Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ravi Mandlik

2026-05-07T10:24:52Z

Janamkatha: adding new entry nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ravi Mandlik
| image = Ravi mandlik2.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Achalpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = [[Abstract painting]]
| training = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| movement = [[Abstract Expressionism]]
| notable_works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}

'''Ravi Mandlik''' रवि मंडलिक (born 1960, [[Achalpur]], Maharashtra, India) is an Indian artist.
He completed his G.D. Art in painting from Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai. He was a member of the teaching faculty of L.S. Raheja School of Art, Mumbai and Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

==Exhibitions==

*1999: W/N Millennium Show at London, Brussels, Stockholm, and New York
*1995: Yokohama Citizens Gallery, Japan
*2007: The Ueno Royal Museum Tokyo
*2007: Power of Peace, Bali, organized by Tao art gallery
*2007: International show organized by Articulate, New York
*2006: The Indiart Show
*2002: The Chapel Gallery, Singapore: Maratha Kaleidoscope, Al Diyafa Center, Satwa, Dubai

==Awards==
*1999: the Winsor & Newton worldwide millennium painting competition
*1995-96: the Bendre-Hussain Scholarship awarded from BAS Mumbai
*1992 : the International awarded of Seychelles Visual Art Biennale from the Seychelles
*1985 : Govt.award from the Art Society of India
*1985 : Usha Deshmukh Gold-Medal from Sir J.J. School of Art
*1984 : Fellowship from Sir J. J. School of Art

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Portrait by ravi mandlik.jpg|Ravi Mandlik Titled : Portrait by ravi mandlik
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 05, 2013 40 x 30 inches.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2013 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 40"x30"inc
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 07, 2014 40 x 30 inches.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2014 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 40"x30"inc
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 04, 2013 60 x 60 inches.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2013 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 60" x 60"inc
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 03, 2013 60 x 60 inches.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2013 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 60"x60"inc
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 09, 2006 60 x 120 inches.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2006 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 60"x120"inc
File:Painting by ravi mandlik 60 x 96 inchs.jpg|Ravi Mandlik 2013 Titled : Untitled Medium : Acrylic on Canvas Size : 60"x96"inc
File:Ravi Mandlik At work in studio.jpg|Ravi Mandlik At work in studio
File:At work in studio.JPG|Ravi Mandlik At work in studio
</gallery>

==References==
*http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?Articleid=566&PageNo=1
*http://www.theartstrust.com/artistprofile.aspx?artistid=48&name=Ravi%C2%A0Mandlik
*http://www.mojarto.com/artists/ravi-mandlik-10903
*http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/topic/Ravi-Mandlik?source=toitopic
*https://www.mojarto.com/artists/ravi-mandlik-10903/overview
*http://dhoomimalartcentre.com/artists/ravi-mandlik
*http://www.crimsonartgallery.com/html/ravi_mandlik.html
*http://www.merinews.com/article/ravi-mandlik--painter-by-profession/141840.shtml
*http://www.karinwebergallery.com/artists/exhibited/RaviMandlik/en/
*http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/kiran-rao-ravi-mandliks-art-show/articleshow/12622659.cms
*http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/kiran-rao/kiran-rao-ravi-mandlik-art-event
*http://infinitexprezions.com/artist_detail.php?id=17&name=Ravi%20Mandlik
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210926/http://artindiamag.com/quarter14_06_12/listings_national_international.html

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ravi Mandlik}}
*http://dhoomimalartcentre.com/artists/ravi-mandlik
*http://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections-artist.asp?strLetter=M
*http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg26o0_i-learnt-painting-for-dhobi-ghat-aamir_news
*http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28505&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080526-arty-facts-736302-2008-05-15 indiatoday.intoday.in]
*http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/india-art-festival-2015-mumbai-delhi
*http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Of-blue-red-and-other-colours/articleshow/27364170.cms
*http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-when-young-artists-got-a-hang-of-the-old-1292065
*http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/art/2009120138689.htm

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandlik, Ravi}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

INS Brahmaputra (1994)

2026-05-05T17:10:31Z

Janamkatha:

{{Short description|Brahmaputra class frigate}}
{{other ships|INS Brahmaputra }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}{{italic title|string=Brahmaputra}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Brahmaputra-1.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Brahmaputra'' departing [[Portsmouth Naval Base]], UK, 20 June 2009
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Brahmaputra''
| namesake = [[River Brahmaputra]]
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 29 January 1994<ref>{{csr|register=MSI|id=6128610|shipname=Brahmaputra|accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref>
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 14 April 2000
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = F31
| motto =
| nickname = ''The Raging Rhino''
| honours =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = Temporarily inactive, sustained severe damage in major fire
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Brahmaputra|frigate|0}} [[guided missile frigate]]
| displacement = 3,850 tons
| length = {{convert|126.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|14.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 steam turbines, {{convert|22,370|kW|shp|abbr=on}}, 2 shafts
| speed = {{convert|30|kn}}+
| range = {{convert|4500|nmi}}
| endurance =
| complement = 440 to 450 (Including 40 officers + 13 aircrew)
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *Radar
*[[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] RAWS-03 air/surface search radar
*BEL/Signaal RAWL-02 (PLN 517) air search radar
*Decca Bridgemaster/BEL Rashmi PIN 524 navigation radar
*Sonar
*BEL HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array)
*[[Thales Group|Thales]] Sintra towed array sonar
*Fire control
*BEL Aparna radar (Kh-35 SSM)
*[[Elta Systems|Elta]] EL/M-2221 radar (Barak SAM)
*BEL Shikari opto-electronic trackers (guns)
| EW = *BEL Ajanta Mk.2C Electronic Warfare system
*ELLORA Electronic Support Measures system
*BEL Radar Warning Receiver Suite
*Countermeasures
*2 × chaff/flare launcher
*Super Barricade chaff launcher
*2 × Graesby G738 or BEL TOTED towed torpedo decoy
| armament = *16 × [[Kh-35]] (SS-N-25) [[Surface-to-surface missile|SSM]] (4 x quadruple KT-184 launchers)
*24 × [[Barak SAM|Barak]] [[Surface-to-Air Missile|SAM]] (3 x octuple [[vertical launch system|VLS]] units)
*1 × [[Oto Melara 76 mm|OTO Melara 76 mm]] gun
*4 × [[AK-630]] 6-barreled 30 mm gatling gun
*2 × [[RBU-6000]] 213 mm anti-submarine rocket launcher
*2 × triple ILAS 3 324 mm torpedo tubes (Whitehead A244S anti-submarine torpedoes)
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Brahmaputra'' (F31)''' is the lead ship of [[Brahmaputra-class frigate|her class]] of [[guided missile frigate]]s of the [[Indian Navy]]. She was built at the [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE), [[Kolkata]].

On 21 July 2024, the ship listed on one side during maintenance in [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Mumbai dockyard]] after a major fire onboard. The Navy had immediately initiated an investigation for the incident.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=INS Brahmaputra Severely Damaged In Fire, Lying On Its Side; Sailor Missing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-brahmaputra-severely-damaged-in-fire-lying-on-its-side-sailor-missing-6163214 |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> As of May 2025, the ship is being repaired and is expected to regain its seaworthiness by early 2026 and will be combat-ready by mid-2026.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-05-25 |title=Written off by many after accident, INS Brahmaputra set to sail again. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/written-off-by-many-after-accident-ins-brahmaputra-set-to-sail-again-101748111983445.html?utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Design and Construction==
The design and construction of the ship is entirely Indian, and is a modification of the {{sclass|Godavari|frigate|4}} of frigates.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Brahmaputra.html
|date=2007-05-05
|title=Type 16A Brahmaputra class
|access-date=2008-01-28
|publisher=Bharat rakshak page on Brahmaputra class frigate
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211202145/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Brahmaputra.html
|archive-date=11 December 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> It is fitted with an array of modern sensor suites and matching weapon systems. INS Brahmaputra was commissioned on 14 April 2000 by Captain Pradeep 'Billoo' Chauhan, VSM.

This 3,600-tonne ship is {{convert|125|m|ft|0}} long and can reach speeds of up to {{convert|30|kn}}. She operates the [[Westland Sea King]] helicopter and the MATCH (Multi-Role Anti-Submarine Torpedo Carrying Helicopter) helicopter, which is an [[anti-submarine warfare]] variant of the [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] helicopter. ''Brahmaputra'' is the second ship of the Indian Navy named for the [[River Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.indembassyathens.gr/Defence/NOTE_INDIAN%20NAVAL%20SHIPS.htm|date = 2006-07-13|title = Indian naval ships visit to Greece|access-date = 2006-07-27|publisher = Embassy Of India, Athens|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311232808/http://www.indembassyathens.gr/Defence/NOTE_INDIAN%20NAVAL%20SHIPS.htm|archive-date = 11 March 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref> The [[INS Brahmaputra (1957)|first vessel of the name]] was a Type 41 {{sclass|Leopard|frigate|2}} that was commissioned in 1958. The symbol of ''Brahmaputra'' is 'The Raging Rhino', for the [[Indian Rhinoceros|one-horned rhino]] native to the Brahmaputra valley.

==Operations==
===Operation Sukoon===
In July 2006,''INS Brahmaputra'', under the command of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Kapil Gupta, was a part of Task Force 54 on its return to [[India]] from the [[Mediterranean]], when it was turned back to assist in [[Operation Sukoon]]. The task force consisted of three warships and a fleet tanker which were returning from a goodwill visit and were just about to cross the [[Suez Canal]]. After the evacuation, the task force remained on station in international waters off [[Lebanon]], monitoring the conflict and ensuring the safety of remaining Indian nationals in Lebanon. The vessels left for their home ports on 10 August 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2006/july/23/india_news/two_more_warships_sent_to_lebanon_to_evacuate_850_more.html |date = 2006-07-23 |title = Two more warships sent to Lebanon to evacuate 850 more |publisher = IndianMuslims.info |access-date = 28 July 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190423/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2006/july/23/india_news/two_more_warships_sent_to_lebanon_to_evacuate_850_more.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |url-status = usurped }}</ref> during the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict|2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict]].

===Task Force Europe 2009===
During May–July 2009, ''Brahmaputra'' was a part of the Indian Navy task force on deployment to Europe. During this deployment, the task force participated in joint-exercises with the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[French Navy]]. Exercise ''Konkan-09'' with the [[Royal Navy]], was conducted off the coast of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/Press090612.htm |title=Konkan 2009 |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065802/http://indiannavy.nic.in/Press090612.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Exercise ''Varuna 2009'' with the [[French Navy]] was off the coast of [[France]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/Press090615.htm |title=Varuna 2009 |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065813/http://indiannavy.nic.in/Press090615.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Fire and listing==
The ship met a major fire accident in the evening of 21 July 2024 while going through a major retrofit in [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Naval Dockyard]] in [[Mumbai]].The fire was brought under control with the help of firefighting units of the ship and that of the dockyard. The fire was doused by morning of 22 July. However, in late afternoon of 22 July, the ship had listed towards its [[port side]] and one junior sailor was reported missing for whom search operations had been initiated. The Navy carried out an investigation on the incident.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=INS Brahmaputra suffers damage after major fire, one sailor missing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ins-brahmaputra-suffers-damage-after-major-fire-one-sailor-missing/articleshow/111934210.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi|Dinesh K. Tripathi]] visited the accident site on 23 July and was briefed on the incident as well as the steps taken to make the necessary repairs. The Navy chief directed that all necessary steps be taken to ensure that the vessel returns to operational status as soon as possible.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=Fire on INS Brahmaputra: Body of missing sailor recovered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fire-on-ins-brahmaputra-body-of-missing-sailor-recovered/articleshow/111993528.cms |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A Special Task Force, headed by a [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]-ranked officer, led the probe to determine the exact cause of the incident and those accountable for the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=Indian Navy's Rear Admiral to lead probe in INS Brahmaputra accident, accountability to be fixed |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-navys-rear-admiral-to-lead-probe-in-ins-brahmaputra-accident-accountability-to-be-fixed20240723212423 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Navy seeks international specialists to salvage sunken INS Brahmaputra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/navy-seeks-international-specialists-to-repair-sunken-ins-brahmaputra-2577146-2024-08-05 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The body of the missing sailor was recovered on 24 July after extensive diving operations. He had been identified as [[leading seaman]] Sitendra Singh.<ref name=":1" />

The ship had listed on its port side at an angle of about 40 to 45°. The listing was most likely due to imbalance during firefighting operations. There had not been much ingress of salt water. The damage is not as severe as in the case of [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]] accident and the damage will be assessed soon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-07-26 |title=Righting INS Brahmaputra could take up to three months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/righting-ins-brahmaputra-could-take-up-to-three-months/article68450851.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Navy reportedly sought a foreign specialist group for the salvage operation. While the process to make the ship upright and assessing the damage would take 3 months, it would take from 6 months to a year to bring the vessel back to service after the damage assessment.<ref name=":2" />

As of 19 November 2024, the ship was upright with the help of balloon-like structures and foreign agencies. This was done after the ship had been moved to a dry dock. Few additional months would be required to make it seaworthy. Later, a thorough assessment was also conducted on the damage and the repairs needed to operationalise the ship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-19 |title=Exclusive: INS Brahmaputra restoration reaches milestone after fire incident |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-brahmaputra-restoration-reaches-major-milestone-after-fire-incident-2635542-2024-11-19 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

According to a report of 25 May 2025, which categorised the capability of a naval ship into the standard operational components of "float", "move" and "fight", the first two elements of ''Brahmaputra'' will be restored by early-2026 while the "fight" element will be restored by mid-2026 making it fully combat-ready.<ref name=":3" />

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5" heights="100px" widths="150px">
File:INS Brahmaputra Malabar 07.jpg|''Brahmaputra'' during [[Exercise Malabar#2007|Exercise Malabar 2007]].
File:INS Brahmaputra-2.JPG|''Brahmaputra'' departing Portsmouth Naval Base, UK, 20 June 2009.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Brahmaputra class frigate}}
{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmaputra (1994)}}
[[Category:Brahmaputra-class frigates]]
[[Category:Frigates of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1994 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Ranibandh (community development block)

2026-05-02T14:23:49Z

Janamkatha: slightly corrected citations after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranibandh
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Ranibandh in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8639200|N|86.7846070|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 428.40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 83
| population_total = 119,089
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722148 (Ranibandh)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 68.53%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ranibandh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranibandh]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranibandh''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in [[Khatra subdivision]] of [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Malla Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

===Red corridor===
106 districts spanning 10 states across India, described as being part of the [[Far-left politics|Left wing extremism]] activities, constitutes the [[Red corridor]]. In West Bengal the districts of Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum are part of the Red corridor. However, as of July 2016, there had been no reported incidents of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] related activities from these districts for the previous 4 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-corridor-to-be-redrawn/article8894304.ece |title = Red Corridor to be redrawn |last = Singh|first= Vijayita | publisher= The Hindu, 25 July 2016 | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

The CPI (Maoist) extremism which started in the district in the mid-nineties was mainly concentrated in five police station areas of Khatra subdivision – Sarenga, Barikul, Ranibandh, Raipur and Simlapal. They also functioned across the adjoining areas of Paschim Medinipur and Purulia districts.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/about-us/ |title = Bankura District Police | publisher= Bankura Police District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[Operation Lalgarh|Lalgarh movement]], which started attracting attention after the failed assassination attempt on [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], then chief minister of West Bengal, in the Salboni area of Paschim Medinipur district, on 2 November 2008 and the police action that followed, had also spread over to these areas.<ref name="Lalgarh Battle">{{Cite news| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2614/stories/20090717261412900.htm | title = Lalgarh Battle |magazine = Frontline|date= 17 July 2009 |access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref> The movement was not just a political struggle but an armed struggle that concurrently took the look of a social struggle. A large number of CPI (M) activists were killed. Although the epi-centre of the movement was [[Lalgarh, Paschim Medinipur|Lalgarh]], it was spread across 19 police stations in three adjoining districts – Paschim Medinipur, Bankura and Purulia, all thickly forested and near the border with Jharkhand. The deployment of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and other forces started on 11 June 2009. The movement came to an end after the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 state assembly elections]] and change of government in West Bengal. The death of [[Kishenji]], the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] commander, on 24 November 2011 was the last major landmark.<ref name="Lalgarh Battle"/><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kishenjis-death-a-serious-blow-to-maoist-movement/article2657105.ece| title = Kishenji's death a serious blow to Maoist movement |newspaper = The Hindu|date= 25 November 2011|access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Ranibandh is located at {{coord|22.8639200|N|86.7846070|E|format=dms|}}.

Ranibandh CD block is located in the south-western part of the district and belongs to the hard rock area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref>

Ranibandh CD block is bounded by [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] and [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh]] CD blocks on the north, [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]] CD block on the east, [[Binpur II]] CD block, in Paschim Medinipur district, on the south and [[Manbazar I]], [[Manbazar II]] and [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]] CD blocks, in Purulia district, on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html| title = Puruliya Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/paschim-mednipur.html | title = Paschim Medinipur CD block/ Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Ranibandh CD block has an area of 428.51 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 90 gram sansads (village councils), 186 [[mouza]]s and 169 inhabited villages. [[Ranibandh#Police station|Ranibandh]] and [[Barikul#Police station|Barikul]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Ranibandh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

Large forests areas exist in Sonamukhi, Joypur, Bishnupur, Khatra and Ranibandh areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/natural.htm |title = Official Website of Bankura district | work= Natural Resources - Forestry |publisher= Bankura District Administration | access-date = 21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/BANKURA.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Bankura District, West Bengal | work= Forests |publisher= MSME Development Institute, Kolkata | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Ranibandh block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Ambikanagar, Bankura|Ambikanagar]], [[Barikul]], [[Haludkanali]], Puddi, Rajakata, [[Ranibandh]], [[Rautara|Routora]] and Rudra.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ranibandh CD block had a total population of 119,089, all of which were rural. There were 60,290 (51%) males and 58,799 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 13,922. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 13,641 (11.45%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 56,061 (47.07%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

The concentration of [[Sabar people]], a primitive tribe, is high in Ranibandh and Raipur CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 254 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Villages in Ranibandh CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ranibandh]] (2,366), [[Rautara]] (2,367), Rudra (2,876), [[Ambikanagar, Bankura|Ambikanagar]] (3,228), [[Haludkanali]] (530), [[Barikul]] (988) and Rajakata (2,077).<ref name="census2011" />

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Ranibandh CD block was 72,070 (68.53% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 43,074 (81.03% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 28,996 (55.75%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.29%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Religions===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ranibandh CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|58.90}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|39.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|1.35}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.44}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 70,145 and formed 58.90% of the population in Ranibandh CD block. Muslims numbered 1,604 and formed 1.35% of the population. Others numbered 47,340 and formed 39.75% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 55.73%, Muslims 1.19% and tribal religions 42.68% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ranibandh CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 60.77 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 31.01 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value3 = 7.61 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.61 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 60.77% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 31.01% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 7.61% [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Ranibandh CD block 41.57% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Migration has been observed in the following CD blocks of Bankura district: Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Indpur, Ranibandh, Hirbandh, Khatra, Raipur and Sarenga. Although authentic figures are not available, a sample survey has been done. According to the sample survey, around 54.5% to 85.4% of the families on an average migrate from these blocks. Another study shows that around 23% of the people from the under-privileged blocks in the western and southern Bankura migrate. Those migrating belong mostly to the SC or ST population. They migrate for periods varying from 15 days to 6/8 months. Most people migrate to meet their food deficit and go to Bardhaman and Hooghly districts but some go to Gujarat and Maharashtra as construction labour.<ref name=humandev2/>

== Economy ==

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Ranibandh CD block'''
|value1 = 22.80
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 58.47
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.16
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 13.57
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Ranibandh CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,103 and formed 22.80%, agricultural labourers numbered 33,602 and formed 58.47%, household industry workers numbered 2,967 and formed 5.16% and other workers numbered 7,801 and formed 3.57%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 57,473 and formed 48.26% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 61,616 and formed 51.74% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 169 inhabited villages in the Ranibandh CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 167 villages (98.82%) have drinking water supply. 30 villages (17.75%) have post offices. 141 villages (83.43%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 53 villages (31.36%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 70 villages (41.42%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (3.55%) have agricultural credit societies and 11 villages (6.51%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 34 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 45 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Ranibandh CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Ranibandh CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 2.63%, patta (document) holders 7.50%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.84%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25.62% and agricultural labourers 59.40%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown in Ranibandh CD block was 15,128 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 4,389 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Ranibandh CD block was 4,045 hectares, out of which 2,890 hectares was by canal water, 260 hectares by tank water, 800 hectares by river lift irrigation and 95 hectares by open dug wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Ranibandh CD block produced 46,199 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 17,982 hectares, 110 tonnes of Aus paddy from 74 hectares, 16 tonnes of wheat from 9 hectares, 206 tonnes of maize from 112 hectares and 6,052 tonnes of potatoes from 207 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Ranibandh CD Block had 177 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 285 families were involved in Ranibandh CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Ranibandh CD block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013–14, Ranibandh CD block had 1 ferry service, 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 60 km from the CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|State Highway 4]] running from Jhalda (in Purulia district) to Digha foreshore (in Purba Medinipur district) and [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] running from Rupnarayanpur (in Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur district) pass through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Ranibandh CD block had 159 primary schools with 11,066 students, 17 middle schools with 2,198 students, 4 high schools with 2,300 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 11,007 students. Ranibandh CD Block had 1 general college with 527 students and 339 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,259 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{main|Education in India}}

According to the 2011 census, in the Ranibandh CD block, among the 169 inhabited villages, 20 villages did not have a school, 27 villages had two or more primary schools, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

Birsha Munda Memorial College was established in 2010 at Village Pirrah, PO [[Haludkanali]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/birsha-munda-memorial-college/34615/2 |title = Birsha Munda Memorial College| publisher= icbse | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>

Government General Degree College, Ranibandh has been started in 2015 at [[Rautara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ranibandhgovtcollege.org/departments.htm |title = Government General Degree College| publisher= Ranibandh Government College | access-date = 12 December 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Ranibandh CD block had 1 rural hospital and 4 primary health centres with total 84 beds and 8 doctors. It had 26 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 4,708 patients were treated indoor and 125,317 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ranibandh Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Ranibandh]], is the major government medical facility in the Ranibandh CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Jhilimili]] (with 10 beds), [[Barikul]] (with 2 beds), [[Haludkanali]] (with 6 beds) and Khejuria (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Jeelani Bano

2026-04-29T04:37:01Z

Janamkatha: Put up post!

{{Short description|Indian writer of Urdu literature (1936–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeelani Bano
| image = Jilani Bano.jpg
| caption = Bano in 1999
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Budaun]], United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|3|1|1936|7|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Litterateur|novelist|author}}
| known for = Novel, short story
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award Soviet Land Nehru Award Qaumi Haali Award NTR national Literary Award
}}

'''Jeelani Bano''' (14 July 1936 – 1 March 2026) was an Indian writer and novelist. She wrote in Urdu, Hindi, Gujarati and Telugu. Bano received the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]] in 2001.

==Early life and education==
Jeelani Bano was born on 14 July 1936 in [[Badayun]],<ref name="Urdu Youth Forum">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Urdu Youth Forum |url=http://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Jeelani-Bano.html |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Urdu Youth Forum}}</ref> in [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] to Hairat Badayuni,<ref name="Allamah Hairat Badayuni : hayat aur adabi khidmat">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUAMAQAAIAAJ | title=Allamah Hairat Badayuni: hayat aur adabi khidmat | publisher=Adabi Markaz | author=Rashīduddīn | year=1979 | pages=125}}</ref> a known Urdu poet.<ref name="Yalaburi">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Yalaburi |url=http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/jeelanibanojan2006.htm |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Yalaburi}}</ref> After her schooling, she enrolled for intermediate course when she married Anwar Moazzam, a poet of repute and a former head of the Department of Islamic Studies at the [[Osmania University]] and shifted to [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/revolutionary-road/article2814177.ece | title=The Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 January 2012 | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> She continued her education to secure a master's degree (MA) in Urdu.<ref name="Muse India">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Muse India |url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034615/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=493 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Muse India}}</ref><ref name="Urdu Youth Forum" />

== Career ==
Bano started writing at an early age, reported to be at the age of eight,<ref name="The Hindu" /> and her first story, ''Ek Nazar Idhar Bhi'' (A Glance Hither), was published in 1952.<ref name="Yalaburi" /> She is credited with 22 books comprising anthologies starting with ''Roshni ke Minar'' and novels beginning with ''Aiwaan-e-ghazal''. Her list of books include an autobiography, ''Afzane''<ref name="Autobiography">{{cite web | url=http://urduyouthforum.org/afsane/afsana_writer-Jeelani-Bano.html | title=Autobiography | publisher=Urdu Youth Forum | date=2014 | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> and a collection of her correspondence with other writers, ''Door ki Aawaazen''.<ref name="Yalaburi" /><ref name="The Hindu" /> One of her stories, ''Narsayya Ki Bavdi'', has been made into a 2009 feature film, [[Well Done Abba]] by the renowned filmmaker, [[Shyam Benegal]].<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Well Done Abba">{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1397492/fullcredits#writers | title=Well Done Abba | publisher=IMDB | date=2014 | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> Many of her books have been translated into other languages.<ref name="Muse India" /><ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="The Alien Home and Other Stories">{{cite book | title=The Alien Home and Other Stories | publisher=National Book Trust | author=Jeelani Bano | year=2004 | asin=B003DRJGAC}}</ref><ref name="A Hail of Stones">{{cite book | title=A Hail of Stones | publisher=Sterling Publishers | author=Jeelani Bano | year=1988 | isbn=978-8120718371}}</ref>

Jeelani Bano, a former Chairperson of the non governmental organization for women's rights, ''Asmita'',<ref name="The Hindu" /> lived in [[Banjara Hills]], Hyderabad.<ref name="Yalaburi" /><ref name="Urdu Youth Forum" /> She was also associated with ''Youth for Action'' of which she was a former chairperson, ''Child and Women Human Rights'', a forum of the International Human Rights Association of India as its principal advisor<ref name="The Hindu" /> and maintains associations with radio and television.<ref name="Muse India" />

== Death ==
Bano died on 1 March 2026, at the age of 89.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/renowned-urdu-writer-jeelani-bano-passes-away-at-90/article70692446.ece Renowned Urdu writer Jeelani Bano passes away at 90]</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
Bano received the Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award in 1960, followed by the Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1985.<ref name="Yalaburi" /><ref name="Muse India" />

She received the Qaumi Haali Award from the Haryana Urdu Academy in 1989.<ref name="Yalaburi" /><ref name="Muse India" />

The [[Government of India]] honoured her with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 2001.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=Padma Awards}}</ref>

==Selected works==
She had been writing since 1954 in Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-31 |title=Entangled in a snare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/entangled-in-a-snare/article6069743.ece |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Afreen |first=Saima |date=2018-07-10 |title=Jeelani Bano Now in Telugu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2018/Jul/09/jeelani-bano-now-in-telugu-1840828.html |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxCuerDRo1AC |title=Raushni Kay Meenār |date=1958 |publisher=Naya Adara |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nirvaan-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Nirvaan |publisher=Maktaba Jamia Limited |year=1963 |location=New Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9IGAQAAIAAJ |title=Jugnū aur sitāre |date=1966 |publisher=Hind pākiṭ buks |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nirwan-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Nirwan |publisher=Shaheen Publishers |year=1971 |location=AIlahabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/naghme-ka-safar-chaar-novelette-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Naghme Ka Safar: Chaar Novelette |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy |year=1977 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0AMAQAAIAAJ |title=Aivan-i ghazal |date=1976 |publisher=Maktab-i Jam'iah |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/paraya-ghar-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Paraya Ghar |publisher=Urdu Markaz |year=1979 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn4eAAAAIAAJ |title=Pattharoṃ kī bāriśa |date=1987 |publisher=Vidyā Prakāśana Mandira |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LIyAAAAIAAJ |title=Bārish-i sang: nāvil |date=1985 |publisher=Dāniyal |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/roz-ka-qissa-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Raz ka Qissa |publisher=Nafees Academy |year=1987 |location=Karachi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ye-kaun-hansa-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Ye Kaun Hansa? |publisher=Khoj |year=1992 |location=Lahore |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krKEjxT028AC |title=A Hail of Stones |date=1996 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1837-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sach-ke-siwa-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Sach Ke Siwa |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=1997 |isbn=81-86232-47-8 |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788188413003 |title=Aiwaan-e-Ghazal |publisher=M. R. Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-88413-00-3 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/kun-jilani-bano-ebooks-1 |title=Kun |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-547152-6 |edition=1st |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rasta-band-hai-jilani-bano-ebooks-1 |title=Rasta Band Hai |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-8223-611-0 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rasta-band-hai-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Rasta Band Hai |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8223-611-0 |location=Delhi |language=ur|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mein-kaun-hun-nau-umri-ke-wo-din-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Mein Kaun Hun? Nau Umri Ke Wo Din |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-237-7219-6 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/yaqeen-ke-aage-guman-ke-pichhe-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Yaqeen Ke Aage Guman Ke Pichhe |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-5073-436-0 |editor-last=Farrukhi |editor-first=Asif |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bānū |first=Jīlānī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789388105422 |title=Baarish-e-Sang: Novel |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-88105-42-2 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__10__nehru-bal-pustakalaya__1269__jilani-bano-ki-do-bal-kahaniyan-hindi-.nbt |title=Jilani Bano Ki Do Bal Kahaniyan |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |year=2019 |edition=5th |location=Delhi |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bano |first=Jeelani |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/kimiya-e-dil-jilani-bano-ebooks |title=Kimiya-e-Dil |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-91238-31-5 |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* Raat ke Musafir (short story anthology)
* Tiryaaq (short story anthology)
* Nayee Aurat (short story anthology)
* Sach ke siva (short story anthology)
* Baat Phoolon ki (short story anthology)
* Dus Pratinidhi Kahaniyan (short story anthology) {{ISBN|9788189859244}}
* Addu (short story anthology)

==See also==
* [[Urdu literature]]
* [[Well Done Abba]]
{{portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal |editor-last=Rasheed |editor-first=Shadab |title=Gosha-e-Jilani Bano, Irtiza Nishat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/naya-waraq-shumara-number-044-shadab-rasheed-magazines |journal=Naya Waraq |volume=17 |issue=44 |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Akhtar |first=Nazia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EURMzwEACAAJ |title=Bibi's Room: Hyderabadi Women and Twentieth-century Urdu Prose |publisher=[[Orient BlackSwan]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5442-064-1 |language=en}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=A Hail of Stones | publisher=Sterling Publishers | author=Jeelani Bano | year=1988 | isbn=978-8120718371}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|name=|id=nm4007590}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bano, Jeelani}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Budaun]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Killadi Jodis

2026-04-28T03:30:12Z

Janamkatha: Put up new stub!

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = Stunt/dare [[game show]]
| creator =
| based_on = ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]''
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director =
| presenter = [[Sanjeev Venkat]] [[Manimegalai]]
| judges =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 14
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2026|1|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2026|4|26}}
| related = [[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]
| image_alt =
}}

'''''Killadi Jodis''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language celebrity stunt/[[game of dares|dare]]-based reality television series based on the American series ''[[Fear Factor]]'' and is part of ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-revives-mr-mrs-killadis-as-killadi-jodis/|title=Zee Tamil revives ‘Mr & Mrs Killadis’ as ‘Killadi Jodis’, premieres January 25|website=mediabrief.com|date=22 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 25 January 2026 and aired on every Sunday at 20:30 and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-reality-show-killadi-jodi-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/126966206.cms|title=New reality show ‘Killadi Jodi’ to premiere soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Sanjeev Venkat]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://minnambalam.com/zee-killadi-jodi-new-reality-show-zee-tamil-launch-date-sanjiv-host-celebrity-couples-game-show/|title=சஞ்சீவ் தொகுத்து வழங்கும் ‘ஜீ கில்லாடி ஜோடி’! ஜீ தமிழில் களமிறங்கும் புதிய பிரம்மாண்ட கேம் ஷோ|website=minnambalam.com|date=18 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>

The finale was held on 26 June 2026. The show's five finalist jodis are Karana and Indhu, Sangavi and Raanav, Thangapandi and Chandhini, Hamaranath and Gayathiri, and Yogesh and Myna Nandhini. The show was won by Hamarnath and Gayathri,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/killadi-jodis-winner-name-amara-gayathri-prize-money-article-154178343|title=Killadi Jodis Finale Results: Announcement of the Champion and Prize Money. First Runner-Up Identified.|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=26 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> and received 15 lakhs, while Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]] were the runner-up of the show.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www-zoomtventertainment-com.translate.goog/south/killadi-jodis-winner-name-finale-zee-tamil-article-154178182?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ta&_x_tr_hl=ta&_x_tr_pto=sge|title=கில்லாடி ஜோடிஸ் இறுதிப் போட்டி முடிவுகள்: வெற்றியாளர் மற்றும் பரிசுத் தொகை அறிவிப்பு. இரண்டாம் இடத்தைப் பிடித்தவர் குறித்த விவரங்கள்.|website=zoomtventertainment-com|date=27 April 2026|language=ta}}</ref> Several guests that were included in the grand finale are [[Baba Bhaskar]] and Alya Manasa.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khiladi-jodis-grand-finale-hamarnath-and-gayathri-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/130542097.cms|title=Khiladi Jodis grand finale: Hamarnath and Gayathri lift the trophy|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> The show also celebrates 30 years of host Sanjeev Venkat.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khiladi-jodies-grand-finale-the-show-celebrates-30-years-of-host-sanjeev-venkat-actor-bobby-simha-and-others-extend-wishes/articleshow/130528413.cms|title=Khiladi Jodies grand finale: The show celebrates 30 years of host Sanjeev Venkat|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== Format ==
The show is about 8 real and reel celebrity couples from television, cinema, and social media to face high-pressure situations that challenge their trust, strength, resilience, love and teamwork.

==Contestants==
{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| #
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| {{nowrap|Episode entered}}
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| {{nowrap|Episode exited}}
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Ref
|-
| 1
| Krishnan and Aiswarya
| style="text-align:center" |1
|
|
|-
| 2
| Ranaav and Sangavi
| style="text-align:center" |1
| 14
| <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/killadi-jodis-raanav-and-sankavis-electrifying-performance-promises-high-voltage-entertainment/articleshow/127772533.cms|title=Killadi Jodis: Raanav and Sankavi’s electrifying performance promises high-voltage entertainment|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Grunath and Daria
| style="text-align:center" |1
|
|
|-
| 4
| Charly Joy and Priya Jerson
| style="text-align:center" |1
|
| <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/super-singer-priya-jerson-breaks-down-on-killadi-jodi-emotional-revelation-about-parents-missing-768645.html|title=ஐந்து வருட காத்திருப்பு.. கல்யாண மேடையில் பெற்றோரால் வலி.. கண்ணீரோடு பாடகி பிரியா ஜெர்சன்|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=26 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| Naresh and Swathika
| style="text-align:center" |1
|
|
|-
| 6
| Hamarnath and Gayathri
| style="text-align:center" |1
| 14
|
|-
| 7
| Thangapandi and Chandhini
| style="text-align:center" |1
| 14
| <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/koomapatti-thangapandi-and-chandhini-prakash-join-the-contestant-lineup-of-new-reality-show-killadi-jodi/articleshow/127141197.cms|title=Koomapatti Thangapandi and Chandhini Prakash join the contestant lineup of new reality show ‘Killadi Jodi’|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]]
| style="text-align:center" |1
| 14
|
|-
|}

=== The list of contestants ===
* Krishnan and Aiswarya
** A Real Couples and a social media influencer and YouTube blogger.

* Ranaav and Sangavi (Reel Couples) <ref name="contestants">{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/killadi-jodis-myna-nandhini-chandhini-prakash-aishwarya-sankavi-and-others-take-the-leap-in-the-high-voltage-chopper-task/articleshow/127836940.cms|title=Killadi Jodis: Myna Nandhini, Chandhini Prakash, Aishwarya, Sankavi, and others take the leap in the high-voltage chopper task|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
** Ranaav: A model and actor in the Tamil industry, who has appeared in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''.
** Sangavi: A television actress, recognized for Tamil serials like ''[[Chinna Marumagal (TV series)|Chinna Marumagal]]'' and ''[[Veera (Tamil TV series)|Veera]]''.

* Grunath and Daria<ref name="contestants" />
** A Lovers and a social media influencer and YouTube blogger.

* Charly Joy and Priya Jerson<ref name="contestants" />
** A Real Couples and a social media influencer and YouTube blogger.
** Priya Jerson: Singer

* Naresh and Swathika<ref name="contestants" />
** Television actors, recognized for Tamil serials like ''[[Chinnanchiru Kiliye]]''.

* Hamarnath and Gayathri<ref name="contestants" />
** Hamarnath: A actor

* Thangapandi and Chandhini<ref name="contestants" />
** Thangapandi: a social media influencer and YouTube blogger.
** Chandhini : A television actress, recognized for Tamil serials like ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''.

* Yogesh and [[Myna Nandhini]]<ref name="contestants" />
** A Real Couples and actor and actress, a social media influencer and YouTube blogger.

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable" width="45%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Epi
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| shot
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #284D68 ;color:white"| Ref
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|1|25}}
| Grand Lunch
| Tamil Nadu
|
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|2|1}}
| Sky and sea
| rowspan=5 | [[Sri Lanka]]
|
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|2|8}}
|
|
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|2|15}}
|
|
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|2|21}}
|
|
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2026|3|1}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/killadi-jodis-promo-thangapandi-lifts-chandhini-prakash-in-a-fiery-act-that-steals-the-spotlight/articleshow/128844215.cms|title=Killadi Jodis promo: Thangapandi lifts Chandhini Prakash in a fiery act that steals the spotlight|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
It is an adaptation of ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]'' and was launched on 28 May 2016 . After the ''[[Single Pasanga]]'' show ended, Killadi Jodis began on 25 January 2026 as scheduled. On 5 January 2026, a first teaser was released on [[Zee Tamil]]'s social media platforms.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The show host by actor Sanjeev Venkat, who returns to the small screen after an eight-year hiatus. <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khiladi-jodi-host-sanjeev-venkats-lavish-lifestyle-from-luxurious-home-to-enviable-car-collection-and-net-worth/articleshow/128602574.cms|title=Khiladi Jodi host Sanjeev Venkat’s lavish lifestyle: From luxurious home to enviable car collection and net worth|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2026|language=en}}</ref> This season was filmed and shot across spectacular international locations including [[Sri Lanka]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], and the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2026/killadi-jodis-tv-premiere-date-timings-zee-tamil-s-adventure-packed-show-storms-screens-498535.html|title=Killadi Jodis TV Premiere Date & Timings: Zee Tamil’s Adventure-Packed Show Storms Screens|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=22 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> On 22 February, the anchor [[Manimegalai]] was cast as special anchor for episode 5.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/manimegalai-joins-as-new-host-game-show-khiladi-jodies/articleshow/128705901.cms|title=Manimegalai joins as new host game show 'Khiladi Jodies'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was unveiled on 15 January, featuring host [[Sanjeev Venkat]] with the slogan "Ingai Sirantha Jodi Endru Nirupikka Kaalam Devai Illai Kalam Than Devai"<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.tamilwire.in/entertainment/cinema/cinema-killadi-jodis-new-dance-show-in-zee-tamizh-tamil#google_vignette|title=ஜீ தமிழில் குட்டி தளபதியா.. தயார் நிலையில் கில்லாடி ஜோடிஸ் நடன நிகழ்ச்சி...! யார் யார் போட்டியாளர்கள் தெரியுமா..!|website=www.tamilwire.in|date=20 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>. The second promo was unveiled on 17 January, featuring contestants and a release date.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/khiladi-jodies/0-6-4z5895048 ''Killadi Jodis''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]

1990 Handwara massacre

2026-04-27T07:19:42Z

Janamkatha: New

{{Short description|Death of protestors in Kashmir in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Handwara massacre
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Handwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| target = Civilians
| coordinates =
| date = 25 January 1990
| time = 11am-2pm
| timezone =
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 21 killed
| injuries = 75 wounded
| perpetrators = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Border Security Force]]
}}

The '''Handwara massacre''' was the killing of 21 Kashmiri civilians by the [[Border Security Force]] on 25 January 1990 in [[Handwara]], a town in the [[Kupwara district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2018-01-24 |title=Handwara massacre survivors want a memorial for the victims |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/handwara-massacre-survivors-want-a-memorial-for-the-victims/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-01-25 |title=29 Years On, Justice Eludes Handwara Massacre Victims |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/01/25/29-years-on-justice-eludes-handwara-massacre-victims/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Background==
Prior to the Handwara incident, on 21 January 1990, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) had opened fire on protesters at the Gawkadal bridge in Srinagar, leading to significant civilian casualties. This event, known as the [[1990 Gawkadal massacre|Gawkadal massacre]], intensified public outrage and led to widespread protests across the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/05/01/kashmir-the-scarred-and-the-beautiful/ |website=The New York Review of Books |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201175847/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/05/01/kashmir-the-scarred-and-the-beautiful/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Massacre ==
On 25 January 1990, thousands of residents gathered in Handwara to protest the [[Gawkadal massacre]] and demand accountability for massacre which had occurred four days earlier. The protesters, chanting slogans and waving placards, marched through the town. As the procession approached the Handwara Police Station, a Tata Matador (407) carrying [[Border Security Force|BSF personnel]] arrived at the scene.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Handwara Massacre {{!}} Jan 25, 1990: When 21 people fell to BSF bullets |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/handwara-massacre-jan-25-1990-when-21-people-fell-to-bsf-bullets |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="It was doomsday": 31 years on, justice eludes Handwara massacre victims |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/it-was-doomsday-31-years-on-justice-eludes-handwara-massacre-victims/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125144909/https://thekashmirwalla.com/it-was-doomsday-31-years-on-justice-eludes-handwara-massacre-victims/ |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=the Kashmir Walla}}</ref>

According to eyewitnesses, the BSF personnel opened fire indiscriminately into the crowd without any warning. The shooting resulted in the immediate deaths of 21 civilians and left over 75 others injured. The victims included women and children, with several eyewitnesses described the scene as chaotic and harrowing, with bodies lying on the ground and survivors scrambling to escape the gunfire.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-25 |title=Handwara Massacre: Where 25 fell to Bullets mourning Gaw Kadal |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/handwara-massacre-where-25-fell-to-bullets-mourning-gaw-kadal/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handwara massacre, 1990}}
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1990 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1990]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:January 1990 crimes]]
[[Category:January 1990 in India]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]

{{Massacre-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]

Mrityunjay Prasad

2026-04-20T05:04:11Z

Janamkatha: Starting A Info Initial Version.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1906)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mrityunjay Prasad
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj, Bihar]]
| term_start = 1967
| predecessor = Krishnakanta Singh
| term_end = 1971
| successor = [[Ram Deo Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan, Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| predecessor1 = Mohammad Yusuf
| term_end1 = 1980
| successor1 = Mohammad Yusuf
| parents = [[Rajendra Prasad]] (father) [[Rajvanshi Devi]] (mother)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1906|01|02}}
| birth_place = [[Siwan district|Jiradei]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1984|10|19|1906|01|02}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| party = [[Janata Party]] (1967–1980)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 1967)
| spouse =
| children = Tara Sinha (Daughter)
}}

'''Mrityunjaya Prasad''' (2 January 1906{{snd}}19 October 1984) was an [[Indian politician]] and son of [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Rajvanshi Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra Prasad Biography |url=https://www.vedantu.com/biography/dr-rajendra-prasad-biography |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Vedantu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=Mrityunjaya+Prasad |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents |date=1984 |publisher=Allied |isbn=978-81-7023-002-1 |language=en}}</ref> who served as [[Member of 6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 6th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=6&search=M |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Lok Sabha, Parliament of India}}</ref> and [[Member of 4th Lok Sabha]] from [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 4th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=4&search=M |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He was the only member of Rajendra Prasad's family who joined [[politics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The legacy of 1947 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-legacy-of-1947/502468/2 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 2 January 1906 in [[Ziradei]], [[Siwan district]]. He was the founder-member of [[College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVVPAQAAMAAJ&q=College+of+Commerce,+Patna+Mrityunjay+Prasad |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1985 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ&q=College+of+Commerce,+Patna+Mrityunjay+Prasad |title=Who's who |date=1977 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1863.htm |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He died at [[Patna]] on 19 October 1984.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/812687/1/08_I_18-01-1985_p7_p14_PII.pdf | date = 1985-01-18 | access-date = 2025-05-21 | title = Lok Sabah debates - 18 January 1985 - Obituary references}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Mrityunjay}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:Children of presidents of India]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Biswanath Parial

2026-04-19T04:22:17Z

Janamkatha: page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Biswanath Parial''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biswanath Parial(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- DURGAPUR PASCHIM(PASCHIM BARDHAMAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1848 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Durgapur Paschim Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Durgapur Paschim assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/durgapur-paschim-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-durgapur-paschim-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9130831.htm |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
On 18.04.2026 he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in presence of Dr.[[Sukanta Majumdar]]

== Early life and education ==
Parial is from [[Durgapur]], Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Dulal Parial. He studied Class 12 and passed the Higher Secondary Examinations conducted by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education in 1988. His wife Ruma Parial is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Parial was elected in the Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 108,533 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Apurba Mukherjee of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 44,824 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=2016 Vidhan Sabha Election Summary of Durgapur Paschim |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/36944 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-06 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Durgapur Paschim profile: Congress' Bishwanath Parial won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-durgapur-paschim-profile-congress-bishwanath-parial-won-seat-in-2016-9397811.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Later, he shifted to the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and contested the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] on the Trinamool Congress ticket but lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]] by a margin of 14,664 votes. He polled 76,522 votes against 91,186 votes garnered by the winner [[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durgapur Paschim Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/durgapurpaschim-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Durgapur-paschim Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Durgapur-paschim Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-durgapur-paschim-constituency-277.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parial. Biswanath}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Christopher Rawlinson (judge)

2026-04-19T03:04:16Z

Janamkatha: adding

{{Short description|English colonial judge (1806–1888)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Christopher Rawlinson
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| order1 = [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1850
| term_end1 = 1859
| predecessor1 = Sir [[Edward John Gambier]]
| successor1 = Sir [[Henry Davison (judge)|Henry Davison]]
| birth_date = 10 July 1806
| birth_place = [[Combe, Berkshire|Combe, Hampshire]], England
| death_date = 28 March 1888 (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Eaton Square]], London, England
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[lawyer]], [[judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Christopher Rawlinson''' (10 July 1806 – 28 March 1888) was an English colonial judge who was [[Chief Justice of Madras]] and the first vice-chancellor of the [[University of Madras]].

