |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He succeeded [[Sanjay Lathar]] in this position on July 22, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=UP: सपा MLC लाल बिहारी यादव होंगे विधान परिषद में विपक्ष के नेता, सजंय लाठर का आज खत्म हो गया कार्यकाल |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/samajwadi-party-mlc-lal-bihari-yadav-leader-of-opposition-in-legislative-council-ntc-1471033-2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Lal Bihari}}
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Tazamulali Barlaskar

2026-04-21T23:27:19Z

Janandh: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tazamulali Barlaskar
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Dwarika Nath Tewari]]
| constituency = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Tazamulali Barlaskar''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond constituency]] in the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AssamECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Assam_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1957-62.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1957–62 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barlaskar, Tazamulali}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

MV Ganga Vilas

2026-04-21T22:33:44Z

Janandh: created first stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian motor vessel}}
[[File:Ganga_Vilas.jpg | thumb|right | alt=MV Ganga Vilas | MV Ganga Vilas]]
'''MV Ganga Vilas''' is the world's longest [[Motor ship|Motor Vessel (MV)]] [[river cruise]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM flags off World's Longest River Cruise - MV Ganga Vilas in Varanasi via video conferencing |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1890895 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2023">{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=World's longest river cruise Ganga Vilas costing Rs 50-55 lakh/person fully booked till Mar'24 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/worlds-longest-river-cruise-ganga-vilas-costing-rs-50-55-lakh/person-fully-booked-till-mar24/articleshow/96968200.cms |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> it was flagged off by the Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], on 13 January 2023 via video conferencing,<ref name="Moneycontrol 2023">{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Ganga Vilas: PM Modi flags off world's longest river cruise, 51-day trip to cost Rs 12.59 lakh |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/ganga-vilas-pm-modi-flags-off-worlds-longest-river-cruise-51-day-trip-to-cost-rs-12-59-lakh-9859991-3.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> where the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]], the Chief Minister of Assam, Shri [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], and the Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways, Shri [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] were also present. It is the first cruise ship made in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Sneha |title=India's MV Ganga Vilas Cruise: What would the world's longest river cruise mean for travel enthusiasts? |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-mv-ganga-vilas-what-would-the-worlds-longest-river-cruise-would-mean-for-travel-enthusiasts-552313 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=[[WION News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Desk |first=OutFable |title=Ganga Vilas Cruise from Kashi gets stuck at Chhapra |url=https://www.outfable.com/top-news/ganga-vilas-cruise-ganga-vilas-cruise-from-kashi-gets-stuck-at-chhapra-know-why/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=OutFable |archive-date=2023-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122001445/https://www.outfable.com/top-news/ganga-vilas-cruise-ganga-vilas-cruise-from-kashi-gets-stuck-at-chhapra-know-why/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Travel routes ==
From [[Varanasi]] in Uttar Pradesh, the MV Ganga Vilas will travel around 3,200 km in 51 days to [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam via [[Bangladesh]], passing through 27 river systems. With a capacity of 36 tourists on board, the MV Ganga Vilas has three decks and 18 suites. For its maiden voyage, 32 tourists from Switzerland have signed up for the entire journey.

The MV Ganga Vilas cruise itinerary includes World Heritage Sites, National Parks, and River Ghats to key cities such as [[Patna]] in Bihar, [[Sahibganj]] in Jharkhand, Kolkata in West Bengal, Dhaka in Bangladesh, and [[Guwahati]] in Assam. Over fifty destinations will be visited during this 51-day itinerary.

== Technical specifications ==
Ganga Vilas is a [[Motor ship|motor vessel (MV)]] type cruise, there are three decks on the vessel, which are 12 meters wide and 62 meters long.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2023">{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=MV Ganga Vilas: All you need to know about world's longest river cruise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-set-flag-off-world-s-longest-river-cruise-mv-ganga-vilas-10-points-101673575986878.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Booking ==
As the first cruise ship made in India, the MV Ganga Vilas began its journey from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and reached Dibrugarh in Assam by way of Bangladesh. On the Antara Cruises website, the company that operates the Ganga Vilas cruise, tickets for a 51-day trip from Varanasi to Dibrugarh would cost Rs 12.59 lakh<ref name="Business Today 2023">{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=MV Ganga Vilas to cost Rs 12.59 lakh for 51-day trip; PM Modi flags off world's longest river cruise |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/mv-ganga-vilas-to-cost-rs-1259-lakh-for-51-day-trip-pm-modi-flags-off-worlds-longest-river-cruise-360066-2023-01-13 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Business Today}}</ref> per person.

== Environmental impact ==
Environmentalists and conservationists fear damage to the habitat of the [[Ganges river dolphin]] (Platanista gangetica) as a result of the Ganga Vilas Cruise.<ref name="gv2">{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Shweta |date=13 January 2023 |title='World's longest river cruise' could threaten endangered Ganges dolphin, experts warn |language=en |publisher=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/13/india-worlds-longest-river-cruise-endangered-ganges-dolphin-aoe |access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ship prefix]]
* [[Namami Gange Programme]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:River cruise ships]]

Sahib Kaur

2026-04-20T23:55:55Z

Janandh: new

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sahib Kaur
| title = Maharani of the Sikh Empire
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = {{Circa}} 1841
| burial_place = Royal Garden, Lahore (Samadhi) (present day Islamia College Civil Lines)<ref>پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں</ref>
| spouse = [[Nau Nihal Singh]]
| issue = Jawahar Singh
| house = [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)
| father = Sardar Gurdit Singh Gilwaliwala
| mother =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
}}

'''Sahib Kaur''' (d.1841) was the second wife of [[Nau Nihal Singh]], the third [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], and the mother of his son, Jawahar Singh.

== Biography ==
Kaur was born to Sardar Gurdit Singh Gilwaliwala of [[Amritsar]]. She became the second wife of Nau Nihal Singh who was second in [[line of succession]] to the throne of [[Sikh Empire|Punjab]] after his father, Kharak Singh. He was the only son of [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]] and his queen consort, [[Chand Kaur|Maharani Chand Kaur]] and grandson of the legendary [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and his queen consort, [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] of the [[Nakai Misl]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSGLPgAACAAJ|title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab: A Revised Edition of "The Punjab Chiefs" by Sir Lepel H. Griffin and of "Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab" by Charles Francis Massy|date=1909|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press|language=en}}</ref>

After the accession of Kharak Singh as the Maharaja, Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh became the [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] (crown prince).

The effect of Chet Singh Bajwa, who was a relative of Inder Kaur Bajwa, the fourth wife of Maharaja Kharak Singh, on the newly crowned king started to affect his relationship with the Lahore Darbar as well as his own son. It was decided to kill Chet Singh Bajwa and divest the Maharaja of all powers and to entrust Nau Nihal Singh with the responsibility of running the administration. From October 8, 1839, Kharak Singh was deprived of all his administrative powers, and all authority passed to Nau Nihal Singh. Thus beginning his reign.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSyracuse. Tit. litteris rubris exaratus. Op. cit. 118, n. 21.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a4_21|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum|doi=10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a4_21|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kharak Singh died on November 5, 1940, and Nau Nihal Singh met a fatal accident on the very day of his father's cremation and died. The Hazuri Bagh Gateway collapse, which allegedly caused Nau Nihal's death, still remains a mystery. Many think it was engineered by the Dogras or the British or the partisans of Chet Singh Bajwa. Dr Honigberger states that Nau Nihal Singh was alive when he was taken inside the fort by [[Dhian Singh Dogra]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Honigberger|first=John Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW5KAAAAYAAJ&q=nau+nihal|title=Thirty-five Years in the East: Adventures, Discoveries, Experiments, and Historical Sketches, Relating to the Punjab and Cashmere; in Connection with Medicine, Botany, Pharmacy, &c|date=1852|publisher=Bailliere|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Alexander Gardner (soldier)|Alexander Gardner]], who was just steps behind Nau Nihal when the incident took place, the prince had sustained only minor injuries during this episode: he was well enough to walk on his own, and agreed to be taken on a stretcher only because of Gardner's insistence. However, when the court physician [[Johann Martin Honigberger]] came to attend to Nau Nihal in a tent, he observed that the prince's skull had been crushed, and the bedsheet was covered with blood and brain tissue. Dhian Singh insisted that the prince had suffered these injuries during the alleged accident in Hazuri Bagh. Nau Nihal died hours later, although the courtiers did not make this news public until three days later in an attempt to avoid panic. According to Gardner, five artillery men had carried Nau Nihal from Hazuri Bagh to the tent: two of these men died under mysterious circumstances, two went on leave and never re-joined service, and one disappeared without explanation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=Kohinoor : the story of the world's most infamous diamond|date=2016|others=Anita Anand|isbn=978-93-86228-08-6|location=New Delhi|oclc=969176029}}</ref> Garder puts the blame on Dhian Singh and Honigberger too suggests that along with people who were loyal to Chet Singh Bajwa. Official court historian, Sohan Lal Suri labels it as a conspiracy of Sher Singh and Dhian Singh to claim the throne of the Punjab.<ref>Umdat-ut-Tawarikh</ref>

After the deaths of Kharak Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Maharani Chand Kaur took the reins of power and claimed that since Sahib Kaur was pregnant her child would become the next ruler.<ref>{{Citation|last=Anderson|first=Julie|title=Women Sharing the Power Seat|date=2021-08-25|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003033875-10|work=Women, Intersectionality, and Power in Group Psychotherapy Leadership|pages=139–155|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781003033875-10|isbn=9781003033875|s2cid=238657480|access-date=2021-11-02|url-access=subscription}}</ref> On 2 December 1840 Chand Kaur was proclaimed Maharani of the Punjab, with the title Malika Muqaddasa ([[Malika (given name)|Queen]] Immaculate) and became the only female ruler the Sikh Empire. Sher Singh whose claim to the throne was supported by [[Dhian Singh Dogra]] left the capital after she gained complete control of the administration together with her supporters. But Sher Singh still had the support of the army and in 1841 he arrived in Lahore and secured a ceasefire. She was persuaded to accept a jagir and relinquish her claim to the throne and retired to her late son's [[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh|palace]] in Lahore. Sahib Kaur gave birth to a stillborn son who was named [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzada]] Jawahar Singh and passed away. This ended any justification for a renewed claim to the regency of Chand Kaur and she too was killed in 1842. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref>

Sohan Lal Suri notes with great horror how Sher Singh secretly ordered for ‘hot medicines’ to be administered to Nau Nihal Singh’s widows, to ensure that they miscarried any pregnancies to ensure the throne from himself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020-09-24|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>umdat-ut-tawarikh </ref> Dr Honigberger claims that as a doctor he was always suspicious of the manner of the miscarriage of the baby boy of Sahib Kaur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Honigberger|first=John Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW5KAAAAYAAJ&q=Thirty-five+years+in+the+East|title=Thirty-five Years in the East: Adventures, Discoveries, Experiments, and Historical Sketches, Relating to the Punjab and Cashmere; in Connection with Medicine, Botany, Pharmacy, &c|date=1852|publisher=Bailliere|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=25 April 2021|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259}}</ref> [[Nanaki Kaur Atariwala|Maharani Nanaki Kaur]] too was pregnant hence was also given medicines which resulted in a miscarriage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seetal|first=Sohan Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPLoZwEACAAJ|title=Sikh raj kiven bania|date=2000|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|isbn=978-81-7647-057-5|language=pa}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Her [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi]] is located is the Royal Garden in between her mother-in-law, Chand Kaur's samadhi and her grandmother-in-law, [[Datar Kaur]]'s samadhi lovingly called Mai Nakain by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. The samadhi complex is nearby the [[Tomb of Anarkali]] and is now within the campus of Government Islamia College, Civil Lines.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Butalia |first=Tarunjit Singh |url=https://jeevaysanjhapunjab.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sikh-Historical-Shrines-in-Pakistan-Lahore-District.pdf |title=Sikh Historical Shrines in Pakistan: Lahore District |date=April 2025 |publisher=Jeevay Sanjha Punjab |edition=1st |pages=14 |chapter=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikh Empire}}

[[Category:1841 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]

Rambrai-Jyrngam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:58Z

Janandh: put up a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rambrai-Jyrngam
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 33
| type = SLA
| map_image = Rambrai-Jyrngam Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Remington Gabil Momin]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:39415}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Rambrai-Jyrngam''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> and had its first election in 2013. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Remington Gabil Momin]], an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].{{update after|2028|05}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Phlastingwell Pangniang]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Kimfa Sidney Marbaniang]]<ref name=results2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Remington Gabil Momin]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rambrai-Jyrngam<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Remington Gabil Momin]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,057 |percentage=26.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Phlastingwel Pangniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,947 |percentage=26.43% |change={{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kimfa Sidney Marbaniang |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,272 |percentage=21.48% |change={{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A Goldenstar Nonglong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,805 |percentage=17.15% |change={{decrease}}26.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandez S. Dkhar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,554 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Spasterlin Nongrem |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=689 |percentage=2.04% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Pondit R. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=196 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=110 |percentage=0.32% |change= {{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,856 |percentage=85.90% |change= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rambrai-Jyrngam<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kimfa Sidney Marbaniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,135 |percentage=43.44% |change={{increase}}26.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K Phlastingwell Pangniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=8,332 |percentage=29.82% |change={{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfred Kharbani |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,455 |percentage=12.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Synranlang Nongshlong |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=2,564 |percentage=9.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sillash M Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=600 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumis N Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=391 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=287 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,803 |percentage=13.61% |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,937 |percentage=86.56% |change= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,275 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rambrai-Jyrngam<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phlastingwell Pangniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=7,625 |percentage=34.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kimfa Sidney Marbaniang |party=Independent politician |votes=5,756 |percentage=25.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jova Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,236 |percentage=19.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kingford Kharsyntiew |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,856 |percentage=17.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andrew Charles Gare |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bonifirst Nongrem |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=103 |percentage=0.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,869 |percentage=8.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,173 |percentage=87.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,413 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.65|91.32|display=title}}

[[Category:West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chirri Balaraju

2026-04-19T02:43:23Z

Janandh: Adding First Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chirri Balaraju
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor1 = Tellam Balaraju
| constituency = [[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
}}

'''Chirri Balaraju''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Polavaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/polavaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916929.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Balaraju first contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election as a candidate of the [[Janasena Party|Jana Sena Party]] from the [[Polavaram Assembly constituency]] but was defeated by [[Tellam Balaraju]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Polavaram 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2019/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/polavaram/62/43548/272 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Polavaram,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Polavaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Chirri Balaraju with 101453 defeats YSRCP's Tellam Rajya Lakshmi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/polavaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548258-2024-06-04 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> winning by a margin of 7,935 votes against Tellam Rajalakshmi of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0167.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607173545/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0167.htm |archive-date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Chirri Balaraju
|votes = 1,01,453
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Tellam Rajalakshmi
|votes = 93,518
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Srujana Duvvela
|votes = 3,568
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 5,611
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,935
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jana Sena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Tellam Balaraju]]
|votes = 11,0523
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Boragam Srinivasarao
|votes = 68,453
|percentage = 32.09%
|change = -18.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Chirri Balaraju
|votes = 13,378
|percentage = 6.27%
|change = +6.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Boragam Venkata Lakshmi
|votes = 1,119
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,004
|percentage = 2.81%
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,070
|percentage = 19.80%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 212,466
|percentage = 86.55%
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaraju, Chirri}}
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-JSP-politician-stub}}

Bharat Bhushan Batra

2026-04-18T23:48:06Z

Janandh: Creating Some Data Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharat Bhushan Batra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Shadi Lal Batra]]
| successor2 = [[Manish Grover]]
| constituency2 = [[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| term_start1 = 24 October 2019
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| predecessor1 = [[Manish Grover]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|5|4}}<ref name="HVS"/>
| birth_place = [[Kalanaur, Haryana|Kalanaur]], [[East Punjab]] (now [[Haryana]]), India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] [[LLB]] ([[Delhi University]], 1977)
| profession = Advocate
| known_for =
| spouse = Neelam Batra
| children = 1
| relatives =
}}
'''Bharat Bhushan Batra''' (born 4 May 1952) is an Indian politician serving as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] since 2019.<ref name="HVS"/><ref name="MyNeta"/> He held the post previously from 2009 to 2014, winning the seat in [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]].<ref name="HVS"/><ref name="HT"/> After a loss in 2014, Batra regained the seat in [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]],<ref name="HT"/> which he retained in [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]].<ref name="IT_Oct2024"/>

== Personal life ==
Batra was born on 4 May 1952 to Sat Ram Dass Batra in [[Kalanaur, Haryana|Kalanaur]] town of [[East Punjab]] which is now in [[Haryana]]. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree at Kalanaur and later did [[LLB|L.L.B.]] in 1977 at [[Delhi University]]. He is married to Neelam Batra, with whom he has a son.<ref name="HVS">{{cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=49120 |website=haryanaassembly.gov.in | date=17 July 2018 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Bharat Bhushan Batra(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Rohtak(Rohtak) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7642 |website=MyNeta |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==
Batra was first elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak Vidhan Sabha constituency]] in 2009, defeating [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Manish Grover]] by 19,595 votes and succeeding fellow Congress politician [[Shadi Lal Batra]] in the process.<ref name="HT"/> During his tenure, he was the chairman of Library Committee, Petition Committee and Subject Committee on Education, Technical Education, Vocation Education, Medical Education and Health Services.<ref name="HVS"/>

In the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], Batra lost to Grover with 11,132 votes. But, regained his seat in [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]], defeating the latter with 19,595 votes.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Haryana Assembly Polls: Manish Grover, Rohtak MLA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/haryana-assembly-polls-manish-grover-rohtak-mla/story-N7Gs6IQefrB04nMrT7w08I.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> Batra was the [[Whip (politics)|chief whip]] of Indian National Congress in [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]] from 2010 to 2014 and 2019 to present.<ref name="HVS" />

In the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], Batra again won from Rohtak, defeating rival Manish Grover by 1,341 votes.<ref name="IT_Oct2024">{{cite magazine |title=Rohtak, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Bharat Bhushan Batra with 59419 defeats BJP's Manish Kumar Grover |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rohtak-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612838-2024-10-08 |magazine=India Today |date=8 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results October -2024 Assembly Constituency 62 - Rohtak (Haryana) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/ConstituencywiseS0762.htm |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batra, Bharat Bhushan}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Thongju Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:00Z

Janandh: created

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thongju
| mla = [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:32132}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image = File:Thongju Assembly Constituency.png
}}
''' Thongju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[https://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/thongju.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Thongju Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Extent ==
Thongju constituency is the 5th among the 60 constituencies of Manipur. It has 45 parts namely:- 1 - Thongju Lilando lampak (A), 2 - Thongju Lilando lampak (B), 3 - Thongju Ningomthong(A), 4 - Thongju Ningomthong (B), 5 - Kakwa Lamdaibung, 6 - Kakwa Nameirakpam Leikai, 7 - Thongju Pheijaleitong (A), 8 - Thongju Pheijaleitong (B), 9 - Pichu Lampak, 10 - Konok Khongnangkhong, 11 - Thongju Part-II Makha Leikai, 12 - Thongju Part-II Koirou, 13 - Thongju Waikhom Khongnang, 14 - Bashikhong Panthoibi Bazar, 15 - Kongba Irong, 16 - Bashikhong Bazar, 17 - Bashikhong Torban, 18 - Kitana Panung (A), 19 - Kitana Panung (B), 20 - Kitana Panung (C), 21 - Torban Pebiya Pandit Leikai, 22 - Mongkhang Lambi, 23 - Mongkhang Lambi (North), 24 - Torban Kshetri Leikai, 25 - Akampat, 26 - Khongman Mangjil (A), 27 - Khongman Mangjil (B), 28 - Khongman Mayai Leikai Zone-III(A), 29 - Khongman Zone-IV, 30 - Khongman, 31 - Khongman Zone-V(A), 32 - Khongman Zone-V(B), 33 - Wangkhei Loumanbi (A), 34 - Wangkhei Loumanbi (B), 35 - Nandeibam Leikai (A), 36 - Kongba Makha Nandeibam Leikai, 37 - Nandeibam Leikai (C), 38 - Uchekon Kongba Kshetri Leikai (A), 39 - Uchekon Kongba Kshetri Leikai (B), 40 - Uchekon Torban (A), 41 - Uchekon Torban (B), 42 - Takhok Mapal (A), 43 - Takhok Mapal (B), 44 - Takhok Mapal (C), and 45 - Takhok Mapal Wangkhei Loumanbi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. A. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Oinam Tomba Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Hawaibam Shyama Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Oinam Tomba || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Nameirakpam Bisheshwor
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Thoudam Krishna Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Bijoy Koijam]]
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=4 | [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2015 elections in India#Manipur|2015 by-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|62.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#2015 by-election|2015 by-election]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|41.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|35.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|27.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|30.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|51.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|26.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|31.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|46.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.97}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thongam Biswajit Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,338 |percentage=51.98% |change=-10.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Neken Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,649 |percentage=29.31% |change=-6.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanglakpam Preshyojit Sharma |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,849 |percentage=16.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=674 |percentage=2.28% |change=0.80% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,689 |percentage=22.67% |change=-4.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,510 |percentage=91.84% |change= 2.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,132 |change =6.63% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -10.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thongam Biswajit Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,809 |percentage=62.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Ajit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,508 |percentage=35.42% |change=-3.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=398 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,301 |percentage=27.20% |change=24.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,846 |percentage=89.09% |change= -0.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,135 |change =9.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2015 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2015 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
|votes = 14,606
|percentage = 55.88
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijoy Koijam]]
|votes = 11,393
|percentage = 43.58
|change = +4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = MDPF
|candidate = Dr. Gurumayun Tonsana Sharma
|votes = 54
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 78
|percentage = 0.29
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,213
|percentage = 12.30
|change = +9.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,138
|percentage = 92.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 28,281
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thongam Biswajit Singh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=10,299 |percentage=41.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bijoy Koijam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,696 |percentage=39.37% |change=-11.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangujam Mangi Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,641 |percentage=10.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangkhom Jayantakumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,833 |percentage=7.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tenshubam Bheigyachandra Shamuphaba |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=161 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=603 |percentage=2.45% |change=-17.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,630 |percentage=89.64% |change= 0.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,476 |change =3.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bijoy Koijam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,941 |percentage=50.36% |change=46.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Ajit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,167 |percentage=30.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,600 |percentage=19.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,774 |percentage=20.14% |change=11.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,709 |percentage=89.46% |change= -2.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,502 |change =13.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 15.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bijoy Koijam]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,510 |percentage=35.26% |change=7.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,729 |percentage=26.90% |change=25.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Premananda |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=4,103 |percentage=19.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajagopal Sharma |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,653 |percentage=12.46% |change=-5.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Mangi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=738 |percentage=3.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karamchand Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=356 |percentage=1.67% |change=-4.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ibobi Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=210 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,781 |percentage=8.36% |change=1.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,299 |percentage=92.06% |change= -2.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,391 |change =4.26% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 4.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,790 |percentage=27.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bijoy Koijam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,416 |percentage=21.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajagopal Sharma |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,765 |percentage=18.12% |change=16.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Chatukini Singh |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,243 |percentage=10.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Irabanta |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,706 |percentage=8.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ibotombi Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,279 |percentage=6.16% |change=-7.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Sanaton |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=980 |percentage=4.72% |change=-25.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Joykumar Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=303 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Debendro Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=293 |percentage=1.41% |change=-0.75% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,374 |percentage=6.61% |change=2.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,775 |percentage=93.32% |change= -0.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,436 |change =8.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -2.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,829 |percentage=30.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thingujam Chatukini |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,039 |percentage=26.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanglakpam Brajagopal Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,602 |percentage=18.85% |change=-29.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Joykumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,615 |percentage=13.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangsabam Budhi |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=1,282 |percentage=6.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Ganga Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=413 |percentage=2.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hijam Heramot |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=238 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=790 |percentage=4.13% |change=1.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,106 |percentage=94.06% |change= 1.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,590 |change =-3.23% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -21.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Krishna Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,956 |percentage=51.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leitanthem Toma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,361 |percentage=48.46% |change=33.46% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=595 |percentage=3.08% |change=-12.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,317 |percentage=92.34% |change= 1.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,277 |change =36.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= 18.90% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Bisheshwor |party=Independent politician |votes=4,517 |percentage=32.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Tolen |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,412 |percentage=17.43% |change=-1.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanglakpam Brajagopal Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,076 |percentage=15.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Joykumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=9.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Kunjo Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,314 |percentage=9.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hijam Heramot |party=Independent politician |votes=710 |percentage=5.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Ango Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=676 |percentage=4.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangsabam Budhi |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Chaoba |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,105 |percentage=15.21% |change=7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,840 |percentage=90.67% |change= 5.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,635 |change =6.81% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 6.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Tomba |party=Independent politician |votes=3,241 |percentage=26.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Tolen |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,302 |percentage=18.85% |change=-3.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Joykumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,159 |percentage=9.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Ango Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,032 |percentage=8.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayengbam Ibobi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,009 |percentage=8.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hijam Haramot |party=Janata Party |votes=971 |percentage=7.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakehom Kunjo |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=770 |percentage=6.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atom Ibetombi |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=706 |percentage=5.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Dhabal |party=Independent politician |votes=575 |percentage=4.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawaibam Shyama Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=423 |percentage=3.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=939 |percentage=7.69% |change=3.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,215 |percentage=85.03% |change= -4.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,638 |change =20.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Socialist Party (India) |swing= -5.27% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawaibam Shyama Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,385 |percentage=31.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Tomba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,934 |percentage=27.57% |change=3.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayengbam Ibobi Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,362 |percentage=22.19% |change=-24.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Ango Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,962 |percentage=18.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=451 |percentage=4.24% |change=-18.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,643 |percentage=89.29% |change= 8.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,129 |change =12.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Socialist Party (India) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -15.00% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Tomba Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,027 |percentage=46.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Muhori Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,040 |percentage=23.71% |change=-12.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawaibam Shyama Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,037 |percentage=23.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Goursing |party=Communist Party of India |votes=499 |percentage=5.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,987 |percentage=23.10% |change=21.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,603 |percentage=80.75% |change= -2.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,828 |change =-29.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thongju}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,465 |percentage=35.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. S. Singh |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=4,251 |percentage=34.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suleiman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,017 |percentage=16.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. T. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=741 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. G. Singh |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=463 |percentage=3.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=2.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=214 |percentage=1.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,414 |percentage=83.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,437 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Imphal East district]]
*[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur|state=expanded}}

{{coord|24.736|93.929|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Nalagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:03Z

Janandh: created a info from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nalagarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = 51-Nalagarh constituency.svg
| mla = [[Hardeep Singh Bawa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India|2024]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:91955}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Nalagarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. [[Nalagarh]] is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nalagarh.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Nalagarh Assembly constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2| Arjan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=5| Vijayander Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=3|[[Hari Naraian Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2011 elections in India|2011]]★
| [[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Krishan Lal Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]]<ref name=election2017/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Members HP Vidhan Sabha|url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Krishan Lal Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024]]★
|[[Hardeep Singh Bawa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
★: By-election

== Election results ==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Nalagarh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hardeep Singh Bawa|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34608|percentage=46.43|change={{increase}}19.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Krishan Lal Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=25618|percentage=34.37|change={{increase}}11.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Harpreet Saini|party=Independent|votes=13025|percentage=17.47|change=NA}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.L. Sharma|party=Swabhiman Party|votes=492|percentage=0.66|change=NA}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=446|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}00.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijay Singh|party=Independent|votes=353|percentage=0.47|change=NA}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8990|percentage=12.06|change={{decrease}}05.60}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=74542|percentage=78.82|change={{decrease}}02.85}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing = {{increase}}1.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Thakur]] |party=Independent politician |votes=33,427 |percentage=44.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardeep Singh Bawa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,163 |percentage=26.85% |change={{decrease}}9.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,273 |percentage=23.00% |change={{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=1,146 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,108 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=590 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Bains |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=555 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,264 |percentage=17.66% |change= {{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,101 |percentage=81.67% |change= {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,955 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185346/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,872 |percentage=36.30% |change={{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,630 |percentage=34.55% |change={{decrease}}21.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardeep Singh Bawa |party=Independent politician |votes=13,095 |percentage=18.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpreet Singh Saini |party=Independent politician |votes=5,443 |percentage=7.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=678 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=613 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,242 |percentage=1.74% |change= {{decrease}}12.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,281 |percentage=86.19% |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,701 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,341 |percentage=55.60% |change={{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,033 |percentage=40.96% |change={{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anant Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=610 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=597 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pola Ram Dhang Wala |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=537 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbax Singh Chauhan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=380 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,308 |percentage=14.64% |change= {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,563 |percentage=85.59% |change= {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,262 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2011 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Nalagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,799 |percentage=51.43% |change={{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Kaur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,200 |percentage=48.57% |change={{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,599 |percentage=2.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,999 |percentage=82.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,780 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Naraian Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,929 |percentage=50.84% |change={{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,108 |percentage=44.12% |change={{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Thakur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,233 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,024 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Gurbakhsh Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=565 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,821 |percentage=6.71% |change= {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,905 |percentage=83.18% |change= {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Naraian Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,892 |percentage=42.22% |change={{decrease}}12.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukriti Kumari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,809 |percentage=36.54% |change={{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,515 |percentage=21.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,083 |percentage=5.69% |change= {{decrease}}6.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,216 |percentage=85.91% |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,126 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Naraian Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,435 |percentage=54.42% |change={{increase}}22.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,105 |percentage=42.05% |change={{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaminder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=770 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=550 |percentage=1.28% |change={{decrease}}14.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,330 |percentage=12.38% |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,061 |percentage=78.21% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,969 |percentage=46.03% |change={{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,273 |percentage=31.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Naraian Singh]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,166 |percentage=15.79% |change={{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaminder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,795 |percentage=4.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braham Sarup Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=716 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,696 |percentage=14.59% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,038 |percentage=77.54% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,774 |percentage=57.18% |change={{decrease}}23.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=13,428 |percentage=38.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=801 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaigal Ram Bansal |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,346 |percentage=18.35% |change= {{decrease}}43.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,583 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,035 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,284 |percentage=80.58% |change={{increase}}18.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,237 |percentage=18.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,047 |percentage=61.64% |change= {{increase}}26.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,654 |percentage=75.98% |change= {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,675 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,500 |percentage=62.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,259 |percentage=27.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randeep Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,267 |percentage=4.78% |change={{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dayal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,113 |percentage=4.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=188 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}69.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rala Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,241 |percentage=34.88% |change= {{decrease}}17.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,494 |percentage=77.23% |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,699 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayendra Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=14,684 |percentage=69.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,756 |percentage=17.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurucharan Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,514 |percentage=11.96% |change={{decrease}}19.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,928 |percentage=51.97% |change= {{increase}}27.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,026 |percentage=70.79% |change= {{increase}}10.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,023 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,021 |percentage=56.46% |change={{increase}}37.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kala Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,045 |percentage=31.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,495 |percentage=9.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauri Shanker |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=417 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,976 |percentage=24.88% |change= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,978 |percentage=61.48% |change= {{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,760 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}30.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalagarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,295 |percentage=25.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,830 |percentage=22.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,339 |percentage=19.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,205 |percentage=19.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,764 |percentage=10.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=465 |percentage=2.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,847 |percentage=71.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,455 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Solan district]]
* [[Nalagarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.04|76.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Chhatapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:21Z

Janandh: Adding The Data V1 - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhatapur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 45-Chhatapur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh (Bablu)]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = Vishwa Mohan Bharti {{small|{{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|45]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 301,120
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Nitish Kumar with Leshi Singh and others at Katihar inaugurating various schemes (cropped).jpg
| abolished = 
}}
'''Chhatapur''' Assembly constituency is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Supaul district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It has been an open seat since 2010, but earlier it was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]]. There are a total of 23 gram panchayat under the Chhatapur block.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 45 Chhatapur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Chhatapur and Basantpur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Chhatapur Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Chhatapur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chhatapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Kumbha Narayan Sardar
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sitaram Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Kumbha Narayan Sardar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Yogendra Narayan Sardar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Vishwa Mohan Bharti
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Gita Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2002^
|Gauri Shankar Sardar
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Mahendra Narayan Sardar
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Vishwa Mohan Bharti
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Chhatapur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122491}}
|percentage = 49.18
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Vipin Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:106313}}
|percentage = 42.69
|change = +6.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepak Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3993}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4767}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16178}}
|percentage = 6.49
|change = -3.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:249059}}
|percentage = 74.68
|change = +9.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Chhatapur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93755}}
|percentage = 46.39
|change = +2.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Vipin Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:73120}}
|percentage = 36.18
|change = -2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deo Narayan Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:4274}}
|percentage = 2.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjeev Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:3659}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Kumar Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:3526}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nasiblal Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:3287}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baban Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2531}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dayanand Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2088}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:1990}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1219}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change = -1.73
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20635}}
|percentage = 10.21
|change = +4.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202088}}
|percentage = 65.18
|change = -0.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatapur<ref name="Chhatapur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Chhatapur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chhatapur |access-date=24 November 2025 |issue= |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124173909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chhatapur |archive-date=24 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Niraj Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:75697}}
|percentage = 43.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Jahur Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:66405}}
|percentage = 38.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upendra Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6244}}
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Aqueel Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:4135}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3200}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Akbar Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:3167}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2779}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nitu Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2570}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bishnudev Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2383}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ramsundar Mukhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1568}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4041}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9292}}
|percentage = 5.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173177}}
|percentage = 65.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
* Yogendra Nr. Sardar (JD): 57,721 votes<ref name="election1990">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1990}}</ref>
* Kumbh Nr. Sardar (INC): 33,698 votes

===1977===
* Sitaram Paswan (Janata Party): 27,709 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chhatapur-bihar-assembly-constituency|title=Chhatapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency}}</ref>
* Kumbh Narayan Sardar (INC): 12,296 votes

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|26|11|56|N|87|00|18|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Supaul district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Rajsamand Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:03Z

Janandh: put up new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajsamand
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-175-Rajsamand.svg
| mla = [[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:232184}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 175
}}
'''Rajsamand Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]] district and is a part of [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand Lok Sabha Constituency]].

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| 1957 || rowspan="2" | Niranjan Nath Acharya<ref name="election1957">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=4}}
|-
|| 1962
|-
|| 1967 || Amritlal<ref name="election1967">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 1972 || Nana Lal<ref name="election1972">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 1977 || Kailash Chandra<ref name="election1977">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|| 1980 || rowspan="2" | Nana Lal<ref name="election1980">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|| 1985
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1990 || rowspan="2" | Shanti Lal Khoiwal<ref name="election1990">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1990 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=9}}
|-
|| 1993
|-
|| 1998 || Banshi Lal Gehlot<ref name="election1998">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1998 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 2003 || [[Banshi Lal Khatik]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 2008 || rowspan="3" | [[Kiran Maheshwari]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2008 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 2013
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| 2021*
|rowspan="2" |[[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari|Deepti Maheshwari]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajsamand<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deepti Kiran Maheshwari
|votes = {{formatnum:94043}}
|percentage = 53.5
|change = -1.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narayan Singh Bhati
|votes = {{formatnum:62081}}
|percentage = 35.31
|change = -4.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Badala
|votes = {{formatnum:13599}}
|percentage = 7.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ghanashyam Murdia
|votes = {{formatnum:1772}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1238}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31962}}
|percentage = 18.19
|change = +3.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175794}}
|percentage = 75.71
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin| title=Bye Election, 2021: Rajsamand<ref name="election2021">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Bye Elections 2021 (Parliamentary and Assemblies)|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13640-bye-elections-2021-parliamentary-and-assemblies/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari|Deepti Maheshwari]]
|votes = 74,704
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Tansukh Bohra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,394
|percentage = 46.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hitesh Shakya
|party = Right to Recall Party
|votes = 117
|percentage = 0.7
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,586
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,310
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,50,234
|percentage = 67.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Rajsamand<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89709}}
|percentage = 55.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Singh Bhati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:65086}}
|percentage = 39.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3109}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24623}}
|percentage = 15.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162812}}
|percentage = 76.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajsamand}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
|votes = 84,263
|percentage = 58.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hari Singh Rathor
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,688
|percentage = 37.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,083
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Narayan Jawa
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 1,968
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 30,575
|percentage = 21.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,44,619
|percentage = 77.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Rajsamand district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.07|73.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Jamshedpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:00Z

Janandh: new new data w/ sources

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jamshedpur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| abolished = 1967
| electors =
}}
''' Jamshedpur Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituencies which made up [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]] Lok Sabha seat in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Sheo Chandrika Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1951|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Kedar Das (CPI politician)|Kedar Das]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1957|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Ram Avatar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1962|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|-
|}
''This constituency was split as East and West segments from 1967 onwards. So, for Elections after 1962, please see [[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency]] and [[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency]]''

==See also==
* [[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of states of India by type of legislature]]
* [[Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]

{{coord|22.799|86.215|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre

2026-04-12T20:21:42Z

Janandh: Adding New Post Needs Work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = EZCC
| formation = 1985
| full_name = Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre
| image = File:Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre logo.png
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| founder = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| type = autonomous organization
| purpose = Education, preservation and promotion of arts and culture
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| owner = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
| coordinates = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.ezcc-india.org/}}
}}

The '''Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre''' (abbreviated as '''EZCC''') is an autonomous organization under [[Ministry of Culture (India)]], [[Government of India]] covering the states of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], registered under West Bengal Society Registration Act (Act XXVI of 1961).<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.ezcc-india.org |website=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre}}</ref> Its headquarters in Sector III, [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]], [[Kolkata]], is situated in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], on account of Kolkata being referred to as the "Cultural Capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pielou|first=Adrianne|title=India: Calcutta, the capital of culture|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116230616/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre (EZCC) |url=https://www.ezcc-india.org/ |website=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> This zone is home to three classical dances, namely, [[Odissi]], [[Sattriya]] and [[Manipuri dance]]; types of music include the classical [[Odissi music]] and semi-classical [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. In addition, [[Odia language|Odia]] is one of the classical languages in India and the only living classical language from Eastern India.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is Asia's first [[Nobel laureate]] and composer of [[Jana Gana Mana|India's national anthem]]
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Swami Vivekananda]] was a key figure in introducing [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and USA,<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book
| last = Georg
| first = Feuerstein
| authorlink = Georg Feuerstein
| title = The Yoga Tradition
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2002
| page = 600
| isbn = 3-935001-06-1}}</ref> raising interfaith awareness and making [[Hinduism]] a world religion.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book
| last = Clarke
| first = Peter Bernard
| title = New Religions in Global Perspective
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2006
| page = 209
| isbn = 0-7007-1185-6
}}</ref>
| footer =
}}
[[Image:Pung cholom performer, Manipur.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A traditional, Pung cholom performer.]]
[[File:Odissi Performance DS.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|right|Odissi performer]]
[[File:Manipuri performer in an evocative pose.jpg|thumb|A Manipuri performer strikes an evocative pose.]]

== History ==
The EZCC was founded in 1985 and since, has been playing a significant role in promoting the numerous ethnic cultural centres and groups of excellence of the eastern parts of the India, with the objective of projection and dissemination of the traditional culture of Eastern India.

== Composition ==
The EZCC is composed of the following members:

# Director, Cultural Affairs Department, Government of Assam
# Director, Arts, Culture & Youth Affairs Department, Government of Bihar
# Director, Department of Art, Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs, Government of Jharkhand
# Commissioner (Art & Culture), Government of Manipur
# Director of Culture, Government of Odisha
# OSD, Cultural Affairs & Heritage Department, Government of Sikkim
# Secretary & Director, ICAT, Government of Tripura
# Joint Secretary & Ex-Officio, Director of Culture, Government of West Bengal
# Director, Department of Art and Culture, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration.

== Schemes ==
There are various schemes sponsored by The Ministry of Culture, Government of India gives grants to the Zonal Cultural Centers. These schemes are National Cultural Exchange Programme, Theatre rejuvenation scheme, North East Programme, Guru Shishya Parampara and young talent search.
To promote the culture in youth there are many competition organise by EZCC in following fields :
* Folk Music
* Folk Dance
* Classical Music
* Classical Dance

To preserve this Indian tradition, the EZCC organises various Guru Shishya Parampara schemes, which include:
* [[Gotipua]] Dance (Odisha)
* Purulia Chhau Dance (West Bengal)
* Paika / [[Paika akhada]] a War Dancs from (Odisha)
* Nauta (West Bengal)
* Bordoishilka (Assam)
* [[Thang-Ta]] Dance (Manipur)
* [[Bhatiali]] Folk Songs (West Bengal)
* Kushan Dance (Assam)
* [[Pung cholom]] (Manipur)
* [[Maruni]] (Sikkim)

{{see also|Group theatre of Kolkata}}
[[File:Sudrak - Painting & Sculpture Exhibition - Kolkata 2012-10-03 0544.JPG|thumb|upright|200px|An exhibition of painting and sculpture is going on at the Academy of Fine Arts, in the city of joy [[Kolkata]].]]
[[File:Evening on Tagore - Kolkata 2011-05-09 3264.JPG|thumb|upright|200px|The [[Mohiniyattam]] is being performed to commemorate of 150th birth anniversary of Tagore. It was an Indo-Bangladesh joint celebration in 2011 in [[Kolkata]].]]

West Bengal's capital [[Kolkata]] is the largest city of this region. The states of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]] share a lot cultural and linguistic characteristics with [[Bangladesh]] and with the state of [[Assam]]. Together with Bangladesh, [[West Bengal]] forms the ethno-linguistic region of [[Bengal]], which was also a [[Partition of India|unified administrative region]] until 1947.

[[Odissi]] is the oldest surviving classical dance, [[Pattachitra]] the most influential ancient classical painting, classical Odishian unique ancient architecture [[Kalinga architecture]] like Konark, Lingraja, lalitgiri etc. [[Odia language|Odia]] is the only modern Indo-Aryan language accorded the status of a [[Classical Language in India]], and [[Odissi music]] is claimed to be the classical Music among Karnatik and Hindustani Music.

==Other Regional Cultural Centres of India==
* [[North Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[North Central Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[West Zone Cultural Centre]] [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[North East Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Chümoukedima]], [[Nagaland]]
* [[South Zone Cultural Centre]]
* [[South-Central Zone Cultural Centre|South Central Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]

The [[Cultural Zones of India]] are seven overlapping zones defined by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/index.asp|title=Zonal Cultural Centres|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808091005/http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/index.asp|archivedate=8 August 2011}}</ref> of the [[Government of India]] to promote and preserve the [[cultural heritage]] of various regions of [[India]].<ref name="wzccsite">{{Citation | title=West Zone Culture Centre | publisher=West Zone Culture Centre | accessdate=15 December 2010 | url=http://www.wzccindia.com/ | quote=''... West Zone Cultural Centre (WZCC) with its headquarters at Udaipur is one of the seven Zonal Cultural Centres set up during 1986–87, under the direct initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India ...''}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Videos by Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre}}

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

{{Odisha}}

{{Oriya culture}}
{{Cultural Zones of India}}

[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cultural centres in India]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1986]]
[[Category:Ministry of Culture (India)]]

Muthoot Finance

2026-04-09T12:21:30Z

Janandh: created first stub w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian financial services company}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Muthoot Finance Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt = Muthoot Finance logo
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|533398}}|{{NSE|MUTHOOTFIN}}}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1939||}}
| location = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| key_people = {{ubl|George Jacob Muthoot{{br}} {{small|(Chairman)}}|[[George Alexander Muthoot]]{{br}} {{small|(Managing Director)}}|George Thomas Muthoot {{br}}{{small|(Joint MD)}}}}
| subsid = {{ubl|Muthoot Homefin (India) Limited|Muthoot Insurance Brokers Private Limited| Belstar Microfinance Limited|Asia Asset Finance plc}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muthoot Finance|url=https://www.muthootfinance.com/corporate/our_subsidary|access-date=2020-08-01|website=muthootfinance.com}}</ref>
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = [[Mortgage loan]]s, [[Insurance]], [[Mutual fund]]s;
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|12237|c}} (FY22)<ref name="fy22"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|9666|c}} (FY22)<ref name="fy22"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4031|c}} (FY22)<ref name="fy22">{{cite news |title=Muthoot Finance Q4 profit slides to Rs 1,006 cr as interest income falls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/muthoot-finance-q4-profit-slides-to-rs-1-006-cr-as-interest-income-falls-122052601519_1.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|54881|c}} (2020)<ref name="Financials"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|11414|c}} (2020)<ref name="Financials">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/financeinvestments/muthootfinance/MF10|title=Muthoot Finance Ltd. Financial Statements |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
| num_employees = 25,554 (2020)<ref name="Financials"/>
| parent = [[The Muthoot Group]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.muthootfinance.com/}}
}}

'''Muthoot Finance Ltd''' is an Indian financial corporation and the largest gold loan [[Non-bank financial institution|NBFC]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthoot Finance cashback scheme launched for customers amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-muthoot-finance-cashback-scheme-launched-for-customers-amid-covid-19-pandemic-131181 |work=Zee Business |date=14 July 2020}}</ref> In addition to financing gold loans, the company offers other forms of loans, insurance and [[Electronic funds transfer|money transfer]] services, and sells [[gold coins]]. The company is headquartered in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], and operates over 5,000 branches in the country. Outside India, Muthoot Finance is established in the UK, the US, and the [[United Arab Emirates]].

The company falls under the brand umbrella of the [[Muthoot Group]]. Its shares are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] since its [[initial public offering]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Billionaire George Muthoot's Pot of Gold |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2011/1107/india-billionaires-11-george-muthoot-hoarders-kuttickat-rai.html |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Muthoot Finance sets IPO price band at Rs 160-175 per share |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/stocks/story/muthoot-finance-sets-ipo-price-band-at-rs-160-175-per-share-18116-2011-04-13 |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=Business Today |date=13 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref> The target market of Muthoot Finance includes small businesses, vendors, farmers, traders, SME business owners, and salaried individuals.

== History ==
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Muthoot Finance Swargate Branch.jpg
|bSize = 300
|cWidth = 270
|cHeight = 180
|oTop = 50
|oLeft=0
|Location=right
|Description = Muthoot Finance branch in [[Swargate]], [[Pune]]
}}
The company was incorporated as a private limited company on 14 March 1997 with the name "The Muthoot Finance Private Limited" under the Companies Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/muthoot-finance-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-33218.cms|title=Muthoot Finance History|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

On 18 November 2008, the company was converted into a public limited company with the name "Muthoot Finance Limited".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/muthootfinance/history/MF10?classic=true | title=Muthoot Finance Ltd. | publisher=Moneycontrol | accessdate=20 July 2020 }}</ref> During the year 2009–10, the company added 620 new branches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/muthoot-finance-24769/information/company-history|title=Muthoot Finance Ltd.|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2014, Muthoot Finance acquired a majority stake in Asia Asset Finance plc, a Sri Lankan publicly listed financial services company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthoot Finance acquires Sri Lankan company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/muthoot-finance-acquires-sri-lankan-company/article6742204.ece |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In July 2016, Muthoot Finance acquired 46.83% of the capital of Belstar Investment and Finance Private Limited (BIFPL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/muthoot-finance-ups-stake-in-belstar-investment-1437040|title=Muthoot Finance Ups Stake in Belstar Investment|website=NDTV.com|date=27 July 2016 }}</ref>

In May 2018, Muthoot Finance acquired Muthoot Money, a Non Deposit taking Non-Banking Financial Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/muthoot-finance-acquires-muthoot-money-118103000915_1.html|title=Muthoot Finance acquires Muthoot Money|website=Business Standard|date=30 October 2018 }}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
All of the philanthropic activities of Muthoot Finance are conducted through the Muthoot M George Foundation, which also conducts tree plantation drives<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grow-trees.com/about/Testimonials.aspx
|title=Grow Trees NGO Testimonials |publisher=Grow Trees}}</ref> and offers scholarships<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/muthoot-foundation-to-award-scholarships-110112400051_1.html |title=Muthoot Foundation to award scholarships |work=Business Standard|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> to the needy on a regular basis. The company is also involved in various philanthropic initiatives, which focus on education through M George Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/muthoot-foundation-to-award-scholarships-110112400051_1.html |title=Muthoot M George Foundation announced the launch of Muthoot M George Excellence Scholarships |work=Business Standard|date=24 November 2010 }}</ref> environment, health, financial assistance and eco-friendliness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csridentity.com/india/muthootfinance.asp |title=Muthoot Finance CSR profile |publisher=CSR Identity}}</ref> With the assistance of the Credai Clean City Movement, the company is associated with the concept of an E-toilet, which was a public sanitation initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2862334.ece |title=NATIONAL / KERALA : e-toilet opened in Children's Park |work=The Hindu|date=2012-02-05 |accessdate=2013-01-31}}</ref> Additionally, the company holds regular agricultural seminars by the name of "Ente Adukkalathottum" ("My Kitchen Garden") which educates farmers on the effects of pesticide residues in food and how to counter that for healthier living. It has also been actively involved in helping cancer patients, as well as individuals diagnosed with from kidney diseases, by financially covering medical expenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://santhimedicalinfo.org/Newsevents.aspx |title=NATIONAL / KERALA : Muthoot M George Foundation |publisher= NGO |accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref>

The company runs the Kochi Chapter of the "Horn Not Ok Please" initiative, which raises awareness on the harmful effects of vehicular noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article352395.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221194419/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article352395.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2014 |title=NATIONAL / KERALA : Horn Not OK Please', a poster designing competition|work=The Hindu|date=2012-02-05 |accessdate=2013-01-31}}</ref> The company has also launched a Centre for Promoting/Creating Road Traffic Awareness at the office of the Asst. Commissioner of Police in Kochi to help raise awareness about road safety and the prevention of traffic accidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2542487.ece |title=Poster designing |work=The Hindu|accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kochivibe.com/in-kochi-horn-not-ok-please |title=In Kochi, Horn Not OK Please |publisher=kochivibe.com |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref>

In 2012, the Muthoot Group launched the first Paul George Memorial Tournament,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/sehwag-inaugurates-paul-george-memorial-tournament_770817.html |title=NATIONAL / DELHI: Sehwag inaugurates Paul George Memorial Tournament |publisher=Zee News |date=2013-10-14 |accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> which was aimed at Government School Children in the [[Delhi]] [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] region. The winners of the tournament were given scholarships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/198103-t20-cricket-tournament-for-government-school-students |title=T20 cricket tournament for government school students|publisher=Sports.ndtv.com |date=2012-10-19 |accessdate=2013-01-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.muthootfinance.com}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1939]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1939]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]

Official Secrets Act, 1923 (India)

2026-04-07T11:53:04Z

Janandh: put up page

{{Short description|Anti-espionage legislation}}
{{for|other similar acts around the world|Official Secrets Act}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Official Secrets Act, 1923
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 180px
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to official secrets.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2379?sam_handle=123456789/1362 Act No. 19 of 1923]
| territorial_extent = [[British India]]
| amended_by = Repealing Act, 1927
| status = In force
}}

The '''Official Secrets Act, 1923''' (No. 19) is [[India]]'s anti-[[espionage]] act held over from the [[British Raj]] period. It states clearly that actions which involve helping an enemy state against India are strongly condemned. It also states that one cannot approach, inspect, or even pass over a prohibited government site or area like an [[electrical substation]]. According to this act, helping the enemy state can be in the form of communicating a sketch, plan, model of an official secret, or of official codes or [[password]]s, to the enemy.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Prosecution and penalties ==
Punishments under the Act range from three years to [[life imprisonment]] (if the intent is to declare war against India - section 5). A person prosecuted under this Act can be charged with the crime even if the action was unintentional and not intended to endanger the security of the state. The Act only empowers persons in positions of authority to handle official secrets, and others who handle it in prohibited areas or outside them are liable for punishment.<ref name="india1923">[http://www.archive.india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/3314.pdf "Act No. 19 of 1923 dated 2nd. April, 1923"]</ref>

[[Journalist]]s have to help members of the [[Police|police forces]] above the rank of the sub-Inspector and members of the [[military]] with investigations regarding an offense, up to and including revealing his sources of information.

Under the Act, search warrants may be issued at any time if the magistrate determines that based on the evidence there is enough danger to the security of the state.

Uninterested members of the public may be excluded from court proceedings if the prosecution feels that any information which is going to be passed on during the proceedings is sensitive. This also includes media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT, 1923 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2379/1/A1923-19.pdf |access-date=February 21, 2024 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

When a company is seen as the offender under this Act, everyone involved with the management of the company, including the board of directors, can be liable for punishment. In the case of a newspaper, everyone – including the [[Editing|editor]], [[Publishing|publisher]] and the proprietor — can be imprisoned for an offense.
OSA is controversial to the modern [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI Act of 2005]].<ref name="india1923"/>

== Criticism ==

=== Conflict with right to information ===
In the OSA clause 6, information from any governmental office is considered official information, hence it can be used to override [[Right to Information Act 2005]] requests. This has drawn harsh criticism. The [[Supreme Court of India]] has also held that the RTI overrides OSA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2019-03-14|title=RTI trumps Official Secrets Act, says SC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rti-trumps-official-secrets-act-says-sc/article26537346.ece|access-date=2020-09-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Iftikhar Gilani case ===
In June 2002, journalist Iftikhar Gilani was, arrested for violating the OSA 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-14 |title=India Together: Presumed guilty, secretly - 14 July 2005 |url=https://indiatogether.org/gilani-reviews |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=indiatogether.org}}</ref> He was charged under the OSA, with a case under the Obscenity Act added to it. The first military report suggested that the information he was accused of holding was "secret" despite being publicly available. The second military intelligence report contradicted this, stating that there was no "official secret". Even after this, the government denied the opinion of the military and was on the verge of challenging it when the contradictions were exposed in the press.

The military reported that "the information contained in the document is easily available" and "the documents carry no security classified information and the information seems to have been gathered from [[OSINT|open sources]]".

On 13 January 2004, the government withdrew its case against him to prevent two of its ministries from having to give contradictory opinions. Gilani was released the same month.

== Reforms ==
After reviewing the provisions of the act, the [[Union Home Ministry]] in July 2017 submitted a report to the Cabinet secretariat. The goal was to amend the act to make it more transparent and in line with the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Home Ministry submits report on proposal to amend Official Secrets Act|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/home-ministry-submits-report-on-proposal-to-amend-osa-4770758/|access-date=5 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

== Recent News ==
=== Delhi court judgement in the case involving journalist Santanu Saikia ===
A Delhi court in a 2009 judgement, in a case involving the publication of excerpts of a cabinet note in the ''Financial Express'' ten years earlier by Santanu Saikia, greatly reduced the powers of the act by ruling publication of a document merely labelled "secret" shall not render the journalist liable under the law.

Saikia was arrested in February 2015 in another case that the police said involved the writing of stories and analyses from documents allegedly stolen from the government. He was released on bail in May after spending 80 days in jail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-26/india/28003463_1_cbi-case-delhi-court-official-secrets-act |title=Court redefines 'official secret', relief to scribe |first=Abhinav |last=Garg |date=February 26, 2009 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024142151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-26/india/28003463_1_cbi-case-delhi-court-official-secrets-act |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 50 cases of Official Secrets Act violation since 2014 ===

50 cases of violation of the Official Secrets Act were registered in the country since 2014. Of these 50 cases, 30 were registered in 2016, nine in 2015 and 11 in 2014 according to Union Minister of state for Home Hansraj Ahir. Of the 30 cases registered in 2016, eight were lodged in Tamil Nadu, followed by five each in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-reviews-draconian-official-secrets-act/articleshow/59800375.cms |title=MHA reviews draconian Official Secrets Act |date=July 28, 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-reviews-draconian-official-secrets-act/articleshow/59800375.cms |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rafale fighter jets case details published by ''The Hindu'' newspaper 2019 ===
Attorney General KK Venugopal told the three-judge bench that the government could invoke the Official Secrets Act 1923, against ''The Hindu'' newspaper, which had published the papers. He claimed that the documents pertaining to the purchase of Rafale jets published by the media are genuine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-is-pm-shying-away-from-probe-rahul-gandhi-ups-rafale-attack/story-XyvERDFFxe6Hs8Ou1MN07I.html|title = 'Gayab ho gaya is govt's new line': Rahul Gandhi ups Rafale attack on PM|date = 7 March 2019}}</ref>
Justice Joseph, one of the three judges on the bench, asked the government about section 22 of the Right to Information Act 2005 having an overriding effect on the Official Secrets Act and also section 24 which mandates even security and intelligence organisations to disclose information on corruption and human rights violations. Finally, section 8(2) compels the government to disclose information "if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to protected interest".