Rawlinson was born at [[Combe, Berkshire|Combe, Hampshire]], the second son of police magistrate John Rawlinson (1777/8–1847) of New Place, [[Old Alresford|Alresford]], and of Clatford and Combe, Hampshire, by his wife Felicia, daughter of Thomas Watson, of Haydon Hall, Middlesex.<ref name="auto">A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland for 1850, vol. II, John B. Burke, Henry Colburn, 1850, p. 1101</ref> He was educated at the [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] and at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] (B.A. 1828, M.A. 1831). [[Call to the bar|Called to the bar]] at the [[Middle Temple]] (as his father had been) in 1831, he joined the western circuit in 1832, and was recorder of [[Portsmouth]] from 1840 to 1847, when he was appointed [[List of Recorders of Penang, Singapore and Malacca|recorder of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore, and Malacca]]. In 1847 he was knighted.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-23189|title=Rawlinson, Sir Christopher (1806–1888), judge in India|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23189|last1=Wheeler|first1=Stephen|editor1-first=Roger T|editor1-last=Stearn}}</ref>

In 1849 he was appointed [[Madras High Court|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras]], and held that position till his retirement in 1859. In his charge to the [[grand jury]] on 5 January 1859 he expressed the belief that great benefits would accrue from the recent transfer of the government of India from the [[East India Company]] to the [[The Crown|Crown]], and refuted the assertion then commonly made by English officials in India, that no materials for self-government existed in the country. On 9 February 1859 he was presented with a farewell address by the native community of Madras at an entertainment at which the governor, [[Lord Harris]], was present.

In 1842 he published a work on "The Municipal Practices Act".

He died at 33 [[Eaton Square]], London, on 28 March 1888. On 27 May 1847 he had married Georgina Maria, younger daughter of Alexander Radclyffe Sidebottom, [[barrister]], by whom he had three sons—Christopher (b. 1850), Albemarle Alexander, late major [[8th Hussars]], [[John Frederick Peel Rawlinson|John Frederick Peel]]—and one daughter. His nephew by marriage was [[William Melmoth Walters]], whose daughter Gertrude married Rawlinson's nephew<ref>Men-at-the-Bar- a biographical hand-list of the members of the various Inns of Court, second edition, Joseph Foster, Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd, 1885, p. 386</ref> Thomas Arthur Rawlinson and was mother of the screenwriter and film producer [[A. R. Rawlinson]].<ref>Who was Who in the Theatre, 1912–1976, vol. 4 Q-Z, Gale Research Co., 1978, p. 1989</ref><ref>The Law Times, vol. 96, 1894, p. 46</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{DNB|wstitle=Rawlinson, Christopher (1806-1888)|first=Stephen Edward|last=Wheeler|volume=47|page=327}}
*{{Cite ODNB|title=Rawlinson, Sir Christopher (1806–1888)|first=Stephen|last=Wheeler|first2=Roger T.|last2=Stearn|id=23189}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawlinson, Christopher}}
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:Vice chancellors of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British India judges]]

Seelampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:54Z

Janamkatha: adding some info more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Seelampur
| mla = [[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North East Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
| electors = 1,82,117
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 65
}}
'''Seelampur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]]. It is a part of the [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 – NCT of Delhi– Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=Eci.nic.in. [[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=29 December 2013 | page=557}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|publisher=Government of Delhi website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-06}}</ref> Seelampur was established to relocate a population displaced following the demolition of their homes in [[North Delhi|North]] and [[Central Delhi]] during the [[Emergency (India)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2320/stories/20061020002903400.htm|title=Uneasy reprieve, Oct. 07-20, 2006|publisher=Frontline}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Chaudhary Mateen Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Mohammad Ishraque]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Seelampur<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Seelampur">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Seelampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0565.htm |accessdate=24 February 2025 |work= |date=24 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224170143/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0565.htm |archivedate=24 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Seelam Pur Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Seelam Pur Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/seelam-pur |accessdate=24 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224170200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/seelam-pur |archivedate=24 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]|votes=79,009|percentage=59.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anil Gaur|votes=36,532|percentage=27.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]|votes=16,551|percentage=12.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|candidate=Mohd Nazir|votes=107|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Republican Party|candidate=Shabana|votes=177|percentage=0.13
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=355|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,477|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,33,440|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = BJP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Seelampur<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]|votes=72,694|percentage=56.05|change=+4.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kaushal Kumar Mishra|votes=35,619|percentage=27.58|change=+1.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chaudhary Mateen Ahmed]]|votes=20,207|percentage=15.61|change=-5.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mohd. Afzal|votes=352|percentage=0.27|change=-0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=311|percentage=0.24|change=-0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,075|percentage=28.47|change=+4.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,805|percentage=71.42|change=-0.39}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +4.80
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Seelampur<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3878-delhi-2015/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Mohammad Ishraque]]
| votes = 57,302
| percentage = 51.25
| change = +38.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sanjay Jain
| votes = 29,415
| percentage = 26.31
| change = +1.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chaudhary Mateen Ahmed]]
| votes = 23,791
| percentage = 21.28
| change = -25.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sandeep Chaudhary
| votes = 629
| percentage = 0.56
| change = -12.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 329
| percentage = 0.29
| change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 27,887
| percentage = 24.94
| change = +3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,11,844
| percentage =71.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +25.64
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Seelampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=958&cid=65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233932/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=958&cid=65 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 December 2013 | title=Nct Of Delhi Assembly Election 2013 |publisher=empoweringindia.org | accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chaudhary Mateen Ahmed
| votes = 46,452
| percentage = 46.52
| change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kaushal Kumar Mishra
| votes = 24,724
| percentage = 24.76
| change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Abdul Rehman (MLA)|Abdul Rehman]]
| votes = 13,352
| percentage = 13.37
| change = -2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Masood Ali Khan
| votes = 12,969
| percentage = 12.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Nazrin Naaz
| votes = 635
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd. Hasnain
| votes = 571
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Bashiruddin
| votes = 472
| percentage = 0.47
| change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sarfaraj
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 550
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 21,728
| percentage = 21.76
| change = +20.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 99,864
| percentage = 68.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -8.13
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Seelampur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chaudhary Mateen Ahmad
| votes = 47,820
| percentage = 54.65
| change = -7.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sita Ram Gupta
| votes = 21,546
| percentage = 24.62
| change = +1.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Hazi Afzzal
| votes = 13,445
| percentage = 15.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Masood Ali Khan
| votes = 1,062
| percentage = 1.21
| change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Mohd Badrul Haq
| votes = 904
| percentage = 1.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| candidate = Mohd Yusuf
| votes = 777
| percentage = 0.89
| change = +8.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hafiz Ahmed
| votes = 467
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ayyub Ali
| votes = 314
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
| candidate = Saleem Khan
| votes = 226
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Md Sabir Siddiqi
| votes = 209
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Aftab Ahmad
| votes = 198
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Sangharsh Party (Kanshiram)
| candidate = Nasim Ahmad Hashmi
| votes = 192
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Shakir Hussain
| votes = 169
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Viqar Ahmad Khan
| votes = 87
| percentage =0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shakila Begum
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 979
| percentage = 1.01
| change = -38.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 97,894
| percentage = 58.0
| change = +2.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -7.99
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Seelampur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chaudhary Mateen Ahmed
| votes = 34,085
| percentage = 62.64
| change = +49.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar Jain
| votes = 12,373
| percentage = 22.74
| change = +2.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| candidate = Haji Ikram Hasan
| votes = 5,323
| percentage = 9.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Mohd Yusuf
| votes = 1,060
| percentage = 1.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Haider Ali
| votes = 512
| percentage = 0.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = M Hasnain
| votes = 288
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Kanhya Lal Otwal
| votes = 252
| percentage = 0.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National League
| candidate = Mohd Yusuf
| votes = 212
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Shafiq
| votes = 79
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Sudesh Kumari
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Federal Democratic Party
| candidate = Pushpa
| votes = 63
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
| candidate = Zahoor Khan
| votes = 53
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Mohd Sultan
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 21,712
| percentage = 39.90
| change = +10.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,413
| percentage = 55.81
| change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent
| swing = +49.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Seelampur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ch Mateen Ahmad
| votes = 27,376
| percentage = 49.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Data Ram
| votes = 11,001
| percentage = 19.96
| change = -18.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Salauddin
| votes = 7,497
| percentage = 13.60
| change = -2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mohd Nahid
| votes = 2,317
| percentage = 4.20
| change = +3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Sultan Ahmad
| votes = 2,148
| percentage = 3.90
| change = -38.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Mohd Yusuf
| votes = 1,411
| percentage = 2.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Abdul Khalid
| votes = 1,119
| percentage = 2.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdish
| votes = 829
| percentage = 1.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Ali Sena
| candidate = Dilshad Khan
| votes = 299
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nisar Ahmed Khan
| votes = 267
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| candidate = Kamre Alam
| votes = 195
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Shakti
| candidate = Rasid
| votes = 176
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Haji Mohd Umar
| votes = 160
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sabir Khan
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar
| votes = 76
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Narender Kumar Sharma
| votes = 55
| percentage =0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Muslim Mujhahid Party
| candidate = Abdul Khalik
| votes = 41
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Komal Prasad
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,375
| percentage = 29.72
| change = +26.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,110
| percentage = 54.88
| change = -16.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Seelampur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ch Mateen Ahmad
| votes = 16,518
| percentage = 42.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Kishan Dassgupta
| votes = 15,080
| percentage = 38.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sultan Ahmed
| votes = 6,309
| percentage = 16.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Nand Kishore Kashyap
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Ayub Ali Khan
| votes = 194
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vijay Singh
| votes = 183
| percentage = 0.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal
| candidate = Gurudayal
| votes = 99
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Zahiruddin
| votes = 60
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mansab
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Ekta Samaj Party
| candidate = Asha Devi
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Sanjay Sharma
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hashimi M Y
| votes = 18
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kanwar Nazar Mohd Chauhan
| votes = 6
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,438
| percentage = 3.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 38,826
| percentage = 71.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.694|77.258|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Shimla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:37Z

Janamkatha: adding a post nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shimla
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 63
| map_image = 63-Shimla constituency.svg
| mla = [[Harish Janartha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:48608}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}

'''Shimla''' Assembly constituency, also spelt Simla in olden days, is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]], a northern Indian state. It is a segment of the [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shimla.html|title=Shimla Assembly constituency 2017 Election, Date, Results & Candidate lists|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
* 1962 (Punjab Assembly): Gyan Chand (Congress), as part of Punjab State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in//punjab/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title=List of Polling Booth For Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 1962|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
** Shimla was merged with Himachal Pradesh in 1966.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
||[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"| Daulat Ram Chauhan
|rowspan="4"|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Harbhajan Singh Bhajji
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]
|[[File:Suresh Bhardwaj cropped.jpg|50px]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Rakesh Singha]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|1996{{efn|by-election}}
|Adarsh Kumar
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Narinder Bragta]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Harbhajan Singh Bhajji
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Suresh Bhardwaj cropped.jpg|50px]]
|rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Harish Janartha]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election candidates==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Janartha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,803 |percentage=51.35% |change={{increase}}43.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Sood |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,766 |percentage=41.48% |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tikender Singh Panwar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,400 |percentage=4.55% |change={{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Rakesh Azta |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=328 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=237 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhishek Barowalia |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Singh |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=78 |percentage=0.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar Gill |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=46 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,037 |percentage=9.87% |change= {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,778 |percentage=63.32% |change= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,608 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,012 |percentage=43.02% |change={{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Janartha]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,109 |percentage=37.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Chauhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,047 |percentage=9.36% |change={{decrease}}15.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,680 |percentage=8.23% |change={{decrease}}25.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=322 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,903 |percentage=5.84% |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,569 |percentage=64.59% |change= {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,424 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,563 |percentage=35.57% |change={{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Janartha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,935 |percentage=33.63% |change={{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tikender Singh Panwar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,025 |percentage=24.68% |change={{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarsem Bharti |party=Independent politician |votes=1,499 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Radha Raman Shastri |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=243 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=628 |percentage=1.93% |change= {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,512 |percentage=59.22% |change= {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,905 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,443 |percentage=38.36% |change={{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Chauhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,855 |percentage=30.38% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,330 |percentage=25.68% |change={{decrease}}12.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Prakash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,337 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,588 |percentage=7.98% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,437 |percentage=47.20% |change= {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,722 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,060 |percentage=38.15% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Chauhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,949 |percentage=31.47% |change={{increase}}17.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Dutt |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,283 |percentage=29.36% |change={{decrease}}17.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=323 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,111 |percentage=6.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,615 |percentage=46.14% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,562 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Bragta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,758 |percentage=47.25% |change={{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,155 |percentage=38.91% |change={{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,323 |percentage=13.84% |change={{decrease}}10.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,603 |percentage=8.33% |change= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,236 |percentage=43.12% |change= {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,148 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|1996 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Shimla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Adarsh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,211 |percentage=40.67% |change={{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,433 |percentage=32.72% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,584 |percentage=24.57% |change={{decrease}}9.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj Sharma |party= |votes=319 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=276 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,778 |percentage=7.95% |change= {{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,943 |percentage=49.62% |change= {{decrease}}10.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,841 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Singha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,854 |percentage=33.77% |change={{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,695 |percentage=33.31% |change={{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,363 |percentage=32.37% |change={{decrease}}15.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=159 |percentage=0.45% |change= {{decrease}}21.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,105 |percentage=60.25% |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,614 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,701 |percentage=47.98% |change={{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Singha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,857 |percentage=25.90% |change={{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,738 |percentage=25.46% |change={{decrease}}13.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,844 |percentage=22.08% |change= {{increase}}19.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,470 |percentage=42.69% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,302 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh Bhajji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,825 |percentage=39.13% |change={{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Raman Shastri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,195 |percentage=36.34% |change={{decrease}}13.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Singha]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,368 |percentage=23.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=630 |percentage=2.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,552 |percentage=51.48% |change= {{decrease}}14.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,049 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,314 |percentage=49.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,369 |percentage=37.61% |change={{increase}}19.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=988 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. R. Tanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=655 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Goel |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. L. Sethi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=355 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janki Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajiya Raghubir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=149 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}70.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,945 |percentage=11.82% |change= {{decrease}}40.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,913 |percentage=66.01% |change= {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,057 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Chauhan |party=Janata Party |votes=14,105 |percentage=70.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Malhotra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,658 |percentage=18.33% |change={{decrease}}20.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,026 |percentage=10.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,447 |percentage=52.34% |change= {{increase}}48.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,961 |percentage=52.07% |change= {{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,625 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}28.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,990 |percentage=42.34% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Dutt Bhardwaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,435 |percentage=38.42% |change={{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,880 |percentage=13.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surrinder Singh Ahuja |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Chand Gupta |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=184 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Jacob |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=169 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Dass Vasudeva |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=555 |percentage=3.92% |change= {{decrease}}30.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,147 |percentage=45.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,314 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,718 |percentage=61.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,931 |percentage=26.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Singh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=466 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Shanker |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=135 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,787 |percentage=34.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,986 |percentage=48.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,212 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== Election results ==
=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Shimla<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suresh Bhardwaj
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Himachal Election 2017">{{cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Legislative Election 2017 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Shimla]]
* [[Shimla district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.09|77.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Shimla district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Shanti Gogoi

2026-04-14T11:21:11Z

Janamkatha: adding a data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian social activist and writer (1933–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanti Gogoi
| image = Shanti Gogoi 2018.jpg
| caption = Gogoi in 2018
| birth_name = Shanti Priya Borgohain
| birth_date = 30 August 1933
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|9|1933|08|30|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Social worker|writer}}
| known_for = Social activism; founder of SEWA
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]|1951|5 August 1998|end=died}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Anjan Gogoi|Anjan]]|[[Ranjan Gogoi|Ranjan]]|Nirjan|Indira|Nandita}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Jogesh Chandra Borgohain]]|[[Padma Kumari Gohain]]}}
| father =
}}

'''Shanti Priya Gogoi''' (née Borgohain; 30 August 1933{{Efn|Some sources note her year of birth as 1934. This article uses the year of birth corresponding to sources which mark her birth anniversary.}} – 9 April 2021) was an Indian social activist and writer. She was the founder of the Socio Educational Welfare Association (SEWA), a non-governmental organisation aimed at helping marginalised communities, and served as its first president from 2000 to 2016. She authored numerous books, and served as the president of [[Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti]].

== Early life ==
Gogoi was born on 30 August 1933, the daughter of [[Jogesh Chandra Borgohain]] and [[Padma Kumari Gohain]]. Her father was a Member of [[Assam Legislative Council]], while her mother became a Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] and later a cabinet minister.<ref name=":0" />

== Social work ==
Gogoi founded the Socio Educational Welfare Association (SEWA) in 2000, a non-governmental organisation, to facilitate the well-being of marginalised communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother Shanti Gogoi passes away after brief illness |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ex-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-shanti-gogoi-passes-away-after-brief-illness-972512.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Former CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother Smt. Shanti Gogoi passes away |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/adr/latest-news/former-cji-ranjan-gogoi-s-mother-shanti-gogoi-passes-away/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=latestlaws.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother donates ₹1 lakh to PM-CARES Fund in wake of COVID-19 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/amp/adr/latest-news/ex-cji-ranjan-gogoi-s-mother-donates-1-lakh-to-pm-cares-fund-in-wake-of-covid-19/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=latestlaws.com |language=en}}</ref> Gogoi donated {{INRConvert|100000}} to [[PM CARES Fund]], a fund established by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to help fight the pandemic in India. She handed over the cheque to Dibrugarh [[deputy commissioner]] Pallav Ghopal Jha on 10 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2020 |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother donates Rs 1 lakh to PM-CARES Fund |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ex-cji-ranjan-gogoi-s-mother-donates-rs-1-lakh-to-pm-cares-fund-120041100962_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Literary work and awards ==
In 1999, she released her first book ''Jugma Jiwanar Huwaroni''. This was followed by ''Europor Mitha Huworon'' in 2009, ''Padmakumari Gohainr Rosonahombhar'' in 2003, and ''Sintar Jilikoni'' in 2012.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-10 |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi’s mother passes away in Delhi hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ex-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-passes-away-in-delhi-hospital/articleshow/82003320.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2013, she was awarded the Labanya Hazarika Adarsha Matri Award for her literary work.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2018, Gogoi released her autobiography, ''Huworonir Rongin Paat'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Ranjan Gogoi attends book release function |url=https://assamtribune.com/ranjan-gogoi-attends-book-release-function |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> at a programme in Dibrugarh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Damayanti DattaKaushik |date=2018-10-01 |title=Ranjan Gogoi: A judge with a difference |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20181008-ranjan-gogoi-a-judge-with-a-difference-1350005-2018-10-01 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> which was unveiled by former Assam Sahitya Sabha president [[Nagen Saikia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Shanti Gogoi's book released |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shanti-gogoi-s-book-released/cid/1668843 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Saikia described the book as a collection of "sweet memories" and true experiences of "past revel feelings" of Gogoi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Avik |date=2018-09-15 |title=Assam: Justice Ranjan Gogoi attends mother's autobiography launch in Dibrugarh |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/justice-ranjan-gogoi-attends-mothers-autobiography-launch-event-in-dibrugarh.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Saikia also asserted that the book was devoid of "any exaggerations" and "pretensions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=Shanti Gogoi’s autobiography Xuworonir Rangin Paat released |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/shanti-gogois-autobiography-xuworonir-rangin-paat-released |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Sentinel – of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

Gogoi was also the president of [[Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti]] (a women's writer association), and an advisor to Mahila Samiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother dies after brief illness |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/commentary/2021/apr/09/excji-ranjan-gogois-mother-dies-after-brief-illness/7ccf653a5ceee693b21397d0723d8105 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Marriage and family ==
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind, Shanti Gogoi, Ranjan Gogoi, Narendra Modi and Rupanjali Gogoi 2018.jpg|thumb|Gogoi with President [[Ram Nath Kovind]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], and daughter-in-law Rupanjali and her son Ranjan at his inauguration on 3 October 2018.]]
Gogoi married [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] in 1951, who was a politician and lawyer who later became [[Chief Minister of Assam]]. They remained married until his death in 1998. Together they had five children: Anjan, Ranjan, Nirjan, Indira, and Nandita. Anjan became an [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] in the [[Indian Air Force]], while Ranjan became the 46th [[chief justice of India]]. Her son Nirjan worked as a consultant urologist in the United Kingdom, while her daughters Indira and Nandita both served in the Assam Civil Service.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Noted social activist and writer Shanti Gogoi passes away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/noted-social-activist-and-writer-shanti-gogoi-passes-away-533209 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Sentinel – of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> Anjan succeeded Shanti Gogoi as president of SEWA in 2016, before Nandita became president in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder & Chairman {{!}} Sewa NGO |url=https://sewango.org/founder-chairman/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death and funeral ==
Shanti Gogoi died in the early hours of the morning on 9 April in New Delhi on 9 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Former CJI Ranjan Gogoi’s mother passes away in Delhi |url=http://eastmojo.com/assam/2021/04/09/former-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-passes-away-in-delhi/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> She had been undergoing treatment for illness at Escorts Hospital for several days prior.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's Mother Shanti Gogoi Passes Away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ex-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-shanti-gogoi-passes-away-533139 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Sentinel – of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> She was survived by her children and grandchildren.<ref name=":2" /> Chief Minister of Assam [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] visited her residence and offered floral tributes to her.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1381284150578016257 |user=sarbanandsonwal |title=Visited the residence of former CM Late Keshav Chandra Gogoi in Dibrugarh and paid floral tributes to noted writer, social worker and his wife Late Shanti Gogoi who passed away recently. In this hour of grief, I express my sincere condolences to the bereaved family members. |first=Sarbananda |last=Sonowal |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> Cabinet ministers [[Keshab Mahanta]] ahd [[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]] also offered tributes to Gogoi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Bora tweet |url=https://x.com/atulbora2/status/1380880816574623749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812183750/https://x.com/atulbora2/status/1380880816574623749 |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

Her mortal remains were brought to her Khalihamari residence in Dibrugarh on 9 April, where her son Ranjan carried out her last rites.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
To mark her 88th birthday anniversary in August 2021, SEWA organised a covid-relief programme in Dibrugarh where multi-purpose financial assistance of {{INRConvert|3000}} was provided to covid affected families. The programme was attended by dignitaries including Gogoi's children Ranjan and Nandita, as well as writer [[Nagen Saikia]]. Partha Pratim Boriagi at the event described Gogoi as a "visionary" who worked towards the upliftment of the poor, while Dr Partha Ganguly described the initiatives she took for helping marginalised communities. Several other initiatives were undertaken by SEWA during the programme on her birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Avik |date=2021-08-30 |title=Assam: Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi attends Covid relief programme in Dibrugarh |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-ex-cji-ranjan-gogoi-attends-covid-relief-programme-in-dibrugarh.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2023, her 89th birth anniversary was observed in Dibrugarh. Her son, Ranjan, distributed food to students of Gabrupathar LP School, while a public meeting was held in Dibrugarh to commend the efforts of SEWA. Sudakhina Das delivered a speech on the contribution of Gogoi to the literary field and her social work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Assam: Shanti Gogoi’s 89th birth anniversary observed in Dibrugarh |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-shanti-gogois-89th-birth-anniversary-observed-in-dibrugarh-665002 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Sentinel – of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

On the silver jubilee anniversary of SEWA in 2025, Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]] paid tribute to Gogoi. Parnaik praised her vision and compassion, as well as her lifelong contribution to social reform and women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Governor commends SEWA’s multi-dimensional work {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/10/24/governor-commends-sewas-multi-dimensional-work/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Shanti}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]

Rajgarh Fort

2026-04-08T21:29:43Z

Janamkatha: adding new stub from scratch

{{Further|List of forts in India#|label1=Jat Fortification|topic=Rest of many other Brick-Forts built by the regency of [[Jats]] statesman throughout the History of Indian subcontinent}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Rajgarh Fort
| native_name = राजगढ़ का क़िला
| native_language = Hindi
| image = Rajgarh fort.JPG
| caption = View of Rajgarh Fort atop the Aravalli Hills
| type = Hill fort
| locmapin = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Rajasthan]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2343|76.6152|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Rajgarh, Alwar]], Alwar district, Rajasthan, India
| area = Approximately 10 hectares
| built = Mid-18th century (circa 1730–1740)
| architect = Unknown (attributed to engineers)
| architecture = Rajput influences
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)
| owner = '''Original:''' [[Sawai Jay singh ji]] '''Current owner:''' Archaeological Survey of India
}}

'''Rajgarh Fort''', also known as hill '''‌Fort''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Muḥammad Hāshim Khāfī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RhuAAAAMAAJ&q=fort+under+the+presence+of+Jats |title=Muntakhab-ul Lubab |date=2006 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1882-5 |page=132 |language=en |quote=After supersession at Alar they left the fort of Jat, in the district of Rajgarh, went to Jinji and other strong places.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=Sir Henry Miers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ykKAQAAIAAJ&q=fort+was+called+upon+rajgarh+was+from+Jats |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H.M. Elliot |date=1962 |publisher=Susil Gupta |page=155 |language=en |quote=Ram Raja, brother of Sambha Having left the Fort of Jat in the district of Rajgarh}}</ref> ‌is a historic‌ fortification‌ situated‌ in ‌the ‌Aravalli Hills‌ ‌near [[Rajgarh, Alwar#History|Rajgarh‌ town‌]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormasji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eH9DAAAAYAAJ&q=In+the+Rajgarh+district+their+was+a+Jat+Fort |title=Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn: Supplement |date=1979 |publisher=Islamic Book Service |pages=409 |language=en}}</ref> Alwar district, Rajasthan, India, at approximately [[Geo-coordinates|27°14'N 76°37'E]], with an elevation of 479 meters (1,571 feet).

It was constructed in the 1730s and 1740s by Maharaja [[Sawai Jai Singh]] the kachwaha ruler of Jaipur.

The fort, now in ruins, is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQJuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajgarh+fort+in+alwar+was+built+have+with+Jats |title=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture |date=1987 |publisher=A. H. Advani |pages=57 |language=en |quote=defending party of Kacchawahas against the jats rewarded (Surajmal) with permission to build the fort at Rajgarh.}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early foundation ===
According to a historical account of Rajgarh Fort, its construction began under [[Sawai Jai Singh|Sawai jay singh]] following with the [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha army]]. Some of chieftains from Alwar's outskirts, utilising their deep knowledge of the terrain and strong community backing, the Kachwaha's, effectively undermining their regional authority. This victory enabled Maharaja Swai Jay singh ji to establish the fort as a defensive garrison, significantly improvising the kachwaha influence in [[Rajasthan]].

=== Under Naruka rule (1771–1949) ===
After the expeditious declination of [[Jat community|Jat rule]], In 1771, the fort was takeover by the [[Naruka|Naruka clan]] of Rajputs, led by Raja Pratap Singh Naruka, who subjugated the [[Alwar State]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratnawat |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mz9uAAAAMAAJ&q=naruka+take+over+the+Rajgarh+fort |title=Rajput Nobility: With Special Reference to the Kachchawaha Nobility of Jaipur During 1700-1858 A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-057-9 |page=71 |language=en}}</ref> with British support. The Narukas, through treaties facilitated by the [[British East India Company]], consolidated power, making Rajgarh Fort the capital of Alwar until the capital shifted to [[Bala Quila]]. Under Naruka rule, the fort served as a summer residence for the Alwar royal family, reflecting their alignment with colonial interests.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==See also==
* {{intitle|Jat Fort}}
* [[Churaman]]
* [[Forts in India]]

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Forts in Rajasthan|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts in India|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indexing the Rajgarh fort in Rajasthan, Alwar}}
[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Forts in India]]

{{Fort-stub}}

Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar

2026-04-08T17:55:51Z

Janamkatha: Starting A Bio From Scratch.

{{short description|Custodian of the House of Mewar and Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar
| image = Lakshyaraj Mewar at Rashtrapati Bhavan (2019).jpeg
| alt = Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar
| caption = Mewar in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|01|28|df=yes}}
| spouse = Nivritti Kumari
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Mohlakshika Kumari Mewar
*Praneshwari Kumari Mewar
*Haritraj Singh Mewar
}}
| house = [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
| father = [[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
| mother = Vijayraj Kumari Mewar
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
| module = {{URL|http://lakshyarajsinghmewar.com/}}
}}

'''Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar''' (born 28 January 1985) is an Indian businessman, and the 77th custodian of the [[House of Mewar]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/waiter-waiter-theres-an-heir-in-my-soup-20050607-gdlgx5.html|title=Indian Heir |date= 7 June 2005 |publisher= [[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/01/19/lessons-rich-famous/|title=Lessons from the rich and famous |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=19 Jan 2018}}</ref>

== Early life, family, and education ==
Mewar was born to [[Arvind Singh Mewar]] and his wife Vijayraj Kumari Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_cSAQAAMAAJ |title=City Palace of Udaipur: Historical View and a Guide |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0149-5 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2024 |title=From Waiter To Holder Of 8 Guinness World Records: The Story Of Udaipur's Prince Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/from-waiter-to-holder-of-8-guinness-world-records-the-story-of-udaipurs-prince-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-635310.html |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is an [[agnatic]] grandson of Maharana [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC1uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Mewar: Great Struggles and Glory of the World's Oldest Ruling Dynasty |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0144-0 |pages=114,163 |language=en}}</ref> His mother is the granddaughter of [[Vijayarajaji]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Cutch State|Kutch]].<ref name=":0" />

He was educated at the [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Priya Kumari |date=24 June 2024 |title=Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar of Udaipur on what royalty means to him, family's hospitality empire, penchant for miniature cars and trains, and more |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-of-udaipur-on-what-royalty-means-to-him-familys-hospitality-empire-penchant-for-miniature-cars-and-trains-and-more |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> He attended [[Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School]] in [[Australia]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=5 things to know India's Prince Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar of Udaipur |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3037315/lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-udaipur-5-things-know-about-indian |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Later, he studied management at the Nanyang Institute of Hospitality Management in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Look Inside the Luxurious Lives Of Indian Princes - Features - |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/life/features/photo/look-inside-luxurious-lives-indian-princes-666805-2021-10-18#slide-22 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=www.cosmopolitan.in |language=en}}</ref>

He is married to Nivritti Kumari, the daughter of politicians [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] and [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=City Palace dazzles as Lakshyaraj Singh gets engaged with Nivritti Kumari |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/city-palace-dazzles-as-lakshyaraj-singh-gets-engaged-with/c74416-w2859-cid117531-s10700.htm |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2014 |title=Udaipur prince Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar gets married to Nivritti, daughter of Odisha BJP president at Bhubaneswar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/udaipur-prince-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-gets-married-to-nivritti-daughter-of-odisha-bjp-president-at-bhubaneswar/articleshow/29210402.cms |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nivritti is also the great-granddaughter of [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]], former [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisoyi |first=Sujit |date=12 June 2024 |title=Odisha’s first BJP CM, Deputy CMs to take oath today: Who are Mohan Charan Majhi, K V Singh Deo, Pravati Parida? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/odisha-bjp-cm-deputy-oath-today-mohan-charan-majhi-k-v-singh-deo-pravati-parida-9386962/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Mewar and Nivritti have three children: Mohlakshika Kumari Mewar, Praneshwari Kumari Mewar, and Haritraj Singh Mewar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Release |first=ANI Press |title=Celebrations at The City Palace, Udaipur: 'Grah Pravesh' Ceremony performed for New-born Grandson of Shriji Arvind Singh Mewar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/celebrations-at-the-city-palace-udaipur-grah-pravesh-ceremony-performed-for-new-born-grandson-of-shriji-arvind-singh-mewar-120080800272_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113320/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/celebrations-at-the-city-palace-udaipur-grah-pravesh-ceremony-performed-for-new-born-grandson-of-shriji-arvind-singh-mewar-120080800272_1.html |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=31 January 2025 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
He works as the executive director of [[HRH Group of Hotels]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=It's the collective effort of all stakeholders that helped Udaipur maintain its preeminence: Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/its-the-collective-effort-of-all-stakeholders-that-helped-udaipur-maintain-its-preeminence-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar/93521596 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=Addressing micro-level disruptions must get priority: Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/addressing-micro-level-disruptions-must-get-priority-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar/89960425 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> He also looks after the day-to-day affairs of [[Maharana Mewar Public School]] and Maharana Mewar Vidya Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Management - Maharana Mewar Vidya Mandir (A Unit of Adarsh Vidya Mandir Society) |url=https://mmvmschool.org/management.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918214536/https://mmvmschool.org/management.php |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=mmvmschool.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MMPS School Management Team {{!}} Best School in Udaipur, Rajasthan |url=https://mmpsschool.org/management.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301164322/https://mmpsschool.org/management.php |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=mmpsschool.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overseas engagements==

=== Involvement with the Australian Football (AFL) ===
Mewar, and sprinter [[Usain Bolt]] are honorary members of [[Richmond Football Club]], based in [[Melbourne]], Australia.

During his Australia visit in June 2017, Mewar was made the [[number-one ticket holder]] of Richmond Football Club (Richmond Tigers). He is the first, and only [[India]]n male, to be bestowed with such an honour in the [[Australian Football League|AFL]].<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/06/27/indian-prince-turns-aussie-tiger///|title= An Indian Prince turns Aussie Tiger |date= 27 June 2017 |publisher= The Indian Sun}}</ref>

Mewar was presented with honorary membership of Tigers at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG), in presence of former Victorian premier Hon.[[Ted Baillieu]].