*[[Right to Information Act]]
*[[Classified information]]
*[[Official Secrets Act]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060525123340/http://www.indialawinfo.com/bareacts/OSA.html THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT, 1923]
* [https://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2005/02/my-foreword-to-iftikhar-gilanis-my.html Introduction to Iftikhar Gilani's book, My Days in Prison] (By the Indian editor, Siddharth Varadarajan)
* [http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=3734 An article by RSF into the Iftikhar Gilani case]

[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:Classified information]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:1923 in India]]
[[Category:1923 in law]]
[[Category:1923 in British law]]

Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station

2026-04-03T07:29:01Z

Janandh: new

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Whitefield (Kadugodi)
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| other_name = Whitefield
| style = Namma Metro
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| photo2a = Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station (Platform).jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_size =
| image_caption = Whitefield (Kadugodi) Metro Station
| address = Kadugodi Colony, Maithri Layout, Kadugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560067
| coordinates = {{coord|12.99507|77.75777|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → Train Terminates Here Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield]]
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Two Wheeler only
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2023|03|26|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = WHTM
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple|left=|to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Hopefarm Channasandra |to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Whitefield (Kadugodi)''' (formerly known as '''Whitefield''') is the elevated eastern terminal metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India which serves the main [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]] neighbourhood area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/whitefield-metro-line-ahead-of-inauguration-names-of-six-stations-changed/article66653666.ece|title=Whitefield metro line: Ahead of inauguration, names of six stations changed}}</ref> Around this station is the [[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield railway station]], followed by some locations like Whitefield Traffic Police Station, Kadugodi Police Station, Kadugodi Bus Terminus, MJR Pearl Apartment, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL Telephone Service Center]], Sri Sathya Sai Baba Ashram and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rustagi |first=Abha |date=2022-05-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Line to be functional from Dec 2022 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-line-to-be-functional-from-dec-2022/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Metro stretch to have 13 stops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/sep/14/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-stretch-to-have-13-stops-1656993.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Namma Metro: Why upcoming Whitefield stretch is a game changer for Bengaluru? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-why-upcoming-whitefield-stretch-is-a-game-changer-for-bengaluru-article-98428885 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

The '''Whitefield - Krishnarajapura''' trial runs were successfully conducted from 25 October for a month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield metro line trial from October 25 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-line-trial-from-october-25-1151000.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on March 25, 2023, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on March 26, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Metro finally comes to Whitefield, take a ride on March 26 from 7 am! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Much awaited metro line between Whitefield to KR Puram to be operational by March |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-much-awaited-metro-line-between-whitefield-to-kr-puram-to-be-operational-by-march-article-95761197 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=Namma Metro train between K.R. Puram and Whitefield to run at frequency of 10 minutes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/namma-metro-train-between-kr-puram-and-whitefield-to-run-at-frequency-of-10-minutes-bengaluru-baiyappanahalli-kengeri/article66464371.ece |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 25ಕ್ಕೆ ವೈಟ್‌ಫೀಲ್ಡ್-ಕೆಆರ್ ಪುರಂ ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ಸೇವೆ ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣೆ? |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/2023/mar/14/whitefield-kr-puram-metro-services-on-march-25-489412.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Kannadaprabha |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BMRCL to zoom metro from KR Puram to Whiefield in 22 minutes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Whitefield (Kadugodi) track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vENDEa
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hopefarm Channasandra}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side Platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2 Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' [[Hopefarm Channasandra metro station|Hopefarm Channasandra]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Side Platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Concourse
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Connections==
The metro station is connected with [[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield]] of [[Indian Railways]] network. It is also connected with Kadugodi BMTC Terminus for City Bus Services.

== Gallery ==
Some of this metro station timeline pictures are shown below:-<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:Whitefield metro station (as of Jun '22).jpg|Under Construction as of June 2022
File:Whitefield metro station (Feb '23).jpg|Under Construction as of February 2023
File:Whitefield metro station (Mar '23).jpg|Front Entrance as of March 2023
File:Whitefield(Kadugodi) Metro.jpg|Station Entrance as of April 2023
File:Bommai at the inauguration of Metroline.jpg|Inauguration of this metro station with PM [[Narendra Modi]] along with former Karnataka Chief Minister Shri. [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
File:Whitefield (Kadugodi) Metro Map.jpg|Whitefield (Kadugodi)'s metro map
</gallery>

==Entry/Exit==
There are 2 Entry/Exit points - A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A - Towards Whitefield Traffic Police Station side
* Entry/Exit point B - Towards Whitefield Railway Station side

==See also==
[[File:Whitefield (Kadugodi) Metro Map.jpg|thumb|A map shown at the station]]
*[[Whitefield, Bengaluru]]
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)|Whitefield railway station]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website

{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

52nd Kerala State Film Awards

2026-04-01T23:21:09Z

Janandh: Creating The Info From Scratch

{{short description|Kerala State Film Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 52nd Kerala State Film Awards
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Honouring achievements in Malayalam films
| presenter = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| host =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|27}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| country = India
| reward =
| year = 1969
| holder =
| most_wins = ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]'' (4) ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (4)
| website = {{url|keralafilm.com}}
| previous = [[51st Kerala State Film Awards|2021 (51st)]]
| main = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| next = [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|2023 (53rd)]]
}}

The '''52nd Kerala State Film Awards''', presented by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] were announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs, [[Saji Cherian]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 27 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author1=ETimes.in |title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: Dileesh Pothan bags the Best Director award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-dileesh-pothan-bags-the-best-director-award/articleshow/91835539.cms |access-date=25 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: The complete winners list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-the-full-winners-list-live-updates-7939205/|access-date=2022-05-27|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Experimental cinema wins big at 52nd Kerala State Film Awards|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experimental-cinema-wins-big-at-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards/article65467180.ece|access-date=2022-05-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 May 2022|last=Praveen|first=S. R.}}</ref>

==Writing category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}}
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} (member and secretary)
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of work
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Chamayam''
|[[Pattanam Rasheed]]
|align="right"|₹30,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema|Best Article on Cinema]]
|
''Malayala Cinemayile Aanoruthanmar''
|Jithin K. C.
|align="right"|₹20,000
|}

===Jury Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|Book on Cinema
|''Nashta Swapnangal''
|R. Gopalakrishnan
|-
|''Focus: Cinema Padanangal''
|Sheeba M. Kurien
|-
! scope="row"|Article on Cinema
|''Georgekuttiyum Malayaliyude Ubhayabhavanayum''
|Rakesh Cherukodu
|}

==Film category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[Sundar Das]]
| {{•}} [[Bombay Jayashri]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Suresh Triveni
| {{•}} [[Dwarak Warrier]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[Fowzia Fathima]]
| {{•}} [[K. Gopinathan]]
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} C. Ajoy (member secretary)
|
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Aavasavyuham]]''
|Director: Krishand R. K.
|align="right" | ₹100,000
|-
|Producer: Krishand R. K.
|align="right"|₹200,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Nishiddho]]''
|Director: Tara Ramanujan
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
|Producer: [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Chavittu]]''
|Director: Sajas Rahman Shinos Rahman
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
|Producer: [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|''[[Joji_(film)|Joji]]''
|[[Dileesh Pothan]]
|align="right"|₹200,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Aarkkariyam]]'' 
|[[Biju Menon]]
| align="right"|₹100,000
|-
|''[[Nayattu]]'' ''[[Madhuram]]'' ''[[Thuramukham (2022 film)|Thuramukham]]'' ''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]''
|[[Joju George]]
| align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
|[[Revathy (actress)|Revathy]]
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]''
|Sumesh Moor
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]]
|''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
|[[Unnimaya Prasad]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''Niraye Thathakalulla Maram''
| Adithyan ({{small|Male category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
|''[[Thala (film)|Thala]]''
|Sneha Anu ({{Small|Female category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|''[[Naayattu]]''
|Shahi Kabir
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Churuli]]''
|[[Madhu Neelakandan]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Original)]]
|''[[Aavasavyuham]]''
|Krishnand R. K.
|align="right"|₹25,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Adaptation)]]
|''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
|[[Shyam Pushkaran]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''Kaadakalam'' ({{small|"Kanneer Kadanju"}})
|B. K. Harinarayanan
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director (song)]]
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' ({{small|All songs}})
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Music Director (score)]]
|''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
|[[Justin Varghese]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Male Singer]]
|''[[Minnal Murali]]'' ({{small|"Raavil"}})
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Singer]]
|''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' ({{small|"Paalnilavin"}})
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|''[[Naayattu]]''
|[[Mahesh Narayanan]] Rajesh Rajendran
|align="right"|₹50,000 each
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|''[[Thuramukham (2021 film)|Thuramukham]]''
|[[A. V. Gokuldas]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sync Sound|Best Sync Sound]]
| ''[[Chavittu]]''
|Arun Ashok Sonu K. P.
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Sound Mixing
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|Justin Jose
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Sound Design
|''[[Churuli]]''
|[[Renganaath Ravee]]
|align="right"|₹25,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Visual Effects
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|Andrew D'Crus
|align="right"|
|-
! scope="row"|Best Processing Lab/Colourist
|''[[Churuli]]''
|Liju Prabhakar
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
|''[[Aarkkariyam]]''
| Ranjith Ambady
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|Melwy J.
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
| {{n/a|No award}}
| {{n/a|No award (Male category)}}
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
|''[[Drishyam 2]]'' ({{small|Character: Rani}})
|[[Devi S.]] ({{small|Female category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Chavittu]]''
| Arun Lal
|align="right"|₹25,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
|Producers: [[Visakh Subramaniam]]
|align="right"|₹25,000
|-
|Director: [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|''Prappeda''
|Krishnendu Kalesh
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''Kaadakalam''
|Producer: Periyar Valley Creations Collective Frames
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
|Director: Sakhil Raveendran
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|''Avanovilona''
|Sherry Govindan ({{small|awarded for direction}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|}

===Special Jury Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" class="unsortable" |Awarded for
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]''
|[[Jeo Baby]]
|Direction (Anthology short film: ''Old Age Home'')
|}

===Special Award in Any Category for Women/Transgender===
All recipients receive a cash prize, certificate, and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awarded for
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" |Special Award in Any Category for Women/Transgender
|''[[Antharam]]''
|[[Negha Shahin]]
| Acting
|align="right"|₹50,000
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|keralafilm.com}}

{{Kerala State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]
[[Category:2020 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2022 Indian film awards]]

Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad

2026-03-28T06:36:35Z

Janandh: rework information for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|RSS-affiliated lawyers' association}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2020}}
{{Peacock|date=October 2020}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=the newcomer edit flood from 2025, a lot of it, too much to untangle}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad
| image = The 17th national convention of All India Advocate Council will be held from Dec 26 to 28 at Nakoda in Balotra.jpg
| size =
| alt = All India Lawyers' Council
| caption = All India Lawyers' Council
| abbreviation = ABAP
| formation = 7 September 1992
| founder = [[Dattopant Thengadi]]
| type = [[Umbrella organisation]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Legal and social activism
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| region_served = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.adhivaktaparishad.com/}}
| parent_organisation = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| affiliation = [[Sangh Parivar]]
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
'''Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad''' ('''ABAP''', often translated as the '''''All India Lawyers' Council''''') is a national organisation of lawyers in India. It has been described by scholars and media sources as affiliated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organisation, and is often referred to as the RSS's legal wing or legal front.

According to the organisation, ABAP advocates reforms in the [[Judiciary of India|Indian judicial system]] and promotes legal perspectives rooted in Indian cultural, civilisational, and philosophical traditions.

==Overview==
The Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad (ABAP) was founded in September 1992 by [[Dattopant Thengadi]], a social activist and trade unionist associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Thengadi was also the founder of several other RSS-affiliated organisations, including the [[Swadeshi Jagran Manch|Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]], [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], and [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About – adhivaktaparishad |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.com/about/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the organisation, the ABAP seeks to develop an "Indo-centric legal system" rooted in Indian traditions and philosophical thought. Its stated objectives include promoting social justice, safeguarding human rights and narrowing the gap between the legal system and the general public. The organisation also claims to contribute to legal and policy discourse through research, publications and the submission of legal memoranda.<ref name=":1"/>

The ABAP has, however, faced criticism from scholars and media commentators for its close association with the RSS. It has been described as a legal front or legal wing of the [[Hindu Nationalist Organisation|Hindu nationalist organisation]] rather than an independent professional body. Media reports have further suggested that the organisation supports litigation initiatives and legal research aligned with the ideological objectives of the RSS.<ref>{{cite web|title=The RSS legal front’s increasing hold over the judicial system|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/law/adhivakta-parishad-rss-hold-judicial-system|access-date=2026-03-04|website=caravanmagazine.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The ABAP operates through its branches in all [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] and union territories connected via local, district, and state-level networks of lawyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nayapravah – Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.com/about/ |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref> The ABAP organises legal awareness programs, professional development seminars and national conferences for advocates and law students across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKHIL BHARATIYA ADHIVAKTA PARISHAD |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428094955/https://www.adhivaktaparishad.org/ |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad |language=en-US}}</ref> It also advocates for the use of Indian languages in the legal system,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Meghna |title=ABAP Initiates Signature Campaign About the Need to Make Official Documents of Schedule VIII of the Indian Constitution Available in all Languages |url=https://lawstreet.co/legal-insiders/abap-indian-constitution |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Lawstreet.co |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=HC judge advocates use of Hindi in courts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/high-court-judge-advocates-use-of-hindi-in-legal-proceedings/articleshow/113499232.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the “Indianisation” of the judiciary,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech on Decolonisation of the Indian Legal System to be delivered at the 16th National Council Meeting of the Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-12/cbd55537-bdd6-4798-b7dc-e9ab19086d51/Lecture_of_Justice_S_Abdul_Nazeer.pdf}}</ref> transparency in judicial appointments <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattar |first=Ruchi |date=2025-04-15 |title=RSS-affiliated lawyers' body calls for transparency in judicial appointments, discusses NJAC |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/rss-affiliated-lawyers-body-calls-for-transparency-in-judicial-appointments-discusses-njac/2590545/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and reforms to make the justice system "more responsive to the needs of the down-trodden and the have-nots."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About – Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.com/about/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nyaya Kendra ===
The Nyaya Kendras are legal aid centres established by ABAP to make justice accessible to economically and socially disadvantaged communities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Legal Awareness Camps ===
ABAP conducts Legal Awareness Camps to educate citizens about their rights and responsibilities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Educational Initiatives ===
ABAP organises seminars, symposiums and workshops at the national, state, district and court levels. Court units hold periodic study circles under the guidance of senior advocates to discuss legal developments, new bills and amendments.<ref name=":0" />

=== Public Interest Litigation ===
ABAP has supported [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigations]] on behalf of marginalised groups, including [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes and tribes]], farmers, informal workers and women. These cases are often filed by local activists and organisations. They are then represented and guided by advocates associated with ABAP.<ref name=":0" />

=== Study and Research Groups ===
ABAP also publishes a quarterly bilingual magazine, ''Nyaya Pravah''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyaya Pravah – Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.com/nyayapravah/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== National Conventions ===
The ABAP has organised fifteen national conferences to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://adhivaktaparishad.com/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> The fourteenth conference in 2015 was attended by the then-[[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]], [[Sadananda Gowda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech of Hon’ble Minister of Law and Justice at the 14th National Conference of Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad |url=https://lawmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/2015-12-27%20-%20CON%20OF%20AKHIL%20BHARTIYA%20ADHIVAKTA%20PARISHAD.pdf |website=Law Ministry of India |access-date=2025-01-10}}</ref>
== Prominent members ==
* [[N. Santosh Hegde]], former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and former [[Lokayukta]] of Karnataka.<ref name="Hegde2">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2011 |title=Santosh Hegde headed lawyers' wing of RSS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/santosh-hegde-headed-lawyers-wing-of-rss/article2443665.ece |access-date=2011-09-11 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Adarsh Kumar Goel]], Justice of the Supreme Court of India (appointed in 2014) and former General Secretary of the Adhivakta Parishad.<ref name="Outlook3">{{cite news |title=The Tree, The Branches |newspaper=Outlook |date=27 April 1998 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?205426 |access-date=2014-10-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}

[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]

Dolly Minhas

2026-03-26T22:54:05Z

Janandh: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dolly Minhas
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Anil Mattoo|1997}}
| occupation = [[Model (profession)|Model]], [[actress]]
}}

'''Dolly Mattoo''' (née Minhas) (born 8 February 1968) is an Indian actress, former model and beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Universe]] 1988 and represented her country at [[Miss Universe 1989]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyadarshini Pradhan won the best national costume award at the Miss Universe pageant |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/50-years-of-miss-india-winners-through-the-years/Winners-through-the-years/articleshow/19122665.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She has acted in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] films. She has also worked in Hindi TV shows such as ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]'' and ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''. During the 1990s, she worked in negative shades in Mukesh Khanna's popular serial ''Mahayoddha'' as Rajkumari Bijli and in ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' as Shaliyaa - Catwoman; considered as India's first actress to play Catwoman (including [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], whom with she shared the screen as her elder sister).

==Biography==
She {{clarify|text=belongs to|date=August 2024}} Punjab and was raised in Chandigarh. She fell in love with the director of her first film, Anil Mattoo, whom she eventually married.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2699055.cms |title=Catch-Up With The Past Miss Indias|work=Femina |accessdate=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321175557/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2699055.cms |archivedate=21 March 2009 }}</ref> She later acted in some [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Kannada]] films and [[Hindi]] TV serials.

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
* ''Hindustani'' (1996-1999)
* ''Dil Vil Pyar Vyar'' (1998)
* ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' (2001-2002)
* ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]'' (2003)
* ''Mamla Gadbad Hai'' (2001)
* ''Zindagi Milke Bitange'' (2001)
* ''[[Aisa Des Hai Mera (TV series)|Aisa Des Hai Mera]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Grihasti]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Behenein]]'' (2010/2011)
* ''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]'' (2011/2012)
* ''[[Byaah Hamari Bahoo Ka]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Punar Vivah]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' (2014)
* ''Hukum Mere Aaka...''
* ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]'' (2015)
* ''Kota Toppers'' (2015)
* ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
* ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
* ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' (2019–2022)
* ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'' (2020–2021)
* ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Prem Leela (TV series)|Prem Leela]]'' (2024–present)

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

===Hindi films===
* ''Dastoor'' (1991)
* ''[[Mr. Bond]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Game (1993 film)|Game]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Ab Ke Baras]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Don Muthu Swami]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Good Luck!]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019)

===Telugu film===
* ''[[Sriman Brahmachari]]'' (1992)

===Swedish films===
* ''[[Bombay Dreams (film)|Bombay Dreams]]'' (2004)

===Punjabi films===
* ''[[Mitti Wajaan Maardi]]'' (2007)
* ''Sat Sri Akal'' (2008)
* ''[[Tera Mera Ki Rishta]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' (2013)

===Kannada films===
* ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Mr. Mahesh Kumar]]'' (1994)...Silky
* ''[[Musuku]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Makkala Sakshi]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Yama kinkara]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Chiranjeevi Rajegowda]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Mr. Vasu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Vasu (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mr-vasu-1995 |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1995)...Sahana
* ''[[Honey Moon]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Rambo Raja Revolver Rani]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Kalavida]]'' (1997)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0591341|name=Dolly Minhas}}

{{Miss Universe 1989 delegates}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minhas, Dolly}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 1989 contestants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Sunny Deol

2026-03-25T16:37:06Z

Janandh: slightly update citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian actor and former politician (born 1957)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sunny Paaji 2024.jpg
| caption = Deol in 2024
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
| successor = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| term_start = 18 June 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
}}
| name = Sunny Deol
| birth_name = Ajay Singh Deol
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|19}}<ref name=ASD/>
| birth_place = [[Sahnewal]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater = [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics|R.A. Podar College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film director|producer|politician}}
| years_active = 1983–present
| works = [[Sunny Deol filmography|Full list]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Lynda "Pooja" Deol|1984}}
| children = 2
| parents = [[Dharmendra]] (father)
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Deol family|Deol family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Sunny Deol|Full list]]
| signature = [[File:Sunny Deol signature svg.svg|frameless|upright=0.8]]
}}

'''Ajay Singh "Sunny" Deol''' (born 19 October 1957) is an Indian actor, film director, film producer, screenwriter and former politician who works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name=ASD/> One of the most successful film stars of India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Cumulative Box Office Collection by Actor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actor/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402183144/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> he has worked in [[Sunny Deol filmography|more than 100]] [[Hindi]] films in a career spanning over four decades. He is particularly known for his angry [[action hero]] persona and various iconic dialogues.<ref name="Angry5Deol">{{cite news|title=5 of Sunny Deol's 'Angry Young Man' avatars that can still make us 'Ghayal Once Again'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-5-of-sunny-deol-s-angry-young-man-avatars-that-can-still-make-us-ghayal-once-again-2174336|date=5 February 2016|access-date=4 June 2022|publisher=DNAIndia|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604232240/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-5-of-sunny-deol-s-angry-young-man-avatars-that-can-still-make-us-ghayal-once-again-2174336|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="top90Star">{{Cite news|title=When Salman Khan said he piggybacked on Sunny Deol if he felt gadbad in his career|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/when-salman-khan-said-he-piggybacked-on-sunny-deol-if-he-felt-gadbad-in-his-career-on-tuesday-trivia-1866627-2021-10-19|date=19 October 2021|access-date=4 June 2022|publisher=IndiaToday|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604224706/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/when-salman-khan-said-he-piggybacked-on-sunny-deol-if-he-felt-gadbad-in-his-career-on-tuesday-trivia-1866627-2021-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Deol has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Sunny Deol|several awards]] including two [[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=40th nff 1993|date=9 March 2016|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2017|title=27 years of Ghayal: Sunny Deol film succeeded despite clash with Aamir-Madhuri's Dil|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/27-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-film-succeeded-despite-clash-with-aamir-madhuri-s-dil/story-ndhnmXcrY5KsuTtM8YzgyJ.html|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070508/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/27-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-film-succeeded-despite-clash-with-aamir-madhuri-s-dil/story-ndhnmXcrY5KsuTtM8YzgyJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and two [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="filmfare 1953 to 2020">{{Cite magazine|title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|access-date=30 August 2020|magazine=Filmfare|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], representing [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]] in Punjab as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5167&lastls=17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214529/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5167&lastls=17 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

The elder son of actor [[Dharmendra]], Deol made his acting debut opposite newcomer [[Amrita Singh]] in the romantic drama ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983), a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |title=2018 Has High Number Of Blockbusters |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116170928/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9247|title=Saiyaara Among The Biggest Newcomer Films Of All Time|date=24 July 2025}}</ref> He had further box-office hits in action films such as ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985), ''[[Paap Ki Duniya]]'' (1988) and ''[[Tridev]]'' (1989), and gained wider recognition for his portrayal of a boxer accused of murder in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)]].<ref name="filmfare 1953 to 2020" /><ref>{{cite news|title=The Winners – 1990|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368594.cms|publisher=filmfareawards.indiatimes.com|access-date=15 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710185851/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368594.cms|archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> His portrayal of a volatile lawyer in Santoshi's crime drama ''[[Damini]]'' (1993) won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=40thNationalAwards|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725214037/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="filmfare 1953 to 2020" /> He enjoyed further acclaim with films such as ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' (1996), ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' (1996), ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1997), ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1999) and ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001).

Deol had his biggest commercial successes in the period action films ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997) and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]}} (2001); for both he was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2678|title=Border - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Dhaai kilo ka haath' turns 61 today: Happy Birthday, Sunny Deol |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2017/Oct/19/dhaai-kilo-ka-haath-turns-61-today-happy-birthday-sunny-deol-100918.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref> The latter was the highest-grossing Hindi film to that point.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office India|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|access-date=28 June 2011|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723203502/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Box Officex|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ==|access-date=28 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132444/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> He subsequently starred with his father and younger brother, [[Bobby Deol]], in the drama ''[[Apne]]'' (2007) and the comedy ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'' (2011).<ref name="Apne">{{cite news|title=Apne|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28357801_1_film-yamla-pagla-deewana-yamla-pagla-deewana|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708073549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28357801_1_film-yamla-pagla-deewana-yamla-pagla-deewana|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|access-date=29 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hits 2011|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=108&catName=QUxMIElORElB|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=26 July 2011|archive-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120140/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=108&catName=QUxMIElORElB|url-status=live}}</ref> After more than a decade of setbacks, he made a career comeback by reprising his role in ''[[Gadar 2]]'' (2023), which became the highest-grossing film of his career and the fourth highest-grossing Hindi film at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gadar 2 Box Office Collection Day 2: Sunny Deol's Film "Roars" At Rs 43 Crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gadar-2-day-2-box-office-sunny-deol-starrer-mints-rs-43-crore-on-saturday-4294282 |work=NDTV |date=13 August 2023 |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815032424/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gadar-2-day-2-box-office-sunny-deol-starrer-mints-rs-43-crore-on-saturday-4294282 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Stree 2 box office Day 25: Beats Gadar 2, now 4th biggest Bollywood film ever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-25-detailed-report-beats-gadar-2-now-4th-biggest-bollywood-film-ever-2596254-2024-09-09 |magazine=India Today |date=9 September 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> He solidified this comeback with ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'' (2025) and ''[[Border 2]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Jaat Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaat/box-office/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Border 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 January 2026 |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ajay Singh Deol<ref>{{cite news|title=2019 Lok Sabha elections affidavit: I hereby declare|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-i-hereby-declare-bjp-congress-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi-amit-shah-5658185/|date=30 April 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=15 August 2023|access-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112627/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-i-hereby-declare-bjp-congress-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi-amit-shah-5658185/|url-status=live}}</ref> was born on 19 October 1957,<ref name=ASD>{{cite web |last1=National Informatics Centre |title=Shri Sunny Deol - Profile |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5167?from=members |website=Digital Sansad |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517122916/https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5167?from=members |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Sahnewal]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite news|title=In my 30-year career, I have spent five years in bed due to my backache: SDeol|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/In-my-30-year-career-I-have-spent-five-years-in-bed-due-to-my-backache-Sunny-Deol/articleshow/25126235.cms?curpg=2|access-date=11 February 2013|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/In-my-30-year-career-I-have-spent-five-years-in-bed-due-to-my-backache-Sunny-Deol/articleshow/25126235.cms?curpg=2|url-status=live}}</ref> to Bollywood actor [[Dharmendra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Deols|url=http://vijaytafilms.com/thedeols.html|publisher=vijaytafilms|access-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606081153/http://www.vijaytafilms.com/thedeols.html|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> and Prakash Kaur,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Deol's mother Prakash Kaur makes rare appearance at Gadar 2 premiere; Dharmendra, Bobby Deol, Tania also spotted|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-mother-prakash-kaur-gadar-2-premiere-dharmendra-first-wife-bobby-deol-101691809934206.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=12 August 2023|archive-date=18 August 2023|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818110021/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-mother-prakash-kaur-gadar-2-premiere-dharmendra-first-wife-bobby-deol-101691809934206.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Jat]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Sunny Deol banks on Punjabi roots, patriotic image |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-sunny-deol-banks-on-punjabi-roots-patriotic-image/story-1j3GdhDo7k9AdK571PYzHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305174646/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-sunny-deol-banks-on-punjabi-roots-patriotic-image/story-1j3GdhDo7k9AdK571PYzHO.html |archive-date=5 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=3 January 2011 |title=Sunny Deol: Bobby and I are still scared of dad |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sunny-deol-the-unsung-hero/20110103.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210104754/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sunny-deol-the-unsung-hero/20110103.htm |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date= |work=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=I am a Jat, so it came naturally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Vijayta Films |url=http://www.vijaytafilms.com/thedeols.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606081153/http://www.vijaytafilms.com/thedeols.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> affiliated with the [[Arya Samaj]], a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Monotheism|monotheist]] and [[Hindu reform movements|reformist]] movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |date=29 January 2011 |title=It's celebration time for Deol household |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/its-celebration-time-for-deol-household/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210090227/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/its-celebration-time-for-deol-household/ |archive-date=10 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Sunny: He likes sushi which I don't. But at home we are all vegetarians. That's because we are Arya Samajis and my grandmother was a vegetarian.}}</ref> He has a younger brother [[Bobby Deol]] and two sisters Vijayta and Ajeeta who are settled in [[California]], United States. [[Hema Malini]] is his step-mother.<ref>{{cite web|title=He's like my teddy bear |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/He-s-like-my-teddy-bear/Article1-711213.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125200003/http://www.hindustantimes.com/He-s-like-my-teddy-bear/Article1-711213.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=hindustantimes |access-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> Actress [[Esha Deol]] and Ahana Deol are his paternal younger half-sisters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Deol pawan |url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/stars/Default.aspx?bid=actors_Sunny_Deol |publisher=starboxoffice |access-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423200443/http://www.starboxoffice.com/stars/Default.aspx?bid=actors_Sunny_Deol |archive-date=23 April 2011 }}</ref> His cousin [[Abhay Deol]] is also an actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abhay Deol dances with cousins Sunny, Bobby in Karan Deol's baaraat, calls it his 'favourite moment' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-deol-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-dance-karan-deols-wedding-101687154609292.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227103408/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-deol-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-dance-karan-deols-wedding-101687154609292.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol completed his schooling at [[Sacred Heart Boys High School]] in [[Mumbai]], and pursued higher education at [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics|Ramniranjan Anandilal Poddar College of Commerce and Economics]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amrita |date=24 April 2025 |title='Jaat' actor Sunny Deol and his family's educational qualities |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/jaat-actor-sunny-deol-and-his-familys-educational-qualities-check-here/ar-AA1DzWTR |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=MSN}}</ref> Deol has publicly admitted to having [[dyslexia]], which caused difficulties with reading and writing in school.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Sunny Deol talks about his battle with dyslexia: People would think I am a duffer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-talks-about-his-battle-with-dyslexia-people-would-think-i-am-a-duffer/articleshow/105907305.cms |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> But he excelled in sports and co-curricular activities. In college, Deol was a quarrelsome student as he used to get into lots of fights and beat people. He used to carry metal rods and hockey sticks in his car for protection. He also engaged in [[Street racing|street races]] and made modifications to his car. He wanted to pursue car racing as a career but was denied by his family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title='Gadar 2' star Sunny Deol reveals he used to carry swords and hockey sticks in his car; says he got into fights everywhere and kept beating people up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gadar-2-star-sunny-deol-reveals-he-used-to-carry-swords-and-hockey-sticks-in-his-car-says-he-got-into-fights-everywhere-and-kept-beating-people-up/articleshow/104436852.cms |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520125604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gadar-2-star-sunny-deol-reveals-he-used-to-carry-swords-and-hockey-sticks-in-his-car-says-he-got-into-fights-everywhere-and-kept-beating-people-up/articleshow/104436852.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After completing college, he went on to study theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood Trivia: Did you know that Sunny Deol has studied acting in England? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-trivia-did-you-know-that-sunny-deol-has-studied-acting-in-england/articleshow/102857697.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-trivia-did-you-know-that-sunny-deol-has-studied-acting-in-england/amp_articleshow/102857697.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended the renowned [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre|Old Rep Theatre]] in [[Birmingham]]. There he performed stage shows and returned to India to make his film debut. He was admitted based on a personal recommendation from [[Shashi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/sunny-deol/we-were-supposed-to-launch-karan-not-yrf-sunny-deol/sunny-deol/articleshow/36753826.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173917/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/sunny-deol/we-were-supposed-to-launch-karan-not-yrf-sunny-deol/sunny-deol/articleshow/36753826.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acting career ==
=== 1983–1984: Breakthrough with romantic roles ===
Deol made his debut with the 1983 romantic film ''[[Betaab]]'' which earned him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=19 April 2025 |title=Sunny Deol's Fee For Debut Film Betaab Will Leave You Surprised |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deols-fee-for-debut-film-betaab-will-leave-you-surprised-aa-9305575.html |work=News18 |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref> Produced by father [[Dharmendra]] and directed by [[Rahul Rawail]], the film follows the story of two young lovers, played by Deol and [[Amrita Singh]], navigating obstacles to their love amidst family conflicts and class divide. The plot of the film was loosely based on [[William Shakespeare]]’s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew|The Taming Of The Shrew]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/38-years-betaab-5-unknown-facts-film/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film emerged as a commercial success and went on to be one of the biggest hits of the year, emerging as the second highest-grossing Indian film of 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw==|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225522/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw== |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Betaab turned Deol and co-star Singh into overnight sensations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=सनी देओल की 'बेताब' को 40 साल, पहली फिल्म से बॉक्स ऑफिस पर मचाया था 'गदर' |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-debut-film-betaab-completed-40years-movie-made-record-on-box-office-and-amrita-singh-relationship-rumours/2948254/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Jansatta |language=hi |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402170011/https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-debut-film-betaab-completed-40years-movie-made-record-on-box-office-and-amrita-singh-relationship-rumours/2948254/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The music by [[R. D. Burman]], also played a significant role as the song ‘''Jab Hum Jawan Honge' was'' a chartbuster.<ref name=":1" /> Hajan Valley located in [[Kashmir]], a major location in the film came to be known as [[Betaab Valley]], which has since become a popular tourist destination in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bollywood-returns-to-kashmir-its-original-home-461037 | title=Bollywood returns to Kashmir, its original home }}</ref>

The following year, Deol starred in ''[[Sunny (1984 film)|Sunny]]'', ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'', and ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'', with only the latter becoming successful at the box office. ''Sohni Mahiwal'' (1984), an Indian-Russian film portrays the classic [[Punjabi folklore]] tragic love story of [[Sohni Mahiwal|Sohni]], portrayed by [[Poonam Dhillon]], a potter's daughter, and [[Sohni Mahiwal|Mahiwal]] (Deol), a wealthy merchant, amidst societal constraints. The film remains celebrated for its soundtrack and has attained [[Cult film|cult classic]] status in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540400 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627195951/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540400 | archive-date=27 June 2012 | title=Sohni Mahiwal (1984) | Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

=== 1985–1989: Early success in action-drama ===
Deol broadened his range by appearing in [[Rahul Rawail]]'s action film ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985), in which he played the titular role of an unemployed radical youth who, along with his friends, fights against the corrupt and exploitative system. The critically acclaimed film became a major hit, and established Deol's status as an [[action hero]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y3/1985 | title=Box Office by Year (1985) - Bollywood MuVyz | access-date=24 January 2024 | archive-date=24 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124052116/http://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y3/1985 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Arjun'' is considered one of Deol's best works to date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Sukanya|title=Classic Revisited: Arjun, Sunny Deol's BEST action film|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/classic-revisited-arjun-sunny-deols-best-action-film/20140904.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=21 August 2017|date=4 September 2014|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812113229/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/classic-revisited-arjun-sunny-deols-best-action-film/20140904.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, he appeared alongside his [[Dharmendra|father]] for the first time in the epic adventure ''[[Sultanat]]''. The film, however, did not perform well at the box office, despite high production values.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antiserious |date=22 May 2016 |title=Sultanat, the Epic of fictitioustan |url=https://antiserious.com/sultanat-the-epic-of-fictitioustan-bf1f42c80838 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Deol starred in a series of commercially successful action films in the late 1980s. In ''[[Dacait]]'' (1987), he portrayed a man driven to rebellion after his family is killed due to feudal oppression. His intense and emotionally resonant performance was praised, despite the film's grim tone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |title=Sunny Deol, Bollywood's Knockout Man! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/sunny-deol-bollywoods-knockout-man/20241019.htm |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In ''[[Paap Ki Duniya]]'' (1988), Deol portrayed a criminal raised by a crime lord. His character, caught between his upbringing and his conscience, added complexity to the action driven narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2023 |title=जिद्द पर अड़ा पिता, करनी पड़ी थी बेटे को फिल्म, अमिताभ बच्चन-विनोद खन्ना की ब्लॉकबस्टर रीमेक से चमक गए थे सनी देओल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-sunny-deol-was-not-want-to-do-amitabh-bachchan-vinod-khanna-film-parvarish-remake-paap-ki-duniya-signed-the-movie-due-to-father-dharmendra-insistence-and-it-was-proved-blockbuster-at-box-office-in-198-7716618.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> That same year, he starred in the western ''[[Yateem]]'' (1988), directed by [[J. P. Dutta]], playing an orphan facing ostracism for his stepson status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title=Why JP Dutta's Yateem (1989) comes closest to a classic Western in the context of popular cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/why-jp-duttas-yateem-1989-comes-closest-to-a-classic-western-in-the-context-of-popular-cinema-4170103.html/amp |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

In ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]'' (1989), he played a cop trying to dismantle a crime syndicate. He also headlined [[Rajiv Rai]]'s action thriller ''[[Tridev]]'' (1989), playing the author backed role of a suspended police officer framed for a crime he didn't commit. The film, a major success and the third-highest-grossing of 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1988|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=14 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA==|archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> received several awards and revitalised the multi-starrer genre in the industry. His performance, alongside [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]], was well-received by audiences and critics alike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=Tridev turns 30: How Rajiv Rai's 1989 film revitalised the Bollywood multistarrer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tridev-turns-30-how-rajiv-rais-1989-film-revitalised-the-bollywood-multistarrer-6949421.html/amp |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Deol took on a lighter role in ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'' (1989), a slapstick comedy film starring [[Sridevi]] in a [[dual role]] alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. The film was a commercial success and became the fifth highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-double-roles-in-bollywood/20120531.html</ref> This period firmly established Deol as a prominent action star in Hindi cinema, leading to a series of high-profile roles in the following decade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rojhe |first=Disha |date=19 October 2024 |title=Happy Birthday Sunny Deol! Let's Celebrate By Revisiting His.... |url=https://liveindia.tv/entertainment/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-here-are-some-best-performances-in-iconic-movies/?amp=1 |access-date=26 February 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===1990–2003: Established actor===

Deol starred as a boxer avenging his brother's death in ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), directed by debutant [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]; for which he received widespread critical acclaim. The film became the [[List of Hindi films of 1990|year's second highest-grossing film]] worldwide and the highest-grossing film domestically. The film grossed {{INR|20 crore}} and was declared a ''blockbuster'' by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |title=Box Office 1990 |work=Box Office India |access-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161019/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> The film won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Deol's quiet 56th birthday bash|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Deols-quiet-55th-birthday-bash/articleshow/10451208.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706120851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/news-interviews/30310348_1_sunny-deol-bash-dharmendra|url-status=live|archive-date=6 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2011|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> The success of the film established Deol as a bonafide box office draw and the film recorded a large repeat audience.<ref>{{cite web |title=On This Day: Dil v Ghayal Clash - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6063 |website=Box Office India |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322180544/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6063 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Ghayal'' was rereleased many times throughout the 90s and grossed several times more than its original run, with many theatres showing it to packed houses.<ref>{{cite web |title=On This Day: Dil v Ghayal Clash - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6063 |website=Box Office India |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313121205/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6063 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the second most successful Indian film in repeat runs, behind only ''[[Sholay]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind - Ghayal The Phenomena Of The Nineties - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1792 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130140554/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1792 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the overwhelming success of ''Ghayal'', Deol enjoyed a very successful period throughout the 90s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Box Office Special Features – Highest Grosser of The Year |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/highest-grosser-year-1990-2020-salman-khan-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-dominate-hrithik-roshan-climbs-ladder/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225151546/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/highest-grosser-year-1990-2020-salman-khan-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-dominate-hrithik-roshan-climbs-ladder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1991 to 2001, he delivered back-to-back successes. Starting with ''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]'' in 1991 in which he co-starred alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]]. It received mostly average reviews and earned ₹12.95 crore against a budget of ₹2.85 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Yodha 1991 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1990's Box Office Collection |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/yodha-1991-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=KS Box Office |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220065544/https://ksboxoffice.com/yodha-1991-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, [[Narsimha (1991 film)|''Narsimha'']], where he played a strongman who rebels against a politician, was another success and emerged as the 8th highest grossing Indian film of 1991.

In 1992, he appeared in his only release ''[[Vishwatma]]''. The film received critical acclaim upon release from contemporary as well as modern [[critic]]s, with praise drawn towards its screenplay and action sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2019|title=Vishwatma: Bollywood's Flashiest Story of Patriotism in Pardes|url=https://www.arre.co.in/bollywood/vishwatma-republic-day-patriotism/|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Arré|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185959/https://www.arre.co.in/bollywood/vishwatma-republic-day-patriotism/|url-status=live}}</ref> It earned over {{INR|9.5 crore}} in its total theatrical run worldwide and was the [[List of Bollywood films of 1992|sixth highest-grossing Indian film of 1992]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg==|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014053544/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg==|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> It proved to be a major launchpad for [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]] as well as for debutanté [[Divya Bharti]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=KATIYAR|first1=ARUN|title=Cheaper to work with, Nubile Young Things become a rage in Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19920331-cheaper-to-work-with-nubile-young-things-become-a-rage-in-bollywood-766074-2013-06-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19920331-cheaper-to-work-with-nubile-young-things-become-a-rage-in-bollywood-766074-2013-06-21|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|website=India Today}}</ref> The film is best remembered today for its decade-defining song "Saat Samundar Paar", which featured Deol and Bharti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Swati |date=29 August 2025 |title=सनी देओल की वो ब्लॉकबस्टर फिल्म, जिसमें एक्टर ने 9 विलेन से लिया था पंगा; आज भी हर पार्टी की शान है इसका एक गाना |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photos/1992-sunny-deol-biggest-blockbuster-film-vishwatma-beats-9-villains-song-saat-samundar-paar-made-divya-bharti/2901054/-2901055 |work=Zee News |language=hi |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

1993 was a noteworthy year for Deol as he starred in four major films of the year: ''[[Lootere]]'', ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'', ''[[Damini]]'' and ''[[Darr]]''. ''Lootere'' was an action film where Deol played a cop investing the murder of his colleague with the help of a bar dancer. It ranked among the biggest hits of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2008 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw==&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404041503/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw==&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 }}</ref> In ''Kshatriya'', he appeared as a royal warrior caught in the rivalry between two Rajput clans. The film featured a [[ensemble cast|star cast]] of [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Divya Bharti]]. Released worldwide on 26 March 1993, it recorded a record-breaking opening at the box office. Although it was well received by both critics and audiences, the film was withdrawn from theatres shortly after release due to Sanjay Dutt's involvement in [[1993 Bombay bombings]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2024 |title=Why 1993 Multi-starrer Film Kshatriya Flopped Because Of Sanjay Dutt |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-1993-multi-starrer-film-kshatriya-flopped-because-of-sanjay-dutt-8732108.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616051736/https://www.news18.com/movies/why-1993-multi-starrer-film-kshatriya-flopped-because-of-sanjay-dutt-8732108.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also in 1993, Deol reunited with [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] to play an alcoholic lawyer in the highly successful crime drama ''[[Damini (1993 film)|Damini]]'' and was awarded the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmfare Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11741/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502153534/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11741/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2008|accessdate=28 June 2011|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>*{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/90smoviesin2018-heres-why-meenakshi-seshadri-rishi-kapoors-damini-is-a-cult-feminist-film-1963225.html|title=#90sMoviesIn2018: Here's Why Meenakshi Seshadri-Rishi Kapoor's 'Damini' is a Cult Feminist Film|website=news18.com|date=7 December 2018|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213023202/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/buzz/90smoviesin2018-heres-why-meenakshi-seshadri-rishi-kapoors-damini-is-a-cult-feminist-film-1963225.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/20-women-oriented-films-in-bollywood-26975.html|title=20 women-oriented films in Bollywood|magazine=Filmfare|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721064551/https://www.filmfare.com/features/20-women-oriented-films-in-bollywood-26975.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/movies/roles-that-changed-the-way-bollywood-looks-at-women/Naina-Dushman-1998/slideshow/31602667.cms|title=Naina (Dushman, 1998)|website=Business Insider|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806142340/https://www.businessinsider.in/movies/roles-that-changed-the-way-bollywood-looks-at-women/Naina-Dushman-1998/slideshow/31602667.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/navratri-special-top-5-bollywood-films-which-are-female-oriented_1804864.html|title=Navratri special: Top 5 Bollywood films which are female oriented!|date=1 October 2015|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219235526/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/navratri-special-top-5-bollywood-films-which-are-female-oriented_1804864.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The pathbreaking film was praised for breaking social taboos and handling the subject of rape with sensitivity; a rarity in Bollywood at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-evolution-of-the-rape-scene-2520956|title=Evolution of the rape scene|date=5 August 2017|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411032658/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-evolution-of-the-rape-scene-2520956|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-films-in-which-good-triumphed-over-evil/15653185|title=Bollywood films in which good triumphed over evil|date=3 October 2014|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003213636/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-films-in-which-good-triumphed-over-evil/15653185|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/30/12896|title=Burning issues raised in Rajkumar Santoshi's Damini still remain — 25th anniversary special|last=Kahlon|first=Sukhpreet|website=Cinestaan|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143840/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/30/12896|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/the-harsh-truth-about-being-a-rape-survivor-in-india-85230.html|title=The harsh truth about being a rape survivor in India|website=femina.in|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822100602/https://www.femina.in/achievers/the-harsh-truth-about-being-a-rape-survivor-in-india-85230.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-top-10-movies-that-portray-the-moral-decline-of-society-1888409|title=Top 10 movies that portray the moral decline of society|date=13 September 2013|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822100614/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-top-10-movies-that-portray-the-moral-decline-of-society-1888409|url-status=live}}</ref> It further strengthened Deol's He-Man image. His dialogues in the film "Tarikh Pe Tarikh" (date after date) and "Dhai Kilo Ka Haath" (Two-and-a-half kilogram hand) became iconic and a pop-culture reference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/Star%20Track/tarikh-pe-tarikh/297142.html|title=Tribune India – Tarikh pe tarikh}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/sunny-deol-roles-films-article38504.htm|title=RANKED: 5 Best Performances of Sunny Deol \u002D Desimartini|website=Desimartini|date=19 October 2016|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822100605/https://www.desimartini.com/news/amp/martini-shots/archive/sunny-deol-roles-films-article38504.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-his-7-best-films-you-should-watch-again-1913093.html|title=Happy Birthday Sunny Deol: His 7 Best Films You Should Watch Again|website=News18|date=19 October 2018|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822100606/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-his-7-best-films-you-should-watch-again-1913093.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a milestone in the careers of Deol as well as [[Amrish Puri]] who went onto star in various films together in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/amrish-puri-birthday-special-5-iconic-performances-of-the-legendary-actor-that-made-him-our-favourite-villain-3-2094/slide1|title=Amrish Puri birthday special 5 iconic performances of the legendary actor that made him our favourite villain- News Nation|website=newsnation.in|date=22 June 2017|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jolly-llb-damini-pink-court-and-more-bollywood-s-10-best-courtroom-drama/story-IYTPwv776wbs64bbNTwreJ.html|title=Jolly LLB, Damini, Pink, Court and more: Bollywood's 10 best courtroom dramas|date=9 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jolly-llb-damini-pink-court-and-more-bollywood-s-10-best-courtroom-drama/story-IYTPwv776wbs64bbNTwreJ.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/top-list/5-instances-where-holi-sequence-in-bollywood-was-not-a-happy-occasion-article78266.htm|title=5 Instances Where Holi Sequence in Bollywood Was Not A Happy Occasion|date=2 March 2018|website=Desimartini|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822101123/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/top-list/5-instances-where-holi-sequence-in-bollywood-was-not-a-happy-occasion-article78266.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Besides being critically acclaimed, the film also became the sixth [[Bollywood films of 1993#Highest grossing|highest-grossing film of the year]] and was declared a "hit" by Box Office India.<ref name="bo">[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== Box Office 1993] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072516/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |date=17 October 2013 }} Box Office India.</ref> That same year, Deol portrayed the character of a lieutenant army officer in [[Yash Chopra]]'s musical psychological thriller ''[[Darr]]''. The film earned Deol his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. It was declared a blockbuster and was the third-highest-grossing film of the year in India, and the highest-grossing Indian film of the year in the overseas markets. It received widespread acclaim from critics upon release. It was also noted for being [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s breakthrough film.

In 1994's ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'', he appeared alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. The production had finished in 1988 but it was delayed for several years and finally released on 11 March 1994. By the time it released, Bachchan had gone into semi-retirement post the release of ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992) and it was citied as Bachchan's last film. Due to Deol and Bachchan's pairing, the film got an excellent opening but was panned critically due to poor editing and unfinished storyline. It still turned out to be the 10th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="bo94" />

[[File:Sunny Deol and Anil Sharma filming Gadar Ek Prem Katha.jpg|thumb|Deol and [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] on the sets of ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' in 2000.|left]]
At the time, 1996 marked Deol's most successful year in terms of commercial success. The audiences saw four releases that year including ''[[Himmat (1996 film)|Himmat]]'', ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'', ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'', and ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]''. Starring Alongside [[Salman Khan]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]], ''Jeet'' earned a worldwide collection of {{INR}}30.5 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2769|title=Jeet – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104175747/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2769|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the [[List of Hindi films of 1996|3rd highest grossing Bollywood film of 1996]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==| title=Indian Box Office 1996 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131022154/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== | access-date=5 June 2008| archive-date=31 January 2009 }}</ref> In ''Jeet'', Deol played a hitman who falls in love with a woman, prompting a dramatic struggle between his criminal past and a yearning for a better future. His performance was appreciated, with praise drawn towards his ability to blend action with romance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Loved Watching Gadar? See These 6 Best Action Movies Of Sunny Deol |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-best-action-movies/176389/ |website=Lehren |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208030606/https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-best-action-movies/176389/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a notable scene, Deol portrays his character’s frustration following a betrayal by delivering several iconic lines. These include: "Tum Sirf Meri Ho, Aur Kisi Ki Nahi Ho Sakti" (You belong only to me and can belong to no one else), "Inn Haathon Ne Sirf Hathyar Chhode Hain, Chalana Nahi Bhulle" (These hands have only laid down their weapons, they have not forgotten how to use them), "Agar Is Chaukhat Par Baraat Aayi, Toh Doli Ki Jagah Unki Arthiyan Uthengi" (If a wedding procession reaches this doorstep, funeral pyres will depart instead of a palanquin), and "Lashe Bichha Dunga Lashe" (I will lay down a carpet of corpses).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghayal Once Again: 15 of Sunny Deol’s best dialogues |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ghayal-once-again-15-of-sunny-deol-s-best-dialogues/story-rLrvk1vUybUiJvsc2EN5OM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 February 2016 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5d0FIMdZcw |title=Popular Dialogue on Tik Tok {{!}} Sunny Deol {{!}} Salman Khan {{!}} Karisma Kapoor {{!}} JEET {{!}} Best Hindi Movie |publisher=Shemaroo |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=21 January 2026 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Deol also starred alongside Karisma Kapoor in ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]'', which was also successful and found its place in the list of highest grossers of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2726 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524130729/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2726 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Total Grossers 1996 - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1996&pageId=5 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712111422/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1996&pageId=5 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'', released the same year, received critical and commercial acclaim, and was declared a blockbuster by ''Box Office India''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/1996 | title=Box Office 1996 | access-date=5 June 2012 | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923154157/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/1996 | url-status=live }}</ref> It marked Santoshi's third collaboration with Deol, Seshadri, and Puri after ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990) and ''[[Damini]]'' (1993). In this film, Deol played one of his most iconic characters Kashi Nath, who fights against a ruthless gangster to free his neighbourhood from tyranny and restore peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |title=5 Unforgettable Characters of Sunny Deol |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/5-unforgettable-characters-of-sunny-deol |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605111834/https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/5-unforgettable-characters-of-sunny-deol |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned Deol his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Deol's dialogues in ''Ghatak'' such as "Ye Mazdoor Ka Haath Hai Katya" (This is a labourer's hand, Katya), "Utha Utha Ke Patkunga" (I will lift you and slam you repeatedly), and "Cheer Dunga Faad Dunga Saale" (I will tear you apart, you bastard) became popular among the audiences and influenced the pop culture of the time period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2021 |title=7 Iconic Sunny Deol Dialogues We'll Never Forget No Matter Kitne Tareekh Beet Jaye |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/89298-sunny-deol-iconic-dialogues-from-bollywood-films.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सनी देओल के 40 चीर देने और उठा-उठा के पटकने वाले डायलॉग! |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/entertainment/post/40-mindblowing-and-chilling-dialogues-of-bollywoods-most-powerful-action-hero-sunny-deol |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=www.thelallantop.com |date=19 October 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109114425/https://www.thelallantop.com/entertainment/post/40-mindblowing-and-chilling-dialogues-of-bollywoods-most-powerful-action-hero-sunny-deol |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol kicked off 1997 with ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' which had a lifetime collection of Rs. 324.3 million and was one of the highest grossing hits of 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1997 - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1997&pageId=4 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050039/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=1997&pageId=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> He played a larger than life role of Deva, a hot headed man who takes revenge on the corrupt politicians responsible for his family's suffering. The film flourished particularly in the domestic market. He followed it up with ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', an epic [[war film]] based on the real life events that happened during the [[Battle of Longewala]] in 1971, in which Deol played the leading role of decorated [[Indian Army]] officer [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] [[Kuldip Singh Chandpuri]]. The film featured an ensemble cast of Deol, [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]], [[Pooja Bhatt]], including others. It opened to strong box office results and was declared an all-time blockbuster by ''[[Box Office India]]''. It also became the highest-grossing Hindi film of 1997 domestically,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Hits 1997 - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999&year=1997 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102142412/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999&year=1997 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the second highest-grossing Indian film of the year worldwide. ''Border'' grossed a domestic nett of {{INR|66.70 crore}} and it was the fourth biggest blockbuster film of the 90s decade.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999 | title=Top Hits 1990-1999 - - Box Office India | access-date=6 August 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408011525/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is often listed among the best Indian war films ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=10 must watch Bollywood movies based on Indian Army |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2024/04/19/10-must-watch-bollywood-movies-based-on-indian-army/ |website=Defence Direct Education |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605144438/https://defencedirecteducation.com/2024/04/19/10-must-watch-bollywood-movies-based-on-indian-army/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=युद्ध पर आधारित हैं ये 5 फिल्में, मार-धाड़ और एक्शन से भरपूर, बढ़ जाएगा सैनिकों लिए सम्मान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-loc-kargil-shershaah-gunjan-saxena-border-5-bollywood-movies-based-on-war-see-complete-list-6710277.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605144433/https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-loc-kargil-shershaah-gunjan-saxena-border-5-bollywood-movies-based-on-war-see-complete-list-6710277.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was awarded several accolades,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Fascinating facts about Border, which completes 26 years of its release |url=https://www.filmfare.com/nostalgia/fascinating-facts-about-border-which-completes-26-years-of-its-release-59131.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |magazine=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> and earned Deol his fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2017 |title=#82 Border: Top 100 Bollywood Albums |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/82-border-top-100-bollywood-albums/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806142340/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/82-border-top-100-bollywood-albums/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>

In 1998, Deol collaborated with [[Guddu Dhanoa]] once again after ''Ziddi'' (1997), to star in the action film ''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]''. Featuring an identical cast to ''Ziddi'', [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Farida Jalal]] played supporting roles. The film was noted for its action sequences, cast performances and a notable monologue delivered by Deol during a courtroom hearing scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=WebEditor |date=25 May 2018 |title=four Iconic Moments Of Salaakhen 1998 That You Want To Examine Out At present |url=https://www.coolentertainment.us/movies-and-tv/four-iconic-moments-of-salaakhen-1998-that-you-want-to-examine-out-at-present.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022170733/http://www.coolentertainment.us/movies-and-tv/four-iconic-moments-of-salaakhen-1998-that-you-want-to-examine-out-at-present.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Cool Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> Released on 24 April 1998, it recorded an excellent opening and was another hit for the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=When Sunny Deol Became The Blockbuster King of The 90s |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunny-deol-became-the-blockbuster-king-of-the-90s-8422987.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328133441/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/when-sunny-deol-became-the-blockbuster-king-of-the-90s-8422987.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

His 1999 film ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' marked his first collaboration with director [[Rahul Rawail]] after ''Yodha''. Due to the critical and commercial success of their previous collaborations ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985) and ''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]'' (1991)'','' the film was one of the most awaited films of the year. Although it was not well reviewed upon release, the film became a hit. UP gangster [[Vikas Dubey]] was reported to be an ardent fan of this movie and rumoured to have watched it over 100 times. Inspired by his love for this movie, he had earned the monicker ''Pandit''.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-vikas-dubey-became-the-gabbar-of-bikru/articleshow/76918160.cms|title = How Vikas Dubey became the 'Gabbar' of Bikru|website = [[The Times of India]]|archive-date = 21 August 2022|access-date = 21 April 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220821084114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-vikas-dubey-became-the-gabbar-of-bikru/articleshow/76918160.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> In 1999 he made his directorial debut with ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' starring himself, his [[Bobby Deol|brother]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]], but the film failed to gain success.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=11 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026073055/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg==|archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

His first blockbuster hit in the millennium was 2001 film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]}}, directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], in which Deol played the role of a patriotic Indian truck driver, Tara Singh who falls in love with a Muslim girl, Sakeena, in the backdrop of [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] violence, and makes a dramatic trip to Pakistan to get back his beloved.<ref name="THG">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gadar-2-teaser-sunny-deol-returns-to-lahore-extracts-a-wheel/article66960828.ece | title='Gadar 2' teaser: Sunny Deol returns to Lahore, extracts a wheel | newspaper=TH | date=12 June 2022 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | access-date=4 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008150205/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gadar-2-teaser-sunny-deol-returns-to-lahore-extracts-a-wheel/article66960828.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Gadar'' became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Hindi film up until then]] in mainstream cinema earning over {{INRConvert|1.3|b}} worldwide. It ranks among the top 3 Indian films in all-time highest footfalls since 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/india-footfalls.php|title=Top India Footfalls All Time|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815202747/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/footfalls?fm=1|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Gadar'' is also the third [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]] since the 1990s when adjusted for inflation.<ref name="boi">{{cite news|title=Top Hits All Time|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php|access-date=2 June 2024|work=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528201924/http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The famous "Handpump scene" became a major cultural symbol and influenced the contemporary [[Parody|parody culture]] in [[India]] in the following years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/how-sunny-deols-gadar-2-exploded-at-the-indian-box-office | title=How Sunny Deol's Gadar 2 Exploded at the Indian Box Office | date=August 2023 }}</ref> Deol received high praise for his performance.