He was also given an official tour of the MCG, including its fully operational central Kitchen during a live match.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/melbourne-cricket-ground/|title= Hidden facts about the MCG |date= 20 January 2021 |publisher= Travel + Leisure}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url= https://startuptalky.com/lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-story/|title= Prince Story |date= 17 April 2025 |publisher= Start Up Talky}}</ref>

=== Victorian Business Ambassador program ===
In May 2018, the main opposition political coalition of Victoria, [[Australia]] - the Liberal Nationals proposed to nominate Mewar as a "Victorian Business Ambassador".<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/05/29/liberals-nominate-prince-lakshyaraj-victorian-business-ambassador///|title= Liberals to nominate Prince Lakshyaraj as Victorian Business Ambassador |date= 29 May 2018 |publisher= The Indian Sun}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/06/08/the-prince-of-ties///|title= The Prince of ties |date= 8 June 2018 |publisher= The Indian Sun}}</ref> The Victorian Business Ambassador program enlists well known and connected business leaders to assist in promoting Victoria’s trade and investment overseas.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/11/16/brads-china-trip-a-step-in-the-right-direction-but-india-should-be-next/|title= Brad's China Trip |date= 16 Nov 2025 |publisher= The Indian Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2026/01/06/waiting-on-jess-wilsons-india-strategy-before-judging-liberal-economic-plans/|title= Waiting for Jess's India Trade Strategy|publisher= The Indian Sun|date=6 Jan 2026 }}</ref>

== Succession ==
Following the death of his father, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]], on 16 March 2025, the [[City Palace, Udaipur]], announced that his Gaddi Utsav ({{Translation|coronation ceremony}}) as the 77th [[Maharana]] of the now-defunct [[Kingdom of Mewar]], along with the Rang ka Dastur ({{Translation|ceremony of changing the turban to a colored one}}), would be held on 2 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ का राजतिलक कल, गद्दी महोत्सव में जुटेंगे देशभर के गणमान्य लोग |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/udaipur-coronation-of-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-tomorrow-dignitaries-from-across-country-will-gather-at-gaddi-mahotsav-8059738 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> The Maharana is the head of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and holds the highest rank among all [[Rajput]] princes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chicago [u.a.] Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri22chic/ |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1962 |publisher=Chicago [u.a.] Encyclopaedia Britannica |others=Internet Archive |pages=657–658}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02481 |title=The Handbook of India |publisher=Central Publicity, Delhi |pages=33}}</ref> The Maharana is also regarded as the [[Dewan|Diwan]] or hereditary high priest of Shree [[Eklingji]], the tutelary deity of the [[House of Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kathuria |first=Ramdev P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Life_in_the_Courts_of_Rajasthan_During_t/kFNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Life in the Courts of Rajasthan, During the 18th Century |date=1987 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=978-81-219-0144-4 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Recollections_and_Reminiscences/WKyu03L4F10C |title=Recollections and Reminiscences: Memoirs |date=1951 |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> The Maharana is sometimes addressed as Shriji or Bapji, meaning "honorable" or "sire/father," respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/bHiBAAAAIAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=550 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Pratibha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Honour_Status_Polity/dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref>

Mewar's Gaddi Utsav was held on 2 April 2025 at the Rai Angan courtyard of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] in [[Udaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur News: डॉ. लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ का गद्दी उत्सव शुरू, प्रतिष्ठित पुरोहितों की मौजूदगी में अनुष्ठान जारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/udaipur/udaipur-dr-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-s-gaddi-utsav-begins-rituals-continue-in-the-presence-of-eminent-priests-2025-04-02 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-04-02 |title=मेवाड़ पूर्व राजपरिवार के सदस्य लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ का गद्दी उत्सव शुरू |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/member-of-former-royal-family-of-mewar-lakshyaraj-singh-mewars-gaddi-utsav-rajasthan-news-rjs25040201564 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> A [[havan]] was performed during the event.<ref name=":2" /> His father-in-law, [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]], and [[Shailesh Lodha]], along with other dignitaries, attended the event.<ref name=":2" /> Vagishkumar Goswami, the head priest of the [[House of Mewar|Mewar]] royal family, applied tilak to Mewar’s forehead after the completion of Gaddi Puja ({{Translation|worship of throne}}).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar Highlights: शंखनाद से गूंज उठा सिटी पैलेस, गद्दी पर विराजमान हुए लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़, फिर किए धूणी दर्शन |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-live-updates-gaddi-utsav-in-udaipur-city-palace-maharana-pratap-heir-kulguru-dr-vagish-kumar-goswami-8066554 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> He then offered flowers to the image of [[Eklingji]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Udaipur's royal tradition continues: Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar is enthroned by the Kulguru amid mantra chanting and conch blowing; set to visit Eklingji temple in the evening - Udaipur News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/udaipur/news/city-palace-hosts-coronation-of-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-following-father-demise-134757059.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> Afterward, he sought the [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of Dhuni.<ref name=":3" /> He then performed the religious rites of the Ashwa Puja ({{Translation|worship of horse}}).<ref name=":4" /> He then visited the [[Eklingji]] Temple in Kailashpuri.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-03 |title=Lakshyaraj Singh installed as Eklingji Temple ‘Diwan’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lakshyaraj-singh-installed-as-eklingji-temple-diwan/articleshow/119916548.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the evening, he performed the worship of Hathi Pol at [[City Palace, Udaipur]], followed by the ceremonial Rang Palatai ({{Translation|change of mourning colors}}).<ref name=":5" /> He then visited [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur|Jagdish Temple]] in the evening.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

=== Dispute ===
{{Main|Mewar family dispute}}
Following the demise of his grandfather, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]], in 1984, both his father and uncle, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], claimed to be custodians of the [[House of Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |title=Clashes erupt at Udaipur Palace: What is the Mewar dynasty dispute? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/clashes-erupt-at-udaipur-palace-what-is-the-mewar-dynasty-dispute-124112600898_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206142431/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/clashes-erupt-at-udaipur-palace-what-is-the-mewar-dynasty-dispute-124112600898_1.html |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasmin |first=Shahana |date=27 November 2024 |title=Bitter succession row between Indian royals spills over into public eye |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/udaipur-city-palace-maharana-vishvaraj-arvind-singh-mewar-b2653831.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> After his uncle's death, his cousin, [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]], was declared the 77th Maharana of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] by all the Sardars and Umraos at Fateh Prakash Palace, [[Chittorgarh Fort]], on 25 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-26 |title=Dispute between members of erstwhile royal family triggers clash at Udaipur palace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dispute-between-members-of-erstwhile-royal-family-triggers-clash-at-udaipur-palace-101732600229040.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213225132/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dispute-between-members-of-erstwhile-royal-family-triggers-clash-at-udaipur-palace-101732600229040.html |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2024 |title=Udaipur royals' feud: Can't force themselves into our home, cousin warns BJP MLA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/udaipur-city-palace-clashes-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-warns-bjp-mla-vishvaraj-singh-rajasthan-2640763-2024-11-27 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The title, which he and his cousin claim, is merely symbolic and serves as a means of carrying forward the family legacy. The [[Privy purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] abolished the official recognition of titles, privileges, and special rights previously granted to the rulers of former [[Princely state|princely states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parliament of India |url=https://archive.org/details/E13841971009161722 |title=The Constitution of India (26th Amendment) Act 1971 |date=1971 |pages=813–814}}</ref>

== Philanthropy and records ==
He has set nine [[Guinness World Records]] till now.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=30 January 2025 |title=Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar sets ninth Guinness World Record |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-sets-ninth-guinness-world-record/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Dr Lakshyaraj Singh Sets Ninth Guinness World Record |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/people/lakshyaraj-singh-guinness-world-record/cid16139649.htm |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2019/03/18/udaipur-prince-collects-300-k-plus-clothing-items-breaks-world-record//|title= Udaipur Prince collects 300 K plus clothing items, breaks world record |date= 18 March 2019 |publisher= The Indian Sun}}</ref>

On 2 November 2023, he sponsored the full tuition fees for all the girls at Government Girls' Senior Secondary School, [[Udaipur]], for the academic year 2023-2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mansukhani |first=Raju |date=27 August 2024 |title=Revisiting The First Ever School For Girl Students In Udaipur |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/revisiting-the-first-ever-school-for-girl-students-in-udaipur/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

== Brand ambassador ==

On 15 February 2024, the [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]], known as Taj Hotels Group, announced that Mewar has been appointed its brand ambassador.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://hospibuz.com/taj-joins-hands-with-maharaj-kumar-sahib-dr-lakshyaraj-singh-ji-mewar-of-udaipur/|title= Taj joins hands with Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar |date= 15 February 2024 |publisher= Hospi Buz}}</ref>

On 2 April 2024 the [[Arvind Mills]], announced that Mewar has been appointed brand ambassador for Primante, its premium suiting and shirting brand.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/arvind-and-lakshyaraj-singh-own-their-legacy/113067346|title= Arvind and Lakshyaraj won their legacy |date= 4 September 2024 |publisher= Economic Times}}</ref>

== Honors and awards ==

=== Honorary degree ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"| Country !! style="width:20%;"| Date !! style="width:40%;"| School !! style="width:20%;"| Degree
!References
|-
|{{Flagu|India}}
|20 December 2022
|[[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]
|[[Doctor of Literature]] (D. Lit.)
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{Flagu|India}}
|1 February 2025
|[[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]]
|[[Doctor of Literature|Doctor of Letters]] (D. Lit.)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2 February 2025 |title=Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar receives Honorary Degree from Ajeenkya DY Patil University |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/lakshyaraj-receives-honorary-degree-from-adypu/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Awards ===
* '''July 2019:''' Received the 7th Bharat Gaurav Award at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2021 |title=Prince Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar of Udaipur - Passion Vista Magazine |url=https://www.passionvista.com/prince-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-of-udaipur/ |access-date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundy |first=Carlos |date=23 September 2024 |title=Indian Royals for the XXI century |url=https://metaphoremagazine.com/indian-royals-for-the-xxi-century/ |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Metaphore |language=es}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://www.hrhhotels.com/maharaj_kumar_lakshyarajsingh.php Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewar, Lakshyaraj Singh}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]

Indian locomotive class WDP-4

2026-03-28T02:53:26Z

Janamkatha: added references

{{Short description|Indian Railways passenger class diesel locomotive}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDP-4
| powertype = [[Diesel–electric]]
| image = KJM WDP4D.jpg
| caption = KJM based WDP-4D hauling Chamrajnagar - Tumakuru Passenger.
| builder = [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] & [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel = [[List of EMD locomotives|GT46PAC]] (2000–2007) [[List of EMD locomotives|GT46PACe]] (2007–2012) [[List of EMD locomotives|JT46PACe]] (2010–2017)
| builddate = (EMD) 2000–2001 (DLW) 2003–2017
| totalproduction = WDP-4: '''100''' WDP-4B: '''86''' WDP-4D: '''525'''
|Britishclass=Bo1-1Bo, later [[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|uicclass=Bo1'-1Bo', later Co'-Co'
| gauge = {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| trucks = high adhesion HTSC (High Tensile Steel Cast)
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1092|mm|in|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| axleload = '''WDP-4''' : {{convert|19.5|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''WDP4B''' : {{convert|20.2|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''WDP4D''' : {{convert|20.5|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| locoweight = '''WDP4''' : {{convert|115.8|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''WDP4B''' : {{convert|117|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''WDP4D''' : {{convert|123|t|LT ST|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|5,000 - 6,100|L|impgal USgal|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| primemover = [[EMD 710|EMD 16-710G3B]]
| rpmrange = 200 - 954 rpm
| rpmrange low = 200 rpm
| rpmrange idle = 269 rpm
| rpmrange max = 954 rpm
| enginetype = [[Two-stroke engine|2-stroke]] [[V16 engine|V16]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| displacement = {{convert|186.16|L|cuin|abbr=on}}
| aspiration = [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]]
| alternator = '''WDP4 / WDP4B''' : GM TA-17 (main) with CA-6B (companion) '''WDP4D''' : EMD TA-17 (main) with C6AB (companion) or BHEL TA 9901 (main) with AA 9201 (companion)
| tractionmotors = '''WDP4''' : Siemens 1TB2622-0TB02 '''WDP4B''' : Siemens 1TB2622-0TA02 or EMD A 2916-8 '''WDP4D''' : Siemens 1TB2525-0TA02 or EMD A 2916-8
| t/m amps cont = 1250 Amps DC
| cylindercount = 16
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission|AC Electric]]
| gear ratio = 17:77
| poweroutput = <div>
*{{convert|4,000|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDP4)
*{{convert|4,500|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDP4B)
*{{convert|4,500|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} (WDP4D)
</div>
| tractiveeffort = '''WDP-4''' : {{convert|27550|kgf|kN|abbr=on}}
'''WDP-4B''' : {{convert|40775|kgf|kN|abbr=on}}
'''WDP-4D''' : {{convert|43788|kgf|kN|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed = '''WDP-4''' : Service : {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} Testing : {{convert|180|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 
'''WDP-4B''' : {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 
'''WDP-4D''' : {{convert|135|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]], Handbrake, Blended (not in WDP4), [[Dynamic brake]]
| trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Graduated Release Twin Pipe Air Brakes]] (IRAB-1 Compatible)
| operator = [[Indian Railways]] [[SNTF]]([[Algeria]]) - as [[EMD GT26 Series|EMD GT-'''36''' HCW]], with just minor modifications in the body design, along with down-rating the power output to 3,600 HP (2.7 MW) using an [[EMD 645| 16-645 '''F 3B''']], as the number GT-"36"
| fleetnumbers = '''20000 - 20103''', '''40001 - 40608'''
| locale = India
| notes = Unless specified otherwise, data is obtained from RDSO diagram books, given in references.
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WDP-4 (EMD GT46PAC)''' is a passenger-hauling [[diesel–electric locomotive]] with AC electric transmission designed by [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] and built by both GM-EMD and under license by [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW) of [[Varanasi]], India for [[Indian Railways]] as the classes WDP4, WDP4B and WDP4D.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,295,329,389,391 |title=Welcome to DLW Official Website |access-date=2014-12-09 |archive-date=2014-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214113303/http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,295,329,389,391 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The GT46PAC is a passenger version of the previous Indian Railways [[EMD GT46MAC]] ('''WDG-4''') freight locomotive. The locomotive has a 16-cylinder 710G3B diesel engine and is one of the fastest diesel–electric locomotives in service in Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,295,329,389,391|title = Details from production Factory}}</ref>

== Variants ==
=== WDP-4 ===
The WDP-4 was the loco originally designed by GM EMD and 10 of them were dispatched to India by June 2001. Later on [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]] started building them initially using knocked-down kits and later indigenously. Starting 2003, the locomotives were produced in large numbers by BLW. The locomotive features self diagnostics control using EM2000 onboard microprocessor which was a new technology for Indian Railways back then.

Unlike the Co-Co wheel arrangement featured on most locomotives, including its freight hauling variant, [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]], this loco has a Bo1-1Bo wheel arrangement meaning that it has two powered and one unpowered axle per bogie. This was done to reduce the weight of the loco to make it suitable for passenger operations and also to reduce maintenance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Introduction%20handbook%20on%20General%20Motor%20Diesel%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Introduction Handbook on GM Locomotive|publisher=IR CAMTECH|year=2006}}</ref>

==== Visibility Issue ====
The use of the locomotive with the long hood forward configuration has been criticised with respect to the driver's visibility as it is affected due to the protruding radiator section at the hood-end. This criticism has been rejected by the Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway claims engine design not faulty|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ffgfx-report-rail-pro-reax-341832.html|date=2010-06-15|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> However, in response, the cab profile of some WDP-4s were widened with a ''Piggy-face'' profile, to increase the field of view from the control cab and the WDP-4B variant was also produced with the same widened cab profile.

=== WDP-4B ===
This was the first attempt of the Railways to improve upon the successful WDP-4 locomotive. The Bo1-1Bo was found inadequate for hauling 24 coach passenger trains due to the reduced tractive effort. As a result, DLW, reconfigured the chassis to be Co-Co instead. This led to better adhesion with the rails to provide better acceleration with heavy trains. Moreover, the original EMD 710 engine was tweaked to produce an output of 4,500 HP instead of the original 4,000 HP. this Up-rated engine was designated as EMD 16N-710G3B-EC, with an RPM of 910 at Notch-8. This locomotive came to be known as the "GT46PACe". One more important change added to this loco was the inclusion of Blended Brake System. This was added to maximise the use of Dynamic brakes by the loco-pilot and therefore minimise the wear and tear on the fixed brake rigging of the coaches and the locomotive. The addition of blended brake is responsible for the subclass to be designated with a 'B'. Some more features are the widened ''piggy-face'' cab profile to aid visibility, change in the Traction Motor blower by installing a higher power motor and increase in the axle load to {{Convert|20.2|t|LT ST|abbr=}}. The locomotive also has a self-load test feature that allows it to test the net output of the engine. In Siemens and EMD systems, the loco has been provided with 2 traction inverters (TCC-1 and TCC-2, for the respective bogies) while in the Medha system, it has 6 traction inverters, one for each traction motor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDP4B%20(MP-MISC-293-OCT-2014).pdf|title=RDSO diagram book for WDP-4B|publisher=Railway Design and Standards Organisation|year=2014|pages=5}}</ref>

=== WDP-4D ===
The final alterations to the GT46PAC came in the form of the WDP-4D. The locomotive is the most distinctively identifiable of the three thanks to the addition of a second cab at the long hood end of the locomotive. Due to the heat generated from the radiator at the second cab end of the locomotive, DLW had to install air conditioning to protect both the electrical components and the loco-pilot from the high temperatures.

The existing features from WDP-4B have been carried forward to this class and it exclusively features the widened cab profile. Since it is a Dual Cab now, it is called as "JT46PACe". The loco features a completely different desk control stand, provided by Medha with digital display screens allowing for remote fault diagnostics.

Many locos also have GSM-R based transmission antennae to transmit critical loco info for use by maintenance and signalling staff. It features electro-pneumatic microprocessor based control adapted from the WDP-4B and brake system equipment of KNORR/NYAB CCB type.

This loco again with Dual-Cab, but with More Power and Better Fuel Consumption and State-of-the-Art features compared to ALCo DL560C, along with an Air Conditioned Hood Cab, became a very efficient replacement of [[WDP-3A]] ([[ALCO DL560C]]) alias "Toaster".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDP4D%20(MP-Misc-316)%20(Rev-00)%20SEPT-2016%20(WDP4D%204500%20HP).pdf|title=WDP4D diagram book|publisher=Railway Design and Standards Organisation|year=2016|pages=12}}</ref>

==Builders==
The first set of 10 locos starting from road number 20000 to 20009 were manufactured by the [[Electro Motive Diesel]] (EMD) of (General Motors) while road numbers 20011 upwards have been manufactured by [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (DLW) of [[Varanasi]] in collaboration with GM (General motors). [[Siemens]] and Medha are part of this group providing a large number of components of the electronics on board this loco such as the control stand and traction inverters.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,295,329,389,391|title = DLW site}}</ref> Additional components are acquired through tenders and a bidding process.

== Locomotive sheds ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|Zone
! rowspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|Name
! rowspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|Shed Code
! colspan="3" style="background:Orange;"|Quantity
|-
! style="background:Orange;"|WDP-4/4B/4D
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
|[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]]
|PADX
|26
|-
|[[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]]
|KYDX
|12
|-
|[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
|HWHD
|18
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana]]
|LDHD
|77
|-
|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]]
| AMVD
|28
|-
|[[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]
|TKDD
|59
|-
|[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
|[[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]]
|JHSD
|8
|-
|[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
|[[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]]
|IZND
|11
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
|[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]
|NGCD
|72
|-
|[[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri]]
|SGUD
|63
|-
|[[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
|[[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]]
| BGKD
| 93
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Ponmalai Goldenrock]]
|GOCD
|48
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty]]
|GYD
|18
|-
|[[Moula Ali railway station|Moula Ali]]
|MLYD
|12
|-
|[[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet]] || KZJD
|5
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram]]
|KJMD
|103
|-
|[[Hubli railway station|Hubballi]]
|UBLD
|31
|-
|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati]]
|SBTD
|22
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]] || ETD
| 4
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of March 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel loco availability targets|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/Dsl_Mar'2026.pdf|access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref>
| colspan="3" |710
|}

==trains hauled by WDP-4==
this diesel passenger loco pulls 100% passenger trains consists of pulling 90% [[ICF coach]]es and 10% [[LHB coach]]es
{{update section|date=March 2026}}
* [[Poorna Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Rajdhani Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[Shatabdi Express]] (Both ICF and LHB rakes)
** [[Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express|Mysuru to MGR Chennai Central and Fro 12008/07]] (between [[Mysuru Junction]] and [[KSR Bengaluru]] stations) - both ICF and LHB rakes, 2003–2018
** [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express|Howrah to New Jalpaiguri and Fro 12041/42]] (End to End) - only LHB rake, 2012–2020
* [[Humsafar Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[Duronto Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[Yesvantpur-Barmer AC Express]] (ICF Rajdhani rake)
* [[Yesvantpur-Hassan Intercity Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Kanchanjunga Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Manwar Sangam Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Vishwamanava Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Karnataka Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Yesvantpur-Harihar Intercity Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[Wainganga Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Udyan Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Marusagar Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Hampi Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Gol Gumbaz Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Konkan Kanya Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Tippu Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Konark Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Kaziranga Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Chalukya Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Garib Rath Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Double Decker Express]] (LHB rake)
* [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
* [[Mahamana Express]] (ICF rake)
* [[Tejas Express]] (LHB rake)

==WDAP-5 Dual Mode Locomotive==
{{Main|Indian locomotive class WDAP-5}}Indian Railway was planning for a dual mode locomotive from 2015. In 2019 Banaras Locomotive Works Varanasi, RDSO and CLW together have got the successes of producing a new class of dual mode locomotive named WDAP-5 which can run on both diesel and electric. The design of the locomotive is based on [[WDP-4D]] and the bogies were taken from [[WDG-5]]. It has been designed for a speed capable of 135kmph. It will produce 4500Hp in diesel mode and 5500Hp in electric mode. The fuel tank capacity is 3000 liters which is half of the WDP-4's due to weight saving. Only 1 unit has been produced until now{{When|date=September 2024}} and it is in trial with RDSO. It will pull all passenger trains equipped with LHB coaches just like WAP-7 in yet later after a speed trials{{As of?|date=September 2024}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150" class="center">
File:Palnadu Express at James Street 01.jpg|WDP4 No. 20032
File:WDP4 20014 (SGUJ) NFR at NGC yard 2.jpg|WDP4 No. 20014
File:WDP4 20094.jpg|WDP4 No. 20094
File:EMD GT46PAC - Indian Railways.jpg|WDP4 No. 20006
File:WDP4B 40042 at Jabalpur.jpg|WDP4B No. 40042
File:The WDP-4B class Locomotive of Indian Railways.jpg|WDP4B No. 40068
File:WDP-4B -20047.JPG|WDP4 No. 20047
File:The Indian Railways’ production unit, Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi, produces world’s first ever 5500 HP Diesel Locomotive.jpg|WDP4D No. 40122
File:CAB-1 front view - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|WDP4D No. 40086
</gallery>

==See also==

*[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4]]
*[[List of diesel locomotives of India]]
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|EMD GT46PAC locomotives}}
*[http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/international/gt46pac.jsp EMD specification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927140646/http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/international/gt46pac.jsp |date=2011-09-27 }}
*[http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/international/indianews/autocarWDG4091009.pdf Autocar India has a detailed profile of the WDG-4 locomotive.]
*[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2d.html#loco Diesel loco specification at IRFCA website]
*[http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Spec-Twin-Cab-4500HP-publish%2025-Aug-11.pdf Detailed Specifications for the WDP4D]
*[http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Spec-4500HP-2400.43_rev_04_corrted_final_%2026.09.pdf Detailed Specifications for the WDP4B]
*[http://trainweb.org/railworld/WDG5/EMD%20TMs.pdf Traction Motor Specifications and Model Numbers]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
{{EMD misc}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WDP-4}}
[[Category:A1A-A1A locomotives]]
[[Category:Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives|GT46PAC]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|P-4]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Electro-Motive Division locomotives|GT46PAC]]
[[Category:C-C locomotives]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 2000]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]

Ananya Das

2026-03-26T19:22:20Z

Janamkatha: Stub

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Ananya Das''' (born 14 October 2000) is an Indian volleyball player from [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">https://women.volleybox.net/ananya-das-p136317</ref> She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a libero, and for Odisha and Indian Railways in the domestic tournaments.<ref>https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NjE5NQ==</ref><ref>https://volleyballindia.com/NewContent/NATIONAL%20EVENTS/2026/72nd/WOMEN_PLAYER_LIST.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=February 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2023, Das represented India in the Asian Championship 2023 and 4th AVC Nations Cup 2023. She was part of the team that won gold medal in the Central Asian Volleyball Association Challenge Cup in May 2023 at [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2023 |title=India enter CAVA Women's Challenge Cup final |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=Nzc0OQ== |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=OriSports.com}}</ref> In 2024, she again represented the country in the AVC Central Zone Championship 2024 and the AVC Nations Cup 2024.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2025, she was part of the Indian team that played the AVC Nations Cup, formerly known as AVC Women’s Challenge Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=Volleyball: India women finish ninth at AVC Nations Cup |url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/volleyball-india-women-finish-ninth-avc-nations-league-53522 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=India Gears Up For Women’s Volleyball AVC Nations Cup 2025 In Vietnam. All You Need To Know {{!}} IndiaSportsHub |url=https://indiasportshub.com/india-gears-up-for-womens-volleyball-avc-nations-cup-2025-in-vietnam-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In January 2026, she represented Indian Railways which won a silver medal in the 72nd Senior National Volleyball Championship at [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Daughters Clinch National Volleyball Title, Railways Dominate Men’s Category |url=https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/kerala-daughters-clinch-national-volleyball-title-railways-dominate-men%E2%80%99s-category-99779 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.punjabnewsline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala women outclass Railways to wear Senior National Volleyball crown again {{!}} 72nd Senior National Volleyball Championship {{!}} Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2026/01/11/senior-national-volleyball-championship-kerala.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Kerala women outclass Railways to wear Senior National Volleyball crown again {{!}} 72nd Senior National Volleyball Championship {{!}} Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-11 |title=वाराणसी में आयोजित 72वीं सीनियर नेशनल वॉलीबॉल चैंपियनशिप संपन्न, पुरुष वर्ग में रेलवे तो महिला वर्ग में केरल बनी चैंपियन |url=https://www.hindisaamana.com/the-72nd-senior-national-volleyball-championship-held-in-varanasi-has-concluded-railways-emerged-as-champions-in-the-mens-category-while-kerala-won-the-title-in-the-womens-category/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.hindisaamana.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She was awarded as the best Libero of the championship.

On the [[National Sports Day]] on 29 August 2023, she was awarded a cash prize, along with 8 other volleyball players, for their performance at the national and international level by Government of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nine International Volleyball players get cash awards on the occasion of National Sports Day at Lokseva Bhawan – Odisha Diary, Latest Odisha News, Breaking News Odisha |url=https://orissadiary.com/nine-international-volleyball-players-get-cash-awards-on-the-occasion-of-national-sports-day-at-lokseva-bhawan/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230905154504/https://orissadiary.com/nine-international-volleyball-players-get-cash-awards-on-the-occasion-of-national-sports-day-at-lokseva-bhawan/ |archive-date=2023-09-05 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=orissadiary.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.instagram.com/sillyfox10/ Ananya Das on Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Ananya}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Liberos]]

Dil Diyaan Gallaan

2026-03-23T11:07:46Z

Janamkatha:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{About|the television series|the song|Dil Diyan Gallan (song)|the film|Dil Diyan Gallan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dil Diyaan Gallaan.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name = Dil Diyaan Gallaan – Dil Ki Baatein
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Shabia Ravi Walia Malvika Asthana 
[[Munisha Rajpal]]
| director = Jaackson Sethi
| creative_director = Amit Sharma
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 272
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Rashmi Sharma}}
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime =
| company = {{ubl|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms}}
| network = [[Sony SAB]] [[Sony LIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|12}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|10|24|df=y}}
}}

'''''Dil Diyaan Gallaan''''' ({{translation|''The talks of heart''}}) also known as '''''Dil Diyaan Gallaan – Dil Ki Baatein''''' is an Indian television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series that premiered from 12 December 2022 to 24 October 2023 on [[Sony SAB]], and is digitally available on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/no-melodrama-telling-real-stories-23255560|title=No melodrama, telling real stories|date=15 November 2022|website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref name="b">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pankaj-berry-to-play-an-egoistic-father-in-dil-diyaan-gallaan--news-232826|title=Pankaj Berry To Play An Egoistic Father In 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan'|date=27 October 2022|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|OutlookIndia]]}}</ref> Produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, it starred [[Kaveri Priyam]], [[Paras Arora]] and [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kaveri-priyam-to-play-an-nri-in-in-her-upcoming-show-dil-diyan-gallan-23251616|title=Kaveri Priyam to play an NRI in her upcoming show 'Dil Diyan Gallan'|date=21 October 2022|website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paras-arora-to-play-lead-role-in-family-drama-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/96060299.cms|title=Paras Arora to play lead role in family drama 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan'|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=IANS|date=7 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The show revolves around a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] Family, Brar Family from a small village ''Lonapind'' in [[Punjab]].The show covers the conflict between the families which has reached the third generation, who now tries to reunite the family. Amrita Brar, the elder granddaughter of the family, who wished to unite their estranged family members accidentally arrived to her native house, from United States that started a series of crest and troughs faced by the family members. The story also covers the love triangle between Amrita, Veer— the adopted son of the house and Riya, the younger granddaughter of the house. After innumerous efforts made by Amrita, the family came under one roof. But, Amrita soon dies after giving birth to her and Veer's daughter— Alia. The show takes a leap of 10 years following the story of fourth generation.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Kaveri Priyam]] as Amrita "Amu" Brar Dungarpal: Aastha and Mandeep's daughter; Riya's elder cousin sister; Aditya's childhood best friend; Veer's first wife; Alia's mother (2022–2023)(Dead)
* [[Paras Arora]] as Dr. Veer Dungarpal Singh: Dilpreet and Sanjyot's adopted son; Amrita's widower; Disha's second husband; Aliya's father; Shikhar's step-father (2022–2023)
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as Dilpreet Singh Brar: Sanjyot's husband; Mandeep, and Randeep's father; Veer's foster father; Amrita and Riya's grandfather; Alia and Shikhar 's great-grandfather. (2022–2023)
* [[Jasjeet Babbar]] as Sanjyot Kaur Brar: Paramjeet's sister; Dilpreet's wife; Mandeep and Randeep's mother; Veer's foster mother; Amrita and Riya's grandmother; Alia and Shikhar's great-grandmother (2022–2023)
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Dr. Mandeep Singh Brar: Dilpreet and Sanjyot's eldest son; Randeep's brother; Veer's adoptive brother; Aastha's husband; Amrita's father; Alia's grandfather (2022–2023)
* [[Reema Vohra]] as Dr. Aastha Kaur Brar: Mandeep's wife; Amrita's mother; Alia's grandmother (2022–2023)
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Randeep Singh Brar: Dilpreet and Sanjyot's younger son; Mandeep's brother; Veer's adoptive brother; Nimrit's husband; Riya's father (2022–2023)
* [[Kanika Maheshwari]] as Nimrit Kaur Brar: Simran's sister; Randeep's wife; Riya's mother (2022–2023)
* Reyaansh Vir Chadha as Dollar Singh Bhinder: Khushwant and Jaspreet's son; Riya's husband (2023)
* Hema Sood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/pankaj-berry-kaveri-priyam-visit-city-to-promote-upcoming-show-on-sony-sab-452439|title=Pankaj Berry, Kaveri Priyam visit the city to promote the upcoming show on Sony SAB|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as Riya Brar Bhinder: Randeep and Nimrit's daughter; Amrita's cousin; Veer's ex-fiancée; Dollar's wife (2022–2023)
* [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] as Disha Chaddha Dungarpal (formerly Mehta): Salty's daughter; Rohan's ex-wife; Veer's second wife; Shikhar's mother; Alia's step-mother. (2023)
* Hansika Jangid as Alia Dungarpal: Amrita and Veer's daughter; Disha's step-daughter; Shikhar's half-sister (2023)
* Swastik Tiwari as Shikhar Dungarpal (formerly Mehta): Disha and Rohan's son; Veer's step-son; Alia's half-brother (2023)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Vineet Raina]] as Rohan Mehta: Disha's ex–husband; Shikhar's father (2023)
* Prachi Pathak as Salty Chaddha: Disha's mother; Shikhar's grandmother; Alia's step-grandmother; Amrita's murderer (2023)
* Jeetendra Bharadwaj as Harneet Singh: Param's husband; Dilpreet's friend (2022–2023)
* Seema Anand as Paramjeet Singh: Harneet's wife; Sanjyot's sister (2022–2023)
* Neha Diwakar as Preeti: Neena's daughter (2023)
* Akshay Saini as Gabru: Preeti's love; Dollar's friend (2023)
* Piyush as Samar: Veer's friend (2023)
* Abhishek Sharma as Aditya aka Adi: Amrita's childhood best friend (2022–2023)
* Vipul Tyagi as Lucky: Veer's best friend (2022–2023)
* Sumeet Thakur as Sukhwinder "Sukhi" Singh: Khushwant's friend (2022–2023)
* Jaswant Menaria as Khushwant Singh Bhinder: Dilpreet's enemy; Tavleen's son; Prabhjyot's brother; Jaspreet's husband; Dollar's father (2022–2023)
* [[Dolphin Dwivedi]] as Prabhjyot Bhinder: Tavleen's daughter; Amar's ex-wife; Khushwant's sister; Mandeep's ex-fiancé; Veer's biological mother; Alia's grandmother (2022; 2023)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Jaspreet "Jassi" Bhinder: Khushwant's wife; Dollar's mother (2023)
* Manmeet Singh as Gurpreet "Guru" Singh: Sanjyot's childhood friend (2023)
* Shweta Dadhich as Simran: Nimrit's sister (2023)
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Tavleen Bhinder: Khushwant and Prabhjyot's mother; Dollar and Veer's grandmother; Alia's great-grandmother; Shikhar's step-great-grandmother (2023)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Initially, [[Harshad Arora]] was in talks to play male lead, but later backed out due to his prior commitments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-harshad-arora-and-kaveri-priyam-to-play-the-leads-in-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/94815874.cms|title=Exclusive – Harshad Arora and Kaveri Priyam to play the leads in 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan'? – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2022 }}</ref>

[[Kaveri Priyam]] and [[Paras Arora]] were signed as the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-priyam-bags-a-new-show-will-play-the-lead-in-dil-diyan-gallan/articleshow/95014812.cms|title=Kaveri Priyam bags a new show; will play the lead in Dil Diyaan Gallan – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/paras-arora-to-play-lead-role-in-family-drama-dil-diyaan-gallaan--news-243170 | title=Paras Arora to Play Lead Role in Family Drama 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' | date=7 December 2022 }}</ref>

[[Pankaj Berry]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-berry-to-play-an-egoistic-father-in-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/95126091.cms|title=Pankaj Berry to play an egoistic father in 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 October 2022 }}</ref> was cast to portray father opposite [[Ravi Gossain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-pankaj-berry-to-star-in-dil-diyaan-gallaan-1503125588.html|title=Veteran actor Pankaj Berry to star in 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=27 October 2022}}</ref> and [[Sandeep Baswana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sandeep-baswana-to-portray-the-role-of-a-protagonist-in-upcoming-show-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/95716568.cms|title=Sandeep Baswana to portray the role of a protagonist in upcoming show 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>

In December 2022, Abhishek Sharma was cast to portray Aditya.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-sharma-returns-to-tv-after-a-year-with-dil-diyaan-gallaan/articleshow/96170158.cms | title=Abhishek Sharma returns to TV after a year with Dil Diyaan Gallaan – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 December 2022 }}</ref>

In April 2023, Reyaansh Vir Chadha was cast to portray Dollar Singh.

In September 2023, [[Kaveri Priyam]], [[Reema Vohra]], Reyaansh Vir Chadha and Hema Sood quit the show.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 September 2023|title=Devoleena Bhattacharjee joins the cast of Dil Diyaan Gallaan as the show takes a 10-year leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/devoleena-bhattacharjee-joins-the-cast-of-dil-diyaan-gallaan-as-the-show-takes-a-10-year-leap/articleshow/103533462.cms|access-date=9 September 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
In the same month, [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Vineet Raina]], Swastik Tiwari, Hansika Jangid joined the cast after a 10-year leap as Disha, Rohan, Shikar and Aliya Dungarpal.

In October 2023, the show went off-air, [[Reema Vohra]] who portrayed Dr. Aastha Kaur Brar returned for the final episodes.

=== Development ===
The series was announced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms in September 2022 and was confirmed in October 2022 by [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/meet-pankaj-berry-as-dilpreet-in-new-show-dildiyaangallaan-444844|title=Meet Pankaj Berry as Dilpreet in new show 'DilDiyaanGallaan'|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

The series is set in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/upcoming-show-dil-diyaan-gallaans-cast-visit-golden-temple-452841|title=Upcoming show, Dil Diyaan Gallaan's cast visit Golden Temple|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> and mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-berry-kaveri-priyam-along-with-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-dil-diyaan-gallaan-visit-the-golden-temple-to-seek-blessings/articleshow/95605371.cms|title=Pankaj Berry, Kaveri Priyam, along with the cast of upcoming show 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' visit the Golden Temple to seek blessings – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Diyaan Gallaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indian Idol#season 12|Mohd. Danish]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] Soundtrack
| length = 1:00
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Culver Max Entertainment]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External music video|1={{YouTube|ABdEKsWFUzQ|"Dil Diyaan Gallaan"}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| title1 = Dil Diyaan Gallaan
| note1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 = 1:00
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/dil-diyaan-gallaan-dil-ki-baatein-1700001092 ''Dil Diyaan Gallaan – Dil Ki Baatein''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony SAB Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Fiction about Sikhism]]

Senior Women's One-Day Trophy

2026-03-10T03:48:10Z

Janamkatha: adding basic post basic info

{{Short description|Women's List A cricket tournament in India}}
{{For|the Senior Women's T20 Trophy|Senior Women's T20 Trophy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Senior Women's One-Day Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Limited overs cricket]] (50 overs per side)
| first = [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]]
| last = [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2025–26]]
| next = [[2026–27 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2026–27]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and knockout
| participants = 37
| champions = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] (2nd title)
| most successful = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] (15 titles)
| qualification =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| TV =
| website = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/251/senior-womens-one-day-trophy BCCI]
| current =
}}
The '''Senior Women's One Day Trophy''', previously known as the '''Senior Women's One Day League''', is a women's [[List A cricket]] tournament held in [[India]]. It began in the [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]] season, with 24 teams representing state cricket associations, whilst the most recent season, [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2023–24]], had 37 teams competing. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] have won the tournament 15 times, including the first and most recent season, whilst [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] and [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] have each won the tournament once.

==History==
The tournament, as the Senior Women's One Day League, began in the [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]] season, the first competition involving state teams in India since the Senior National Women's Cricket Championship, a combined [[List A cricket|List A]] and [[First-class cricket|first-class]] competition that ended in 2002–03.<ref name="six"/> The first tournament was won by [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]], who beat [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] by 7 wickets in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158236.html |title=Maharashtra Women v Railways Women, 11 January 2007 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

Railways went on to dominate the competition, winning the first five competitions before their run was ended in [[2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League|2011–12]] by [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]], who beat [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the final.<ref name="seven"/><ref name="eight"/><ref name="nine"/><ref name="ten"/><ref name="eleven"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/354/354021.html |title=Delhi Women v Hyderabad Women, 24 November 2011 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Railways regained their title the following season, however, starting another dominant run in which they won six titles in a row.<ref name="twelve"/><ref name="thirteen"/><ref name="fourteen"/><ref name="fifteen"/><ref name="sixteen"/><ref name="seventeen"/> In [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]], [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] won their first title, beating Railways in the semi-final before defeating [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] in the final.<ref name="eighteen"/>

Ahead of the [[2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2019–20]] season, the tournament was renamed the Women's Senior One Day Trophy. The season was eventually curtailed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with the knockout stages cancelled and therefore no overall winner was declared.<ref name="nineteen"/><ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/covid-19-womens-domestic-cricket-takes-a-big-hit-as-fate-of-168-matches-remains-uncertain/articleshow/75166064.cms |title=COVID-19: Women's domestic cricket takes a big hit as fate of 168 matches remains uncertain |work=The Times of India |date=15 April 2020 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament returned for [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]], with Railways again winning the title, their twelfth.<ref name="twenty"/> They won their thirteenth title in [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2021–22]], beating [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] in the final.<ref name="twentyone"/> The same final was repeated in [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]], with Railways again winning the tournament.<ref name="twentytwo"/> Railways won the tournament yet again in [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2023–24]], beating [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]] in the final.<ref name="twentythree"/>

The tournament ran alongside a first-class state competition, the [[Inter State Women's Competition]], in 2007–08 and 2008–09 and has run alongside the [[Senior Women's T20 League]] since 2008–09.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND.html |title=Tournaments in India |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The Women's Senior One Day Trophy has used various formats across the years. In the first season, [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]], 24 state teams competed in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups across five zones, Central, East, North, South and West, with the top two from each group advancing to the knockout stages.<ref name="six"/> For the [[2007–08 Senior Women's One Day League|following season]], the amount of teams in the competition expanded to 27, with the addition of [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]], [[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]] and [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] but retained the same format with slightly expanded groups.<ref name="seven"/>

In [[2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League|2008–09]], the amount of teams expanded again, to 28, with the addition of [[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]. The format also changed, with the top two from each zonal group now advanced to a further group stage, with two "Super Leagues" of five teams apiece, with the winners of these leagues advancing to the final.<ref name="eight"/> The [[2009–10 Senior Women's One Day League|following season]] retained the same format, but was reduced to 26 teams, with the departure of Sikkim and Manipur.<ref name="nine"/> The format remained the same until the end of the [[2012–13 Senior Women's One Day League|2012–13]] season.<ref name="ten"/><ref name="eleven"/><ref name="twelve"/>

For the [[2013–14 Senior Women's One Day League|2013–14]] season, the 26 teams were arranged into an Elite Group and a Plate Group, then further divided into Elite Groups A and B and Plate Groups A, B and C. The top two from each Plate Group went into a knockout round, with the two finalists playing for the Plate Group title whilst also both gaining promotion to the Elite Group for the following season. Meanwhile, the top two from each Elite Group went into a Super League of four teams, with the winner being crowned the Champions of the tournament.<ref name="thirteen"/> The format was retained until the end of the [[2017–18 Senior Women's One Day League|2017–18]], with the only adjustment being for the addition of [[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] ahead of the [[2016–17 Senior Women's One Day League|2016–17]] season.<ref name="fourteen"/><ref name="fifteen"/><ref name="sixteen"/><ref name="seventeen"/>

Ahead of the [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]] season, nine teams were added to the competition: newly added were [[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]], [[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]], [[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]] and [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]], as well as the returning Manipur and Sikkim. The format was also changed, with the 27 original teams competing in three Elite Groups, with eight progressing to knockout stages, and the 10 new teams competing in the Plate Group, with the winner being promoted to the Elite Group for the following season.<ref name="eighteen"/> The format was retained for the following season, [[2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2019–20]] (with the addition of [[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]), but the knockout stages were cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="nineteen"/>

Alterations to the format, partly due to [[COVID-19]] protocols, for the [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]] season meant that three teams were promoted from the Plate Group from the previous season. The 30 teams in the Elite Group were then divided into 5 groups of 6, with a Plate Group of 7 teams. The winners and two best second-placed teams then went straight into the knockout stages, with the third best second-placed team playing off against the winner of the Plate Group for the final quarter-final spot.<ref name="twenty"/> The format was slightly altered for the [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2021–22]] season, with the top two teams from each Elite Group proceeding to the knockout stages, along with the winner of the Plate Group. The winners of each Elite Group progressed straight to the quarter-finals, whilst the other six teams played off in the pre-quarter-finals.<ref name="twentyone"/> The format was again altered for the [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]], with all teams now divided into five groups, with group winners progressing directly to the quarter-finals, and the second-placed teams and the best third-placed teams progressing to the pre-quarter-finals.<ref name="twentytwo"/> In [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2023–24]], the top two teams in each group progressed to the knockout stages.<ref name="twentythree"/>

Matches are played using a [[limited overs cricket|one day]] format with 50 overs per side. In the most recent edition of the tournament, teams received 4 points for a win, 2 for a tie, no result or abandonment, and 0 for a loss. Positions in the tables was determined firstly by points, then by wins, then by head-to-head record and finally by [[Net Run Rate]].<ref name="twentyt">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 Tables |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!Team
!First
!Last
!Titles
!Runners-up
|-
|- align="left"
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|{{nobr|2006–07}}
|{{nobr|2023–24}}
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|2007–08
|2023–24
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|2019–20
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|2016–17
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|2}}
|- align="left"
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|2}}
|- align="left"
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|1}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|4}}
|- align="left"
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|2008–09
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|3}}
|- align="left"
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|15}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|2007–08
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|2007–08
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|- align="left"
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|2018–19
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|1}}
|- align="left"
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|2006–07
|2023–24
|{{centre|0}}
|{{centre|0}}
|}