{{Quote box
| bgcolor = #bbccff
| salign = right
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| align = right
| quote = "To state that Gadar belongs to Deol would be an understatement. It's difficult to imagine any other actor essaying this role with precision. The actor takes to the character like a fish takes to water and emerges triumphant."
| source = —[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[IndiaFM]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6748/index.html |title=Gadar: Ek Prem Katha Movie Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 June 2001 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225012521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6748/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

Deol was paid {{INRConvert|6|c}} for his role in ''Gadar'', the highest for any Indian actor at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol's net worth is reportedly around Rs 130 crore, and these five businesses contribute to it apart from films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunny-deols-net-worth-is-reportedly-around-rs-130-crore-and-these-five-businesses-contribute-to-it-apart-from-films-13040772.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 August 2023 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427031125/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunny-deols-net-worth-is-reportedly-around-rs-130-crore-and-these-five-businesses-contribute-to-it-apart-from-films-13040772.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned him his sixth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Hits Down The Years|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=9 August 2011|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722193837/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Deol also worked in another successful action thriller film ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001). It received a record breaking opening, grossing a domestic nett of {{INR}}18.0 million on its opening day.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Opening Day Records Since 1990 - 34 Films - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4419 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143742/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4419 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year in India with collection of ₹42.60 crore.<ref name="Saini">{{cite news |last1=Saini |first1=Kainika |title=Muhurat Of Sunny Deol's Action Film Indian (2001) |url=https://lehren.com/exclusive/bollywood-flashback/muhurat-of-sunny-deols-action-film-indian-2001/69833/ |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=Lehren |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820101049/https://lehren.com/exclusive/bollywood-flashback/muhurat-of-sunny-deols-action-film-indian-2001/69833/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Khalid">{{cite news |last1=Khalid |first1=Mohammed |title=Indian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/indian-/articleshow/443388500.cms |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=Times of India |date=29 October 2001 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831114138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/indian-/articleshow/443388500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Actor|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=9 August 2011|archive-date=17 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117065629/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics felt that Deol's role of [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Rajshekhar Azad was "tailor-made" for him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2009 |title=Indian : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6764/index.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423153640/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6764/index.html |archive-date=23 April 2009 }}</ref>

In 2002, Deol starred in the war film ''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (2002 film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]'' which opened strongly and despite being among the highest-grossing films of the year, only emerged as a box office disappointment due to poor reviews.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=598|title=Maa Tujhhe Salaam - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> He played the role of Indian [[Indian independence movement|revolutionary]] [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] in ''[[23rd March 1931: Shaheed]]'', starring his brother [[Bobby Deol]] in the role of [[Bhagat Singh]]. The film's release coincided with another film based on Bhagat Singh, directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and titled ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''. Both films failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/03bhag.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: Which Bhagat Singh do we choose?|website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/At-the-movies-The-Legend-of-Bhagat-Singh/articleshow/12303758.cms|title=At the movies: The Legend of Bhagat Singh|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2002|archive-date=18 March 2018|access-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180318081925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/at-the-movies-the-legend-of-bhagat-singh/articleshow/12303758.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Then, in 2003, Deol teamed up with director [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] yet again for ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'', which also starred [[Preity Zinta]] and the debutant [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=third highest grosser|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525225820/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> Released on 11 April, ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy|The Hero]]'' was billed as [[Bollywood]]'s most expensive film at that time with an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|600|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Hero stunt most exacting, says Sunny Deol|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/The-Hero-stunt-most-exacting-says-Sunny-Deol/articleshow/40597939.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701135142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-17/mumbai/27288303_1_sunny-deol-anil-sharma-expensive-film|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2012|access-date=14 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2003}}</ref> The film became the third highest-grossing Bollywood film of that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2003|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==|publisher=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=15 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525225820/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote about the film and called it "a wildly over-the-top, stridently nationalistic but undeniably entertaining slice of hokum."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'The Hero: Love Story of a Spy' |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-hero-love-story-of-a-spy-1200542160/ |author=Elley, Derek |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=16 April 2003 |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061004/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-hero-love-story-of-a-spy-1200542160/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

=== 2004–2021: Sporadic success and career setbacks ===
[[File:Sunny Deol at Dev's Anand's autobiography release.jpg|thumb|Deol attending the release of [[Dev Anand]]'s autobiography Romancing with Life in 2007.|246x246px]]
During this phase of his career, Deol avoided traditional action films due to back injuries and experimented with various genres, achieving lackluster success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=25 July 2010 |title=Sunny Deol's back problem returns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-back-problem-returns/articleshow/6210617.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-back-problem-returns/articleshow/6210617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He later commented that his style of cinema went out of trend due to changing industry standards and there were no suitable roles available for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ananya |date=14 February 2026 |title=Sunny Deol remembers ‘years of struggle’ in his career: ‘Shayad mere layak koi cheez nahi thi' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-remembers-tough-phase-of-his-career-talks-about-years-of-struggle-bollywood-border-2-101771006446059.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

In 2004, Deol starred in ''[[Lakeer – Forbidden Lines|Lakeer]]'', which featured an ensemble cast including [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]], and newcomers [[Sohail Khan]] and [[John Abraham]]. The film was a flop.<ref name="Lakeer" /> In the same year, he starred in the low budget [[sports comedy]] film ''[[Rok Sako To Rok Lo]]''.<ref name="Rok Sako" />

''[[Jo Bole So Nihaal (film)|Jo Bole So Nihaal]]'', Deol's 2005 solo release, sparked a trend of comedic films featuring carefree and jovial [[Sikhs|Sikh]] protagonists, exemplified by later releases like ''[[Singh Is Kinng|Singh is Kinng]]'' (2008), ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' (2012), ''[[Singh Is Bliing|Singh is Bliing]]'' (2015), and Deol's own ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana (film series)|Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'' franchise. However, the film also generated controversy, with its title, a Sikh spiritual phrase, and certain scenes angering Sikh groups. Bombings at two theatres led to its withdrawal from cinemas and its eventual box office failure.<ref name="Jo Bole" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=23 May 2005 |title=Cinemas bombed as film angers Sikhs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/23/film.india |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In early 2006, Deol starred in the [[techno-thriller]] ''[[Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera|Teesri Aankh]]''. It marked the second time he co-starred alongside [[Ameesha Patel]], after the all-time blockbuster ''Gadar''. The film was inspired by the 1994 movie ''[[Mute Witness]]''. It was panned by critics and turned out to be a [[Box-office disaster|disaster]].<ref name="Teesri Aankh" /> In September 2006, Deol took on a role in the [[Action-adventure game|action-adventure]] film ''[[Naksha]]'', an endeavour by Bollywood to capture the essence of films seen in the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' and ''[[The Mummy (franchise)|The Mummy]]'' series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 September 2006 |title=Naksha Review 3.5/5 {{!}} Naksha Movie Review {{!}} Naksha 2006 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/naksha/critic-review/naksha-movie-review/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Despite being hailed as ahead of its time by certain critics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Top 12 movies of Sunny Deol to watch on Prime Video |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/entertainment/top-12-movies-of-sunny-deol-to-watch-on-prime-video-6427416/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> the movie unfortunately met with box office failure.<ref name="Naksha" />

Deol kicked off 2007 with ''[[Big Brother (2007 film)|Big Brother]]'', a [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] film. This was supposed to be [[Priyanka Chopra]]'s first release in 2002 but was delayed by almost 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/04/09/big_brother_2007_review.shtml|title=BBC - Movies - review - Big Brother|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813080432/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/04/09/big_brother_2007_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/big-brother/critic-review/big-brother-movie-review/ |title=Big Brother Review 1/5 | Big Brother Movie Review | Big Brother 2007 Public Review | Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813080434/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/big-brother/critic-review/big-brother-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Continuing his year, he appeared in the heist comedy ''[[Fool & Final|Fool N Final]]'', sharing the spotlight with emerging talents [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Ayesha Takia]]. This film was also a box office disappointment. Deol appeared alongside his father [[Dharmendra]] and brother [[Bobby Deol]] together for the first time in ''[[Apne]]'' (2007), a [[Sports drama|family sports-drama]] film.<ref name="Apne"/> The film garnered significant hype and achieved considerable success.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Apne – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516021701/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227|url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, he appeared with his brother again in the ensemble film ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]''. Deol's performance, although brief, was praised. 2009 saw Deol star in the thriller ''[[Fox (film)|Fox]]'' (2009) opposite [[Arjun Rampal]]. It marked Deol's first film appearing as an [[antagonist]]. The film was inspired from [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film ''[[A Murder of Crows (film)|A Murder of Crows]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite news|title="FOX" starring Arjun Rampal and Sunny Deol gears up for a 2009 release
|newspaper=Indiaglitz.com |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/44115.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108004350/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/44115.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2009|accessdate=16 March 2012|date=6 January 2009}}</ref> It was another commercial failure for the actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fox/critic-review/fox-movie-review/ |title=Fox Review 1.5/5 | Fox Movie Review | Fox 2009 Public Review | Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 September 2009 |access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429013056/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fox/critic-review/fox-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Garimella" />

Deol's first release of 2010 was Neeraj Pathak's crime thriller ''[[Right Yaaa Wrong]]'' which had him playing a [[Police Inspector|police inspector]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Right Ya Wrong is the surprise of the year.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Right-Ya-Wrong-is-suprise-of-the-year/articleshow/5685926.cms|access-date=22 March 2012|archive-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225164819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-15/news-interviews/28125267_1_characters-shades-sunny-deol|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'' which also featured him alongside his father and brother was Deol's only release in 2011. The [[surreal comedy]] was declared a hit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=35 |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>

For the first time in his career, Deol lent his voice in the Animated film ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharata]]'' for the role of [[Bhima|Bheem]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/yamla-pagla-deewana-2/movie-review/20439988.cms |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana 2 Review |work=The Times Of India |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407154536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/yamla-pagla-deewana-2/movie-review/20439988.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It earned ₹16.9 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharat – Movie – Box Office India|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2005|access-date=29 August 2020|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228170406/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2005|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]'', a sequel to his 2011 hit was released in 2013 but the film was a critical and box office failure. In the end of 2013 Deol teamed up with [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] yet again for ''[[Singh Saab The Great]]'' which was received positively. It was Deol's comeback to traditional action genre and the film turned out be a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIR Against Sunny Deol For Allegedly Abusive Language In Mohalla Assi – NDTV Movies |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/fir-against-sunny-deol-for-allegedly-abusive-language-in-mohalla-assi-774064 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622155654/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/fir-against-sunny-deol-for-allegedly-abusive-language-in-mohalla-assi-774064 |url-status=live}}</ref> His dialogue in the film, "Bali Hamesha Bakre Ki Di Jaati Hai, Sher Ki Nahi" (Sacrifice is always made of a goat, not a lion) became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=From Dhai kilo ka haath to Hindustan zindabad, Revisit Sunny Deol's iconic dialogues |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/from-dhai-kilo-ka-haath-to-hindustan-zindabad-revisit-sunny-deols-iconic-dialogues-visual-story-2983126.html |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Money Control}}</ref>

[[File:Sunny Deol & Dharmendra promote ‘Ghayal Once Again’ in Delhi.jpg|thumb|Sunny Deol and father [[Dharmendra]] in 2016.|left]]
In 2015, he worked in ''[[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]]'' and ''Vinay Sapru''{{'s}} ''[[I Love NY (2015 film)|I Love NY]]'' opposite [[Kangana Ranaut]]. Due to an unknown reason, the film was delayed from its original release date of 2011 and released several years later. It did not fare well at the box office.

In 2016, ''[[Ghayal Once Again]]'' was released which was a sequel to his 1990 film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''. It marked Deol's second film directorial since ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1999). It was one of the most anticipated movies of the year. The action sequences were praised but the story and pacing were criticised. The film earned well upon release, but was ultimately declared a failure by the end of its theatrical run.

In 2017, he and his brother appeared in [[Shreyas Talpade]]'s comedy film ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'', which deals with the topic of [[vasectomy]] but flopped at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3593|title=Poster Boys - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813092251/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3593|url-status=live}}</ref> This was Bobby Deol's comeback film after a hiatus of three years but could not re-establish him.

In 2018, Deol appeared in ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]'', the third film in the franchise. Also that year, two of his long delayed films ''[[Bhaiyyaji Superhitt]]'' (where he plays a double role for the first time),<ref name=cast>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sunny-deols-bhaiyyaji-superhit-finally-gets-a-release-date-will-hit-theatres-on-october-19/252218|title=Sunny Deol's Bhaiyyaji Superhit finally gets a release date, will hit theatres on October 19|access-date=29 July 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171104/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sunny-deols-bhaiyyaji-superhit-finally-gets-a-release-date-will-hit-theatres-on-october-19/252218|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Mohalla Assi]]'' were released. All of them were box office failures. ''Mohalla Assi'' faced opposition before release by the court for hurting religious sentiments and was leaked online in 2015 by piracy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohalla Assi Director Says 'Pirated' Footage Leaked to 'Sabotage' Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mohalla-assi-director-says-pirated-footage-leaked-to-sabotage-film-775219 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> In the film, Deol played an idealistic Hindu [[pandit]] attempting to expose fraudulent spiritual leaders preying on foreign tourists in [[Varanasi]]. His use of blunt language and slurs, while controversial, was praised for demonstrating his range, despite the film's largely negative reception.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=17 November 2018 |title=Mohalla Assi movie review: The Sunny Deol film is a missed opportunity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mohalla-assi-review-rating-sunny-deol-5449127/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in 2019, Deol took the mantle of a director again, his third film as a director, ''[[Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas]]'', which marked the debut of his son [[Karan Deol (actor)|Karan Deol]], with another newcomer [[Sahher Bambba]] in lead roles. He declined the lead role in the 2019 hit film ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 films Sunny Deol rejected, including two blockbusters |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/bollywood/7-films-sunny-deol-rejected-blockbusters-gadar-2-kesari-deewana-koyla-trimurti-jaanwar-pukar-1702037311860 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713082415/https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/bollywood/7-films-sunny-deol-rejected-blockbusters-gadar-2-kesari-deewana-koyla-trimurti-jaanwar-pukar-1702037311860 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== 2022–present: Resurgence ===
[[File:Sunny Deol at Zee Cine Awards 2024.jpg|125px|thumb|Deol on the red carpet at [[Zee Cine Awards| Zee Cine Awards 2024]].]]
In 2022, after a break of two years, Deol starred in the crime thriller ''[[Chup: Revenge of the Artist]]'' directed by [[R. Balki]]. Alongside [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] and [[Pooja Bhatt]]. The plot of the film centered around a serial killer who targets dishonest film critics. Released on 23 September 2022, where it received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chup Movie Review: Film critics, beware. You're about to lose your organs |date=22 September 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chup-movie-review-sunny-deol-dulquer-salmaan-film-critics-beware-you-re-about-to-lose-your-organs-2003572-2022-09-22 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922214537/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chup-movie-review-sunny-deol-dulquer-salmaan-film-critics-beware-you-re-about-to-lose-your-organs-2003572-2022-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Khalli Balli Movie Review : A horror comedy that neither scares nor entertains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/khalli-balli/movie-review/94247892.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> Roktim Rajpal of [[India Today|''India Today'']] praised Deol as a scene stealer with natural intensity, writing that "The veteran actor delivers a beautifully restrained performance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=22 September 2022 |title=Chup Movie Review: Film critics, beware. You're about to lose your organs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chup-movie-review-sunny-deol-dulquer-salmaan-film-critics-beware-you-re-about-to-lose-your-organs-2003572-2022-09-22 |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Deol won the ''Lions Gold Awards'' for Male Action Star Of The Year 2022.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The sequel of the 2001 film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|Gadar]]'', ''[[Gadar 2]]'', was released on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gadar 2 box office collection Day 1: Sunny Deol-starrer storms theatres; delivers Bollywood's second-biggest opening of 2023, breaks single screen records |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-box-office-collection-day-1-sunny-deol-starrer-40-crore-records-friday-8888847/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812054719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-box-office-collection-day-1-sunny-deol-starrer-40-crore-records-friday-8888847/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's story was centered around the era of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], in which Deol as Tara Singh returns to [[Pakistan]] to bring back his son. It was directed and produced by Anil Sharma, and the film starred Deol along with [[Ameesha Patel]], and [[Utkarsh Sharma]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-sharma-wraps-lucknow-schedule-of-gadar-2/articleshow/91005397.cms |title=Anil Sharma wraps Lucknow schedule of 'Gadar 2' |newspaper=Times of India |date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702203232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anil-sharma-wraps-lucknow-schedule-of-gadar-2/articleshow/91005397.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Gadar 2'' emerged as the highest-grossing film in Deol's career.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=Gadar 2 box office collection day 14: Sunny Deol, Ameesha Patel film earns ₹8.2 cr, takes India total to ₹418.9 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-box-office-collection-day-14-sunny-deol-ameesha-patel-film-101692924329774.html |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film earned ₹691 crore worldwide,<ref name="g2bo">{{cite web|title=Gadar 2 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-2/box-office/|access-date=16 August 2023|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 August 2023|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919035254/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-2/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gadar 2 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-2/box-office/|access-date=12 August 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 August 2023|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919035254/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-2/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> and became the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2023|4th highest-grosser]], as well as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]].<ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2023|access-date=22 August 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126125943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> Deol's performance in ''Gadar 2'' earned him several award nominations, including his seventh nomination for a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] in the Best Actor category.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-nomination-list-2024-animal-jawan-dunki-nominated-check-complete-list-here-2586929 | title='एनिमल' सबसे ज्यादा कैटेगिरी में हुई नॉमिनेट, चेक करे फिल्मफेयर अवॉर्ड्स 2024 के नॉमिनेशन की कंप्लीट लिस्ट | date=16 January 2024 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=28 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128183033/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-nomination-list-2024-animal-jawan-dunki-nominated-check-complete-list-here-2586929 | url-status=live }}</ref> Deol won the [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]] for Best Actor (Viewer's Choice) for ''Gadar 2'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards 2024 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan wins big; Sunny Deol, Rani Mukerji, Kiara Advani honoured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 March 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311201442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while he was also named the [[GQ India]] Leading Man of the Year 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=xPatwa |first1=Priyadarshini Patwa |date=23 November 2023 |title=GQ Men of the Year 2023: 35 inside pictures & videos from the coolest party of the year featuring Karan Johar, Sunny Deol, Alia Bhatt, Aditya Roy Kapur & more |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-men-of-the-year-2023-33-inside-pictures-and-videos-from-the-coolest-party-of-the-year-featuring-karan-johar-sunny-deol-alia-bhatt-aditya-roy-kapur-and-more |magazine=GQ India |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317115327/https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-men-of-the-year-2023-33-inside-pictures-and-videos-from-the-coolest-party-of-the-year-featuring-karan-johar-sunny-deol-alia-bhatt-aditya-roy-kapur-and-more |url-status=live }}</ref> It reestablished Deol as a bankable actor and marked his return to mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol's return to the big screen with Jaat: A Hero's journey continues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-return-to-the-big-screen-with-jaat-a-heros-journey-continues/articleshow/120121667.cm |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

He announced an action film titled ''SDGM'' to be directed by [[Gopichand Malineni]] in July 2024, which was later renamed ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'' and released on 10 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Sunny Deol announces new film with South director Gopichand Malineni |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sunny-deol-announces-new-film-with-south-director-gopichand-malineni-66798.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol's next film is titled 'Jaat' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-deols-next-film-is-titled-jaat/article68773035.ece/ |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203024726/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-deols-next-film-is-titled-jaat/article68773035.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Sunny Deol's Jaat Gets a Release Date |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sunny-deols-jaat-gets-a-release-date-71054.amp |magazine=Filmfare |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> In a favourable review, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted the film's action sequences, mass appeal, and acting performances, singling out Deol's screen presence and deeming him outstanding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=10 April 2025 |title=Jaat Movie Review: JAAT is an explosive paisa vasool entertainer with mass moments, and razor-sharp execution |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaat/critic-review/jaat-movie-review/jaat-is-an-explosive-paisa-vasool-entertainer-with-mass-moments-and-razor-sharp-execution/ |access-date=11 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The film registered a decent opening and subsequently gained momentum, to emerge as a success after grossing over {{INR}}100 crore, his third film to do so after ''Gadar'' and its sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaat Box Office: Sunny Deol starrer does well in its extended weekend, aims to go past Yamla Pagla Deewana |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/jaat-box-office-sunny-deol-starrer-well-extended-weekend-aims-go-past-yamla-pagla-deewana/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=15 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaat Is A Success - May Emerge A HIT - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9070 |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ''Jaat'' launched successfully on Netflix, accumulating 10.3 million hours watched in its first week.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keshri |first=Divya |date=7 June 2025 |title=Jaat: सनी देओल की फिल्म देश में नंबर 1 पर कर रही है ट्रेंड, जानें ओटीटी पर हिट हुई या फ्लॉप? |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaat-sunny-deol-randeep-hooda-thriller-film-trending-on-ott-netflix-details |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> It topped the platform's top 10 films chart in India for four weeks and also appeared on the global top 10 films list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title='Jaat': One Indian Film Ranks On Netflix Global Top 10 This Week |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2025/06/18/jaat-one-indian-film-ranks-on-netflix-global-top-10-this-week/ |website=Forbes |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

Deol starred as Lt. Col. Fateh Singh Kaler in ''[[Border 2]]'', the spiritual sequel to the 1997 film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Border 2': Real life inspirations for Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan and Diljit Dosanjh’s roles revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-real-life-inspirations-for-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-and-diljit-dosanjhs-roles-revealed/photostory/126612645.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=17 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> Greenlit in June 2024, the highly anticipated project is directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] and features an ensemble cast including [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Ahan Shetty]]. The film released on 23 January 2026, to coincide with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Handoo |first=Ritika |date=21 January 2026 |title=Border 2 First Review Out: Sunny Deol Leaves A Moving Impression, Viewer Reveals Most Memorable Scene! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/border-2-first-review-out-sunny-deol-leaves-a-moving-impression-viewer-reveals-most-memorable-scene-viral-tweet-creates-buzz-online-3008964.html |work=Zee News |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pratyush |first=Rahul |date=14 June 2024 |title=Sunny Deol's highly anticipated 'Border 2' to hit screens in January 2026, announces release date {{!}} Entertainment News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/sunny-deol-s-highly-anticipated-border-2-to-hit-screens-in-january-2026-announces-release-date-2024-06-14-936999 |work=wIndia TV News |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614235613/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/sunny-deol-s-highly-anticipated-border-2-to-hit-screens-in-january-2026-announces-release-date-2024-06-14-936999 |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics noted his return to form, drawing comparisons to the peak of his earlier career. [[Taran Adarsh]] labelled his performance "commanding,"<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/2014397165154840920 |title=#OneWordReview... #Border2: OUTSTANDING. |website=[[X (social network)|X]] |date=22 January 2026 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> while ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' lauded his versatility in both emotional and combat sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border 2 Movie Review: BORDER 2 delivers a stirring, big-screen war spectacle |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/critic-review/border-2-movie-review/border-2-delivers-a-stirring-big-screen-war-spectacle/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 January 2026 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' further characterised his role as "a composite figure, part mentor and part myth, embodying the steely command and moral authority of senior Army leadership."<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Border 2 Review: Patriotism Revisited |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/border-2-review-patriotism-revisited-81130.html |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> He was paid {{INR}}50 crore for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Aparna |date=21 January 2026 |title=Border 2 Cast Fees: Sunny Deol Or Varun Dhawan, Who Is The Highest Paid Actor? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/border-2-cast-fees-sunny-deol-or-varun-dhawan-who-is-the-highest-paid-actor-ws-l-9846809.html |work=News18 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Anshika |date=3 January 2026 |title=Border 2 star cast fees revealed: Sunny Deol charges whopping sum of Rs 50 crore; Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh, Ahan Shetty have been paid just... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-border-2-star-cast-fees-revealed-sunny-deol-charges-whopping-sum-of-rs-50-crore-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-have-been-paid-just-3195843 |work=DNA India |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> The film became the [[List of Indian films of 2026|2nd highest grossing Indian film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Border 2 Box Office Collection Worldwide Day 17 Update: Sunny Deol’s film collects Rs 17.58 crore over 3rd weekend, India total stands at Rs 341.47 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-box-office-collection-day-17-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-dhurandhar-comparison-10519304/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2026 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

After the continuous success of these films, Deol's career became the subject of a comeback story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Inside Sunny Deol’s comeback story after ‘years of struggle’ in post-2000s Bollywood |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-inside-sunny-deols-comeback-story-after-years-of-struggle-in-post-2000s-bollywood-4142987/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> Critics like [[Yasser Usman]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' noted that the actor did not reinvent himself, instead, audience tastes circled back to his style over time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=31 January 2026 |title=Dhai Kilo Ka Comeback: How Sunny Deol Became Bollywood's Biggest Revival Story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhai-kilo-ka-comeback-how-sunny-deol-became-bollywoods-biggest-revival-story-10918526 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Jigar Shah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' attributed the comeback to nostalgia. He stated that the mass audience had not forgotten him, but the industry had simply stopped producing his type of films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Sunny Deol’s second rising: How a 68 year old action icon is a sensation again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-second-rising-how-a-68-year-old-action-icon-is-a-sensation-again/articleshow/127697897.cms |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Deol has various upcoming projects lined up. Deol is reuniting with [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] to headline ''[[Lahore 1947]]'' which will be produced by [[Aamir Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the cast of Lahore 1947, Rajkumar Santoshi's next produced by Aamir Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meet-the-cast-of-lahore-1947-rajkumar-santoshis-next-produced-by-aamir-khan-101708937809828.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 February 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> Based on the play ''Jis Lahore Nai Dekhya O Jamyai Nai'' by [[Asghar Wajahat]], it will be set against the backdrop of [[1947 Partition of India|1947 partition of India]] and is set to release on 13 August 2026, during the Independence Day week.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Aamir Khan’s Lahore 1947 to Release on THIS Date |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khans-lahore-1947-to-release-on-this-date-81586.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=9 February 2026 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=27 November 2024 |title=Sunny Deol To Resume Lahore 1947 Shoot After Aamir Khan Suggests Modifications: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-to-resume-lahore-1947-shoot-after-aamir-khan-suggests-modifications-report-9135713.html |work=News18 |access-date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128024428/https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-to-resume-lahore-1947-shoot-after-aamir-khan-suggests-modifications-report-9135713.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film will also feature [[Preity Zinta]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ananya |date=2 June 2024 |title=Preity Zinta wraps up shoot of her comeback movie Lahore 1947, thanks Aamir Khan: 'Toughest film I have worked on' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/preity-zinta-comeback-film-lahore-1947-wraps-up-shoot-calls-it-toughest-film-i-have-worked-on-101717293277079.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> Deol will diversify his portfolio by portraying a middle aged man in the family drama ''Safar''. Initially planned as a [[Over-the-top media service|direct-to-OTT]] release, the film will now have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol's Safar skips OTT, heads for theatrical release by year-end |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sunny-deol-safar-skips-ott-heads-for-theatrical-release-by-year-end/650145b786699 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> He will collaborate with [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s [[Excel Entertainment]] and director Balaji, in his Hindi directorial debut, on a high-budget action thriller.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol to join forces with Excel Entertainment for big-budget action thriller: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-deol-join-forces-excel-entertainment-big-budget-action-thriller-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> Deol will portray [[Hanuman]] in [[Nitesh Tiwari]] directorial ''Ramayana: Part 1'' (2026) and its sequel ''Ramayana: Part 2'' (2027), based on the [[Ramayana|Indian epic]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |date=2 April 2024 |title=Nitesh Tiwari's 'Ramayana' goes on floors, Ranbir Kapoor to soon start shooting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/exclusive-nitesh-tiwari-ramayana-goes-on-floors-ranbir-kapoor-to-soon-start-shooting-2522325-2024-04-02 |magazine=India Today |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408114235/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/exclusive-nitesh-tiwari-ramayana-goes-on-floors-ranbir-kapoor-to-soon-start-shooting-2522325-2024-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hans Zimmer makes Bollywood debut in Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana alongside AR Rahman, Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hans-zimmer-makes-bollywood-debut-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-alongside-ar-rahman-report/articleshow/109058192.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=5 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409070232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hans-zimmer-makes-bollywood-debut-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-alongside-ar-rahman-report/articleshow/109058192.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol as lord Hanuman to appear for only 15 minutes in 'Ramayana' Part 1; bigger role in Part 2? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-as-lord-hanuman-to-appear-for-only-15-minutes-in-ramayana-part-1-bigger-role-in-part-2-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/122379405.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> He is scheduled to reunite with Anil Sharma to star in ''Coal King'', a film based on coal mafia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Shachi |date=9 September 2025 |title=Sunny Deol And Anil Sharma To Reunite For Larger-Than-Life Drama Titled Coal King: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/sunny-deol-and-anil-sharma-to-reunite-for-larger-than-life-drama-titled-coal-king-report-ws-l-9560058.html |work=News18 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Scheduled for a late release, the Netflix original production ''Ikka'' will star the actor alongside [[Akshaye Khanna]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Divya |date=17 September 2025 |title=Sunny Deol OTT Debut: थिएटर के बाद अब ओटीटी की दुनिया में एंट्री करेंगे सनी देओल, 'बॉर्डर' के इस एक्टर संग करेंगे स्क्रीन शेयर |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-ott-debut-reunites-with-border-actor-akshaye-khanna-in-film-ikka-details |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> He personally announced his upcoming film, ''Gabru'', which will be written and directed by [[Shashank Udapurkar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=19 October 2025 |title=Sunny Deol announces new film 'Gabru'; motion poster and release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-deol-announces-new-film-gabru-motion-poster-and-release-date-out/article70182474.ece |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He will next act in the upcoming film ''Jaat 2'', to be directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. Its shooting will begin in 2026 and it will be released in 2027.<ref name=J2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-rajkumar-santoshi-direct-sunny-deol-jaat-2-director-paid-whopping-rs-15-cr-fees/|title=Rajkumar Santoshi to direct Sunny Deol in Jaat 2|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Deol joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] on 23 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Bollywood actor Sunny Deol joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/bollywood-actor-sunny-deol-joins-bjp/articleshow/69003734.cms |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Ahead of the elections, he made several promises, including pledging to open the border for trade with Pakistan and Central Asian nations. While his intentions were praised, his approach was criticised to be impractical and politically naive.<ref name="Tribune_Mar2024">{{Cite news |title=MP report card: Sunny Deol scores zilch |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/mp-report-card-sunny-deol-scores-zilch-603026/ |work=The Tribune |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404070610/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/mp-report-card-sunny-deol-scores-zilch-603026 |url-status=live }}</ref> He won the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha Elections]] from [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur constituency]] in Punjab against [[Sunil Jakhar]] of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]], by a margin of 82,459 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/from-sunny-deol-to-urmila-matondkar-heres-how-star-candidates-fared-in-lok-sabha-polls-article-225290.html|title=From Sunny Deol to Urmila Matondkar, here's how star candidates fared in Lok Sabha Polls|date=24 May 2019|website=News Nation|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524112411/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/from-sunny-deol-to-urmila-matondkar-heres-how-star-candidates-fared-in-lok-sabha-polls-article-225290.html|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-sunny-deol-wins-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019-by-82459-votes/articleshow/69472584.cms|title=Actor Sunny Deol wins the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 by 82,459 votes|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128000400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-sunny-deol-wins-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019-by-82459-votes/articleshow/69472584.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Deol's political career was deemed unsuccessful. ''[[Tribune India]]'' remarked, "History will not be kind to... Sunny Deol, when it judges him as an MP in the times to come."<ref name="Tribune_Mar2024"/> By 11 December 2023, he had an attendance of 18% in the Parliament. The national average for the same is 79%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Singh Dharmendra Deol {{!}} PRSIndia |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/ajay-singh-dharmendra-deol |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221180044/https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/ajay-singh-dharmendra-deol |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol missed six parliamentary sessions and posed only four questions, with just one concerning Gurdaspur. He inquired about illegal sand mining in his constituency but did not engage in any debates. Deol stopped visiting Gurdaspur after September 2020 and failed to return even during the floods in August 2023. Deol utilised only ₹7 crore from his MP Local Area Development Fund over five years, despite being entitled to ₹5 crore annually. In the last two years of his term, he made no requests for funds and spent nothing in his constituency from the available resources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Report card: Sunny Deol, Bollywood star who won election in just 20 days but couldn't win hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/report-card-sunny-deol-bollywood-star-won-election-20-days-couldnt-win-hearts-9303689/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227134246/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/report-card-sunny-deol-bollywood-star-won-election-20-days-couldnt-win-hearts-9303689/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When questioned for his minimal participation in the lower house, he addressed, “When I go [to Lok Sabha], I see people who run the country are sitting there, from every party. But how do they behave? And then we tell others not to behave that way."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barman |first=Sourav Roy |date=23 August 2023 |title=Gurdaspur's 'missing MP' Sunny Deol opts out of 2024 polls — 'too good for politics' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/gurdaspurs-missing-mp-sunny-deol-opts-out-of-2024-polls-too-good-for-politics/1727692/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830164547/https://theprint.in/politics/gurdaspurs-missing-mp-sunny-deol-opts-out-of-2024-polls-too-good-for-politics/1727692/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an ''[[Aap Ki Adalat|Aap Ki Adaalat]]'' interview, Deol addressed concerns about his low attendance in Parliament, stating that his focus was on serving his constituency and that his presence in Parliament did not impact his work. He also cited [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] as a factor contributing to his absence. Deol emphasised that, while he has a record of his accomplishments, he is not one to publicly promote them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gadar-2-star-sunny-deol-does-not-want-to-fight-in-2024-elections-politics-is-not-my-world | title=Gadar 2 Star Sunny Deol Does Not Want to Fight in 2024 Elections: 'Politics is Not My World' | access-date=24 September 2024 | archive-date=13 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913014826/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gadar-2-star-sunny-deol-does-not-want-to-fight-in-2024-elections-politics-is-not-my-world | url-status=live }}</ref> He became secluded towards the end and did not invite a single person from his constituency to his son's wedding in June 2023.<ref name="Tribune_Mar2024"/>

Deol announced his decision not to seek re-election in 2024, stating that he is not suited for politics and wishes to focus on creating quality cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Aseem |date=9 September 2023 |title=Will Sunny Deol NOT contest 2024 Lok Sabha Elections? Watch what actor said in Rajat Sharma's Aap Ki Adalat |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/sunny-deol-not-contest-2024-lok-sabha-elections-watch-what-actor-said-in-rajat-sharma-aap-ki-adalat-video-2023-09-09-891407 |work=India TV News |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717205525/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/sunny-deol-not-contest-2024-lok-sabha-elections-watch-what-actor-said-in-rajat-sharma-aap-ki-adalat-video-2023-09-09-891407 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sunny Deol is married to Lynda Deol (a.k.a. Pooja Deol), who comes from an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] family. Her father, Krishan Dev Mahal, is an Indian while her mother, June Sarah Mahal, is British.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Sunny Deol: Why The Actor's Wedding Was A Secret For Several Years |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-why-the-actors-wedding-was-a-secret-for-several-years-9091758.html |work=News18 |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220051138/https://www.news18.com/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-why-the-actors-wedding-was-a-secret-for-several-years-9091758.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wife of this Bollywood superstar belongs to Royal British Family, her real name is... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-wife-of-superstar-sunny-deol-belongs-to-royal-british-family-her-real-name-is-lynda-deol-pooja-deol-3049211 |work=DNA India |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=19 December 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818120417/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-wife-of-superstar-sunny-deol-belongs-to-royal-british-family-her-real-name-is-lynda-deol-pooja-deol-3049211 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple has two sons, Karan (b. 1990) and Rajveer (b. 1994).

Lynda has also written the story of one of Sunny’s hit films - ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]'', while their son, Karan, was an assistant director on the same film and has rapped in a song sung by [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunny Deol's son turns assistant director, wife writer for Yamla Pagla Deewana 2 – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sunny-deols-son-turns-assistant-director-wife-writer-for-yamla-pagla-deewana-2/1094802/|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214528/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sunny-deols-son-turns-assistant-director-wife-writer-for-yamla-pagla-deewana-2/1094802/|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his Bollywood debut in 2019 with the [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] feature film ''[[Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas]]'', directed by Sunny.<ref>{{Citation|title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Movie Review: Highs and lows of love|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas/movie-review/71206141.cms|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131153220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas/movie-review/71206141.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He then starred in the 2021 [[crime comedy film]] ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]'', a remake of the [[Telugu film|Telugu-language]] film ''[[Brochevarevarura]]''.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|title=Dharmendra's Grandson Karan Deol's Next Project Is Velle. Details Here|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-reveals-first-look-of-karan-deol-s-film-velle-2614366|access-date=25 November 2021|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125101348/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-reveals-first-look-of-karan-deol-s-film-velle-2614366|url-status=live}}</ref> He is set to play a role in Sunny Deol's upcoming film ''Lahore 1947''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Sunny Deol to face off with son Karan Deol in Lahore 1947, confirms Rajkumar Santoshi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/sunny-deol-to-face-off-with-son-karan-deol-in-lahore-1947-confirms-rajkumar-santoshi-101710421469505.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520141243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/sunny-deol-to-face-off-with-son-karan-deol-in-lahore-1947-confirms-rajkumar-santoshi-101710421469505.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2023, Karan Deol married Drisha Acharya in the presence of the entire Deol family, including Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karan Deol shares dreamy first official wedding pics with wife Drisha Acharya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-deol-shares-first-official-wedding-pics-with-wife-drisha-acharya-101687096846936.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704202139/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-deol-shares-first-official-wedding-pics-with-wife-drisha-acharya-101687096846936.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, Rajveer made his Bollywood debut with the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] feature film ''[[Dono (film)|Dono]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Dono trailer: Rajveer Deol and Paloma Thakeria's debut film is a usual romantic saga of heartbroken lovers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dono-trailer-rajveer-deol-paloma-thakeria-usual-romantic-saga-8923630/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in which he starred alongside Paloma Dhillon, daughter of actress [[Poonam Dhillon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजवीर देओल और पालोमा की 'दोनों' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, खूब दिखा सनी देओल के बेटे और पूनम ढिल्लों की बेटी का रोमांस |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/dono-official-trailer-released-rajveer-deol-paloma-dhillon-directed-by-avnish-s-barjatya/articleshow/103351096.cms |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520141244/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/dono-official-trailer-released-rajveer-deol-paloma-dhillon-directed-by-avnish-s-barjatya/articleshow/103351096.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Deol family, though influential and frequently discussed in the media, maintains a low profile by rarely attending social events and keeping their activities private.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: The Complicated Deol Family Dynamic |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-karan-deol-s-wedding-a-closer-look-at-the-deol-family-dynamics-4165174 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520141501/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-karan-deol-s-wedding-a-closer-look-at-the-deol-family-dynamics-4165174 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Deol is frequently recognised as a superstar of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Pritish |date=8 September 2023 |title=Sunny Deol Left Visibly Embarrassed After Amrita Singh's Mention: 'Dharam ji Told You To Hug...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-left-visibly-embarrassed-over-amrita-singhs-mention-dharam-ji-told-you-to-hug-8568648.html |work=News18 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172346/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/sunny-deol-left-visibly-embarrassed-over-amrita-singhs-mention-dharam-ji-told-you-to-hug-8568648.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=साक्षी |date=21 October 2023 |title=बॉलीवुड में सुपरस्टार की पहचान वापस पाकर खुश हैं सनी देओल, बोले- 'गदर 2' के कारण सफल हुआ करियर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-got-back-superstar-image-in-industry-credits-anil-sharma-film-gadar-2-for-reigniting-career-success-2023-10-21|work=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=27 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kumar |first1=Arun |date=18 September 2023 |title=Not SRK or Salman, but Sunny Deol is the last standing 'Mass superstar' of B'wood; Here's why |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/144892-sunny-deol-is-the-last-massy-superstar-of-bollywood-gadar-2-ghatak-reasons.html |magazine=MensXP |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324174307/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/144892-sunny-deol-is-the-last-massy-superstar-of-bollywood-gadar-2-ghatak-reasons.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He established himself as an [[action hero]], with his roles in ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985), ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' (1996), ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997), and ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/121828-abhay-deol-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-dharmendra-family-need-more-appreciation-in-bollywood.html |title=Forget Kapoors & Khans, We Need to Appreciate the Deol Men & Their Movies More |date=12 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="News18_Jul2023"/><ref>*{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/90smoviesin2018-heres-why-meenakshi-seshadri-rishi-kapoors-damini-is-a-cult-feminist-film-1963225.html|title=#90sMoviesIn2018: Here's Why Meenakshi Seshadri-Rishi Kapoor's 'Damini' is a Cult Feminist Film|website=news18.com|date=7 December 2018|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213023202/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/buzz/90smoviesin2018-heres-why-meenakshi-seshadri-rishi-kapoors-damini-is-a-cult-feminist-film-1963225.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/20-women-oriented-films-in-bollywood-26975.html|title=20 women-oriented films in Bollywood|magazine=Filmfare|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721064551/https://www.filmfare.com/features/20-women-oriented-films-in-bollywood-26975.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/movies/roles-that-changed-the-way-bollywood-looks-at-women/Naina-Dushman-1998/slideshow/31602667.cms|title=Naina (Dushman, 1998)|website=Business Insider|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806142340/https://www.businessinsider.in/movies/roles-that-changed-the-way-bollywood-looks-at-women/Naina-Dushman-1998/slideshow/31602667.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/navratri-special-top-5-bollywood-films-which-are-female-oriented_1804864.html|title=Navratri special: Top 5 Bollywood films which are female oriented!|date=1 October 2015|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219235526/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/navratri-special-top-5-bollywood-films-which-are-female-oriented_1804864.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/was-gadar-patriotic-heres-what-sunny-deol-thought-about-films-theme-2648583 | title=Was 'Gadar' patriotic? Here's what Sunny Deol thought about film's theme | access-date=21 August 2023 | archive-date=21 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092819/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/was-gadar-patriotic-heres-what-sunny-deol-thought-about-films-theme-2648583 | url-status=live }}</ref> Deol's portrayals personified [[masculinity]] and [[anti-authoritarianism]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/sunny-deol-films-that-pack-a-punch-literally/photostory/44871194.cms |title=Sunny Deol films that pack a punch, literally! |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821094326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/sunny-deol-films-that-pack-a-punch-literally/photostory/44871194.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sunny-deol-enjoyed-doing-patriotic-themes--518780 |title=Sunny Deol enjoyed doing 'patriotic themes' |date=6 April 2019 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092820/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sunny-deol-enjoyed-doing-patriotic-themes--518780 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the peak of his career, Deol was known for his muscular physique.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gadar-2-actor-sunny-deol-has-these-words-of-wisdom-for-budding-actors/articleshow/102694655.cms?from=mdr |title='Gadar 2' actor Sunny Deol has these words of wisdom for budding actors |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 August 2023}}</ref> He has been noted as one of the pioneers who kickstarted the trend of bodybuilding in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news |title=सलमान खान नहीं.... तो कौन है बॉलीवुड का पहला बॉडी बिल्डर? जानकर लगेगा तगड़ा झटका |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-neither-salman-khan-nor-sanjay-dutt-gavin-packard-was-first-body-builder-of-bollywood-know-about-forgotten-villain-of-industry-6194877.html |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |date=15 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513065847/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-neither-salman-khan-nor-sanjay-dutt-gavin-packard-was-first-body-builder-of-bollywood-know-about-forgotten-villain-of-industry-6194877.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol was one of the prominent actors of Hindi cinema in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, appearing in [[Box Office India]]'s list of top actors nine times from 1989 to 2002. Deol topped the list twice, in 1997 and 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2013 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191201/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Deol was one of the highest paid actors of Hindi cinema during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90s में सबसे ज्यादा फीस लेते थे ये 9 स्टार, चौंका देगा नंबर 1 का नाम |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/webstories/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-to-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-shah-rukh-khan-ajay-devgn-meet-90s-highest-paid-actors-gga-qg72akh |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=hindi.asianetnews.com |language=hi |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108162020/https://hindi.asianetnews.com/webstories/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-to-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-shah-rukh-khan-ajay-devgn-meet-90s-highest-paid-actors-gga-qg72akh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बॉलीवुड: ये हैं 90 के दशक के सबसे महंगे सितारे, इन्हें फिल्म में लेने वाले निर्माताओं की खाली हो जाती थी जेब |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/shahrukh-khan-to-ajay-devgn-meet-the-highest-paid-actors-of-bollywood-from-90s |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108162017/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/shahrukh-khan-to-ajay-devgn-meet-the-highest-paid-actors-of-bollywood-from-90s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Sunny Deol To Salman Khan, 5 Highest Paid Actors Of The 90s |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-to-salman-khan-5-highest-paid-actors-of-the-90s-7798609.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Since 1990, Deol has the third most bumper openings at the box office with a total of 10, behind only [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (18) and [[Salman Khan]] (14).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Is Fourteenth Bumper Opening For Salman Khan - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5076 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143743/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5076 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also given three record openers since 1990 including ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'' (1993), ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997), and ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001).<ref name="auto1"/> Deol is the first and only Indian actor to deliver an all-time blockbuster as a lead hero after turning 60, he was 66 when he accomplished this landmark with his 2023 release ''Gadar 2''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Simran |date=6 April 2024 |title=Meet star with 30 flops, no solo hit in 22 years, career got ruined; then gave highest-grossing film at age 66, now he.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-star-with-30-flops-sunny-deol-no-solo-hit-in-22-years-career-got-ruined-then-highest-grossing-film-at-66-3084324/amp |work=DNA |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408073947/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-star-with-30-flops-sunny-deol-no-solo-hit-in-22-years-career-got-ruined-then-highest-grossing-film-at-66-3084324/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been compared to [[Sylvester Stallone]], earning him the moniker of "Indian Rambo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |date=1 October 2023 |title=Angry Young Man to Grumpy Old Man: How Sunny Deol Expanded the Definition of Hero |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/angry-young-man-to-grumpy-old-man-how-sunny-deol-expanded-the-definition-of-hero |website=Filmcompanion |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=25 March 2015 |title=BACKSTAGE PASS - Sunny is like an Indian Sylvester Stallone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/backstage-pass-sunny-is-like-an-indian-sylvester-stallone/articleshow/46688471.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 April 2024 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Geeta Phogat]], the Indian [[Wrestling|wrestler]] and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[gold medal]]ist, expressed her admiration for Deol, citing him as her favourite actor and how she drew inspiration from his "angry man" portrayals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/khel/geeta-phogat-kapil-sharma-show-youtube-video-watch-geeta-phogat-revealed-difficult-match-career-kapil-sharma-show-commonwealth-games/1591855/ |title=कपिल शर्मा के शो पर गीता फोगाट ने करियर के सबसे मुश्किल मैच के बारे में किया था खुलासा, लगा था नहीं मिल पाएगा मेडल |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092820/https://www.jansatta.com/khel/geeta-phogat-kapil-sharma-show-youtube-video-watch-geeta-phogat-revealed-difficult-match-career-kapil-sharma-show-commonwealth-games/1591855/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pw" /> Also in 2016, actors [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[John Abraham]] referred to Deol as "the greatest action hero of Bollywood".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol Is Real Action Hero: Varun Dhawan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-deol-is-real-action-hero-varun-dhawan-1277445.html |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=News18 |agency=IANS |date=4 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120061117/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-deol-is-real-action-hero-varun-dhawan-1277445.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol's dialogues, including "[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Balwant Rai Ke Kutto]]", "[[Damini|Dhai Kilo ka Haath]]", "[[Damini|Tarikh Pe Tarikh]]", "[[Ghatak: Lethal|Cheer Dunga Faad Dunga Saale]]", and "[[Ghatak: Lethal|Yeh Mazdoor Ka Haath Hai Katya]]" are considered iconic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/Star%20Track/tarikh-pe-tarikh/297142.html|title=Tribune India – Tarikh pe tarikh}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-his-7-best-films-you-should-watch-again-1913093.html|title=Happy Birthday Sunny Deol: His 7 Best Films You Should Watch Again|website=News18|date=19 October 2018|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822100606/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sunny-deol-his-7-best-films-you-should-watch-again-1913093.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] celebrated India's spirit by tweeting one of Deol's dialogues: "[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|Hindustan Zindabad Tha, Hai, Aur Rahega]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/pm-modi-met-sunny-deol-and-delivered-gadar-movie-dialogue-tmov-653885-2019-04-28 |title=सनी देओल से मिलकर बोले पीएम मोदी- 'हिंदुस्तान जिंदाबाद था, है और रहेगा' |date=28 April 2019 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092819/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/pm-modi-met-sunny-deol-and-delivered-gadar-movie-dialogue-tmov-653885-2019-04-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, he was placed in [[Outlook India]]'s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions Since 1947 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |website=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[News18 India|News18]] named him "The Blockbuster King Of The '90s".<ref name="News18_Jul2023">{{Cite news |title=When Sunny Deol Became The Blockbuster King Of The '90s |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunny-deol-became-the-blockbuster-king-of-the-90s-8422987.html |work=News18 |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092819/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunny-deol-became-the-blockbuster-king-of-the-90s-8422987.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Deol was referenced in the lyrics of [[Haryanvi music|Haryanvi]] singer Raju Punjabi's viral song "Choudhar Jaat Ki". The specific lines from the song were, "Hawa banai thadi re meri Sunny Deol si body re (I make you look good with my Sunny Deol-like body)".<ref>{{cite news |title=Raju Punjabi: मेरी सनी देओल सी बॉडी है... देखिए ये राजू पंजाबी की आखिरी पोस्ट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/video/singer-raju-punjabi-last-video-i-have-a-body-like-sunny-deol/1836249 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=Zee News |date=22 August 2023 |language=hi |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018190009/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/video/singer-raju-punjabi-last-video-i-have-a-body-like-sunny-deol/1836249 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sukheja |first1=Bhavya |title=Fans Pay Tribute To Singer Raju Punjabi: "He Made Invaluable Contributions" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/raju-punjabi-dies-haryanavi-singer-fans-pay-tribute-to-singer-raju-punjabi-4318622 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=NDTV |date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018190013/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/raju-punjabi-dies-haryanavi-singer-fans-pay-tribute-to-singer-raju-punjabi-4318622 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol is renowned for his powerful voice, serving as an inspiration for many imitators and voice actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2010 |title=When celebrities seek copyrights |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055755/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kiku Sharda]] repeatedly mimics Deol on ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=एबीपी |date=13 February 2021 |title=जब The Kapil Sharma Show में Dharmendra से बोले Sunny Deol, पापा आप मुझे धोखा दे रहे हैं |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/sunil-grover-and-kiku-sharda-hilarious-comedy-as-dharmendra-and-sunny-deol-in-the-kapil-sharma-show-1771080 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055759/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/sunil-grover-and-kiku-sharda-hilarious-comedy-as-dharmendra-and-sunny-deol-in-the-kapil-sharma-show-1771080 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Hindi-dubbed version of the cartoon series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', the character Jack is voiced by Saurav Chakrabarti, who emulates Deol's distinctive vocal style.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Their toons, our talk |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |website=Telegraph India |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2025 film ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'', [[Ajay Devgn]] reenacts a famous scene from ''Border''. He delivers the dialogue originally spoken by Deol: "Tumme Se Kisi Ek Ne Bhi Bhaagne Ki Koshish Ki Toh Main Goli Maar Doonga."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Border 2': Ajay Devgn's mimicry from 'Son of Sardaar 2' of Sunny Deol and Suniel Shetty's 'Border' character goes viral again |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-ajay-devgn-s-mimicry-from-son-of-sardaar-2-of-sunny-deol-and-suniel-shetty-s-border-character-goes-viral-again/ar-AA1Tvghl |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> That same year, the blockbuster film ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' featured a dialogue referencing two of Deol's previous films. [[Ranveer Singh]] delivered the line, "Ghayal Hoon Isiliye Ghatak Hoon."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2026 |title=Sunny Deol Reacts To ‘Ghayal-Ghatak’ Line In Dhurandhar; Talks About His ‘Tough Phase’ |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/182141-sunny-deol-reacts-to-ghayal-ghatak-line-in-dhurandhar-talks-about-tough-phase-in-his-career.html |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>
== Artistry ==
[[File:JPG 1304 03 (1).jpg|thumb|Deol with Vinay Sapru and [[Radhika Rao]].]]
Many of Deol's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work. Primarily, his films often center around protagonists hailing from modest backgrounds, who find themselves entangled in conflicts with [[Organized crime|crime syndicates]] and [[systemic corruption]]. Despite seeking help from [[Law|legal channels]], the characters invariably encounter hurdles within the [[justice system]], compelling them to take matters into their own hands and resort to [[vigilantism]] as a means of seeking retribution against the antagonists. This narrative framework serves as a vehicle for exploring broader societal issues, including the shortcomings of [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement]], [[discrimination]], [[Marginalized|exploitation of the marginalised]], and [[Corruption in India|pervasive corruption]], which are portrayed through the protagonists' struggles and impassioned dialogues delivered by Deol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/didnt-watch-sunny-deols-1990-ghayal-read-this/20160204.htm|title=Didn't watch Sunny Deol's 1990 Ghayal? Read this! - Rediff.com|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829100619/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/didnt-watch-sunny-deols-1990-ghayal-read-this/20160204.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In contrast to the stereotype of the [[Action hero|silent action hero]], Deol's characters are men of action and articulate numerous words. Initially conflict-avoidant, they pivot to unfiltered anger when met with opposition, progressing to threats of violence charged with indignation, and ultimately resorting to physical force. Notably, Deol's characters seldom instigate violence independently and only respond when provoked.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/classic-revisited-arjun-sunny-deols-best-action-film/20140904.htm | title=Classic Revisited: Arjun, Sunny Deol's BEST action film | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204073819/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/classic-revisited-arjun-sunny-deols-best-action-film/20140904.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol's filmography is also marked by instances of [[graphic violence]], such as the arm-tearing scene in ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1997). Moreover, he frequently assumes roles of leadership, either of [[military units]], as in ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997) and ''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (2002 film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]'' (2002),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/retro-review-border-is-just-a-good-war-film-468396.html | title=Retro Review: 'Border' is just a good war film | date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> or [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] [[vigilante group]]s evident in films like ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985), ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1997) and ''[[Big Brother (2007 film)|Big Brother]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/rahul-rawails-arjun-the-movie-that-launched-a-thousand-remakes | title=Rahul Rawail's Arjun, the Movie That Launched a Thousand Remakes | date=12 January 2021 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204073820/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/readers-articles/rahul-rawails-arjun-the-movie-that-launched-a-thousand-remakes | url-status=live }}</ref>