==Tournament Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season
! Winner
! Runner up
! Leading run-scorer
! Leading wicket-taker
! Refs
|-
| [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| [[Amrita Shinde]] (Maharashtra) 374
| [[Devika Palshikar]] (Maharashtra) 16
|<ref name="six">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2007–08 Senior Women's One Day League|2007–08]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| [[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 356
| [[Raju Goyal]] (Mumbai) 17
|<ref name="seven">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2007/08 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2007/08 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2007/08 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League|2008–09]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| [[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 433
| [[Preeti Dimri]] (Railways) 25
|<ref name="eight">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009–10 Senior Women's One Day League|2009–10]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| [[Thirush Kamini]] (Tamil Nadu) 489
| [[Neetu David]] (Railways) 19
|<ref name="nine">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2009-10.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2009/10 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2009-10/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2009/10 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2009-10/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2009/10 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2010–11 Senior Women's One Day League|2010–11]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| [[Karu Jain]] (Karnataka) 319
| [[Priyanka Roy]] (Railways); [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Bengal) 21
|<ref name="ten">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League|2011–12]]
| '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| [[Anagha Deshpande]] (Maharashtra) 501
| [[Reema Malhotra]] (Delhi) 18
|<ref name="eleven">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobr|[[2012–13 Senior Women's One Day League|2012–13]]}}
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Punam Raut]] (Railways) 408
| [[Diana David]] (Hyderabad) 23
|<ref name="twelve">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2012-13.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2012/13 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2012-13/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2012/13 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/18/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2012-13/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2012/13 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013–14 Senior Women's One Day League|2013–14]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| [[Priyanka Roy]] (Bengal) 313
| Sujata Mallik (Odisha); [[Anuja Patil]] (Maharashtra) 16
|<ref name="thirteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2013-14.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2013/14 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2013-14/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2013-14/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014–15 Senior Women's One Day League|2014–15]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
| [[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 413
| Challa Jhansi Lakshmi (Andhra) 17
|<ref name="fourteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/23/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2014/15 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/23/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2014-15/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/23/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2014-15/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2014/15 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2015–16 Senior Women's One Day League|2015–16]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| [[Mithali Raj]] (Railways) 264
| [[Ekta Bisht]] (Railways); Nancy Patel (Baroda) 15
|<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2015/16 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2015-16/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2015/16 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2015-16/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2015/16 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2016–17 Senior Women's One Day League|2016–17]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| Neena Choudhary (Himachal Pradesh) 348
| Tanuja Kanwar (Himachal Pradesh) 17
|<ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2016/17 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2016-17/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2016/17 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2016-17/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2016/17 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017–18 Senior Women's One Day League|2017–18]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| [[Deepti Sharma]] (Bengal) 312
| [[Shikha Pandey]] (Goa) 18
|<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/30/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2017/18 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/30/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2017-18/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2017/18 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/30/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2017-18/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2017/18 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]]
| '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| [[Deepti Sharma]] (Bengal) 487
| Tarannum Pathan (Baroda) 24
|<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2018-19/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2018/19 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2018-19/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2018/19 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2019–20]]
| colspan=4 | Knockout stages cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.bcci.tv/events/20102/womens-senior-one-day-trophy-2019-20#| title=Women's Senior One Day Trophy 2019-20 | publisher=BCCI| accessdate=23 March 2021}}</ref>
|<ref name="nineteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| [[Indrani Roy]] (Jharkhand) 456
| [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Railways) 18
|<ref name="twenty">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2021–22]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] (Railways) 388
| [[Rashi Kanojiya]] (Uttar Pradesh); [[Kanika Ahuja]] (Punjab) 15
|<ref name="twentyone">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| [[Jasia Akhtar]] (Rajasthan) 501
| Parunika Sisodia (Delhi); [[Poonam Yadav]] (Railways) 21
|<ref name="twentytwo">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2022-23.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2022/23 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2022-23/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2022/23 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2022-23/Batting_by_Average.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2022/23 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2023–24]]
| '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| [[Shweta Sehrawat]] (Delhi) 462
| [[Priya Mishra]] (Delhi) 23
|<ref name="twentythree">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/38/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2023-24.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2023/24 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/38/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2023-24/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2023/24 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/38/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2023-24/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2023/24 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024–25 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2024–25]]
| '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| [[Shafali Verma]] (Haryana) 527
| Saranya Gadwal (Andhra) 21
|
|-
| [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2025–26]]
| '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| [[Priya Punia]] (Delhi) 670
| Nazma (Delhi) 24
|
|-
|}

===Finals appearances by team===

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Team !! Winner !!{{nobr| Runner-up}} !! Last Final
|-
| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || 15 || 1 || [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2025–26]]
|-
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] || 2 || 2 || [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2025–26]]
|-
| [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] || 1 || 1 || [[2024–25 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || 1 || 0 || [[2024–25 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 0 || 4 || [[2016–17 Senior Women's One Day League|2016–17]]
|-
| [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] || 0 || 3 || [[2015–16 Senior Women's One Day League|2015–16]]
|-
| [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] || 0 || 2 || [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]]
|-
| [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 0 || 1 || [[2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League|2011–12]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 0 || 1 || [[2012–13 Senior Women's One Day League|2012–13]]
|-
| [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] || 0 || 1 || [[2014–15 Senior Women's One Day League|2014–15]]
|-
| [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] || 0 || 1 || [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] || 0 || 1 || [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]] || 0 || 1 || [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2023–24]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}
{{List A cricket domestic competitions}}

[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:List A cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Limited overs cricket]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Women's sports leagues in India|Cricket]]
[[Category:Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]

Rahul Narwekar

2026-03-07T07:43:23Z

Janamkatha:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Rahul Narwekar.jpeg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Narwekar in 2023
| office = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 July 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nana Patole]] [[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]] {{small|(acting)}}
| successor =
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] [[Ramesh Bais]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] [[Acharya Devvrat]] [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| deputy = [[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]] [[Anna Bansode]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Raj K. Purohit]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 10 June 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| constituency2 = ''Nominated by the Governor''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|02|11}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2019)}}
| otherparty = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(2014–2019)}} [[Shiv Sena]] {{small|(till 2014)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarojini Naik Nimbalkar|2012}}
| children = 2 daughters
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]] [[Bachelor of Law]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|politician}}
| website = {{url|https://rahulnarwekar.com/}}
}}
'''Rahul Narwekar''' (born 11 February 1977) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is currently the MLA from the [[Colaba Assembly constituency]] and also the current 16th Speaker of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] since 2022. Narwekar was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] in June 2016 as a Governor's Nominated member. He is the second-youngest (aged 44) person to be elected speaker of any state in the country, the youngest being [[Shivraj Patil]] (aged 42).<ref name="Who is Rahul Narwekar, the newly elected Maharashtra assembly speaker?">{{cite news |title=Who is Rahul Narwekar, the newly elected Maharashtra assembly speaker? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/who-is-rahul-narvekar-the-newly-elected-maharashtra-assembly-speaker |access-date=3 July 2022 |work= |date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703110747/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/who-is-rahul-narvekar-the-newly-elected-maharashtra-assembly-speaker |archive-date=3 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP's Rahul Narvekar elected Maharashtra Assembly Speaker">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=BJP's Rahul Narvekar elected Maharashtra Assembly Speaker |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bjps-rahul-narvekar-elected-maharashtra-assembly-speaker/articleshow/92630134.cms |access-date=3 July 2022 |date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703110858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bjps-rahul-narvekar-elected-maharashtra-assembly-speaker/articleshow/92630134.cms |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> In May 2023, he completed a 4-day UK tour speaking at the Ideas for India Conference organised by Bridge India in London,<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Bridge |title=Bridge India |url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/event/ideas-for-india-2023/ |website=bridgeindia.org.uk |publisher=Bridge India |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> and speaking with students at Cambridge University. His tour attracted media attention<ref>{{cite web |first1=|title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Speaker Rahul Narwekar to leave on 4-day UK tour. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-legislative-assembly-speaker-rahul-narwekar-to-leave-on-4-day-uk-tour/articleshow/100114843.cms?from=mdr |website=Times of India |publisher=Times of India |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Difficult to set firm timeframe but will try to resolve matters at the earliest: Maha Speaker on SC verdict |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/difficult-to-set-firm-timeframe-but-will-try-to-resolve-matters-at-the-earliest-maharashtra-speaker-on-sc-verdict-1218422.html |website=deccanherald.com |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Difficult To Set Time Frame As...": Maharashtra Speaker After Big Supreme Court Order |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/difficult-to-set-time-frame-as-maharashtra-speaker-after-big-supreme-court-order-4031543 |website=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A day before SC judgement, Narwekar leaves for London saying govt is stable |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-speaker-confident-of-maharashtra-government-s-majority-ahead-of-sc-verdict-on-shiv-sena-mlas-disqualification-101683736757293.html |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> because of its proximity to the Supreme Court judgement on the disqualification of 16 MLAs of the Eknath Shinde-led Shiv Sena.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Anwesha |title=Back Maharashtra politics: What happens if 16 Shiv Sena MLAs are really disqualified? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/maharashtra-politics-what-happens-if-16-shiv-sena-mlas-are-disqualified-11684247757547.html |website=livemint.com |publisher=Livemint |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> In November 2024 he was re-elected on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the Colaba constituency and won by a huge margin.

== Personal life ==
Rahul Narwekar is the son-in-law of senior NCP leader [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]. Rahul's father, Suresh Narwekar was a Municipal Councillor from the [[Colaba]] area. Rahul's brother Makarand Narwekar is a second-term Municipal Councillor, currently from Ward No. 227.<ref>[http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/rahul-narvekar-opts-out-of-mlc-poll-fray-goes-incommunicado/article_105357 Rahul Narwekar opts out of MLC poll fray, goes incommunicado]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/shiv-sena-leader-rahul-narvekar-joins-ncp-554204 Shiv Sena leader Rahul Narwekar joins NCP]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/shiv-sena-leader-rahul-narvekar-joins-ncp-to-contest-from-maval-554227 Shiv Sena leader Rahul Narwekar joins NCP, to contest from Maval]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rahul-narvekar-says-he-was-victimised-by-shiv-sena-defects-to-ncp-1970084 Rahul Narwekar says he was victimised by Shiv Sena, defects to NCP]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shiv-sena-leader-rahul-narvekar-joins-ncp-gets-ticket-from-maval-1970071 Shiv Sena leader Rahul Narwekar joins NCP, gets ticket from Maval]</ref><ref>[http://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=3355 My Neta]</ref> His sister-in-law Harshita Narwekar is also a Municipal Councillor on a [[Bhartiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket from the [[Cuffe Parade]] area. <ref>{{cite web|title=Independent Corporator Joins BJP In Mumbai|date=31 Jan 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/independent-corporator-joins-bjp-in-mumbai/articleshow/56897353.cms}}</ref>
==Political career==
Narwekar began his political career with the [[Shiv Sena]] party, where he served as a spokesperson for the youth wing. After 15 years with the Shiv Sena, Narwekar left the party in 2014 when he was denied a ticket for the [[Lok Sabha]] election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's all you need to know about Rahul Narvekar, Maharashtra Assembly's newly elected Speaker |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-rahul-narvekar-maharashtra-assemblys-newly-elected-speaker/articleshow/92630499.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2022-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> He then joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) and contested the 2014 Lok Sabha election from the Maval constituency but was unsuccessful. In June 2016, Narwekar was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] as a Governor's Nominated member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rahul Narwekar? BJP Leader Who Became Maharashtra Speaker After Shiv Sena Split |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/who-is-rahul-narwekar-bjp-leader-who-became-maharashtra-speaker-after-shiv-sena-split-1655700 |website=ABP Live |date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> In 2019, Narwekar switched to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and successfully contested the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] election from the Colaba constituency, winning by 16,195 votes (57,420 total votes in his favour).<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rahul Narwekar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/maharashtra-speaker-rahul-narwekar-shiv-sena-verdict-9102978/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> On July 3, 2022, Narwekar was elected as the Speaker of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. At the age of 45, he became the youngest person to be elected as Speaker of any state legislature in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rahul Narwekar, newly elected Speaker of Maharashtra Assembly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-political-crisis-rahul-narwekar-assembly-speaker-eknath-shinde-shiv-sena-bjp-1969667-2022-07-03 |website=India Today |date=2022-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> In May 2023, Narwekar was tasked by the [[Supreme Court of India]] with deciding on the disqualification petitions of 34 MLAs from the [[Shiv Sena#2022 Political crisis and split in the party|two factions of Shiv Sena]] that emerged after the party split in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court extends deadline for Maharashtra Speaker Rahul Narwekar to decide disqualification pleas against NCP breakaway MLAs to February 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-extends-deadline-for-maharashtra-speaker-rahul-narwekar-to-decide-disqualification-pleas-against-ncp-breakaway-mlas-to-february-15/article67788278.ece |website=The Hindu |date=2024-01-29 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> In November 2024, he was re-elected as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the Colaba constituency, winning by a massive margin of 48,581 votes totalling 68.49% vote share (81,085 votes) of all votes polled (1,18,389).<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/ConstituencywiseS13187.htm</ref> He was also re appointed the speaker of the Legislative Assembly.

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Party !! Position/Event
|-
| 1999–2014 || [[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|30x30px]]Shiv Sena || Spokesperson for youth wing
|-
| 2014 || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|30x30px]] Nationalist Congress Party || Joined NCP after being denied Lok Sabha ticket by Shiv Sena
|-
| 2014 || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|30x30px]] Nationalist Congress Party || Unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabha election from Maval constituency
|-
| 2016 || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|30x30px]] Nationalist Congress Party || Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council as Governor's Nominated member
|-
| 2019 || [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|30x30px]]Bharatiya Janata Party || Joined BJP
|-
| 2019 || [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|30x30px]] Bharatiya Janata Party || Elected as MLA from [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
|-
| 2022 || [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|30x30px]] Bharatiya Janata Party || Elected as Speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2023 || [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|30x30px]] Bharatiya Janata Party || Tasked by Supreme Court to decide on disqualification petitions of Shiv Sena MLAs
|-
| 2024 || [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|30x30px]] Bharatiya Janata Party || Re-elected as MLA from [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]] Re-elected as Speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
|}

== See also ==

* [[Anish Gawande]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narwekar, Rahul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

Vijayapuri Veeran

2026-03-04T05:17:38Z

Janamkatha: adding initial post w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vijayapuri Veeran
| image = Vijayapuri Veeran poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
| producer = Joseph Thomas
| screenplay = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Three Musketeers]]''|[[Alexandre Dumas]]}}
| starring = [[C. L. Anandan]] M. Hemalatha [[S. A. Ashokan]] [[S. V. Ramadas]]
| music = [[T. R. Pappa]]
| cinematography = R. N. Pillai
| editing = P. V. Karunakaran
| studio = Citadel Film Corporation
| released = {{film date|1960|2|12|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vijayapuri Veeran''''' ({{Translation|The Warrior of Vijayapuri}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[swashbuckler film]] directed by [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] and written by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]. An adaptation of the novel ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 June 2015 |title=Athey Kangal 1967 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athey-kangal-1967/article7361511.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101195637/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athey-kangal-1967/article7361511.ece |archive-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> it stars [[C. L. Anandan]] (in his acting debut), M. Hemalatha, [[S. A. Ashokan]] and [[S. V. Ramadas]] in lead roles.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=June 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="movie" />
* [[C. L. Anandan|C. L. Anand]] as Anandan
* [[S. A. Ashokan|S. A. Ashokan {{small|B.A.}}]] as Nanjappan
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Veera Nathan
* Pandi Selvaraj as Kavi Gnananathan
* Tiruchi Ganesan as Vijayapuri King
* S. Rama Rao as Aathi
* P. B. Vairam as Maya's spy
* Stunt Swaminathan as Ellappan
* Master Gopal as Azhagapuri King
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="movie" />
* M. Hemalatha as Kanchana Devi
* Kamini as Maya Devi
* R. Chandrakantha as Shanthi
* T. Shanmugasundari as Jothi
;Dance<ref name="movie" />
* V. N. jothy
* Rajeswari
* Sakunthala
* Madhuri Devi
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Vijayapuri Veeran'', an adaptation of the [[Alexandre Dumas]] novel ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=C. N. R. |date=10 February 1963 |title=The Growing Burden Of Taxation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3Y6AQAAIAAJ&q=veeran |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=84, Part 1 |page=124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620104129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3Y6AQAAIAAJ&q=veeran |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> was directed by [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]], written by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] and produced by Joseph Thomas under Citadel Film Corporation. The dialogues were written by Nanjilnaadu T. N. Rajappa, cinematography was handled by R. N. Pillai,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and editing by P. V. Karunakaran.<ref name="movie" /> The cast featured mainly newcomers such as C. L. Anandan, M. Hemalatha, Kamini, R. Chandrakantha, S. V. Ramadas, Pandi Selvaraj and S. Rama Rao.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. R. Pappa]] and lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[K. D. Santhanam]] and M. K. Aathmanathan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayapuri Veeran 1960 |url=http://mio.to/album/Am.+Rajah/Vijayapuri+Veeran+(1960) |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=Music India Online |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516141925/http://mio.to/album/Am.+Rajah/Vijayapuri+Veeran+(1960) |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ullatthile Uram Venumadaa" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || || 03:25
|-
| "Isai Paadum Thendralodu" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[Jikki]] || || 03:28
|-
| "Aalai Paaru Kannaley Aadam" || [[P. Susheela]] || || 05:12
|-
| "Aasai Machchan Visuvasa Machchan" || [[S. Janaki]] & [[S. C. Krishnan]] || || 04:36
|-
| "Solla Venuma Innum Sollavenuma" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[Jikki]] || || 03:17
|-
| "Kokkarthichuk Koondu Payum" || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]|| || 04:06
|-
| "Vaaniley Malarnthidum Valarmadhiye" ||[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]|| || 01:47
|-
| "Inbam Konjam Vennila" || [[A. P. Komala]] || || 01:15
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Vijayapuri Veeran'' was released on 12 February 1960,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and emerged a commercial success.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – விஜயபுரி வீரன் – தி சிட்டாடல் பிரிம் கார்ப். (இ-டப்) (த-தெ) |trans-title=1960 – Vijayapuri Veeran – The Citadel Film Corp. (hi-dub) (ta-te) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails48.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026160038/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails48.asp |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Vijayapuri Veeran |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Citadel Film Corporation |year=1960 |time=0:00 to 2:20 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 April 2009 |title=Vijayapuri Veeran 1960 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijayapuri-veeran-1960/article3021405.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2020-04-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200401172103/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/vijayapuri-veeran-1960/article3021405.ece |archive-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Three Musketeers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Pappa]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sharat Saxena

2026-03-01T22:35:40Z

Janamkatha:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharat Saxena
| image = Sharat Saxena at the music launch of the film ‘Luckhnowi Ishq’.jpg
| caption = Saxena in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|08|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)<ref name="timesofindia news">{{cite news|last1=Nitisha|first1=Kasyap|title=I can't do anything other than acting: Sharat Saxena|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-cant-do-anything-other-than-acting-Sharat-Saxena/articleshow/12293602.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105101445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-cant-do-anything-other-than-acting-Sharat-Saxena/articleshow/12293602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| height =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1972–present
| spouse = Shobha Saxena
| children = 2
| website =
| othername =
}}

'''Sharat Saxena''' (born 17 August 1950) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films along with [[Cinema of the United States| English]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He has acted in more than 250 Hindi films.
Saxena started his career in the early 1970s and has mainly played supporting roles.

He has starred in some of the most successful films of Hindi cinema like ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'', ''[[Tridev]]'', ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'', ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'', ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]'', ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]'', ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'', ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'', ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'', ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'', ''[[Krrish]]'', ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1993), ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijan]]'' and many more. His performances in these films have established him as one of the best supporting actors in Hindi cinema.

He played the role of [[Kichaka]] in the television serial ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''. He is well known for his roles in the movie, ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' and the comedy movie ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''. He was also nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Best Villain Award]] for ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]'' (1998).

==Early life==

Sharat Saxena was born on 17 August 1950 in [[Satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He spent most of his childhood in Bhopal.<ref name="timesofindia news"/> He is married to Shobha Saxena. He did his schooling from [[St. Joseph Convent School, Bhopal]], and [[Christ Church Boys' Senior Secondary School]], [[Jabalpur]]. After doing [[Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering|Engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication]] from [[Jabalpur Engineering College]], he wanted to become an actor. So, in 1972, he came to Mumbai. It was tough because of his build, but eventually, he got the role of a henchman. ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]'' was his first release. Then followed ''Dil Dewana'', ''[[Agent Vinod (1977 film)|Agent Vinod]]'', ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' and others.

==Personal life==
He currently lives in [[Madh Island]], a colony on the outskirts of [[Mumbai]]. He lives with his wife, Shobha, and two children, Veera and Vishal.<ref name="timesofindia news"/>

==Filmography==
===Hindi films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1974
|''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]''
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Jaaneman (1976 film)|Jaaneman]]''
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Agent Vinod (1977 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1978
| ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kasme Vaade]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1979
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tarana (1979 film)|Tarana]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1980
| ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]''
| Photographer / Daaga's Henchman
|
|-
| ''[[Lootmaar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Main Aur Mera Haathi]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
| ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''
|
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1984
| ''[[Aasmaan]]''
| Major
|
|-
|''[[Boxer (1984 film)|Boxer]]''
| Raghuraj
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1985
| ''Kanoon Kya Karega''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aitbaar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bepanaah]]''
| Ujagar Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Kasam (1985 film)|Maa Kasam]]''
| Makhan Singh
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1986
| ''[[Mera Dharam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manav Hatya]]''
| Inspector Joseph
|
|-
| ''[[Tan-Badan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1987
| ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''
| Daaga
|
|-
| ''[[Deewana Tere Naam Ka]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat]]''
| Shambhu Dada
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
| Inspector Amarnath / Daku Jwala Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1989
| ''[[Meri Zabaan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Daana Paani]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tridev]]''
| Inspector Suraj
|
|-
| ''[[Paanch Paapi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dost (1989 film)|Dost]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1990
| ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''
| Deeka
|
|-
| ''[[Thanedaar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
| ''[[Mast Kalandar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Narsimha (film)|Narsimha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Banjaran]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Indrajeet]]''
| Batra
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992
| ''[[Rishta To Ho Aisa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vishwatma]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| Bahadur Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Zulm Ki Hukumat]]''
| Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
| ''[[Aashik Awara]]''
| Kargah
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lootere]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Beta Ho To Aisa]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
| ''[[Policewala Gunda]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
| ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
| ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]''
| Raunak Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''
| Baldev Sinha
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1999
| ''[[Safari (1999 film)|Safari]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
| Moti
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
| ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aaghaaz]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
| ''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
| ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[2 October (film)|2 October]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paanch]]''
|
| Unreleased
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
| ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''
| Maharawal
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/meenaxi/critic-review/meenaxi-movie-review/|title=Meenaxi Review 1/5 | Meenaxi Movie Review | Meenaxi 2004 Public Review | Film Review|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=2 April 2004}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Asambhav]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (2004 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekna]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
| ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Viruddh]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|
|Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="7" |2006
| ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Alag]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Krrish]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]''
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2009
| ''[[De Dana Dan]]''
| Wilson Perera
|
|-
| ''[[Vaada Raha|Vaada Raha... I Promise]]''
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Kushti (film)|Kushti]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
|''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bumboo]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
| ''[[Deewana Main Deewana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[John Day (film)|John Day]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Club 60]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bullett Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Singham Returns]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2015
| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| ''[[Thugs Of Hindostan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Race 3]]''
| Raghu
|
|-
| ''[[Dassehra]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''[[Dabangg 3]]''
| SP Satyendra
|
|-
| ''Hansa Ek Sanyog''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2020
| ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[It's My Life (film)|It's My Life]]''
|
|Delayed release; Filmed in 2007
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Hume Toh Loot Liya''
|
| [[MX Player]] film
|-
| 2024
|''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam - The Missing Identity]]''
|CBI chief Safaraz Khan
|Delayed release; Filmed in 2004
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2|Son Of Sardar 2]]''
|Ranjit Singh
|
|-
|''[[Saali Mohabbat]]''
|
|
|}

===Other language films===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1982
| ''Ucha Dar Babey Nanak Da''
|
|Punjabi
|
|-
|1985
| ''[[Jeevante Jeevan]]''
|
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
| ''[[Ashoka Chakravarthy]]''
| Majid Khan
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
|
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam]]''
| Samar Khan
| Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''Agni Nilavu''
|
| Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]''
|
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Gharana Mogudu]]''
|
| rowspan="4" | Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
|''[[Mutha Mestri]]''
| Athma
|
|-
| ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994
| ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]''
| Mallikkettu
| Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Gandeevam]]''
|
| rowspan=5|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[S. P. Parasuram]]''
| Bhavani
|
|-
| ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Money Money (1995 film)|Money Money]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
| ''[[Raja Simham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]''
| Iftikhar
| rowspan=2|Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Thakshashila]]''
|
|
|-
|1997
| ''[[Ugadi (1997 film)|Ugadi]]''
|
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
| ''[[Okkadu Chalu]]''
| Dhanraj
|
|-
| ''[[Sudhandhiram]]''
|
| Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2001
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]''
|
| Tamil
|
|-
|2002
| [[Parasuram (2002 film)|''Parasuram'']]
|
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[C. I. D. Moosa]]''
|Khalid Mohammad Baba
|
|-
|''[[Indiramma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiramma (2003) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ASRY |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
| Kesava Rayudu
| rowspan=2|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|
|Tamil
|Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
|
| Telugu
|-
|''[[The Great New Wonderful]]''
|
|English
|
|-
|2006
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]''
| Samar Khan
| Malayalam
|
|-
|2012
| ''[[Rahe Chardi Kala Punjab Di]]''
|
| Punjabi
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[Sringaravelan]]''
| Ahuja
| Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]''
|
| rowspan=2|Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Vivegam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]''
| Colonel Singhania
| Malayalam
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''|| Dhandapani (Master) || Tamil || Delayed release; Filmed in 2012
|-
|2026
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|MP Nitin Sharma
|Telugu
|
|}

===TV series===
*''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' – Kichaka
*''[[Kanoon (1993 TV series)|Kanoon]]'' – Avinash/Inspector Sooraj Singh
*''[[Main Dilli Hoon]]'' – [[Shukracharya]]
*''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' – Kulguru Trikaldarshi

==Awards and nominations==
*1998: ''Nominated'' :[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Best Villain Award]] for ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0768296}}
*[http://www.movietalkies.com/interviews/view-interview.asp?InterviewId=33 Early life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194525/http://www.movietalkies.com/interviews/view-interview.asp?InterviewId=33 |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[http://www.movietalkies.com/interviews/view-interview.asp?InterviewId=33 interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194525/http://www.movietalkies.com/interviews/view-interview.asp?InterviewId=33 |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717001945/http://ww.smashits.com/profile/352/sharat-saxena.html biography]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Sharat}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:People from Satna]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Satna district]]

Minor Pillar Edicts

2026-02-28T18:31:01Z

Janamkatha: Starting New Info W/ Refs.

{{Short description|3rd-century BCE Indian inscriptions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
| image = [[File:Brahmi script on Ashoka Pillar, Sarnath.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = Minor Pillar Edict on the Sarnath pillar.
| material = Sandstone
| size =
| writing =
| created = 3rd century BCE
| discovered =
| location = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| id =
| map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|width =300
|border = none
|caption = Locations of the Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka.
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.38|N |long=83.02|E |label=[[Sarnath]]|position=bottom |mark=Orange F79A18.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.48|N |long=77.73|E |label=[[Sanchi]] |position=bottom |mark=Orange F79A18.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.48|N |long=83.28|E |label=[[Rummindei|Lumbini]]|position=top |mark=Orange F79A18.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.62|N |long=83.11|E |label=[[Nigali Sagar]]|mark=Orange F79A18.svg|marksize=16|position=right |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.431111|N |long=81.875|E |label=[[Kosambi]]/ [[Allahabad]]|mark=Orange F79A18.svg|marksize=16|position=left|label_size=75}}
}}
}}
{{Ashoka Edicts articles}}
The '''Minor Pillar Edicts''' of Indian Emperor [[Ashoka]] refer to 4 separate minor [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (Schism Edict, Queen's Edict, 2 Commemorative inscriptions) inscribed on columns([[Pillars of Ashoka]]) at 5 locations which are among the earliest dated inscriptions of any Indian monarch. A full English translation of the Edicts was published by [[Romila Thapar]].<ref name=RT>{{cite web|url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf|year=1997|website=Columbia University|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|title=Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|author=Romila Thapar|accessdate=12 July 2018|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517144931/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These edicts are preceded chronologically by the [[Minor Rock Edicts]](11th year of his reign) and may have been made in parallel with the [[Major Rock Edicts]](12th year of his reign). The inscription technique is generally poor compared for example to the later [[Major Pillar Edicts]]. However they are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka. This fact led some authors to think that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of Ashokan pillars and that style degraded over a short period of time.<ref>The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), pp. 247-265 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249612?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref>

These were probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka (reigned 262-233 BCE), from 12th year of his reign, that is, from 250 BCE.<ref name="persee.fr">{{cite journal |last1=Yailenko |first1=Valeri P. |title=Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d'Asoka |journal=Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne |volume=16 |date=1990 |pages=239–256 |language=fr-FR|doi=10.3406/dha.1990.1467 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 }}</ref>

==History==
[[Ashoka]] was the third monarch of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[India]], reigning from around 269 BCE.<ref name="colostate">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|accessdate=15 March 2007|website=Ven. S. Dhammika|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314160034/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|archivedate=14 March 2007}}</ref> Ashoka famously converted to Buddhism and renounced violence soon after being victorious in a gruesome [[Kalinga War]], yet filled with deep remorse for the bloodshed of the war. Although he was a major historical figure, little definitive information was known as there were few records of his reign until the 19th century when a large number of his edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, were found in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]. These many edicts were concerned with practical instructions in running a kingdom such as the design of irrigation systems and descriptions of Ashoka's beliefs in peaceful moral behavior. They contain little personal detail about his life.<ref name="colostate"/>

==List of the Minor Pillar Edicts ==
Asoka’s Minor Pillar Edicts are exclusively inscribed on several of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], at [[Sarnath]], [[Sanchi]], [[Allahabad]] (a pillar initially located in [[Kosambi]]), [[Rummindei]] and [[Nigali Sagar]]. They are all in the [[Prakrit]] language and the [[Brahmi script]].

These pillar edicts are:<ref name=RT/>

;The Schism Edicts
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|footer_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Sanchi Schism Edict
| image1 = Ashokan Pillar - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4361.JPG
| image2 = Minor_Pillar_Edict_of_Ashoka_at_Sanchi.jpg
| footer=Remains of the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashokan Pillar]] in polished stone at [[Sanchi]], with its Schism Edict (detail).
}}
Asoka’s injunction against shism in the [[Samgha]]. Found on the [[Sarnath]], [[Sanchi]] and [[Allahabad]] pillars.
These are among the earliest inscriptions of Ashoka, at a time when inscription techniques in India where not yet mature.<ref name=JI1983/> In contrast, the lion capitals crowning these edicts (Sarnath and Sanchi) are the most refined of those produced during the time of Ashoka.<ref name=JI1983>{{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=John |title=The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=44 |issue=4 |date=1983 |pages=247–265 |jstor=3249612 |doi=10.2307/3249612 }}</ref>

All the Schism edits are rather fragmentary, but the similarity of their messages permit a clear reconstruction:
{{blockquote|''"The [[Devanampriya|Beloved of the Gods]] orders the officers of [[Kosambi|Kauśāmbī]]/ [[Pataliputra|Pāṭa(liputra)]] thus:''
''No one is to cause dissention in the [[Sangha|Order]]. The Order of [[Buddhist monk|monks]] and [[Buddhist nun|nuns]] has been united, and this unity should last for as long as my sons and great grandsons, and the moon and the sun. Whoever creates a schism in the Order, whether monk or nun, is to be dressed in white garments, and to be put in a place not inhabited by monks or nuns. For it is my wish that the Order should remain united and endure for long. This is to be made known to the Order of monks and the Order of nuns."''<ref name="thapar"/>}}

<gallery>
File:Allahabad Kausambi Edict.jpg|Kosambi-Allahabad Schism Edict.
File:Sanchi_pillar_Ashokan_inscription.jpg|Sanchi Schism Edict.
File:Sarnath_pillar_inscription.jpg|Sarnath Schism Edit.
</gallery>

;The Queen's Edict
[[File:Allahabad Kosambi pillar Queen Edict.jpg|thumb|right|Allahabad, Kosambi pillar, Queen's Edict]]
Ashoka announces that his second queen should be credited for her gifts. Found on the [[Allahabad pillar]].

{{blockquote|''"On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of [[Tivala|Tīvala]], [[Karuvaki|Kāruvākī]]."''<ref name="thapar">{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|authorlink1=Romila Thapar|title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198077244|pages=388–390|edition=3rd|chapter-url=http://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf|accessdate=8 February 2016|chapter=Appendix V: A Translation of the Edicts of Aśoka}}{{free access}}</ref>
}}

{{Clear}}

===Commemorative inscriptions===
Although generally catalogued among the "Minor Pillar Edicts", the two inscriptions found in Lumbini and at Nigali Sagar are in the past tense and in the ordinary third person (not the royal third person), suggesting that are not pronouncements of Ashoka himself, but rather later commemorations of his visits in the area.<ref name="CIB226">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |pages=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |language=en}}</ref> Being commemorative, these two inscriptions may have been written significantly later than the other Ashokan inscriptions.<ref name="CIB226"/>

;The Lumbini pillar inscription
{{main|Lumbini pillar inscription}}
Records the visit of Ashoka to [[Lumbini]], location of the birth of the [[Buddha]], in today's [[Nepal]].
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Rummindei pillar, inscription of Ashoka
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Translation (English)!!Transliteration (original [[Brahmi script]])!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
{{blockquote|''When King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of [[Lumbini|Lummini]] free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).''|The [[Rummindei]] Edict, one of the Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka.<ref>Hultzsch, E. (1925). [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref>}}
| align=left |
{{blockquote|
<poem>
<big>{{Script|Brah|[[Devanampriya|𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂]]𑀦 [[Priyadasi|𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺]]𑀦 [[Raja|𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺]]𑀦𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦}}</big>
Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀅𑀢𑀦𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳𑀺𑀤[[Buddha|𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂]]𑀚𑀸𑀢 [[Sakyamuni|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺]]𑀢𑀺}}</big>
atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀕𑀥𑀪𑀺𑀘𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀳𑀺𑀤[[Bhagavat|𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁]]𑀚𑀸𑀢𑀢𑀺 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀺𑀕𑀸𑀫𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀓𑀝𑁂}}</big>
hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀘}}</big>
aṭha-bhāgiye ca
</poem>

|Adapted from transliteration by [[E. Hultzsch]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=164 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Lumbini pillar with inscription and its location.jpg|thumb|300px|Lumbini Rummindei pillar at time of discovery in 1896, with location of the inscription, which was hidden about 1 meter under ground level.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0001007s3u00632000.html British Library Online]</ref><ref>"Dr. Fuhrer went from Nigliva to Rummindei where another Priyadasin lat has been discovered... and an inscription about 3 feet below surface, had been opened by the Nepalese" in {{cite book |last1=Calcutta |first1=Maha Bodhi Society |title=The Maha-Bodhi |date=1921 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvENAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]] 
|}

;The Nigali Sagar pillar inscription
{{main|Nigali Sagar}}
At [[Nigali Sagar]], Ashoka mentions his dedication for the enlargement of the Stupa dedicated to the [[Kanakamuni Buddha]].

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nigali Sagar Edict
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Translation (English)!!Transliteration (original [[Brahmi script]])!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
{{blockquote|''"Beloved of the Gods King [[Priyadarsin]] in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the [[Kanakamuni Buddha|Buddha Kanakamuni]] and in the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, paid reverence and set up a stone pillar".''<ref name="ReferenceA">Basanta Bidari - 2004 Kapilavastu: the world of Siddhartha - Page 87</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=165 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n339 |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}
| align=left |
{{blockquote|
<poem>
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺𑀦 𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦 𑀘𑁄𑀤𑀲𑀯𑀲𑀸 𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦}}</big>
''Devānampiyena piyadasina lajina codasavasā bhisitena''
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀓𑁄𑀦𑀸𑀓𑀫𑀦𑀲 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂𑀤𑀼𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀯𑀠𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
''Budhasa Konākamanasa thube-dutyam vaḍhite''
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯 𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦𑀘 𑀅𑀢𑀦 𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
''Visativa sābhisitena–ca atana-agāca-mahīyite''
<big>{{Script|Brah|𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀣𑀩𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂}}</big>
''silathabe-ca usa papite''<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="archive.org"/>
</poem>
}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Ashoka_Inscriptions_Nigali_Sagar_pillar_inscription.jpg|thumb|300px|Rubbing of the inscription.]] 
|}

==Inscription techniques==
[[File:Allahabad Kosambi pillar Schism Edict.jpg|thumb|The Kosambi-Allahabad Schism Edict, as the Sarnath or Sanchi Schism Edicts, display low inscriptional skills. They were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India.<ref name=JI264/>]]
The inscription technique of the early Edicts, particularly the Schism Edcits at Sarnath, Sanchi and Kosambi-Allahabad, is very poor compared for example to the later [[Major Pillar Edicts]], however the Minor Pillar Edicts are often associated with some of the artistically most sophisticated pillar capitals of Ashoka, such as the renowned [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] which crowned the [[Sarnath]] Minor Pillar Edict, or the very similar, but less well preserved [[Sanchi]] lion [[capital (architecture)|capital]] which crowned the very clumsily inscribed Schism Edict of Sanchi.<ref name=JI/> These edicts were probably made at the beginning of the reign of Ashoka (reigned 262-233 BCE), from the year 12 of his reign, that is, from 256 BCE.<ref name="persee.fr"/>

According to Irwin, the Brahmi inscriptions on the Sarnath and Sanchi pillars were made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India, whereas the very refined Sarnath capital itself was made under the tutelage of craftsmen from the former [[Achaemenid Empire]], trained in Perso-Hellenistic statuary and employed by Ashoka.<ref name=JI264>{{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=John |title=The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=44 |issue=4 |date=1983 |pages=250&264 |doi=10.2307/3249612 |jstor=3249612 }}</ref> This suggests that the most sophisticated capitals were actually the earliest in the sequence of [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashokan pillars]] and that style degraded over a short period of time.<ref name="JI">The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), pp. 264 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249612?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref>

The Rummindei and Nigali Sagar edicts, inscribed on pillars erected by Ashoka later in his reign (19th and 20th year) display a high level of inscriptional technique with a good regularity in the lettering.<ref name=JI264/>

==Description of the Minor Pillar Edicts==
The Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka are exclusively inscribed on some of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], at [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]], [[Allahabad]], [[Rummindei]] and [[Nigali Sagar]].

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
! scope = "col" width = "10%" | Name !! scope = "col" |Location !! scope = "col" | Map !! scope = "col"| Pillar & inscription !! scope = "col" | Capital/ Close-up
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar, Sarnath|Sarnath]] ([[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]) ||Located in [[Sarnath]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] Schism Edict.<ref name=DKC>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the ... by Dilip K Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 p.32]</ref> Sarnath Schism Edict of Ashoka:
{{blockquote|[[File:Sarnath_pillar_inscription.jpg|thumb|100px]]''".......... [cannot] be divided. The Samgha both of [[Bhikku|monks]] and of [[Bhikkuni|nuns]] is made united as long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign, and) as long as the moon and the sun (shall shine). The monk or nun who shall break up the Samgha, must be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non-residence. For my desire is that the Samgha may be united (and) of long duration."''
|Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n333 pp.160-162]}}
||
{{Location map
| India
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Sarnath]]
| label_size = 70
| position = top
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 25.3811
| lon_deg =83.0214
}}
||[[File:Ashoka Pillar, Sarnath.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:Sarnath Ashoka Lions with Dharma Wheel.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi pillar of Ashoka|Sanchi]] ||Located in [[Sanchi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] Schism Edict.<ref name=DKC/> Sanchi Schism Edict of Ashoka:
{{blockquote|[[File:Sanchi pillar Ashokan inscription.jpg|right|100px]]''"... path is prescribed both for the monks and for the nuns. As long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign; and) as long as the Moon and the Sun (shall endure), the monk or nun who shall cause divisions in the [[Sangha]], shall be compelled to put on white robes and to reside apart. For what is my desire ? That the Sangha may be united and may long endure."''|Edict of [[Ashoka]] on the Sanchi pillar.<ref>John Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p.93] Public Domain text</ref>}}
||
{{Location map
| India
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Sanchi]]
| label_size = 70
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =23.479223
| lon_deg =77.739683
}}
||[[File:Ashokan Pillar - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4361.JPG|100px]] ||[[File:Sanchi_pillar_capital_reconstitution_after_Percy_Brown_(Black_and_white).jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar, Allahabad|Allahabad (Kosambi)]] ||{{main|Allahabad pillar}}Located in [[Allahabad]] (originally in [[Kosambi]], [[Bihar]] Schism Edict, Queen's Edict. Several [[Major Pillar Edicts]] (1-6) are also inscribed.<ref name=DKC/> Allahabad Schism Edict of Ashoka:
{{blockquote|[[File:Allahabad Kosambi pillar Schism Edict.jpg|100px|right]]''Beloved of the Gods commands (thus).'' 
''The [[Mahamatra]]s of Kosambi................'' 
''.....................is made united.'' 
''....................should not be received into the Samgha.'' 
''And also that monk or nun (who) shall break up the Samgha, should be caused to put on white robes and to reside in a non-residence.''<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=160 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n331 |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>}}

Allahabad Queen's Edict:
{{blockquote|[[File:Allahabad Kosambi pillar Queen Edict.jpg|100px|right]]''"On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kāruvākī."''<ref name="thapar"/>}}
||
{{Location map
| India
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Allahabad]]
| label_size = 70
| position = top
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =25.431111
| lon_deg =81.875
}}
||[[File:Allahabad Kosambi pillar of Ashoka.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:Frieze of capital of Lat at Allahabad.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar (Lumbini)|Rummindei]] /Paderia ||Located in [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]] Rummindei Edict.<ref name=DKC/> Rummindei Edict of Ashoka:
{{blockquote|''When King Beloved of the Gods [[Priyadarsin]] had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?)and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).''|Ashoka inscription on the Lumbini pillar.<ref>Hultzsch, E. /1925). [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n337/mode/2up Inscriptions of Asoka]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164-165</ref>}} [[File:Buddha Sakyamuni on the Rummindei pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|center|The words "[[Buddha|Bu-dhe]]" ([[Buddha]]) and "[[Sakyamuni|Sa-kya-mu-nī]]" ("Sage of the [[Shakyas]]") in [[Brahmi script]], on [[Ashoka]]'s [[Rummindei]] [[Minor Pillar Edict]] (circa 250 BCE).]]
||
{{Location map
| India
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Lumbini]]
| label_size = 70
| position = top
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =27.481389
| lon_deg =83.275833
}}
||[[File:BRP Lumbini Ashoka pillar.jpg|100px]] [[File:Paderia Pillar.png|100px]] || [[File:Lumbini - Pillar Edict in Brahmi Script, Lumbini (9241396121).jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Pillar, Nigali Sagar|Nigali Sagar]]||Located in [[Nigali Sagar]], [[Nepal]] Nigali Sagar Edict.<ref name=DKC/> Nigali Sagar Edict of Ashoka:
{{blockquote|"Devanam piyena piyadasin lajina- chodasavasa bhisitena Budhasa Konakamanasa thube-dutyam vadhite Visativa sabhisitena –cha atana-agacha-mahiyite silathabe-cha usa papite" 
''“Beloved of the Gods [[Priyadarsin]] in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the [[Kanakamuni Buddha|Buddha Kanakamuni]] and in the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, paid reverence and set up a stone pillar”''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:Nigali Sagar Ashokan inscription Budhasa Konaakamanasa with rubbing.jpg|thumb|center|"''Budha-sa Konākamana-sa''" ("Of the [[Kanakamuni Buddha]]") inscription in the [[Brahmi Script]], at [[Nigali Sagar]], 250 BCE]]
[[File:Nigali Sagar word Stupa.jpg|right|50px]]
This inscription has the first known instance of the use of the word "[[Stupa]]" (here spelled in the [[Brahmi script]] as ''"Thube"'').<ref>Amaravati: The Art of an early Buddhist Monument in context. [http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/207_Amaravati.pdf p.23]</ref>

}}
||
{{Location map
| India
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Nigali Sagar]]
| label_size = 70
| position = top
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =27.594917
| lon_deg =83.095806
}}
||[[File:Nigali Sagar pillar full view.jpg|100px]] [[File:Ashoka Inscriptions Nigali Sagar pillar inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Nigali Sagar pillar Ashoka inscription.jpg|100px]]
|}

== See also ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
; Related topics
* [[Ancient iron production]]
* [[Dhar iron pillar]]
* [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
* [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
* [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
* [[Stambha]]
{{col-break}}
; Other similar topics
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Outline of ancient India]]
* [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
* [[Tagundaing]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ashoka Minor Pillar Edicts}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516000049/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/position/salomon.html On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts]

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]

Sheikh Sadruddin

2026-02-27T03:12:02Z

Janamkatha: adding initial article initial version

{{short description|Afghan founder of Malerkotla State in Hindustan (15th century)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sadruddin-i-Jahan
| succession =
| title = [[Sheikh]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign =
| coronation =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Taj Murassa, Bhatiyaniji Murtaza Begum
| issue = Bibi Mangi Hassan Muhammad Muhammad Isa Muhammad Musa
| full name = Sheikh Sadruddin Sadar-i-Jahan, Baba Haidar Sheikh
| royal house = [[Sarwani|Sherwani]]
| royal anthem =
| father = Sheikh Ahmed Zinda Pir
| mother =
| birth_date = 1434
| death_date = 1515 (aged 81)
| burial_place = Baba Haidar Sheikh [[Dargah]] in [[Malerkotla]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Sheikh Sadruddin''' was a [[Sufi]] mystic and chief of the jagir of [[Malerkotla State#History|Maler]] and an ancestor of the rulers of the [[Malerkotla State]]. He received the area of Maler as jagir from [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlul Lodi]] after marrying his daughter Taj Murassa in 1454.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml |title=Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India |publisher=Khyber |access-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2008 }}</ref> He belonged to [[Sarwani|Sherwani]] tribe of [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Ali Khan, Iftikhar ''[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/History_of_the_Ruling_Family_of_Sheikh_S.html?id=b1BuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y History of the Ruling Family of Sheikh Sadruddin, Sadar-i-Jahan of Malerkotla, 1449 A.D. to 1948 A.D.]'' (2000) "Not only was he an Afghan but a '''Sherwani''' Afghan."</ref>

==Early life==
Sheikh Sadruddin was the son of Sheikh Ahmed Zinda [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] and grandson of [[Sheikh]] Ali Shahbaz Khan. He was spiritually inclined from childhood as he came from a long line of [[Sufi]] mystics (known as ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]s''). In 1449, he settled in [[Punjab region]] at the bank of the [[Sutlej]] river (Bhumsi) to engage in religious activities.<ref name="lifestory">{{Cite web |title=Hazrat Baba Haider Sheikh & Malerkotle Wale Pir |url=https://www.sufipost.com/2016/06/hazrat-baba-haider-sheikh-malerkotle.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Sufi Post {{!}}{{!}} The Relationship between Spirituality, Religion, and Culture}}</ref>

==Marriage==
In 1451 one night, [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] camped at [[Malerkotla|Maler]] on his way to conquer [[Delhi]]. It was a stormy night and the only lamp aflame was in the hut on the mound. Bahlul went to meet the man whose lamp the harsh winds could not extinguish. Sheikh Sadruddin welcomed Bahlul into his hut and prophesied that Delhi would indeed be his. When Bahlul accomplished his mission (after conquering Delhi) the Sultan returned and in 1454 married his daughter Taj Murassa Begum to Sheikh Sadruddin, and gave her a number of villages in the region as a marriage portion. The Sheikh and his Afghan wife had two children–a daughter, Bibi Mangi, and a son, Sheikh Hassan Muhammad.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Career==
He sometimes served as Sardar-i-Jahan (Chief Judicial Officer) during the reign of [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlul Lodi]].

==Death==
The Sheikh died in 1515 C.E. He was buried at the same place where he always used to pray. Other family members of the family were also buried near the [[Mazaar]] of Sheikh Sadr-ud-Din. According to a history written by [[Iftikhar Ali Khan of Malerkotla|Iftikhar Ali Khan]], the last Nawab of the [[Malerkotla State]]; Bayazid Khan (Six Generation of Baba Hazrat Sheikh) was responsible for the building of the tomb shrine, Baba Hazrat Sheikh [[Dargah]] in [[Malerkotla]].<ref name=lifestory></ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1515 deaths]]

Ananta Sai

2026-02-26T18:44:57Z

Janamkatha: Done

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ananta Sai
| title = Meitei Prince
| birth_date = {{birth date|1725|08|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| death_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| issue = Prince Khuching
| more = Nongthonba
| image = "Ananta Sai" in Meitei script and Bengali script, a prince and minister of Medieval Manipur in 18th century CE.jpg
| era name = [[Medieval Manipur]]
| era dates = 18th century CE
| house = [[Mantrimayum]]
| father = [[Pamheiba]]
| mother = Lairikyengbam Chanu Haripriya
| occupation = Minister of Medieval Manipur
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| regnal name = Mantri Ananta Sai
| house-type = House
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
}}

'''Mantri Ananta Sai''' (alias ''Ananta Shai'' or ''Ananta Sain'') was a Meitei prince of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Manipur]]. He was an uncle of [[Gaurisiam]] and [[Bhagya Chandra|Bhagyachandra]]. He recomposed the lost royal chronicle of Manipur in 1780.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romanticizing monumental antiquarian past delaying change Manipur context Part 1|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Romanticizing_monumental_antiquarian_past_delaying_change_Manipur_context_Part_1|access-date=2025-11-16|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He and his nephew, Bhagyachandra started the [[Heikru Hidongba]] festival after the installation of Lord Bijoy Govinda and Lord Shri Govinda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=heigru hidongba|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.heigru_hidongba|access-date=2025-11-16|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Background ==
Ananta Sai was the seventh son of King [[Pamheiba]], born to his ninth queen, Lairikyengbam Chanu Haripriya.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=66}} Pamheiba was expelled from the [[Kangla Palace|palace]] by his third son, [[Chitsai]] in 1748 and out of Manipur in 1750 due to jealousy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76519|title=The Eastern Frontier Of British India, 1784-1826|last=Banerjee|first=Anil Chandra|date=1943|pages=33–34}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 1|2005|p=168-169}}

== The Incident Regarding Bharatsai ==
After the evil [[Chitsai]]'s treachery was found out, his younger brother, the great [[Bharatsai]] expelled him out of Manipur in 1752 after a slight squabble.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dxn_zgEACAAJ|title=Manipur-Myanmar Historical Connections|last1=Singh|first1=Aheibam Koireng|last2=Hanjabam|first2=Shukhdeba Sharma|date=2022|publisher=Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-93-5439-079-1|pages=73|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="{{sfnref|Brara, Politics, Society, and Cosmology in India's North East|1998}}">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkMwAQAAIAAJ|title=Politics, Society, and Cosmology in India's North East|last1=Brara|first1=N. Vijaylakshmi|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195643312|pages=56}}</ref> However, he also conspired against his nephews, [[Gaurisiam]] and [[Bhagyachandra]]. Sangkoi Tapa (Bharatsai) ruled so poorly that the people started to turn against him. Ananta Sai, who was also the king's younger brother and nobleman, conspired against Bharatsai on behalf of his nephews.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=139-140}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HowAQAAIAAJ|title=The Beautiful India - Manipur|last1=Rahman|first1=Syed Amanur|last2=Verma|first2=Balraj|date=2006|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|isbn=978-81-8405-024-0|pages=51|language=en}}</ref>

One of Bharatsai's noblemen convinced him to get rid of his nephews. He initially refused, but after being pressed on, he made the decision to murder his nephews. After learning of this, Wayenbam Chanu Chakha Maring Loikhombi fled to the Huntung village and then the Maring village with her sons, Maramba (Gaurisiam) and Bhagyachandra. Ananta Sai could only put up with this at his own risk. On behalf of his nephews, Maramba and Bhagyachandra, Ananta Sai led his army against Bharat Sai.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=139-140}}

Ananta Sai told his men:{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=140}} <blockquote>''"My elder brother Shyam Sai was a noble son of a worthy father. He was also the natural successor to the throne. As misfortune would have it, he died without ascending the throne. God will be pleased if his sons Gourshyam (Gaurisiam) and Bhagyachandra are installed to the throne. Besides, their legitimate title is unquestionable. I will place them on the throne alternatively for a period of five years''." </blockquote>Ananta Sai then dethroned Bharatsai and made Maramba the king, and Bhagyachandra the [[Crown Prince|crown prince]].{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=140}} As soon as Maramba ascended the throne in October 1753, he expelled Bharatsai to [[Konbaung dynasty|Inwa (Ava)]].<ref name=":1" /> He then ruled with his younger brother, Bhagyachandra alternately for 5 years.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=141, 145}}

== Tenure ==
Ananta Sai was the Prime Minister of his nephew, [[Bhagya Chandra|Bhagyachandra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikluAAAAMAAJ|title=A Socio Economic History of South Assam|last=Chatterjee|first=Suhas|date=2000|publisher=Printwell Publishers Distributors|isbn=978-81-7044-518-0|pages=72|language=en}}</ref> Before [[Maramba]] died, he sent Ananta Sai and Jagannath Das to meet Harry Verelst in [[Chittagong]] in September 1763. They went to finalize the treaty terms of the Anglo-Manipuri pact in 1762.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC|title=Bleeding Manipur|last=Tarapot|first=Phanjoubam|date=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0902-1|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> The treaty then was confirmed on behalf of Maramba.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=149}}{{Sfnp|Gosvāmī, Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra|2002|p=25}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 1|2005|p=174}}

== Contributions to religious aspects ==
In 1779, when [[Bhagyachandra]] started the [[Manipuri dance|Ras Leela]] dance, Ananta Sai and few others specialised it with unique compositions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBGcEAAAQBAJ|title=Bravehearts of Bharat: Vignettes from Indian History|last=Sampath|first=Vikram|date=2022-10-26|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5492-828-4|pages=314–315|language=en}}</ref>

In November 1783, Ananta Sai, who was the ''Nongthonba'' (revenue collector), inaugurated a pond, which came to be known as Mantri Pukhri ({{Literal translation|Minister's Pond}}).{{Sfnp|Gosvāmī, Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra|2002|p=42}}{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=175}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466438|title=A Short History Of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. k Jhaljit|pages=202}}</ref>

In December 1788, [[Bhagya Chandra|Bhagyachandra]] established the idols of Shri Bijoy Govindajee. The idol was then worshipped by Ananta Sai who honored it with a brick temple.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=194}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url= |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=2019-06-16 |publisher= |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref> The Shri Govindajee temple was under the care of Bhagyachandra, while the Shri Bijoy Govindajee was under the care of Ananta Sai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMtjEQAAQBAJ|title=Vaisnavism in Manipur: Volume 1: Experiences on Life, Culture & Belief|last1=Sharma|first1=Laimayum Bishwanath|last2=Hanjabam|first2=Shukhdeba Sharma|last3=Singh|first3=Aheibam Koireng|last4=Sharma|first4=Kakchingtabam Ruhinikumar|date=2021-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-5439-016-6|pages=183|language=en}}</ref>

== Later descendants ==
Prince Ananta Sai is the patriarch of the Mantrimayum (House of Minister) family of the extended royal family of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Being a Rajkumari by Tanya Sana |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Being_a_Rajkumari_by_Tanya_Sana |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> His descendants are responsible for Shri Bijoy Govinda worship and the annual [[Heikru Hidongba]] festival.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|pages=670|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPYvAQAAIAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India|date=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7|pages=55|language=en}}</ref> The temple of Shri Bijoy Govinda is now managed by the descendants of Prince Ananta Sai.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Haricharan Sai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra |last=Gosvāmī |first=Dvijendranārāẏaṇa |date=2002 |publisher=Akkhar Publications |isbn=978-81-86802-43-4 |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Gosvāmī, Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra|2002}}}}

* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |last=Somorjit Sana |first=Raj Kumar |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010}}}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cheitharol-kumbaba|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 1|last=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|date=2005|publisher=Routledge |ref={{Sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 1|2005}}|via=Archive.com}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]
[[Category:1725 births]]

Rinke Khanna

2026-02-25T17:05:00Z

Janamkatha: basic cleanup references based on references based on references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rinke Khanna
| image = Rinke Khanna at BMW India Bridal Fashion Week 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khanna in 2015
| birth_name = Rinke Jatin Khanna
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|07|27}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 1999–2004
| spouse = {{marriage|Samir Saran|2003}}
| children = 2
| father = [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| mother = [[Dimple Kapadia]]
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Khanna-Kapadia-Bhatia family|Khanna family]]
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Rinke Khanna''' (born '''Rinke Jatin Khanna'''; 27 July 1977) is a former Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/meet-rinke-khannas-daughter-naomika-all-smiles-with-nani-dimple-kapadia-1830778 |title=Meet Rinke Khanna's Daughter Naomika (All Smiles With Nani Dimple Kapadia) |website=NDTV.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/twinkle-khanna-akshay-kumar-dimple-kapadia-star-kids-naomika-saran-rinke-khanna/212565 |title=Twinkle Khanna and Dimple Kapadia spotted outside a salon but who is this cutie with them? Bollywood News |website=timesnownews.com |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325182617/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/twinkle-khanna-akshay-kumar-dimple-kapadia-star-kids-naomika-saran-rinke-khanna/212565 |archivedate=25 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the youngest daughter of actress [[Dimple Kapadia]] and actor [[Rajesh Khanna]], sister of [[Twinkle Khanna]]. She made her film debut with ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1999), changing her original screen name from Rinkle to Rinke. In ''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'', she played a supporting role.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Khanna |first=Rinke |interviewer=Lata Khubchandani |title=The Rediff Interview: Rinke Khanna |date=4 October 2000 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/04rinke1.htm |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205750/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/04rinke1.htm |archive-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Khanna was born on 27 July 1977 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to actors [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/twinkle-khanna-pens-goofy-birthday-wish-for-sister-rinke-khanna-8863735/ |title=Twinkle Khanna pens goofy birthday wish for sister Rinke Khanna: 'May you never have to deal with fools, except me' |date=27 July 2023}}</ref> She is the youngest daughter of her parents. Her elder sister, [[Twinkle Khanna]], and maternal aunt [[Simple Kapadia]], are actors.<ref name="DOB">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/jul/10rin.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Fresh 'n' friendly |work=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004043725/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/jul/10rin.htm |archive-date=4 October 1999 |date=10 July 1999 |access-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khanna married businessman Samir Saran on 8 February 2003 and lives in London with her husband and two children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family ties above family business |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/family-ties-above-family-business/cid/1102718 |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' || Khushi || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]]
Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]'' ||Tina ||
|-
|rowspan= 2| 2001 || ''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'' || Priya Saluja ||
|-
| ''[[Majunu]]'' || Heena || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|-
|rowspan= 2| 2002 ||''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]'' || Rinkie Mittal ||
|-
| ''[[Mango Soufflé]]'' || Kiran ||
|-
|rowspan= 2| 2003 ||''[[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]'' || Suman ||
|-
| ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' || Nicky ||
|-d
| 2004 || ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' || Neha ||
|-
|}

==Accolades==
*2000: [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]] - ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (Won)
*2000: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] - ''Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi'' (Nominated)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Rinkle}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Rajesh Khanna]]

Mitra Gadhavi

2026-02-24T17:39:58Z

Janamkatha: small expanded section for clarity and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Mitra Gadhvi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|09|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vyara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Writer|Television personality}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| notable works = [[Chhello Divas]], Anita (short film)
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
| honours =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Mitra Gadhvi''' (born 22 September 1990) is an Indian actor, writer, and lyricist from [[Gujarat]]. He is known for his roles in films such as ''[[Chhello Divas]]'', ''[[Bas Ek Chance]]'', ''[[Shu Thayu?]]'', and ''[[3 Ekka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi treats fans with his next untitled film poster shoot; shares a reel! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-treats-fans-with-his-next-untitled-film-poster-shoot-shares-a-reel/articleshow/93161637.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi on his next untitled: We're coming up with a fresh storyline-Exclusive! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-on-his-next-untitled-were-coming-up-with-a-fresh-storyline-exclusive/articleshow/92741578.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poster of '3 Ekka' starring Malhar Thakar, Yash Soni, and Mitra Gadhvi looks impressive {{!}} Gujarati Movie News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/poster-of-3-ekka-starring-malhar-thakar-yash-soni-and-mitra-gadhvi-looks-impressive/videoshow/95696561.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> His career as a theatre artist spanned more than a decade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Theatre remains my first love: Mitra Gadhvi|website=Times of India |date=2018-05-02 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/theatre/theatre-remains-my-first-love-mitra-gadhvi/articleshow/64002811.cms|access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> His 2020 short film ''Anita'' became the first ever [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati movie]] to be screened at [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita, The First Gujarati Movie To Premiere at The Venice Film Festival. – SheThePeople TV |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/anita-the-first-gujarati-movie-to-premiere-at-the-venice-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Team is back again – Malhar Thakar, Yash Soni & Mitra Gadhvi starrer new film ‘3 Ekka’ announced {{!}} ‘છેલ્લો દિવસ’ની ટીમ ફરી જોવા મળશે સાથે ‘૩ એક્કા’માં, જુઓ પોસ્ટર |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/team-is-back-again-malhar-thakar-yash-soni-and-mitra-gadhvi-starrer-new-film-3-ekka-announced-181570 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref>

He had tested positive for [[COVID-19]] in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Mask up & follow safety norms’: Mitra & Hemang test COVID positive – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mask-up-follow-safety-norms-mitra-hemang-test-covid-positive/articleshow/88776887.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi tests positive for COVID-19; says he is 'feeling okay now – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-tests-positive-for-covid-19-says-he-is-feeling-okay-now/articleshow/88713880.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=કોરોના સંક્રમિત થયો 'છેલ્લો દિવસ'નો એક્ટર મિત્ર ગઢવી, કહ્યું- 'હવે મને સારું છે' |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/entertainment/gujarati-movies/the-chhello-divas-fame-gujarati-actor-mitra-gadhvi-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/88733385.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=I am Gujarat |language=gu}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic]], Mitra was applauded for using [[Social media|social media platforms]] to amplify [[SOS]] calls of patients across Delhi and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Mehab |date=22 April 2021 |title=How Social Media Influencers Are Helping Tackle COVID-19 Crisis |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/heres-how-social-media-is-helping-during-covid-crisis-in-india |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

As a child, Mitra was keen to perform on stage. Later, he decided to pursue acting as a profession, and moved to [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New generation of Gujarati Films – Mitra Gadhvi |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/gujarati/en/podcast-episode/new-generation-of-gujarati-films-mitra-gadhvi/37ky1nlh2 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Mitra also wrote & directed a play '<nowiki/>''Listen – We Need To Talk'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Movie
!Character's Name
!Designation
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Chhello Divas]]''
|Loy
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Quality content, tech give ray of hope to Dhollywood |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/quality-content-tech-give-ray-of-hope-to-dhollywood/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bas Ek Chance]]''
|Meet
|Starring role
|-
|2016
|''Daav Thai Gayo Yaar''
|
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Ahmedabad: Gujarati Film "Daav Thai Gayo Yaar" Music and Trailer Launch – |url=https://www.gujaratheadline.com/ahmedabad-gujarati-film-daav-thai-gayo-yaar-music-and-trailer-launch/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.gujaratheadline.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Shu Thayu?]]''
| Chikno (Chirag)
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi shares a cute sibling post with her sister – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-shares-a-cute-sibling-post-with-her-sister/articleshow/69562925.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer for Gujarati comedy film 'Shu Thayu' sees actor Malhar Thakkar lose his memory |url=https://creativeyatra.com/news/trailer-for-gujarati-comedy-film-shu-thayu-sees-actor-malhar-thakkar-lose-his-memory/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=creativeyatra.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ventilator (2018 film)|''Ventilator'']]
|Bhotiyo
|Starring role<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=Jackie Shroff shares poster of Gujarati remake of Ventilator |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jackie-shroff-shares-poster-of-gujarati-remake-of-ventilator/articleshow/65355803.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=National Award film Ventilator goes Gujarati with Jackie Shroff: See poster |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/aug/9/14963/national-award-film-ventilator-goes-gujarati-with-jackie-shroff-see-poster |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''Karnamu'' (short film)
|
|Main lead and writer
|-
|[[Family Circus (2018 film)|''Family Circus'']]
|JJ
|Main lead
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Affraa Taffri''
|
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Throwback Thursday: Mitra Gadhvi shares his childhood memories – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-throwback-thursday-mitra-gadhvi-shares-his-childhood-memories/articleshow/71098168.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Mitra Gadhvi on 'Affraa Taffri': I was laughing throughout while reading the script – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-mitra-gadhvi-on-affraa-taffri-i-was-laughing-throughout-while-reading-the-script/articleshow/71357912.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Anita'' (short film)
|Vikram
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita, The First Gujarati Movie To Premiere at The Venice Film Festival. – SheThePeople TV |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/anita-the-first-gujarati-movie-to-premiere-at-the-venice-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=Anita heads to Venice International Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/anita-heads-to-the-venice-international-film-festival-6542366/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivan Ayr, Sushma Khadepaun Talk About Their Films Heading For the Venice Film Festival |url=https://thewire.in/film/ivan-ayr-sushma-khadepaun-talk-about-their-films-heading-for-the-venice-film-festival |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Vakeel Babu'' (short film)
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Hey Kem Chho London''
|Krishna
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi on 'Hey Kem Chho London' journey – Exclusive! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-on-hey-kem-chho-london-journey-exclusive/articleshow/93773428.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitra Gadhvi opens up about his bond with 'Hey Kem Chho London' star casts- Exclusive! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mitra-gadhvi-opens-up-about-his-bond-with-hey-kem-chho-london-star-casts-exclusive/articleshow/94072649.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpana Buch to play Mitra Gadhavi's mother Yashodaben in ‘Hey Kem Chho London’ – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/alpana-buch-to-play-mitra-gadhavis-mother-yashodaben-in-hey-kem-chho-london/articleshow/93659304.cms |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Hun Iqbal]]''
|Sr Inspector Mohan Joshi
|Main lead<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarati Suspense Thriller 'Hun Iqbal' released on OTT |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/gujarati-suspense-thriller-hun-iqbal-released-on-ott/videoshow/98283256.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[3 Ekka]]''
| Bhargav urfe bhuriyo
| Main Lead<ref>{{cite web |title=Poster of '3 Ekka' starring Malhar Thakar, Yash Soni, and Mitra Gadhvi looks impressive|website=Times of India |date=2022-11-21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/poster-of-3-ekka-starring-malhar-thakar-yash-soni-and-mitra-gadhvi-looks-impressive/articleshow/95663854.cms |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Lagan Special]]''
|Dr. Jogi
|Main lead
|-
|''[[Fakt Purusho Maate]]''
|Kirtan
|Main lead
|-
|''[[The Great Gujarati Matrimony]]''
|Raghav
|Main lead
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Mithada Maheman]]''
|Jay
|Main lead<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mithada-maheman-teaser-out-the-film-is-sure-to-keep-the-audience-hooked-with-its-drama-emotion-and-humour-watch/articleshow/119605099.cms |title=‘Mithada Maheman’ teaser out: The film is sure to keep the audience hooked with its drama, emotion and humour - WATCH
|date=27 March 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)]]''
|Ramesh, Sanjay's Quarry Manager
|Cameo
|-
|''Bhram''
|Mehul
|Main lead
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|7603069}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/mitra_gadhvi Mitra Gadhavi] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gadhavi (surname)]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadhavi, Mitra}}

Darjeeling Mail

2026-02-23T23:57:57Z

Janamkatha:

{{original research|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Darjeeling Mail
| image = Darjeeling_Mail_Spl_standing_at_NJP_station.jpg
| caption = Darjeeling Mail at New Jalpaiguri Junction.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878|01|01}}
| last =
| start = {{rws|Sealdah}} (SDAH)
| stops = 6
| end = [[Haldibari railway station|Haldibari]] (HDB)
| distance = 629 km
| frequency = Daily
| journeytime = 11 hours 20 minutes
| trainnumber = 12343 / 12344
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| sleeping = Yes
| seating = Yes
| autorack =
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| speed = {{convert|130|kph|0|abbr=on}} maximum
| map = [[File:Darjeeling Mail (Sealdah - New Jalpaiguri) route map.png|250px|Darjeeling Mail route map]]
| map_state =
}}
{{Darjeeling Mail route|collapse=y}}
The 12343/12344 '''Darjeeling Mail''' is one of the oldest running trains in India. It connects [[Kolkata]] with [[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]] This is a major train for [[Kolkata]]–[[Siliguri]] route.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-darjeeling-mail-12343/367/325/444|title=12343/Darjeeling Mail (PT) - Sealdah to New Jalpaiguri ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=PATRANABIS|first=SREERUP|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>

==History==

During the [[British Raj|British period]] all connections to [[North Bengal]] were through [[East Bengal]]. From 1878, the railway route from [[Kolkata]], then called Calcutta, to [[Siliguri]] was in two laps. The first lap was a {{convert|184.9|km|mi}} long journey along the [[Eastern Bengal Railway|Eastern Bengal State Railway]] from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the [[Padma River]]. The passengers would then avail a ferry across the river. The second lap of the journey was a {{convert|363.1|km|mi}} metre-gauge line of the North Bengal Railway that linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri.<ref name=njp>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html|title = India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri | publisher= IRFCA|accessdate = 2011-11-12 }}</ref>

The {{convert|1.8|km|ft}} long [[Hardinge Bridge]] across the Padma came up in 1912.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Sifatul Quader |year=2012 |chapter=Hardinge Bridge |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hardinge_Bridge |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In 1916 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta – Siliguri route became broad-gauge.<ref name=njp/> The route thus roughly ran: [[Sealdah]]–[[Ranaghat]]–[[Bheramara Upazila|Bheramara]]–[[Hardinge Bridge]]–[[Iswardi]]–[[Santahar]]–{{stnlnk|Hili}}–[[Parbatipur Upazila|Parbatipur]]–[[Nilphamari Sadar Upazila|Nilphamari]]–[[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]]–[[Jalpaiguri]]–[[Siliguri]]. The train ran on this route in pre-partition days. Even after the [[partition of India]] it ran on this route for some years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/fnrm3-fame-name.html|title = Trains of Fame and Locos with a Name, part 2 |last=Joydeep Dutta and Harsh Vardhan| publisher= [[IRFCA]]| accessdate = 2012-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inter.html |title = Geography – International |last=|first= | publisher=[[IRFCA]] | accessdate = 2012-02-22 }}</ref> So before Partition: The train's pre-partition route was roughly: Sealdah–Ranaghat–Bheramara–Hardinge Bridge–Iswardi–Santahar–Hili–Parbatipur–Nilphamari–Haldibari–Jalpaiguri–Siliguri.

With the partition of India in 1947, the major hurdle in connecting Kolkata and Siliguri was that there was no bridge across the Ganges in West Bengal or Bihar. A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via [[Sahibganj loop]] to {{stnlnk|Rajmahal}}, then across the Ganges by ferry to [[Manihari]] Ghat on the other side, then to [[Kishanganj]] via [[Manihari]], [[Katihar]] and [[Barsoi]] and finally through narrow gauge to Siliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://goethals1907-2007.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html |title = my school i wish |work = Madhyamgram Re-visited after 15 years | publisher = |accessdate = 2011-01-23 }}</ref> In 1949 Kishanganj–Siliguri section too was converted to metre gauge, thus making the entire route a uni-gauge one.<ref name=njp/>
On 26 January 1950 Sealdah Siliguri ( BG/MG) North Bank mail via Kishanganj was introduced. In 1964 it was renamed as Darjeeling mail.
From 1947 to 1965, the Darjeeling Mail ran from Sealdah to Siliguri, passing through stations like Ranaghat, Gede, Darsana, Santahar, Parbatipur, Nilphamari, and Jalpaiguri, before crossing the border to reach the destination. This route was used after the partition before the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 disrupted the passenger services. Even after the partition of India, the Darjeeling Mail initially continued to operate on a similar route. The Gede and Darsana stations in India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) served as custom checkpoints. The services were halted after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, severing the route.

From 1965-1971, Darjeeling Mail was made to run via 2 phases. The train used to depart [[Sealdah]] at 12.50 pm & reach {{stnlnk|Barauni}} at 23.30 pm crossing the [[Rajendra Setu]] spanning {{convert|2025|m|ft}} across the Ganges. Then it was a [[Meter Gauge]] journey of {{convert|364.8|km|mi}}. The whole journey of {{convert|923.2|km|mi}} used to take 19 hrs 15 mins. In 1970, {{stnlnk|Barauni}} - {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} section was converted to [[Broad Gauge]], speeding up the Darjeeling Mail & reduced time. {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} station was constructed in 1960-1965 period on a greenfield site south of Siliguri Town.

In the early 1970s, when [[Farakka Barrage]] was being constructed, a more radical change was made. Indian Railways created a new broad-gauge rail link from Kolkata, and connected {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} via {{stnlnk|New Farakka}}, {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, {{stnlnk|Barsoi}} joining the {{stnlnk|Barauni}} - {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} section.<ref name=njp/> The {{convert|2256.25|m|ft}} long [[Farakka Barrage]] carries a rail-cum-road bridge across the [[Ganges]]. The rail bridge was thrown open to the public in 1971, thereby linking the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] & [[Sahibganj loop]] to {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, [[Barsoi]], [[Kishanganj]], {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} and other railway stations in North Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|title=Conflict and cooperation on South Asia's international rivers: a legal perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA135|accessdate= 2011-07-05| year=2002| publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|pages=135–136}}</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite web| url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title = Indian Railway History timeline|first=R. P.|last=Saxena| accessdate = 2011-11-20| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date = 14 July 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref> Since then Darjeeling Mail has been using the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]. The train was numbered 3143 Up/3144 Down with Timings as follows: 3143 used to depart [[Sealdah]] at 19.15 pm, reaching {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} at 06.30 am next morning & 3144 used to depart {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} at 18.45 pm, reaching [[Sealdah]] at 06.00 am in next morning. This timings was prevalent until 2004, when Darjeeling Mail was renumbered as 2343/2344 & made Superfast by withdrawing some halts and journey time reduced. A slip train was introduced; consisting of a sleeper class and an AC-3 Tier coach. This service continued further to {{stnlnk|Haldibari}} from {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling Mail Slip |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/6874|website=indiarailinfo.com |language=en}}</ref> With the upgradation to LHB coaches, it was cancelled permanently and the entire train was extended till Haldibari. However this decision was met with apprehension as it was thought that it would reduce the importance of New Jalpaiguri station.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ire over Darjeelig Mail's route extension|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ire-over-darjeeling-mails-route-extension/cid/1880355|date=16 August 2022|access-date=26 June 2025|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== Coach composition ==
This train runs with 22 [[LHB coach|Linke-Hoffman Busch coaches]]. It has two dedicated rakes with primary maintenance at {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified train. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-darjeeling-mail-12343/367/325/444|title=12343/Darjeeling Mail (PT) - Sealdah to New Jalpaiguri ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2025-06-22}}</ref>
{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}
'''Coach Position of 12343 (ex. Sealdah)'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|A1
|A2
|H1
|GEN
|GEN
|EOG
|}

'''Coach Position of 12344 (ex. New Jalpaiguri)'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|H1
|A2
|A1
|B7
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|S6
|S5
|S4
|S3
|S2
|S1
|GEN
|GEN
|EOG
|}

Passengers are advised to check the coach position indicators at the station before boarding.

==Service==
* The 12343 Sealdah - Haldibari Darjeeling Mail leaves {{rws|Sealdah}} at 22:15 hrs everyday and reaches [[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]] 9:40 am the next day at, covering 629 kms distance in 11 hrs 20 mins averaging at {{cvt|64.00|km/h|mph}}.
* The 12344 Haldibari – Sealdah Darjeeling Mail leaves [[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]] at 18:15 hrs everyday and reaches {{rws|Sealdah}} the next day at 05:00 hrs, covering 629 kms distance in 10 hrs 25 mins averaging at {{cvt|63.60|km/h|mph}}.
* On its route, the train stops at [[Jalpaiguri railway station|Jalpaiguri]] , [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] , {{rws|Barddhaman Junction}}, {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}, {{rws|Malda Town}}, and {{rws|Kishanganj}} stations.

==Traction==
Since the route is completely electrified, this train is hauled entirely by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]] or a {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} based [[WAP-7]] locomotive.

==See also==
*[[Sealdah railway station]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri railway station ]]
*[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
*[[Hatibari railway station|Haldibari Railway Station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViSXdiujV5M Darjeeling Mail-WDP4 magic with 8 AC coaches]
| video2= [http://video.hmongclip.com/?w=V7pT8FTHWwY&title=Darjeeling-Mail Darjeeling Mail at Kamarkundu Junction]
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ Railway Website]

{{Historical trains in India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darjeeling Mail}}
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]

God Father (2016 film)

2026-02-22T16:53:19Z

Janamkatha: stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Sources exist|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = God Father-True Story of a Man
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Ramesh Rout
| producer = Jugansu Sekhar Panda - Chaturbhuja Films
| story = Jugansu Sekhar Panda
| starring = [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Anu Choudhury]] [[Daitari Panda]] [[Manoj Mishra]] [[Sashreek Samarth Mishra]] [[Ananya Mishra]]
| music = [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|12|27}}
| country = India
| language = Odia
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}} 54 crore {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} 
}}

'''''God Father''''' is an [[Odia language|Odia]] film and is the second release by [[Chaturbhuja Films]]. The film was produced by [[Jugansu Sekhar Panda]] and directed by [[Ramesh Rout]]. The music was composed by Abhijit Majumdar and the dialogue written by Nirmal Nayak. The film stars [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] and [[Anu Choudhury]]. It is the highest-grossing Odia movie of 2017 and held the record until the release of ''[[Daman (2022 film)|Daman]] (2022)''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pragativadi.com/godfather-rakhi-in-shampoo-song/ |title=Godfather: Rakhi in "Shampoo" song - PRAGATIVADI:LEADING ODIA DAILY |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203436/http://pragativadi.com/godfather-rakhi-in-shampoo-song/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://updateodisha.com/2016/10/21/ollywood-hit-jodi-coming-together-godfather-For highest Grossing movie till date16787/]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odisha.live/2018/05/07/ollywood-is-still-behind-bollywood-in-making-item-numbers/ |title=ଆଇଟମ୍ ନମ୍ବରରେ ବଲିଉଡଠାରୁ ଓଲିଉଡ ପଛରେ |date=7 May 2018}}</ref> The film's music soundtrack was released in December 2016 by [[Amara Muzik]]. The film was dubbed in Bengali.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2023}}
''God Father'' revolves around a man who becomes popular in his village by doing good work while surrounded by gangsters who try to ruin his works.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odialive.com/siddhanta-mohapatra-as-godfather-in-ramesh-rout-film/ |title=Siddhant Mohapatra in & as Godfather | OdiaLive |date=27 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Anu Choudhury]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sambad.in/entertainment/ananya-back-in-ollywood-126840/ |title=ପୁଣି ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି ଅନନ୍ୟା! | Sambad |date=23 April 2018}}</ref>
* Sashreek Samarth Mishra
* Ananya Mishra
* Manisha Mishra
* Daitari Panda
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] as [[item number]] "Chuti Kholile"
* [[Manoj Mishra]]
{{Div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Abhijit Majumdar and released by [[Amara Muzik]].
{{Infobox album
| name = God Father
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Abhijit Majumdar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 December 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 25:37
| label = [[Amara Muzik]]
| producer = Abhijit Majumdar
| prev_title = Samaya Bada Balaban
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = Shakti - The Lion Heart
| next_year = 2018
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:37
| title1 = Chuti Kholile
| lyrics1 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra1 = Pamela Jain
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Godfather Title
| lyrics2 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra2 = [[Vinod Rathod]], Navya Jaiti
| length2 = 1:10
| title3 = Omm Namah Sibaya
| lyrics3 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra3 = [[Vinod Rathod]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Saloni Saloni
| lyrics4 = Nizam
| extra4 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], Tapu Mishra
| length4 = 5:44
| title5 = Yebe Mo Bina
| lyrics5 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length5 = 5:14
| title6 = Pyar Wala
| lyrics6 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra6 = Abhijit Majumdar, Navya Jaiti
| length6 = 4:37
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12994556}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God father(Odia film)}}
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Bengali films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Thinaboomi

2026-02-13T23:36:18Z

Janamkatha: adding a stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Tamil language newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Thinaboomi
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1999
| owners =
| publisher =
| editor = S. Manimaran
| language = Tamil
| political_position =
| headquarters = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| circulation =
| website = {{URL|thinaboomi.com}}
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Thinaboomi''''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] daily [[newspaper]] headquartered in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. The newspaper was established in the late 1990s by S. Manimaran. It is printed and published from [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Vellore]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].

==History==
In 2010, ''Thinaboomi'''s editor S. Manimaran and his son Ramesh Kumar were arrested by the police. The pair subsequently alleged they were harassed due to political pressure as a result of covering the [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu|Madurai granite scandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/58556-dravidian-parties-and-defamation-cases|title=Dravidian parties and defamation cases|first=|last=|website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dinabhoomi-editor-manimaran-withdraws-complaint/article4589026.ece|title=Dinabhoomi Editor Manimaran withdraws complaint|date=6 April 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lsquoDina-Bhoomi-editor-held/article16206094.ece|title='Dina Bhoomi' editor held|date=21 July 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In the following years, the Press Council of India and the newly elected Tamil Nadu government supported the editor in his case to get the case dropped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/katju-directs-tamil-nadu-government-to-arrest-30-cops-in-manimaran-raid-case/articleshow/19398332.cms?from=mdr|title=Katju directs Tamil Nadu government to arrest 30 cops in Manimaran raid case|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jul/25/withdraw-cases-against-dina-bhoomi-editor-jaya-172667.html|title=Withdraw cases against Dina Bhoomi editor: Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.thinaboomi.com/ Thinaboomi website]
*[https://www.thinaboomi.com/epaper Thinaboomi ePaper]

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Tamil-language media}}

[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Mass media in Madurai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

SCR Bhatt

2026-02-11T17:55:35Z

Janamkatha: adding some details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Classical Hindustani musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = Pandit
| name = SCR Bhatt
| birth_name = Shukla Chandrashekhar Ramakrishna Bhatt
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Shirali, Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Music educator}}
| years_active =
| genre = {{hlist|Hindustani classical music}}
}}

'''Shukla Chandrashekhar Ramakrishna (SCR) Bhatt''' is an Indian musician. He was trained in Swaragyan. His guru was Krishnabhat Honnawar belonging to the [[Patiala]] Gharana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-24|title=Pune celebrates 100 years of SCR Bhatt and Chidanand Nagarkar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-celebrates-100-years-of-scr-bhatt-and-chidanand-nagarkar/story-xAjgtaYgqwARaPfbmGPslO.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He was also trained under S.N. Ratanjankar alias Annasaheb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherji|first=Kumar Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mx1eDwAAQBAJ&dq=SCR+Bhat&pg=PT416|title=The Lost world of Hindustani music|date=2006-05-13|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87625-19-8|language=en}}</ref> Bhat received the title of ''"Sangeet Acharya''", Due to his Exceptionally Distinctive Teaching skills and Command over known and rare ragas. The title was given by ''Swamiji of Sri Vallabh Shikshan Sangeet ashram based in [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Artist - S.C.R. Bhatt (Vocal), Gharana - Agra|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=567|access-date=2021-09-21|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref> Pandit SCR Bhat was the senior most and dedicated disciple of [[Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar]].<ref name=":1" />[[Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar]] was also known as Padmabhushan Acharya Ratanjankar.<ref name=":1" />

Bhat trained many musicians [[Talat Mahmood]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Music {{!}} Talat Mahmood|url=http://www.geetachhabra.com/music/Talat-Mahmood.php|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.geetachhabra.com}}</ref> Pt. K.G.Ninde, Pt. Dinkar Kai kini, Pt. Yashwant Mahale, Pt. C.R.Vyast, [[Ulhas Bapat]], Smt. Zarine Sharma (Daruwala), Sunil Kant Gupta-flautist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Acharya S.C.R. Bhat - Sonic Octaves Online Store|url=https://www.sonicoctaves.com/store/acharya-s-c-r-bhat|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.sonicoctaves.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Shirali]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" /> SCR has his initial training at Swaragyan that lasted over 2 years. Later Krishnabhat put Bhat under the tutelage of Padmabhushan Dr. S.N Ratanjankar for further advanced training in music from whom he learnt for more than 35 years. He received the title of ''Mahamahopadhyaya<ref name=":1" />'' and ''Sharang Dev''.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards ==
* Tansen Sanman(1993).<ref name=":1" />
* Karnataka Sangeet Academy award(1999-2000).<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, SCR}}
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Sudin Dhavalikar

2026-02-09T07:13:48Z

Janamkatha: added info

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sudin Dhavalikar in 2018.jpg
| caption = Dhavalikar in 2018
| office1 = [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Goa|7th Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]]
| governor1 = [[Mridula Sinha]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjps-pramod-sawant-takes-oath-as-goa-chief-minister-at-2am-ceremony-deputy-cms-may-be-sworn-in-today-2070861.html|title=BJP's Pramod Sawant Takes Oath as Goa Chief Minister at 2am, Deputy CMs May Be Sworn in Today|website=News18|date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 27 March 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goa-deputy-cm-sudin-dhavalikar-dropped-from-cabinet-hours-after-mgp-mlas-join-bjp-1487579-2019-03-27|title=Goa Deputy CM Sudin Dhavalikar dropped from Cabinet hours after MGP MLAs join BJP|date=27 March 2019|website=India Today|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]
| successor1 = [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
| term_start = 1999
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shripad Naik]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Third Parrikar ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Goa]]
| governor2 = [[Mridula Sinha]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = * Public Works.
* Transport.
* River Navigation.
* Museum.
| term_start2 = 17 March
2017
| term_end2 = 17 March 2019
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Government of Goa|Cabinet Minister to the Government of Goa]]
| governor3 = [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata3 = *Power
*New and Renewable Energy
*Housing
| term_start3 = April 2022
| term_end3 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|11|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Jyoti Dhavalikar
| children =
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (since 1990s)
| alma_mater = Chowgule College, then under Bombay University
| profession =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| relatives = [[Deepak Dhavalikar]] (brother)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/goa/goa-minister-sudin-dhavalikar-hospitalised-after-complaints-of-uneasiness-2701041|title=Goa minister Sudin Dhavalikar hospitalised after complaints of uneasiness|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Ramkrishna alias Sudin Madhav Dhavalikar'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=43 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> (born 21 November 1956) is an Indian politician and a senior leader of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP). He is a six-term member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim constituency]] since 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Goa, 7 Powerful Families Are Contesting 35% of the Assembly Seats|url=https://thewire.in/politics/in-goa-7-powerful-families-are-contesting-35-of-the-assembly-seats|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Wire}}</ref> Dhavalikar also served as a deputy Chief Minister of Goa.<ref name=":1" />

==Ministry portfolios==
He has been a Minister in various governments for over 15 years, holding important portfolios by forming alliances with various political parties.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Goa State Cabinet Ministry Portfolios held by Sudin Dhavalikar<ref name=":0">https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/43_promember_RDHAVALIKAR-17.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
! Took office !! Left office !! Portfolios Held !! Chief Minister !! Party
|-
| 3 June 2002 || 31 January 2005 || P.W.D., Archives & Archaeology, Museum, and Fisheries || [[Manohar Parrikar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 3 February 2005 || 4 March 2005 || Public Works Department, Fisheries, Archives & Archaeology, and Museum || [[Manohar Parrikar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 7 June 2005 || 5 June 2007 || Public Works Department, Fisheries, Archives & Archaeology, Museum, and Co-operation || Shri [[Pratapsingh Rane]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 8 June 2007 || 28 July 2007 || Public Works Department, and Science & Technology || Shri [[Pratapsingh Rane]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 14 March 2008 || 1 February 2012 || Transport, River Navigation Department, and Social Welfare || [[Digambar Kamat]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 9 March 2012 || 8 November 2014 || Public Works Department, Transport, and River Navigation || [[Manohar Parrikar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 8 November 2014 || 12 December 2016 || Public Works Department, Transport, and River Navigation || [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 20 March 2017 || 17 March 2019 || Public Works Department, Transport, River Navigation, and Museum || [[Manohar Parrikar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 18 March 2019 || 27 March 2019 || Public Works Department, Transport, River Navigation, and Museum || [[Pramod Sawant]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 9 April 2022 || Present || Power, New & Renewable Energy, and Housing || [[Pramod Sawant]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

On 27 March 2019, he was dropped from the Cabinet of Ministers as the Deputy Chief Minister, as well as the ruling alliance, after two MGP MLAs ([[Deepak Pauskar]] and [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]) broke away from the party and joined the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], merging the MGP legislative party into the BJP.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=27 March 2019 |title=Goa Deputy CM Sudin Dhavalikar dropped from Cabinet hours after MGP MLAs join BJP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goa-deputy-cm-sudin-dhavalikar-dropped-from-cabinet-hours-after-mgp-mlas-join-bjp-1487579-2019-03-27|access-date=2022-02-01|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Goa Dy Chief Minister Sudin Dhavalikar dropped after two members of his party join BJP|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/mar/27/goa-deputy-cm-sudin-dhavalikar-dropped-from-cabinet-1956622.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 March 2019 }}</ref> A disqualification plea of the two breakaway MGP MLAs, along with 10 other congress MLAs was dismissed by the High Court of Bombay at Goa.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-02-24 |title=HC upholds Goa Speaker's order dismissing pleas seeking disqualification of 12 MLAs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hc-upholds-goa-speakers-order-dismissing-pleas-seeking-disqualification-of-12-mlas/article65080075.ece |access-date=2022-03-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Dhavalikar is a senior leader of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]], [[Goa]]'s first ruling party after the end of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> He first joined the party in the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Sudin Dhavalikar |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=946709 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> He has played a pivotal role in survival and success of the party for last 20 years.