In his portrayal of everyday interactions, Deol's characters embody the ideal citizen advocating for truth, honesty, [[integrity]], and [[patriotism]], while exhibiting profound respect for [[Familial values|familial]] and [[Values|individual values]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/may/10/25565/35-years-of-arjun-how-an-article-about-the-gang-wars-of-the-1980s-inspired-the-film-s-plot|title=35 years of Arjun: How an article about the gang wars of the 1980s inspired the film's plot|first=Keyur|last=Seta|website=Cinestaan|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028170048/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/may/10/25565/35-years-of-arjun-how-an-article-about-the-gang-wars-of-the-1980s-inspired-the-film-s-plot|url-status=live}}</ref> Physically, Deol embodies a rugged and muscular physique, distinguished by its lack of hyper-vascular aesthetics and the presence of natural body hair.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/angry-young-man-to-grumpy-old-man-how-sunny-deol-expanded-the-definition-of-hero#:~:text=Among%20action%20heroes%2C%20Deol%20may,he%20first%20became%20a%20star | title=Angry Young Man to Grumpy Old Man: How Sunny Deol Expanded the Definition of Hero | date=19 October 2023 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204073820/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/angry-young-man-to-grumpy-old-man-how-sunny-deol-expanded-the-definition-of-hero#:~:text=Among%20action%20heroes%2C%20Deol%20may,he%20first%20became%20a%20star | url-status=live }}</ref> Even in romantic relationships, Deol is depicted as a caring and respectful partner characterised by consideration for his partner's feelings and autonomy. They avoid overly dramatic displays of love and do not chase their love interest upon rejection, a departure from conventional Bollywood portrayals of romance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/darr-completes-25-years-how-shah-rukh-khan-yash-chopra-depicted-violence-deeply-embedded-in-love-5754981.html | title=Darr completes 25 years: How Shah Rukh Khan, Yash Chopra depicted violence deeply embedded in love | date=24 December 2018 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204073820/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/darr-completes-25-years-how-shah-rukh-khan-yash-chopra-depicted-violence-deeply-embedded-in-love-5754981.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol has consistently faced criticism for his dancing skills throughout his career. In defence, the actor argues that his characters portray relatable individuals who are not expected to be expert dancers. However, this explanation has not shielded him from public scrutiny, as his choreography has often been the subject of parody and memes. Early in his career, Deol largely refrained from dancing, but as his career progressed, his dance routines became a distinctive part of his screen persona. Songs like ''Yaara O Yaara'' gained popularity not only for their music but also for Deol's unconventional dance moves. Deol has acknowledged the criticism openly and maintains a lighthearted attitude towards it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Sunny Deol Was Asked About His Dancing Skills And He Said 'Like Father, Like Son' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunny-deol-was-asked-about-his-dancing-skills-and-he-said-like-father-like-son-8624600.html |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=17 April 2019 |title=Throwback: Sunny Deol often drew a blank as a dancer, but that never stopped him from stomping |url=https://scroll.in/reel/920124/throwback-sunny-deol-often-drew-a-blank-as-a-dancer-but-that-never-stopped-him-from-stomping |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2016 |title=This Sunny Deol version of Katrina Kaif's 'Kaala Chashma' will leave you in splits |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-this-sunny-deol-version-of-katrina-kaifs-kaala-chashma-will-leave-you-in-splits-341282/ |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112130132/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-this-sunny-deol-version-of-katrina-kaifs-kaala-chashma-will-leave-you-in-splits-341282/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |title='I grew up thinking men don't dance' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-grew-up-thinking-men-dont-dance/20160203.htm |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112130156/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/i-grew-up-thinking-men-dont-dance/20160203.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1990s in India were marked by significant [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] changes, the emergence of [[social justice]] politics, and the implementation of various [[Social reforms|reforms]]. Deol's characters embodied the frustrations and aspirations of the common man during this [[1990s in India|transformative period]]. His films became cultural touchstones of the time, resonating with the audience and making him an aspirational role model and heroic figure of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 June 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap says India thrives on hero worshippers; talks about Bollywood megastars: "They have Iron Man and other superheroes; we have Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anurag-kashyap-says-india-thrives-hero-worshippers-talks-bollywood-megastars-iron-man-superheroes-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608053807/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anurag-kashyap-says-india-thrives-hero-worshippers-talks-bollywood-megastars-iron-man-superheroes-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Usman |first1=Yasser |last2=Times |first2=Khaleej |title=Why is Bollywood obsessed with the 90s? |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/life/entertainment/why-is-bollywood-obsessed-with-the-90s-itoc98yb |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608053807/https://www.zawya.com/en/life/entertainment/why-is-bollywood-obsessed-with-the-90s-itoc98yb |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Public image==
Deol is commonly addressed as "Sunny Paaji", signifying the term 'elder brother'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Sunny Deol Explains Why He Does Not Like To Be Addressed As 'Paaji' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-explains-why-he-does-not-like-to-be-addressed-as-paaji-8529440.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-explains-why-he-does-not-like-to-be-addressed-as-paaji-8529440.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol is known for being a humble, shy, and gentle person, who values his privacy and does not socialize much.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2013 |title=Sunny personality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sunny-personality/article5358038.ece |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sunny-personality/article5358038.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=It's difficult to be intense in real life: Sunny Deol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/it-s-difficult-to-be-intense-in-real-life-sunny-deol/story-Ap4dygEIgO13maQP7WGkNM_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is also seen as a passionate, loyal, and dedicated actor, who works hard and does not compromise on his beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Sunny Deol says Bollywood has become a 'perception game', actors have lost their individuality: 'Their entourage makes decisions for them' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-says-bollywood-has-become-a-perception-game-actors-have-lost-their-individuality-their-entourage-makes-decisions-for-them-8885456/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-says-bollywood-has-become-a-perception-game-actors-have-lost-their-individuality-their-entourage-makes-decisions-for-them-8885456/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His [[Dharmendra|father]] characterised him as "painfully introverted" and lamented that he remains very distant despite his capacity for love.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Here's what Dharmendra dislikes about son Sunny Deol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-s-what-dharmendra-dislikes-about-son-sunny-deol/story-Yr8YaHHWAR2HhOR1UBhnjM.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222124154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-s-what-dharmendra-dislikes-about-son-sunny-deol/story-Yr8YaHHWAR2HhOR1UBhnjM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol is often absent from industry parties and events. In an interview with [[NDTV]], he explained that, early in his career, he was labelled as "snooty and snobbish". However, as people got to know him, they realised that his aloofness was simply due to shyness. Over time, invitations dwindled because people understood that he was unlikely to attend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Sunny Deol REVEALS Why He Does Not Attend Bollywood Parties: 'People Used To Think...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-reveals-why-he-does-not-attend-bollywood-parties-people-used-to-think-8723428.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deol-reveals-why-he-does-not-attend-bollywood-parties-people-used-to-think-8723428.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also particularly known for his extreme shyness around his female co-stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2013 |title=Sunny Deol is shy and disciplined: Kristina Akheeva |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sunny-deol-is-shy-and-disciplined-kristina-akheeva-611440.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sunny-deol-is-shy-and-disciplined-kristina-akheeva-611440.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol is regarded for his punctuality and discipline on set.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkumar Santoshi breaks silence on his fallout with Sunny Deol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkumar-santoshi-breaks-silence-on-his-fallout-with-sunny-deol/articleshow/104362240.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814052322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkumar-santoshi-breaks-silence-on-his-fallout-with-sunny-deol/amp_articleshow/104362240.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He has worked with several debutant directors throughout his career, including [[Rahul Rawail]] in ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983),<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/38-years-betaab-5-unknown-facts-film/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219204610/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/38-years-betaab-5-unknown-facts-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] in ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2013 |title=I was not able to give my father even one meal with my money: Rajkumar Santoshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phata-poster-nikhla-herorajkumar-santoshi-bollywoodphata-poster-nikhla-hero-movie/articleshow/22809700.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130140225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phata-poster-nikhla-herorajkumar-santoshi-bollywoodphata-poster-nikhla-hero-movie/articleshow/22809700.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[N. Maharajan]] in ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Sunny Deol Recalls Working With Father Dharmendra As 'Indian' Marks 20 Years |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/sunny-deol-recalls-working-with-father-dharmendra-as-indian-marks-20-years/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> In 2005, he played a pivotal role in launching [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s directorial career with ''[[Socha Na Tha]]''. Following a meeting with Deol, who agreed to review Ali's script and produce the film, the project was greenlit. Reflecting on this significant moment, Ali stated, "He didn't ask me where I was from or about my experience. He holds a significant place in my life because he gave me my first film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Imtiaz Ali was warned against narrating Socha Na Tha's script to Sunny Deol: 'He may slap you' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/imtiaz-ali-was-warned-against-narrating-socha-na-thas-script-to-sunny-deol-what-if-he-slaps-you-8986687/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Indian actor [[Gaurav Chopra]] praised Deol, "He is everything that you've known him to be over so many years. He is not very talkative on the set, but it takes you 5 minutes to understand that he likes to keep it simple. He likes to keep his life and his presence grounded. Not just him, his entire staff, his entire aura, his entire presence on the set is grounded."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gaurav Chopra on Sunny Deol: 'He never imposes his superstardom on anyone' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gaurav-chopra-on-sunny-deol-he-never-imposes-his-superstardom-on-anyone/articleshow/101111687.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814052322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gaurav-chopra-on-sunny-deol-he-never-imposes-his-superstardom-on-anyone/amp_articleshow/101111687.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] made her Bollywood [[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy|debut]] alongside Deol and recalled being incredibly nervous and "shaking" when she first met him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Priyanka Chopra says films didn't feel like her reality when she began: 'At 17 or 18, I was shaking as I walked on a set with Sunny Deol' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-says-bollywood-didnt-feel-like-her-reality-at-17-shaking-set-with-sunny-deol-8260205/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Despite rumours about her acting skills and talks of replacing her, Deol saw her potential and insisted on giving her a chance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=Director reveals Priyanka Chopra was almost thrown out of first film, producer Sunny Deol didn't succumb: 'We were told she's bad actor' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/director-reveals-priyanka-chopra-was-almost-thrown-out-of-first-film-producer-sunny-deol-didnt-succumb-we-were-told-shes-bad-actor-9464121/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814043154/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/director-reveals-priyanka-chopra-was-almost-thrown-out-of-first-film-producer-sunny-deol-didnt-succumb-we-were-told-shes-bad-actor-9464121/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In recent years, he has been vocal about the bias and negativity he faced from the industry after the success of his film ''Gadar''. He said that he was not offered any good scripts and that many of his contemporaries were jealous of his success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Garima |date=31 October 2023 |title='Koffee With Karan 8': Sunny Deol Opens Up About His Struggles After The Release Of 'Gadar' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-koffee-with-karan-8-sunny-deol-opens-up-about-his-struggles-after-the-release-of-gadar--news-327862 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814050820/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-koffee-with-karan-8-sunny-deol-opens-up-about-his-struggles-after-the-release-of-gadar--news-327862 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Sunny Deol Once Exposed The Dark Side Of Bollywood As He Took A Dig At His Colleagues Not Being Happy About Gadar's Blockbuster Success: "Only Sanjay Dutt Called, Others Might Have Turned Green With Envy" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/sunny-deol-once-exposed-the-dark-side-of-bollywood-as-he-took-a-dig-at-his-colleagues-not-being-happy-about-gadars-blockbuster-success-only-sanjay-dutt-called-others-might-have-turned-green-with/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>

===Controversies===
Deol starred in the [[Yash Chopra]]-directed ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), where he played the [[protagonist]] opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. ''Darr'' was one of the most anticipated films of 1993 due to it being the first collaboration between Deol and Chopra, and recorded a bumper opening at the box office largely credited to Deol's role.<ref name="koimoi.com">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2018 |title=35 Years Of Sunny Deol: These 8 Bumper Openers At Box Office Prove His Superstardom |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/35-years-of-sunny-deol-these-8-bumper-openers-at-box-office-prove-his-superstardom/ |website=Koimoi |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112162835/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/35-years-of-sunny-deol-these-8-bumper-openers-at-box-office-prove-his-superstardom/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the film's commercial success, Deol felt betrayed and cheated by the director, who he accused of glorifying the villain and sidelining the hero. He claimed that the final version differed significantly from what was initially conveyed to him, with edited scenes that he was not informed about.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=4 November 2005 |title=Weekend Watch: Darr |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018181249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He had a heated argument with Chopra over the climax of the film, during which he ripped his pants in anger. Although over the years, this act has been praised as a feat of strength, since Deol had his hands stuffed in his pockets and ripped his jeans all the way down in a fit of anger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=When Sunny Deol ripped his pants in anger after Shah Rukh Khan stole the limelight in Darr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-sunny-deol-ripped-his-pants-in-anger-after-shah-rukh-khan-stole-the-limelight-in-darr/story-a8WZApceYKT72r0f67YUiL_amp.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The argument centered on a scene where Khan's character stabs Deol's character from the front. Deol argued that this was illogical for the thriller narrative, as his character is a trained naval commando and would only be vulnerable to such an attack if he were distracted or not looking at Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=2 April 2025 |title=Revisiting Darr controversies ahead of re-release: From Aamir Khan's exit to Sunny Deol's fallout with Yash Chopra |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/darr-re-release-aamir-khans-exit-sunny-deols-fall-out-with-yash-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-controversies-11743589306373.html |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Khan, however, refused to stab Deol from the back, stating he is not a typical villain like [[Shakti Kapoor]] or [[Prem Chopra]], who would resort to cowardly backstabbing. The film's action director, [[Tinu Verma]], later revealed that a substitute scene was eventually filmed, and he spent the night editing the footage to fit Chopra's vision without Deol's knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2024 |title=When Sunny Deol tore his pants during ’Darr’ shoot: ’Everybody was shocked’ |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/when-sunny-deol-tore-his-pants-during-darr-shoot-everybody-was-shocked-23422674 |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> After the release of the film, he vowed to never work with Chopra again. Subsequently, he did not speak to Khan for 16 years, but he admitted that it was not deliberate.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol ripped his pants in anger during Darr, didn't speak to Shah Rukh Khan for 16 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-ripped-his-pants-in-anger-during-darr-didnt-speak-to-shah-rukh-khan-for-16-years-7410736/ |work=The Indian Express |date=18 July 2021 |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105175329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-ripped-his-pants-in-anger-during-darr-didnt-speak-to-shah-rukh-khan-for-16-years-7410736/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lehren">{{cite news |title=From Boycott to Affair - Sunny Deol's Top 8 Controversies |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-controversies-affair-boycott/176619/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Lehren |date=19 August 2023}}</ref> Since then, Deol and Khan have reconciled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol says his feud with Shah Rukh Khan after Darr was 'childish': 'That should not have happened' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-shah-rukh-khan-feud-after-darr-childish-shouldnt-have-happened-8933007/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112164354/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-shah-rukh-khan-feud-after-darr-childish-shouldnt-have-happened-8933007/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol opens up on 'childish' fight with Shah Rukh Khan on sets of Darr. Here's what he said |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-opens-up-on-fight-with-shah-rukh-khan-on-sets-of-darr-101694329686111-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 September 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112162834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-opens-up-on-fight-with-shah-rukh-khan-on-sets-of-darr-101694329686111-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deol faced a boycott by the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers of Punjab]], who were protesting against the farm laws passed by the central government in 2020. Deol, as a [[BJP]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] constituency of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], was seen as a supporter of the government and a betrayer of the farmers. He was also accused of being silent and inactive on the issue, and of not raising the voice of his constituents in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. He later backed the new farm laws which led to the farmers also burning his effigies and posters, and refusing to watch his films.<ref name="Lehren"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor and BJP MP Sunny Deol finally breaks his silence on farmers protest, heres what he said |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/actor-and-bjp-mp-sunny-deol-finally-breaks-his-silence-on-farmers-protest-heres-what-he-said-2329197.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105175326/https://zeenews.india.com/india/actor-and-bjp-mp-sunny-deol-finally-breaks-his-silence-on-farmers-protest-heres-what-he-said-2329197.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol Gets Y-Category Security, Backed New Farm Laws |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sunny-deol-gets-y-category-security-backed-new-farm-laws-2339318 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Sunny Deol filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Sunny Deol}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="bo94">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA== |title=Box Office 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115230146/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA== |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Garimella">{{cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/fox/hindi/fox-movie-reviews-3161-2.html |title=Fox Review: Deepa Garimella |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105094811/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/fox/hindi/fox-movie-reviews-3161-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Jo Bole">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=409 |title=Jo Bole So Nihaal |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Lakeer">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=473 |title=Lakeer |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813081949/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=473 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Naksha">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=305 |title=Naksha |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813080431/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=305 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="pw">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/sports/more-sports/pro-wrestling-league-2-bollywood-actor-sunny-deol-and-geeta-phogat-supports-punjab-team-13767.html |title=पंजाब वॉरियर्स और जयपुर निंजास के मैच में पहुंचे सनी देओल और गीता फोगाट, मैच का उठाया लुफ्त |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821092830/https://www.newsnationtv.com/sports/more-sports/pro-wrestling-league-2-bollywood-actor-sunny-deol-and-geeta-phogat-supports-punjab-team-13767.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Rok Sako">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1772 |title=Rok Sako To Rok Lo |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813081936/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1772 |url-status=live }}</ref>



<ref name="Teesri Aankh">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1599 |title=Teesri Aankh - The Hidden Camera |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sunny Deol}}
* {{IMDb name|0219971}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sunny-deol}}

{{Navboxes
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Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2026-03-20T23:42:54Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|2015 death of former Indian president}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
| image = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Official portrait, 2002
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2015|07|27}} {{small|(date of death)}} 30 July 2015 {{small|(date of state funeral)}}
| location = Bethany Hospital, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] {{small|(death)}} Pei Karumbu Ground, [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]] {{small|(state funeral)}}
| cause =
| burial = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]], Rameswaram
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}
On 27 July 2015, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[president of India]], died due to cardiac arrest at the age of 83. He was given a state funeral on 30 July 2015. His [[lying in state]] occurred at his official residence of 10 Rajaji Marg, New Delhi and his burial took place at his home town in Rameswaram.

==Death==
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to [[Shillong]] to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong]]. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.<ref name="property">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|title=Kalam had no property|author=Scott, D.J. Walter|date=3 August 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> At around 6:35 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.<ref name="IBN" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|title=Abdul Kalam, former president of India, passes away at 84|date=27 July 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728170754/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.<ref name="IBN" /> Despite being placed in the [[intensive care unit]], Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden [[cardiac arrest]] at 7:45{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="IBN">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|title=Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital: Doctor|author=PTI|work=IBNLive |date=28 July 2015|publisher=IBN Live.com|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729225600/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="AS">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|title=End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest|work=Firstpost|date=28 July 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728112529/http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83|author=Anindita Sanyal|date=27 July 2015|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729222948/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> His last words, to his aide [[Srijan Pal Singh]], were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|title=11 Last Words of Famous People That Reflect Exactly What Life Was To Them|work=India Times|date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803141930/http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

==State funeral==
Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an [[Indian Air Force]] helicopter from Shillong to [[Guwahati]], from where it was flown to [[New Delhi]] on the morning of 28 July in an air force [[C-130J Hercules]]. The flight landed at [[Palam Air Base]] that afternoon and was received by the then President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Chief Minister of Delhi [[Arvind Kejriwal]], and the three service chiefs of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|title=Farewell Kalam! Pranab, Modi lead nation in paying homage|author=Guwahati|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728100552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]], Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] and Vice-president [[Rahul Gandhi]], and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live-285013-2015-07-28|title=Live: Kalam's body at Delhi house for people to pay tribute|date=28 July 2015|magazine=India Today|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728192314/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live/1/454493.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>

On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to [[Madurai]] in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at [[Madurai Airport]] that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers [[Manohar Parrikar]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]], [[Pon Radhakrishnan]] and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, [[K. Rosaiah]] and [[V. Shanmuganathan]]. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of [[Mandapam]], from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8{{nbsp}}p.m. that evening.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|title=Dignitaries Pay Respect to Kalam in Madurai Airport|author=Arunachalam, Pon Vasanth|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801220459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|title=Kalam's mortal remains reach Rameswaram|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729093211/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at [[Rameswaram]]'s Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|title=People's president' Kalam laid to rest with full state honours|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801235007/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|title=Nation bids adieu to Abdul Kalam|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920020301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reactions==
India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|title=People's president: India mourns Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230504/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> The Government of India declared a seven-day [[National day of mourning|state mourning]] period as a mark of respect.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|title=Seven-day state mourning but no holiday|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731030228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], Vice-president [[Hamid Ansari]], Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], and other leaders condoled the former President's demise.<ref name="AS" /> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said "Kalam's death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great heights. He showed the way."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83|access-date=28 July 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821123429/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref> Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self-reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-was-great-human-being-manmohan-singh/articleshow/48243977.cms|title=A.P.J Abdul Kalam was great human being: Manmohan Singh|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731001941/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-was-great-human-being-manmohan-singh/articleshow/48243977.cms|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> [[ISRO]] chairman [[A. S. Kiran Kumar]] called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman [[G. Madhavan Nair]] described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|title=Abdul Kalam's Death Tremendous Loss to India: ISRO Chief A S Kiran Kumar|date=29 July 2015|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730021211/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karmayogi-kalam-s-death-a-great-loss-for-humanity-says-ex-isro-chief-115072900491_1.html|title='Karmayogi' Kalam's death a 'great loss for humanity', says ex-ISRO chief|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121146/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karmayogi-kalam-s-death-a-great-loss-for-humanity-says-ex-isro-chief-115072900491_1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

[[South Asia]]n leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman.

* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|name=Afghanistan}}: [[Ashraf Ghani]], the [[President of Afghanistan]], called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn from his life".
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}: Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] described Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] chief [[Khaleda Zia]] said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people".
* {{flag|Bhutan}}: The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister [[Tshering Tobgay]] expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's President".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away/|title=Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam passes away|date=28 July 2015|publisher=Kuensel|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730124415/http://www.kuenselonline.com/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away/|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Nepal}}: Nepalese Prime Minister [[Sushil Koirala]] recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality."
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: The [[President of Pakistan]], [[Mamnoon Hussain]], and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] also expressed their grief and condolences on his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL05ld3NEZXRhaWwuYXNweD9pZD0xODc%3D |title=President condoles demise of former Indian President |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912085138/http://www.president.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL05ld3NEZXRhaWwuYXNweD9pZD0xODc%3D |archive-date=12 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/149875 |title=Dawn.com |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=19 February 2012 |access-date=17 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144016/https://twitter.com/@pmln_org |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|title=World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam|author=PTI|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144046/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: The [[President of Sri Lanka]], [[Maithripala Sirisena]], also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/87537|title=Sri Lankan President Condoles the Death of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=Asian Tribune|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729131137/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/87537|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Maldives}}: Maldivian President [[Abdulla Yameen]] and Vice-president [[Ahmed Adeeb]] condoled Kalam's death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former President [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], who had made an official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/maldivian-leaders-condole-apj-abdul-kalam-death-25725.html|title=Maldivian leaders condole Kalam's death|date=31 July 2015|publisher=IndiaTV News.com|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173137/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/maldivian-leaders-condole-apj-abdul-kalam-death-25725.html|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}}: The Commander-in-Chief of the [[Myanmar Armed Forces]], Senior General [[Min Aung Hlaing]], expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/sr-gen-u-min-aung-hliang-commander-in-chief-of-myanmar-115072900759_1.html|title=Sr. Gen. U Min Aung Hliang, Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Defence Services calls on PM|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409063429/https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/sr-gen-u-min-aung-hliang-commander-in-chief-of-myanmar-115072900759_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Tibet}}: The [[Dalai Lama]] expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/4662-hh-the-dalai-lama-expresses-sadness-over-abdul-kalams-demise|title=HH the Dalai Lama expresses sadness over Abdul Kalam's demise|author=Choesang, Yeshe|date=28 July 2015|publisher=Tibet Post International|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801001548/http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/4662-hh-the-dalai-lama-expresses-sadness-over-abdul-kalams-demise|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref>

* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Kathleen Wynne]], the [[Premier of Ontario]], which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's President'. I join our Indo{{ndash}}Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2015/07/premiers-statement-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam.html|title=Statement:Premier's Statement on the Passing of Former Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|publisher=Government of Ontario|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811132755/http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2015/07/premiers-statement-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam.html|archive-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}}: United States President [[Barack Obama]] extended "deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening [[US–India relations]] and increasing space co-operation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/statement-president-death-former-indian-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam|title=Statement by the President on the Death of Former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|publisher=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211024352/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/statement-president-death-former-indian-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}}: Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian{{ndash}}Indian cooperation."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/putin-condoles-passing-away-of-dr-kalam-115072801471_1.html|title=Putin condoles passing away of Dr. Kalam|author=ANI|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121243/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/putin-condoles-passing-away-of-dr-kalam-115072801471_1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], Singaporean Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]], President of the [[United Arab Emirates]] [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], and vice-president and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and [[emir]] of [[Dubai]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]—also paid tribute to Kalam.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|title=India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|author=Rishi Iyengar|date=28 July 2015|magazine=Time|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728100208/http://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/uae-rulers-offer-condolences-on-death-of-former-indian-president-2015-07-27-1.598219 |title=UAE Rulers offer condolences on death of former Indian president – Emirates 24{{pipe}}7 |website=Emirates247.com |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620230123/http://www.emirates247.com/news/uae-rulers-offer-condolences-on-death-of-former-indian-president-2015-07-27-1.598219 |archive-date=20 June 2017 }}</ref>
* {{flag|United Nations}}: In a special gesture, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] visited the [[Diplomatic mission|Permanent Mission of India to the UN]] and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-a-great-statesman-UN-secretary-general-Ban-Ki-moon/articleshow/48306130.cms |title=Kalam a 'great statesman': UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 August 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813115129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-a-great-statesman-UN-secretary-general-Ban-Ki-moon/articleshow/48306130.cms |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref>

==Memorial==
[[File:APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial Rameswaram.jpg|thumb|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial, Rameswaram]]
The [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr APJ Abdul Kalam National Memorial Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Defence|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023001125/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Images of the Inauguration function published at the website of Defence Research & Development Organisation|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802082018/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi's web page with news and photos|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123139/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with. Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader. There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the [[Veena]]. There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |access-date=8 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[List of awards and honours received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010s in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:July 2015 in India]]
[[Category:State funerals in India|A]]
[[Category:Deaths and funerals of politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
[[Category:State funerals|Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul]]

Suno Sasurjee

2026-03-20T10:56:20Z

Janandh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suno Sasurjee
| image = Suno_Sasurjee.jpg
| director = Vimal Kumar
| producer = Vimal Kumar
| writer = Rajeev Kaul
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aftab Shivdasani]]|[[Ameesha Patel]]}}
| music = [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu
| editing = Prakash Dave
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2004|2|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Suno Sasurjee''' (Translation: Listen Father-in-law) is an Indian Hindi-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy]] film directed by Vimal Kumar. The film stars [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Ameesha Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Leicester Films - Suno Sasurjee preview|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/films/2004/02/27/suno_sasurjee_2004_preview.shtml|website=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> The film also features [[Kader Khan]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Asrani]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/29suno.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: On the sets of Suno Sasurji|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Mr. Raj K. Saxena is known for his parsimony. Everything he does and thinks is valued with money, and the ways he can accumulate it. His daughter, Kiran, is the opposite, a spendthrift. Mr. Saxena borrows money from elderly people, assuring them that they will return the loan with a handsome interest rate after about 20 years, knowing fully well that none of them will survive 20 years. Then he meets with the son of one of such lenders, aptly named after him, viz. Raj K. Saxena. Mr. Saxena refuses to repay the amount, swallows the proof, the only evidence, and asks Raj to get out, which he does. Raj is determined to get his money and wants Kiran to fall in love with him. Kiran does so and brings him over to introduce him to her shocked and speechless dad. Things change when Raj inherits a large amount of money, ironically left by Mr. Saxena's maternal grandmother, and it is Mr. Saxena who is now anxious to get in the good books of Raj, with hilarious results.

==Cast==
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Raj Saxena
*[[Ameesha Patel]] as Kiran Saxena
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Shera Aflatoon
*[[Kader Khan]] as Raj K. Saxena / Kiran Kumar (Dual Role)
*[[Asrani]] as Murli Shergill
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Pratap Vidyarthi , Kiran's brother in law
* Kiradaas as Danny's Cousin-in-Law
*[[Kunika|Kunickka Sadanand]] as Mrs Kiran Kumar
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Principal Parvez
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Mrs Gunkaari
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Goga Kapoor, Shera's younger brother

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/11mr.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: Music reviews of Suno Sasurjee, Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
| title1 = Aa Jaa
| extra1 = [[Jaspinder Narula]]

| title2 = Aap Kaha Rehte Hain (Deleted Song)
| extra2 =[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Alka Yagnik]]

| title3 = Jab Dil Dhadakta
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]], Alka Yagnik

| title4 = Kardo Kardo Shaadi Sasurjee
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Vinod Rathod]], Arshad, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]

| title5 = Mera Dil Chura Ke
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu, Prabha

| title6 = Saason Se Saasein
| extra6 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Hema Sardesai]]

| title7 = Tota Mirchi
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
}}

==Critical response==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 1 star out of 5, writing: "On the whole, SUNO SASURJEE is a stale product with dim chances."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/suno-sasurjee/critic-review/suno-sasurjee-movie-review/|title=Suno Sasurjee Review 1/5 | Suno Sasurjee Movie Review | Suno Sasurjee 2004 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0402606}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vimal Kumar]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy-drama films]]

Mridula Sinha

2026-03-15T09:35:40Z

Janandh: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian writer and politician (1942–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mridula Sinha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Mridula Sinha at Wikipedia Satall in WHC 2018, Mauritius.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|18|1942|11|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| constituency =
| office =17th [[Governor of Goa]]
| term_start = 26 August 2014
| term_end = 23 October 2019
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Manohar Parrikar]] [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] [[Pramod Sawant]]
| predecessor = [[Om Prakash Kohli]]
| successor = [[Satya Pal Malik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = [[Ram Kripal Sinha]]
| children =
| website =
| appointer =
}}
'''Mridula Sinha''' (27 November 1942 – 18 November 2020) was an Indian writer and politician who served as [[Governor of Goa]] from August 2014 to October 2019. She was the first woman Governor of Goa.<ref name="Goa- App">{{cite news|title=PRESS COMMUNIQUE|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=109069|accessdate=26 August 2014|work=Press Information Bureau|date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827082449/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=109069|archive-date=2014-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IE-App>{{cite news|title=Sheila Dikshit resigns; Kalyan Singh is new Governor of Rajasthan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-government-finalises-governors-for-rajasthan-karnataka-goa-maharashtra/|accessdate=26 August 2014|work=[[Indian Express]]|agency=PTI|date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827074228/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-government-finalises-governors-for-rajasthan-karnataka-goa-maharashtra/|archive-date=2014-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=GoaNews-Bio>{{cite news|title=Mridula Sinha appointed Goa Governor|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=5255|accessdate=26 August 2014|work=Goa News|agency=Goa News Desk|date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827165050/http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=5255|archive-date=2014-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mridula Sinha was also a former president of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mridula-sinha-bjp-goa-governnor-death-7056122/|title = Mridula Sinha, first woman Governor of Goa, passes away at 77|date = 19 November 2020}}</ref> She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] posthumously in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | accessdate=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ram-vilas-paswan-mridula-sinha-among-five-padma-awardees-from-bihar/articleshow/80454517.cms | title=Ram Vilas Paswan, Mridula Sinha among five Padma awardees from Bihar | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Piyush Tripathi | date=25 January 2021 | accessdate=25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mridula Sinha was born on 27 November 1942 in the village of Chhapra Dharampur Yadu in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] state in India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Her father was Babu Chhabile Singh and her mother was Anupa Devi. She attended the local school in Chhapra and later studied at ''Balika Vidyapeeth,'' a residential school for girls in [[Lakhisarai district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140810/jsp/frontpage/story_18704283.jsp#.U_0LbGB0zIU |title=Balika Vidyapeeth |access-date=2014-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827171442/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140810/jsp/frontpage/story_18704283.jsp#.U_0LbGB0zIU |archive-date=2014-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Shortly before she completed her bachelor's degree, Mridula's parents arranged for her to marry [[Ram Kripal Sinha]], who at that time was a college lecturer based in [[Muzaffarpur]] town, [[Bihar]].<ref name="Her Excellency « Harmony Magazine">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/people_posts/her-excellency/|title=Her Excellency « Harmony Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> After marriage, Mridula continued her studies and took a post-graduate degree in [[Psychology]]. She then took a job as a lecturer in the Dr. S.K. Sinha Women's College in Motihari. Shortly afterwards, her husband received his doctorate degree. She left the job and started a school in Muzaffarpur where her husband was working in a college.<ref name="Her Excellency « Harmony Magazine"/>

==Career==
Meanwhile, with encouragement from her husband, Mridula experimented with the short story format.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entranceindia.com/people-india/smt-mridula-sinha/|title=ENTRANCEINDIA {{!}} Smt. Mridula Sinha {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA|website=www.entranceindia.com|date=12 September 2017|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> She was interested in cultural matters and village traditions. She wrote short stories on these topics and on folk tales that she gathered from the villages where she and her husband worked. Many of these stories were published in [[Hindi language]] magazines and were later compiled into a two-volume anthology named ''Bihar ki lok-kathayen'' ("folk-tales of Bihar"). She also wrote several novels and a biography of [[Rajmata]] [[Vijayaraje Scindia]] titled ''[[Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi]].'' A film of the same name was later made based on this book.<ref name=IE-App />

Mridula initially helped her husband in reaching out to the women of the constituency during his campaigns for election to the district committee. She found that with her knowledge of local tradition and cultural nuances, she had a strong connect with the people, especially women. She developed a very strong interest and commitment for social welfare, although she had no interest in electoral politics and never contested any election. She was named [[Chairperson]] of Central Social Welfare Board.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://sathi-network.org/msinha.html
|title = Governing Body, Social action through integrated work
|publisher = SATHI
|date = 2008-11-19
|accessdate = 2008-11-19
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Political career==

At this time, her husband was a cabinet minister in the Bihar state government.<ref name=App1>{{cite news|title=Want to Serve People: New Goa Governor Mridula Sinha|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Want-to-Serve-People-New-Goa-Governor-Mridula-Sinha/2014/08/26/article2399467.ece|accessdate=26 August 2014|work=The New Indian Express|agency=IANS|date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830041858/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Want-to-Serve-People-New-Goa-Governor-Mridula-Sinha/2014/08/26/article2399467.ece|archive-date=2014-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was, until August 2014, a member of the national executive of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Executive - Bharatiya Janata Party|url=http://www.bjp.org/organisation/national-executive|accessdate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703103110/http://www.bjp.org/organisation/national-executive|archivedate=3 July 2014}}</ref> During the BJP's campaign for [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], she was in charge of the BJP Mahila Morcha (women's wing).<ref>{{cite news|title=Amit Shah is Uttar Pradesh in-charge of BJP, Om Mathur is Gujarat in-charge|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/05/19/amit-shah-is-uttar-pradesh-in-charge-of-bjp-om-mathur-is-gujarat-in-charge/|accessdate=26 August 2014|work=Desh Gujarat|date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827093414/http://deshgujarat.com/2013/05/19/amit-shah-is-uttar-pradesh-in-charge-of-bjp-om-mathur-is-gujarat-in-charge/|archive-date=2014-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 August 2014, she was appointed the [[Governor of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kamat|first=Prakash|date=2014-08-31|title=Mridula Sinha sworn-in as Goa Governor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mridula-sinha-swornin-as-goa-governor/article6366894.ece|access-date=2020-11-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sinha was also appointed an ambassador for the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]], by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swachh-Bharat-PM-Modi-ropes-in-nine-people-including-Tendulkar-Salman-Khan-Baba-Ramdev/articleshow/44085909.cms |title='Swachh Bharat': PM Modi ropes in nine people including Tendulkar, Salman Khan, Baba Ramdev - the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512151250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swachh-Bharat-PM-Modi-ropes-in-nine-people-including-Tendulkar-Salman-Khan-Baba-Ramdev/articleshow/44085909.cms |archive-date=2015-05-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-launches-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan/ |title=PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan | Home | www.narendramodi.in |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316220600/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-launches-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> During her tenure as Governor of Goa, she also adopted a cow and a calf at the Raj Bhavan for the purpose of daily worship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Cowshed-at-Raj-Bhavan-gets-a-cow/81231.html |title=Herald: Cowshed at Raj Bhavan gets a cow |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324203609/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Cowshed-at-Raj-Bhavan-gets-a-cow/81231.html |archive-date=2015-03-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/goa-governor-adopts-cow-for-daily-worship/article6615560.ece |title=Goa Governor adopts cow for daily worship |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 November 2014 |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126153912/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/goa-governor-adopts-cow-for-daily-worship/article6615560.ece |archive-date=2014-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Literary contribution==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web|title=I want to do something special for Goa: Sinha|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/I-want-to-do-something-special-for-Goa-Sinha/77940|access-date=2020-11-18|website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref name="Flip-Books">{{cite web|title=Books by Mridula Sinha|url=http://www.flipkart.com/author/mridula-sinha|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827071140/http://www.flipkart.com/author/mridula-sinha|archive-date=2014-08-27|accessdate=26 August 2014|website=flipkart.com}}</ref><ref name="G-books">{{cite web|title=Books by Mridula Sinha|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Mridula+Sinha%22&gws_rd=ssl|accessdate=26 August 2014|website=books.google.com}}</ref>

{{Div col}}
*''Ek thi rani aisi bhi'' (Short biography)
* ''Nayi devyani'' (Novel)
* ''Gharwaas'' (Novel)
* ''Jyon mehandi ko rang'' (Novel)
* ''Dekhan mein choten lagen'' (Stories)
* ''Sita puni boli'' (Novel)
* ''Yayavari ankhon se'' (Interviews)
* ''Bihar ki lok kathayen -I'' (Stories)
* ''Bihar ki lok kathayen-II'' (Stories)
* ''Dhai beegha zameen'' (Stories)
* ''Matr deh nahin hai aurat'' (Women liberation)
* ''Nari na kathputli na udanpari'' (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Apna jivan'' (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Antim ichha'' (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Paritapt Lankeshwari'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Archived copy |id={{ASIN|935186166X|country=in}} }}</ref>
* ''Mujhe Kuch Kehna Hain'' (2015, Poetry) By Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Aaurat aaviksit purush nahi hain'' (2015) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''chinta aur chintan ke inderdhanushyain rang'' by Mridula Sinha (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''India women new images on ancient foundation'' (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''ya nari sarvbuteshu'' (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Relfications'' (2017) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* ''Ek Sahitya Tirth Sw lauthkar'' (2017) By Yash Publications, New Delhi
{{div col end}}

'''Films & TV adaptation''' : Mridula Sinha's works such as the novel ''Jyon Mehendi Ko Rang'' has been adapted for a TV serial, with the short story "Dattak Pita" and the autobiography on Vijayaraje Scindia ''Rajpath se lok path par'' are made into feature films as ''Dattak'' and ''Ek thi Rani Aisi Bhi'' respectively. All her major literary works adapted for films and TV have been by the national award-winning film maker [[Gul Bahar Singh]].

===Translations into English===
* ''Flames of Desire''<ref name=G-books />

===Translations into Marathi===
* ''Paritapt Lankeshwari'', a translation by Rajashree Khandeparkar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prudentmedia.in/general/author-governormridula-sinhas-book-translated-in-marathi.html |title=Goa News, Latest Goa Breaking News & Live TV - Prudent Media |access-date=2018-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151839/http://www.prudentmedia.in/general/author-governormridula-sinhas-book-translated-in-marathi.html |archive-date=2018-02-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Honours==
* Sinha received an honorary doctorate by the [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] in Muzaffarpur, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150715/jsp/bihar/story_31540.jsp#.VgWD1dLzrIU |title=Focus on true spirit of education |access-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926031920/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150715/jsp/bihar/story_31540.jsp#.VgWD1dLzrIU |archive-date=2015-09-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goainfomedia.com/bihar-university-to-confer-honarary-d-litt-on-smt-mridula-sinha/# |title=BIHAR UNIVERSITY TO CONFER {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|HONARARY}} D.LITT ON SMT. MRIDULA SINHA. – www.Goainfomedia.com |access-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926021504/http://www.goainfomedia.com/bihar-university-to-confer-honarary-d-litt-on-smt-mridula-sinha/ |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* She was conferred with Acharya Tulsi Kartritva Puraskar in 2017 by Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Mahila Mandal.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Om Prakash Kohli]] ''Additional Charge''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]|years=26 August 2014 - 2 November 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satya Pal Malik]]}}
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{{s-end}}

{{commons category|Mridula Sinha}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Mridula}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women in Bihar politics]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Women writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Copper

2026-03-13T18:53:40Z

Janandh: added references

{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox copper}}

'''Copper''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Cu''' (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|cuprum}}) and [[atomic number]] 29. It is a soft, malleable, and [[ductility|ductile]] metal with very high [[thermal conductivity|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]]. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a [[Copper (color)|pinkish-orange color]]. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a [[building material#Metal|building material]], and as a constituent of various metal [[alloy]]s, such as [[sterling silver]] used in [[jewelry]], [[cupronickel]] used to make marine hardware and [[coin]]s, and [[constantan]] used in [[strain gauge]]s and [[thermocouple]]s for temperature measurement.

Copper is one of the few [[native metal]]s, meaning metals that occur naturally in a directly usable, unalloyed metallic form. This led to very early human use in several regions, from {{Circa|8000 BC}}. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be [[Smelting|smelted]] from sulfide ores, {{Circa|5000 BC}}; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, {{Circa|4000 BC}}; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, [[tin]], to create [[bronze]], {{Circa|3500 BC}}.<ref name="EncBrit">{{cite EB15|1992|3|Bronze|page=612|Copper|isbn=978-0-85229-553-3|oclc=25228234}}</ref>

Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as [[azurite]], [[malachite]], and [[turquoise]], and have been used widely and historically as pigments.

Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green [[patina]] of compounds called [[verdigris]]. Copper is sometimes used in [[decorative art]], both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as [[bacteriostatic agent]]s, [[fungicide]]s, and [[wood preservative]]s.

Copper is essential to all [[aerobic organism]]s. It is particularly associated with oxygen metabolism. For example, it is found in the respiratory enzyme complex [[cytochrome c oxidase]], in the oxygen carrying [[hemocyanin]], and in several [[hydroxylase]]s.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last = Johnson, MD PhD |editor-first = Larry E. |title = Copper |work = Merck Manual Home Health Handbook |publisher = Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. |date = 2008 |url = http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/minerals/copper.html |access-date = 7 April 2013 |archive-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024751/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders_of_nutrition/minerals/copper.html }}</ref> Adult humans contain between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/cu_health_uk.html|title=Copper in human health}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Etymology==
The name of the metal derives from ''aes cyprium'' meaning "metal of [[Cyprus]]" in Latin. In [[Late Latin]] this became {{Lang|la|cuprum}}. [[Old English]] adopted this as ''{{Lang|ang|Coper}}'' and ''copper'', first used in the 12th century, derives from that word.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copper|publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|title=Copper|date=2018|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Cu-Scheibe.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|A copper disc (99.95% pure) made by [[continuous casting]]; [[industrial etching|etched]] to reveal [[crystallite]]s]]
[[File:Molten copper in bright sunlight.gif|upright=0.7|thumb|left|Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange [[incandescence]] color.]]
===Physical===
Copper, [[silver]], and [[gold]] are in [[group 11 element|group 11]] of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-[[electron shell]] and are characterized by high [[ductility]] and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through [[metallic bond]]s. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a [[covalent bond|covalent]] character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low [[hardness]] and high ductility of [[monocrystalline|single crystals]] of copper.<ref name="b1">{{cite book|first1=George L. |last1=Trigg|first2=Edmund H. |last2=Immergut|title=Encyclopedia of Applied Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVQ5RAAACAAJ|access-date=2 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=VCH |isbn=978-3-527-28126-8|pages=267–272|volume=4: Combustion to Diamagnetism}}</ref> At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the [[crystal lattice]], such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained [[polycrystalline]] form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Smith |first1=William F.|last2 = Hashemi |first2=Javad|name-list-style = amp |title = Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering|page = 223|publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional|date= 2003|isbn = 978-0-07-292194-6}}</ref>

The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity ({{val|59.6|e=6|u=[[Siemens (unit)|S]]/m}}) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature.<ref name="CRC">{{cite book|last = Hammond |first=C. R.|title = The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition = 81st|publisher = CRC Press|isbn = 978-0-8493-0485-9|date = 2004|url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide}}</ref> This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal.<ref name="b1" />

Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Chambers|first1 = William|last2 = Chambers|first2 = Robert|title = Chambers's Information for the People|publisher = W. & R. Chambers|date = 1884|volume = L|page = 312|edition = 5th|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eGIMAAAAYAAJ|isbn = 978-0-665-46912-1}}</ref> Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish [[tarnish]] when exposed to air. This is due to the low [[plasma frequency]] of the metal, which lies in the red part of the visible spectrum, causing it to absorb the higher-frequency green and blue colors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Harishankar |title=Why is Copper Red? |url=http://ee.iitm.ac.in/~hsr/ec301/copper.pdf |website=[[IIT Madras]] |access-date=27 December 2022 |date=14 March 2007}}</ref>

As with other metals, if copper is put in contact with another metal in the presence of an [[electrolyte]], [[galvanic corrosion]] will occur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Galvanic Corrosion|url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-galvanic/galvanic-corrosion.htm|work=Corrosion Doctors|access-date=29 April 2011}}</ref>

===Chemical===
Copper does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide which, unlike the [[rust]] that forms on iron in moist air, protects the underlying metal from further corrosion ([[passivation (chemistry)|passivation]]). A green layer of [[verdigris]] (copper carbonate) can often be seen on old copper structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings<ref name="Grieken-2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qL3vfUZHMYC|title=Cultural Heritage Conservation and Environmental Impact Assessment by Non-Destructive Testing and Micro-Analysis|last1=Grieken|first1=Rene van|last2=Janssens|first2=Koen|date=2005|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-97078-2|page=197|language=en}}</ref> and the [[Statue of Liberty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Copper.org: Education: Statue of Liberty: Reclothing the First Lady of Metals – Repair Concerns|url=http://www.copper.org/education/liberty/liberty_reclothed1.html|work=Copper.org|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> Copper [[tarnish]]es when exposed to some [[sulfur]] compounds, with which it reacts to form various [[copper sulfide]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rickett|first1=B. I.|last2=Payer|first2=J. H.|title=Composition of Copper Tarnish Products Formed in Moist Air with Trace Levels of Pollutant Gas: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide/Hydrogen Sulfide|journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society|date=1995|volume=142|issue=11|pages=3723–3728|doi=10.1149/1.2048404|bibcode=1995JElS..142.3723R}}</ref>

<gallery>

Copper wire comparison.JPG | Unoxidized copper wire (left) and oxidized copper wire (right)

Royal Observatory Edinburgh East Tower 2010 cropped.jpg |The East Tower of the [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]; the original copper was installed in 1894 and the refurbished copper in 1994
</gallery>

===Isotopes===
{{Main|Isotopes of copper}}
There are 29 [[isotope]]s of copper. {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|63}} and {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|65}} are stable, with {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|63}} comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; both have a [[Spin (physics)|spin]] of {{frac|3|2}}.<ref name="nubase">{{NUBASE 2003}}</ref> The other isotopes are [[radioactivity|radioactive]], with the most stable being {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|67}} with a [[half-life]] of 61.83 hours.<ref name="nubase" /> Ten [[nuclear isomer|metastable isomers]] have been characterized; {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|68m}} is the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a [[mass number]] above 64 decay by [[beta decay|β−]], whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by [[positron emission|β+]]. [[Copper-64|{{SimpleNuclide|Copper|64}}]], which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nubase 2020 |url=https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/nubase/nubase_min.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=www-nds.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=29&n=35 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |work=National Nuclear Data Center |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825141152/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=29&n=35 }}</ref>

{{SimpleNuclide|Copper|62}} and {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|64}} have significant applications. {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|62}} is used in {{SimpleNuclide|Copper|62}}-PTSM as a [[radioactive tracer]] for [[positron emission tomography]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Okazawad | first1 = Hidehiko | last2 = Yonekura | first2 = Yoshiharu | last3 = Fujibayashi | first3 = Yasuhisa | last4 = Nishizawa | first4 = Sadahiko | last5 = Magata | first5 = Yasuhiro | last6 = Ishizu | first6 = Koichi | last7 = Tanaka | first7 = Fumiko | last8 = Tsuchida |first8 = Tatsuro |last9 = Tamaki |first9 = Nagara |last10 = Konishi | first10 = Junji |date=1994 |title=Clinical Application and Quantitative Evaluation of Generator-Produced Copper-62-PTSM as a Brain Perfusion Tracer for PET |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=1910–1915 |url=http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/12/1910.pdf|pmid=7989968 }}</ref>

===Occurrence===
{{See also|List of copper ores}}
Copper is produced in massive stars<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Romano|first1=Donatella|last2=Matteucci|first2=Fransesca|title=Contrasting copper evolution in ω Centauri and the Milky Way|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|date=2007|volume=378|issue=1|pages=L59–L63|doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00320.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2007MNRAS.378L..59R|arxiv = astro-ph/0703760|s2cid=14595800}}</ref> and is present in the Earth's crust in a proportion of about 50 [[parts per million]] (ppm).<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|url-access=registration|access-date=2 May 2011|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/121 121]–125}}</ref> In nature, copper occurs in a variety of minerals, including [[native copper]], copper sulfides such as [[chalcopyrite]], [[bornite]], [[digenite]], [[covellite]], and [[chalcocite]], copper [[sulfosalt minerals|sulfosalts]] such as [[tetrahedrite|tetrahedite-tennantite]], and [[enargite]], copper carbonates such as [[azurite]] and [[malachite]], and as copper(I) or copper(II) oxides such as [[cuprite]] and [[tenorite]], respectively.<ref name="CRC" /> The largest mass of elemental copper yet discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the [[Keweenaw Peninsula]] in Michigan, US.<ref name="emsley" /> Native copper is a [[polycrystal]], with the largest single crystal ever described measuring {{nowrap|4.4 × 3.2 × 3.2 cm}}.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf|journal = American Mineralogist|volume = 66|page=885|date= 1981|title= The largest crystals|last = Rickwood |first=P. C.}}</ref> Copper is the 26th most abundant element in [[Earth's crust]], representing 50 ppm compared with 75 ppm for [[zinc]], and 14 ppm for [[lead]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|url-access=registration|access-date=2 May 2011|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|pages=124, 231, 449, 503}}</ref>

Typical background concentrations of copper do not exceed {{val|1|u=ng/m3}} in the atmosphere; {{val|150|u=mg/kg}} in soil; {{val|30|u=mg/kg}} in vegetation; 2 μg/L in freshwater and {{val|0.5|u=μg/L}} in seawater.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rieuwerts|first=John|title=The Elements of Environmental Pollution|publisher=Earthscan Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-85919-6|location=London and New York|page=207|oclc=886492996}}</ref>

==Production==
{{see also|List of countries by copper production}}
[[File:Chuquicamata-002.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chuquicamata]], in Chile, is one of the world's largest [[open-pit mining|open pit]] copper [[mining|mines]].]]