==Controversy==
In 2015, two members of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] – Pradip Ghadi Amonkar and Mujahid Rizvi – alleged that Dhavalikar, while contesting the previous Assembly election, had sworn a false affidavit that he is a BSc graduate. They claimed that Sudin Dhavalikar had lied in his sworn affidavit regarding his educational qualification.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/AAP-files-police-complaint-against-Sudin-Dhavalikar-for-lying-on-degree-certificate-before-EC/articleshow/47821405.cms | title=AAP files police complaint against Sudin Dhavalikar for lying on degree certificate before EC | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=26 June 2015 | accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/fake-degree-case-aap-releases-documents-proving-goa-ministers-degree-claims-false-2307158.html | title=Goa: AAP releases documents, questions Sudin Dhavalikar's graduation claims | work=firstpost.com | date=22 June 2015 | accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-accuses-goa-pwd-minister-of-having-fake-science-degree-2301966.html | title=AAP accuses Goa PWD Minister of having fake science degree | work=firstpost.com | date=18 June 2015 | accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref> The aggrieved approached the court as they claimed that Ponda police had declined to register an FIR against Dhavalikar. After inquiring with the Bombay University, Ponda police submitted in the court that Dhavalikar's BSc degree is genuine. The Ponda court promptly dismissed the case noting that JMFC Apurva Nagvekar did not find any merit in the application made by the aggrieved party.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=6277 | title=Court dismissed case related to fake degree of Sudin Dhavalikar | work=goanews.com }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://goaassembly.gov.in/council-of-ministers.php Goa council of ministers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044648/http://www.goaassembly.gov.in/council-of-ministers.php |date=1 July 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhavalikar, Sudin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]

Hill tribes of Northeast India

2026-02-01T05:49:38Z

Janamkatha: Put up new post!

{{Short description|Indian ethnic group}}
[[File:Dzeite1Cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Koireng people|Koireng]] school children in Manipur, 2008.]]
[[File:China India eastern border 88.jpg|thumb|Disputed area on China-India border – most of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[File:Mishmi girl oranges Roing AJTJ DSCN3599.JPG|thumb|Mishmi girl selling oranges in [[Roing]], Arunachal Pradesh.]]
The '''hill tribes of Northeast India'''{{efn|The terms "[[tribe]]"" and "tribals" are used in this article and in the related literature instead of "people", despite being somewhat controversial with modern anthropologists, due to the political and economic advantages of being recognized as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in India.}} are [[hill people]],{{efn|"Hill people" are people who now live in the hills, although at other times in their history they may have lived in the plains.
Their self-identification as a "people" may be based on a complex combination of traditions, power relations and aspirations.{{sfn|Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |Andrea Lauser|2013|p=192}} }} mostly classified as [[Scheduled Tribes]] (STs), who live in the [[Northeast India]] region.
This region has the largest proportion of scheduled tribes in the country.

Northeast India comprises Assam and part or all of the former princely states of Manipur, Tripura and Sikkim.

There are areas of plains in the modern State of Assam, but otherwise the region is mostly hilly or mountainous. The hills have long been populated with [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (a branch of [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]) hill people, some of whom originate in other parts of the Himalayas or of Southeast Asia.

There are many distinct groups with unique languages, dress, cuisine and culture.

The British made little effort to integrate the hill people into [[British India]], but governed through a system of village chiefs and headmen.

In some areas, educated elites pushed for greater autonomy for the hill people within the state of Assam, and obtained some autonomy at a district level after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947. In response to attempts by the Assamese majority in the plains to impose their language, the hill people began to struggle for yet more autonomy as separate states within the Indian Union, which they largely achieved.

Today, the hill people have political control in most of the new hill states surrounding Assam, although plains people control parts of the economy. There are continued tensions between the hill people and plains people, and also tensions between different hill peoples in each hill state.
Violent insurgent groups continue to cause many fatalities.

==Location==

The North Eastern Region is bounded to the north by Nepal, China and Bhutan, to the east by Myanmar and to the southwest by Bangladesh. It is connected to India to the west by a narrow corridor.
Apart from the fertile central plains of Assam bordering the [[Brahmaputra River]] and the [[Barak River]], the region is hilly or mountainous, including parts of the [[Himalayas]], the [[Garo Hills]], [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]], [[Mikir Hills]] and [[North Cachar Hills]] to the south of the Brahmaputra, the [[Mishmi Hills]] in the far east, and the [[Patkai Range]], [[Naga Hills]], [[Manipur Hills]], [[Lakher Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills]] along the border with Myanmar to the east and southeast.

At the time of Indian Independence from British Rule in 1947, the Northeastern region consisted of [[Assam]] and the [[princely state]]s of [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]].{{sfn|Famous History}}
Manipur and Tripura became [[Union territory|Union Territories of India]] in 1956, and states in 1972.{{sfn|Famous History}}
[[Sikkim]] was integrated as the eighth [[North Eastern Council]] state in 2002.{{sfn|Sikkim to become eighth ... 2002}}

==People==
[[File:Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png|thumb|Ahom kingdom c. 1826, roughly corresponding to the northern Brahmaputra valley in modern Assam.]]
Many of the ethnic groups of the hills of Northeast India are related to ethnicities of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, China and Thailand.{{sfn|Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |Andrea Lauser|2013|p=195}}
Before the British arrived the hill tribes traded with the plains people of the [[Ahom kingdom]] in the [[Brahmaputra River]] Valley, but periodically fought with them.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=199}}
The Ahoms, who preceded the British as rulers of the Brahmaputra Valley, never held the surrounding hills, and the rulers of pre-colonial Cachar never held the hills that surround the Barak Valley.{{sfn|Rammathot Khongreiwo|2009|p=447}}

Writing about the broader area of mountainous parts of Southeast Asia that he calls "[[Zomia]]", Professor [[James C. Scott]] argues in ''[[The Art of Not Being Governed]]'' (2009) that while valley people see hill people as backward, "our living ancestors", they may be better understood as "runaway, fugitive, maroon communities who have, over the course of two millennia, been fleeing the oppressions of state-making projects in the valleys".{{sfn|Scott|2009|p=8}}
Scott describes the hill people as "self-governing" in contrast with the "state-governed" people of the valleys.

This anarchist culture is rapidly disappearing as the hill people, their land and resources are integrated into the nation states.{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|p=324}}
The hill people often practice shifting cultivation.
Scott states that this is to evade taxation, but a simpler explanation is that it is a good approach to farming in thinly populated highlands.{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|p=327}}

According to the 2001 Census of India there were over 38 million people in Northeast India, with over 160 Scheduled Tribes as listed in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, as well as a diverse population of non-tribal people. The Sixth Schedule gives a simplified view, since there are at least 475 ethnic groups speaking almost 400 languages or dialects.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1354}}
The boundaries between hill tribes are not rigid, since there are clans that are common to several tribes, and conversion from one tribe to another is possible.{{sfn|Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |Andrea Lauser|2013|p=194}}

==History==
===Colonial era===
[[File:Assam 1951.svg|thumb|Assam in 1951, with colonial-era boundaries]]
[[File:Assam 1950.svg|thumb|Assam subdivisions in 1950]]

The British divided the hill areas into two groups and queen Mannat kaur Tuli fought agasint them. She remained a legend who had a prominent role in India's unity. A powerful leader indeed born on nov 19
In the Excluded Areas, where tax collection was very difficult and the tribal people were considered hostile, trade by the plains people was not allowed.
These were the [[North-East Frontier Tracts]], [[Naga Hills]], [[Lushai Hills]], and [[North Cachar Hills]].
Trade was allowed subject to some restrictions in the less rugged Partially Excluded Areas to the south and west of Assam.
These included the [[Garo Hills|Garo]], [[Mikir Hills|Mikir]], [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills|Jaintia]] Hills.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=199}}

The British made the colonial boundaries artificial.
C.S. Elliot, chief commissioner of Assam, wrote in 1881, "the more I thought about it ... the less practicable it seems to try to restrain the Nagas with their wanderings and trading habits, within an imaginary line which they have always been accustomed to cross."{{sfn|Rammathot Khongreiwo|2009|p=448}}
The British administrator J.P. Mills wrote in 1926 of the boundary between Assam and Burma that "It is one of the most curious frontiers in the world, and a great natural boundary. On the west lies the valley of Assam, and on the east the valleys of Chindwin and Irrawady. Yet, though it lies between two fertile, populous provinces, with their railways, roads, and steamers services, it is as yet largely unexplored and contains some of the most primitive tribes to be found within our Indian Empire."{{sfn|Rammathot Khongreiwo|2009|pp=445-446}}
[[Robert Niel Reid]], a British governor of Assam, making his own observation of the hill tribes, "They are not Indians in any sense of the word, neither in origin, nor in language, nor in appearance, nor in habits, nor in outlook and it is by historical accident that they have been tacked to an Indian Province".{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=200}}

Furer-Haimendorf (1945) saw the occasional uprisings of the frontier tribes against the British as "more in the nature of resistance to the establishment of Government's authority than a challenge to the administration." {{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=193}}
The segregation enforced by the British, which is the root cause of present day problems, made the hill tribes view the plains people as exploiters, and to identify with their fellow hills people, while the plains people saw the hill tribes as backward people who were retarding development in the plains.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=200}}
The separation of Burma in 1937 and partition of British India in 1947 divided many tribal groups such as the [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom]], [[Mara people|Mara]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Zomi people|Zomi]], [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] across international borders. State and district boundaries create multi-ethnic political entities, while further dividing tribal groups.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=195}}

The British enhanced the power of village chiefs by giving them responsibility for administration, policing and justice.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=195}}
Where there was no chief, the British arbitrarily created a "headman".
The chiefs and headmen were subordinate to the District Officer, the arbitrator and supreme authority in any dispute.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=196}}

The British, with an intent to convert the society, let the Christian Church, mostly Protestant, undertake most welfare works.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=196}}
Missionaries introduced Bibles translated into the local languages and printed in the Latin script as compared to the Bengali script of the plains.
They had less success with the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia people]], who had closer trading and cultural connections with the plains people.
The missionaries were also unable to penetrate into what is now Arunachal Pradesh, where the people retained their Buddhist or indigenous beliefs.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=201}}
The Church created an educated elite, who challenged the authority of the chiefs and the district administration.
By 1930 this elite was starting to call for constitutional reform.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=196}}

===Separatist movements===
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|thumb|Autonomous divisions of Northeast India]]

When the political structure of independent India was being discussed, the British were inclined to keep the tribal people of the Excluded and Partially Excluded areas separate from the plainspeople, thus sowing the seeds of separatist trouble which still plagues this region socially and to a greater extent economically. But Indians such as [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri]] wanted them to be part of a unified state of Assam so they could be assimilated into the plains culture.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=203}}
The leaders of the hill people disagreed, and wanted to retain separation from the non-tribal people.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=204}}
The Khasi leader [[J.J.M. Nichols-Roy]] was the most prominent member of the educated elite, pushing for autonomy of the hill districts of Assam at time of independence.
His Khasi National Conference communicated with similar organizations such as the Garo National Conference, Mizo Union and Naga National Council.
In response, the constitutional plan defined District Councils to look after tribal affairs in the hill districts, to which the chiefs would be subordinate.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=196}}
The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India provides for tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to be administered as autonomous districts or regions.
The Fifth Schedule applies to scheduled areas in other parts of India.
Neither schedule applies to the hill areas of Manipur, where all the people are tribal, or to the tribes of the Assam plains.
{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=210}}

The Hill State movement developed in the Garo and Khasi hills.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=197}}
The movement emerged at a meeting in [[Shillong]] on 16–17 June 1954 called by Captain Wiliamson Sangma of the Garo Hills District Council to discuss creation of a separate hill state and amendments to the Sixth Schedule.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=211}}
All the participants were against the attempt to impose Assamese as the state language.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=212}}
The representatives from the United Mikir and North Cachar Hills and the Lushai Hills wanted to remain within Assam but with greater autonomy, while those from the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo communities wanted a separate state or states.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=211}}
The Naga National Council became dominated by separatists.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=196}}
The Naga leader [[Angami Zapu Phizo]] did not participate in the Hill State movement since he was pursuing independence for Nagaland alone.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=211}}

The Khasi leader Rev. [[B. M. Pugh]] (1897–1986) wrote in his 1976 autobiography: "So we agitated for the separation from Assam, for a separate State for the hill people .... We felt that the [State Reorganization] Commission did not want to create a State for the hill areas only, as they feared that it would be unlike all other States in India—that it would be a Christian State."{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|pp=327–328}}
Pugh went on to argue that a single large hill state comprising what is now Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal, Mizoram and the districts of Mikir and North Cachar Hills would have been much more viable than the mini-states that were in fact created, the separatist movements would not have developed and the tribal people would have become psychologically and culturally integrated with the rest of India sooner.{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|p=328}}
Pugh was a moderate.
More radical Khasis such as [[Wickliffe Syiem]] could not accept loss of independence for the Khasi states, and after trying to get support for the separatist cause at the United Nation went into exile in Bangladesh.{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|p=328}}

[[File:Northeast india.png|thumb|Northeast India]]
Assamese became the official language of Assam State in 1960, stimulating non-Assamese to seek separate states.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=46}}
In 1972 Assamese became the medium of education throughout Assam State, leading to demands by the people off Khasi-Jaintia and Garo Hills for formation of Meghalaya State. {{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=42}}
There were violent riots in 1960 and 1972 by hill tribes opposed to assimilation by the Assamese, who demanded separation from Assam as separate states within the Union of India.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=197}}
[[Nagaland]] became an independent state from part of Assam in 1963.{{sfn|Famous History}}
Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura became states in 1972.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=47}}
[[Arunachal Pradesh]] gained statehood in 1975 and [[Mizoram]] in 1987.{{sfn|Famous History}}

===Post-separation conflicts===

There were many violent struggles in the new hill states between non-tribal and tribal communities which disrupted the normal life for a prolonged period bringing hardship to all the citizens of the state.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=197}}
Various attempts were made to resolve the often-violent struggles between the state and the hill tribes through accords, with varying degrees of success.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
Almost all the ethnic groups are dispersed over different locations rather than living in one concentrated area, so a territorial area can only be achieved by redrawing boundaries and disenfranchising some of the residents.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=32}}
Most peace accords guarantee cultural rights and include provisions for the rebels to disarm and receive assistance in returning to civilian life.
Often the surrender and disarmament have been incomplete, while the guarantees of cultural rights have not been fully implemented due to the inter-tribal conflicts and having the potential to harm other groups.
The accords generally establish a system of representation on a territorial or ethnic basis.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=31}}
Often the accords have tended to decrease or destroy the authority of the signatory organization, which would then be replaced by more militant groups that were not part of the accord.
This pattern has been seen in Nagaland, Manipur (Nagas), Assam (Bodo plains tribe) and Tripura.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=38}}

As of 2005 the tribal people were politically dominant over the plains people in the hill states, but the plains people controlled large parts of the economy, notably secondary and tertiary economic occupations.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=214}}
Pointing to the Bengali dominance in Tripura as an example, the tribal leaders of the other hill states demand restrictions on activities of non-tribal people as allowed under the Sixth Schedule.
There are also tensions between the different tribal groups within each state, where the more developed tribes view the less developed as a handicap, and both see further separation as a solution.
An example is the movement to create a separate "[[Garoland]]" from Meghalaya.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=215}}
In 1995–2005 there were violent clashes between Nagas and Kukis, between Kukis and Tamils in Moreh, and between Pangals and Meteis.
The Hmar continued to agitate to join Mizoram during this period.
However, little was done to address the problems and no peace accords were signed.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=34}}

[[File:AAGSU Protest against behali killings.jpeg|thumb|March 2015 protest over Behali killings by the All Assam Gorkha Students Union]]
The state police and special forces have been involved in fighting insurgents, but the national forces have been the main players.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1355}}
Between 1992 and 2001 there were about 12,181 fatalities in the insurgencies and terrorist conflicts in the Northeast of India, including the plains and hill areas.
Assam suffered the most with 4,443 deaths, followed by Manipur (3,006), Tripura (2,633), Nagaland (1,802), Meghalaya (140), Arunachal Pradesh (134) and Mizoram (23).{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1357}}
The rebel groups are said to have received arms through the trade in illegal drugs and through theft from the armed forces.
The government has accused Bangladesh and Pakistan of supplying arms, and China and southern Thailand may also be sources.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1363}}
The objectives of the many insurgent groups are obscure, but mainly criminal.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1360}}

It seems unlikely that the Indian Union will accept the formation of any new states in the Northeast region, but they may agree to formation of further autonomous development councils.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=43}}
An example is the [[Tiwa (Lalung)]] in Assam, an ethnic group has been allowed representation by an autonomous council but did not get a territorial council which would administer an area defined as belonging to the group.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=37}}
An autonomous council could try to establish a contiguous territory that could be recognized under the Sixth Schedule.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=44}}
An underlying issue is that the tribal people want development, but fear that this will lead to assimilation by the non-tribal people and loss of identity, which they were not able to overcome.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=216}}

==Decline of shifting cultivation==

Shifting cultivation, known as ''adiabik'' in Arunachal Pradesh and ''jhoom'' in Assam and Tripura, is an ancient method of farming in the tropics and subtropics.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|pp=605-606}}
It is a sustainable way to use forest resources in areas with low human populations.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=606}}
However studies in the Philippines, Africa and India have shown that ''jhooming'' can only support about 6 people per {{convert|1|km2}}.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=620}}
Of the 19 tribal communities in Tripura, all but the Bhutias and Chaimals practice shifting cultivation, and almost 40% are entirely reliant on this form of farming.
As elsewhere, ''jhooming'' involves clearing an area of forest land on a hillside, farming it for a year or so, then letting it regenerate for several years.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=606}}
In 1987 the Jhumia population in Tripura totalled 288,390.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=608}}

In traditional ''jhooming'', an area with dense bamboo growth or fairly dense secondary growth is chosen and cultivation plots laid out.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=607}}
Tracts of virgin climax forest are preserved as sacred groves around the area.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=610}}
The land is cleared apart from a few large trees, which are thinned, and the cut vegetation is spread out to dry, protecting the soil during this period.
It is then burned just before the rains start, and the ash is washed into the soil to provide fertilizer for crops such as cereals, pulses, oil seeds, vegetables and fiber crops.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=608}}
The crop is guarded and weeded as it grows, then harvested in a communal effort.
The land is then left fallow for 20 to 25 years.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=609}}
Various measures ensure rapid forest regeneration and recovery of soil fertility.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=610}}
The traditional ''jhoomers'' also gather wild forest products, hunt, fish and make tools and handicrafts.
Their culture stresses conservation of the forest on which they depend.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=610}}

Between 1901 and 1991 there was explosive growth in the population of Tripura, particularly after 1941, mainly caused by Bengali Hindu migrants fleeing violence.
The newcomers settled in the lands of the traditional farmers that pushed them further into the interior, with little effort to control the situation until 1958.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=611}}
Migration resumed in 1963 due to riots in Eastern Pakistan, and in 1971 during the Bangladesh liberation war.
The migrants, accustomed to a combination of employment supplemented by settled farming, began to practice ''jhooming'' for supplementary income, and by 2000 accounted for over 80% of ''jhooming'' in Tripura.
They used a short fallow cycle of 3–5 years, and failed to follow many of the essential conservation practices of traditional ''jhooming''.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=612}}
At the same time, the State Administration created Reserved Forests and Wildlife Protected Areas, and assigned large tracts of primary evergreen forests to forestry and other uses, greatly reducing the land available for ''jhooming'' and forcing much shorter fallow cycles.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=613}}

Between 1972 and 1985 the ''jhoomed'' area in Tripura fell from {{convert|1500|to|759|km2}}.
By 1981 almost all the ''jhumia'' households were dependent on employment for income.
The community social structure had broken down, and the younger people had become involved in commercial, sometime illegal, exploitation of forest resources.
This has put huge pressure on the forest ecology.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=613}}
Some efforts have been made to resettle ''jhumias'' on the plains, or to help them adapt to working on coffee, black pepper, rubber, betel, kathal and orange plantations.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=622}}

==States==

The hill states are each home to several tribes, although sources disagree about the numbers, and some tribes live in more than one state or country.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
As of 2005 the percentages of the population that belonged to Scheduled Tribes in the seven eastern states was:{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
{{cols|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
* Mizoram: 94.75%
* Nagaland: 87.70%
* Meghalaya: 85.53%
* Arunachal Pradesh: 63.66%
* Manipur: 34.41%
* Tripura: 30.94%
* Assam: 12.69%
{{colend}}

===Mizoram===
[[File:Toipui, Tuipui river Mizoram India.jpg|thumb|Chhimtuipui (top) and Tuipui river of Mizoram]]

[[Mizoram]] was a district of Assam under the British.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=197}}
It lies between Bangladesh to the west and Myanmar to the south and east.
It borders Tripura to the northwest, Assam to the north and Manipur to the northeast.
It is a mountainous region with hills that run from north to south, highest in the east.
The average height of the hills is around {{convert|900|m}}, with the highest peak being Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) at {{convert|2210|m}}.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=1}}

About 95% of the population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state, mostly from [[Southeast Asia]], in waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th century.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991}}
This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all states of India.
The [[Mizo people]] are protected as a Scheduled Tribe.{{sfn|Demographic Status 2011}}
The term Mizo is used to define an overall ethnicity, and covers various related peoples who claim descent from Sinlung, a mythical rock north of the [[Shan State]] of Myanmar.
The include the [[Khiangte people|Khiangte]], [[Renthlei people|Renthlei]], [[Lawitlang people|Lawitlang]], [[Zote people|Zote]], [[Thiek people|Thiek]], [[Ralte people|Ralte]], [[Khowbung people|Khowbung]], [[Lusei people|Lusei]] etc.{{sfn|Khawtinkhuma|Vanthuama|1947}}

The Mizo Union held back from the hill state movement, then joined the Mizo National Front supported by former chiefs in demanding a separate Mizo state.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=197}}
During the famine of 1958–59 the Indian state failed to provide aid to the hill people, and this neglect led to the Mizo armed uprising.{{sfn|Karlsson|2013|p=329}}
Mizoram was detached from Assam as a [[Union territory]] in 1972.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=1}}
The 1986 Mizo Accord, reached after careful consultation as part of a peace process, was relatively successful.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
The Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of India and the Mizo National Front resulted in creation of the State of Mizoram.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in February 1987.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|p=1}}

The Mizo movement had at first been based on creating a state based on a shared geographical location, rather than a state for the majority Lushai ethnic group.
However the many non-Lushai groups were overlooked in the Mizo Accord, and the [[Reang|Bru]]s and Hmars began to demand autonomous district or regional councils.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=37}}
Later the Mizoram state government and the Hmar People's convention came to an agreement after nine rounds of talks.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
The 1994 Memorandum of Settlement between the Mizoram State Government and the Hmar People's Convention led to formation of the Sinlung Hills Development Council (changed to Sinlung Hills Council in 2018).{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=43}}
It took thirteen rounds of talks for the Mizoram government to strike an agreement with the Bru National Liberation Front.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}

The [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]<ref>https://www.cadc.gov.in/</ref> for [[Chakma people]], the [[Lai Autonomous District Council]] for [[Lai people]] and the [[Mara Autonomous District Council]] for [[Mara people]] are the three autonomous district councils in Mizoram.<ref>https://mizoram.pscnotes.com/polity-of-mizoram/autonomous-district-councils-in-mizoram/</ref>

===Nagaland===
[[File:Hornbill Festival, Pix by Vikramjit Kakati.jpg|thumb|Nagas of Nagaland rehearsing their traditional dance during the [[Hornbill Festival]]]]

Nagaland lies between Myanmar to the east and Assam to the west. It adjoins Arunachal Pradesh to the north and Manipur to the south.
[[Nagaland]] is mostly mountainous except for the areas bordering Assam, which make up 9% of the area of the state.
[[Mount Saramati]] is the highest peak at {{convert|3,840|m}}.
Its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Myanmar.{{sfn|Prakash|2006|pp=2180–81}}

As of 2011 the state population was 1,978,000.{{sfn|Nayak|2013|p=3}}
Nagaland is one of three states in India where the population is mostly [[Christians|Christian]], the others being Meghalaya and Mizoram.{{sfn|Census 2001: Religion}}
The people of Nagaland, collectively called Naga, are in fact a number of very different tribes with mutually incomprehensible languages.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=207}}
Nagaland is home to 16 tribes: [[Angami Naga]], [[Ao Naga]], [[Chakhesang Naga]], [[Chang Naga]], [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]], [[Konyak people|Konyak]], [[Lotha Naga]], [[Phom people|Phom]], [[Pochury Naga|Pochury]], [[Rengma Naga]], [[Sangtam Naga]], [[Sümi Naga]], [[Yimkhiung Naga|Yimkhiung]], [[Zeme people|Zeme]]-[[Liangmai Naga people|Liangmai]] (Zeliang), [[Dimasa people|Dimasa Kachari]] and [[Kuki people|Kuki]].{{sfn|Nayak|2013|p=2}}
There are also members of the [[Rongmei Naga people|Rongmei Naga]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Each tribe has distinct customs, language and dress.{{sfn|Nayak|2013|p=2}}

The Naga National Council (NNC) was formed in February 1946 to work for autonomy for Nagaland.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1361}}
The Naga were given the opportunity to remain separate from India as a crown colony, but let this pass.
After 1947 they continued to seek autonomy.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=208}}
In 1957 the Tuensang Frontier Division of the North East Frontier Agency was merged with the Naga Hills District to form the Naga Hills Tuensang Area, which became the state of Nagaland in 1963.{{sfn|Rammathot Khongreiwo|2009|p=439}}
The Naga People's Convention met for three years to formulate the demands that led to the Sixteen-Point Agreement of 1960.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
This agreement with the Government of India led to formation of the State of Nagaland.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=43}}
The Sixteen-Point Agreement left out the Naga National Council, which was an underground organization at the time.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=36}}
After long negotiations Nagaland became a state in December 1963.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=208}}
The Burma-India Boundary Agreement of 1967 finalized the boundary between the two countries, cutting from north to south through Naga country.{{sfn|Rammathot Khongreiwo|2009|p=438}}

The Naga National Council signed the [[Shillong Accord of 1975]].{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1361}}
The NNC was discredited after signing the accord.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
The more militant National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) broke away from the NNC in 1987.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1361}}
The National Socialist Council of Nagaland emerged as the most powerful force in the state.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
In 1988 this group in turn split into the NSCN (Isaac-Muivah) and the NSCN (Khaplang).
As of 2011 these two groups had accepted a ceasefire and were in negotiations with the Indian government.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1362}}
Nagaland is thought to have significant oil resources.
The Nagas want reassurance that oil extraction will not damage the environment, and that if they are forced to relocate they will receive land as well as money in compensation.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1363}}

===Meghalaya===
[[File:A tiwa tribal woman during community fishing.jpg|thumb|Tiwa tribal woman of Meghalaya]]

[[Meghalaya]] was previously part of [[Assam]], but on 21 January 1972 the districts of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}
Meghalaya, uniting the Khasi-Jainta and Garo districts, was the only state formed of more than one district, and as early as 1975 tensions were emerging between the Khasis and Garos.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=197}}
Meghalaya is bounded to the south and west by Bangladesh and to the north and east by Assam.{{sfn|Meghalaya: Abode of Clouds}}
The state is the wettest region of India, with an average of {{convert|12000|mm|abbr=on}} of rain a year.{{sfn|Meghalaya: Abode of Clouds|p=3}}
Due to its rugged terrain, the British imperial authorities called the region the "Scotland of the East".{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}
The state is covered by the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]] ecoregion Its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south.{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}
As of 2001 about 70% of the state was forested.{{sfn|Meghalaya and Its Forests}}

As of 2005 about 85.53% of the population of Meghalaya were members of scheduled tribes.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
English is the official language.
The other principal languages spoken include [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]], [[Biate language|Biate]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}
Unlike many Indian states, Meghalaya has historically followed a [[matrilineal]] system where the lineage and inheritance are traced through women; the youngest daughter inherits all wealth and she also takes care of her parents.{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}
The economy is mostly agrarian, with a significant commercial forestry industry.
The important crops are potatoes, rice, maize, [[pineapple]]s, bananas, papayas, spices, etc.
The state is geologically rich in minerals, but it has no significant industries.{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|pp=455–459}}

===Arunachal Pradesh===
{{See also|Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[File:Apatani tribal woman.jpg|thumb|Apatani tribal Woman going to field in Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh]]

[[Arunachal Pradesh]], formerly the [[North-East Frontier Agency]], is in the extreme northeast of India.
It borders Assam and Nagaland to the south, Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east and is separated from China in the north by the [[McMahon Line]].
This line was agreed in 1914 between the Tibetan government and the British colonial government, but was not accepted by the Chinese.
During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 the Chinese occupied most of Arunachal Pradesh, but in November 1962 withdrew to positions behind the McMahon line.
The North East Frontier Agency became the [[union territory]] of Arunachal Pradesh on 20 January 1972.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Arunachal Pradesh was formed from the frontier tracts as an administrative convenience, with much less political activity by the people than elsewhere in the northeast.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=195}}
Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987.

Arunachal Pradesh covers a part of the Himalayas, with its highest elevation being {{convert|7000|m}}.
The terrain is cut by river valleys, including those of the [[Kameng River|Kameng]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], [[Brahmaputra River|Siang]] (Brahmaputra), [[Dibang River|Dibang]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]] and [[Dihing River|Dihing]] rivers.
The climate varies from [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the lower areas to alpine at the highest elevations.
The economy is mostly based on agriculture, with the tribal groups practicing [[shifting cultivation]].
Forest products are also important.
There is a large hydroelectric potential.

As of 2005 about 63.66% of the population were members of scheduled tribes.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
The remainder are mostly immigrants from [[Bengal]] or the [[Hindi Belt]].
The state is home to various [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] speaking Tribes.
[[Monpa people]] live near the border with [[Bhutan]] to the west, [[Tani people]] and [[Mishmi people]] in the center, [[Jingpo people|Jingpo]], [[Naga people|Naga]] and [[Lisu people|Lisu]] people in the area bordering Myanmar to the east and [[Naga people]] in the area bordering [[Nagaland]] in the south.
There are transition zones on the borders where the [[Bugun]], [[Hruso people|Hruso]], [[Miji people|Miji]] and [[Sherdukpen people|Sherdukpen]] people form cultural "buffers" between the Tibetic Buddhist tribes and the Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state.

===Manipur===
[[File:Gambhirsingh.jpg|thumb|[[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]] (1788–1834), ruler of Manipur]]
[[Manipur]] is bounded by Myanmar to the southeast and east, Nagaland to the north, Assam to the west and Mizoram to the south.
About 90% of the area is mountainous, surrounding the central valley sloping to the south.
Forests, mostly open, cover 77.4% of the state.{{sfn|Manipur (IMPHAL)}}
Around 70% of the population of Manipur depend on agriculture.
Handloom weaving is an important cottage industry.{{sfn|Manipur (IMPHAL)}}

The history of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]] dates back to 33 A.D.{{sfn|Manipur (IMPHAL)}}
The British designated Manipur a "subordinate native state" in 1891, and in 1907 stated that the hill people were dependent on the Maharajah of Manipur.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=204}}
Manipur was the scene of the Kuki Rebellion 1917–1919 in which the Kukis in the hills conducted a tenacious guerrilla war against the British, and only yielded when the British threatened to completely destroy their settlements.{{sfn|Donn Morgan Kipgen}}
In 1947 Manipur adopted a constitution that provided for universal adult suffrage and placed limitations on the king's power.
Also in 1947 the king signed an Instrument of Accession with India, to take effect in 1949.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=33}}

[[Hijam Irabot Singh]] (1896–1951) opposed the merger of Manipur with India and proposed creation of a Purbanchal republic that would comprise Manipur, Tripura, Cachar and the Mizo hills.
It would also include the [[Kabaw Valley]], which had been ceded to Myanmar.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|pp=1359-60}}
On 15 October 1949 Manipur became part of the Indian Union as a part "C" State.{{sfn|Manipur (IMPHAL)}}
It became a Union Territory in 1956.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=33}}
In 1972 Manipur became a full state.{{sfn|Manipur (IMPHAL)}}
Manipur was not included in the Eighth Schedule until 1992.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=33}}

As of 2005 about 34.41% of the population were members of scheduled tribes.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
The hill tribes of Manipur included Naga tribes in the areas next to Nagaland, and Kuki and Mizo tribes in areas next to Mizoram.
The umbrella terms "Naga" and "Kuki" in the first list of schedule tribes were not accepted by the tribes, who insisted on a change to the list in 1965 under which they were designated by their names.
Only the [[Thadou people|Thadou tribe]] retained the Kuki name.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=204}}

The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]s are the majority ethnic group in Manipur, but occupied only a tenth of the land and were not allowed to buy land in the hill areas.
By contrast, the hill tribes could buy land, and as scheduled tribes had better opportunities for employment in the public sector.
This led the Meiteis responding by reviving their traditional culture and religion, protesting the presence and special powers of armed forces in the area, and forming militant separatist groups with links to other such groups in Myanmar and Northeast India.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=33}}
These included the United National Liberation Front, Peoples Liberation Army and Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, and fought an urban or semi-urban guerrilla war in the Imphal valley.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1360}}

Faced with simultaneous uprisings in the plains and by the Kukis of the hill regions, in 2008 the Indian Army signed a Suspension of Operation agreement with eight Kuki groups in the hope that they could be used against the rebel groups in the valley.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1360}}
Active groups in Manipur in 2009 included the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, the Military Council faction of the Kangleipak Communist Party, the People's United Liberation Front, the People's Liberation Army and the Kuki Revolutionary Army.
The areas bordering Nagaland were affected by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM).{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1356}}

===Tripura===

The [[Tripura (princely state)|princely state of Tripura]] included the hills of the present state of [[Tripura]] and the plains of Chakla Roshanabad, now part of Bangladesh.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=204}}
The hills were inhabited by indigenous tribes, migrants from Myanmar and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and [[Lushei]]s on the border with Mizoram.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|pp=204-205}}
After the partition of India most of the Hindu Bengalis of the princely state moved to the Indian area of the Tripura hills, where they settled in lands used for shifting cultivation by the tribal people, and came to dominate politics.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=213}}
Many of the Muslim Bengalis of Tripura left for East Pakistan.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=194}}

Shibani Kinkar Chaube wrote of Tripura in 1975, "After partition Bengalis have far outnumbered the tribals, who are in a miserable stage of battle for survival, expressed through occasional violence and leftist politics."{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=195}}
In 1988 one faction of the Tripura National Volunteers signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Tripura State Government and the Government of India.
However, other factions formed the dissenting National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All-Tripura Tiger Force, which were both active as of 2008.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
As of 2005 about 30% of the population were members of scheduled tribes.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
There were ongoing conflicts between the tribal and non-tribal peoples of Tripura.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|pp=213–214}}

===Assam===
[[File:Foothills of the Himalayas seen from Manas National Park.jpg|thumb|Foothills of the Himalayas seen from the [[Manas National Park]], Assam]]
[[Assam]] covers the plains of the upper portion of the flood plain of the [[Brahmaputra River]], which flows from east to west before entering Bangladesh, where it turns to the south.
The south of the state includes the plains of the [[Barak River]] basin.
This river originates in the Manipur hills and flows south through the mountains of Manipur to [[Tipaimukh]], where it makes a hairpin turn and flows north along the Manipur-Assam border to Jirimat near [[Lakhipur]], then west through the [[Cachar district]] of Assam before entering Bangladesh.{{sfn|Barak Basin}}
The Brahmaputra and Barak basins are separated by the [[Karbi Anglong]] and [[North Cachar Hills]].

The main ethnic group in the fertile Brahmaputra valley are the mainly Hindu [[Assamese people]].
At time of the partition of India, the Cachar district of Assam was dominated by Bengalis, and there were large Bengali populations throughout the Brahmaputra valley, swelled by Hindu refugees from East Pakistan.{{sfn|Shibani Kinkar Chaube|1975|p=194}}

As of 2005 about 12.69% of the population were members of scheduled tribes.
This is higher that the national average of 8%.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=198}}
It includes plains tribes such as the [[Bodo people]], who are also agitating for autonomy.{{efn|The [[Bodo people]] are recognized as a plains tribe under the Sixth Schedule.
The All-Bodo Students Union (ABSU) signed a Memorandum of Settlement with the Assam State Government in 1993, resulting in formation of the Bodoland Autonomous Council.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=43}}
Its members did not all support the agreement.
Some disarmed as agreed, but others formed the breakaway Bodo Liberation Tigers.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=30}}
The jurisdiction of the Bodo Autonomous Council was to be based on ethnicity, but it proved difficult to determine which ethnic groups lived in each area, and the Bodos used force to drive out other ethnic groups from villages they wanted.{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=31}}
An agreement was signed in 2003 with the Bodo Liberation Tigers, but this did not include the stronger National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB).{{sfn|Swarna Rajagopalan|2008|p=37}} }}
There are ongoing separatist movements by the hill tribes of Assam in the North Cachar Hills and the Karbi Anglong.{{sfn|Kumar|2005|p=197}}
In 2009 insurgent groups in Assam included the United Liberation Front of Asom, the Karbi Longri NC Hills Liberation Front and the Black Widow group.{{sfn|Nityananda Kalita|2011|p=1356}}

===Sikkim===
[[File:School in lingzam near Mangan.jpg|thumb|School near [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], Sikkim that combines regular curriculum with Buddhist studies]]
[[Sikkim]] is in the eastern Himalayas, bounded by Nepal to the east, Tibet to the north, Bhutan to the east and West Bengal to the south.
Depending on altitude, the climate ranges from subtropical to alpine.
The highest peak is [[Kangchenjunga]] at {{convert|8,586|m}}, the third highest in the world.