Most copper is mined or [[copper extraction techniques|extracted]] as copper sulfides from large [[open pit mine]]s in [[porphyry copper]] deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Sites include [[Chuquicamata]], in Chile, [[Bingham Canyon Mine]], in Utah, United States, and [[El Chino Mine]], in New Mexico, United States. According to the [[British Geological Survey]], in 2005, Chile was the top producer of copper with at least one-third of the world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru.<ref name="CRC" /> Chile, the world's largest copper producer, supplies the US with 70% of refined copper and alloy imports through 2024. Together with Canada (17%) and Peru (7%), they account for 94% of U.S. copper imports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitz |first=Sophia |date=2025-04-18 |title=Top Copper Suppliers Urge U.S. to Avoid Tariffs, Warn of Global Repercussions |url=https://metals-wire.net/commodities/top-copper-suppliers-urge-u-s-to-avoid-tariffs-warn-of-global-repercussions/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=METALS WIRE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Daina Beth |date=April 15, 2025 |title=Chile, Canada and Peru push back against Trump's copper tariff probe |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chile-pushes-back-against-trump-copper-tariff-probe-2025-04-15/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Copper can also be recovered through the [[in-situ leach]] process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method.<ref>{{cite web |last=Randazzo |first=Ryan |url=https://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/2011/06/19/20110619copper-new-method-fight.html |title=A new method to harvest copper |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=19 June 2011 |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622234817/https://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/2011/06/19/20110619copper-new-method-fight.html }}</ref> The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Metal stocks and sustainability|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2006|volume=103|issue=5|pages=1209–1214|first1=R.B.|last1=Gordon|first2=M.|last2=Bertram|first3=T.E.|last3=Graedel|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509498103|pmc=1360560|pmid=16432205|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.1209G|doi-access=free }}</ref> An alternative source of copper for [[Deep sea mining|collection]] currently being researched are [[polymetallic nodules]], which are located at the depths of the [[Pacific Ocean]] approximately 3000–6500 meters below sea level. These nodules contain other valuable metals such as [[cobalt]] and [[nickel]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaudoin |first1=Yannick C. |last2=Baker |first2=Elaine |title=Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental and technical review |date=December 2013 |publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Community |isbn=978-82-7701-119-6 |pages=7–18 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264763450 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204095547/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264763450_The_Geology_of_Manganese_Nodules |archive-date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reserves and prices===
[[File:Copper - world production trend.svg|left|thumb|World production trend]]
Copper has been in use for at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and [[smelting|smelted]] has been extracted since 1900.<ref name="Leonard2006" /> As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast, with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable with present-day prices and technologies. Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brown, Lester|title=Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble|publisher=New York: W.W. Norton|date=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/planb20rescuingp00brow_0/page/109 109]|isbn=978-0-393-32831-8|url=https://archive.org/details/planb20rescuingp00brow_0|url-access=registration}}</ref> Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world.<ref name="Leonard2006">{{cite news |last1=Leonard |first1=Andrew |title=Peak copper? |url=https://www.salon.com/2006/03/02/peak_copper/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=Salon |date=3 March 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Price of Copper.webp|thumb|325px|right|Price of Copper 1959–2022]]
The price of copper is [[Volatility (finance)|volatile]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Christopher|title=The Rise of Big Business in the World, Copper Industry 1870–1930|journal=Economic History Review|date=1986|volume=39|series=2|issue=3|pages=392–410|jstor=2596347|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x}}</ref> After a peak in 2022 the price unexpectedly fell.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Copper is unexpectedly getting cheaper |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/07/06/copper-is-unexpectedly-getting-cheaper |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> And by May 2024, the price on the [[London Metal Exchange]] has reached an all-time high above $11,000 per ton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Copper price hits record above $11,000 on bets that shortage looms |url=https://www.mining.com/web/copper-price-hits-record-above-11000-on-bets-that-shortage-looms/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=MINING.COM |language=en-US}}</ref>

The global market for copper is one of the most [[Commodification|commodified]] and [[Financialization|financialized]] of the [[commodity market]]s, and has been so for decades.<ref name="Massot-2024">{{Cite book |last=Massot |first=Pascale |title=China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-777140-2 |location=New York, NY, United States of America |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=213}} The top exporters of raw copper were Zambia ($6.95B) and Chile ($2.16B), followed by Democratic Republic of the Congo ($1.41B). Raw copper's top importers were China ($6.13B), Switzerland ($3.15B), and India ($2.05B).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/[...bespoke] |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref>

===Copper demand===
In 2024, global copper production was estimated at roughly 22.8–22.9 million metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=John |date=2025-05-18 |title=Top Copper Mining Companies in 2025: Leaders Shaping the Future of Copper Production |url=https://metals-wire.net/news-of-the-week/top-copper-mining-companies-in-2025-leaders-shaping-the-future-of-copper-production/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=METALS WIRE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-10-01 |title=Global copper production to grow by 3.2% in 2024, supported by key expansions |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/analyst-comment/global-copper-production-grow-2024-key-expansions/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Mining Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Copper demand is increasing due to the ongoing [[Electrification|energy transition to electricity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Bob |date=2023-09-27 |title=Copper is critical to energy transition. The world is falling way behind on producing enough |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/27/copper-is-critical-to-climate-the-world-is-way-behind-on-production.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> China accounts for over half the demand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China drives copper to 4-month low, raising global economic alarms |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Commodities/China-drives-copper-to-4-month-low-raising-global-economic-alarms2 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Extraction===
{{main|Copper extraction}}
[[File:Copper Flash Smelting Process (EN).svg|right|thumb|Scheme of flash smelting process]]
The great majority of copper ores are [[sulfide]]s. Common ores are the sulfides [[chalcopyrite]] (CuFeS2), [[bornite]] (Cu5FeS4) and, to a lesser extent, [[covellite]] (CuS) and [[chalcocite]] (Cu2S).<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=1174–1175}}</ref> These ores occur at the level of <1% Cu. Concentration of the ore is required, which begins with [[comminution]] followed by [[froth flotation]]. The remaining concentrate is smelted, which can be described with two simplified equations:<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a07_471 |chapter=Copper |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2001 |last1=Lossin |first1=Adalbert |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref>

* Cuprous sulfide is oxidized to cuprous oxide:
:2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2

* Cuprous oxide reacts with cuprous sulfide to convert to ''blister copper'' upon heating:
:2 Cu2O + Cu2S → 6 Cu + 2 SO2

This give crude copper, about 98% Cu by weight, which is purified by electrolysis giving Cu at up to 99.99% purity. During the electrolysis small amounts of [[silver]] and gold may be precipitated into a sludge that can be reprocessed to recover the precious metals.<ref name=Sicius-2024>{{Cite book |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9 |title=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-68920-2 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9}}</ref>{{rp|798}}

Aside from sulfides, another family of ores are oxides. Approximately 15% of the world's copper supply derives from these oxides. The beneficiation process for oxides involves extraction with sulfuric acid solutions followed by electrolysis. In parallel with the above method for "concentrated" sulfide and oxide ores, copper is recovered from [[mine tailing]]s and heaps. A variety of methods are used including leaching with sulfuric acid, ammonia, ferric chloride. Biological methods are also used.<ref name=Ullmann/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Watling |first=H.R. |title=The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides – A review |journal=Hydrometallurgy |date=2006 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=81–108 |url=http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe/ChuyenDe07/CDe53/59.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001 |bibcode=2006HydMe..84...81W |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818131019/http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe/ChuyenDe07/CDe53/59.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2011}}</ref>

A potential source of copper is polymetallic nodules, which have an estimated concentration 1.3%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Kun |last2=Ma |first2=Xiaodong |last3=Parianos |first3=John |last4=Zhao |first4=Baojun |title=Thermodynamic and Experimental Study on Efficient Extraction of Valuable Metals from Polymetallic Nodules |journal=Minerals |date=2020 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=360 |doi=10.3390/min10040360 |bibcode=2020Mine...10..360S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=International Seabed Authority |title=Polymetallic Nodules |url=https://isa.org.jm/files/files/documents/eng7.pdf |publisher=International Seabed Authority |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023145629/https://isa.org.jm/files/files/documents/eng7.pdf }}</ref>

{{Plain image with caption|Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company Copper Map.svg|<big>'''Flowchart of copper refining''' (Ingot casting plant of Uralelektromed)</big>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
# [[Copper extraction techniques#Converting|Blister copper]]
# [[Smelting]]
# [[Reverberatory furnace]]
# [[Slag]] removal
# Copper casting of [[ingot]]s
# Casting wheel
# Ingot removal machine
# Ingots take-off
# [[Minecart|Rail cars]]
# Transportation to the tank house{{Div col end}}|650|center|top|triangle|#ccc}}

===Recycling===
According to the [[International Resource Panel]]'s [[Metal Stocks in Society report]], the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita). In 2001, a typical automobile contained 20–30 kg of copper.<ref name=Ullmann/> By 2014, the copper and copper alloy content of [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles decreased to 16.8 kg, but increased again to 24.5 kg by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=Chemistry and Automobiles Driving the Future |url=https://www.americanchemistry.com/content/download/16352/file/Chemistry-and-Automobiles-2024.pdf |website=American Chemistry Counsil}}</ref> At the same time, a battery [[electric vehicle]] already contains around 91 kg of copper and copper alloys.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=Copper can't be mined fast enough to electrify the US |url=https://news.umich.edu/copper-cant-be-mined-fast-enough-to-electrify-the-us/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=University of Michigan News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Like [[aluminium]], copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_QLBwAAQBAJ&q=copper+recyclable+without+any+loss+of+quality&pg=PA249|title=The Role of Ecological Chemistry in Pollution Research and Sustainable Development|last1=Bahadir|first1=Ali Mufit|last2=Duca|first2=Gheorghe|date=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-2903-4|language=en}}</ref> An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copperinfo.com/environment/recycling.html|title=International Copper Association|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203937/http://www.copperinfo.com/environment/recycling.html}}</ref> In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnN3DAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0copper+third+most+recycled+metal+after+iron+and+aluminium&pg=PT281|title=The Periodic Table in Minutes|last=Green|first=Dan|date=2016|publisher=Quercus|isbn=978-1-68144-329-4|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, recycled copper supplies about one-third of global demand.<ref>{{Citation|title=The World Copper Factbook 2024|author=((International Copper Study Group))|author-link=International Copper Study Group|url=https://icsg.org/download/2024-09-23-the-world-copper-factbook-2024/?wpdmdl=8185&refresh=67470bf6457501732709366&ind=66f165bba8103&filename=Factbook2024.pdf|access-date=19 December 2024|page=53|archive-date=19 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219053900/https://icsg.org/download/2024-09-23-the-world-copper-factbook-2024/?wpdmdl=8185&refresh=67470bf6457501732709366&ind=66f165bba8103&filename=Factbook2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. High-purity scrap copper is melted in a [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]] and then [[redox|reduced]] and cast into [[Billet (semi-finished product)|billets]] and [[ingot]]s.<ref>[http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/1998/06/recycle_overview.html "Overview of Recycled Copper" ''Copper.org'']. (25 August 2010). Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref> Lower-purity scrap is melted to form ''black copper'' (70–90% pure, containing impurities such as iron, zinc, tin, and nickel), followed by oxidation of impurities in a [[Converting (metallurgy)|converter]] to form blister copper (96–98% pure), which is then [[Copper extraction#Refining|refined]] as before.<ref name=Ullmann7ed-Figure28>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a07_471 |chapter=Copper |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2012 |last1=Lossin |first1=Adalbert |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 |edition=7th |volume=10 |page=202}}</ref>{{rp|p=202}}



===Environmental impacts===
[[File:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg|right|upright=.5|thumb|[[Acid mine drainage]] from the disused [[Parys Mountain]] copper mines]]
Copper mining is energy intensive.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Tao |last2=Chen |first2=Wei-Qiang |last3=Ma |first3=Yibing |last4=Qian |first4=Qingchang |last5=Jia |first5=Jinping |title=Environmental impacts and improvement potentials for copper mining and mineral processing operations in China |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=2023 |volume=342 |article-number=118178 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118178 |pmid=37196612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Li |last2=Zhou |first2=Mingxi |last3=Wang |first3=Jingzhe |last4=Zhang |first4=Zhiqin |last5=Duan |first5=Chengjiao |last6=Wang |first6=Xiangxiang |last7=Zhao |first7=Shuling |last8=Bai |first8=Xiaohan |last9=Li |first9=Zhijie |last10=Li |first10=Zimin |last11=Fang |first11=Linchuan |title=A global meta-analysis of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soils near copper mines: Evaluation of pollution level and probabilistic health risks |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=2022 |volume=835 |article-number=155441 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155441 |pmid=35469881 }}</ref> The extraction generates a substantial waste stream, including potentially toxic dust and heavy metal contamination near sites where it is refined.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Izydorczyk |first1=Grzegorz |last2=Mikula |first2=Katarzyna |last3=Skrzypczak |first3=Dawid |last4=Moustakas |first4=Konstantinos |last5=Witek-Krowiak |first5=Anna |last6=Chojnacka |first6=Katarzyna |title=Potential environmental pollution from copper metallurgy and methods of management |journal=Environmental Research |date=2021 |volume=197 |article-number=111050 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.111050 |pmid=33753074 }}</ref> Since most copper ores are sulfides, smelting is required. Smelting generates [[sulfur dioxide]], a precursor to atmospheric [[sulfuric acid]], unless it is captured.<ref name=Ullmann/> About 15% of copper comes from low grade (dilute) ore bodies. Processing is achieved by [[hydrometallurgy]], requiring acidic extractants, which remains in the waste streams after electrolytic deposition of the copper.<ref name=Ullmann/>

==Alloys==
[[File:1953 Canadian Dime in a box of US Dimes.jpg|thumb|right|Copper alloys are widely used in the production of coinage; seen here are two examples – post-1964 American [[Dime (United States coin)|dime]]s, which are composed of the alloy [[cupronickel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dime |url=http://catalog.usmint.gov/coins/proof-sets/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004031452/http://catalog.usmint.gov/coins/proof-sets/ |archive-date=4 October 2014 |website=[[US Mint]] |access-date=9 July 2019 }}</ref> and a pre-1968 [[Dime (Canadian coin)|Canadian dime]], which is composed of an alloy of 80 percent silver and 20 percent copper.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pride and skill – the 10-cent coin |url=https://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/10-cents-5300008#.XSUUVuhKiUk |website=[[Royal Canadian Mint]] |access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>]]
{{See also|List of copper alloys}}
Numerous copper [[alloy]]s have been formulated, many with important uses. [[Brass]] is an alloy of copper and [[zinc]]. [[Bronze]] usually refers to copper–[[tin]] alloys, but can refer to any alloy of copper such as [[aluminium bronze]]. Copper-tin bronzes with various additional metals have been used to create [[bell]]s for centuries; the composition of the alloy directly affects the tone and mechanical characteristics of the instrument.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Audy |first1=K. |last2=Audy |first2=J. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Analysis of the Bell-Making Process from the Middle Ages to Recent Times |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/pm-2006-0071/html |journal=Practical Metallography |language=en |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=271–292 |doi=10.1515/pm-2006-0071 |issn=2195-8599|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Copper is one of the most important constituents of silver and [[Fineness|karat]] gold solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys.<ref name="goldalloys">{{cite web|url=http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ |access-date=6 June 2009 |title=Gold Jewellery Alloys |publisher=World Gold Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414151414/http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys |archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> Some lead-free [[solder#Solder alloys|solders]] consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.<ref>[http://www.balverzinn.com/downloads/Solder_Sn97Cu3.pdf Balver Zinn Solder Sn97Cu3] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707210148/http://www.balverzinn.com/downloads/Solder_Sn97Cu3.pdf |date=7 July 2011 }}. (PDF) . balverzinn.com. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref>

The alloy of copper and [[nickel]], called [[cupronickel]], is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US five-cent coin (currently called a ''nickel'') consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel in homogeneous composition. Prior to the introduction of cupronickel, which was widely adopted by countries in the latter half of the 20th century,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deane |first1=D. V. |title=Modern Coinage Systems |url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1968_BNJ_37_20.pdf |website=British Numismatic Society |access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> alloys of copper and [[silver]] were also used, with the United States using an alloy of 90% silver and 10% copper until 1965, when circulating silver was removed from all coins with the exception of the half dollar—these were debased to an alloy of 40% silver and 60% copper between 1965 and 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is 90% Silver? |url=https://www.apmex.com/education/bullion/what-is-90-percent-silver-junk-silver |website=[[APMEX|American Precious Metals Exchange]] (APMEX) |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728210159/https://www.apmex.com/education/bullion/what-is-90-percent-silver-junk-silver }}</ref> The alloy of 90% copper and 10% nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8C7pXhnqje4C|title=Corrosion Tests and Standards|publisher=ASTM International|page=368|language=en|year=2005}}</ref> Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a golden color and are used in decorations.<ref name="emsley" /> ''[[Shakudō]]'' is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4–10%, that can be [[patina]]ted to a dark blue or black color.<ref name="Shakudō">{{cite journal|last=Oguchi|first=Hachiro|date=1983|title=Japanese Shakudō: its history, properties and production from gold-containing alloys|journal=Gold Bulletin|volume=16|issue=4|pages=125–132|doi=10.1007/BF03214636|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Compounds==
[[File:CopperIoxide.jpg|thumb|A sample of [[copper(I) oxide]]]]
{{Main|Copper compounds}}

Copper forms a rich variety of compounds, usually with [[oxidation state]]s +1 and +2, which are often called ''cuprous'' and ''cupric'', respectively.<ref name="Holleman" /> Copper compounds promote or catalyse numerous chemical and biological processes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trammell |first1=Rachel |last2=Rajabimoghadam |first2=Khashayar |last3=Garcia-Bosch |first3=Isaac |title=Copper-Promoted Functionalization of Organic Molecules: from Biologically Relevant Cu/O2 Model Systems to Organometallic Transformations|journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=2954–3031 |date=30 January 2019 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00368|pmid=30698952 |pmc=6571019 }}</ref>

===Binary compounds===
As with other elements, the simplest compounds of copper are binary compounds, i.e. those containing only two elements, the principal examples being oxides, sulfides, and [[halide]]s. Both [[copper(I) oxide|cuprous]] and [[copper(II) oxide|cupric oxides]] are known. Numerous [[copper sulfide]]s are known,<ref name="Wells">{{ cite book | first1 = A. F. | last1 = Wells | title = Structural Inorganic Chemistry | edition = 5th | year = 1984 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-965763-6 | pages = 1142–1145 }}</ref> being mainly of interest as ores. The stoichiometrically simplest examples [[copper(I) sulfide]] ({{chem2|Cu2S}}) and [[copper monosulfide]] ({{chem2|CuS}}).<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=1181}}</ref>

Cuprous [[copper(I) chloride|chloride]], [[copper(I) bromide|bromide]], and [[copper(I) iodide|iodide]] are known, but [[copper(I) fluoride]] remains elusive. Cupric [[copper(II) fluoride|fluoride]], [[copper(II) chloride|chloride]], and [[copper(II) bromide|bromide]] are also well characterized. Attempts to prepare copper(II) iodide yield only copper(I) iodide and iodine.<ref name="Holleman">{{cite book |last1=Holleman |first1=A.F. |last2=Wiberg |first2=N. |title=Inorganic Chemistry |date=2001 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>
:2 Cu2+ + 4 I− → 2 CuI + I2

===Coordination chemistry===
[[File:Tetramminkupfer(II)-sulfat-Monohydrat Kristalle.png|thumb|left|Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration in the presence of ammonia ligands. The one used here is [[tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate]].]]
Copper forms [[coordination complex]]es with [[ligand]]s. In aqueous solution, copper(II) exists as {{chem|[Cu|(H|2|O)|6|]|2+}}. This complex exhibits the fastest water exchange rate (speed of water ligands attaching and detaching) for any transition [[metal aquo complex]]. Adding aqueous [[sodium hydroxide]] causes the precipitation of light blue solid [[copper(II) hydroxide]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Inorganic Chemistry | last1 = Housecroft | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Sharpe | first2 = A. G. | year = 2018 | publisher = Prentice Hall | edition = 5th | isbn = 978-1-292-13414-7}}</ref> A simplified equation is: [[File:Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg|thumbnail|Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH- not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25 °C.]]
:Cu2+ + 2 OH− → Cu(OH)2
[[Ammonia solution|Aqueous ammonia]] results in the same precipitate. Upon adding excess ammonia, the precipitate dissolves, forming [[Schweizer's reagent|tetraamminecopper(II)]]:
:{{chem|Cu|(H|2|O)|4|(OH)|2}} + 4 NH3 → {{chem|[Cu|(H|2|O)|2|(N|H|3|)|4|]|2+}} + 2 H2O + 2 OH−
Many other [[oxyanion]]s form complexes; these include [[copper(II) acetate]], [[copper(II) nitrate]], and [[copper(II) carbonate]]. [[Copper(II) sulfate]] forms a blue crystalline penta[[hydrate]], the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used in a [[fungicide]] called the [[Bordeaux mixture]].<ref name="Boux">{{cite book|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cItuoO9zSjkC&pg=PA623|page = 623|chapter = Nonsystematic (Contact) Fungicides|title = Ullmann's Agrochemicals|isbn = 978-3-527-31604-5|author1 = Wiley-Vch|date = 2 April 2007| publisher=Wiley }}</ref>
[[File:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Ball-and-stick model]] of the complex [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, illustrating the [[octahedral coordination geometry]] common for copper(II)]]

[[Polyol]]s, compounds containing more than one alcohol [[functional group]], generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for [[reducing sugars]]. Specifically, using [[Benedict's reagent]] and [[Fehling's solution]] the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide.<ref>Ralph L. Shriner, Christine K.F. Hermann, Terence C. Morrill, David Y. Curtin, Reynold C. Fuson "The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds" 8th edition, J. Wiley, Hoboken. {{ISBN|0-471-21503-1}}</ref> Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with [[ethylenediamine]] and other [[amine]]s dissolve [[cellulose]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Saalwächter | first1 = Kay | last2 = Burchard | first2 = Walther | last3 = Klüfers | first3 = Peter | last4 = Kettenbach | first4 = G. | last5 = Mayer | first5 = Peter | last6 = Klemm | first6 = Dieter | last7 = Dugarmaa | first7 = Saran | year = 2000 | title = Cellulose Solutions in Water Containing Metal Complexes | journal = Macromolecules | volume = 33 | issue = 11| pages = 4094–4107 | doi = 10.1021/ma991893m | bibcode = 2000MaMol..33.4094S | citeseerx = 10.1.1.951.5219 }}</ref> [[Amino acid]]s form very stable [[chelate complex]]es with copper(II).<ref name="Berg">{{cite book|editor-last1=Lippard|editor-first1=Stephen J.|editor-last2=Berg|editor-first2=Jeremy M.|title=Principles of bioinorganic chemistry|date=1994|publisher=University Science Books|location=Mill Valley, Calif.|isbn=978-0-935702-72-9}}</ref>

===Organocopper chemistry===
{{Main|Organocopper compound}}
Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have [[Reactions of organocopper reagents|many uses in chemistry]]. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with [[Grignard reaction|Grignard reagents]], [[terminal alkyne]]s or [[organolithium compound|organolithium reagents]];<ref>"Modern Organocopper Chemistry" Norbert Krause, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. {{ISBN|978-3-527-29773-3}}.</ref> in particular, the last reaction described produces a [[Gilman reagent]]. These can undergo [[substitution reaction|substitution]] with [[alkyl halides]] to form [[coupling reaction|coupling products]]; as such, they are important in the field of [[organic synthesis]]. [[Copper(I) acetylide]] is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the [[Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berná|first1=José|last2=Goldup|first2=Stephen|last3=Lee|first3=Ai-Lan|last4=Leigh|first4=David|last5=Symes|first5=Mark|last6=Teobaldi|first6=Gilberto|last7=Zerbetto|first7=Fransesco|title=Cadiot–Chodkiewicz Active Template Synthesis of Rotaxanes and Switchable Molecular Shuttles with Weak Intercomponent Interactions|journal=Angewandte Chemie|date=26 May 2008|volume=120|issue=23|pages=4464–4468|doi=10.1002/ange.200800891|bibcode=2008AngCh.120.4464B}}</ref> and the [[Sonogashira coupling]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = The Sonogashira Reaction: A Booming Methodology in Synthetic Organic Chemistry|author = Rafael Chinchilla|author2 = Carmen Nájera|name-list-style = amp|journal = [[Chemical Reviews]]|date = 2007|volume = 107|issue = 3|pages = 874–922|doi = 10.1021/cr050992x|pmid = 17305399 | bibcode=2007ChRv..107..874C }}</ref> [[Nucleophilic conjugate addition|Conjugate addition]] to [[Alpha-beta Unsaturated carbonyl compounds|enone]]s<ref>{{cite journal|date=1986 |title=An Addition of an Ethylcopper Complex to 1-Octyne: (''E'')-5-Ethyl-1,4-Undecadiene |journal=[[Organic Syntheses]] |volume=64 |page=1 |doi=10.15227/orgsyn.064.0001 }}</ref> and [[carbometalation|carbocupration]] of alkynes<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kharasch |first1=M.S. |last2=Tawney |first2=P.O. |date=1941|title=Factors Determining the Course and Mechanisms of Grignard Reactions. II. The Effect of Metallic Compounds on the Reaction between Isophorone and Methylmagnesium Bromide |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=2308–2316 |doi=10.1021/ja01854a005|bibcode=1941JAChS..63.2308K }}</ref> can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with [[alkene]]s and [[carbon monoxide]], especially in the presence of amine ligands.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Imai |first1= Sadako |last2= Fujisawa |first2= Kiyoshi |last3= Kobayashi |first3= Takako |last4= Shirasawa |first4= Nobuhiko |last5= Fujii |first5= Hiroshi |last6= Yoshimura |first6= Tetsuhiko |last7= Kitajima |first7= Nobumasa |last8= Moro-oka |first8= Yoshihiko |title= 63Cu NMR Study of Copper(I) Carbonyl Complexes with Various Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borates: Correlation between 63Cu Chemical Shifts and CO Stretching Vibrations|journal= Inorganic Chemistry |date= 1998| volume =37|pages=3066–3070|doi=10.1021/ic970138r|issue=12}}</ref>

===Copper(III) and copper(IV)===
Copper(III) is most often found in oxides. A simple example is potassium [[cuprate]], KCuO2, a blue-black solid.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Potassium Cuprate (III)|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry|edition=2nd|editor=G. Brauer|publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|location=NY|volume=1|page=1015}}</ref> The most extensively studied copper(III) compounds are the [[cuprate superconductor]]s. [[Yttrium barium copper oxide]] (YBa2Cu3O7) consists of both Cu(II) and Cu(III) centres. Like oxide, [[fluoride]] is a highly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] [[anion]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schwesinger, Reinhard |author2=Link, Reinhard |author3=Wenzl, Peter |author4=Kossek, Sebastian |title=Anhydrous phosphazenium fluorides as sources for extremely reactive fluoride ions in solution|doi=10.1002/chem.200500838|year=2006|journal=Chemistry: A European Journal|volume=12|issue=2|pages=438–45 |pmid=16196062 |bibcode=2006ChEuJ..12..438S }}</ref> and is known to stabilize metal ions in high oxidation states. Both copper(III) and even copper(IV) fluorides are known, [[Potassium hexafluorocuprate(III)|K3CuF6]] and [[Caesium hexafluorocuprate(IV)|Cs2CuF6]], respectively.<ref name="Holleman" />

Some copper proteins form [[oxo complex]]es, which, in extensively studied synthetic analog systems, feature copper(III).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mirica |first1=Liviu M. |last2=Ottenwaelder |first2=Xavier |last3=Stack |first3=T. Daniel P. |date=2004-02-01 |title=Structure and Spectroscopy of Copper−Dioxygen Complexes |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr020632z |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=1013–1046 |doi=10.1021/cr020632z |pmid=14871148 |bibcode=2004ChRv..104.1013M |issn=0009-2665|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=E.A. |last2=Tolman |first2=W.B. |date=2004 |title=Reactivity of Dioxygen-Copper Systems |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=104 |pages=1047–1076 |doi=10.1021/cr020633r |issue=2 |pmid=14871149}}</ref> With [[tetrapeptide]]s, purple-colored copper(III) complexes are stabilized by the deprotonated [[amide]] ligands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=M.R. |last2=Fredericks |first2=F.C. |last3=Margerum |first3=D.W. |date=1997 |title=Characterization of Copper(III)–Tetrapeptide Complexes with Histidine as the Third Residue |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=36 |pages=3119–3124|doi=10.1021/ic9608713|pmid=11669966 |issue=14}}</ref>

Complexes of copper(III) are also found as intermediates in reactions of organocopper compounds, for example in the [[Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction]].<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=1187}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | first1 = A. | last1 = Hickman | first2 = M. | last2 = Sanford | title = High-valent organometallic copper and palladium in catalysis | journal = Nature | volume = 484 | pages = 177–185 | year = 2012 | issue = 7393 | doi = 10.1038/nature11008 | pmid = 22498623 | pmc = 4384170 | bibcode = 2012Natur.484..177H }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | title = Well-defined organometallic Copper(III) complexes: Preparation, characterization and reactivity | first1 = He | last1 = Liu | first2 = Qilong | last2 = Shen | journal = [[Coordination Chemistry Reviews|Coord. Chem. Rev.]] | volume = 442 | year = 2021 | article-number = 213923 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213923}}</ref>

==Biological role==
{{Main|Copper in biology}}

=== Biochemistry ===
[[File:Thylakoid membrane.png|thumb|upright=2|Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the [[thylakoid membrane]]. A central link in this chain is [[plastocyanin]], a blue copper protein.]]
The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10821735|author=Decker, H.|author2=Terwilliger, N.|name-list-style=amp |title=COPs and Robbers: Putative evolution of copper oxygen-binding proteins|journal= Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=203|pages=1777–1782 |date=2000|issue=Pt 12|doi=10.1242/jeb.203.12.1777|doi-access=free|bibcode=2000JExpB.203.1777D }}</ref>
[[Copper proteins]] have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation, processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Katherine E. |last1=Vest|first2=Hayaa F.|last2=Hashemi|first3=Paul A.|last3=Cobine|chapter=The Copper Metallome in Eukaryotic Cells |editor1-first=Lucia |editor1-last=Banci |series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=12|title=Metallomics and the Cell |date=2013 |pages=451–78|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-5560-4|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_13|pmid=23595680}} electronic-book {{ISBN|978-94-007-5561-1}} {{ISSN|1559-0836}} electronic-{{ISSN|1868-0402}}</ref> Copper is essential in the aerobic [[Cellular respiration|respiration]] of all [[eukaryotes]]. In [[mitochondria]], it is found in [[cytochrome c oxidase]], which is the last protein in [[oxidative phosphorylation]] which stores energy in [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]. The copper atoms are alternatively reduced and oxidized during the electron transfer to oxygen.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cell structure & function: an integrated approach |date=1991 |publisher=Saunders College Pub |isbn=978-0-03-047439-2 |editor-last=Loewy |editor-first=Ariel G. |edition=3 |location=Philadelphia |editor-last2=Siekevitz |editor-first2=Philip}}</ref>{{rp|383}} Copper is also found in many [[superoxide dismutase]]s, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of [[superoxide]]s by converting it (by [[disproportionation]]) to oxygen and [[hydrogen peroxide]]:
* Cu2+-SOD + O2− → Cu+-SOD + O2 (reduction of copper; oxidation of superoxide)
* Cu+-SOD + O2− + 2H+ → Cu2+-SOD + H2O2 (oxidation of copper; reduction of superoxide)

The protein [[hemocyanin]] is the oxygen carrier in most [[mollusk]]s and some [[arthropod]]s such as the [[horseshoe crab]] (''Limulus polyphemus'').<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|title = Fun facts|work = Horseshoe crab|publisher = University of Delaware|url = http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/funFacts.html|access-date = 13 July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081022053340/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/funFacts.html|archive-date = 22 October 2008}}</ref> Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based [[hemoglobin]]. Structurally related to hemocyanin are the [[laccase]]s and [[tyrosinase]]s. Instead of reversibly binding oxygen, these proteins hydroxylate substrates, illustrated by their role in the formation of [[lacquer]]s.<ref name="Lippard">S.J. Lippard, J.M. Berg "Principles of bioinorganic chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994. {{ISBN|0-935702-73-3}}.</ref>

Several copper proteins, such as the "blue copper proteins", do not interact directly with substrates; hence they are not enzymes. These proteins relay electrons by the process called [[electron transfer]].<ref name="Lippard" />
A unique tetranuclear copper center has been found in [[nitrous-oxide reductase]].<ref>
{{cite book|first1=Lisa K.|last1= Schneider|first2=Anja|last2= Wüst|first3=Anja|last3= Pomowski|first4=Lin|last4= Zhang|first5=Oliver|last5= Einsle|chapter= No Laughing Matter: The Unmaking of the Greenhouse Gas Dinitrogen Monoxide by Nitrous Oxide Reductase|editor=Peter M.H. Kroneck|editor2=Martha E. Sosa Torres|title=The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment
|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=14|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=177–210|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_8
|pmid= 25416395|isbn= 978-94-017-9268-4}}</ref>

Copper levels are closely regulated in both [[prokaryotic]] and [[eukaryotic]] cells to balance critical physiological need but avoid toxicity.

=== Nutrition ===
[[File:ARS copper rich foods.jpg|thumb|Rich sources of copper include oysters, beef and lamb liver, Brazil nuts, blackstrap molasses, cocoa, and black pepper. Good sources include lobster, nuts and sunflower seeds, green olives, avocados, and wheat bran.]]
Copper is an essential [[trace element]] in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass.<ref name="copper.org">{{cite web|url = http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/papers/cu_health_uk/cu_health_uk.html|title = Amount of copper in the normal human body, and other nutritional copper facts|access-date = 3 April 2009|archive-date = 10 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055140/http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/papers/cu_health_uk/cu_health_uk.html}}</ref>

====Absorption and regulation====
Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to [[serum albumin|albumin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adelstein|first1=S. J.|last2=Vallee|first2=B. L.|title=Copper metabolism in man|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=1961|volume=265|pages=892–897|doi=10.1056/NEJM196111022651806|pmid=13859394|issue=18}}</ref> After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase, which involves the protein [[ceruloplasmin]], carrying the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ajcn.org/content/67/5/965S.abstract | title = Copper transport | pmid = 9587137 | date = 1 May 1998 | author1 = M.C. Linder | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 965S–971S | last2 = Wooten | first2 = L. | last3 = Cerveza | first3 = P. | last4 = Cotton | first4 = S. | last5 = Shulze | first5 = R. | last6 = Lomeli | first6 = N.| doi = 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.965S | doi-access = free }}</ref> Copper in the body normally undergoes [[enterohepatic circulation]] (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via [[bile]], which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.<ref>{{cite book | jstor =20170553 | pmid = 775938 | date =1976 | last1 =Frieden | first1 =E. | last2 =Hsieh | first2 =H.S. | title =Ceruloplasmin: The copper transport protein with essential oxidase activity | journal =  | volume =44 | pages =187–236 | doi=10.1002/9780470122891.ch6| series = Advances in Enzymology – and Related Areas of Molecular Biology | isbn = 978-0-470-12289-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid =2301561 | title =Copper transport from ceruloplasmin: Characterization of the cellular uptake mechanism | date =1 January 1990 | author1 =S.S. Percival | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume =258 | issue =1 | pages =C140–C146 | last2 =Harris | first2 =E.D. | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.1.c140 }}</ref>

Copper levels and transport are tightly regulated processes. At least two copper-specific [[Chaperone (protein)|chaperone]]s have been isolated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burkhead |first1=Jason L. |last2=Gogolin Reynolds |first2=Kathryn A. |last3=Abdel-Ghany |first3=Salah E. |last4=Cohu |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Pilon |first5=Marinus |title=Copper homeostasis |journal=New Phytologist |date=2009 |volume=182 |issue=4 |pages=799–816 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02846.x |pmid=19402880 |bibcode=2009NewPh.182..799B }}</ref>

====Dietary recommendations====
The [[U.S. Institute of Medicine]] updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated [[Adequate Intake]] (AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200 μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220 μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. For both sexes, the RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3 years old, 440 μg of copper for 4–8 years old, 700 μg of copper for 9–13 years old, 890 μg of copper for 14–18 years old and 900 μg of copper for ages 19 years and older. For pregnancy, 1,000 μg. For lactation, 1,300 μg.<ref>[http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/2_%20RDA%20and%20AI%20Values_Vitamin%20and%20Elements.pdf?la=en Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA and AI for Vitamins and Elements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113060244/http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/2_%20RDA%20and%20AI%20Values_Vitamin%20and%20Elements.pdf?la=en |date=13 November 2018 }} Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</ref> As for safety, the Institute of Medicine also sets [[tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of copper, the UL is set at 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s.<ref>Copper. IN: [https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/9 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Copper]. National Academy Press. 2001, PP. 224–257.</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 18 and older, the AIs are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day, respectively. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 1.5 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.7 to 1.3 mg/day. These AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies |year=2017 |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref> The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5 mg/day, which is half the U.S. value.<ref>{{citation |title=Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals |publisher=European Food Safety Authority |year=2006 |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). In 2019, 100% of the Daily Value was revised to 0.9 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR p. 33982.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | archive-date=7 April 2020 }}</ref>

====Deficiency====
{{main|Copper deficiency}}
Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake, [[copper deficiency]] can produce [[anemia]]-like symptoms, [[neutropenia]], bone abnormalities, hypopigmentation, impaired growth, increased incidence of infections, osteoporosis, hyperthyroidism, and abnormalities in glucose and cholesterol metabolism.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scheiber |first1=Ivo |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11 |title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases |last2=Dringen |first2=Ralf |last3=Mercer |first3=Julian F. B. |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-7499-5 |editor-last=Sigel |editor-first=Astrid |volume=13 |location=Dordrecht |pages=359–387 |language=en |chapter=Copper: Effects of Deficiency and Overload |journal=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11 |pmid=24470097 |editor-last2=Sigel |editor-first2=Helmut |editor-last3=Sigel |editor-first3=Roland K.O.}}</ref> Conversely, [[Wilson's disease]] is genetic disease that causes an accumulation of copper in body tissues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ala |first1=Aftab |last2=Walker |first2=Ann P. |last3=Ashkan |first3=Keyoumars |last4=Dooley |first4=James S. |last5=Schilsky |first5=Michael L. |date=2007-02-03 |title=Wilson's disease |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60196-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=17276780|bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in [[European rabbit]]s has been reported to be at least 3 [[Parts per million|ppm]] in the diet.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hunt, Charles E.|author2=William W. Carlton|name-list-style=amp |pmid=5841854 |date=1965|title=Cardiovascular Lesions Associated with Experimental Copper Deficiency in the Rabbit|journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=87|pages=385–394|issue=4|doi=10.1093/jn/87.4.385}}</ref> However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence [[Feed conversion ratio|feed conversion efficiency]], growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/10503?locale-attribute=en|author=Ayyat M.S.|author2=Marai I.F.M.|author3=Alazab A.M. |date=1995|title=Copper-Protein Nutrition of New Zealand White Rabbits under Egyptian Conditions|journal= World Rabbit Science |volume=3|issue=3 |pages=113–118|doi=10.4995/wrs.1995.249|doi-access=free|hdl=10251/10503|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Severe deficiency can be found by testing for low plasma or serum copper levels, low ceruloplasmin, and low red blood cell superoxide dismutase levels; these are not sensitive to marginal copper status. The "cytochrome c oxidase activity of leucocytes and platelets" has been stated as another factor in deficiency, but the results have not been confirmed by replication.<ref name="Bonhametal2002">{{cite journal|last1=Bonham |first1= Maxine |last2= O'Connor |first2= Jacqueline M. |last3= Hannigan |first3= Bernadette M. |last4= Strain |first4= J.J.|date=2002|title=The immune system as a physiological indicator of marginal copper status? |journal=British Journal of Nutrition|doi=10.1079/BJN2002558|pmid=12010579|volume=87|issue=5|pages=393–403|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Toxicity===
{{Main|Copper toxicity}}
Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion. No retention of copper is expected to occur at the 5 mg/day level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=EFSA Scientific Committee |last2=More |first2=Simon John |last3=Bampidis |first3=Vasileios |last4=Benford |first4=Diane |last5=Bragard |first5=Claude |last6=Halldorsson |first6=Thorhallur Ingi |last7=Hernández-Jerez |first7=Antonio F |last8=Bennekou |first8=Susanne Hougaard |last9=Koutsoumanis |first9=Kostas |last10=Lambré |first10=Claude |last11=Machera |first11=Kyriaki |last12=Mullins |first12=Ewen |last13=Nielsen |first13=Søren Saxmose |last14=Schlatter |first14=Josef R |last15=Schrenk |first15=Dieter |date=January 2023 |title=Re-evaluation of the existing health-based guidance values for copper and exposure assessment from all sources |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=e07728 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7728 |pmc=9843535 |pmid=36694841}}</ref>

Research has shown a link between copper level regulation in the body and several neurological diseases, especially [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The studies suggest the issue is an age-related breakdown of internal regulation mechanism rather than an exposure toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sensi |first1=Stefano L. |last2=Granzotto |first2=Alberto |last3=Siotto |first3=Mariacristina |last4=Squitti |first4=Rosanna |date=December 2018 |title=Copper and Zinc Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165614718301792 |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |language=en |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1049–1063 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.001|pmid=30352697 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, resulting in irreversible liver failure.<ref name=Sailer-2024>{{Cite journal |last1=Sailer |first1=Judith |last2=Nagel |first2=Judith |last3=Akdogan |first3=Banu |last4=Jauch |first4=Adrian T. |last5=Engler |first5=Jonas |last6=Knolle |first6=Percy A. |last7=Zischka |first7=Hans |date=2024-09-01 |title=Deadly excess copper |journal=Redox Biology |volume=75 |article-number=103256 |doi=10.1016/j.redox.2024.103256 |issn=2213-2317 |pmc=11269798 |pmid=38959622}}</ref>
Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins also cause regulation failure, leading to [[Wilson's disease]] with copper accumulation, [[cirrhosis]] of the liver, and psychiatric symptoms.<ref name=Sailer-2024/>

===Bioleaching===
Bacteria have been used to extract copper in industrial scale [[bioleaching]] systems. Microbe solutions percolate through crushed ore converting insoluble copper sulfides to soluble copper sulfates; [[electrowinning]] extracts high purity copper from the resulting solution.<ref name="Geoffrey Michael Gadd 609–643">{{cite journal|title=Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation|journal=Microbiology|author1-link=Geoffrey Michael Gadd|author=Geoffrey Michael Gadd|volume=156|issue=3|date=March 2010|pages=609–643|doi=10.1099/mic.0.037143-0|pmid=20019082|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|628}}

=== Human exposure ===
In the US, the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) has designated a [[permissible exposure limit]] (PEL) for copper dust in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 1 mg/m3 and 0.1mg/m3 for copper fumes<ref>{{PGCH|0151}}</ref> The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) has set a [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL) of 1 mg/m3, time-weighted average. The [[IDLH]] (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 100 mg/m3.<ref>{{PGCH|0150}}</ref> Copper is a constituent of [[tobacco smoke]].<ref>[[OEHHA]] ''[https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/copper Copper]''</ref><ref name="TalhoutSchulz2011">{{cite journal|last1=Talhout|first1=Reinskje|last2=Schulz|first2=Thomas|last3=Florek|first3=Ewa|last4=Van Benthem|first4=Jan|last5=Wester|first5=Piet|last6=Opperhuizen|first6=Antoon|title=Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=8|issue=12|year=2011|pages=613–628|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph8020613|pmid=21556207|pmc=3084482|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
===Prehistoric===
====Copper Age====
{{Main|Copper Age}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Minoan copper ingot from Zakros, Crete.jpg
| alt1 = Ancient copper ingot
| caption1 = A corroded copper [[ingot]] from [[Zakros]], [[Crete]], shaped in the form of an animal skin ([[Oxhide ingot|oxhide]]) typical in that era
| image2 = Chrysocolla Timna 070613.jpg
| alt2 = Copper ore
| caption2 = Copper ore ([[chrysocolla]]) in [[Cambrian]] sandstone from [[Chalcolithic]] mines in the [[Timna Valley]], southern [[Israel]]
| image3=Copper_knife,_spearpoints,_awls,_and_spud,_Late_Archaic_period,_Wisconsin,_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG|
| caption3 = Copper artifacts from the [[Old Copper Complex]] of North America, ~9500–5400 years before present
}}
Copper occurs naturally as [[native copper|native metallic copper]] and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. The history of native copper use dates to 9000 BC in the Middle East;<ref name="discovery">{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php|title=CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper|publisher=Csa.com|access-date=12 September 2008|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203154021/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php}}</ref> a native copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC.<ref>{{cite book|page = 56|title = Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|date = 2007|isbn = 978-0-313-33507-5|author = Rayner W. Hesse}}No primary source is given in that book.</ref> Evidence suggests that gold and [[meteoric iron]] (but not smelted iron) were the only metals used by humans before copper.<ref name="vander">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cu|title=Copper|publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net|access-date=12 September 2008}}</ref> The history of copper metallurgy is thought to follow this sequence: first, [[cold forming|cold working]] of native copper, then [[Annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]], [[smelting]], and, finally, casting. The earliest archaeological support of [[smelting]] (hot metallurgy) in Eurasia is found in the [[Balkans]] and [[Carpathian Mountains]], as evidenced by findings of copper objects made by metal casting and smelting dated to around {{nobr|6,200 ~ 5,000 BCE,}} with the invention of copper [[metallurgy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Haarmann |first=Harald |author-link=Harald Haarmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNduBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Roots of Ancient Greek Civilization: The influence of old Europe |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-7827-9 |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=60–61 |via=Google |lang=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rosenstock |first=Evan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294087347 |title=Light out of the east?' – A contribution to discussion of the situation of early copper metallurgy in southeast Europe |last2=Silviane |first2=Scharl |last3=Schier |first3=Wolfram |date=2016 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH |isbn=978-3-86757-010-7 |editor-last=Pernicka |editor-first=Ernst |series=Oriental and European archaeology |location=Rahden/Westf |pages=59-122 |language=German and Latin |editor-last2=Bartelheim |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Horejs |editor-first3=Barbara |editor-last4=Krauss |editor-first4=Raiko}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Radivojević |first=Miljana |last2=Roberts |first2=Benjamin W. |date=2014 |title=Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–278 |doi=10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 |issn=0892-7537}}</ref><ref name=Chernykh-2014>{{cite journal |last1=Chernykh |first1=Evgenij Nikolayevich |title=Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation |journal=ISIJ International |date=2014 |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1002–1009 |doi=10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Production of cold worked non-smelted copper in the [[Old Copper Complex]] in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6500 and 3000 BC.<ref name="Pompeani-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pompeani |first1=David P |last2=Steinman |first2=Byron A |last3=Abbott |first3=Mark B |last4=Pompeani |first4=Katherine M |last5=Reardon |first5=William |last6=DePasqual |first6=Seth |last7=Mueller |first7=Robin H |title=On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts |journal=Radiocarbon |date=April 2021 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=513–531 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2021.7 |bibcode=2021Radcb..63..513P }}</ref><ref name="occ">Pleger, Thomas C. "A Brief Introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes: 4000–1000 BC", ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NUQNQAACAAJ Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Forest History Association of Wisconsin]'', Oconto, Wisconsin, 5 October 2002, pp. 10–18.</ref><ref>Emerson, Thomas E. and McElrath, Dale L. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=awsA08oYoskC&pg=PA709 Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across the Midcontinent]'', SUNY Press, 2009 {{ISBN|1-4384-2701-8}}.</ref> A copper spearpoint found in Wisconsin has been dated to 6500 BC.<ref name="Pompeani-2021" /> Copper usage by the indigenous peoples of the Old Copper Complex from the [[Great Lakes region]] of North America has been radiometrically dated to as far back as 7500 BC.<ref name="Pompeani-2021" /><ref name="Bebber-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Bebber |first1=Michelle R. |last2=Buchanan |first2=Briggs |last3=Holland-Lulewicz |first3=Jacob |title=Refining the chronology of North America's copper using traditions: A macroscalar approach via Bayesian modeling |journal=PLOS ONE |date=26 April 2022 |volume=17 |issue=4 |article-number=e0266908 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0266908 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1766908B |pmc=9041870 |pmid=35472064 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malakoff |first1=David |title=Ancient Native Americans were among the world's first coppersmiths |journal=Science |date=19 March 2021 |doi=10.1126/science.abi6135 }}</ref> Indigenous peoples of North America around the [[Great Lakes]] may have also been mining copper during this time, making it one of the oldest known examples of [[copper extraction]] in the world.<ref name="Pompeani-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Pompeani |first1=David P. |last2=Abbott |first2=Mark B. |last3=Steinman |first3=Byron A. |last4=Bain |first4=Daniel J. |title=Lake Sediments Record Prehistoric Lead Pollution Related to Early Copper Production in North America |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=4 June 2013 |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=5545–5552 |doi=10.1021/es304499c |bibcode=2013EnST...47.5545P |pmid=23621800 }}</ref> There is evidence from prehistoric lead pollution from lakes in Michigan that people in the region began mining copper {{Circa|6000 BC}}.<ref name="Pompeani-2013" /><ref name="Pompeani-2021" /> Evidence suggests that utilitarian copper objects fell increasingly out of use in the Old Copper Complex of North America during the Bronze Age and a shift towards an increased production of ornamental copper objects occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bebber |first1=Michelle R. |last2=Eren |first2=Metin I. |title=Toward a functional understanding of the North American Old Copper Culture 'technomic devolution' |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=October 2018 |volume=98 |pages=34–44 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.001 |bibcode=2018JArSc..98...34B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The earliest evidence of [[lost-wax casting]] copper comes from an amulet found in [[Mehrgarh]], Pakistan, and is dated to 4000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thoury |first1=M. |last2=Mille |first2=B. |last3=Séverin-Fabiani |first3=T. |last4=Robbiola |first4=L. |last5=Réfrégiers |first5=M. |last6=Jarrige |first6=J-F |last7=Bertrand |first7=L. |title=High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object |journal=Nature Communications |date=15 November 2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=13356 |doi=10.1038/ncomms13356 |pmc=5116070 |pmid=27843139 |bibcode=2016NatCo...713356T }}</ref> [[Investment casting]] was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia<ref name="discovery" /> Smelting was probably discovered in China before 2800 BC, in Central America around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD.<ref>{{cite news|author = Cowen, R.|url = http://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/~GEL115/115CH3.html|title = Essays on Geology, History, and People: Chapter 3: Fire and Metals|access-date = 7 July 2009|archive-date = 10 May 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510150436/http://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/~GEL115/115CH3.html}}</ref> [[Carbon dating]] has established mining at [[Alderley Edge Mines|Alderley Edge]] in [[Cheshire]], UK, at 2280 to 1890 BC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Timberlake, S.|title=The Archaeology of Alderley Edge: Survey, excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape|author2=Prag A.J.N.W.|date=2005|publisher=John and Erica Hedges Ltd.|location=Oxford|page=396|doi=10.30861/9781841717159|isbn=978-1-84171-715-9|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

[[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|Replica of [[Ötzi]]'s copper axe from the [[Chalcolithic]] Era]]
[[Ötzi the Iceman]], a male dated from 3300 to 3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of [[arsenic]] in his hair suggest an involvement in copper smelting.<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|title=CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php|work=CSA Discovery Guides|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203154021/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php}}</ref> Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting likely led to the discovery of [[bloomery|iron smelting]].<ref name="CSA" />

====Bronze Age====
{{Main|Bronze Age}}

[[File:Egyptian - Blue Faience Saucer and Stand - Walters 481608 - Top.jpg|thumb|Copper was used in blue pigments like this "[[Egyptian blue]]" [[Egyptian faience|faience]] saucer and stand from the Bronze Age, [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] (1400–1325 BC).]]
Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lianghui |first1=Qiu |title=Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology |chapter=A Preliminary Study of the Characteristics of Metallurgical Technology in Ancient China |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |date=1996 |volume=179 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8717-4_18 |isbn=978-90-481-4546-1 }}</ref> Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theory of Disease Transmission|last=Wallach|first=Joel}}</ref> Bronze artifacts from the [[Vinča culture]] date to 4500 BC.<ref name="antiquity1312">{{cite web | url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871030.htm | title = Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago | first1 = Miljana | last1 = Radivojević | first2 = Thilo | last2 = Rehren | publisher = Antiquity Publications Ltd | date = December 2013 | access-date = 5 February 2014 | archive-date = 5 February 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140205001504/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871030.htm }}</ref> [[Sumer]]ian and [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC.<ref name="hist">{{cite book|pages = 13, 48–66|title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology|author = McNeil, Ian |publisher = Routledge|date = 2002|location = London; New York|isbn = 978-0-203-19211-5}}</ref> [[Egyptian blue]], or cuprorivaite (calcium copper silicate), is a synthetic pigment that contains copper and started being used in [[ancient Egypt]] around 3250 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eastaugh |first1=Nicholas |last2=Walsh |first2=Valentine |last3=Chaplin |first3=Tracey |last4=Siddall |first4=Ruth |date=2013 |title=Pigment Compendium: Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments |doi=10.4324/9780080454573|isbn=978-1-136-37379-4 }}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref> The manufacturing process of Egyptian blue was known to the Romans, but by the fourth century AD the pigment fell out of use and the secret to its manufacturing process became lost. The Roman [[Vitruvius]] said in the first century BC that the blue pigment was made from copper minerals or bronze, lime, and a [[Flux (metallurgy)|flux]] like [[natron]], and this basic recipe has been confirmed in modern times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazzocchin |first1=Gian Antonio |last2=Rudello |first2=Danilo |last3=Bragato |first3=Carlo |last4=Agnoli |first4=Francesca |title=A short note on Egyptian blue |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |date=January 2004 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2003.06.004 }}</ref>

The [[Bronze Age]] began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, and 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the [[Neolithic]] period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the [[Chalcolithic]] period (copper-stone), when copper tools were used with stone tools. The term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world, the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.<ref name="hist" />

===Ancient and post-classical===
[[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|left|upright=0.45|In [[alchemy]] the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the [[Venus (mythology)|goddess]] and planet [[Venus]].]]
[[File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG|thumb|Chalcolithic copper mine in [[Timna Valley]], [[Negev Desert]], Israel]]

In Greece, copper was known by the name {{transliteration|grc|chalkos}} (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as ''aes Cyprium'', {{Lang|la|aes}} being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and ''Cyprium'' from [[Cyprus]], where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to ''cuprum'', hence the English ''copper''. [[Aphrodite]] ([[Venus (goddess)|Venus]] in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy because of its lustrous beauty and its ancient use in producing mirrors; Cyprus, the source of copper, was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper, both because of the connection to the goddess and because Venus was the brightest heavenly body after the Sun and Moon and so corresponded to the most lustrous and desirable metal after gold and silver.<ref>{{cite journal|title = The Nomenclature of Copper and its Alloys|author = Rickard, T.A. |journal = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume = 62|pages = 281–290 |date = 1932|jstor = 2843960|doi = 10.2307/2843960}}</ref>

Copper was the most extensively used metal among natives of North America, with evidence for use going back 7000 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrhardt |first1=Kathleen L. |title=Copper Working Technologies, Contexts of Use, and Social Complexity in the Eastern Woodlands of Native North America |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=September 2009 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=213–235 |doi=10.1007/s10963-009-9020-8 |bibcode=2009JWPre..22..213E }}</ref>
Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on [[Isle Royale]] with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600 AD.<ref>{{cite journal|title = The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan|journal = The Michigan Archaeologist|volume = 41|page = 119|author = Martin, Susan R.|date = 1995|url = http://www.ramtops.co.uk/copper.html|issue = 2–3|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160207073036/http://www.ramtops.co.uk/copper.html|archive-date = 7 February 2016}}</ref> Copper, probably from pure nuggets found in the [[Great Lakes]] area, was worked by repeated hammering and annealing in the North American city of [[Cahokia]] (near modern-day Missouri) around 1000–1300 AD.<ref name="Chastain-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Chastain |first1=Matthew L. |last2=Deymier-Black |first2=Alix C. |last3=Kelly |first3=John E. |last4=Brown |first4=James A. |last5=Dunand |first5=David C. |title=Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=July 2011 |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1727–1736 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.004 |bibcode=2011JArSc..38.1727C }}</ref> There are several exquisite copper plates, known as the [[Mississippian copper plates]], that have been found in North America in the area around Cahokia, dating from this time period (1000–1300 AD).<ref name="Chastain-2011" />

[[File:Spiro Wulfing and Etowah repousse plates HRoe 2012.jpg|thumb|224x224px|[[Mississippian copper plates]] from North America were produced in this style from around 800 to 1600 AD.]]

In South America, a copper mask dated to 1000 BC found in the Argentinian Andes is the oldest known copper artifact discovered in the Andes.<ref name="Cortés-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Cortés |first1=Leticia Inés |last2=Scattolin |first2=María Cristina |title=Ancient metalworking in South America: a 3000-year-old copper mask from the Argentinian Andes |journal=Antiquity |date=June 2017 |volume=91 |issue=357 |pages=688–700 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.28 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/39789 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Peru has been considered the origin for early copper [[metallurgy in pre-Columbian America]], but the copper mask from Argentina suggests that the [[Cajón del Maipo]] of the southern Andes was another important center for early copper workings in South America.<ref name="Cortés-2017" /> Copper metallurgy in Peru dates to around 500 BC, with larger scale production beginning around 900 AD as part of the rise of the [[Sican culture]] in northern Peru. The production continued through a series of conquests by the [[Chimor]] and [[Inca]] cultures, ending with the Spanish conquest in 1532.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shimada |first1=Izumi |last2=Merkel |first2=John F. |title=Copper-Alloy Metallurgy in Ancient Peru |journal=Scientific American |date=July 1991 |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-80 |jstor=24936982 |bibcode=1991SciAm.265a..80S }}</ref>

In Sub-Saharan Africa, throughout the period from the first mines around 2000 BC in [[Agades]] until the early 1800s, copper was viewed as more precious and prestigious than either gold or silver. Copper was widely traded in Africa and fulfilled a number of religious, political, and social functions. By contrast, local deposit of gold were ignored until contact with Portuguese and Arab traders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbert |first=Eugenia W. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU4lAnmnUhUC&dq=africa+copper+%22red+gold%22&pg=PR11 |title=Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture |date=1984 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-09604-5 |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikis |first1=Nicolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology |chapter=Central African Copper |date=2023 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.485 |isbn=978-0-19-085458-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandama |first1=Foreman |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology |chapter=Mining and Metallurgy in Africa |date=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.64 |isbn=978-0-19-085458-4 }}</ref>

The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. [[Julius Caesar]] had his own coins made from brass, while [[Augustus|Octavianus Augustus Caesar]]'s coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, [[Roman metallurgy|Roman copper mining and smelting activities]] reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the [[Industrial Revolution]]; the [[Roman province|provinces]] most intensely mined were those of [[Hispania]], Cyprus and in Central Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Sungmin |last2=Candelone |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Patterson |first3=Clair C. |last4=Boutron |first4=Claude F. |title=History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice |journal=Science |date=12 April 1996 |volume=272 |issue=5259 |pages=246–249 |doi=10.1126/science.272.5259.246 |bibcode=1996Sci...272..246H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Callataÿ |first1=François |title=The Graeco-Roman economy in the super long-run: lead, copper, and shipwrecks |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |date=2005 |volume=18 |pages=361–372 |doi=10.1017/S104775940000742X }}</ref>

The gates of the [[Temple of Jerusalem]] used [[Corinthian bronze]], a copper, silver, and gold alloy treated with [[depletion gilding]], which successively removes oxidized copper to create a gold surface coat. The process was most prevalent in [[Alexandria]], where alchemy, inspired by the chemical treatment resulting in gold appearance, is thought to have begun.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=David M |title=Corinthian bronze and the gold of the alchemists |journal=Gold Bulletin |date=June 2000 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1007/BF03216582 }}</ref>

===Modern===
[[File:Copper Pot.jpg|thumb| 18th-century copper [[kettle]] from Norway made from Swedish copper]]
The [[Great Copper Mountain]] was a mine in [[Falun]], Sweden, that operated from the 10th century to 1992. It satisfied two-thirds of Europe's copper consumption in the 17th century and helped fund many of Sweden's wars during that time.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp-x3TzDnEC&pg=PA60|page = 60|title = Mining in World History|isbn = 978-1-86189-173-0|author1 = Lynch, Martin|year=2004| publisher=Reaktion Books }}</ref> It was referred to as the nation's treasury; Sweden had a [[History of copper currency in Sweden|copper backed currency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gold: prices, facts, figures and research: A brief history of money|url=http://www.galmarley.com/FAQs_pages/monetary_history_faqs.htm#Scandinavian%20copper%20money|access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Viipuri - Viborg.jpg|thumb|[[Chalcography]] of the city of [[Vyborg]] at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.]]
Copper is used in roofing,<ref name="Grieken-2005" /> currency, and for photographic technology known as the [[daguerreotype]]. Copper was used in [[Renaissance]] sculpture, and was used to construct the [[Statue of Liberty]]; copper continues to be used in construction of various types. [[Copper electroplating|Copper plating]] and [[copper sheathing]] were widely used to protect the under-water hulls of ships, a technique pioneered by the British Admiralty in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|title = Copper and Brass in Ships|url = https://www.copper.org/education/history/60centuries/industrial_age/copperand.html|access-date = 6 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Norddeutsche Affinerie]] in Hamburg was the first modern [[electroplating]] plant, starting its production in 1876.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stelter |first1=M. |last2=Bombach |first2=H. |title=Process Optimization in Copper Electrorefining |journal=Advanced Engineering Materials |date=July 2004 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=558–562 |doi=10.1002/adem.200400403 }}</ref>

During the rise in demand for copper for the Age of Electricity, from the 1880s until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the United States produced one third to half the world's newly mined copper.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=E. D. |display-authors=et al |title=Copper Mining in North America |date=1938 |publisher=U. S. Bureau of Mines |location=Washington, D. C. |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12571/ |access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Major districts included the Keweenaw district of northern Michigan, primarily native copper deposits, which was eclipsed by the vast sulphide deposits of [[Butte, Montana]], in the late 1880s, which itself was eclipsed by porphyry deposits of the Southwest United States, especially at [[Bingham Canyon, Utah]], and [[Morenci, Arizona]]. Introduction of open pit steam shovel mining and innovations in smelting, refining, flotation concentration and other processing steps led to mass production. Early in the twentieth century, [[Arizona]] ranked first, followed by [[Montana]], then [[Utah]] and [[Michigan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyde |first1=Charles |title=Copper for America, the United States Copper Industry from Colonial Times to the 1990s |date=1998 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, Arizona |isbn=0-8165-1817-3 }}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref>

[[Flash smelting]] was developed by [[Outokumpu]] in Finland and first applied at [[Harjavalta]] in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.outokumpu.com/files/Technology/Documents/Newlogobrochures/FlashSmelting.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724043222/http://www.outokumpu.com/files/Technology/Documents/Newlogobrochures/FlashSmelting.pdf|archive-date = 24 July 2011|title = Outokumpu Flash Smelting|publisher = [[Outokumpu]]|page = 2}}</ref>

The [[Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries]], formed in 1967 by Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia, operated in the copper market as [[OPEC]] does in oil, though it never achieved the same influence, particularly because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member; it was dissolved in 1988.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mingst |first1=Karen A. |title=Cooperation or illusion: an examination of the intergovernmental council of copper exporting countries |journal=International Organization |date=1976 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=263–287 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300018270 }}</ref>
In 2008, China became the world's largest importer of copper.<ref name="Massot-2024" />{{Rp|page=187}}

==Applications==
{{See also|Copper in renewable energy}}
[[File:Kupferfittings 4062.jpg|thumb|Copper fittings for soldered plumbing joints]]
The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as [[brass]] and [[bronze]] (5% of total use).<ref name="emsley" /> For more than two centuries, copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp|title=Is Copper Bottom Paint Sinking?|website=BoatUS Magazine|author=Ryck Lydecker|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090801/https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp}}</ref> A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture.<ref name="Boux" /><ref name="Applications for Copper">{{cite web|title = Copper|publisher = [[American Elements]]|date = 2008|url = http://www.americanelements.com/cu.html|access-date = 12 July 2008|archive-date = 8 June 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225006/http://www.americanelements.com/cu.html}}</ref> Pure copper's ductility, weakness and high friction between copper chips and cutting tools makes [[machining]] of copper difficult; alloys are preferred for good [[machinability]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Hongyu |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4471-4670-4_2 |title=Handbook of Manufacturing Engineering and Technology |last2=Liu |first2=Kui |date=2015 |publisher=Springer London |isbn=978-1-4471-4669-8 |editor-last=Nee |editor-first=Andrew Y. C. |location=London |pages=899–939 |language=en |chapter=Machinability of Engineering Materials |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-4670-4_2}}</ref> Copper [[Cookware and bakeware|cookware]] can react with acidic or alkaline foods, leaving a metallic taste, but is useful for whipping egg-whites.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What's the Difference Between Nonreactive and Reactive Pans? |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-deal-with-reactive-a-108699 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925042405/https://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-deal-with-reactive-a-108699 |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=Kitchn |language=en}}</ref>

===Wire and cable===
{{Main|Copper wire and cable}}

Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred [[electrical conductor]] in nearly all categories of electrical wiring except overhead [[electric power transmission]] where [[aluminium]] is often preferred.<ref>Pops, Horace, 2008, "Processing of wire from antiquity to the future", ''Wire Journal International'', June, pp. 58–66</ref><ref>The Metallurgy of Copper Wire, http://www.litz-wire.com/pdf%20files/Metallurgy_Copper_Wire.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901142501/http://www.litz-wire.com/pdf%20files/Metallurgy_Copper_Wire.pdf |date=1 September 2013 }}</ref> Copper wire is used in [[power generation]], [[power transmission]], [[electric power distribution]], [[telecommunications]], [[electronics]] circuitry, and countless types of [[electrical equipment]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Günter |last2=Kundig |first2=Konrad J. A. |title=Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status |date=1998 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-1-61503-216-7 |pages=141–192, 331–375 }}</ref> [[Electrical wiring]] is the most important market for the copper industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/C-K/Copper.html |title=Copper, Chemical Element – Overview, Discovery and naming, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Occurrence in nature, Isotopes |publisher=Chemistryexplained.com |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> This includes structural power wiring, power distribution cable, appliance wire, communications cable, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used for electrical wire and cable conductors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Günter |last2=Kundig |first2=Konrad J. A. |title=Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status |date=1998 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-1-61503-216-7 |page=348 }}</ref> Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of beneficial properties, such as its high [[electrical conductivity]], [[tensile strength]], [[ductility]], [[creep (deformation)]] resistance, [[corrosion]] resistance, low [[thermal expansion]], high [[thermal conductivity]], ease of [[solder]]ing, and ease of installation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Electrical engineer's reference book |date=1985 |publisher=Butterworths |isbn=978-1-4831-0263-4 |editor-last=Laughton |editor-first=Michael A. |edition=14 |location=Guildford |editor-last2=Say |editor-first2=Maurice G.}}</ref>{{rp|5.3}}

For a short period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, copper wiring was replaced by [[aluminium wiring]] in many housing construction projects in America but improper design resulted in fire hazards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heimer.com/Inspection-Information/Aluminum-Wiring.html|title=Aluminum Wiring Hazards and Pre-Purchase Inspections.|website=www.heimer.com|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528104324/http://www.heimer.com/Inspection-Information/Aluminum-Wiring.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Repairing aluminum wiring |url=https://www.cpsc.gov/pagefiles/118856/516.pdf |website=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225171612/https://www.cpsc.gov/pagefiles/118856/516.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2016 |page=1 |quote=A national survey conducted by Franklin Research Institute for CPSC showed that homes built before 1972, and wired with aluminum, are 55 times more likely to have one or more wire connections at outlets reach "Fire Hazard Conditions" than homes wired with copper.}}</ref> The safety issues have since been solved by use of larger sizes of aluminium wire (#8AWG and up), and properly designed aluminium wiring is still being installed in place of copper. For example, the [[Airbus A380]] uses aluminum wire in place of copper wire for electrical power transmission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/manufacturing-mayday |title=Manufacturing Mayday: Production glitches send Airbus into a tailspin |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |author=Hellemans, Alexander |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>

===Electronics and related devices===
[[File:Busbars.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|left|Copper electrical [[busbar]]s distributing power to a large building]]
[[Integrated circuit]]s and [[printed circuit board]]s increasingly feature copper in place of aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity; [[heat sink]]s and [[heat exchanger]]s use copper because of its superior heat dissipation properties. [[Electromagnet]]s, [[vacuum tube]]s, [[cathode-ray tube]]s, and [[magnetron]]s in microwave ovens use copper, as do [[waveguide]]s for microwave radiation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accelerator: Waveguides (SLAC VVC)|url=http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerators/waveguide.html|work=SLAC Virtual Visitor Center|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-date=7 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207181019/http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/accelerators/waveguide.html}}</ref>

===Electric motors===

Copper's superior [[Copper wire and cable#Electrical conductivity|conductivity]] enhances the efficiency of electrical [[motor (device)|motors]].<ref>IE3 energy-saving motors, Engineer Live, http://www.engineerlive.com/Design-Engineer/Motors_and_Drives/IE3_energy-saving_motors/22687/</ref> This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43–46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry.<ref>Energy‐efficiency policy opportunities for electric motor‐driven systems, International Energy Agency, 2011 Working Paper in the Energy Efficiency Series, by Paul Waide and Conrad U. Brunner, OECD/IEA 2011</ref> Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a [[Inductor|coil]] increases the efficiency of the motor. [[Induction motor|Copper motor rotors]], a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives,<ref>Fuchsloch, J. and E.F. Brush, (2007), "Systematic Design Approach for a New Series of Ultra‐NEMA Premium Copper Rotor Motors", in EEMODS 2007 Conference Proceedings, 10–15 June, Beijing.</ref><ref>Copper motor rotor project; Copper Development Association; {{cite web|url=http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/motor-rotor |title=Copper.org: Copper Motor Rotor Project |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313102458/http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/motor-rotor |archive-date=13 March 2012 }}</ref> are enabling general-purpose [[induction motor]]s to meet and exceed [[National Electrical Manufacturers Association]] (NEMA) [[premium efficiency]] standards.<ref>NEMA Premium Motors, The Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers; {{cite web|url=http://www.nema.org/gov/energy/efficiency/premium/ |title=NEMA – NEMA Premium Motors |access-date=2009-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402081307/http://www.nema.org/gov/energy/efficiency/premium/ |archive-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{Main|Copper in architecture}}

[[File:Minneapolis City Hall.jpg|thumb|Copper roof on the [[Minneapolis City Hall]], coated with [[patina]]]]
Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, [[corrosion resistance|corrosion resistant]], and weatherproof architectural material. [[Roofing material|Roofs]], [[flashing (weatherproofing)|flashings]], [[rain gutter]]s, [[downspout]]s, [[dome]]s, [[spire]]s, vaults, and [[door]]s have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior [[Copper in architecture#Wall cladding|wall cladding]], building [[expansion joint]]s, [[RF shielding|radio frequency shielding]], and [[Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces|antimicrobial]] and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include low [[thermal expansion|thermal movement]], light weight, [[lightning rod|lightning protection]], and recyclability.<ref>Seale, Wayne (2007). The role of copper, brass, and bronze in architecture and design; ''Metal Architecture'', May 2007</ref><ref>Copper roofing in detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch</ref><ref>Architecture, European Copper Institute; http://eurocopper.org/copper/copper-architecture.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009005711/http://eurocopper.org/copper/copper-architecture.html |date=9 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>Kronborg completed; Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties, København, {{cite web|url=http://www.slke.dk/en/slotteoghaver/slotte/kronborg/kronborgshistorie/kronborgfaerdigbygget.aspx?highlight%3Dcopper |title=Kronborg completed – Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024101854/http://www.slke.dk/en/slotteoghaver/slotte/kronborg/kronborgshistorie/kronborgfaerdigbygget.aspx?highlight=copper |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

The metal's distinctive natural green [[patina]] has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering.<ref>{{cite web|last = Berg|first = Jan|title = Why did we paint the library's roof?|url = http://www.deforest.lib.wi.us/FAQS.htm|access-date = 20 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070625065039/http://www.deforest.lib.wi.us/FAQS.htm |archive-date = 25 June 2007}}</ref><ref>Architectural considerations; Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/arch_considerations.htm{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Peters, Larry E. (2004). Preventing corrosion on copper roofing systems; Professional Roofing, October 2004, http://www.professionalroofing.net</ref> It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wepanknowledgecenter.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId%3D517%26name%3DDLFE-2454.pdf |title=Oxidation reaction: Why is the Statue of Liberty blue-green? How does rust work?|first=Chun|last=Wu|publisher=Engage Engineering|website=wepanknowledgecenter.org |access-date=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025094519/http://www.wepanknowledgecenter.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=517&name=DLFE-2454.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00093-6 |title=The chemistry of copper patination |date=1998 |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=K.P. |last2=Nairn |first2=J. |last3=Atrens |first3=A. |journal=Corrosion Science |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=2029–50|bibcode=1998Corro..40.2029F }}</ref><ref>Application Areas: Architecture – Finishes – patina; http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/finishes.html</ref><ref>Glossary of copper terms, Copper Development Association (UK): {{cite web|url=http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/resources/glossary.shtml |title=Glossary of copper terms |access-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820053020/http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/resources/glossary.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> Architectural copper and its alloys can also be [[Copper in architecture#Finishes|'finished']] to take on a particular look, feel, or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.<ref>Finishes – natural weathering; Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc., {{cite web|url=http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/finishes/finishes.html |title=Copper.org: Architecture Design Handbook: Finishes |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016080539/http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/finishes/finishes.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

Copper has excellent [[brazing]] and [[soldering]] properties and can be [[welded]]; the best results are obtained with [[gas metal arc welding]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Davis, Joseph R. |title = Copper and Copper Alloys|pages = 3–6, 266|publisher = ASM International|date = 2001|isbn = 978-0-87170-726-0}}</ref>

===Antibiofouling===
{{Main|Copper alloys in aquaculture|Copper sheathing}}

Copper is [[biostatic]], meaning bacteria and many other forms of life will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against [[barnacle]]s and [[mussel]]s. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by [[Muntz metal]] and copper-based paint. Similarly, as discussed in [[copper alloys in aquaculture]], copper alloys have become important netting materials in the [[aquaculture]] industry because they are [[antimicrobial]] and prevent [[biofouling]], even in extreme conditions,<ref>Edding, Mario E., Flores, Hector, and Miranda, Claudio, (1995), Experimental Usage of Copper-Nickel Alloy Mesh in Mariculture. Part 1: Feasibility of usage in a temperate zone; Part 2: Demonstration of usage in a cold zone; Final report to the International Copper Association Ltd.</ref> and have strong structural and [[corrosion-resistant]] properties in marine environments.<ref>[http://www.copper.org/applications/cuni/pdf/marine_aquaculture.pdf Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys used in Marine Aquaculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924070759/http://www.copper.org/applications/cuni/pdf/marine_aquaculture.pdf |date=24 September 2013 }}. (PDF) . copper.org. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref>

===Antimicrobial===
{{Main|Antimicrobial properties of copper|Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces}}

[[Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces|Copper-alloy touch surfaces]] have natural properties that destroy a wide range of [[microorganisms]] (e.g., ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' O157:H7, [[methicillin]]-resistant ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' ([[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]]), ''[[Staphylococcus]]'', ''[[Clostridium difficile (bacteria)|Clostridium difficile]]'', [[influenza A virus]], [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]], [[SARS-CoV-2]], and [[Fungus|fungi]]).<ref name="Copper Touch Surfaces">[http://coppertouchsurfaces.org/antimicrobial/bacteria/index.html Copper Touch Surfaces] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723235812/http://www.coppertouchsurfaces.org/antimicrobial/bacteria/index.html |date=23 July 2012 }}. Copper Touch Surfaces. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2021|title=EPA Registers Copper Surfaces for Residual Use Against Coronavirus|url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-registers-copper-surfaces-residual-use-against-coronavirus|access-date=11 October 2021|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> Some copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly.<ref name="US EPA-2008">{{Cite web|date=May 2008|title=EPA registers copper-containing alloy products|url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135757/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm|archive-date=29 September 2015|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "[[antimicrobial]] materials with public health benefits";<ref name="US EPA-2008" /> that approval allows manufacturers to make legal claims to the public health benefits of products made of registered alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, [[handrails]], over-bed tables, [[sinks]], [[faucets]], [[door knobs]], [[toilet]] hardware, [[computer keyboards]], [[health club]] equipment, and [[shopping cart]] handles. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to minimize the transfer of disease, and [[Legionnaires' disease]] is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Biurrun|first1=Amaya|last2=Caballero|first2=Luis|last3=Pelaz|first3=Carmen|last4=León|first4=Elena|last5=Gago|first5=Alberto|s2cid=32388649|title=Treatment of a Legionella pneumophila-Colonized Water Distribution System Using Copper-Silver Ionization and Continuous Chlorination|journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology|date=1999|volume=20|issue=6|pages=426–428|doi=10.1086/501645|jstor=30141645|pmid=10395146|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0709/96484f04d87e7c7858448f3d913a94b720c0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217195047/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0709/96484f04d87e7c7858448f3d913a94b720c0.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-17}}</ref> Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the UK, Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil, and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper–zinc alloy handrails were installed in some 30 stations between 2011 and 2014.<ref>[http://www.rail.co/2011/07/22/chilean-subway-protected-with-antimicrobial-copper Chilean subway protected with Antimicrobial Copper – Rail News from] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724105812/http://www.rail.co/2011/07/22/chilean-subway-protected-with-antimicrobial-copper/ |date=24 July 2012 }}. rail.co. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://construpages.com.ve/nl/noticia_nl.php?id_noticia=3032&language=en Codelco to provide antimicrobial copper for new metro lines (Chile)] {{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Construpages.com.ve. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.antimicrobialcopper.com/media/149689/pr811-chilean-subway-installs-antimicrobial-copper.pdf PR 811 Chilean Subway Installs Antimicrobial Copper] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123100624/http://www.antimicrobialcopper.com/media/149689/pr811-chilean-subway-installs-antimicrobial-copper.pdf |date=23 November 2011 }}. (PDF). antimicrobialcopper.com. Retrieved on 8 November 2011.</ref> Copper surfaces in healthcare have been advocated for in the US, as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaleski |first=Andrew |date=September 24, 2020 |title=As hospitals look to prevent infections, a chorus of researchers make a case for copper surfaces |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/24/as-hospitals-look-to-prevent-infections-a-chorus-of-researchers-make-a-case-for-copper-surfaces/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}</ref>
Textile fibers can be blended with copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Azam |last2=Petrů |first2=Michal |last3=Azeem |first3=Musaddaq |last4=Noman |first4=Tayyab |last5=Masin |first5=Ivan |last6=Amor |first6=Nesrine |last7=Militky |first7=Jiri |last8=Tomková |first8=Blanka |date=2023-09-01 |title=A comparative performance of antibacterial effectiveness of copper and silver coated textiles |journal=Journal of Industrial Textiles |language=EN |volume=53 |article-number=15280837221134990 |doi=10.1177/15280837221134990 |issn=1528-0837|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Fungicide ===
Copper is widely used as a wood preservative primarily because it is an effective [[fungicide]] against [[Wood-decay_fungus#Soft_rot|soft rot fungi]] while avoiding the significant environmental impact of [[Chromated copper arsenate|chromium and arsenic based preservatives]].<ref>Freeman, M. H., & McIntyre, C. R. (2008). Copper-based wood preservatives. Forest products journal, 58(11), 6-27.</ref>

===Folk medicine===
Copper is commonly used in jewelry, and according to some folklore, copper bracelets relieve [[arthritis]] symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=961545 |date=1976 |last1=Walker |first1=W.R. |last2=Keats |first2=D.M. |title=An investigation of the therapeutic value of the 'copper bracelet'-dermal assimilation of copper in arthritic/rheumatoid conditions |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=454–459 |journal=Agents and Actions}}</ref> In one trial for osteoarthritis and one trial for rheumatoid arthritis, no differences were found between copper bracelet and control (non-copper) bracelet.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Richmond SJ, Gunadasa S, Bland M, Macpherson H |title=Copper bracelets and magnetic wrist straps for rheumatoid arthritis – analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e71529 |year=2013 |pmid=24066023 |pmc=3774818 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071529 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...871529R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="RichmondBrown2009">{{cite journal|last1=Richmond|first1=Stewart J.|last2=Brown|first2=Sally R.|last3=Campion|first3=Peter D.|last4=Porter|first4=Amanda J.L.|last5=Moffett|first5=Jennifer A. Klaber|last6=Jackson|first6=David A.|last7=Featherstone|first7=Valerie A.|last8=Taylor|first8=Andrew J.|title=Therapeutic effects of magnetic and copper bracelets in osteoarthritis: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial|journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine|volume=17|issue=5–6|year=2009|pages=249–256|issn=0965-2299|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2009.07.002|pmid=19942103|url=http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/9912}}</ref> No evidence shows that copper can be absorbed through the skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uams.edu/update/absolutenm/templates/medical.asp?articleid=3454|title=Find the Truth Behind Medical Myths|publisher=University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences|date=6 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|
archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106233901/http://www.uams.edu/update/absolutenm/templates/medical.asp?articleid=3454|quote=While it's never been proven that copper can be absorbed through the skin by wearing a bracelet, research has shown that excessive copper can result in poisoning, causing vomiting and, in severe cases, liver damage.}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
* [[Copper in renewable energy]]
* [[Copper nanoparticle]]
* [[Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes]]
** [[Cold water pitting of copper tube]]
* [[List of countries by copper production]]
* [[Metal theft]]
** [[Operation Tremor]]
* [[Anaconda Copper]]
* [[Antofagasta PLC]]
* [[Codelco]]
* [[El Boleo|El Boleo mine]]
* [[Grasberg mine]]
* [[Copper foil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref name=":1" />
<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+[[Pourbaix diagram]]s for copper
| style="width:25px;"|[[File:Copper in water pourbiax diagram.png|center|200px]]
| style="width:25px;"|[[File:Copper in sulphide media pourbiax diagram.png|center|200px]]
| style="width:25px;"|[[File:Copper in 10M ammonia pourbiax diagram.png|center|200px]]
| style="width:25px;"|[[File:Copper in chloride media more copper pourbiax.png|center|200px]]
|-
|in pure water, or acidic or alkali conditions. Copper in neutral water is more noble than hydrogen.
|in water containing sulfide
|in 10 M ammonia solution
|in a chloride solution
|}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology|editor=Massaro, Edward J.|publisher=Humana Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0-89603-943-8}}
* {{cite web|title=''Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary)'' Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology|publisher=Office of Technology Assessment|date=2005|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8808/880808.PDF}}
* Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, May 2005, pp. 1161–1208(48) Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress
* {{cite book|title=Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00call_0|url-access=registration|edition=6th|author=William D. Callister|publisher=Wiley, New York|date=2003|isbn=978-0-471-73696-7|at=Table 6.1, p. 137}}
* [http://www.memsnet.org/material/coppercubulk/ Material: Copper (Cu), bulk], MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse.
* {{cite journal|author=Kim BE|author2= Nevitt T|author3=Thiele DJ|title=Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation|journal=Nat. Chem. Biol.|volume=4|date=2008|pmid=18277979|doi=10.1038/nchembio.72|issue=3|pages=176–85}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|copper}}
{{Wikisource}}
* [https://www.copper.org/education/history/timeline/ Copper Timeline], an interactive history.
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/029.htm Copper] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/copper-and-compounds Copper and compounds fact sheet] from the [[National Pollutant Inventory]] of Australia
* [https://copperalliance.org/ International Copper Association and the Copper Alliance], a business interest group
* [https://www.copper.org/ Copper.org] – official website of the Copper Development Association, a North American industry association with an extensive site of properties and uses of copper
* [https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=copper&months=300 Price history] of [[LME Copper]], according to the IMF
* [[usgs.gov]] (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025): [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf#page=64 Copper]

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{Copper compounds}}
{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:Copper| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Transition metals]]
[[Category:Dietary minerals]]
[[Category:Electrical conductors]]
[[Category:Cubic minerals]]
[[Category:Crystals in space group 225]]
[[Category:Native element minerals]]
[[Category:Symbols of Arizona]]
[[Category:Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure]]
[[Category:Coinage metals and alloys]]

Pudhuppaattu

2026-03-11T05:59:31Z

Janandh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pudhuppaattu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| writer = Panchu Arunachalam
| producer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| starring = [[Ramarajan]] Vaidegi [[Suman Ranganathan|Suma]] [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = Ilaiyaraaja
| studio = Ilaiyaraaja Creations
| released = {{Film date|1990|10|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pudhupaattu''''' ({{Translation|New song}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Panchu Arunachalam]], and produced by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] who also composed the music. The film stars [[Ramarajan]], Vaidegi, [[Suman Ranganathan|Suma]] (in her Tamil debut)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=3 December 2019 |title=It was a challenging role: Suman Ranganathan |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/021219/it-was-a-challenging-role-suman-ranganathan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204225317/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/021219/it-was-a-challenging-role-suman-ranganathan.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]. It was released on 17 October 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=புதுப் பாட்டு / Puthu Paatu (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/puthu-paatu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227023246/https://screen4screen.com/movies/puthu-paatu |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2023 |title=விஜயகாந்த் vs ராமராஜன்: 13 முறை நேரடி போட்டி; 'வில்லேஜ் கிங்' யார்? |trans-title=Vijayakanth vs Ramarajan: 13 direct clashes; Who is the 'Village King'? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-vijayakanth-vs-ramarajan-clash-movies-update-705598/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625000822/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-vijayakanth-vs-ramarajan-clash-movies-update-705598/ |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramarajan]] as Ramu
*Vaidegi as Kaveri
*[[Suman Ranganathan|Suma]] as Rajalakshmi aka Raji
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Rajendran
*[[Goundamani]] as Palanisamy
*[[Senthil]] as Muthu
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Periyasaami Ambalan
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Vadivelan
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Ponnamma
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] in Special Appearance
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Steffina aka Steffi in Special Appearance
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Kalyani in a special appearance
*Vishnukanth as young Rajeev
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Paattu (1990) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000332 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060957/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000332 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Enga Ooru Kadhala" is set to [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=129 |language=en |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> The song "Ich Liebe Dich" is entirely in German.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthu Paattu Tamil Film LP vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/puthu-paattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812063322/https://macsendisk.com/product/puthu-paattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Macsendisk |language=en}}</ref> "Nethu Oruthara Oruthara" is a [[Fusion music|fusion]] song, blending electronic funk with [[Carnatic music]] instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 February 2023 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kollywood: Ilaiyaraaja And The Electro-Synth Pop Revolution In Tamil Film Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> The song also features in the films ''[[Thilagar]]'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 March 2015 |title=Thilagar Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thilagar/movie-review/46646359.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327055612/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thilagar/movie-review/46646359.cms |archive-date=27 March 2015 |access-date=10 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Maareesan]]'' (2025),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=24 July 2025 |title='Maareesan' movie review: Vadivelu, Fahadh Faasil steal the show in this slow-burn suspense flick |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-movie-review-vadivelu-fahadh-faasil-steal-the-show-in-this-slow-burn-suspense-flick/article69849566.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730044325/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maareesan-movie-review-vadivelu-fahadh-faasil-steal-the-show-in-this-slow-burn-suspense-flick/article69849566.ece |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and a crossover episode of the television serials ''[[Moondru Mudichu (Tamil TV series)|Moondru Mudichu]]'' and ''[[Singapennae]]'' in 2026.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DUV4e_cEz0G |user=suntv |title=Intha combo ethirpakalaye! 😍 மூன்று முடிச்சு - சிங்கப்பெண்ணே {{!}} மகாசங்கமம் {{!}} 8:30 PM #SunTV #Singappenne #MoondruMudichu #Mahasangamam #SunReels |author=Sun TV |author-link=Sun TV (India) |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2026 |language=ta |trans-title=Didn't expect this combo! 😍}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Enga Ooru Kadhala" || [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:38
|-
| "Intha Bhoomiye Enga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 04:50
|-
| "Nethu Oruthara Oruthara" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Gangai Amaran || 04:24
|-
| "Sontham Vandhadhu" || rowspan=3|K. S. Chithra || rowspan=3|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:29
|-
| "Thavamaa Thavamirunthu" || 00:46
|-
| "Vethala Paakku" || 00:35
|-
| "Ich Liebe Dich" || S. Janaki || Gangai Amaran || 03:13
|-
| "Kutthalathil Thanni" || Gangai Amaran, [[S. P. Sailaja]] || rowspan=3|Vaali || 04:32
|-
| "Kumbidum Kai" || rowspan=2|K. S. Chithra || 00:51
|-
| "Senjanthu" || 00:57
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

INS Khukri (P49)

2026-03-08T17:07:01Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|1986 Khukri-class corvette of the Indian Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Khukri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{coord|20.71914|70.98977|display=title}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Yoddhasthal Permanent Exhibition Southern command Indian Army Bhopal (45).jpg
|image_caption=a scale model in Yodhasthal Museum
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Khukri''
|namesake= [[Khukri]]
|ordered=
|builder= [[Mazagon Dock Limited]]
|laid_down= 27 September 1985
|launched=3 December 1986
|acquired=
|commissioned= 23 August 1989
|decommissioned= 23 December 2021
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: P49
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status= [[Museum ship]] in [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[India]]
|notes=
|badge = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Khukri|corvette}}
|displacement= 1350 tons (full load)
|length= 91.1 metres
|beam= 10.5 metres
|draught= 4.5 metres
|draft=
|propulsion=*2 diesel engines with 14,400hp
*2 shafts
|speed= {{convert|25|kn|km/h|-1}}
|range= {{convert|4,000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn|km/h|-1}}
|complement= 79 (incl. 10 officers)
|sensors=*MR 352 Pozitiv-E radar
*Garpun-Bal radar
*Bharat 1245 navigation radar
|EW=
|armament=*4 × P-20M (SS-N-2D) [[Anti-ship missile|AShMs]]
*2 × [[Strela 2|Strela-2M]] (SA-N-5) [[Surface-to-Air Missile|SAM]]
*1 × [[AK–176]] 76mm gun
*2 × 30mm [[AK-630]] guns
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft= 1 helicopter ([[HAL Chetak]])
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Khukri''''' was the lead vessel of [[Khukri class corvette|her class]] of [[corvette]]s, in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. The ship was named after ''[[INS Khukri (F149)|INS Khukri]]'', the only Indian Navy ship to be ever lost in combat. It was lost duirng the 1971 Indo-Pak war.

''Khukri'' was laid down on 27 September 1985 at [[Mazagon Dock Limited]], launched on 3 December 1986 and commissioned on 23 August 1989.<ref name="jfs-0506">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2005-2006|date=2005|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=0710626924|page=322|edition=108th|chapter=India}}</ref>

In 2022, it was stated to be developed into a [[museum ship]] and placed at INS Khukri Memorial, Diu. On the 26th of January 2022, the warship was formally handed over to the administration of [[Diu district]] to be converted into a memorial.

==Service history==
''Khukri'' the lead ship of the class was decommissioned after 32 years of service on 23 December, 2021. During her service, the ship was commanded by 28 commanding officers and traversed a distance of over 6,44,897 nautical miles, which is equivalent to navigating around the world 30 times or three times the distance between the Earth and the Moon.<ref name="khukri_decom">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1784779|title=INS KHUKRI DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 32 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE TO THE NATION|publisher=PIB|date=2021-12-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khukri (P49)}}
[[Category:Khukri-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1986 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Museum ships in India]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Fabindia

2026-03-06T08:16:00Z

Janandh: Adding New Post First Draft

{{Short description|Indian chain retailer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fabindia
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]/[[Community ownership|community owned]]
| logo = Fabindia logo.svg
| foundation = 1960
| founder = John Bissell
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1688|c}} (FY23)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRConvert|-121|c}} (FY23)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |last1=Malviya |first1=Sagar |title=IPO-bound Fabindia narrows loss, revenue surges 29% in FY22 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/ipo-bound-fabindia-narrows-loss-revenues-surge-29-in-fy22/articleshow/94293661.cms |access-date=11 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111192230/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/ipo-bound-fabindia-narrows-loss-revenues-surge-29-in-fy22/articleshow/94293661.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| owner =
| num_employees =
| location_country =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = [[William Nanda Bissell]] (Managing Director) Rajeshwari Srinivasan (CEO)
| products =
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| industry = [[Textiles]], [[home furnishings]], [[handloom]] apparel, jewellery
| homepage = {{URL |https://www.fabindia.com/}}
}}
'''Fabindia''' is an Indian [[chain store]] retailing garments, home decor, furnishings, fabrics, and products [[Handicraft|handmade]] by craftspeople across rural India. Established in 1960 by John Bissell, an American working for the [[Ford Foundation]], [[New Delhi]], Fabindia started out exporting [[home furnishings]], before stepping into domestic retail in 1976, when it opened its first retail store in [[Greater Kailash]], New Delhi. The chairman of the company is John Bissell's son, [[William Nanda Bissell]]. As of July 2020, Fabindia operated 327 stores across India and 14 international stores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/fabindia-invites-former-indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-to-its-board/articleshow/76724292.cms?from=mdr|title=Fabindia invites former Indigo president Aditya Ghosh to its board|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|last1=Bailay|first1=Rasul|archive-date=16 May 2023|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230944/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/fabindia-invites-former-indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-to-its-board/articleshow/76724292.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, Fabindia had a revenue of $65 million, a 30% increase from the previous year. Fabindia sources its products from across India through 17 community-owned companies, a certain percentage of the shares of which are held by artisans and craftspersons.<ref name="bw"/>

The products of Fabindia are mainly sourced from villages, helping to provide and sustain rural employment in India. They are currently produced by over 40,000 artisans and craftspeople across India. The hand-crafted products also encourage good craftsmanship.<ref name="sp"/>

==History==

===1960: Foundation and early decades===
Fabindia was founded as an export company for home furnishings by John Bissell in two small rooms adjoining his bedroom in [[Golf Links, New Delhi|Golf Links]], as "Fabindia Inc.", incorporated in [[Canton, Connecticut|Canton]], Connecticut, and financed by his recently deceased grandmother's $20,000 legacy.<ref name="sp"/> Originally from [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], where his grandfather was the president of the Hartford Fire & Life Insurance Company;<ref name="yan"/> Bissell left his position as a buyer for [[Macy's]], New York, and relocated to India in 1958 as a consultant for the [[Ford Foundation]], advising the government of India-run [[Central Cottage Industries Corporation]] and given a two-year grant for instructing Indian villagers in the making of goods for export.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} He believed in the emerging Indian textile industry and was determined to showcase Indian handloom textiles as a way to employ traditional artisans.
In 1964, Bissell met British designer [[Terence Conran]], whose newly established home furnishing retail company, [[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]], soon became one of their biggest customers. Fabindia also established a distribution network in the United States, supplying products to small retailers, including [[mom-and-pop shop]]s. Bissell travelled across craft-based villages and towns in India, meeting weavers and entrepreneurs who would produce flat weaves, pale colors, and precise weights in handloom yardage. His main supplier became A. S. Khera, a ''[[dhurrie]]'' and home furnishing manufacturer in [[Panipat]]. By 1965, the company had a turnover of Rs. 20 lakhs and moved into an office.<ref name="sp"/><ref>[[#Nm|Case study, p. 2]]</ref>

[[File:FabIndia outlet, Khan Market, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|Fabindia outlet in [[Khan Market]], New Delhi]]
In 1976, major equity restructuring occurred within the company, in adherence with [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s rules instructing foreign companies to limit their foreign equity to 40 percent. Fabindia offered shares to close family members, associates, and suppliers like Madhukar Khera, an early supplier to the company. This was also the height of the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency period]] (1975–1976), when the rule barring commercial establishments from being operated at residential properties was implemented, forcing the company from its secondary premises, a house on the [[Mathura Road]], and prompting Bissell to open the first Fabindia retail store in [[Greater Kailash]], N-Block market in [[New Delhi]], in 1976 that remains its registered office.<ref name="sp">{{cite web |url=https://span.state.gov/business/fabindia-story/20100701 |title=The Fabindia Story |date=July–August 2010 |work=SPAN Magazine |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212110004/https://span.state.gov/business/fabindia-story/20100701 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="yan"/><ref>[[#Nm|Case study, p. 1]]</ref>

Now catering to urban India as well in the coming decade, Fabindia differentiated itself from other government-owned and often subsidized competitors in handloom fabrics and the apparel sector, like [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|KVIC]] and various state emporiums, by adapting its fabrics and designs to urban tastes. For this, designers were enlisted to modernize its line of home linens and, most importantly, introduced a range of ready-to-wear garments, including ''[[churidar]]-[[kurta]]'' suits for women and men's shirts.
Today, Fabindia's team of designers continues to provide most of the designs and colors, created by village-based artisans who, in turn, learned the basics of quality, consistency, and finish, such as avoiding frayed edges on handwoven shawls. The result was that traditional apparel and products became mainstream, fashionable, and quickly adopted by a growing Indian middle-class and identified as the brand for the elite and intellectual, as well as affordable ethnic chic.<ref name="sp"/><ref name="bt"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/11/02/stories/2004110200520400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128111821/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/11/02/stories/2004110200520400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Fab styles|date=2 November 2004}}</ref>

Fabindia lost its biggest customer, UK-based ''[[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]]'', in 1992, when the latter was bought by [[Ikano]] group, founder of [[IKEA]], which then decided to appoint its own [[buying agent]] in India. The following year, John Bissell suffered a stroke, and his son William gradually took over the helm, completing the leadership transition after the death of his father in 1998 at the age 66.<ref name="yan">{{cite web|url=https://span.state.gov/business/fabindia-story/20100701 |title=A Connecticut Yankee in India |last=Sethi |first=Sunil |date=July–August 2010 |work=SPAN Magazine |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127031019/https://span.state.gov/business/fabindia-story/20100701 |archive-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref> William, an undergrad from [[Wesleyan University]] who had majored in philosophy, political science and government,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/11/08/forbes-india-william-bissell-growth-plan-fabindia.html|title=Fabindia's Tightrope Walk|author=Mitu Jayashankar, Nilofer D'Souza and Udit Misra|date=8 November 2011|page=2|work=Forbes}}</ref> had spent several years in [[Jodhpur]] since completing his education in 1988. Working with rural artisans and crafts co-operatives across Rajasthan, he was instrumental in the formation of various weavers' cooperatives.
One of the first tasks taken up by William was shifting Fabindia's focus to the domestic market, en route to becoming a [[retail chain]]; until then, it only had two stores in Delhi. In time, Fabindia's retail business overtook its exports.<ref name="bt">{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/639/1/fabindias-fabulous-march.html|title=Fabindia's Fabulous March|date=3 October 2007|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Forbes"/>
[[File:Fab india.jpg|thumb|220px|Interior of a Fabindia store in Delhi.]]

===2000 onwards===
Over the next two decades, Fabindia emerged as a successful retail business in India, with 111 retail outlets within the country and 6 abroad.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0216/024a.html |title= Fabindia |author= Naazneen Karmali |date= 16 February 2009 |work= [[Forbes]] |accessdate= 6 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Thottam |first=Yoti |date=22 February 2010 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1963582,00.html |title=Social Fabric |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Fabindia added its non-textile range in 2000, organic foods in 2004, personal care products in 2006, and finally its range of handcrafted jewellery in 2008.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/fabindia-launches-its-first-ever-jewellery-line_10083122.html "Fabindia launches its first-ever jewelry line"]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Thaindian News'', 12 August 2008.</ref> Fabindia sells a variety of products ranging from textiles, garments, stationery, furniture, home accessories, ceramics, organic foods, and bodycare products, besides exporting home furnishings.<ref name="sp"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/18/stories/2006111801600400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902192109/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/18/stories/2006111801600400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Quite simply fab|date=18 November 2006}}</ref> Fabindia's retail expansion plans started taking shape from 2004 onward as it opened multiple and larger stores in metros like Mumbai, [[Chennai]] and Delhi, while at the same time spreading out beyond metros to cities like [[Vadodara]], [[Dehradun]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Durgapur]]. Revenues also grew from Rs 89 crore in 2004–05 to Rs 129 crore in 2005–06, reaching Rs 200 crore in 2007, the year when it sourced its products from 22,000 artisans in 21 states.<ref name="bt"/>

Usually, village-based artisans in India get barely 5% of the tag price of their products, as the rest is taken away by the middlemen. To counter this practice, Fabindia introduced an artisan-shareholder system through "supply-region companies" incorporated as subsidiaries. Here, the craftspeople collectively own 26% of the equity in each company, based in nationwide centres, with Artisans Micro Finance, a Fabindia arm holding 49%, and employees and other private investors holding the balance.<ref name="bw">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2009-03-11/fabindia-weaves-in-artisan-shareholders|title=Fabindia Weaves in Artisan Shareholders|author=Manjeet Kripalani|date=12 March 2009|publisher=Bloomberg|work=[[Business Week]]|accessdate=5 February 2014|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207031828/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2009-03-11/fabindia-weaves-in-artisan-shareholders|url-status=live}}</ref> Also as part of its expansion plans, 6% in Fabindia was sold in 2007 at an estimated $11 million to Wolfensohn Capital Partners, a [[private equity]] firm founded by former [[World Bank]] president [[James Wolfensohn]].<ref name="Forbes"/> In 2009, it acquired a 25% stake in UK based £30 million ethnic womenswear retailer, EAST.<ref name=re>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37335720090108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403230705/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37335720090108|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2009|title=Fabindia acquires 25% in UK ethnic retail chain|date=8 January 2009|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
Today the company has retail outlets in all major cities of India—137 at last count—in addition to international stores in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]]; 3 stores in [[Bahrain]]; [[Doha]], State of [[Qatar]]; [[Rome]], [[Italy]]; and one in [[Guangzhou]], China.<ref name=re/><ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/fabindia-to-roll-out-250-stores-by-2010_10019875.html "FabIndia to roll out 250 stores by 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522040016/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/fabindia-to-roll-out-250-stores-by-2010_10019875.html |date=22 May 2008 }} ''Thaindian News'', 21 February 2008.</ref>

In 2005, Fabindia became a founder-member of All India Artisans and Craft Workers Welfare Association (AIACA), along with Pritam Singh (Anokhi), [[Ritu Kumar]], Madhukar Khera and [[Laila Tyabji]] ([[Dastkar]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Radhika Singh|title=The Fabric of Our Lives: The Story of Fabindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug118gkYq7gC&pg=PA196|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08434-0|page=251|ref=Si}}</ref> On the occasion of its 50th anniversary in 2010, the company made all its 842 employees shareholders.<ref name=eco2012/> By 2012, the company had around 1,000 employees and 16 community-owned companies, or supplier region companies (SRCs), that were formed in 2007 and employ 86,000 artisans.<ref name=eco2012>{{cite web | title = How Fabindia's William Bissell is changing the rulebook of business |work= The Economic Times | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news/34876181_1_fabindia-director-william-bissell-social-enterprise | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104074427/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news/34876181_1_fabindia-director-william-bissell-social-enterprise | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 November 2012 |date=2 November 2012| accessdate = 5 February 2015 }}</ref>

In 2013, Fabindia purchased a 40% stake in the [[Lucknow]]-based [[organic food]] and supplements company Organic India, co-founded by Hindu convert and daughter of billionaire [[Edgar Bronfman, Sr.]], Holly Bronfman Lev, in 1997.<ref>Bailay, Rasul & Chakravarty, Chaitali (6 March 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140315032220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-06/news/37500256_1_organic-india-fabindia-lucknow "Fabindia acquires a 40% stake in Organic India"]. ''The Economic Times''.</ref>

===Launch of Fabels===
In 2014, Fabindia launched a western wear brand "Fabels". The brand was first launched at Fabindia's Connaught Place store in Delhi, and later made available across India. Currently, Fabindia sells through its own retail outlets, multi-brand stores, and online store.<ref>{{cite web | title = West Turn | work = [[The Indian Express]] | author = Somya Lakhani | date = 25 April 2014 | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/west-turn/ | accessdate = 6 October 2015 | archive-date = 7 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007082112/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/west-turn/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On 3 April 2015, Union [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Smriti Irani]] allegedly spotted a camera positioned to record near a changing room, at an outlet of Fabindia in [[Candolim]], Goa. She immediately raised an alarm, alerting her husband and then called a local legislator, Michael Lobo, who lodged a First Information Report (FIR).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Smriti Irani Allegedly Filmed Changing Clothes by Goa Store's Cameras, FIR Filed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-smriti-irani-finds-hidden-camera-in-changing-room-in-goa-751973 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145505/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-smriti-irani-finds-hidden-camera-in-changing-room-in-goa-751973 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A local court later came down heavily on the Calangute police, saying that they exercised their power of arrest arbitrarily against four staff members of Fabindia's Candolim outlet who were held late on 3 April.

Judge Dvijple Patkar said, "It appears that the police have lightly interfered/tampered with the personal liberty of the applicants for reasons best known to them. It appears that the applicants were automatically and unnecessarily arrested by the police. In my opinion, the circumstances of the case do not warrant any arrest. The police officer exercising the power of arrest, as well as the investigating officer, has not stated any valid justification for the arrest."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Court-slams-Calangute-cops-for-arbitrary-arrest/articleshow/46842989.cms|title=Court slams Calangute cops for 'arbitrary' arrest|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 8 April 2015 company's Managing Director, William Bissell, its former chief executive officer, Subrata Dutta, regional manager Ruchira Puri, marketing chief Ramu Chandra, stores in-charge Kundan Gupta, E-commerce head Arun Naikar, and category head Ashima Agarwal have sought anticipatory bail to avoid arrest in district court in Mapusa town.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hidden-camera-row-fabindia-ceo-md-seek-anticipatory-bail/article7084353.ece|title= Fabindia CEO, MD seek anticipatory bail | date=9 April 2015 | author=PTI | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref>

In October 2021, Fabindia received backlash after they named their Diwali collection as 'Jashn-e-Riwaaz'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/fabindia-removes-diwali-ad-named-jashn-e-riwaaz-after-boycottfabindia-trends-online-1866204-2021-10-18|title=Fabindia removes Diwali ad named Jashn-e-Riwaaz after #BoycottFabindia trends online|date=18 October 2021|newspaper=India Today|accessdate=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018124449/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/fabindia-removes-diwali-ad-named-jashn-e-riwaaz-after-boycottfabindia-trends-online-1866204-2021-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
William and John Bissell established "The Fabindia School" in 1992 in [[Bali, India|Bali]], in [[Pali district]] of Rajasthan, today it is co-educational, senior secondary school with 600 students including 40% in partnership with "The John Bissell Scholars Fund", established in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fabindiaschools.org/bali/aboutusover.html|title=About us|publisher=Fabindia Schools|access-date=6 December 2010|archive-date=6 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806210838/http://www.fabindiaschools.org/bali/aboutusover.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acknowledgments ==
Fabindia was awarded "Best Retail Brand" in 2004 by ''[[The Economic Times]]''. In 2004, Fabindia was featured as part of a [[CNBC]] special TV report on India. Fabindia brand does not advertise, and largely works through [[word of mouth|word-of-mouth]] publicity,<ref>{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramanuj|title=Consumer Behaviour: Insights From Indian Market|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KF57x1Nrn2UC&q=Fabindia&pg=PA14|publisher=PHI Learning|isbn=978-81-203-3963-7|page=14|chapter=1.13 Success of Fabindia Stores|year=2010}}</ref> then in 2007 the craft-conscious enterprise concept of Fabindia became a [[Harvard Business School]] [[case study]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/04/15/stories/2007041502740100.htm|title=Fabindia is now a Harvard case study|date=15 April 2007|work=Business Line|archive-date=15 January 2011|access-date=5 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115081714/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/04/15/stories/2007041502740100.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 2010 marked 50 years of the foundation of Fabindia, and release of the book, ''The Fabric of Our Lives: The Story of Fabindia'', by Radhika Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/category/Non_Fiction/The_Fabric_of_Our_Lives_9780670084340.aspx|title=The Fabric of Our Lives: The Story of Fabindia|publisher=Penguin India}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu/images/Fabindia.pdf |title=Fabindia- Fabric of India (Case Study) |year=2010 |publisher=[[NMIMS]] |ref=Nm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127232237/http://nmims.edu/images/Fabindia.pdf |archive-date=November 27, 2010}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Mira Kamdar|title=Planet India: How the Fastest Growing Democracy Is Transforming America and the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfErTYdXU94C&pg=PA185|year= 2007|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4165-3863-9|pages=185–188}}
* {{cite book|author=Radhika Singh|title=The Fabric of Our Lives: The Story of Fabindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug118gkYq7gC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08434-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Mukti Khaire|author2=Prabakar Pk Kothandaraman|title=Fabindia Overseas Pvt. Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNc0NAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Harvard Business School Publishing}}
* {{cite book|author=William Nanda Bissell|title=Making India Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pktXAy3x9kgC|year= 2010|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-393-6}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.fabindia.com/}}

[[Category:Clothing retailers of India]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Home decor retailers]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1960]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1960]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1960]]

Gulebakavali (1955 film)

2026-03-04T05:05:23Z

Janandh: fix intro also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1955 film by T. R. Ramanna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulebakavali
| image = Gulebakavali 1955.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
| producer = T. R. Ramanna
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[T. R. Rajakumari]] [[Rajasulochana]] [[G. Varalakshmi]]
| cinematography = T. K. Rajabahathar
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]] A. Thangaraj
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = R. R. Pictures
| distributor = K. S. Pictures
| released = {{film date|1955|7|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gulebakavali''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|u|l|eɪ|b|ə|k|ɑː|v|əl|i}} {{translation|The Flower of Bakavali}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action adventure film]] produced and directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]], and written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Rajasulochana]] and [[G. Varalakshmi]]. Based on the story [[The Water of Life (German fairy tale)#Asia|of the same name]] from the Arabic folklore collection, ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', it tells the story of a young prince who sets out to the kingdom of Bakavali to find a mysterious flower which is believed to have the power to restore his father's eyesight. The film was released on 29 July 1955 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2020}}
A king has two wives. He banishes his first wife as an astrologer told him that he would lose his vision because of her son Dasan. The mother and son live in the woods and when he meets his father without knowing his identity, the king loses his sight. When the son gets to know about the sad tale from his mother, he sets out to bring a rare flower from the kingdom of Bakavali, which would restore the king's sight.

To achieve it, Dasan undergoes many adventures — enters into a debate with the queen Bakavali and wins the battle of wits, challenges a woman Lakbesha held captive by a crook Sukur in a fake dice contest, and rescues a slave dancer Mehmoodha of a tribal chief. Dasan wins them all and succeeds in getting the flower along with the three women who turn out to be princesses and siblings. Meanwhile, his stepbrothers try to steal the flower, but are exposed.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Prince Dasan
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]] as Princess Lakbesha
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Princess Mehmoodha
* [[G. Varalakshmi]] as Queen Bakavali
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Sukur
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] as Gulam
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]]
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Prince
* [[E. V. Saroja]] as Gulzar
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Dasan's mother
}}

== Production ==
''Gulebakavali'' is the second Tamil film to be based on the story [[The Water of Life (German fairy tale)#Asia|of the same name]] from the Arabic folklore collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', following a 1935 film.<ref name="hindu1" /> The film also involved a fight sequence between lead actor M. G. Ramachandran and a lion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India |pages=90}}</ref> [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], who wrote the screenplay, also wrote the songs' lyrics.<ref name="hindu1" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and all lyrics were written by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Kulebagavali_T.R.Ramanna_1955/107.%20Kulebagavali_T.R.Ramanna_1955.pdf |title=குலேபகாவலி |publisher=R. R. Pictures |year=1955 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulebakavali (1955) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001430 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213191710/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001430 |archive-date=13 February 2010 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Mayakkum Maalai" is one of the earliest film songs to be set in the [[Carnatic raga]] named ''[[Bageshri]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=143 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=13 April 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Bewitching Bhagesri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-bewitching-bhagesri/article3002530.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217045450/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-bewitching-bhagesri/article3002530.ece |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=8 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was originally composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] for Ramanna's previous film ''[[Koondukkili]]'' (1954). As that film was getting delayed and the song was yet to be filmed, Ramanna instead used it in ''Gulebakavali''. Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy were credited as the composers instead of Mahadevan.<ref name="hindu1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=10 October 2008 |title=Goondukili 1954 |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/10/stories/2008101050301600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817024055/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/10/stories/2008101050301600.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |access-date=7 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Mayakkum Maalai
| extra1 = [[Jikki]], [[A. M. Rajah]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Nayagamae Nabi
| extra2 = S. C. Krishnan, [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]]
| length2 = 2:51
| title3 = Acchu Nimirndha Vandi
| extra3 = [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Villendhum Veerarellam
| extra4 = Thiruchi Loganathan, [[P. Leela]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| length4 = 6:33
| title5 = Maaya Valayil
| extra5 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length5 = 1:13
| title6 = Vitthara Kalliyellam
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length6 = 1:29
| title7 = Kaiyai Thottathum
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Leela
| length7 = 2:37
| title8 = Na Sokka Potta Navabu
| extra8 = Jikki
| length8 = 3:36
| title9 = Aasaiyum Nesamum
| extra9 = [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
| length9 = 3:37
| title10 = Bhagavali Naattilae
| extra10 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length10 = 3:47
| title11 = Kannalae Pesum
| extra11 = Jikki
| length11 = 3:54
| title12 = Arivuppoti
| note12 = dialogues
| extra12 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| length12 = 3:26
| total_length = 40:42
}}

== Release ==
''Gulebakavali'' was released on 29 July 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1955 – குலேபகாவலி – ஆர்.ஆர்.பிக்சர்ஸ் – குல்-இ-பகாவலி(இ-டப்) |trans-title=1955 – Gulebakavali – R.R.Pictures – Gul-e-Bakawali(hi-dub) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails12.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170403111734/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails12.asp |archive-date=3 April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> and was distributed by K. S. Pictures in Madras.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 July 1955 |title=குலேபகாவலி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1955/jul/17-07-1955/p2.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220806090438/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1955/jul/17-07-1955/p2.jpg |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=2 |language=ta}}</ref> The film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=விஜயம் |date=12 July 1964 |title=படம் பிடிக்கும் போதினிலே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1964-07-12/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909082224/https://archive.org/details/kalki1964-07-12/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=18 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The 2018 film ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' was named after this film, but with a different spelling. To connect these two films, director Kalyaan devised a "special flashback sequence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2017 |title=Prabhu Deva's 'Gulebakavali' Begins From Where MGR's Film Ended |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/gulebakavali-begins-mgr-version-ends/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302111823/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/gulebakavali-begins-mgr-version-ends/ |archive-date=2 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=30 October 2010 |title=Blast from the past — Gulebakavali (1955) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-gulebakavali-1955/article859255.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915131112/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-gulebakavali-1955/article859255.ece |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=15 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1950s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Films about blind people]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Snehaloka

2026-03-03T22:08:13Z

Janandh: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Snehaloka
| image = Snehaloka album cover.jpg

| caption = Audio cover page
| director = [[S. Mahendar]]
| producer = Jayashri Devi
| writer = B. A. Madhu
| screenplay = S. Mahender
| based_on = ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' (Tamil)
| narrator =
| story = Ravi. C. Chandran
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Anu Prabhakar]] [[Ramkumar]] [[Shashikumar]] [[Vinod Raj]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Krishna Kumar
| editing = P. R. Soundar Rajan
| studio = Chinni Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1999|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Snehaloka''''' ({{Translation|World of friendship}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[S. Mahendar]] and produced by Jayshree Devi. The film has an [[ensemble cast]] comprising [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Shashikumar]], Vinod Raj and [[Anu Prabhakar]]. This film is the Kannada remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' (1998). The film released on 24 December 1999 to generally positive reviews from critics who lauded the lead performances and the catchy musical score by [[Hamsalekha]].

==Plot==
Ram meets Priya at Bangalore Airport and immediately falls for her. At college, after some ragging, Ramesh and his gang (Abhi, Sharan, Africa) become friends with Ram. Ram does not know that Priya is Ramesh's sister. Priya is unaware that Ram is her brother's friend. Ram pursues Priya and eventually Priya reciprocates his feelings.

Ramesh avoids bringing his friends home for some reason. Ram finds out that Ramesh had a friend called Vinod who had eloped with his other sister Hema on the day of her wedding. This had led to a lot of humiliation for Ramesh and his mother which is the reason why Ramesh's friends are not allowed in their house.

As his story with Priya is parallel to that of Vinod and Hema's, deciding to sacrifice his love, Ram begins avoiding Priya. When it is clear that Ram has chosen his brother's friendship over her love and there is no way of changing that, Priya tries to take her own life.

In the hospital, Ram's friend Shashi reveals the truth to Ramesh. A repentant Ramesh decides to accept Ram and Priya's love. He then finds out that Vinod was the one who got Priya admitted to the hospital and saved her life. He and his mother decide to forgive Vinod and Hema as well.

The film ends with a symbolic snapping that represents their friendship.

==Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
* [[Ramkumar]] as Ramkumar
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Priya
* [[Shashikumar]] as Shashi (Special appearance)
* [[Vinod Raj]] as Vinod
* [[Vanishree]] as Hema
* [[B. V. Radha]] as Ramesh's mother
* Manju Malini
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Sharan
* Abhishek as Abhi
* [[Michael Madhu]] as "Africa"
* [[Shobaraj]] as police officer
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Manohar
* [[Karibasavaiah]] as Muthanna "Muthu"
* Shankanada Anjanappa as Sannappa
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Snehaloka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|1999|08|16|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:27
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

This film music was composed and written by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref name="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000033 |title=Snehaloka Songs |website=[[Raaga.com]] |date= |accessdate=2014-05-20 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506145345/http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000033 |url-status=live }}</ref> A breathless song "Onde Usiranthe" was recorded in the voices of [[Rajesh Krishnan]] and [[K. S. Chitra]] which was widely appreciated. [[Sonu Nigam]] also sang his second number in Kannada whose soundtrack was "inspired" by [[Celine Dion]]'s "[[My Heart Will Go On]]" from the soundtrack of the film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997). The album consists of seven tracks.<ref name="R"/>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 40:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing = [[Hamsalekha]]
| title1 = Titanic Heroine
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length1 = 5:40
| title2 = Ooty Ooty Beauty
| extra2 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 = 6:37
| title3 = Onde Usiranthe
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 6:04
| title4 = Loka Snehaloka
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length4 = 5:23
| title5 = Yaarige Yaaroo Ilri
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length5 = 5:05
| title6 = Thamta Thakita
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]], [[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Latha Hamsalekha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/snehaloka-kannada|title=Snehaloka album|website=Gaana|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182750/https://gaana.com/album/snehaloka-kannada|url-status=live}}</ref>
| length6 = 5:50
| title7 = Don't Worry Thamma
| extra7 = Suresh Peters, Latha Hamsalekha
| length7 = 5:48
}}

== Reception ==
Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' called the film a "tear-jerker mould with a light and clean social entertainer." Of the acting performances, he wrote, "Ramesh fits the bill perfectly especially after shedding oodles of adipose. Ramesh has added another dimension to his acting capability. Ramkumar has definitely matured as an actor. Anu Prabhakar is a sweet delight to watch. Sharan seems to have a natural flair for comedy and his dialogues are timed well and so does Michael. Vinod Raj impresses in his brief sojourn. Shashi Kumar looks out of place but has a role to play in the end."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=SNEHALOKA (Kannada) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec26/revs.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000605031316/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec26/revs.htm |archive-date=5 June 2000 |date=26 December 1999 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "For a change here, the remake is better than the original. Many changes have been made from its original 'Kannedure Tondrinal' to suit the Kannada audience. If you want to see Kaliyuga's Karna who readily sacrifices his love for friendship, watch Snehaloka".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/reviews/south/kannada/snehaloka.html|title=Snehaloka|first=Vani|last=Nagendrappa|website=Indiainfo|access-date=25 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010627083758/http://movies.indiainfo.com/reviews/south/kannada/snehaloka.html|archive-date=27 June 2001}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14817012}}
* [https://www.onlinebangalore.com/movi/snehaloka/ film preview]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Snehaloka}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:1990s buddy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Mahendar]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]

Dongalunnaru Jaagratha

2026-03-03T09:16:12Z

Janandh: Adding The Article W/ Refs - done

{{About||the 1958 Telugu film|Dongalunnaru Jagratha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dongalunnaru Jaagratha
| image = Dongalunnaru Jaagratha poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sathish Tripura
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[4x4 (2019 film)|4x4]]''|[[Gastón Duprat & Mariano Cohn|Mariano Cohn Gastón Duprat]]}}
| producer = [[D. Suresh Babu]] [[Sunitha Tati]]
| starring = [[Sri Simha|Simha Koduri]] [[Samuthirakani]] [[Preethi Asrani]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Yeshwanth C.
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]] [[Guru Films]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|9|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dongalunnaru Jaagratha''''' ({{Translation|Beware of Thieves}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Survival film|survival]] [[crime thriller film]] directed by Sathish Tripura and, produced by [[Suresh Productions]] and [[Guru Films]]. It features [[Sri Simha|Simha Koduri]], [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Preethi Asrani]] in primary roles. It is a [[remake]] of the Argentine film ''[[4x4 (2019 film)|4x4]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/feb/23/sri-simhas-new-film-titled-dongalunnaru-jagratha-29918.html|title=Sri Simha's new film titled Dongalunnaru Jagratha|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|author=Cinema Express|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dongalunnaru-jagratha-trailer-sri-simha-koduri-fights-for-his-life-in-a-car-in-this-unique-survival-thriller/499ae6bebf119|title=Dongalunnaru Jagratha trailer: Sri Simha Koduri fights for his life in a car|website=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raju is a small time thief who hides his identity from his wife, Neeraja. One day, he goes to a car theft and gets stuck in the car. He tries all ways to get out of the car but fails. How will he get out of the car? Who trapped him in the car? What is his motive? These questions form the plot.

== Cast ==
*[[Sri Simha|Simha Koduri]] as Raju
*[[Samuthirakani]] as Chakravarthi (voice dubbed by [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]])
*[[Preethi Asrani]] as Neeraja
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] as cop

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Dongalunnaru Jagratha'' is an interesting attempt in the genre of survival mystery" and added that the film was "thought-provoking".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dongalunnaru-jagratha/movie-review/94406672.cms|title= Dongalunnaru Jaagratha|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/dongalunnaru-jagratha-telugu-movie-review/0203/122181910|title=Dongalunnaru Jagratha review: రివ్యూ: దొంగలున్నారు జాగ్రత్త|website=[[Eenadu]]|language=te|date=23 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15360418|title=Dongalunnaru Jagratta}}

[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 crime action films]]
[[Category:2020 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Crime thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaala Bhairava]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Argentine films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

St John Freight Systems

2026-03-02T18:26:52Z

Janandh: new

{{short description|India logistics company}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
|name = St. John Freight Systems Ltd.
|logo =
| type = Private
| foundation = 1979
| location = [[Tuticorin]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Mr.Vipin Shankar, CEO
| num_employees = 250 (2025)
| industry = [[Container shipping]]
| owner = Mr. Saravanakumar, MD.
| revenue = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.stjohnfreightsystems.com/}}
}}
'''St. John Freight Systems Ltd'''<ref>[http://www.stjohngroup.net/pdf/St-John-Corporate-Presentation.pdf "Profile"]</ref> is an Indian Logistic Company Headquartered in [[Tuticorin]] and the largest Private Logistic Operator in [[South India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140515/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/05/stories/2011060558540700.htm " “Tuticorin, dynamic centre of growth” "]</ref> It is considered the largest container shipping company in [[South India]] by revenue and employs about 250 people. .<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/voc-port-readies-for-second-container-terminal/article4441078.ece "VOC Port readies for second container terminal"]</ref>
It has 10 Offices in India.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/next-port-of-call-113032900331_1.html "Next port of call"]</ref> In 2023, St. John Freight Systems Ltd. was acquired by Oman-based Shipping & Logistics Forwarder '''''' Global Corp Logistics LLC''''''. This acquisition has positioned St. John Freight Systems for accelerated innovation, global integration, and strategic expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiaseatradenews.com/global-corp-logistics-acquires-st-johns-freight-systems/ |title=Global Corp Logistics acquires St. John’s Freight Systems |website=indiaseatradenews.com |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2026-03-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1979 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tuticorin]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1979]]

P. K. Sen (surgeon)

2026-02-27T18:27:16Z

Janandh: put up info

{{Short description|Indian vascular and cardiothoracic surgeon (1915–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Prafulla Kumar Sen
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prafulla Kumar Sen.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 7 December 1915
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 22 July 1982
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| death_cause =
| citizenship =
| education = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]
| occupation = [[Cardiothoracic surgeon]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Conducting the first human [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] in India (1968)
| relations = Marie Barnes
| website =
| profession =
| field =
| work_institutions = [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]
| specialism = [[Transplant surgery]]
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
'''Prafulla Kumar Sen''' [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] (7 December 1915 – 22 July 1982) was an Indian [[Blood vessel|vascular]] and [[cardiothoracic surgeon]], who led the world's sixth attempt of human [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] and India's first in 1968. It dubbed him the fourth surgeon in the world to carry out this operation.

Sen was active in establishing postgraduate programmes in surgical training and one of the early surgeons to perform [[aortic]] surgery in India in the 1950s. After being the first in India to perform a [[Mitral valve stenosis#Mitral valvuloplasty|closed mitral valvotomy]] in 1952, within a year he repaired a [[coarctation of the aorta]] and by 1956 he had successfully attempted the first direct vision closure of an [[atrial septal defect]]. In the 1950s he turned his attention from aortic surgery to open heart surgery following numerous experiments on dogs. He subsequently led teams that performed two heart transplants in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1968. Both recipients died on the day of their operation.

Sen was, in addition, a poet and painter. His paintings were displayed once in the United States, and twice in India.

==Early life and education==
Prafulla Kumar Sen, popularly known as P. K. Sen,<ref name=Hosain1970>{{cite journal |last1=Hosain |first1=Nazmul |title=Dr. P K Sen- the Bengali Surgeon of the Century |journal=Cardiovascular Journal |date=1 January 1970 |url=https://www.academia.edu/81449150|volume=3|issue=2|pages=254–257 |doi=10.3329/cardio.v3i2.9200 |doi-access=free }}</ref> was born on 7 December 1915 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":Obituary1982">{{Cite journal|date=1 October 1982|title=Professor Prafulla Kumar Sen 1915~1982|journal=Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=92–94|doi=10.1007/BF02664159|issn=0970-9134}}{{Subscription required}}
</ref> He had one sister and his father was a civil servant.<ref name=":Mittal2002">{{Cite journal|last=Mittal|first=Chander Mohan|date=2002|title=Profulla Kumar Sen|pmc=101263|journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=17–25|issn=0730-2347|pmid=11995843}}</ref>

He began his early education at a public school in Jamtada, [[Bihar]],<ref name=":Mittal2002"/> before attending the Victoria College of Sciences, [[Nagpur]]. Subsequently, Sen gained admission to medicine at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|G.S. Medical College]], Bombay, where he studied between 1933 and 1938, before passing his [[MBBS]]. In 1940, he achieved a distinction in his [[Master of Surgery|master of surgery]] (MS) degree at the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]].<ref name=":Obituary1982"/>

==Surgical career==
Sen's internships and surgical training were completed at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward VII Memorial Hospital]] (KEM), Bombay between 1938 and 1943, after which he returned to G.S. Medical College as assistant honorary surgeon.<ref name=":Mittal2002" /> Initially, he received aid from the [[Indian Council for Medical Research]] (ICMR). He was frequently in dispute with the Bombay Municipal Corporation who were more concerned with providing for diseases of poverty and over population. However, he was ambitious, a "buccaneer" and had a wish to extend Indian medicine into the rapidly growing and exciting arena of open heart surgery.<ref name="Jones2018" /> He was inspired by [[Charaka]] but also paid tribute to Western medical pioneers including [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] and [[Alexis Carrel]].<ref name="Jones2018" />

===Pennsylvania===
In 1949, following an application for a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] fellowship and the subsequent endorsement by Isidor Schwaner Ravdin, chair of surgery at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] at their request, Sen travelled to the University of Pennsylvania in the United States to work for six months with thoracic surgeon [[James Hardy (surgeon)|James Hardy]]. Their research on the "impact of surgery on adrenocortical activity" was presented at the [[American College of Surgeons]] in [[Boston]] in October 1950 and later, amidst the backdrop of racial unrest in the U.S. and an incident in which Sen was nearly barred from a hotel, at the [[American Physiological Society]] in Atlanta. Before returning to India in 1952, Sen visited surgical research centres all over the United States including Minneapolis, New York and Baltimore. In addition, he visited London and Sweden. Over the next fifteen years, he obtained another two travel fellowships to the U.S., with assistance from the Rockefeller foundation.<ref name="Jones2018"/>

===Return to India===
In 1952, he was appointed to KEM Hospital as honorary surgeon, but soon left to take up the post of director professor of surgery at G.S. Medical College, the post he held until his retirement in 1973.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/>

He initially worked in experimental and clinical research, but was later active in establishing postgraduate qualifications in cardiothoracic surgery during a period in which he also founded specialist departments at G.S. Medical college and the KEM Hospital, including gastrointestinal and hepatic surgery, sports medicine and oncology.<ref name=":Obituary1982"/>

===Early cardiovascular surgery===
In addition to North American networks, Rockefeller support and funding, and the ICMR,<ref name="Jones2018" /> Sen was also influenced by Soviet surgeons, particularly [[Vladimir Demikhov]]. Along with other KEM Hospital cardiothoracic surgeons including M. D. Kelkar, [[G. B. Parulkar]] who established the technique of hypothermic circulatory arrest in resection of aortic aneurysm and T. P.Kulkarni who described tuberculous aortitis, Sen was one of the first to perform aortic surgery in the 1950s, laying the foundations at first for aortic surgery and then later open heart surgery in India.<ref name="Dardik2016">{{cite book|last1=Unnikrishan|first1=Madathipat|title=Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective|last2=Savlania|first2=Ajay|last3=Goura|first3=Prakash|last4=Tripathi|first4=Ramesh K.|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-33743-2|editor=Alan Dardik|location=|page=64|chapter=Aortic Disease and Management in India|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-33745-6|lccn=2016948201|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64}}</ref>

In 1952, following the adaptation of American techniques and after 25 dog experiments, he successfully performed the first intra-cardiac procedure in India by pushing his finger through a [[rheumatic heart disease|rheumatic]] [[mitral valve]] (closed mitral valvotomy) via a cut made in the [[right atrium]] of a beating heart.<ref name=":Obituary1982"/><ref name="Jones2018" /> In 1953, he repaired a [[coarctation]] of the aorta and by 1956 he had successfully attempted the first direct vision closure of an atrial septal defect under [[hypothermia]] and inflow occlusion.<ref name="ChopraNanda2013">{{cite book|last=Iyer|first=K. S.|editor=H. K. Chopra|others=Navin C. Nanda|title=Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UPHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA713|year=2013|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-5090-081-9|page=713|chapter=84. The History of Congenital Heart Surgery}}</ref> Around the same time, he initiated other vascular repair procedures on the [[Aorta]] for the surgical treatment of [[Aortitis]] and [[Aortic aneurysms]].<ref name=":Obituary1982"/>

By 1957, Sen had completed his second travel fellowship and tour of major North American and European cardiac centres. In addition, on his return to India, he hosted foreign delegates, one of whom was [[William Heneage Ogilvie]] (of [[Ogilvie syndrome]]), in early 1958.<ref name="Jones2018" />

He was at first skeptical of [[heart-lung machines]] and concentrated chiefly on hypothermia in his transplant surgery, but by the early 1960s he had secured Rockefeller funding to train a group of Indian surgeons and scientists in surgery using heart-lung machines. In 1962 following the death of a child whilst repairing a [[ventricular septal defect]] with the assistance of a heart- lung machine, Sen made his third and final overseas Rockefeller tour which included Japan, Mexico, much of the U.S. and the United Kingdom. He concluded in Moscow with a visit to Demikhov, who had recently achieved fame with his dog heart and head transplants. This came at a time when the Indian government was "actively cultivating ties to the Soviet Union".<ref name="Jones2018" />

===First Indian human heart transplant===
Sen and his team tested their techniques on hundreds of dogs between 1962 and 1964.<ref name="Jones2018"/><ref name=NewsMinute2015>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hand-god-story-indias-first-successful-heart-transplant-private-hospital-35890|title=Hand of God: Story of India's first successful heart transplant in a private hospital|date=2015-11-11|work=The News Minute|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref> In 1965, three out of five dogs who underwent [[heart lung transplant|cardiopulmonary transplants]] were able to breathe after surgery without [[artificial ventilation]]. All the dogs had survivals from 5 to 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=D. K. C.|date=1 July 1969|title=Transplantation of the heart and both lungs: I. Historical review|journal=Thorax|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=383–390|doi=10.1136/thx.24.4.383|pmid=4978618|issn=0040-6376|pmc=472000}}</ref>

James Hardy, who had previously supervised Sen on his first fellowship at Pennsylvania in 1950, had by 1964 transplanted a chimpanzee heart into a human. Two years later, Hardy visited Bombay and spoke at G.S. Medical College about transplants.<ref name="Jones2018"/>

On 16 February 1968, Sen led the team that performed the first human [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] in India, and only the sixth in the world.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/> He was the fourth surgeon in the world to attempt this, the previous three surgeons being [[Christiaan Barnard]], [[Norman Shumway]] and [[Adrian Kantrowitz]].<ref name="Jones2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=David S.|last2=Sivaramakrishnan|first2=Kavita|date=10 January 2018|title=Transplant Buccaneers: P.K. Sen and India's First Heart Transplant, February 1968|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article-abstract/73/3/303/4797400?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|language=en|volume=73|issue=3|pages=303–332|doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrx059|pmid=29329407|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The recipient was a male farmer with severe progressive [[cardiomyopathy]] who had been admitted to hospital in the previous six months. It took one month from the decision to transplant to find a donor.<ref name="Jones2018"/> The patient was to be given the heart of a 20 year old [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] woman who had sustained severe head injuries after falling from a train. The operation began just after midnight on 17 February 1968.<ref name="Jones2018"/> The farmer died from heart failure within three hours of the operation.<ref name=":Kalra2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Kalra|first1=Aakshi|last2=Seth|first2=Sandeep|last3=Hote|first3=Milind Padmaker|last4=Airan|first4=Balram|date=1 May 2016|title=The story of heart transplantation: From cape town to cape comorin|journal=Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=120|doi=10.4103/2395-5414.191525|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sabharwal2007"/> The operation was not publicised as widely as previous heart transplants, particularly those of Barnard and Shumway.<ref name="Life1968">[https://books.google.com/books?id=41QEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75 "Search for an Ethic"] by Albert Rosenfeld, ''Life'', 5 April 1968, p. 75. Retrieved 20 May 2018.</ref> With less media coverage than numerous other early heart transplants, Sen's heart transplant in February 1968, was before any in Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan or the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/50-years-ago-indias-first-heart-transplant-in-the-time-of-nehruvian-science|title=50 Years Ago: India's First Heart Transplant in the Time of Nehruvian Science|website=The Wire|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>

Sen believed India had a vast potential as a transplant centre with a wealth of donor organs resulting from accidents on its disordered roads and railways.<ref name="Jones2018"/>

On 13 September 1968, he performed the second human heart transplant in India. The donor was a 25 year old road traffic accident victim and the recipient, a youth. Severe [[pulmonary hypertension]] developed within a few hours of the operation and the recipient died within 14 hours. No further attempts at heart transplants were made in India until [[Panangipalli Venugopal]] led the first successful heart transplant in India, at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) in Delhi in 1994 and after new laws had been passed relating to "brain death".<ref name=":Kalra2016"/><ref name="Sabharwal2007">{{cite book|last=Sabharwal|first=Gopa |title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&pg=PA119|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-310274-8|page=119}}</ref>
KEM did not carry out any further heart transplants until 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/22-year-old-gets-mumbai-s-first-heart-transplant-since-1968/story-yqgpNHAPKHIbqPhX3146VK.html|title=22-year-old gets Mumbai's first heart transplant since 1968|date=3 August 2015|work=Hindustantimes|access-date=20 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1970s===
Sen's contributions to the procedure of myocardial acupuncture in [[ischaemic heart disease]] were followed by developments in [[aortic arch]] replacement. His students included [[Sharad Panday]], [[M. S. Valiathan]] and [[S. I. Padmavati]] and he maintained contact with heart surgeons outside India such as William Bigelow, [[Denton Cooley]], [[Donald Ross (surgeon)|Donald Ross]], [[Norman Shumway]] and Demikhov.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/><ref name="ASI">{{Cite web|url=http://asiindia.org/dr-p-k-sen-memorial-oration/|title=Dr. P. K. Sen Memorial Oration – The Association of Surgeons of India|website=asiindia.org|language=en-US|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

===Calcutta Hospital and Research Centre===
From 1977, Sen practiced as a consultant cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon at Calcutta Hospital and Research Centre, where he remained until his death in 1982.<ref name=":Obituary1982"/>

Sen received the Indian [[Padma Bhushan]] award.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/><ref name="Jones2018" />{{when|date=February 2026}}

==Personal life==
In 1950, Sen met Marie Barnes, an American physiologist from Philadelphia, while training there. They married in 1954. They had no children.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/>

He painted and wrote poetry. His paintings were displayed at one time in the United States, and twice in India.<ref name=":Mittal2002"/>

==Death and legacy==
Sen died on 22 July 1982 from a [[heart attack]].<ref name=":Mittal2002"/> The department of cardiothoracic surgery at KEM was founded by him and now bears his name.<ref name="ASI"/> As a past president of the [[Association of Surgeons of India]], the "Dr P. K. Sen memorial oration" was established in his honour in 1993 by the [[Indian Association of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgeons]].<ref name="ASI"/><ref name="PKSenMemorillectures">{{Cite news|url=http://iacts.org/orations-and-fellowships/p-k-sen-memorial-lecture/|title=P K Sen Memorial Lecture - IACTS|work=IACTS|access-date=16 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* {{cite journal | pmid = 14063008 | doi=10.1136/hrt.25.5.610 | volume=25 | title=The middle aortic syndrome| pmc=1018042 | year=1963 | journal=Br Heart J | pages=610–8 | last1 = Sen | first1 = PK | last2 = Kinare | first2 = SG | last3 = Engineer | first3 = SD | last4 = Parulkar | first4 = GB| issue=5 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 5318259 | volume=53 | title=Homologous canine heart transplantation: a preliminary report of 100 experiments | year=1965 | journal=Indian J Med Res | pages=674–84 | last1 = Sen | first1 = PK | last2 = Parulkar | first2 = GB | last3 = Panday | first3 = SR | last4 = Kinare | first4 = SG| issue=7 }}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0002-9149(68)90178-1 | volume=22 | title=Human heart homotransplantation∗ | year=1968 | journal=The American Journal of Cardiology | pages=826–832 | last1 = Sen | first1 = Prufalla K.| issue=6 | pmid=4880227 }}.
* {{cite journal | pmid = 14321516 | volume=50 | title=Transmyocardial acupuncture: A new approach to myocardial revascularization | year=1965 | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | pages=181–9 | last1 = Sen | first1 = PK | last2 = Udwadia | first2 = TE | last3 = Kinare | first3 = SG | last4 = Parulkar | first4 = GB | issue=2 | doi = 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)33205-2| doi-access = free }}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, P. K.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian transplant surgeons]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:History of transplant surgery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:1968 in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Rajahmundry railway station

2026-02-21T08:23:56Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox station
| style = Indian Railways
| name =
| native_name =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]]
| other_name =
| image = Rajahmundry Railway Station.jpg
| address = Alcot Gardens, Rajahmundry, East Godavari District, 533101, Andhra Pradesh
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|16.984516|81.784343|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|3.465|m|ft}}
| owned = Government of India
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Chennai–Howrah]]
| platform = 5
| tracks = 10
| other =
| structure =
| parking = Available
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RJY
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada Railway Division }}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1873}}<ref>{{cite web |title=IR History: Early Days – I |work=IRFCA |url=http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|df=yes|1959}} (''first'') {{start date and age|df=yes|1998}} (''second'')
| electrified = Yes
| passengers = 530,000/day<ref name="TNIE_Feb2023">{{cite news |last1=Anbuselvan |first1=B. |title=Chennai Central becomes India's first 'silent' railway station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Feb/27/chennai-central-becomes-indias-first-silent-railway-station-2551344.html |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| pass_system = 250 trains (including all pairs of vande Bharat/ Amrit Bharat/ Uday Double Decker/ super fast express/ mail trains)/day<ref name="TNIE_Feb2023"/>
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services =
}}
There are two railway stations in [[Rajamahendravaram]] ([[Rajahmundry]]).
1. [[Rajahmundry railway station]]
2. [[Godavari railway station]].
[[File:Rajahmundry Railway Station,Platform 1 to the right,Platform 3 to the left and platform 2 at the Centre.jpg|thumb|Rajahmundry Railway Station]]
[[File:ARCH BRIDGE.jpg|thumb|Iconic [[Godavari Arch Bridge]], Rajahmundry]]
'''Rajahmundry railway station''' (station code:RJY<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |date=2015}}</ref>) located in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], serves [[Rajahmundry]] in [[East Godavari district]]. It is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]] (formerly [[South Central Railway zone]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |page=7 |date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rajahmundry railway station has computerized reservation facilities (with all-India linkage)

== History ==
The Godavari Dam Construction Railway was used for transporting materials for the construction of the Dowlaisweram Anicut at Rajahmundry around 1845. The project was completed in 1852 and the railway was closed down.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html#godavari |title = India's first railways|work= Godavari Dam Construction Railway|last=Darvill |first= Simon| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 19 January 2013}}</ref>

Between 1893 and 1896, {{convert|1288|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[East Coast State Railway]], between [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]] and [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]] was opened for traffic.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 25 January 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The construction of the [[Old Godavari Bridge]] in 1897<ref name=irii /> and construction of the Vijayawada–Madras link in 1899 enabled the through running of trains.<ref name=irii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 19 January 2013}}</ref> The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 19 January 2013}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Rajahmundry is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-2 (NSG-2)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–2 category station earns between {{₹|100}}–{{₹|500}} [[crore]] and handles {{Nowrap|10–20 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Structure and amenities ==
In 2013, {{INRConvert|36|m|abbr=on}} was spent on improving the amenities at the station.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/26/stories/2009032653050300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090329232632/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/26/stories/2009032653050300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 March 2009 |title = Railway GM inspects amenities at Rajahmundry|date= 26 March 2009| work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 25 January 2013}}</ref> It is one of the 38 stations in the division to be equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs).<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2017 |title=SCR introduces mobile paper ticketing facility in 38 stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SCR-introduces-mobile-paper-ticketing-facility-in-38-stations/article17099376.ece |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The station has roof top [[solar panels]] installed by the Indian railways, along with various railway stations and service buildings in the country, as a part of sourcing 500 [[MegaWatt|MW]] [[solar energy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Panels at Railway Stations|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1528465 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=18 May 2019 |location=[[Delhi]] |date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Solar Panels Installed at railway stations Across Country – Full List |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indian-railways-sets-up-solar-panels-at-railway-stations-across-country-full-list-2993822/ |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=India.com}}</ref> Elevators at platform 1&3. Escalators on 1&3: prepaid AC waiting hall & VIP lounge on platform.

== See also ==
* [[List of railway stations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rajahmundry railway station}}
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/rajahmundry-rjy/413 Trains at Rajahmundry]
{{Wikivoyage inline|Rajahmundry}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Central Railway zone|left=Kadiyam|right=Kovvur|type=[[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] via [[Godavari Bridge]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
|line2=South Central Railway zone|left2=Kadiyam|right2=Godavari|type2=[[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] via [[Godavari Arch Bridge]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{South Central Railway zone|state=collapsed}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajahmundry]]

Sikkal Singaravelan Temple

2026-02-08T22:12:08Z

Janandh: done

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sikkal Singaravelar Temple
| image = Sikkal temple.jpg
| nocat_wdimage =yes 
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7567|79.7987|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = சிக்கல் சிங்காரவேலர் கோயில்
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam]]
| location = [[Sikkal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Singaravelar ([[Lord Murugan]])
| festivals=
| architecture = Dravidian Architecture
| temple_quantity = 2 (one for [[Shiva]] & [[Kartikeya]] and the other for [[Vishnu]])
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = unknown
| website =
}}

'''Sikkal Singara Velar Temple''' is one of the most popular [[Hindu]] temples dedicated to [[Lord Muruga]] and a contender for the not unofficial seventh Padaiveedu of Muruga, along with the popular [[Arupadaiveedu]] (six abodes of Lord Muruga).

It is one of the rare traditional Hindu temples that has both [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] deities in the same complex.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/s131.html
|title = Sikkal temple description}}</ref>

== Location ==
The temple is located in the village of [[Sikkal]], near [[Nagapattinam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is 5 kilometers in the West from [[Nagapattinam]] and 18 kilometers in the East from [[Thiruvarur]] on the way to Nagapatptinam.

==Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple==
[[Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple]] is the main temple. The Singaravelan temple is found in the premises of Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple.

== Temple Lore ==

It is believed in Hindu mythology that this place was once a jasmine forest and due to its pleasant smell, the semi-human goddess with cow's trunk, [[Kamadenu]] lives here. Once upon a time, [[Kamadenu]] was cursed by lord [[Shiva]], when it ate meat. Later feeling guilty of its action, it got rid of its sin by taking bath in the holy water point of this temple and worshiped here, as told by Lord Shiva. After getting rid of the sin, Kamadenu offered its milk which later became ''Parkulam'' (literal meaning ''the milk pond''), which is located behind the temple.
It is this holy water point (''The Parkulam'') of the temple where [[Vashistha]] Maharishi performed a pooja here, by making a [[lingam]] with the butter from the ''Parkulam''. After completing the pooja he tried to move that lingam, but it stuck to that place, and never moved. As a result, Vasista Maharishi regarded this place as sikkal.

It is also said that [[Lord Murugan]] had got his [[Vel]] (weapon) from his divine mother at Sikkal, to kill the [[asura]], [[Soorapadman]] in Sri Lanka. He performed '''''Soora Samharam''''' (literal meaning: killing Soorapadman) by setting up the base camp in [[Thiruchendur Murugan Temple|Thiruchendur]].

== Festivals ==
The most important festival is '''''Soora Samharam''''' associated with Lord Muruga getting the weapon [[Vel]] from his divine mother, [[Parvathi]] to destroy the demon king, [[Soorapadman]]. During this time, it is believed by the devotees that the idol sweats and a major event is conducted.
[[File:A Hindu deity sculpture.JPG|thumbnail|right|A sculpture depicting a deity inside the forehead-eye (third eye) of the Lingam at Sikkal temple]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20061213224354/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101600400.htm Excellent article on the temple in "The Hindu"]}}
*[https://sikkalsingaravelavartemple.org/ Official Website]
*http://nagapattinam.nic.in/sikkal.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126105941/http://nagapattinam.nic.in/sikkal.html |date=26 January 2007 }}
*http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/sikkal/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108115049/http://hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/sikkal/index.htm |date=8 January 2015 }}
*http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/m029.html
*http://www.murugan.org/temples/sikkal.htm
*[http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Nagapattinam1.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s17/ Tamilnadu tourism page]

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district]]

2018–19 Indian Super League

2026-02-07T03:50:45Z

Janandh:

{{Short description|5th season of the Indian Super League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2018–19 in Indian football|2018–19]]
| winners= [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (1st title) 3rd [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]
| continentalcup1 = [[AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 95
| total goals = 254
| league topscorer = [[Coro (footballer)|Coro]] (16 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (96.32 mins per goal)
| biggest home win = {{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]] 5–0 [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}} (24 October 2018) {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 6–1 [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} (16 December 2018)
| biggest away win = {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 1–5 [[FC Goa|Goa]]}} (9 March 2019)
| highest scoring = {{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 3–4 [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}} (18 October 2018) {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 6–1 [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} (16 December 2018)
| longest wins = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (6 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (11 games)
| longest winless = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (14 games)
| longest losses = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (5 games)
| highest attendance = 41,202 {{nobreak|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]] 0–2 [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} (29 September 2018)
| lowest attendance = 3,134 {{nobreak|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] 2–0 [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} (31 January 2019)
| attendance = 1,131,304
| average attendance = 13,155
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| updated =
| dates = 29 September 2018 – 17 March 2019
}}

The '''2018–19 Indian Super League season''' was the fifth season of the [[Indian Super League]], one of the top Indian professional [[Association football|football]] leagues. It was established in 2013. The regular season began on 29 September 2018 and concluded on 17 March 2019.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=ISL 2018–19: Schedule, fixtures, date, time, venue, teams and squads of Indian Super League season 5 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-isl-2018-19-schedule-fixtures-date-time-venue-teams-and-squads-of-indian-super-league-season-5-2668940 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=DNA India |date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155515/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-isl-2018-19-schedule-fixtures-date-time-venue-teams-and-squads-of-indian-super-league-season-5-2668940 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league took a mid-season break for around one month from 17 December 2018 to early January 2019 due to [[India national football team|India]]'s participation in the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref name="DNA"/>

[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] were the defending champions, having defeated [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in the [[2018 Indian Super League final|2018 final]], however they did not qualify for the playoffs having finished the last in the regular season. [[Bengaluru FC]] won their maiden title by defeating [[FC Goa]] 1–0 in the [[2019 Indian Super League final|final]] which was held on 17 March 2019. Bengaluru FC became the first team who won the ISL trophy as well as after topped the league stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-bengaluru-fc-beat-fc-goa-to-win-maiden-title/articleshow/68455045.cms|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC beat FC Goa to win maiden title|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317215956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-bengaluru-fc-beat-fc-goa-to-win-maiden-title/articleshow/68455045.cms|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indian-super-league-final-bheke-makes-it-a-fantastic-day-for-bengaluru-fc/article26561798.ece|title=Indian Super League final: Bheke makes it a fantastic day for Bengaluru FC|last=Marar|first=Nandakumar|date=2019-03-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401223056/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indian-super-league-final-bheke-makes-it-a-fantastic-day-for-bengaluru-fc/article26561798.ece|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{location map+ |India
|float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|caption=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.58 |long=77.34 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.47 |long=86.12 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.3636|long=77.1348|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}</div>|position=right}}
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! City/State
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|85,000}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Salt Lake Stadium|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/venue/|website=Indian Super League|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403231347/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/venue|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|25,810}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanteerava Stadium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202528/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/656-bengaluru-fc-profile/venue/|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/656-bengaluru-fc-profile/venue/|website=Indian Super League|archive-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|20,765}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/venue/|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=ISL|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093419/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/venue/|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|14,342}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/venue|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|publisher=ISL|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214318/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/venue|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|18,600}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-goa/venue|title=Fatorda Stadium|publisher=ISL|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529113410/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-goa/venue|archive-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
| [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|24,424}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/venue|title=JRD Tata Sports Complex, Jamshedpur|publisher=ISL|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117193419/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/venue/|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| [[EMS Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|38,086}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/498-kerala-blasters-fc-profile/venue|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|publisher=ISL|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116033536/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/498-kerala-blasters-fc-profile/venue|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| \ style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|7,790}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Football Arena|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/venue|website=Indian Super League|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602220202/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/venue|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|23,627}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/venue|title=Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|publisher=ISL|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627062409/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/venue|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Balewadi Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|10,237}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|title=Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|publisher=ISL|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613222109/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Personnel and sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
|-
! Team
! Head coach
! Captain
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
|-
| [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Coppell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/919713/atk-coach-steve-coppell-blasts-unprofessional-super-cup-after-pull-out-from-i-league-clubs|title=ATK coach Steve Coppell blasts 'unprofessional' Super Cup after pull out from I-League clubs|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521190018/https://scroll.in/field/919713/atk-coach-steve-coppell-blasts-unprofessional-super-cup-after-pull-out-from-i-league-clubs|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref name="ATK">{{cite web|title=ATK Nike and CESC|url=https://twitter.com/WorldATK/status/932501763663454208|website=ATK (Twitter)}}</ref>
| [[CESC Limited]]<ref name="ATK"/>
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Cuadrat]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref name="BFC">{{cite web|title=New Bengaluru FC Home Kit|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/896025297065095168|website=Bengaluru FC (Twitter)|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115035/https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/896025297065095168|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Kia Motors]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Kia Motors India pen four-year sponsorship deal with Bengaluru FC|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kia-motors-new-principal-sponsor-of-bengaluru-fc-118100500874_1.html|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825124840/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kia-motors-new-principal-sponsor-of-bengaluru-fc-118100500874_1.html|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves]]
| Performax<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin FC announce Performax as new kit sponsor|url=https://twitter.com/ChennaiyinFC/status/914346735249625088|website=Chennaiyin FC (Twitter)|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115051/https://abs.twimg.com/responsive-web/client-web/ondemand.Dropdown.cdde1bb5.js|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Apollo Tyres]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin FC announce Apollo Tyres as sponsor|url=https://twitter.com/ChennaiyinFC/status/931378909072916480|website=Chennaiyin FC (Twitter)|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115059/https://twitter.com/ChennaiyinFC/status/931378909072916480|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josep Gombau]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcos Tébar]]
| [[TYKA Sports]]
| [[Aspire Academy]]
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mandar Rao Dessai]]
| Sqad Gear
| [[Xiaomi]]
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[César Ferrando]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
| [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
| [[Tata Steel]]
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Nelo Vingada]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
| [[SIX5SIX]]
| [[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Pappachan]]
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Jorge Costa (footballer)|Jorge Costa]]
| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Lucian Goian]]
| Sqad Gear
| ACE Group
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Eelco Schattorie]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| Performax
| [[McDowell's No. 1]]
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Phil Brown (footballer, born 1959)|Phil Brown]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Matt Mills]]
| [[SIX5SIX]]
| [[Suzuki Gixxer]]
|}

{{clear}}

===Managerial changes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!Outgoing manager
!Manner of departure
!Date of vacancy
!Position in table
!Incoming manager
!Date of appointment
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ranko Popović]]
| Contract finished
| 31 May 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranko Popovic quits as coach of FC Pune City |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/ranko-popovic-quits-as-coach-of-fc-pune-city-5197084/ |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Indian Express |date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155732/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/ranko-popovic-quits-as-coach-of-fc-pune-city-5197084/ |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="8" align="center" | ''Pre-season''
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcos Paquetá]]
| 1 June 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL side FC Pune City name Brazilian coach Marcos Paqueta as Ranko Popovic's replacement |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-side-fc-pune-city-name-brazilian-coach-marcos-paqueta-as-ranko-popovics-replacement-4491663.html |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=FirstPost |date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155936/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-side-fc-pune-city-name-brazilian-coach-marcos-paqueta-as-ranko-popovics-replacement-4491663.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Roca]]
| Contract finished
| 31 May 2018<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Sandeep |title=Coach Albert Roca to leave Bengaluru FC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/coach-albert-roca-to-leave-bengaluru-fc/articleshow/64209813.cms |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214132348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/coach-albert-roca-to-leave-bengaluru-fc/articleshow/64209813.cms |archive-date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Cuadrat]]
| 14 June 2018<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyriac |first1=Biju Babu |title=Carles Cuadrat named Bengaluru FC head coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/carles-cuadrat-named-bengaluru-fc-head-coach/articleshow/64588402.cms |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214131857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/carles-cuadrat-named-bengaluru-fc-head-coach/articleshow/64588402.cms |archive-date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Robbie Keane]]
| Contract finished
| 31 May 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Robbie Keane is set to make a decision on his future in football |url=https://extra.ie/2018/04/16/sport/soccernews/robbie-keane-is-set-to-make-a-decision-on-his-future-in-football |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Extra |date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929163216/https://extra.ie/2018/04/16/sport/soccernews/robbie-keane-is-set-to-make-a-decision-on-his-future-in-football |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Coppell]]
| 18 June 2018<ref name="Coppell ATK">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nilesh |title=ATK appoint Steve Coppell as new coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atk-appoint-steve-coppell-as-new-coach/articleshow/64634765.cms |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228002946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atk-appoint-steve-coppell-as-new-coach/articleshow/64634765.cms |archive-date=28 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Coppell]]
| Contract finished
| 31 May 2018<ref name="Coppell ATK"/>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[César Ferrando]]
| 21 July 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamshedpur FC appoint ex Atletico Madrid manager Cesar Ferrando Jimenez as head coach |url=https://scroll.in/field/887457/isl-jamshedpur-fc-appoint-ex-atletico-madrid-manager-cesar-ferrando-jimenez-as-head-coach |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Scroll.in |date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722131809/https://scroll.in/field/887457/isl-jamshedpur-fc-appoint-ex-atletico-madrid-manager-cesar-ferrando-jimenez-as-head-coach |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
| Mutual consent
| 2 May 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Miguel Angel Portugal leaves Delhi Dynamos by mutual consent, to become Granada manager |url=https://scroll.in/field/877644/miguel-angel-portugal-leaves-delhi-dynamos-by-mutual-consent-to-become-granada-manager |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Scroll.in |date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129132945/https://scroll.in/field/877644/miguel-angel-portugal-leaves-delhi-dynamos-by-mutual-consent-to-become-granada-manager |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josep Gombau]]
| 2 August 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Dynamos appoint former Barcelona B manager Josep Gombau as head coach for a two-year term |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/delhi-dynamos-appoint-former-barcelona-b-manager-josep-gombau-as-head-coach-for-a-two-year-term-4879291.html |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=FirstPost |date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929162829/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/delhi-dynamos-appoint-former-barcelona-b-manager-josep-gombau-as-head-coach-for-a-two-year-term-4879291.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcos Paquetá]]
| Contract terminated
| 29 June 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Marcos Paqueta terminates contract with Pune City to join Botafogo |url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-201819-marcos-paqueta-pune-city-botafogo/r08vb00cnuxs1409jd0g39cat |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Goal.com |date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810180559/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-201819-marcos-paqueta-pune-city-botafogo/r08vb00cnuxs1409jd0g39cat |archive-date=10 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
| 9 August 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=FC Pune City sign former Delhi Dynamos boss Miguel Angel Portugal |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-201819-former-delhi-dynamos-boss-miguel-ang/p398sxt2f6bj1f502ouv8kpq9 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Goal.com |date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155516/http://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-201819-former-delhi-dynamos-boss-miguel-ang/p398sxt2f6bj1f502ouv8kpq9 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{flagicon|CRC}} [[Alexandre Guimarães]]
| Mutual consent
| 14 August 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Guimaraes departs |url=https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1029226881298518016/photo/1?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C9196769652 |website=Mumbai City FC (Twitter) |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115044/https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1029226881298518016/photo/1?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C9196769652 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Jorge Costa (footballer)|Jorge Costa]]
| 14 August 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Jorge Costa appointed as Mumbai City FC head coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jorge-costa-appointed-as-mumbai-city-fc-head-coach/articleshow/65404124.cms |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101052322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jorge-costa-appointed-as-mumbai-city-fc-head-coach/articleshow/65404124.cms |archive-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Avram Grant]]
| Contract finished
| 31 May 2018
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Eelco Schattorie]]
| 18 August 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Eelco Schattorie named NorthEast United FC Head Coach for ISL-5! |url=http://www.arunfoot.com/eelco-schattorie-named-northeast-united-fc-head-coach-for-isl-5/ |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=Arunfoot |date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929160024/http://www.arunfoot.com/eelco-schattorie-named-northeast-united-fc-head-coach-for-isl-5/ |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
| Sacked
| 26 October 2018<ref name="Portugal Sacked">{{cite news |title=FC PUNE CITY RELIEVE HEAD COACH MIGUEL ANGEL PORTUGAL FROM HIS DUTIES |url=http://www.fcpunecity.com/fc-pune-city-relieve-head-coach-miguel-angel-portugal-from-his-duties/ |access-date=26 October 2018 |work=FC Pune City |date=26 October 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|align=center|10th
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pradhyum Reddy]] (Interim)
| 26 October 2018<ref name="Portugal Sacked"/>
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]
|Sacked
|18 December 2018
|align=center|8th
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nelo Vingada]]
| 18 January 2019
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pradhyum Reddy]] (Interim)
| Mutual consent
| 24 December 2018
|align=center|7th
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Phil Brown (footballer, born 1959)|Phil Brown]]
| 24 December 2018
|}

===Roster changes===
{{Main|List of 2018–19 Indian Super League season roster changes}}

==Foreign Players==
{{More information|List of foreign Indian Super League players}}

The number of foreign players allowed in the squad will be reduced from eight to seven from 2018 to 2019 season, however the maximum number of foreign players allowed on the pitch will remain same at five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-foreign-player-quota-reduced-to-7/articleshow/63454321.cms|title=ISL: Foreign player quota reduced to 7|date=25 March 2018|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507213455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-foreign-player-quota-reduced-to-7/articleshow/63454321.cms|archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!Club
!Foreigner 1
!Foreigner 2
!Foreigner 3
!Foreigner 4
!Foreigner 5
!Foreigner 6
!Foreigner 7
|-
| [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Éverton Santos]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gerson Vieira]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Andre Bikey]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Kalu Uche]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu García]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Barrera]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xisco Hernández]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juanan]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luisma (footballer, born 1989)|Luisma]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Serrán]]
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Chris Herd]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Raphael Augusto]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Gregory Nelson]]
| {{flagicon|PLE}} [[Carlos Salom]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andrea Orlandi]]
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Ulises Dávila]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Gianni Zuiverloon]]
| {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Rene Mihelič]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrià Carmona]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Martí Crespí]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francisco Dorronsoro]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcos Tébar]]
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Zaid Krouch]]
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Peña (Spanish footballer)|Carlos Peña]]
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tim Cahill]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Memo (footballer)|Memo]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Arqués]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Carlos Calvo]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Cidoncha]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Morgado]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cyril Kali]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Courage Pekuson]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Krčmarević]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nemanja Lakić-Pešić]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Slaviša Stojanović (footballer, born 1989)|Slaviša Stojanović]]
| {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Matej Poplatnik]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Kizito Keziron]]
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Bastos]]
| {{flagicon|DRC}} [[Arnold Issoko]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Paulo Machado]]
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Lucian Goian]]
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Modou Sougou]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Klisura]]
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Matías Mirabaje]]
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[José David Leudo]]
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Janeiler Rivas Palacios]]
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mato Grgić]]
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Triadis]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Juan Cruz Mascia]]
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Marko Stanković]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1988)|Diego Carlos]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Matt Mills]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jonathan Vila]]
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Díaz]]
|}

==Regular season==
===League table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Regular season
|source=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]


|team1=BFC |team2=FCG |team3=MCFC |team4=NEU |team5=JFC |team6=ATK |team7=FCPC |team8=DDFC |team9=KBFC |team10=CFC


|update=complete
|win_ATK=6 |draw_ATK=6 |loss_ATK=6 |gf_ATK=18 |ga_ATK=22 |status_ATK= 
|win_BFC=10 |draw_BFC=4 |loss_BFC=4 |gf_BFC=29 |ga_BFC=22 |status_BFC=C 
|win_CFC=2 |draw_CFC=3 |loss_CFC=13 |gf_CFC=16 |ga_CFC=32 |status_CFC= 
|win_DDFC=4 |draw_DDFC=6 |loss_DDFC=8 |gf_DDFC=23 |ga_DDFC=27 |status_DDFC= 
|win_FCG=10 |draw_FCG=4 |loss_FCG=4 |gf_FCG=36 |ga_FCG=20 |status_FCG= 
|win_JFC=6 |draw_JFC=9 |loss_JFC=3 |gf_JFC=29 |ga_JFC=21 |status_JFC= 
|win_KBFC=2 |draw_KBFC=9 |loss_KBFC=7 |gf_KBFC=18 |ga_KBFC=28 |status_KBFC= 
|win_MCFC=9 |draw_MCFC=3 |loss_MCFC=6 |gf_MCFC=25 |ga_MCFC=20 |status_MCFC= 
|win_NEU=7 |draw_NEU=8 |loss_NEU=3 |gf_NEU=22 |ga_NEU=18 |status_NEU= 
|win_FCPC=6 |draw_FCPC=4 |loss_FCPC=8 |gf_FCPC=24 |ga_FCPC=30 |status_FCPC= 

|hth_BFC=Head-to-head standings: Bengaluru 6 pts, Goa 0 pts. |hth_FCG=BFC


|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |result3=FIN |result4=FIN


|name_ATK=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]{{efn|Qualified for [[2020 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs]]}}
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DDFC=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_JFC=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KBFC=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MCFC=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_FCPC=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) fair play ranking; 6) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to [[2019 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Playoffs]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures Indian Super League]
|update = complete
|a_note =
|matches_style = FBR

|team1=KOL
|team2=BEN
|team3=CHE
|team4=DEL
|team5=GOA
|team6=JAM
|team7=KER
|team8=MUM
|team9=NEU
|team10=PUN


|name_KOL=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MUM=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU={{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}
|name_PUN=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]



 |match_KOL_KOL=
 |match_KOL_BEN=1–2
 |match_KOL_CHE=2–1
 |match_KOL_DEL=2–1
 |match_KOL_GOA=0–0
 |match_KOL_JAM=2–1
 |match_KOL_KER=0–2
 |match_KOL_MUM=1–3
 |match_KOL_NEU=0–1
 |match_KOL_PUN=1–0



 |match_BEN_KOL=1–0
 |match_BEN_BEN=
 |match_BEN_CHE=1–0
 |match_BEN_DEL=1–0
 |match_BEN_GOA=3–0
 |match_BEN_JAM=2–2
 |match_BEN_KER=2–2
 |match_BEN_MUM=1–1
 |match_BEN_NEU=2–1
 |match_BEN_PUN=2–1



 |match_CHE_KOL=2–3
 |match_CHE_BEN=2–1
 |match_CHE_CHE=
 |match_CHE_DEL=1–3
 |match_CHE_GOA=1–3
 |match_CHE_JAM=0–0
 |match_CHE_KER=0–0
 |match_CHE_MUM=0–1
 |match_CHE_NEU=3–4
 |match_CHE_PUN=1–2



 |match_DEL_KOL=1–2
 |match_DEL_BEN=3–2
 |match_DEL_CHE=0–0
 |match_DEL_DEL=
 |match_DEL_GOA=0–0
 |match_DEL_JAM=2–2
 |match_DEL_KER=2–0
 |match_DEL_MUM=2–4
 |match_DEL_NEU=0–2
 |match_DEL_PUN=1–1



 |match_GOA_KOL=3–0
 |match_GOA_BEN=1–2
 |match_GOA_CHE=1–0
 |match_GOA_DEL=3–2
 |match_GOA_GOA=
 |match_GOA_JAM=0–0
 |match_GOA_KER=3–0
 |match_GOA_MUM=5–0
 |match_GOA_NEU=5–1
 |match_GOA_PUN=4–2



 |match_JAM_KOL=1–1
 |match_JAM_BEN=5–1
 |match_JAM_CHE=3–1
 |match_JAM_DEL=2–1
 |match_JAM_GOA=4–1
 |match_JAM_JAM=
 |match_JAM_KER=2–2
 |match_JAM_MUM=1–0
 |match_JAM_NEU=0–0
 |match_JAM_PUN=1–4



 |match_KER_KOL=1–1
 |match_KER_BEN=1–2
 |match_KER_CHE=3–0
 |match_KER_DEL=1–1
 |match_KER_GOA=1–3
 |match_KER_JAM=1–1
 |match_KER_KER=
 |match_KER_MUM=1–1
 |match_KER_NEU=0–0
 |match_KER_PUN=0–1



 |match_MUM_KOL=0–0
 |match_MUM_BEN=1–0
 |match_MUM_CHE=2–0
 |match_MUM_DEL=2–0
 |match_MUM_GOA=0–2
 |match_MUM_JAM=0–2
 |match_MUM_KER=6–1
 |match_MUM_MUM=
 |match_MUM_NEU=0–2
 |match_MUM_PUN=2–0



 |match_NEU_KOL=0–0
 |match_NEU_BEN=1–1
 |match_NEU_CHE=1–0
 |match_NEU_DEL=1–1
 |match_NEU_GOA=2–2
 |match_NEU_JAM=1–1
 |match_NEU_KER=2–1
 |match_NEU_MUM=0–1
 |match_NEU_NEU=
 |match_NEU_PUN=1–1



 |match_PUN_KOL=2–2
 |match_PUN_BEN=0–3
 |match_PUN_CHE=2–4
 |match_PUN_DEL=1–3
 |match_PUN_GOA=2–0
 |match_PUN_JAM=2–1
 |match_PUN_KER=1–1
 |match_PUN_MUM=2–1
 |match_PUN_NEU=0–2
 |match_PUN_PUN=
}}

==Playoffs==
{{main|2019 ISL Cup playoffs}}

===Bracket===
{{#lst:2019 Indian Super League playoffs|Bracket}}

===Semi-finals===
{{#lst:2019 Indian Super League playoffs|semis}}

===Final===
{{#lst:2019 Indian Super League playoffs|final}}

==Season statistics==
===Scoring===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Top scorers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" |1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|align="left"|Goa
|rowspan="1" |16
|-
|rowspan="2" |2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Modou Sougou]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="2" |12
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|9
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
|align="left"|Goa
|7
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|6
|-
|rowspan="5" |7
|align="left"|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|rowspan="5" |5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
|align="left"|ATK
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Bastos]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref name=topscorer>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-138-goals-player-statistics|title=Goals|work=Indian Super League|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201708/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-138-goals-player-statistics|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{{col-2}}

====Top Indian scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|9
|-
|rowspan="2" |2
|align="left"|[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="2" |5
|-
|align="left"|[[Udanta Singh]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
|rowspan="6" |4
|align="left"|[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="6" |4
|-
|align="left"|[[Michael Soosairaj]]
|align="left"|Jamshedpur
|-
|align="left"|[[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|[[Rowllin Borges]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|[[Jackichand Singh]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|rowspan="3" |10
|align="left"|[[C. K. Vineeth]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|rowspan="3" |3
|-
|align="left"|[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Rahul Bheke]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref name=topscorer/>
|}
{{col-end}}

==== Hat-tricks ====

{{Main|List of Indian Super League hat-tricks}}
:''Result column shows goal tally of player's team first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! For !! Against !! style="text-align:center"| Result !! Date !! Ref
|-
| {{flagicon|NGA}} {{sortname|Bartholomew|Ogbeche}} || NorthEast United || Chennaiyin || align="center"|3–4 (A) || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|18}} ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Ogbeche Hat trick 18 October 2018 |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/18/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/northeast-united/2907960/?ICID=PL_MS_05 |website=Soccerway |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021030048/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/18/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/northeast-united/2907960/?ICID=PL_MS_05 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|SEN}} {{sortname|Modou|Sougou}}4 || Mumbai City || Kerala Blasters || align="center"|6–1 (H) || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|16}} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/12/16/india/indian-super-league/mumbai-city/kerala-blasters/2908008/|title=Mumbai City 6–1 Kerala Blasters|date=16 December 2018|access-date=16 December 2018|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115041/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/12/16/india/indian-super-league/mumbai-city/kerala-blasters/2908008/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|SEN}} {{sortname|Modou|Sougou}} || Mumbai City || ATK || align="center"|3–1 (A) || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|2|22}} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/22/india/indian-super-league/atletico-de-kolkata/mumbai-city/2966918/|title=ATK 1–3 Mumbai City|date=22 February 2019|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223133127/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/22/india/indian-super-league/atletico-de-kolkata/mumbai-city/2966918/|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

;Notes
4 – Player scored four goals (H) – Home team (A) – Away team

===Assists===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Assists
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|COD}} [[Arnold Issoko]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|8
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|align="left"|Goa
|7
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Carlos Calvo]]
|align="left"|Jamshedpur
|6
|-
|rowspan="5" |4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|rowspan="5" |5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xisco Hernández]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
|rowspan="6" |8
|align="left"|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|rowspan="6" |4
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
|align="left"|Kerala Balsters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Paulo Machado]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref name=topassist>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-153-assists-player-statistics|title=Assists|work=Indian Super League|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021054712/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-153-assists-player-statistics|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Clean sheets===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan="2" |1
|align="left"|[[Amrinder Singh]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="2" |7
|-
|align="left"|[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
|3
|align="left"|[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|6
|-
|rowspan="6" |4
|align="left"|[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
|align="left"|Goa
|rowspan="6" |4
|-
|align="left"|[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|[[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Subrata Pal]]
|align="left"|Jamsedpur
|-
|align="left"|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|align="left"|ATK
|-
|align="left"|[[Francisco Dorronsoro]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|rowspan="3" |10
|align="left"|[[Rehenesh TP]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|rowspan="3" |2
|-
|align="left"|[[Kamaljit Singh]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|[[Karanjit Singh]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref name=cleansheets>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|title=Clean Sheets|work=Indian Super League|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020175845/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|archive-date=20 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Discipline ===

==== Player ====

* Most yellow cards: '''8'''<ref>{{cite web |title=YC Players |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021054709/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Ahmed Jahouh]] (Goa)


* Most red cards: '''2'''<ref>{{cite web |title=RC Players |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-144-red-cards-player-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021185718/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-144-red-cards-player-statistics |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]] (Pune City)

==== Club ====

* Most yellow cards: '''50'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Yellow Cards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005035234/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Pune City


* Most red cards: '''3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Cards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-134-red-cards-club-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021185721/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/115-134-red-cards-club-statistics |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Pune City
** NorthEast United
** Goa
** Bengaluru

==Average home attendances==
{{See also|Indian Super League attendance}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=160|Team
!{{Tooltip|GP|Home games played}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Cumulative|Cumulative total of all home games attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|High|Highest season attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Low|Lowest season attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Mean|Statistical mean season attendance}}
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]||align=center|9||align=center|180,140||align=center|23,050||align=center|14,678||align=center bgcolor="#98FB98"|20,016

|-
|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]||align=center|8||align=center|146,482||align=center bgcolor="#98FB98"|41,202||align=center|5,321||align=center|18,310

|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align=center|8||align=center|136,996||align=center|31,166||align=center|3,298||align=center|17,125

|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]||align=center|10|| align="center" |163,779|| align="center" |17,807||align=center|14,482||align=center|16,378

|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]||align=center|10|| align="center" |143,293|| align="center" |21,636||align=center|9,379||align=center|14,329

|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|| align="center" |9|| align="center" |121,122|| align="center" |21,786|| align="center" |6,873|| align="center" |13,458

|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|| align="center" |7|| align="center" |85,270|| align="center" |14,992|| align="center" |6,939|| align="center" |12,181

|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]||align=center|9||align=center|63,861||align=center|12,342||align=center|3,134||align=center|7,096

|-
|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]||align=center|6||align=center|40,554||align=center|8,193||align=center|5,941||align=center|6,759

|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]||align=center|10|| align="center" |49,807|| align="center" |7,563||align=center|3,462||align=center|4,981

|-
!Total||align=center|86|| align="center" |1,131,304|| align="center" |41,202||align=center|3,134||align=center|13,155
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:right;"| Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Attendance|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co2778/se29363/attendance/|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233300/https://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/ind-indian-super-league-2018-2019/1/|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
*Source: [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/19-150-golden-boot-award-statistics Indian Super League website]