The first Bhutia King of the [[Namgyal dynasty (Sikkim)|Namgyal dynasty]] was installed in Sikkim in 1642.
In the years that followed "Greater Sikkim" was established in the eastern Himalayas.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
After 1700 the kingdom went into steady decline.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The remainder of the kingdom was divided between China and Britain in 1890 in a convention signed in Calcutta.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
In 1950 Sikkim became a protectorate of independent India.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The monarchy was deposed in 1975 and Sikkim became the 22nd state of India.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
[[Sikkim]] was integrated as the eighth [[North Eastern Council]] state in 2002.{{sfn|Sikkim to become eighth ... 2002}}

The [[Languages with official status in India|official languages]] are [[English language|English]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]].{{sfn|Sikkim Official Languages Bill 1977}}
Additional languages include [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Sunwar language|Mukhia]], [[Newar language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]].{{sfn|50th Report ... Linguistic Minorities}}
The main religion is [[Hinduism]], practiced by the Nepalese, followed by [[Buddhism]], practiced by the Tibetans and Bhutias.{{sfn|Sikkim Religions}}
Sikkim's economy is largely dependent on agriculture.
Crops include rice, maize, tea, soybean, ginger, orange, pears, potato, tomato and cardamoms.
Tourists attracted by the mountain scenery are also a source of income.
The state has the highest earnings per person among the North-Eastern states.{{sfn|Sikkim, First 100% organic state...}}

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]
* [[Zomia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
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{{refend}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Hill tribes of Northeast India| ]]

Gobindpur, Jharkhand

2026-01-25T21:21:34Z

Janamkatha: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Other uses|Gobindpur (disambiguation){{!}}Gobindpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gobindpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|50|19|N|86|31|7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.83
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 188
| population_total = 11,318
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kurmali language|Kudmali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 828109
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06540
| registration_plate = JH
| website = {{URL|dhanbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gobindpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Dhanbad Sadar subdivision]] of [[Dhanbad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=200| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|52|40|N|86|22|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: Census Town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|54|30|N|86|11|24|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Topchanchi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Topchanchi]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|53|47|N|86|7|43|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Hariharpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Hariharpur, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|52|4|N|86|9|23|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Gomoh| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Gomoh]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|51|48|N|86|10|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gunghasa| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Gunghasa]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|52|42|N|86|20|12|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Rajganj| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Rajganj, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|50|19|N|86|31|07|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Gobindpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=Gobindpur, Jharkhand (CT)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|47|1|N|86|28|53|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Karmatanr| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Karmatanr, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|49|39|N|86|34|42|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Jangalpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jangalpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|50|45|N|86|25|39|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Barwaada| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Barwaada]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|59|13|N|86|27|6|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Tundi| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Tundi]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|53|21|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Latani| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Latani, Dhanbad]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|58|30|N|86|8|0|E}}| label12= Pareshnath|labela12= Hill | label-color12 = #C42222 | label-angle12=0| label-pos12=bottom| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none}}

===Location===
Gobindpur is located at {{coord|23|50|19|N|86|31|7|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://wikimapia.org/13816435/Govindpur-High-School-Dhanbad |title= Govindpur High School Dhanbad | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 21 December 2015}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 188&nbsp;metres (616&nbsp;feet).

The Dhangi Hills (highest peak 385.57&nbsp;m) run from [[Pradhan Khunta]] to Gobindpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28391/9/09_chapter%203.pdf | title= Chapter III - Study Area: Dhanbad District| work= Pages 38-43 |publisher= Shodganga | access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/pdf/gztr_2.Chapter%20I%20(GENERAL)%201-38.pdf | title= gztr 2.Chapter I (General) 1-38 | work= Pages 2-5 |publisher= Jharkhand Government | access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Overview===
The region shown in the map lies to the north of [[Dhanbad]] city and is an extensive rural area with villages (particularly in the northern areas) scattered around hills. One of the many [[Spur (topography)|spurs]] of [[Pareshnath Hill]] (1,365.50 m), situated in neighbouring Giridih district, passes through the Topchanchi and Tundi areas of the district. The [[Barakar River]] flows along the northern boundary. The region shown in the map covers several [[Community development block in India|CD blocks]] – [[Topchanchi (community development block)|Topchanchi]], [[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]], [[Tundi (community development block)|Tundi]], [[Purbi Tundi (community development block)|Purbi Tundi]] and a small part of [[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]. The Kolkata-Agra [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old number NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] cuts across the southern part of the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dhanbad | work = Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref>

===Police station===
Gobindpur police station serves Govindpur CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/Admins/structure.html| title = Dhanbad – Welcome to the Coal Capital of India| work = Administrative Structure of Dhanbad District – List of Thana and Outpost of Dhanbad Outpost| publisher = Jharkhand Government| access-date = 15 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095316/http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/Admins/structure.html| archive-date = 24 October 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Govindpur CD block is at Gobindpur.<ref name=dchb1>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2009_PART_B_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Series 21 Part XIIB | work= Map on Page 3 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Gobindpur was a mint town in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era. Copper coins were produced during the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir.
[[File:India - Moghul empire - Akbar - coin of Gobindpur mint.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Copper coin from the time of Akbar. The obverse reads "Gobindp(ur)". {{Circa|1600 CE}}.]]

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Gobindpur had a total population of 11,318 of which 5,950 (53%) were males and 5,368 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,547. The total number of literates in Gobindpur was 8,014 (82.02% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 11 June 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gobindpur had a population of 8,504. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Gobindpur has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 55%. In Gobindpur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
Gobindpur has an area of 2.83&nbsp;km2. It is 12&nbsp;km from the district headquarters Dhanbad. There is a railway station at Dhanbad. Buses are available in the town. It has 7&nbsp;km roads and both covered and open drains. The two major sources of protected water supply are hand pumps and uncovered wells. There are 1,760 domestic electric connections and 40 road lighting points. Amongst the medical facilities it has got a dispensary with 10 beds, a health centre with 10 beds and 15 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities, it has 2 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, 1 general degree college and 1 polytechnic. Amongst the recreational and cultural facilities, it has 2 cinema theatres and an auditorium/ community hall. It has the branch offices of 5 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society and 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 639-664 Statements | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 9 June 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
The following collieries function under the [[Govindpur Area]] of [[Bharat Coking Coal|BCCL]]: [[Kharkhari, Dhanbad|Kharkhari]], Maheshpur, Jogidih, Kooridih, Govindpur, S/Govindpur, Teturiya and Akash Kinaree.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/mines.html | title = Dhanbad - Coal Capital of India | work = List of Coal Mines in Dhanbad | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 8 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171013120533/http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/mines.html | archive-date = 13 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Govindpur Area was formed with thirty-one collieries taken over from the private sector.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=1717 | title= Bharat Coking Coal Limited | work= Govindpur Area | publisher= BCCL | access-date= 8 October 2017 | archive-date= 13 October 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171013121211/http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=1717 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
It is the junction point of [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old number: NH 2) and [[National Highway 18 (India)|NH 18]] (old number: NH 32).

==Education==
[[R.S. More College|Ram Sahai More College]], at Ratanpur, Gobindpur, established in 1959, is a Government college offering courses in arts, science and commerce. It is affiliated with the [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.careerindia.com/colleges/r-s-more-college-gobindpur-jharkhand-cp1137/| title= R.S.More College |publisher= Career India | access-date = 12 June 2019}}</ref>

K.K.Polytechnic, at Nairo, Gobindpur, established in 2006, offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://kkpdhanbad.ac.in/about | title= KK Polytechnic |publisher= KKP | access-date = 12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://targetstudy.com/polytechnic/22377/kk-polytechnic/ | title= KK Polytechnic|publisher= TargetStudy | access-date = 12 June 2019}}</ref>
Al Iqra Teacher's Training College (AITTC) established in 2000 is located in Bario More, only 2.5&nbsp;km away from Govindpur. It is a renowned and reputed college not only in Dhanbad but in Jharkhand also. NAC graded it B. It has been delivering its services for 20 years. The graduates of the college are serving in government and private sectors.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Dhanbad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhanbad district]]

C. Sylendra Babu

2026-01-24T05:59:48Z

Janamkatha: stub

{{short description| Director General of Tamil Nadu Police from 2021 to 2023 }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =Dr. C. Sylendra Babu IPS.jpg
| alt = Sylendra Babu in Police Uniform
| native_name = சி.சைலேந்திர பாபு
| office = Director General of Police
| order = 31st
| term_start = June 30, 2021
| term_end = June 30, 2023
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor = J.K. Tripathy
| successor = Shankar Jiwal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|6|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kuzhithurai]], [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{bulleted list |[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]|[[Annamalai University]]|[[Bharathidasan University]]|[[University of Madras]]}}
|awards = {{bulleted list |[[Indian military decorations|President's medal for devotion to duty]]|[[Indian military decorations|Prime Minister's medal for life saving]]|[[Indian military decorations|Chief Minister's medal for gallantry]]|[[Indian military decorations|Chief Minister's medal for devotion to duty]]|[[Special Task Force (India)|TN Special Task Force]] [[Indian military decorations|Police Medal for gallantry, bravery and heroic action]]|[[Indian military decorations|President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]|[[Indian military decorations|Chief Minister's medal for excellence in public service]] }}
| website = {{ubl |{{URL|sylendrababu.com|Official website}}}}

}}

'''Dr. C. Sylendra Babu''' (born June 5, 1962) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] Officer who served as the 31st [[Director General of Police]] and Head of Police Force, [[Tamil Nadu Police]].<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Vijay Kumar|title=Sylendra Babu to head Tamil Nadu police force|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sylendra-babu-to-head-tamil-nadu-police-force/article35040188.ece|access-date=12 October 2022|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In addition to his distinguished law enforcement career, he is a Tamil author, motivational speaker, mentor for civil services aspirants and a fitness influencer.

==Early life and education==
Sylendra Babu was born in the town of [[Kuzhithurai]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari District]], Tamil Nadu. He attended the Govt Higher Secondary School, [[Vilavancode]], [[Kanyakumari District]]. He has BSc (Agriculture) from the Agricultural College and Research Institute, [[Madurai]] and majored in agriculture from the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Coimbatore]]. Later, he obtained [[Bachelor of Laws|BGL]] and [[Master of Arts|MA]] degrees in [[population studies]] from the [[Annamalai University]] and was awarded a [[PhD]] for his thesis on "[[Missing person|missing children]]" by the [[University of Madras]]. In 2013, he obtained a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree in [[Human Resources]].<ref>{{cite web|author=A. Selvaraj|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Top-Chennai-cops-hit-the-books-again/articleshow/29430814.cms?referral=PM|title=Top Chennai cops hit the books again |publisher=Times of India |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> He holds a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree in [[Criminology]] from the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Selvaraj A|title=Tamil Nadu: Marathon man C Sylendra Babu scales police peak|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-marathon-man-c-sylendra-babu-scales-police-peak/articleshow/83973370.cms|access-date=20 October 2025|newspaper=Times of India|date=30 June 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Babu has written a Tamil book on [[physical fitness]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/07/08/stories/2008070850051401.htm |title=Archive News |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 July 2008 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829031317/http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/07/08/stories/2008070850051401.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the course of his police training, he was awarded the RD Singh Cup for Swimming at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Oct/01/the-endurance-specialist-ips-officer-sylendra-babus-tryst-with-endurance-sports-1879298.html | title=The endurance specialist: IPS officer Sylendra Babu's tryst with endurance sports | date=October 2018 }}</ref> In December 2004 he represented India for the [[100 metres]] event in the [[Masters athletics|Asian Masters Athletic Championships]], [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Backbencher to Top Cop: A DGP's Journey |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/features/be-inspired/from-backbencher-to-top-cop-a-dgps-journey/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also participated in several [[10k run]]s such as the [[Chennai Marathon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Marathon-Treat-in-Chennai/2013/12/02/article1922134.ece1#.UwcqcUB5f3g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071026/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Marathon-Treat-in-Chennai/2013/12/02/article1922134.ece1#.UwcqcUB5f3g |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2013 |title=A Marathon Treat in Chennai |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2013-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> and the Coimbatore Marathon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/together-they-ran-to-fight-cancer/article5209286.ece |title=Together they ran, to fight cancer |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-10-07 |access-date=2016-12-01|last1=Sairam |first1=R. }}</ref> He led a contingent of 26 marine commandos for the [[Half Marathon]] event in the 2014 [[Auroville Marathon]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://marathon.auroville.com/index.php?option=com_raceresults&view=categorylist&Itemid=44 | title=AV Marathon – Run for the joy of Running ……. 09th feb 2020 | access-date=21 February 2014 | archive-date=6 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225944/http://marathon.auroville.com/index.php?option=com_raceresults&view=categorylist&Itemid=44 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Police career==
Babu joined the Indian Police Service (IPS) as a member of the 1987 batch. He was trained at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]. He has served as the [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)]], in [[Dharmapuri]], [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Dindigul]] and as the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), in [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] and [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]] districts and as the [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]], [[Adyar, Chennai|Adayar]]-Chennai. He has also served as the [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector-General (DIG) of Police]] of [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]] Range and as the Joint Commissioner of Police, Chennai. Later, he became the DIG of Police, [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirapalli]] before becoming the Chief Vigilance Officer in [[Karur district|Karur]], served as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], Coimbatore prior to becoming Inspector-General (IG) for Northern Zone, Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3342493.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 April 2012 |title=Sylendra Babu promoted ADGP-Coastal Security Group |agency=PTI |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

In April 2012, he was promoted to the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director-General of Police]] (ADGP) of Prisons, Tamil Nadu. Later, he was appointed the ADGP of Coastal Police and then appointed as the ADGP of [[Railway Protection Force|Railway Police]]. In March 2019, he was promoted as the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) of Railway Police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/11/five-ips-officers-get-promoted-as-dgps-in-tamil-nadu-1949476.html |newspaper=New Indian Express |date=11 March 2019 |title=Five IPS officers get promoted as DGPs in Tamil Nadu |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

During his tenure as the commissioner of [[Coimbatore]] city, he introduced computer literacy program in various schools in association with ''[[Lead India]]'' 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Computer lab for schoolchildren dedicated|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/13/stories/2010121358130700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217141348/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/13/stories/2010121358130700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2010|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2010}}</ref> The schools are also adopted by the local police station under the program. He has organised free karate camps for children from the poor economic section. He has also initiated karate camps in various women's colleges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eves yes, but pushovers they're certainly not|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/27/stories/2005072716520300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202606/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/27/stories/2005072716520300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2008|access-date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 July 2005}}</ref>

Babu played a pivotal role in building the TN Coastal Security Group<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movers and Shakers of the Deep get Set for Any Tsunami |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/may/31/movers-and-shakers-of-the-deep-get-set-for-any-tsunami-619597.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> of Tamil Nadu and its interoperability with other forces. He organized several security and disaster response drills<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-03 |title=Sea rescue drill captivates crowds on Marina beach |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Sea-rescue-drill-captivates-crowds-on-Marina-beach/article11624489.ece |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and camps<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-23 |title=Camp train officers to deal with disasters |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/camp-train-officers-to-deal-with-disasters/articleshow/46336816.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with the [[Indian Navy]], [[Indian Coast Guard]], [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), State Disaster Management Agency<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-22 |title='Survival skills must to prevent deaths during disasters' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/survival-skills-must-to-prevent-deaths-during-disasters/article6923644.ece |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and NGOs like India Red Cross and Survival Instincts.

On June 30, 2021, he took charge as DGP of [[Tamil Nadu Police]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-30|title=Tamil Nadu's new DGP, C. Sylendra Babu, takes charge|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadus-new-dgp-c-sylendra-babu-takes-charge/article35049197.ece|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|first=A.|last=Selvaraj|title=Sylendra Babu appointed Tamil Nadu DGP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sylendra-babu-appointed-tamil-nadu-dgp/articleshow/83956966.cms|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Ranks held===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Indian Police Service]]
! Insignia !! Rank !! Date Acquired
|-
||[[File:Director General of Police.png|55px]]|| DGP and [[Director General of Police|Head of Police Force]]||30 June 2021
|-
|[[File:Director General of Police.png|55px]]||[[Director General of Police]] – DGP||11 March 2019
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/govt-promotes-5-ips-officers-to-dgps-raises-number-to-15/articleshow/68349908.cms
|newspaper=The Times of India|title=TN Government promotes 5 IPS officers to DGPs, raises number |date=11 March 2019|access-date= 17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Director General of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Additional Director-General of Police]] – ADGP|| 22 April 2012<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sylendra-babu-promoted-adgpcoastal-security-group/article3342493.ece
|newspaper=The Hindu|title=Sylendra Babu promoted ADGP-Coastal Security Group|date=22 April 2012|access-date= 17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Inspector-General]] – IG||2007
|-
|[[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Deputy Inspector-General]] – DIG||2001
|-
|[[File:Superintendent of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Superintendent of Police]] – SP||1992
|-
|[[File:ASP IPS.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] – ASP||October 1989
|}

===Awards and honours===
*[[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] [[Indian military decorations|bravery medal]] upon death of the forest bandit [[Veerappan]] in 2004, for leading operations against him as the [[Assistant superintendent of police|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] of [[Gobichettipalayam]] in 1989<ref>{{cite news|title=STF to continue, says Jaya|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/06veer.htm|date=6 December 2004|website=Rediff India Abroad|agency=PTI|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
*[[Indian military decorations|President's Medal for Meritorious Service]] in 2005
*[[Blue Cross of India|Blue Cross of India 2007 Award]] presented by [[Menaka Gandhi]], [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[People for Animals]] in [[Chennai]], for implementing effective preventive measures against animal cruelty<ref>{{cite news|title=Stop fighting and be united, Maneka Gandhi tells animal rights activists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/stop-fighting-and-be-united-maneka-gandhi-tells-animal-rights-activists/article1781421.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 January 2007}}</ref>
*The Best Alumnus Award presented by then [[Governor]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] in the Annual Convocation function held at the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Coimbatore]] on 25 July 2008, to felicitate 15 years of motivating [[Civil Services of India|Civil Service]] aspirants
*[[Indian military decorations|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] 26 January 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=second-string 3 TN cops bag President's Medal, 21 in merit award list|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article1436128.ece|access-date=26 January 2013|newspaper=NewIndianExpress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128101202/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1436128.ece|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Indian military decorations|Chief Minister's Medal for excellence in public service]] 15 Aug 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Independence Day: Here is the list of 16 Tamil Nadu police officers who will receive CM's excellence awards|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=14 August 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/14/independence-day-here-is-the-list-of-16-tamil-nadu-police-officers-who-will-receive-cms-excellence-awards-2018991.html}}</ref>

==Sports==
Babu was manager of the Indian national athletic team in various events. He held this role for the [[2002 Asian Athletics Championships]] – [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Second-string Indian team for ATF meet|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/07atf.htm|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=Rediff Sports|date=7 August 2002}}</ref> the [[2003 World Championships in Athletics]] – [[Paris]], [[France]] and the [[2007 World Championships in Athletics]] – [[Osaka]], [[Japan]].<ref name="thehindu-2007-08-24">{{cite news|title=Sylendra Babu to be athletic team manager|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sylendra-babu-to-be-athletic-team-manager/article1897812.ece|access-date=24 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2007}}</ref> He was also appointed an observer of the Indian athletics contingent for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Second-string Indian team for ATF meet|url=https://presswire18.com/c-silendra-babu-became-the-dgp-of-tamil-nadu-measured-on-a-cycle-in-32-days-from-kashmir-to-kanyakumari/|date=June 29, 2021}}</ref>

Babu was the president of the [[Throwball in India|Throwball Federation of India]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.throwballfederationofindia.com/states/tamilnadu.htm |title=Tamilnadu |publisher=Throwball Federation of India |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225115236/http://www.throwballfederationofindia.com/states/tamilnadu.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and also the vice-president of the Tamil Nadu Athletic Association.<ref name="thehindu-2007-08-24" /> During his tenure as the president of the [[Coimbatore]] [[Shooting range|Rifle Club]], from February 2010 to June 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Coimbatore starts favourite|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/27/stories/2010102755371800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101054612/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/27/stories/2010102755371800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 October 2010}}</ref> he took the initiative to open rifle clubs in various schools across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rozario|first=Rayan|title=Shooting, on a strong growth trajectory|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/28/stories/2010102862230200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101055032/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/28/stories/2010102862230200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2010|access-date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rozario|first=Rayan|title=Shooting gets a fair share|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/18/stories/2010121850800200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030731/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/18/stories/2010121850800200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2014|access-date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2010}}</ref>

On 8 February 2013, Babu organized and participated in an 890 km cycle rally from [[Chennai]] to [[Kanyakumari]] along with the members of Coastal Security Group and [[Indian Coast Guard]]. The rally was over a period of 10 days and aimed at creating awareness about the functioning of Coastal police and the Coast Guard among coastal residents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/csg-will-ensure-perfect-functioning-of-all-vessels-adgp/article4391839.ece |title=CSG will ensure perfect functioning of all vessels: ADGP - TAMIL NADU |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-02-08 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He has also participated in various police and civilian shooting competitions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/shooting-gets-a-fair-share/article960163.ece |title=Shooting gets a fair share - TAMIL NADU |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 18 December 2010|access-date=2016-12-01|last1=Rozario |first1=Rayan }}</ref>

While serving as the ADGP coastal security group, Babu cycled from Chennai to Kanyakumari - which is approximately 700 km.<ref name = "endurance sports">{{cite news|title=IPS officer's tryst with endurance sports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/01/the-endurance-specialist-ips-officer-sylendra-babus-tryst-with-endurance-sports-1879298.html}}</ref> In 2017, he was a member of a cycling expedition from Kashmir to Kanyakumari covering 4,500 km in 32 days.<ref name="endurance sports"/> Babu is a [[Randonneuring|Super Randonneur]],<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ashish Ittyerah Joseph|title=I am a Super Randonneur, and I did it at the age of 58,' says DGP C Sylendra Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/i-am-a-super-randonneur-and-i-did-it-at-the-age-of-58-says-dgp-c-sylendra-babu/articleshow/91968980.cms|access-date=12 October 2022|newspaper=timesofindia|date=3 June 2022}}</ref> having completed 600 km bicycle ride between Chennai to Rameshwaram in 36 hours.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lifestyle Desk|title=Railway cop pedals 600 km in 36 hours to promote cycling among the youth|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/railway-cop-peddles-600kms-cycling-awareness-youth-7104136/|access-date=12 October 2022|newspaper=indianexpress|date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

In March 2018, Babu lead a team of 9 Coastal Police Officers and swam 18 nautical miles across the [[Palk Strait]] ([[Thalaimannar]], [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Dhanushkodi]]) in 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite news|author=PTI|title=10-member TN police team swims across Palk Strait|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/10-member-tn-police-team-swims-across-palk-strait-1199061-2018-03-27|access-date=12 October 2022|newspaper=indiatoday|date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''You Too Can Become an I.P.S. Officer'' (2008, {{ISBN|9788172542818}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.surabooks.com/ProductDisplay.asp?RefID=81 |title=Book for IPS Exam guidance by IPS Officer - Tamil Books & Entrance Exam including Bank Exams, Railway Exams, TNPSC Exam, MBA & MCA Entrance Exam |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115020315/http://www.surabooks.com/ProductDisplay.asp?RefID=81 |archive-date=15 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Neengalum IPS Adigaari Aagalam'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sylendrababu.com/neengalum.html | title=Dr. C. Sylendra Babu IPS - Personal / Professional Info| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829144405/http://www.sylendrababu.com/neengalum.html| archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref>
* ''Boys & Girls - Be Ambitious'' (2009, {{ISBN|9788184494082}})<ref>{{cite news|title=Sylendra Babu motivates students|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2214947.ece?css=print|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 July 2011}}</ref>
* ''Principles of Success in Interview'' (2009, {{ISBN|978-8174789846}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.surabooks.com/ProductDisplay.asp?RefID=60 |title=Principles of Success in Interview - Tamil Books & Entrance Exam including Bank Exams, Railway Exams, TNPSC Exam, MBA & MCA Entrance Exam |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165728/http://www.surabooks.com/ProductDisplay.asp?RefID=60 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''A Guide to Health & Happiness'' (2012, {{ISBN|9788184494730}})<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.surabooks.com/Books/78861/a-guide-to-health-happiness |title = Sura's - Buy Book Online Shopping : TNPSC Books | Tamil Nadu School Books}}</ref>
* ''Sathikka Asaippadu'' (2014, {{ISBN|9788184495478}})<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8184495478|title=Sathikka Asaippadu|year=2014}}</ref>
* ''Udalinai Urithi Sei'' (2015, {{ISBN|9788184492644}})<ref>{{cite news|last=S. Thyagarajan|title=Physical fitne|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/07/08/stories/2008070850051401.htm|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 July 2008|archive-date=29 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829031317/http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/07/08/stories/2008070850051401.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Avarkalal Mudiyum Endral Nammalum Mudiyum'' (2016, {{ISBN|9788184467741}})<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8184467741|title=அவர்களால் முடியும் என்றால் நம்மாலும் முடியும் |year=2016 |publisher=Vijayā Patippakam }}</ref>
* ''Americavil 24 Naatkal''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sylendrababu.com/24days.html | title=Dr. C. Sylendra Babu IPS - Personal / Professional Info| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829144003/http://www.sylendrababu.com/24days.html| archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref>
* ''Ungalukana 24 por vidhigal'' (2017, {{ISBN|9788174783660}})<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.surabooks.com/Books/216045/ungalukana-24-por-vidhigal |title = Sura's - Buy Book Online Shopping : TNPSC Books | Tamil Nadu School Books}}</ref>
* ''Unakkul oru Thalaivan'' (2017, {{ISBN|9788184462739}})<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8184462739|title=கண்ணதாசன்: ஒரு காலப்பெட்டகம் |year=2016 |publisher=Vijayā Patippakam }}</ref>
* ''Sinthiththa Velaiyil'' (2018, {{ISBN|9788193366998}})<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8193366998|title=சிந்தித்த வேளையில் |year=2018 |publisher=Cikstcen̲s Papḷikēṣan̲s }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, C. Sylendra}}
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Agricultural University alumni]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]

Idli Kadai (soundtrack)

2026-01-22T04:14:23Z

Janamkatha: Put up new info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Idli Kadai
| type = soundtrack
| cover = Idly Kadai Soundtrack Cover.jpeg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| released = 25 September 2025
| recorded = 2024{{ndash}}2025
| studio = {{Hlist|Divine Labs, [[Chennai]]|Sounds Right Studios, Chennai|[[AM Studios]], Chennai|Audiogene Sound Studios, [[Kochi]]|Contrabass Music Studios, Chennai|Sonic Island, Kochi|CAC Studios, Kochi|Deepak SR Productions, Kochi|Mystic Hues, Chennai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:01
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Idli Kadai
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Enna Sugam
| single1date = 27 July 2025
| single2 = Enjaami Thandhaane
| single2date = 27 August 2025
| single3 = Yen Paattan Saami Varum
| single3date = 17 September 2025
}}
}}

'''''Idli Kadai''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] [[Idli Kadai|of the same name]] written, directed and co-produced by [[Dhanush]], who also leads an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Arun Vijay]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Shalini Pandey]], [[Rajkiran]] and [[R. Parthiban]]. The soundtrack features six songs composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and lyrics written by Dhanush, [[Raju Murugan]], [[Arivu]] and Falcon. Led by three singles, the album was released under the [[Saregama]] label on 25 September 2025.

== Background ==
The film's music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title='D 52': Dhanush's fourth directorial titled 'Idli Kadai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/d-52-dhanushs-fourth-directorial-titled-idli-kadai/article68659764.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921124415/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/d-52-dhanushs-fourth-directorial-titled-idli-kadai/article68659764.ece/amp/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=19 September 2024 |title=Dhanush announces his 4th directorial and 52nd film titled Idli Kadai; shares concept poster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhanush-announces-his-4th-directorial-and-52nd-film-titled-idli-kadai-shares-concept-poster-101726748034912-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921124507/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhanush-announces-his-4th-directorial-and-52nd-film-titled-idli-kadai-shares-concept-poster-101726748034912-amp.html |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> in his ninth collaboration with Dhanush.{{Efn|Prakash had composed for Dhanush's films an actor, including ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011), ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' (2011), ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019), ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' (2022), ''[[Vaathi]]'' (2023), ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' (2024) and with Dhanush as a director for ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' (2025).}} He composed few songs in the village native folk genre and mostly in the rural base.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1836751126709838184 |user=gvprakash |title=A rural magic musical . In our village native folk … will be the base for this beautiful album … let's goooooo #idlykadai #DD4 #D52 … will be special @dhanushkraja @RedGiantMovies_ @DawnPicturesOff @theSreyas |author=G. V. Prakash Kumar |author-link=G. V. Prakash Kumar |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251012064853/https://x.com/gvprakash/status/1836751126709838184 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also mixed folk music with spiritual elements, especially in the song "Yen Paattan Saami Varum" and "Ethana Saami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=GV Prakash pens note on music of Dhanush's Idli Kadai: 'We tried folk mixed with spiritual...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/02/gv-prakash-pens-note-on-music-of-dhanushs-idli-kadai-we-tried-folk-mixed-with-spiritual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012072958/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/02/gv-prakash-pens-note-on-music-of-dhanushs-idli-kadai-we-tried-folk-mixed-with-spiritual |archive-date=2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Five of the songs filled with earthy rural elements, except for one song "My Heartu Spinning" which is a pop number centered on Dhanush and Pandey.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IP8sLVPZue4 |title=Idli Kadai — Full Album {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Nithya Menen {{!}} Rajkiran {{!}} Arun Vijay {{!}} GV Prakash Kumar |date=25 September 2025 |last=Saregama Tamil |author-link=Saregama |type=Album |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926071712/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IP8sLVPZue4 |archive-date=26 September 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> At the film's audio launch, Prakash admitted that he did not want to compose music for virality but bring an ambience that suited the film's storyline and also driving the narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=Composer GV Prakash on turning down Raayan role: Won't betray Dhanush even in films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/composer-gv-prakash-on-turning-down-raayan-role-wont-betray-dhanush-even-in-films-2787696-2025-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916004404/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/composer-gv-prakash-on-turning-down-raayan-role-wont-betray-dhanush-even-in-films-2787696-2025-09-15 |archive-date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1942222178595885396 |user=DawnPicturesOff |title=We're happy to announce that the audio rights of #Idlykadai have been acquired by @saregamasouth 🕺🔊 |author=DawnPictures |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250711084646/https://x.com/DawnPicturesOff/status/1942222178595885396 |archive-date=11 July 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The audio launch took place on 14 September at the [[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]] in Chennai with the cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-15 |title='Idli Kadai' audio launch: From Nithya Menen's rapid fire to Dhanush-Linga's cute dance, here are some major highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/idli-kadai-audio-launch-from-nithya-menens-rapid-fire-to-dhanush-lingas-cute-dance-here-are-some-major-highlights/photostory/123900943.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928033708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/idli-kadai-audio-launch-from-nithya-menens-rapid-fire-to-dhanush-lingas-cute-dance-here-are-some-major-highlights/photostory/123900943.cms |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=Idli Kadai Audio Launch: Dhanush Stuns In Traditional Avatar; Greets Fans With Handshakes Post Starry Entry – WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/idli-kadai-audio-launch-dhanush-stuns-in-traditional-avatar-greets-fans-with-handshakes-post-starry-entry-watch-article-152800784 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915040020/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/idli-kadai-audio-launch-dhanush-stuns-in-traditional-avatar-greets-fans-with-handshakes-post-starry-entry-watch-article-152800784 |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the album was not released on that date. Instead, the complete album consisting of six tracks was released on 25 September.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Idli Kadai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/idli-kadai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1842780893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251013112652/https://music.apple.com/in/album/idli-kadai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1842780893 |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The album for the Telugu version, ''Idli Kottu'', released five days later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Idli Kottu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/idli-kottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1843182631 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251013112927/https://music.apple.com/in/album/idli-kottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1843182631 |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

=== Singles ===
The first single, "Enna Sugam" was released on 27 July 2025, coinciding the eve of Dhanush's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=Dhanush's Idly Kadai first single to drop on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/21/dhanushs-idly-kadai-first-single-to-drop-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721233657/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/21/dhanushs-idly-kadai-first-single-to-drop-on-this-date |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2025 |title='Enna Sugam' from Idli Kadai is a melodious ballad |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/27/enna-sugam-from-idli-kadai-is-a-melodious-ballad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730035628/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/27/enna-sugam-from-idli-kadai-is-a-melodious-ballad |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single, "Enjaami Thandhaane", was released on 27 August, [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Dhanush Announces Second Single From Idli Kadai To Drop On Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dhanush-announces-second-single-from-idli-kadai-to-drop-on-ganesh-chaturthi-ws-l-9525917.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826155218/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dhanush-announces-second-single-from-idli-kadai-to-drop-on-ganesh-chaturthi-ws-l-9525917.html |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Idli Kadai second single 'Enjaami Thandhaane' is an earthy number in Dhanush's vocals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/idli-kadai-second-single-enjaami-thandhaane-is-an-earthy-number-in-dhanushs-vocals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250904060758/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/idli-kadai-second-single-enjaami-thandhaane-is-an-earthy-number-in-dhanushs-vocals |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single, "Yen Paattan Saami Varum", was released on 17 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Idli Kadai third single 'Yen Paattan Saami Varum' is an emotional ode to the village soil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/17/idli-kadai-third-single-yen-paattan-saami-varum-is-an-emotional-ode-to-the-village-soil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917114711/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/17/idli-kadai-third-single-yen-paattan-saami-varum-is-an-emotional-ode-to-the-village-soil |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Idli Kadai song 'Yen Paattan Saami Varum': Dhanush's film debuts the best song of the album. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/idli-kadai-song-yen-paattan-saami-varum-dhanushs-film-debuts-the-best-song-of-the-album-watch-10255050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918130704/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/idli-kadai-song-yen-paattan-saami-varum-dhanushs-film-debuts-the-best-song-of-the-album-watch-10255050/ |archive-date=2025-09-18 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Idli Kadai'' (Tamil)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:01
| title1 = Enna Sugam
| lyrics1 = [[Dhanush]]
| extra1 = Dhanush, [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Enjaami Thandhaane
| lyrics2 = Dhanush
| extra2 = Dhanush, [[Arivu]]
| title3 = Yen Paattan Saami Varum
| length3 = 3:42
| lyrics3 = Dhanush
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title4 = Ethana Saami
| length4 = 4:38
| lyrics4 = [[Raju Murugan]]
| extra4 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
| title5 = Kulasamy Kaaval Kaaka
| length5 = 2:33
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]
| extra5 = Arivu
| title6 = My Heartu Spinning
| length6 = 2:32
| lyrics6 = Falcon
| extra6 = [[A. R. Ameen]], [[Sublahshini]]
| length2 = 4:52
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Idli Kottu'' (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:01
| all_lyrics = Samrat Naidu
| title1 = Kotthagundhe
| extra1 = Krishna Tejasvi, Shweta Mohan
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Ennaallakochhade
| extra2 = Anand Sreeraj, [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]
| title3 = Maayeea Dhevenalu
| length3 = 3:42
| extra3 = Krishna Tejasvi
| title4 = Endharo Cheppinna
| length4 = 4:38
| extra4 = Krishna Tejasvi
| title5 = Kuladheivam Thode Needhi
| length5 = 2:33
| extra5 = Sudheesh Saikumar
| title6 = My Heartu Spinning
| length6 = 2:32
| extra6 = S. P. Abhishek, Sublahshini
| length2 = 4:52
}}

== Reception ==
Arjun Menon of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "G V Prakash Kumar uses a largely ambient soundtrack that embeds itself in the delicate film with little to no fuss."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2025-10-02 |title=Idli Kadai movie review: An earnest and hopeful Dhanush steers this conventional melodrama in the right direction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/idli-kadai-movie-review-an-earnest-and-hopeful-dhanush-steers-this-conventional-melodrama-in-the-right-direction-10282024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002083519/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/idli-kadai-movie-review-an-earnest-and-hopeful-dhanush-steers-this-conventional-melodrama-in-the-right-direction-10282024/ |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "While the songs in ''Idli Kadai'' stayed true to its territory and complemented the look and feel of the film, which felt straight out of 80s Tamil cinema, GV Prakash's background score was coercive to a fault."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-10-01 |title=Idli Kadai Movie Review: Dhanush cooks a comfort meal that is warm, familiar, but slightly overcooked |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Oct/01/idli-kadai-movie-review-dhanush-cooks-a-comfort-meal-that-is-warm-familiar-but-slightly-overcooked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001110249/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Oct/01/idli-kadai-movie-review-dhanush-cooks-a-comfort-meal-that-is-warm-familiar-but-slightly-overcooked |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "GV Prakash's music has a heavy ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' hangover, especially in the background score."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-10-01 |title=Idli Kadai review: Melodrama peaks in Dhanush's middling drama on homecoming |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/idli-kadai-review-dhanush-family-drama-homecoming-non-violence-predictable-melodrama-2796190-2025-10-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001130247/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/idli-kadai-review-dhanush-family-drama-homecoming-non-violence-predictable-melodrama-2796190-2025-10-01 |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "G V Prakash Kumar's music complements the narrative".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |date=2025-10-01 |title='Idli Kadai' movie review: Weak writing bogs down heartwarming family drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/idli-kadai-movie-review-weak-writing-bogs-down-heartwarming-family-drama-3752105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251012091641/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/idli-kadai-movie-review-weak-writing-bogs-down-heartwarming-family-drama-3752105 |archive-date=2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "stirring music".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-10-01 |title='Idli Kadai' movie review: Dhanush redeems a delectable comfort meal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/idli-kadai-dhanush-idly-kadai-dhanush-nithya-menen-arun-vijay-gv-prakash-kumar/article70116135.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001132308/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/idli-kadai-dhanush-idly-kadai-dhanush-nithya-menen-arun-vijay-gv-prakash-kumar/article70116135.ece |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Saregama|Saregama Tamil]]:<ref name=":2" />
{{div col}}
* Music composer and producer: G. V. Prakash Kumar
* Music programming: Ganesan S, Harsha Ben, Aswin Sathya, Sachin Basrur, Dan Kristen, Smith Asher
* Flute: Lalit Talluri
* Bass: Sandeep Mohan
* Bass guitar: Reshwin Nishith
* Tabla: Nithin Vincent
* Nadaswaram: Mambalam Sivakumar, OK Gopi
* Sitar: Paulson KJ
* Kanjira and Indian percussions: Karthik Vamsi
* Live percussions: Kaviraj, Venkat, Karthik Vamsi, Ranjith, Hari Prasad
* Strings: Chennai Strings Orchestra
* String conductor: Balaji
* Rhythm: Kalyan
* Harmonies and electric guitar: Smith Asher
* Male chorus: Bharath Sajikumar, Jasim Jamal, Akhil Dev, Milan Joy, Amal C Ajith, Balram K Mohandas, Soorya Shyam Gopal, Siyad K
* Female chorus: Punnya Pradeep, Aavani Malhar, Sadhika KR, Sruthy Sivadas, Sony Mohan, Swetha Ashok
* Recording studios: Divine Labs (Chennai), Sounds Right Studio (Chennai), AM Studios (Chennai), Audiogene Sound Studios (Kochi), Contrabass Music Studios (Chennai), Sonic Island (Kochi), CAC Studios (Kochi), Deepak SR Productions (Kochi), Mystic Hues (Chennai)
* Recording engineers: Jehovahsan Alghar, Roopash Tiwar, Aswin George John, S. Sivakumar, Amal Raj, Sanjai Arakkal, Vyaskh, Lijesh Kumar, Arjun B Nair, Nikhil Mathews, Deepak SR, Biju James, Abin Ponnachan
* Music supervision, mixing and mastering: Jehovahson Alghar
* Sound engineer and pre-mixing: Roopash Tiwari
* Music assistant: P. Rajamurugan
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{G. V. Prakash Kumar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:G. V. Prakash Kumar soundtracks]]
[[Category:Saregama soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Ellispettai

2026-01-12T16:45:38Z

Janamkatha: new

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2025}}

'''Ellispet''' or '''Ellispettai''' is a small village near [[Erode]] in Tamil Nadu, India. This village was created by settling a small number of families during [[British India]] period as a settlement of early [[Christians]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==History==
The original name of Ellispet was Ottagamedu, which means "camel mound" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. There was a rock in the east of the village that resembled a camel sitting with its head raised. During the early 19th century, due to rare human presence, it was a place for robbers, who robbed the travelers in an ambush that passed by the area in [[bullock carts]]. [[Shikakai]], also known as ''Acacia concinna'' trees, grow very well here. The branches of the Shikakai tree create unusual sounds when the wind blows through them that used to scare people. It is the way to [[Sathyamangalam]] from [[Erode]]. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Ellispet was named after Ellis, a [[Christian missionary]] who settled World War I veterans. Each veteran was given 4 acres of farmland and a residential plot, which is irrigated by Bhavanisagar alternative canal projects. It was a barren land without any [[Irrigation|irrigation system]], but after the initiatives from government officials, the land is watered with a canal called [[Rettai Vaaikaal]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Ellispet has a population of approximately 3,000 people. It is a well cultivated area for agriculture from the dam LBP Bhavanisagar.

While Tamil is the main language in the village, Hindi is also spoken by the majority of ex-service men and laborers working in the steel factories. English is also spoken widely by the foreign students studying in the nearby colleges.

==Transportation==
Ellispet is located on the highway that connects [[Mysore]] and Erode. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates routes no. 7, 7C, 7B, B2, 44 from Erode to [[Kavandapadi]]. Other than these, all the route buses and private buses will stop in this village. Between [[Chithode]] to [[Kavandapadi]] all the nearby villages can get the buses from Ellispet. There are four bus stops for this village: Rattai Vaikaal, Ellispet, [[Mettu Kadai]], and [[Therkathu Vaikaal]]. Other than the highway, a road goes through the village to [[Kanjikoil]], called [[Kanjikoil]] Road.

==Education==
Tamil Medium CSI Elementary school is the only school in Ellispet; it provides education up to 5th grade. High school students travel to the nearest places, which are [[Chithode]], [[Kavandapadi]], and [[Kanjikoil]].

An arts and science college in Ellispet, Bharathidasan Arts and Science College, accommodates students from all over the world. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharathidasan College of Arts and Science |url=https://www.bharathidasancollege-erode.in/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=www.bharathidasancollege-erode.in}}</ref> An English medium orphanage school, called "Anbin Ootru", is also available near Therkathu vaaikkaal.

Strategically Chess Academy, located in the middle of Ellispettai, provides chess education to students across India via online and offline.