===Hero of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
| [[Matej Poplatnik]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 33
| [[Gerson Vieira]]
| ATK
| Match 65
|[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 2
| [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 34
| [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
| Goa
| Match 66
| [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 3
| [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
| Goa
| Match 35
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
| Match 67
| [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 4
| [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 36
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 68
| [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| ATK
|-
| Match 5
| [[Rana Gharami]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 37
| [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 69
| [[Brandon Fernandes]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 6
| [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
| ATK
| Match 38
| [[Subhasish Bose]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 70
| [[Udanta Singh]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 7
| [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 39
| [[Pablo Morgado]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 71
| [[Panagiotis Triadis]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 8
| [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| Goa
| Match 40
| [[Nishu Kumar]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 72
|[[Memo (footballer)|Memo]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 9
| [[Nishu Kumar]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 41
| [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 73
|[[Raphael Augusto]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 10
| [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
| ATK
| Match 42
| [[Pronay Halder]]
| ATK
| Match 74
| [[Edu Garcia]]
| ATK
|-
| Match 11
| [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 43
| [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 75
|[[Rowllin Borges]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 12
| [[Arnold Issoko]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 44
| [[Rahul Bheke]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 76
|[[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 13
| [[C.K. Vineeth]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 45
| [[José David Leudo]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 77
| [[Matej Poplatnik]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 14
| [[Sergio Cidoncha]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 46
| [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| ATK
| Match 78
| [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 15
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 47
| [[Paulo Machado]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 79
| [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 16
| [[Francisco Dorronsoro]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 48
| [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 80
|[[Ahmed Jahouh]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 17
| [[Edu Bedia]]
| Goa
| Match 49
| [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 81
| [[Rowllin Borges]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 18
| [[Farukh Choudhary]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 50
| [[Modou Sougou]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 82
| [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 19
| [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| ATK
| Match 51
| [[Jonathan Vila]]
| Pune City
| Match 83
| [[Modou Sougou]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 20
| [[Arnold Issoko]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 52
| [[José David Leudo]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 84
| [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 21
| [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| Goa
| Match 53
| [[Arnold Issoko]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 85
| [[Vinit Rai]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 22
| [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 54
| [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
| Pune City
| Match 86
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 23
| [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 55
| [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 87
| [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 24
| [[Erik Paartalu]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 56
| [[Erik Paartalu]]
|Bengaluru
| Match 88
| [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 25
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 57
| [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|Goa
| Match 89
| [[Iain Hume]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 26
| [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
| Pune City
| Match 58
| [[Nanda Kumar]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 90
| [[Edu Garcia]]
| ATK
|-
| Match 27
| [[Paulo Machado]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 59
|[[Modou Sougou]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 91 (SF)
|[[José David Leudo]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 28
| [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 60
| [[Edu Garcia]]
| ATK
| Match 92 (SF)
|[[Mourtada Fall]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 29
|[[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 61
| [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 93 (SF)
| [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 30
|[[Maílson Alves]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 62
|[[Paulo Machado]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 94 (SF)
|[[Mourtada Fall]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 31
|[[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| Goa
| Match 63
|[[Subrata Pal|Subrata Paul]]
|Jamshedpur
| Match 95 (F)
|[[Rahul Bheke]]
|Bengaluru
|-
| Match 32
|[[Arnold Issoko]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 64
|[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|Bengaluru
|}

{{clear}}

===ISL Emerging Player of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Emerging Player of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Emerging Player of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Emerging Player of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
| [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 33
| [[Komal Thatal]]
| ATK
| Match 65
|[[Nanda Kumar]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 2
| [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 34
| [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammed Nawaz]]
| Goa
| Match 66
| [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammed Nawaz]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 3
| [[Nikhil Kadam]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 35
| [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 67
| [[Sarthak Golui]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 4
| [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 36
| [[Brandon Fernandes]]
| Goa
| Match 68
| [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]
| ATK
|-
| Match 5
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
| Match 37
| [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 69
| [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 6
| [[Rehenesh TP]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 38
| [[Komal Thatal]]
| ATK
| Match 70
| [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 7
| [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 39
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 71
| [[Nanda Kumar]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 8
| [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| Goa
| Match 40
| [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 72
|[[Farukh Choudhary]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 9
| [[Gourav Mukhi]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 41
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
| Match 73
| [[Laldinliana Renthlei]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 10
| [[Komal Thatal]]
| ATK
| Match 42
| [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| Goa
| Match 74
| [[Sahil Panwar]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 11
| [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 43
| [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 75
|[[Raynier Fernandes]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 12
| [[Nikhil Poojari]]
| Pune City
| Match 44
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
| Match 76
|[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 13
| [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 45
| [[Redeem Tlang]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 77
| [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 14
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 46
| [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]
| ATK
| Match 78
| [[Sahil Panwar]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 15
| [[Sahil Panwar]]
| Pune City
| Match 47
| [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 79
| [[Nanda Kumar]]
| Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 16
| [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 48
| [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 80
| [[Mohammad Rakip]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 17
| [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
| Goa
| Match 49
| [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 81
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 18
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 50
| [[Raynier Fernandes]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 82
| [[Brandon Fernandes]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 19
| [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 51
| [[Sarthak Golui]]
| Pune City
| Match 83
| [[Pranjal Bhumij]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 20
| [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 52
| [[Redeem Tlang]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 84
| [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 21
| [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| Goa
| Match 53
|[[Subhasish Bose]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 85
|[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 22
| [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 54
| [[Kamaljit Singh]]
| Pune City
| Match 86
| [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 23
| [[Redeem Tlang]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 55
| [[Farukh Choudhary]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 87
| [[Saviour Gama]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 24
| [[Komal Thatal]]
| ATK
| Match 56
| [[Ankit Mukherjee]]
| ATK
| Match 88
| [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 25
| [[Sumeet Passi]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 57
|[[Seriton Fernandes]]
|Goa
| Match 89
| [[Mohammad Yasir]]
| Pune City
|-
| Match 26
| [[Kamaljit Singh]]
| Pune City
| Match 58
| [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 90
| [[Ankit Mukherjee]]
| ATK
|-
| Match 27
| [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 59
|[[Raynier Fernandes]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 91 (SF)
|[[Redeem Tlang]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 28
| [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 60
| [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 92 (SF)
|[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 29
| [[Lalruatthara]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 61
| [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 93 (SF)
| [[Nishu Kumar]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 30
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| Pune City
| Match 62
|[[Raynier Fernandes]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 94 (SF)
|[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 31
| [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Delhi Dynamos
| Match 63
|[[Michael Soosairaj]]
|Jamshedpur
| Match 95 (F)
|[[Nishu Kumar]]
|Bengaluru
|-
| Match 32
| [[Redeem Tlang]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 64
|[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]]
|NorthEast United
|}

===End-of-season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Player
!Club
|-
|- style="background:#f4f4f4;"
|-
|Golden Ball For The Hero of the League
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|ISL Emerging Player of the Season
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|Golden Glove
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|Winning Pass Season Award For Most Assists
|{{flagicon|COD}} [[Arnold Issoko]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
|Golden Boot
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|Best Pitch of the Season
|colspan="2"|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] for [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2018–19 I-League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Official website]

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}
{{2018 in Asian football (AFC)}}
{{2019 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League}}
[[Category:2018–19 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|2018–19]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football leagues|1]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

17th Infantry Division (India)

2026-01-22T19:23:44Z

Janandh: updated page

{{For|the World War I formation|17th Indian Division}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 17th Mountain Division
| image = 17 MD.png
| caption = Formation badge of the 17th Mountain Division.
| dates = 1941–1946 1960–present
| country = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]] {{flag|India}}
| allegiance = {{flag|British Empire}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Gangtok]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/international-news/doklam-how-india-misjudged-china-s-intentions-and-it-escalated-into-a-major-standoff-81477.html|title=Doklam: How India misjudged China's intentions and it escalated into a major standoff|date=2017-09-18|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>
| current_commander = Major General M S Rathore, VSM
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = [[Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet|Sir John Smyth]] [[David Tennant Cowan]] WA Crowther [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|KP Candeth]] [[Sagat Singh]] [[Siri Kanth Korla]] [[N. S. Raja Subramani]] [[Ram Chander Tiwari]] [[KVS Lalotra]] [[K T Patnaik]] [[R C Chopra]] [[Ajay Seth]] [[Amit Kabhytal]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = "The Black Cat Division"
| patron =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Burma Campaign]]
*** [[Battle of Bilin River]]
*** [[Battles of Meiktila and Mandalay|Battle of Meiktila]]
** [[Burma Campaign 1944]]
*** [[Battle of Imphal]]
* [[Annexation of Goa]]
{{tree list/end}}
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = [[Burma Campaign|Burma]]
}}
The '''17th Infantry Division''' is a formation of the [[Indian Army]]. During the [[Indian Army during World War II|Second World War]], it had the distinction of being continually in combat during the three-year-long [[Burma Campaign]] (except for brief periods of refit). The division was re-raised in 1960 and the '''17 Mountain Division''' is presently located in [[Sikkim]] under [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]].<ref name="Platinum">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Mountain-Division-Army-Postal-Cover-APO/dp/B07VH82JS8/ref=sr_1_20?dchild=1&keywords=mountain+division&qid=1632375954&sr=8-20|title=17 Mountain Division-Army Postal Cover|date=2016-07-01|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/weather-and-terrain-biggest-challenges-in-doklam/articleshow/59551789.cms?from=mdr|title=Weather and terrain biggest challenges in Doklam|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2018-08-12|access-date=2021-09-23|last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}</ref>

==Second World War==
[[File:Major General Sir Frank Messervy inspecting Indian Army troops in Burma, 1944 (c).jpg|thumb|Major General [[Sir Frank Messervy]] inspects troops of the 17th Infantry Division in [[Burma]], 1944.]]
The division was first raised at [[Ahmednagar]], [[India]] under the command of Major General H V Lewis {{small|CB CIE DSO MC}} in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://burmastarmemorial.org/archive/stories/1405855-17th-indian-infantry-division?|title=17th Indian Infantry Division|date=July 2019 |access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> It consisted then of the [[44th Indian Infantry Brigade|44th]], [[45th Indian Infantry Brigade|45th]] and [[46th Indian Infantry Brigade]]s, and was intended to garrison [[Iraq]]. At the end of the year, war with [[Imperial Japan]] broke out and the division was split; 44th and 45th Brigades were despatched to [[British Malaya|Malaya]] where 45th Brigade fought in the [[Battle of Muar]] before both brigades were lost in the [[Battle of Singapore]]. The 46th Brigade and the division HQ went to Burma, where the Division was reinforced by [[16th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and took [[2nd Burma Infantry Brigade]] under command.

===1942===
The Japanese attacked Burma on 22 January 1942. It was soon apparent that the British and Indian troops in Burma were too few in number, wrongly equipped and inadequately trained for the terrain and conditions. After failing to hold the Kawkareik Pass, [[Mawlamaying|Moulmein]] and [[Japanese invasion of Burma#Battle_of_Pa-an|Kuzeik]], the division fell back to the [[Battle of Bilin River|Bilin River]], where it was joined by [[48th Indian Infantry Brigade]].

The Bilin was not a proper defensive position, and the division tried to retreat over the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge|Sittang River]]. Air attacks, poor organization and vehicle breakdowns delayed the division, and Japanese parties infiltrated around them to threaten the vital bridge over the Sittang. The division's commander, Major General [[Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet|"Jackie" Smyth VC]], was forced to order the bridge to be destroyed, with most of the division cut off on the far side of the river. Only a few thousand men without equipment succeeded in crossing the river. Smyth was dismissed and replaced by Major General [[David Cowan (soldier)|Cowan]].

The division was reinforced with [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade|the 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]], and narrowly escaped being trapped in [[Rangoon]]. After trying to hold a front in the [[Irrawaddy River]] valley, the division subsequently retreated north into [[Assam]] just before the monsoon broke, fighting off a Japanese attempt to trap it at [[Kalewa]].

===1943===
For the campaigning season of 1943, the division was reorganised as a "Light" formation, with two brigades only (48th and 63rd), supported by mountain artillery, and with mules and jeeps only for transport. It disputed the mountainous and jungle-covered region around [[Tiddim]], with mixed success. The division was at the end of a long and precarious supply line, and the "light" establishment was found to be inadequate in some respects. Some heavier equipment and transport was restored.

===1944===
In 1944, the Japanese launched a major invasion of India. During the long [[Battle of Imphal]], the 17th Division first successfully fought its way out of encirclement at Tiddim, and then disputed the vital Bishenpur sector south of Imphal (with [[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade]] temporarily under command). In July, the Japanese were broken by heavy casualties and starvation, and retreated. Some units of the 17th Division had suffered nearly 100% casualties.

During the late monsoon season, the division was temporarily withdrawn to India and reorganised once again. The 48th and 63rd Brigades were fully equipped with vehicles to become [[Motorized infantry]]. [[99th Indian Infantry Brigade|The 99th Indian Infantry Brigade]] was added to the division, equipped to be transported by [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft.

===1945===
[[File:Surrender Ceremony March Past (5316024908).jpg|thumb|Major General W. A. Crowther, GOC 17th Indian Division, takes the salute at a March Past after the surrender ceremony, 1945.]]

In late February 1945, the motor elements of the division, with the bulk of [[255th Indian Tank Brigade]] under command, crossed the [[Irrawaddy River]] and advanced on the vital Japanese communications centre of [[Meiktila]]. Joined by [[99th Indian Infantry Brigade|the 99th Indian Infantry Brigade]] which was flown into the captured airfield at [[Thabutkon]], they captured Meiktila in only four days. Reinforced by [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade|the 9th Indian Infantry Brigade]] which was flown into the airfields around Meiktila, they subsequently withstood a Japanese siege. This [[Battle of Meiktila / Mandalay|Battle of Meiktila]] largely destroyed the Japanese armies in Central Burma.

The division now broke the last Japanese defensive position at [[Pyawbwe, Pyawbwe Township|Pyawbwe]], and advanced south on [[Rangoon]]. At [[Pegu]], it pushed Japanese rearguards aside, but was still short of its objective when the [[monsoon]] broke. Rangoon fell to an assault from the sea, [[Operation Dracula]].

In the last months of the campaign, the division participated in the mopping up of Japanese stragglers in Burma. After the war ended, elements of it formed part of the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force|Commonwealth Occupation force]] in Japan (under Cowan). The division was disbanded in India in 1946.

==Order of Battle, as of 1 May 1944==

:General Officer Commanding – ''Major General [[David Tennent Cowan]] ''
:Commander, Royal Artillery – ''Brigadier the Baron de Robeck''

::17 Division HQ and Signals

:[[48th Indian Infantry Brigade]] – ''(Brigadier Ronald Thomas Cameron)''
::9th Battalion, [[Border Regiment]]
::2nd Battalion, [[5th Gurkha Rifles]]
::1st Battalion, [[7th Gurkha Rifles]]

:[[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] – ''(Brigadier [[Arthur Edward Cumming]] )''
::1st Battalion, [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]]
::1st Battalion, [[4th Gurkha Rifles]]
::1st Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]]

:Divisional Units
::1st Battalion, [[West Yorkshire Regiment]] ''(attached)''
::4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] ''(Divisional reconnaissance unit)''
::7th Battalion, [[10th Baluch Regiment]] ''(Divisional defence / machine gun unit)''

::[[1st_Midlothian_Artillery_Volunteers#129th_(Lowland)_Field_Regiment|129th (Lowland) Jungle Field Regiment]], [[Royal Artillery]] (RA)
::21st Mountain Regiment, [[Royal Indian Artillery|Indian Artillery]] (IA)
::29th Mountain Regiment, IA
::82nd Light Anti-aircraft / Anti-tank Regiment RA

::60th Field Company, [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Indian Engineers]] (IE)
::70th Field Company, IE
::Tehri Garhwal Field Company
::414th Field Park Company IE

==Assigned brigades==
All these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II
*[[44th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[45th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[46th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[2nd Burma Infantry Brigade]]
*[[16th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[48th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]]
*[[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[37th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[49th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]]
*[[99th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*[[255th Indian Tank Brigade]]
*[[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-10-22|publisher=Order of Battle|title=17 Division units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6003&Tab=Sub|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928230936/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Post independence==
[[File:GOC 17 Mountain Division Major meets the Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri P.S.Golay.jpg|thumb|Major General RC Tiwari, GOC 17 Mountain Division, meets the Chief Minister of Sikkim Mr PS Golay in June 2019]]
The division was re-raised at [[Ambala Cantonment|Ambala]] (India) on 15 November 1960, under the command of Major General [[Kashmir Singh Katoch|K S Katoch {{small|MC}}]]. Among its new formations was [[99th Indian Infantry Brigade|the 99 Infantry Brigade]], which was soon detached for service with [[ONUC]] in the Congo.
===Operations===
[[File:Black cat div.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General [[Manoj Pande (lieutenant general)|Manoj Pande]], GOC-in-C, Eastern Command visiting Black Cat Division, June 2021.]]
*[[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]] - The division under the command of Major General [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|KP Candeth]] moved from Ambala and participated in the [[Goa]] military operations in 1961. It had two brigades under its command - the 63rd Brigade and the 48th Brigade. The swift operations between 17 and 19 December 1961 culminated in the surrender by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]. General Candeth was immediately appointed Goa's first Indian administrator (acting as the Military Governor), a post he held till June 1962.<ref name="Platinum"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=DLxJBaf30cBe1u1oIYvQ4A==&ParentID=zoX90ciGkQkZ1MAoQEM1kw==|title=The Goa Daman and Diu Operations|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/the-visionary-warrior-sagat-singh-294742|title=The visionary warrior Sagat Singh|date=2021-08-11|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>

*[[Sikkim]] - On 15 November 1963, the division relocated to Sikkim and took on the role of guarding a portion of the [[McMahon Line|Tibet-India border]]. Under the then GOC, Major General [[Sagat Singh]], it performed credibly during the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] of 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/SSnnWcxOzmDfVDiZGQS1dL/The-romance-of-a-paltan.html|title=The romance of a paltan|date=2018-09-14|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> The formation also played a role in the merger and statehood of Sikkim in 1975. The division is presently deployed in East and South East Sikkim.<ref name="Platinum"/> It was involved in the [[2017 China–India border standoff|Doklam standoff]] in 2017.<ref name="ET"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/post-doklam-resolution-nirmala-sitharaman-to-visit-trijunction-border-area/articleshow/60974890.cms|title=Post Doklam resolution, Nirmala Sitharaman to visit tri-junction border area|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2017-10-06|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>
==Formation Sign==
The division had two different formation signs. The first was a lightning bolt (white) on a blue background. This was used until the middle of 1942. Major General CT Cowan decided to change the formation sign to a black cat on a yellow/orange background. It is said that the General wanted to motivate his troops to fight back the Japanese and he felt that no one fights more fiercely and aggressively than a cornered cat. The division is sometimes called ''The Black Cat Division'' based on its second and current formation sign. The present formation sign has a black background signifying an infantry division and black cat drawn with a yellow outline.<ref name="Platinum"/>

==External links==
* {{oob unit | id = 6003 | name = 17 Infantry Division }}

==Further reading==
* Jon Latimer, "Burma: The Forgotten War", London: John Murray, 2004 {{ISBN|0-7195-6576-6}}
Memoirs
* George Macdonald Fraser, ''Quartered Safe Out Here'' (1992), a memoir of his experiences as an infantryman in the Border Regiment, part of 17th Infantry Division, during the Burma Campaign of World War II

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:17 Indian Infantry Division}}
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]
[[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|D]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II|D]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1960]]

Urumanathar Temple, Perungalur

2026-01-22T03:11:25Z

Janandh: new

{{short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
'''Urumanathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva|Urumanatha swamy]], located at Perungalur in [[Pudukkottai]] taluk of [[Pudukkottai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
This temple is located at a distance of 18 km from Pudukkottai in Pudukkottai-[[Thanjavur]] road.<ref name="pudukottai">புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டத் திருக்கோயில்கள் பயணியர் கையேடு, இந்து சமய அறநிலைய ஆட்சித்துறை, சென்னை, 2003</ref>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Urumanathar and the goddess is known as Urumanachiamman. One time [[Pujas]] are held. The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 to 12.00 noon and 4.30 to 8.00 p.m. Chittirai festival is held in a grand manner in this temple.<ref name="pudukottai"/>

==Speciality==
This is a village temple. The people of Perungalur worship the deity along with other deities. After the fulfilment of their vows, for expressing their gratitude, they worship in the order of Urumanathar Temple, [[Malaiyamarungar Temple, Perungalur|Malaiyamarungar Temple]] and lastly [[Vamsottharakar Temple, Perungalur|Vamsottharakar Temple]].<ref name="pudukottai"/>

==Kumbhabhishekham==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of the temple was held during February 2018. People belonging to 18 villages in and around Perungalur participated in the function. Earlier the holy water was brought atop an elephant. They were poured on the temple [[kalasam]] in the auspicious time. Special [[pujas]] were also held.<ref>[https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/02/05084646/1144044/amman-temple-kumbabishekam.vpf பெருங்களூர் உருமநாதர் அம்மச்சி அம்மன் கோவில் கும்பாபிஷேகம், மாலை மலர், 5 பிப்ரவரி 2018]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district]]

Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)

2026-01-07T14:20:49Z

Janandh: expanded content

{{short description|Indian supernatural drama television series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Copy edit|reason=grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Kadamattathu Kathanar.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[Fantasy]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| producer = Subramaniam Karthikeyan
| story = [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
| writer = Shaji Nedunkallel
| director = T. S. Saji
| company = {{Unbulleted_list|Sree Subramaniam Enterprises|[[Merryland Studio]]}}
| starring = [[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme = {{ubl|''"Maanthrikan Maha Maanthrikan Keerthithan Sahayaathrikan"''}}
| end_theme = {{ubl|''"Kathanaar Kathanaar Kadamattathu Kathanaar"''}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 255
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| country = India
| location = [[Kerala]]
| language = Malayalam
| first_aired = {{Start date|2004|03|15|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2005|02|11|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Kadamattathu Kathanar''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural drama]] television series that originally aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 2004 to 2005. The series was rebroadcast on [[Asianet Plus]] beginning in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/kadamattathu-kathanar|title=Kadamattathu Kathanar on Asianet Plus|work=www.nettv4u.com}}</ref> [[Prakash Paul]] portrayed the title character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kadamattathu-kathanar-to-prof-jayanthi-malayalam-tvs-iconic-on-screen-characters-of-all-time/etphotostory/83663162.cms|title = 'Kadamattathu Kathanar' to 'Prof. Jayanthi': Malayalam TV's iconic on-screen characters of all time|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 19 June 2021}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
[[Kadamattathu Kathanar]], also known as Kadamattathachan ("Father of Kadamattom"), was a legendary 9th-century Oriental Syriac priest of the [[Kadamattom Church]], one of the oldest surviving churches in [[Kerala]] associated with the Saint Thomas Christians. He is traditionally believed to have possessed supernatural powers.

Although said to have learned sorcery from a mysterious source, Kathanar was believed to perform most of his feats through divine power, invoking the Holy Spirit through prayer, which made him invulnerable to other sorcerers.

The series portrays his exorcisms of ghosts and evil spirits, including the well-known legend of [[Kalliyankattu Neeli]], a vampiric [[Yakshini|Yakshi]] that haunted a Kerala family who sought Kathanar’s help.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/05/20/stories/2004052001270200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-20|title=And now, horror soaps}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Story 1 – The Saga of Kalliyankattu Neeli (Episodes 1–21,25-27)===

The story centers on the traditional Vamanam Tharavadu family in [[Kerala]], which is terrorized by Neeli, a powerful [[Yakshini|Yakshi]] with multiple forms and abilities far exceeding those of ordinary spirits. After several family members are killed and the village is thrown into fear, Kathanar arrives, subdues Neeli, and compels her to recount her past. Moved by her story, he shows compassion and establishes her as a local demi-goddess, granting her an opportunity for earthly redemption.

=== Story 2 – War With Chadayan (Episodes 20–44)===

Chadayan, a student and adopted son of Lada Guru turns evil under the influence of the sorceress Durgamma. He gains power by murdering his guru, imprisoning his son Nathan, and seizing a collection of 13 ancient grimoires traditionally guarded by their family. These texts are said to promise godlike powers through ritual sacrifices.

Kathanar ultimately defeats Chadayan in a prolonged battle, leaving him blinded as his castle collapses around him. Chadayan’s patron demigod later reappears and restores his sight.

===Story 3 – The Saga Of Kumkumathu Kovilakam (Episodes 43–51)===

The historic Kumkumathu Kovilakam is haunted by a murderous evil spirit which plays upon the deep desires and fears of the members. Kathanar arrived and exorcises the ghost.

===Story 4 – Bhanu's Tricky Game Of Pakida (Episodes 51–59)===

The narrative introduces Bhanu, a courtesan and wealthy mistress of Ettukettu, who challenges suitors to defeat her in a game of dice, known as pakida, as a condition for winning her favor. Using a pair of enchanted dice that obey her will even after being cast, she ensnares many men into servitude through her beauty and deception. Kathanar eventually arrives and defeats Bhanu, breaking her hold over the victims.

===Story 5 – Kulamanamadathil Potti Against Kathanar (Episodes 59–66)===
Potti visits Kathanar and asks him to come to his home after few days. He took Bhanu to his own home and asked her to live harmony with his other three wives. He also assured her that he will destroy kathanar.Potti send a demon girl and male ghost in kadamattom but both were destroyed by kathanar.Kathanar went to Pottis house as guest and Potti try to insult him in many ways, but he teach potti a lesson. Potti and Bhanu seeks forgiveness from Kathanar. Kathanar counsels both Potti and Bhanu, and he left from there.

===Story 6 – Odiyan's Killing Spree (Episodes 66–68)===
Passengers has been attacked and killed by Odiyan in Kuravanmedu village.Odiyan is a spirit who can transform in to bull.Kathanar subdues the Odiyan who had been terrorising the village of Kuravanmedu.

===Story 7 – The hauntings of Vadakkan Veedu (Episodes 68-79)===

After subduing the Odiyan, the Vadakkan Veedu family members faced new problems. Untimely deaths of their young children started taking place after an evil entity was freed from its confinement. Kathanar sensed this but was unable to help them as the family did not allow people from other castes to enter their home. After a lot of persuasion, the head of the family reluctantly allowed Kathanar to check into the problems.

Upon investigation, Kathanar found out that the entity was of the spirit of Thirumala, the adopted daughter of the previous head of Vadakkan Veedu. Kunjikelu Melan, who was jealous of her and releasing that she would be the sole heir of the property, had her killed along with her father and a snake charmer. Thirumala became a Yakshi and killed Kunjikelu Melan and his associates but created havoc in the village. To subdue her, the head sorcerer of Killimangalam Mana was called for and was successful in taming her. Unfortunately, before being subdued, Thirumala cursed Killimangalam family of their untimely deaths too. Due to this, none of the Killimangalam Mana members were ready to help Vadakkan Veedu family of their problems.

Though empathetic, Kathanar warned Thirumala to not trouble Vadakkan Veedu members again. In an intense battle, Kathanar finally subdues Thirumala and makes her a protectress of young children. Vadakkan Veedu is finally freed of its curses and the head tearfully thanks Kathanar for his help, asking him to visit his home whenever Kathanar passed by.

===Story 8 – Ghosts In Chambakkara Village (Episodes 79-89)===
The story revolves around Chambakkara village which is a seashore village where majority are working as fishermen and some are owners whose under this fishermen work.Kathanar becomes villagers favorite after he changed bad behaviours of some people in the villages.Meanwhile, a female ghost Wandering at the village in night killing multiple people.A group of fishermen were attacked by a ghost of a Persian couple.Kathanar finally save the villagers by destroying female ghost as well as the ghost of Persion couple.

===Story 9 – Mariyamma's Dilemma (Episodes 89-94)===
Mariyamma worries about the gold stolen which she kept for her daughter Kochuthresia's marriage.kathanar visits recover the gold from Luka.Mariyamma and kochuthresia try to commit suicide but they were stopped by a boy who later reveal to be Jesus christ.Mariyamma seek forgiveness from god and kathanar returned her gold.Kochuthresia and Agasthya engaged and later kathanar teaches agasthya's arrogant father chacko a lesson and he apologised to kathanar.

===Story 10 – Nicholas Family in Haunted Mansion (Episodes 95-119)===
Nicholas buys a mansion which is haunted.His son Alan was killed by a spirit from a doll.The family moved to mansion where supernatural events started happening.Kathanar finally learnt that the main spirit is the family servant Ettichan.He destroyed all the spirits including Ettichan.Kathanar inform the family that the property is earlier an cremation ground and mansion was built on it.kathanar left from the mansion and all the spirits move to the sky to attain peace.Alan's spirit felt sad to see the happy reunion of the family since he cannot join them forever.

===Story 11 – The Haunted Eethenga Tharavadu അഥവാ ഈന്തങ്ങാത്തറവാട്ടിലെ ഈന്തന്മാര്‍ (Episodes 119-130)===
Eli Chettathy and her three daughters moved to the Eethenga Tharavadu where the ghosts started attacking the family members.kathanar arrives and destroys the ghosts Nani and Manikyan.The family members thanked kathanar and all the problems in Eethenga Tharavadu came to end.

===Story 12 – A Conspiracy against Kathanar (Episodes 131-157)===
Chadayan returns and team up with Vettiyala Vezhala and his assistant Mandhana to destroy Kathanar.They release Neeli's good power and made her evil again.Together they murder some villagers along with some family member of vaamanam tharavadu.Kathanar finally destroyed them and given good powers to Neeli and warn her to be careful.

===The Curse of Thripangottu Kovilakkam (episodes 187–202)===

Lord Surya Varma, the young heir of the Thripangottu Kovilakkam, is missing. Worried, his family calls for a magician, who is a fraudster in guise, to resolve their problems. But the magician invites more trouble, leading to the haunting of an evil entity who had a past with the family's ancestor decades ago. So the family calls for Kathannar to rid off their issues and rescue back their son.

With the help of Kalidasan, another famed sorcerer and priest, Kathannar tries to find the source of the problems and discovers that the family's curse begins with their ancestor Lord Udaya Varma. Udaya Varma lusted for a commoner girl Kalyani by feigning love. Their relationship gets cozy and Kalyani ends up pregnant. Eventually, she is flatly rejected by Udaya Varma but vows revenge. An enraged Udaya Varma kills Kalyani and her father. Kalyani returns as an evil spirit and kills Udaya Varma but is subdued by a powerful sorcerer. She is released by another demonic entity, who had actually kidnapped the prince Surya Varma during his religious expedition

The entity along with Kalyani's spirit decide to kill Surya Varma and absorb his soul and Kalyani's to become more powerful. Kathannar and Kalidasan locate the demon's hideout and rescue Surya Varma. They devise a plan to capture the two evil spirits and successfully subdue them. The demon entity is exorcized, while the spirit of Kalyani is subdued and blessed as a goddess among the serpents at the Sarpakavu.

The prince is rescued and reunited with his family by both sorcerers. Kalidasan expresses his gratitude to Kathannar and bids a teary farewell and then Kathannar embarks on his next mission.

===Vampire of Chandanamangalathu Tharavadu (episodes 202–217)===

Jagathan Thambi and his family, which consists of his wife Satyabhama, sisters Unnimaya & Parvati and his grandmother, move to their ancestral home Chandanamangalathu Tharavadu which is famed for its dark past. The family settle in and begin cleaning up the home that had been desolate for decades. Thambi hires a group of men to repair and rearrange the house and its surroundings. During their work, the men unearth a sealed brass pot and accidentally release an evil spirit. Here begins trouble for the family at Chandanamangalathu Tharavadu.

The spirit is of Gauri, a maidservant's daughter who was in love with the young male heir of the house's previous occupants decades ago. After being mercilessly killed by the family, she returned as a vengeful spirit and tormented the family and village but was subdued and exorcised by a powerful sorcerer in a brass pot. After being released in the present time, she kills and possesses Unnimaya and subsequently kills the worker men. Gauri starts causing supernatural attacks to the family members with the intent of killing them.

Devastated, the family calls for Kathannar, who successfully subdues and destroys the evil spirit in an intense supernatural battle. With this, Kathannar assures the family that Jagathan Thambi and Satyabhama would be soon blessed with a child.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Prakash Paul as Poulose/[[Kadamattathu Kathanar]]/Kadamattathachan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1393880&u=we-maintained-a-professional-relationship-i-dont-like-sukanya-as-a-person-reveals-prakash-paul-1393880|title = 'We maintained a professional relationship, I don't like Sukanya as a person', reveals Prakash Paul|website = [[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date =30 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Kalliyankattu Neeli/Yakshiyamma
* Poornima Anand as Neeli's alternate appearance
* [[Suvarna Mathew]] as Neeli's alternate appearance
* K.G. Devaki Amma as Neeli's alternate appearance
* [[Anila Sreekumar]] as Madhavi
* Manu Varma as Ramu
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Mepradan Thirumeni
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Achuthan Nair
* Sangeetha Rajendran as Panchali
* Anand Kumar as Keshu
* [[Sukumari]] as Dhathri
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Janaki
* Dr Priya as Seetha
* [[Vysakh]] as Balan
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Anthony/Neeleshwaran
* Priyanka Anoop as Mangamma
* Kalady Omana as Vayattatti Paru and Kuttiyamma
* [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Valyamma
* Rajasaheb as Kochouseph
* [[Kollam G. K. Pillai]] as Kochunni Vaidyar
* Geetha Nair as Therutha
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Neeli's father
* [[Shanavas]] as Kannappan
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Ittan Pada Nair
* [[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Ittan Pada Nair's wife and Naani
* Raji Menon as Commander's wife
* Anitha Nair as Seetha
* Baby Praharshitha as Lakshmikutti
* Sidha Raj as Chadayan
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Thirumeni
* [[Lalithasree]] as Durgamma
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Devassi
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Karyakkaran
* Ramesh Kurumassery as Kochukunju
* Chaya Govind as Pennamma
* Kollam Shah as Ghost who accomplice Chadayan
* Anil Mohan as Devan
* [[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Bhairava Rudhra Guru
* Sajan Sagara as Bhairava Gurus Assistant
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Udaya Varma Thampuran
* [[Thara Kalyan]] as Ambika
* Sreekala as Devika Thamburatti
* [[Paravoor Ramachandran]] as Achan Thamburan
* Kumarakom Raghunath as Shankara Kurup
* Manka Mahesh as Subhadramma
* [[Sreeja Chandran]] as Paru
* Harijith Alangad as Marthandan
* Yathikumar as Kulamana Madathil Potti
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Ettukettu Veetil Bhanumathy
* Dominic Chittat as Madhavakurup
* Nayana Bindu as Ammu
* Bindu Murali as Kulamana Madathil Potti's wife
* Baby Neeraja as Demon girl
* [[Biju Pappan]] as Odiyan
* Harikumaran Thampi as Traveller escaped from Odiyan
* [[Bharat Gopy]] as Brahmasree Killimangalam Thirumeni
* Balaji Sarma as Killimangalam Thirumeni's Nephew
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Killimangalam Thirumeni's Assistant
* Master Ananthan as Killimangalam Thirumeni's Grandnephew
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Chanthukutty Melan
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Unnikuttan
* Rajendran as Achooty
* Mahima as Devamma
* Meenakshi Sunil as Seetha
* Baby Sowbhagya Venkitesh as Kunjava
* Master Arun as Chanthu
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as Thirumala / Yakshi
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Kora
* Lakshmi Sanal as Kora's Wife
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Pathrose
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Kuttappan
* [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri Varsha]] as Devaki
* Ramya Salim as Katrina
* P. I. Ibrahimkutty as Achankunju
* [[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] as Mariyamma
* [[Shalu Menon]] as Kochuthresia
* Jija Surendran as Umma
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]] as Singer in Church
* [[Subair]] as Luka
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Chacko Chettan
* Lissy Jose as Chacko Chettan's wife
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Nicholas
* [[Reshmi Soman]] as Emily Nicholas
* Master Venkatesh as Allen Nicholas
* [[Venu Nagavally]] as Ettichettan
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Margaret
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Perera
* Karthika Kannan as Clara
* Rishi as Arthur
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Traveller who went to Eathenga Tharavadu
* Harsha Nair as Devooty
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Eli Chettathy
* [[Roopa Sree]] as Saramma
* Soniya Baiju Kottarakkara as Mandhana
* [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Mahapandithan
* Dinesh Panicker as Maharajan
* Remyasree as Devasena
* [[Aneesh Ravi]] as Thomakutty
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Jathavedan
* [[Keerikkadan Jose]] as Nagadathan
* [[Ajith Kollam]] as Bhadrakan
* [[Rudra (actress)|Rudhra]] as Mythili/Indrani
* [[Zeenath]] as Kalyani Amma
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Kumki
* [[Machan Varghese]]
* Renjini Krishna
* Baby Alis Christy
* Gopalan
* Rani Larius
* Rukmini as Ammaluvamma
* Ninu Thomas as Janaki
* Shaju as Neelakandan
* [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Fr. Emmanuel
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Thampuratti
* Harishanth as Ayilyam Thirunal Udaya Varma Alias Thripangottu Thampuran
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Kalidasan
* Poojappura Radhakrishnan
* [[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]] as Kalyani / Yakshi
* [[Sreenath]] as Jagadhan
* Suma Jayaram as Sathyabhama
* [[Subbalakshmi]] as Bhageerathi
*[[Abitha]] as Unnimaya
* [[Sajitha Betti]] as Gouri / Yakshi
* Ramesh Valiyasala as Kammaran
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Nambiar
* [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]] as Nambiar's grandmother
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Raugandharayanan
* [[Anil Murali]] as Vairajatha
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Devammaji
* [[Chandra Lakshman]] as Kadambari
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Shravanan
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Vasudevan's father
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Bhanumathi
* Suma Jayaram as Rani
* [[Chali Pala]] as Agnisarman
* [[Koottickal Jayachandran]] as Vasudevan
* [[P. Sreekumar]] as Fr. Abel
* Kailasnath
* [[Spadikam George]] as Lucifer
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Bhattathiri
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Thampuran
{{div col end}}

==Controversy==
In August 2004, the Akhila Malankara Orthodox Almaya Vedi (AMOAV), an organisation representing lay members of the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], raised objections against the serial based on Kadamattathu Kathanar telecast on Asianet Television. The AMOAV alleged that the script distorted the history, tradition, and culture of the Malankara Christian community. At a press conference held in Pathanamthitta, the organisation's president Shibu K. Abraham and general secretary Preeth G. George demanded an immediate halt to the telecast, stating that it hurt the religious sentiments of the Orthodox Christian community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/25/stories/2004082506860300.htm |title=The plea to stop telecast of the serial |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=10 July 2025 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160330055535/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/25/stories/2004082506860300.htm |archivedate=30 March 2016}}</ref>

==Sequels==
Two sequels to the series were aired, titled ''Kathanar Kadamattathu Kathanar'' (2008) on [[Jaihind TV]] and ''Kadamattathachan'' (2010) on [[Surya TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850170400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212073913/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850170400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-12 |title=Jai Hind- Serials |date=2008-02-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2025-07-10}}</ref> Actor Prakash Paul revealed that the 2008 version of the series, aired on [[Jaihind TV]], led to severe financial losses. The channel had low viewership at the time, and many were unaware of its existence. Although payments were initially prompt, the channel eventually ran out of funds, forcing Paul to continue production without further financial support. He described this decision as a major setback and a source of lasting debt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1331909|title = Kadamattathu Kathanar's fall from grace, Prakash Paul opens up|website = [[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date =25 June 2024 }}</ref>

In June 2024, actor Prakash Paul confirmed that a new sequel to the original series is in development. The upcoming project will not be a remake but will feature an aged version of Kadamattathu Kathanar returning to the present era. Paul stated that the continued popularity of the original series, especially through annual re-telecasts on Asianet Plus, inspired the idea for the new version.<ref>{{cite web |title=പുതിയ കത്തനാരെ ആളുകള്‍ ഏറ്റെടുക്കും; ആ പ്രതീക്ഷക്ക് പിന്നില്‍ ഒറ്റ കാരണമേയുള്ളൂ: പ്രകാശ് പോള്‍|url=https://www.doolnews.com/prakash-paul-says-people-will-take-on-new-kadamattathu-kathanar-138-64.html |website=Dool News |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kadamattathu-kathanar/8148 Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415002026/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kadamattathu-kathanar/8148 |date=15 April 2016 }}

[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series endings]]

Lymphatic filariasis in India

2026-01-02T20:55:06Z

Janandh: created the info basic info.

{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=January 2023}}

{{Short description|Prominence and Spread of a disease in India}}
'''Lymphatic filariasis in India''' refers to the presence of the disease [[lymphatic filariasis]] in India and the social response to the disease. In India, 99% of infections come from a [[Culex quinquefasciatus|type of mosquito]] spreading a [[Wuchereria bancrofti|type of worm]] through a [[mosquito bite]].<ref name="Agrawal 2006"/> The treatment plan provides 400 million people in India with medication to eliminate the parasite.<ref name="Bagcchi 2015"/> About 50 million people in India were carrying the worm as of the early 2010s, which is 40% of all the cases in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoti |first1=S |title=Filariasis of uncommon nature in India. |journal=Tropical Parasitology |date=January 2012 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.4103/2229-5070.97230 |pmid=23509678|pmc=3593514 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In collaboration with other countries around the world, India is participating in a global effort to [[Eradication of lymphatic filariasis|eradicate lymphatic filariasis]]. If the worm is eliminated from India then the disease could be permanently eradicated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=NK |title=The final lap towards elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/pulse/the-final-lap-towards-elimination-of-lymphatic-filariasis/article9972382.ece |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |date=9 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Senthilingam |first1=Meera |title=Every last worm: Eliminating Elephantiasis in India |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/12/health/eliminating-elephantiasis-in-india/index.html |website=CNN |date=24 April 2015}}</ref> In October 2019 the Union health minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] said that India's current plan is on schedule to eradicate filariasis by 2021.<ref name="Sharma 2019">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Neetu Chandra |title=India to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis by 2021: Harsh Vardhan |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/health/india-to-eliminate-lymphatic-filariasis-by-2021-harsh-vardhan-11572432801017.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |language=en |date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

To treat, prevent, and eliminate the disease, the Indian government provides [[mass drug administration]] (MDA) to achieve [[mass deworming]]. The treatment is a few pills taken once a year for five years. The medication provided is [[diethylcarbamazine]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} For the treatment to work 60-80% of people in large regions must take this yearly treatment for several years.

==Treatment==
Treatment is done through a public health initiative in which most people in regions with the parasite take treatment. The treatment is a [[mass drug administration]] to cause [[mass deworming]]. In India the worm only lives in humans, so if everyone takes treatment, and everyone is cured, then the worm will be permanently eradicated. India participates in the global eradication program to eliminate the worm worldwide.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[Health education]] for the public is an essential part of the campaign.<ref name="Bagcchi 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bagcchi |first1=Sanjeet |title=India tackles lymphatic filariasis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=April 2015 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=380 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70116-7|pmid=25809895 }}</ref> Hundreds of millions of people in affected communities have to agree to take the drugs once a year.<ref name="Bagcchi 2015"/> In a 2015 public health campaign called ''Hathipaon Mukt Bharat'' shows how the disease causes large feet, says the medicine is safe, and tells people to take it.<ref name="Bagcchi 2015"/>

The treatment program varies in different places in India. Various reports describe the variation, such as for Assam<ref name="Khan 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=AbdulMabood |title=Lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in Assam, India, needs change in mass drug administration strategy to target the focus of infection |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=2018 |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1843_16|pmid=29749354 |pmc=5967220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyayula |first1=Suryanaryana Murty |last2=Mutheneni |first2=Srinivasa Rao |last3=Kadiri |first3=Madhusudhan Rao |last4=Kumaraswamy |first4=Sriram |last5=Nagalla |first5=Balakrishna |last6=Noor |first6=Abdisalan Mohamed |title=A Cohort Study of Lymphatic Filariasis on Socio Economic Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=19 March 2012 |volume=7 |issue=3 |article-number=e33779 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033779|pmid=22442721 |pmc=3307764 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...733779U |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Most people who take treatment have no negative effects or only mild [[adverse events]] which resolve without further treatment.<ref name="Kuttiatt 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kuttiatt |first1=VS |last2=Somani |first2=RK |last3=Swaminathan |first3=S |last4=Krishnamoorthy |first4=K |last5=Weil |first5=GJ |last6=Purushothaman |first6=J |title=Frequency and Clinical Significance of Localized Adverse Events following Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in an Endemic Area in South India. |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=January 2020 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=96–99 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.19-0532 |pmid=31769393|pmc=6947773 }}</ref> A bigger problem than any side effects of treatment is people having fear of taking treatment, which leads them to refuse to take medicine.<ref name="Kuttiatt 2020"/> Various studies have examined why people in various Indian regions neglect to take the drugs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=S |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=K |last3=Khan |first3=MF |last4=Akkilagunta |first4=S |last5=Selvaraj |first5=K |last6=Tripathy |first6=JP |last7=Solanki |first7=R |last8=Kushwaha |first8=AS |last9=Deshmukh |first9=P |title=Coverage of mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in urban Nagpur, Central India: A mixed method study. |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=September 2019 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3009–3014 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_503_19 |pmid=31681683|pmc=6820416 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Vector==
99% of infections in India happen when the mosquito ''[[Culex quinquefasciatus]]'' spreads the worm ''[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]'' through a [[mosquito bite]].<ref name="Agrawal 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=VK |last2=Sashindran |first2=VK |title=Lymphatic Filariasis in India: Problems, Challenges and New Initiatives |journal=[[Medical Journal Armed Forces India]] |date=October 2006 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=359–362 |doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(06)80109-7|pmid=27688542 |pmc=5034168 }}</ref> Because the cause of this disease can be a different worm and parasite in different countries, each country has its own plan for control and treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Sara M. |last2=Thomsen |first2=Edward K. |last3=Keven |first3=John B. |last4=Vincent |first4=Naomi |last5=Koimbu |first5=Gussy |last6=Siba |first6=Peter M. |last7=Christensen |first7=Bruce M. |last8=Reimer |first8=Lisa J. |last9=Valenzuela |first9=Jesus G. |title=Mosquito-Parasite Interactions Can Shape Filariasis Transmission Dynamics and Impact Elimination Programs |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=12 September 2013 |volume=7 |issue=9 |article-number=e2433 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002433|pmid=24069488 |pmc=3772046 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The typical prevention for filariasis is through the use of medication.<ref name="Sadanandane 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sadanandane |first1=C |last2=Gunasekaran |first2=K |last3=Boopathi Doss |first3=PS |last4=Jambulingam |first4=P |title=Field evaluation of the biolarvicide, spinosad 20 per cent emulsifiable concentrate in comparison to its 12 per cent suspension concentrate formulation against ''Culex quinquefasciatus'', the vector of bancroftian filariasis in India. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=January 2018 |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1369_15 |pmid=29749358|pmc=5967213 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, in some areas, using the pesticide [[spinosad]] to eliminate mosquitoes is helpful to prevent the spread.<ref name="Sadanandane 2018"/>

To eliminate the disease neither humans nor mosquitoes should have the parasite.<ref name="Subramanian 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Subramanian |first1=S |last2=Jambulingam |first2=P |last3=Krishnamoorthy |first3=K |last4=Sivagnaname |first4=N |last5=Sadanandane |first5=C |last6=Vasuki |first6=V |last7=Palaniswamy |first7=C |last8=Vijayakumar |first8=B |last9=Srividya |first9=A |last10=Raju |first10=HKK |title=Molecular xenomonitoring as a post-MDA surveillance tool for global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Field validation in an evaluation unit in India. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=January 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=e0007862 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007862 |pmid=31978060|pmc=7001988 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The usual way to determine whether filariasis is eliminated from an area is to test humans for the parasite.<ref name="Subramanian 2020"/> In some special cases India uses [[molecular xenomonitoring]] to examine captured mosquitoes and determine if they carry the parasite.<ref name="Subramanian 2020"/>

==Epidemiology==
By 2006 there were 20 million people infected and with symptoms, 30 million people infected but asymptomatic, and 470 million people who were at potential risk.<ref name="Agrawal 2006" /> In 2005 95% of the cases in India were in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Pani 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Pani|first1=SP|last2=Kumaraswami|first2=V|last3=Das|first3=LK|date=2005|title=Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis with special reference to urogenital-manifestations|journal=Indian Journal of Urology|volume=21|issue=1|page=44|doi=10.4103/0970-1591.19551|doi-access=free}}</ref>

India has 40% of the world's [[lymphatic filariasis]] (LF) cases.<ref name="Ramaiah 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Ramaiah |first1=Kapa D |last2=Das |first2=Pradeep K |last3=Michael |first3=Edwin |last4=Guyatt |first4=Helen L |title=The Economic Burden of Lymphatic Filariasis in India |journal=Parasitology Today |date=June 2000 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=251–253 |doi=10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01643-4|pmid=10827432 }}</ref> For patients, one of the major costs of treating the disease is that of being unable to work for some time.<ref name="Ramaiah 2000" /> A year 2000 survey reported that about half the people in India were at risk of contracting LF.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabesan |first1=S. |last2=Palaniyandi |first2=M. |last3=Das |first3=P. K. |last4=Michael |first4=E. |title=Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in India |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=3 Jul 2000 |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=591–606 |doi=10.1080/00034983.2000.11813582|pmid=11064761 |s2cid=35526107 }}</ref> Men and women are equally susceptible to this disease, but in the past, there have been barriers to women accessing treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Lalita |title=Lymphatic filariasis and the women of India |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=May 1996 |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=1401–1410 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(95)00288-X|pmid=8735896 }}</ref> An estimate from the year 2000 reported that filariasis in India caused an annual economic loss of ₹5000 [[crore]] ({{US$|1000000000}}).<ref name="Ramaiah 2000" />

==Society and culture==
The ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', an [[Ayurvedic]] Indian text, described filariasis in the 6th century BCE.<ref name="Agrawal 2006"/> The disease is timeless and present throughout Indian history. Indian physicians in the 500s wrote about the disease.<ref name="Gordon 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=CA |last2=Jones |first2=MK |last3=McManus |first3=DP |title=The History of Bancroftian Lymphatic Filariasis in Australasia and Oceania: Is There a Threat of Re-Occurrence in Mainland Australia? |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=4 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=58 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020058 |pmid=30274454|pmc=6073764 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the 1500s the European explorer [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] visited Goa and wrote about people with filariasis symptoms there.<ref name="Gordon 2018"/>

In 1955 the Indian government established the National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP) as a project to limit the spread of the disease.<ref name="Sabesan 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sabesan |first1=S |last2=Vanamail |first2=P |last3=Raju |first3=KH.K |last4=Raju |first4=P |title=Lymphatic filariasis in India: Epidemiology and control measures |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2010 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=232–8 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.68650|pmid=20739779 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Agrawal 2006"/> By 1959 that organization proposed various plans for controlling or eliminating the disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beye |first1=H. K. |last2=Wright |first2=W. H. |title=The National Filaria Control Program (NFCP) of India: investigative challenges. |journal=Bulletin of the National Society of India for Malaria and Other Mosquito-Borne Diseases |date=1959 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–52 |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19610801377 |publisher=Indian Society for Malaria and Other Communicable Diseases}}</ref> Infections spread out of control from 1955 until 1995 in which time the number of cases increased several fold.<ref name="Agrawal 2006"/> Reasons for the disease's expansion included increased urban population and a rapidly changing country which exposed people to new circumstances with mosquitoes.<ref name="Ramaiah 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Ramaiah |first1=KD |title=A rational approach to the control of filariasis in India. |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=1993 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=114–6 |pmid=8329989}}</ref>

[[File:J.P. Nadda releasing the Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) 2018 for India, at the 10th meeting of Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF), in New Delhi.JPG|thumb|right|Various people in Delhi present a 2018 plan for eliminating LF with government support of [[Jagat Prakash Nadda|J.P. Nadda]]]]
In 1997 India joined a [[World Health Assembly]] resolution to eliminate LF by 2020.<ref name="Sabesan 2010" /> In India to achieve this goal healthcare must be very accessible to almost everyone at risk for the disease.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=VK|last2=Sashindran|first2=VK|date=October 2006|title=Lymphatic Filariasis in India: Problems, Challenges and New Initiatives|journal=Medical Journal Armed Forces India|volume=62|issue=4|pages=359–362|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(06)80109-7|pmc=5034168|pmid=27688542}}</ref> The Indian government originally planned to eliminate the disease by 2015, then shifted the date to 2017, then to 2020.<ref name="Times 2017">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-epidemic-you-dont-know-about/articleshow/61680295.cms|title=filariasis in india: The epidemic you don't know about|author1=TNN|date=17 November 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Various media outlets have discussed how India might meet the goal or what it should happen next if more time is required.<ref>{{cite news|author1=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-epidemic-you-dont-know-about/articleshow/61680295.cms|title=Filariasis in india: The epidemic you don't know about|date=17 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Basu|first1=Snigdha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-stigma-but-awareness-a-hurdle-to-eradicate-lymphatic-filariasis-by-2020-1821048|title=Not Stigma But Awareness A Hurdle To Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis By 2020|date=8 March 2018|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/dr-nibedita-rath/india-is-set-to-fail-its-target-of-eradicating-filariasis-by-2020_a_23080071/|title=India Is Set To Fail Its Target Of Eradicating Filariasis By 2020|last1=Rath|first1=Nibedita|last2=Dash|first2=Sambit|date=22 August 2017|website=[[HuffPost|HuffPost India]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015 the Indian government launched a health campaign called ''Hathipaon Mukt Bharat'' (Filaria Free India) to encourage public participation in eliminating LF.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bagcchi|first1=Sanjeet|date=April 2015|title=India tackles lymphatic filariasis|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=15|issue=4|page=380|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70116-7|pmid=25809895}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeil |first1=Donald G. |title=India Begins Campaign to Eliminate Elephantiasis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/health/india-begins-campaign-to-eliminate-elephantiasis.html |website=The New York Times |date=2 March 2015}}</ref> In the program everyone in an area with the disease takes pill medicine once a year for five years.<ref name="Times 2017" /> The drug is diethylcarbamazine citrate and [[albendazole]] and is in the form of about four pills which people take all at once.<ref name="Times 2017" />

==Research==
Public health researchers have applied machine learning techniques to improve public health monitoring for filariasis in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kondeti |first1=PK |last2=Ravi |first2=K |last3=Mutheneni |first3=SR |last4=Kadiri |first4=MR |last5=Kumaraswamy |first5=S |last6=Vadlamani |first6=R |last7=Upadhyayula |first7=SM |title=Applications of machine learning techniques to predict filariasis using socio-economic factors. |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |date=2 September 2019 |volume=147 |pages=e260 |doi=10.1017/S0950268819001481 |pmid=31475670|pmc=6805759 }}</ref>

A 2019 report identified dogs in Kerala who have another worm which can cause filariasis, ''[[Brugia malayi]]''.<ref name="Sadarama 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Sadarama |first1=PV |last2=Chirayath |first2=D |last3=Pillai |first3=UN |last4=Unny |first4=NM |last5=Lakshmanan |first5=B |last6=Sunanda |first6=C |title=Canine ''Brugia malayi'' microfilarial excretory/secretory protein-based antibody assay for the diagnosis of brugian filariasis in dogs. |journal=Journal of Parasitic Diseases |date=December 2019 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=549–553 |doi=10.1007/s12639-019-01125-3 |pmid=31749523|pmc=6841868 }}</ref> This worm is not known to infect people in India.<ref name="Sadarama 2019"/> If necessary tests are ready to identify the dogs carrying the disease.<ref name="Sadarama 2019"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further consideration==
* {{Citation |last1=Das |first1=PK |last2=Pani |first2=SP |last3=Krishnamoorthy |first3=K |date=June 2002 |title=Prospects of eliminating lymphatic filariasis in India |journal=ICMR Bulletin |publisher=[[Indian Council of Medical Research]] |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/icmr_bulletins/bumayjun02.pdf}}
* {{cite web |last1=Kazmin |first1=Amy |title=The race to zero: how to eliminate an ancient disease |url=https://ig.ft.com/special-reports/elephantiasis/ |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=2017}}

[[Category:Lymphatic filariasis|India]]
[[Category:Diseases and disorders in India]]