==Industry==
[[Cast India]], which is exporters of all types of aluminum scraps.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Religion==
Almost 98% of the population follows Christianity and there is no [[Hindu temple]] or Muslim mosque in this village. There are two [[Christian Church|Christian churches]], one is [[Church of South India]] (CSI) directed by Ellispet postrate and the another one is a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal church]] founded by [[Yasu Manoharan]].

==Festivals==
Christmas is celebrated widely with the houses newly painted and the sports events conducted.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Medical facilities==
There is no hospital in the village.

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|11.404407|77.614492|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Erode district]]

Abhirami Suresh

2026-01-08T00:08:27Z

Janamkatha: Done

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhirami Suresh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names = Ebbie
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|musician|composer|video jockey|model}}
| years_active = 2008 – present
| relatives = [[Amritha Suresh]] (sister)
| website = {{URL|amrutamgamay.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop music|Pop]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Rock music|Rock]]sa
* [[Bhajan]]
}}
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
* Vocals
* Keyboard
* Violin
}}
| label = Independent artist
| associated_acts = Amrutam Gamay
}}
}}
'''Abhirami Suresh''' is an Indian actress, singer, musician, composer, and [[video jockey]]. Abhirami and her sister [[Amritha Suresh]] are the lead vocalists of their [[Band (rock and pop)|music band]] Amrutam Gamaya.<ref>{{cite news |title=These young female musicians are winning ears and hearts with their music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/young-female-musicians-are-rocking-the-charts/article7578673.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 August 2015 |last1=M |first1=Athira}}</ref> They are also known for [[vlogging]].

==Early and personal life==
She was born to P. R. Suresh and Laila. She has an elder sister, singer-composer [[Amrutha Suresh]]. She used to perform [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] and monoact in her schools and "never missed out on a chance to be on the stage". In an interview, Abhirami said she always wanted to be an actress and although she is from a family of musicians she never saw herself as a singer or thought of pursuing music until Amrutam Gamay was formed. After completing class eleven, she did a diploma in acting. She has directed a short film as part of her undergraduate course.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |title=Essaying multiple roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-actor-anchor-singer-abhirami-suresh/article7868829.ece |accessdate=25 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 November 2015}}</ref> She runs a jewelry brand, Aamindo.<ref>{{cite news |author=Web team |title=ഇതാണ് അഭിരാമി സുരേഷ്; ബിഗ് ബോസിലെ പുതിയ മത്സരാര്‍ഥിയെ അറിയാം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/biggboss/all-you-want-to-know-about-abhirami-suresh-new-contestant-in-bigg-boss-2-q6639e |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=23 February 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Abhirami is also into [[Model (person)|modelling]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment desk |title=പാട്ടിനൊപ്പം മോഡലിങ്ങിലും തിളങ്ങി അഭിരാമി സുരേഷ്; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/abhirami-suresh-glamorous-photos-343990/ |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]] |date=15 February 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> She has walked the ramp in Kerala Fashion Runway 2018. She was also featured on the cover page of Vanitha Magazine along with her sister.She has featured in magazines including Kanyaka and Manorama Arogyam.

==Career==
===Film and television===
Abhirami got her first acting offer after her [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressions]] of host [[Ranjini Haridas]] and judge [[Sharreth]] on the music [[reality television]] show ''[[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]]'' (2007) on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in which her sister Amrutha Suresh was participating. This led to an offer to act in the children's television serial ''Hello Kuttichathan'' (2008 – 2009) on Asianet.<ref name="TH"/> She was 12 years old then and played the role of Nimmi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Radhika |title=Throwback Thursday: Imitating music composer Sharath got me Hello Kutttichathan, says actress Abhirami Suresh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/throwback-thursday-imitating-music-composer-sharath-got-me-hello-kutttichathan-says-actress-abhirami-suresh/articleshow/70789115.cms |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 August 2019}}</ref> The show was well received by the audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hello Kuttichathan's Abhirami Suresh walks down memory lane; read post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/hello-kuttichathans-abhirami-suresh-walks-down-memory-lane-read-post/articleshow/72120088.cms |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 November 2019}}</ref> It was followed by roles in films such as ''[[Keralotsavam 2009]]'' and ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' (both in 2009).<ref name="DC1"/>

She made her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] acting debut with ''Kerala Nattilam Pengaludane'' (2014), a Malayalam-Tamil bilingual comedy in which she played a Malayali Muslim girl named Nisha who aspires to become Miss Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |title=Surprise Package |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140106/entertainment-mollywood/article/surprise-package |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112074157/http://deccanchronicle.com/140106/entertainment-mollywood/article/surprise-package |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2014 |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 January 2014}}</ref> She got the offer when she was in [[AVM Studios]] with Amrutha for recording a song, where director S. S. Kumaran met them who was looking for a newcomer for his film. Her first character as a female lead was in ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' (2014).<ref name="TH"/> It was a comedy-drama and she played Meera in the film.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=The torture scenes in Kubera Rashi were the toughest: Abhirami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/The-torture-scenes-in-Kubera-Rashi-were-the-toughest-Abhirami/articleshow/36057350.cms |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2014}}</ref> It was followed by the romantic drama ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' (2015) in which she played a supporting role as Pia George, the ex-girlfriend of Balan ([[Dulquer Salmaan]]).<ref>{{cite news |title='Hi, I'm Abhirami, Dulquer's ex-girlfriend' |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala/dulquer-salmaan-ex-girlfriend |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prakash |first=Asha |title=Abhirami will play Dulquer's friend in 100 Days of Love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Abhirami-will-play-Dulquers-friend-in-100-Days-of-Love/articleshow/40317035.cms |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 August 2014}}</ref> She played the female lead role in her second Tamil film, ''Kubera Rasi'' (2015), which revolves around a bank robbery.<ref name=TOI1/>

In December 2018, Abhirami and Amrutha started a [[YouTube]] channel, Amrutam Gamay – AG, with the series ''AG Vlogs'' to publish their creative content. The content is related to their personal lives, travel, food, music, shopping among other things.<ref>{{cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |title=Star-studded web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/malayali-celebrities-with-their-youtube-channels/article25970284.ece |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> In 2019, she acted in the teenage short film ''Viral''.<ref>{{cite news |author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |title='വൈറൽ' ആകും മുമ്പ് എല്ലാവരും കാണാൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/2019/03/09/viral-short-film-with-abhirami-suresh-as-main-character.html |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=9 March 2019 |language=ml}}</ref> In 2020, Abhirami and Amrutha was invited to take part in the [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|second season]] of Malayalam [[reality television]] game show ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' as contestants, however, they refused the offer because of other commitments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 2: Singer Abhirami Suresh refutes rumours of taking part in the Mohanlal-hosted show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-singer-abhirami-suresh-refutes-rumours-of-taking-part-in-the-mohanlal-hosted-show/articleshow/73068914.cms |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 January 2020}}</ref> Later, they entered the [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]] house as wildcard entrants on day 50.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 2: Siblings Amritha and Abhirami Suresh make a wild card entry in the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-siblings-amritha-and-abhirami-suresh-make-a-wild-card-entry-in-the-house/articleshow/74275921.cms |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

===Music===
Abhirami began composing at a young age, her debut composition came out when she was 14 years old. She is a [[keyboardist]] and plays the [[violin]].<ref name="DC1">{{cite news |last=Manu |first=Meera |title=Suresh sisters on the go |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/130717/suresh-sisters-on-the-go.html |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 July 2017}}</ref> She has composed several [[bhajan]]s in her early stint.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kurian |first=Shiba |title=Abhirami Suresh to debut in tinsel town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Abhirami-Suresh-to-debut-in-tinsel-town/articleshow/25045355.cms |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Band (rock and pop)|music band]] Amrutam Gamay was launched in 2014 in which her sister Amrutha and herself are the lead vocalists. The band performed internationally at gigs within six months of its formation.<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Anoop |title=Sister Act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jul/24/sister-act-790595.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Abhirami was initially not part of the band which was founded by her sister Amrutha, but Amrutha invited her after hearing her rendition of a song they were preparing to perform on their debut on [[Kappa TV]].<ref name="TH"/> Their [[cover version]] of Israeli folk song "[[Hava Nagila]]" sung by Amrutha was popular among the global Jewish community. In 2015, Abhirami and Amrutha wrote and composed multiple original songs for their band, including "Katturumbu", "Ayyayo", and "Harps of Peace".<ref name="TNIE1"/><ref>{{cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |title=Rocking the charts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/young-female-musicians-are-rocking-the-charts/article7578673.ece |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 August 2015}}</ref> In the same year, Abhirami began hosting (as [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]) the daily music show ''Dear Kappa'' on Kappa TV.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Abhirami Suresh to host Dear Kappa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Abhirami-Suresh-to-host-Dear-Kappa/articleshow/46906486.cms |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

Abhirami and Amrutha composed and sang a single for the film ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' (2017); it was the title song of the film and was composed in a short notice.<ref name="DC1"/> It was followed by a single in the film ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017), titled "Aadu 2 – Success Song".<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadu 2 Success Song - Abhirami Suresh, Amritha Suresh |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aadu-2---success-song/Fc7FYfW3srk_ |publisher=[[Saavn]] |accessdate=27 February 2020 |date=29 December 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154543/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aadu-2---success-song/Fc7FYfW3srk_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abhirami independently composed the soundtrack of the film ''Sullu'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Sisters Amritha and Abhirami Suresh in a singing collaboration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/sisters-amritha-and-abhirami-suresh-in-a-singing-collaboration/articleshow/70619548.cms |accessdate=27 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2007|| ''[[Idea Star Singer]]'' ||Herself|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2007 – 2008 || ''Hello Kuttichathan'' || Nimmy || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Malayalam TV Serial
|-
|2014 || ''Valentine's Corner'' || Co-host || [[Kairali TV|We TV]] ||
|-
|2014 – 2017 || ''Music Mojo'' (Season 3 and 4) || Singer || [[Kappa TV]] || Representing band Amrutam Gamay, along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2015 || ''Star Jam'' || Guest || [[Kappa TV]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2015 || ''Vartha Prabhatham'' || Guest || [[Asianet News]] || Talk show; along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2015 || ''[[John Brittas|JB Junction]]'' || Guest || [[Kairali TV]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2015 – 2018|| ''Dear Kappa'' || Host || [[Kappa TV]] ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[D 4 Dance|D3 – D4 Dance]]'' || Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2016 || ''Moodtapes'' || Singer || [[Kappa TV]] ||
|-
|2016 || ''IFFK Kerala Talkies'' || Herself || [[Manorama Online]] ||
|-
| 2016
| ''Smart Show''
| Participant
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]
| Along with Amrutha Suresh Opposite Stephen Devassy & Merin Gregory
|-
|2017 || ''Varthakkappuram'' || Guest || [[Asianet News]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2017 || ''Amruthamgamaya'' || Guest || [[News18 Kerala]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
|2017 || ''Miss & Mrs Kerala Beauty Pageant 2017'' || Performer || [[Kairali TV]] ||Alongside Amruthamgamaya band
|-
|2019 || ''Paadaam Namukku Padaam'' || Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Along with Amrutha Suresh
|-
| 2019|| ''Tharangalude Onam'' || Guest || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2019 || ''Mazhavil Music Awards'' || Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Award ceremony
|-
|2020 || [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]] || Herself || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Reality TV]] competition; paired with Amrutha Suresh
|-
| 2020
| ''Stay Home Stay Happy''
| Herself
| [[Mathrubhumi News]]
| Talk show
|-
| 2020
| ''Veendum Chila Veettu Visheshangal''
| Herself
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Chat show
|-
| 2021
| ''[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]''
| Red Carpet Host
| [[Surya TV]]
| Award show
|-
| 2021
| ''Bhima Jewellers''
| Model
| Multi
| Endorsement
|-
| 2022
| ''Flowers Oru Kodi''
| Participant
| Flowers TV
| Game show
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2009 || ''[[Keralotsavam 2009]]'' || Sandeep Subramaniam's sister || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2009 || ''Venalmaram'' || || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2009 || ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' || Ravi Varma's sister || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' || Meera || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Kerala Nattilam Pengaludane]]'' || Manju || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2015 || ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || Pia George || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|2015 || ''Kubera Rasi'' || Anitha|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || Herself || [[Malayalam]] || Title song performer
|-
|TBA || ''Kelvi'' || College student || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Malayalam]] || Delayed
|-
|2019 || ''Viral'' || Radhika || [[Malayalam]] || Short film
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Credit
|-
|2017
|''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]''
|"Veerangana"
|
*Composer
*Singer
|-
|2018
|''[[Aadu 2]]''
|"Aadu 2 – Success Song"
|
*Composer
*Singer
|-
|2019
|''Sullu''
|"Mariville" "Mariville – Male Version" "Mariville – Humming Version"
|
*Composer
*Singer
|}

==Online appearances==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

| '' Sensations Entertainment ''

| Guest
|Online

|Talk show
|-

| 2017

| '' IndiaGlitz Malayalam Movies Interview ''

| Guest

| IndiaGlitz Online

| Chat show

|-
| 2018 - Present

| ''Amrutam Gamay - AG''

| Herself/host

| Online

| YouTube Channel

|-
| 2019

| ''Movie Man''

| Herself

| Online

| Talk show

|-
| 2019

| ''Vanita Utsav ''

| Performer

| Youtube

| Stage show

|-
| 2019

| ''Red FM Red Carpet''

| Herself

| Red FM Malayalam Online

| Talk show

|-

| 2019

| ''Candid Chat with Mammootty''

| Interviewer

| Sillymonks Online

| Talk show

|-

| 2019

| ''Oppo Kerala 4th Anniversary ''

| Performer

| Youtube

| Stage show

|-
| 2019

| ''Ice Break with Veena ''

| Herself

| Behindwoods Ice Online

| Chat show

|-
|2020

| ''Blindfold Games ''

| Herself

| Movie Man Broadcasting

| Blind Test

|-
|2020

| ''Stops Here''

| Herself

| Movie Man Broadcasting

| Chat show

|-
|2020
| ''Tête-à-Tête w Toot ''
|Host
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
| ''Behindwoods Ice''
|Guest
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
| ''Popper Stop Malayalam''
|Guest
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
| ''Asiaville Theatre Malayalam''
|Guest
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
| ''Indian Cinema Gallery''
|Guest
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
| ''Mirchi Malayalam ''
|Guest
|YouTube
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|amrutamgamay.com}}
* {{IMDb name|nm11147831}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Abhirami}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]

M. K. Kamalam

2026-01-08T00:04:15Z

Janamkatha: small enhance page after review and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = M. K. Kamalam.jpg
| imagesize =
| name = M. K. Kamalam
| othername =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1923
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2010|04|20}}
| death_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| death_cause =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1923
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''M. K. Kamalam''' (1923 – 20 April 2010) was an Indian actress in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She was the heroine in the first [[Malayalam]] [[talkie]] film, ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'' (1938).

==Personal life==
Kamalam was born in 1923<ref name="yahoo">{{cite news |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100421/1416/tnl-malayalm-cinema-s-first-heroine-m-k.html |title=Malayalm cinema's first heroine M K Kamalam passes away |publisher=Yahoo! News |accessdate=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425040752/http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100421/1416/tnl-malayalm-cinema-s-first-heroine-m-k.html |archivedate=25 April 2010}}</ref> at [[Kottayam]] as the third daughter of Kumarakam Mangat Kochupanicker, a music teacher, and his wife Karthyayini.

Aside from acting, she was also active in music. [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]] was her first music teacher. She also trained under Thomas Punnan, Narayanan Bhagavathar, Ochira Raman Bhagavathar, and Kottayam Sankunni Nair.

==Career==
She appeared in her first play ''Allirani'' when she was seven. She acted in it with her father. She got the invitation to act in a movie while she was acting in a play called ''Vichithravijayam''. She was selected from the five ladies who were in the play by director S. Nattani, producer [[T. R. Sundaram]], and actor Alleppey Vincent who were all watching the play. Aged 15, she acted in the first Malayalam "talkie" film, ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'' (1938).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=7105915&tabId=1&channelId=-1073865030&programId=1080132912&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Yesteryear heroin M.K. Kamalam passes away |publisher=manoramaonline.com |accessdate=21 April 2010}}</ref>

Kamalam also sang a trio of songs in her first movie in which the song Jagadeeswara Jayajaya became quite popular. Kamalam's was the first [[Malayalam]] voice ever heard on the sound track of a film as her debut film was the first audio movie in the language.<ref name="yahoo" /> Her acting in the movie was considered quite bold because at that time it was uncommon for a woman to act in movies or even in stage plays.

After her appearance in a movie, she went on to become popular in stage plays. Due to her contract with the stage company, she could not take any offers from movies until much when she filmed a movie called ''Bhootharaayar'' which was never released due to the death of the producer Thrissur Appan Thampuran. ''Bhootharaayar'' was also actor [[S. P. Pillai]]'s debut film.

Plays in which she appeared include ''[[Sree Narayana Guru (film)|Sree Narayana Guru]]'', ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'', ''Magdalana Mariyam'', ''Kochu Seetha'', and ''Marakkanavatha Manushyan''. She retired from acting in 1964 only to return 10 years later to appear in the film, ''Sayahnam''. Her final stage appearance was in ''Jeevitham Avasanikkunnilla'', written by Thrissur Nadaka Kalasamithi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?programId=1073753765&contentId=7104443&tabId=11 |title=സിനിമയിലെ ആദ്യകാല നായിക എം.കെ. കമലം നിര്യാതയായി |publisher=manoramaonline.com |language=Malayalam |accessdate=21 April 2010}}</ref>

==Death==
Kamalam died on 20 April 2010 at Kottayam. She was under treatment at [[Kottayam Medical College]] where she fell out of her hospital bed and broke her leg. The exact cause of death has not yet been released.<ref>[http://malayalam.webdunia.com/newsworld/news/keralanews/1004/20/1100420074_1.htm Notice of M.K. Kamalam's death]</ref> She was 86.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.our-kerala.com/cinema-news/Actress-M-K-Kamalam-died/1754.html |title=Kamalam obituary |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126150909/http://www.our-kerala.com/cinema-news/Actress-M-K-Kamalam-died/1754.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was survived by her husband and three children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110818203117/http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=85225&cid=30 First death anniversary feature]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamalam, M.K.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]

Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya

2026-01-02T21:23:27Z

Janamkatha: reworked layout for accuracy and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya
| image_name = Dum_Dum_Motijheel_Rabindra_Mahavidyalaya.jpg
| established = 1968
| type = Undergraduate college
| principal = Dr. Arijit Saha
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|37|18.75|N|88|24|09.42|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]]
| website = [http://www.ddmrm.org/ Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya''', established in 1968,<ref name=UGC/> is a general degree college in [[Kolkata]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref>

==Departments==

===Commerce and Arts===

*Commerce (Accounting & Finance and Marketing Hons. and General)
*Bengali
*Education (Hons. and General)
*English
*History
*Geography
*Journalism

==Accreditation==
Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ddmrm.org/ Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]

{{West Bengal State University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Alam Singh Nachna

2025-12-27T11:32:07Z

Janamkatha: Stub

{{Short description|Sikh warrior (died 1704 or 1705)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Bhai
| name = Alam Singh
| honorific_suffix = Nachna
| image = Depiction of Bhai Alam Singh 'Nachna'.webp
| caption = Painting of Alam Singh Nachna
| death_date = 22 December 1704 or 1705
| birth_name = Alam Chand
| allegiance = * [[Akal Sena]]
* [[Khalsa Fauj]]
| known_for = Sikh warrior and companion of Guru Gobind Singh
| relations = Bhai Durgu (father)
}}

'''Alam Singh Nachna''' (died 22 December 1704 or 1705), also called '''Alim Singh''', was a warrior in the army of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], and was a Rajput turned Sikh. ''Sarup Das Bhalla of Mahima Prakash'' describes him as one of Guru Gobind Singh's constant and closest companions. He is also known for killing a lion single handedly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Harbans Singh|title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume I A-D|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/76/mode/2up|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University|pages=76|isbn=9788173801006}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Name ===
He was born as Alam Chand.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |volume=2 |pages=790}}</ref> He earned the popular epithet of ''Nachna'' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "dancer") because of his unusual nimbleness.<ref name=":0" />

=== Spiritual life ===
In-sequence, he was the nineteenth one to undergo the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Pahul]]'' and be baptized into the [[Khalsa]] order on [[Vaisakhi]] of 1699 in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Military career ===
Alam Singh fought in the Battle of Anandpur (1695) against the Khanzada Rustam Khan. Rustam Khan crossed the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] with his troops at night, about midnight, but was spotted by Alam Singh. He immediately informed the guru and a fierce battle ensued, with the Sikhs defeating Rustam Khan.<ref name=Gandhi2007>{{cite book|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&q=khanzada|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year=2007|isbn= 9788126908585|pages=736}}</ref><ref name="Peace">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlH7Jwv8ecC&dq=Rustam+Khan%E2%80%99s+campaign+against+Guru+Gobind+Singh&pg=PA16|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace|author=Karam Singh Raju|date=1999|isbn=9380213646|pages=73|publisher=Sanbun Publishers }}</ref><ref name="Searches">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMJypUEQkEQC&q=Khanzada+campaign+sikhs|title=Searches in Sikhism|author=Nirmal Singh |date=2008|isbn=978-8170103677|pages=45–46|publisher=Hemkunt Press }}</ref>

During June 1699 in the [[Battle of Anandpur (1699)]], two hill rajas named Alim Chand and Balia Chand ambushed the Guru when he was hunting.<ref name=Amardeep>{{Cite book|author=Amardeep S. Dahiya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ|title=Founder of The Khalsa|year=2014| publisher=Hay House |isbn=9789381398616}}</ref> Alam Chand lost his right hand and fled from the battlefield.<ref name=Sagoo>{{cite book|title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty|author=Harbans Kaur Sagoo|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n83/mode/2up?q=balia|publisher= Deep & Deep Publications|year=2001|pages=68|isbn=9788176293006}}</ref> Alam Singh Nachna showed “bravery and courage”. He was the one who cut the hand of Alam Chand.<ref name=Macauliffe>{{Cite book|author=Max Arthur Macauliffe|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45273/page/n127/mode/2up?q=alim|title=The Sikh Religion Vol.5|year=1909|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=120,136,171 and 188|isbn=9781108055444}}</ref>

In the [[first siege of Anandpur]], Raja Ghumand Chand of Kangra attacked [[Anandpur Sahib]]. His horse was shot by Alam Singh while he himself was killed by [[Bhai Himmat Singh]].<ref name="Prithi_PS_History">{{cite book| last = Singh | first = Prithi Pal | title = The History of Sikh Gurus | publisher = Lotus Books| year = 2007| isbn = 978-81-8382-075-2| page = 146
}}</ref><ref name=Macauliffe/>

In the [[Second Battle of Anandpur (1704)]], Alam Singh was given the command of a 500 strong garrison in Agampur Fort.<ref name=Crystal>{{Cite book|author=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilZJDQAAQBAJ&dq=alim+singh+agampur&pg=PT89|title=Golden Crystals|year=2013|isbn=9789351130482|pages=179| publisher=Unistar Books }}</ref><ref name=Macauliffe/> On the evacuation of the town, he along with [[Bhai Daya Singh]] and Bhai Udai Singh led the vanguard. Alam Singh advanced far beyond the Sikh line of defence, making himself vulnerable to the enemy whom came to surround him.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kulim |first=Gurcharan Singh |date=5 October 2012 |title=The Sikh Flag ~ Nishan Sahib |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikh-flag-nishan-sahib |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=SikhNet}}</ref> In the heat of battle, he was captured by the hostile forces and became a [[prisoner of war]].<ref name=":12" /> According to Sikh lore, Alam Singh had bore{{huh|date=September 2023}} the [[Nishan Sahib]] as a flag-bearer, after taunts and remarks exchanged with the local Mughal commander regarding the flag, Alam Singh was executed by beheading.<ref name=":12" />

=== Martyrdom ===
In the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], the Guru sent his son, [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]], to fight. He took 5 men with him, one of them being Alam Singh. He is said to have fought, “fiercely, bravely, and with much valour.” Alam Singh with the other Sikhs killed many Mughal soldiers. He fought until his last breath.<ref name=Macauliffe/>

== See also ==
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Martyrdom and Sikhism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nachna, Alam Singh}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:1705 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Kuntaka

2025-12-26T19:56:49Z

Janamkatha: general cleaned up details per standard format and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Sanskrit poetician and literary theorist}}
'''Kuntaka''' ({{langx|sa|कुन्तक}}) was a Sanskrit poetician and literary theorist of who is remembered for his work ''Vakroktijīvitam'' in which he postulates the Vakrokti Siddhānta or theory of Oblique Expression, which he considers as the hallmark of all creative literature. He lived roughly 950–1050,<ref name=datta/> between [[Anandavardhana]] in the ninth century and [[Abhinavagupta]] in the tenth century and was a rough contemporary of Dhananjaya and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]].<ref name=devy/>

==His theory==
Vakrokti, emanating from the creative faculty of the [[poet]] endows poetic language with strikingness[Vaicitrya] and causes aesthetic delight to the reader. Etymologically, the word Vakrokti consists of two components - 'vakra' and 'ukti'. The first component means 'crooked, indirect or unique' and the second means 'poetic expression or speech'.

==Types of Vakrokti==
It is manifested at six levels in language, viz. the phonetic level, [varṇavinyāsa], the lexical level [padapūrvārddha], the grammatical level [padaparārddha], the sentential level [vākya], the contextual level [prakaraṇa] and finally the compositional level [prabandha]. Kuntaka anticipates much of the modern stylistic approach to literature and his [[stylistics (field of study)|stylistics]] encompasses imaginative language at the micro and macro levels. The conscious choices made by the poet in the language is a fertile field of investigation in his approach. It is the considered view of Kuntaka that poetic language always deviates from hackeneyed expressions by its imaginative turns. Kuntaka avers that the stamp of originality of a great author will be present even in the title of the work of art.

==Notes==
<references>

<ref name=devy>{{citation | year=2002 | title = Indian literary criticism: theory and interpretation | editor=G. N. Devy | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=978-81-250-2022-6 | page=46 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&pg=PA46}}</ref>
<ref name=datta>{{citation | year=2006 | title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 | author1=Amaresh Datta | editor1=Amaresh Datta | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 | page=270 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=kuntaka&pg=PA270}}</ref>

</references>

==References==
* {{citation | year=1971 | title = History of Sanskrit poetics | author1=Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana Kāṇe | edition=4 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0274-2 | page=225 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLiCSTFOGnMC&dq=kuntaka&pg=PA225}}
* {{citation | title=The Vakrokti-jīvita of Kuntaka, critically edited with variants, introd., and English translation | author=K. Krishnamoorthy | year=1977 | publisher=Karnatak University | place=Dharwad | pages=1–596 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMURAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation | title=Kuntaka's Vakrokti and literary criticism: a critical estimate of Kuntakas Vakrokti theory of criticism in Sanskrit poetics | author=Shikaripura Krishnamurthy | year=1994 | publisher=Mangalore University | place=Mangalore | pages=1–149}}

==External links==
* {{citation | year=2007 | chapter=''Midnight's Children'' in the Light of ''Vakrokti'' | author=Ajai Sharma | title = New perspectives on indian english writing | editor1=Malti Agrawal | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | isbn=978-81-269-0689-5 | page=198 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt7OOLEqo7AC&dq=kuntaka&pg=PA198}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110061647/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/1_alam/kunvjivu.htm Kuntaka's Vakroktijivika with Kuntaka's own commentary] at [[GRETIL]]
* [http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/V/Vkrokttijivitamkuntank.pdf Kuntaka's Vakroktijivika with Kuntaka's own commentary] (Sanskrit text in Devanagari)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian poets]]

Raghunathganj I

2025-11-25T09:34:44Z

Janamkatha: adjust details additionally and updated info after review

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raghunathganj I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File: Raghunathganj-I in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.46|N|88.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 94.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31
| population_total = 195,627
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)
| demographics2_info2 = 64.49%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742225 (Ragunathganj) 742213 (Jangipur Barrage)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03483
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-93, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]- 94
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raghunathganj I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Raghunathganj is located at {{coord|24.46|N|88.07|E|format=dms|}}

Raghunathganj I CD block lies in the [[Rarh]] region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The Rarh region is undulating and contains mostly [[clay]] and [[laterite|lateritic]] clay based soil. As the [[Rajmahal hills]] slopes gently down from adjoining [[Jharkhand]] it forms the Nabagram plain at the lowest edge of its elevation in this region. The eastern slope of the region is characterised by the existence of numerous [[cliff]]s and [[Beach ridge|bluffs]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

Raghunathganj I CD block is bounded by [[Suti I]] CD block in the north, [[Raghunathganj II]] CD block in the east, [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]] CD block in the south and [[Pakuria block|Pakuria]] CD block in [[Pakur district]] of Jharkhand and [[Murarai II (community development block)|Murarai II]] CD block in Birbhum district in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Bansloi River]] enters the district (from Birbhum district) near Hussianpur, flows eastward and joins the Bhagirathi north of Jangipur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Drainage, Page 15 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

The Rarh region or the western part of the district is drained by the right bank tributaries of the Bhagirathi, flowing down from the hilly / plateau region of [[Santhal Pargana division]] in neighbouring Jharkhand. The [[Farakka Barrage]] regulates the flow of water into the Bhagirathi through the feeder canal. Thereafter, it is fed with the discharge from the Mayurakshi system. About 1,800 km2 of area in the neighbourhood of [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] town is flooded by the combined discharge of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], Gambhira, [[Kopai River|Kopai]] and [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]] – the main contributor being the Mayurakshi. Certain other areas in the western sector also get flooded.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

A major problem in Murshidabad district is [[River bank failure|river bank erosion]]. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district.<ref name=river/>

See also - [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]

Raghunathganj I CD block has an area of 140.91 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s, 117 gram sansads (village councils), 63 [[mouza]]s and 56 inhabited villages. [[Raghunathganj#Police station|Raghunathganj]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Raghunathganj.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Raghunathganj I block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Dafarpur]], Jamuar, Jarur, Kanupur, [[Mirzapur, Murshidabad|Mirzapur]] and Raninagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Raghunathganj I CD block had a total population of 195,627, of which 133,114 were rural and 62,513 were urban. There were 100,295 (50%) males and 95,332 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years numbered 29,157. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 53,027 (27.11%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,602 (1.33).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Raghunathganj I block has a total population of 154,349, out of which 77,727 were males and 76,622 were females. Raghunathganj I block registered a population growth of 30.09 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 30.09 : 26.73
| group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1
| group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9

| colors = olive : yellow : violet
| group names = Raghunathganj I CD block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal
| x legends = 1971–1981 : 1981–1991: 1991–2001: 2001-2011
}}

Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Decadal Growth Rate"/><ref name="Census Commission of India"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | title = Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey | work = Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941-1991 | publisher = South Asian Research Society | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | title = Final Population Totals West Bengal | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth of population in Raghunathganj I CD block in 2001-2011 was 26.73%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in Murshidabad district was as follows: 33.5% in 1951–61, 28.6% in 1961–71, 25.5% in 1971–81, 28.2% in 1981-91, 23.8% in 1991-2001 and 21.1% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in [[Chapai Nawabganj District]] in Bangladesh was 15.59% for the decade 2001–2011, down from 21.67% in the decade 1991-2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Chapai Nawabganj | work = Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011 | publisher = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 19 December 2018 | archive-date = 28 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220928210419/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 5, 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

===Census towns and villages===
[[Census towns]] in Raghunathganj I CD block were (2011 population figures in brackets): [[Ghorsala]] (7,837), [[Srikantabati]] (14,027), [[Charka, Jangipur|Charka]] (8,451), [[Dafarpur]] (16,587), [[Ramnagar, Murshidabad|Ramnagar]] (9,528) and [[Mirzapur, Murshidabad|Mirzapur]] (6,083).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Raghunathgaj I CD block were (2011 population figures in brackets): Kanupur (8,865), Sujapur (P) (4,717), Baindhya (3,612), Nait Baidara (4,212), Barala (5,580), Jarur (6,435), Umarpur (4,384), Kankaria (4,363), Talai (4,156), Ramkantapur (5,208), Ramchandrabati (5,648), Gankar (4,574), [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad|Rajnagar]] (4,586) and Nutanganj (5,805).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Raghunathganj I CD block was 107,358 (64.49% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 58,990 (68.99% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 48,368 (59.74% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 9.24%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Raghunathganj I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|56.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|43.32}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}
}}
In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 110,487 and formed 56.48% of the population in Raghunathganj I CD block. Hindus numbered 84,737 and formed 43.32% of the population. Others numbered 403 and formed 0.20% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks taken together, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 66.72% in 1991 to 67.39% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 33.20% in 1991 to 32.61% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

Murshidabad was the only Muslim majority district in West Bengal at the time of [[partition of India]] in 1947. The proportion of Muslims in the population of Murshidabad district in 1951 was 55.24%.<ref name=telegraph/> The [[Radcliffe Line]] had placed Muslim majority Murshidabad in India and the Hindu majority [[Khulna District|Khulna]] in Pakistan, in order to maintain the integrity of the Ganges river system In India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&q=murshidabad+khulna&pg=PA45|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|pages=42–60|date=15 November 2007|publisher= University of Cambridge, first published 2007|isbn= 978-0-521-87536-3|access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Raghunathganj I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.44 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] |value2 = 1.28 |color2 = purple
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.28 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.44% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.28% [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
==Rural poverty==
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf|title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 | work= Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Raghunathganj I CD block'''
|value1 = 7.03
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 16.69
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 28.98
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 47.30
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Raghunathganj I CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,898 and formed 7.03%, agricultural
labourers numbered 14,243 and formed 16.69%, household industry workers numbered 24,735 and formed 28.98% and other workers numbered 40,366 and formed 47.30%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 56 inhabited villages in Raghunathganj I CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 9 villages (16.07%) have post offices. 53 villages (94.64%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 21 villages (37.50%) have a pucca approach road and 22 villages (39.29%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (7.14%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (8.13%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Raghunathganj I CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3,969 (12.22%), patta (document) holders 5,551 (17.08%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,102 (3.39%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 7,626 (23.47%) and agricultural labourers 14,243 (43.84%).<ref name=handbook2014/>

Raghunathganj I CD block had 57 fertiliser depots, 1 seed store and 32 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Raghunathganj I CD block produced 3,172 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,120 hectares, 9,199 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,456 hectares, 9,326 tonnes of wheat from 3,703 hectares, 111 tonnes of maize from 43 hectares, 18,842 tonnes of jute from 1,582 hectares and 2,752 tonnes of potatoes from 95 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Raghunathganj I CD block was 2,204 hectares, out of which 100 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,602 hectares with tank water, 142 hectares with river lift irrigation, 100 hectares with deep tube wells and 260 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Beedi industry===
As of 2003, around 400,000 workers were engaged in the prime area locations of [[beedi]] making, a household industry, in Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks. The majority of those working are women and children. Almost all households are engaged in this activity.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The 'Poor man's cigarette' | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref>

See also – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuosSJEUo Beedi Workers of Murshidabad (in Hindi). Lok Sabha TV feature]

===Silk and handicrafts===
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref> Prime locations for weaving (silk and cotton) are: Khargram, Raghunathganj I, Nabagram, Beldanga I, Beldanga II and Raninagar-I CD Blocks.<ref name="shodhganga"/>

Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Raghunathgaj I CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}
Raghunathganj I CD block has 5 ferry services and 18 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] line passes through this block and there are stations at Jangipur Road and Gankar.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/azimganj-barharwa-passenger-53433/16075/1801/1381#st | title = 53433 Azimganj Barharwa Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 9 August 2017}}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[State Highway 11A (West Bengal)|State Highway 11A]], running from Raghunathganj to Bhagawangola passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Raghunathganj I CD block had 84 primary schools with 13,527 students, 5 middle schools with 614 students, 4 high schools with 4,609 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 17,405 students. Raghunathganj I CD block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students, 367 institutions special and non-formal education with 20,214 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Management Development Institute, Murshidabad, was established at Sakim Katnai, Kutori, PO Uttar Ramna, PS [[Raghunathganj]]. MDI, Murshidabad campus was inaugurated by [[Pranab Mukherjee]], President of India, in 2014. It offers a residential post-graduate programme in management.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mdim.ac.in/post-graduate-program-in-management/ | title = Management Development Institute, Murshidabad | publisher = MDIM |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

In Raghunathganj I CD block, amongst the 56 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 27 villages have more than 1 primary school, 14 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 10 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Raghunathganj I CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 2 private nursing homes with total 42 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 22 family welfare subcentres. 4,457 patients were treated indoor and 89,312 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Raghunathganj I CD block has Rajnagar Block Primary Health Centre (with 6 beds) at [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad|Rajnagar]], Barla [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 10 beds) and Gankar PHC (with 2 beds). The Subdivisional Hospital at [[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]] (with 250 beds) is outside the CD Block.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Raghunathganj I CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300 mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Raghunathaganj I CD Block is 3,003 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 28 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180228194339/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]

Economy of Vijayawada

2025-11-20T21:39:29Z

Janamkatha: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Vijayawada from Gandhi Hill.jpg|thumbnail|Overview of [[Vijayawada]] city]]

[[Vijayawada]] is the second-largest city in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] of [[India]]. It is one of the Tier-II cities and is categorized under the B-1 graded cities of [[India]] .<ref name=ibef>{{cite web|title=Indian cities grading|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/URBAN_DEVELOPMENT.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|accessdate=4 June 2014|page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tier I and Tier II Cities of India|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/tier-1-and-2-cities.html|publisher=mapsofindia|accessdate=4 June 2014}}</ref> Factors contributing to its economic growth include agricultural exports, [[tourism]], [[resources]], [[industry (manufacturing)|industries]] and [[transportation]] etc. The economy depends largely on trade and commerce, which provides [[entrepreneurial]] growth. About 70% of working people are involved in tertiary activities. According to one study, the GDP of the city in 2010 was $3 billion (Rs. 18,000 crore) and is expected to grow up to $17 billion (Rs. 1,02,000 crore) by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdia.asia/wp-content/uploads/Executive-Summary-Vijayawada-Pre-Feasibility-Study-Urban-Transport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-15 |archive-date=2014-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717183357/http://www.cdia.asia/wp-content/uploads/Executive-Summary-Vijayawada-Pre-Feasibility-Study-Urban-Transport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to another by Oxford the GDP of the city in 2018 was $5.8 billion and is expected to grow up to $21 billion by 2035.<ref name="city economy">{{cite web|title=Economy of the City|date=22 May 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/worlds-top-10-fastest-growing-cities-are-all-from-india-check-which-cities-made-it-to-oxford-list/1585498/lite/|publisher=The Financial Express|accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==
Farms and plantations in the area are irrigated using water from the [[Krishna River]] and [[Prakasham Barrage]]. The city is one of the largest exporters of [[mango]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and earns revenue from the mango plantations. Other important crops include [[rice]] and [[sugarcane]].<ref name="city sectors">{{cite web|title=Economic sectors of Vijayawada|url=http://www.vijayawadaonline.in/city-guide/economy-of-vijayawada|publisher=vijayawadaonline|accessdate=4 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2024, the agriculture sector in Andhra Pradesh recorded a Gross Value Added (GVA) of ₹5.19 lakh crore, reflecting a growth of 15.86%. Sub-sectors such as horticulture, livestock, and fisheries also expanded, with fishing and aquaculture achieving a growth rate of 16%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Horticulture and aquaculture overtake traditional farming in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/horticulture-and-aquaculture-overtake-traditional-farming-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/119172622.cms |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Industrial sector ==
Industrial sector is based mainly on agro products processing, [[textile]], [[Automobile body style|automobile body building]], hardware, [[Consumer goods in the Soviet Union|consumer goods]], [[fertilizers]], and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|small industries]]. The two well equipped industrial estates in Vijayawada are Auto-Nagar and other is near to [[Kondapalli]].<ref name="city sectors" />

'''Agro-based and textile industries'''

Vijayawada is the hub of agricultural markets of [[Krishna district]]. The trade and agro commodities export good such as [[Tobacco]], [[Cotton Mather|cotton]], [[turmeric]] and [[mangoes]], and [[Solvent extraction and electrowinning|solvent extract plants]], [[oil]], [[dal]] and [[rice mill]]s are located around the city.<ref name="city economy" /> There are textile markets at Old Town, Kaleswara Rao market area, Governorpet and Besant Road for the textile trade.<ref name="city sectors" />

'''Automobile and heavy industries'''

Auto Nagar industrial estate, also known as ''Jawahar Lal Nehru Auto Nagar Estate'', is an industrial park dedicated to the automobile industry. It is one of the largest of its kind in Asia.<ref name="city sectors" />

The industrial estate in [[Kondapalli]] has a {{convert|450|acre|km2}} industrial park with more than 800 industries.<ref name="kondapalli suburb">{{cite web|title=Kondapalli Industrial Estate|url=http://www.vijayawadaworld.com/kondapalli-toys-vijayawada?format=pdf|publisher=vijayawadaworld|accessdate=4 June 2014}}</ref>

'''Industrial parks'''

There are some industrial parks present and proposed in and around the city. Apparel Park, is an industrial development project, spread over an area {{convert|1000|acre|ha|abbr=on}}, and is located at 25 km from the city. L&T Hitech City Limited, a proposed [[Information technology|IT]]/[[ITES]] [[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]] project, spread over an area of {{convert|30|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, is located near [[Gannavaram airport]]. IT park, proposed in an area of {{convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, is located in [[Mangalagiri]] town, near [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="city economy" />

=== Software Industry ===
The city is also attracting many international IT companies. [[HCL Technologies]], wipro, the [[Noida]]-based Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] is constructing its Vijayawada campus in Kesarapalli Village, near to Gannaravam. In the first phase HCL will provide employment to 5,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/oct/09/hcl-to-create-5000-jobs-in-andhra-pradeshs-kesarapalli-1883052.html|title=HCL to create 5,000 jobs in Andhra Pradesh's Kesarapalli|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 October 2018 |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Wholesale ===
In November 2012 [[Metro Cash & Carry]] a German-based wholesale company opened its store in Vijayawada with a total build up area of 3 acres. The store has amore than 10,000 items. The store's parking facility can accommodate 200 cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/metro-store-comes-to-vijayawada/article4080888.ece|title=Metro store comes to Vijayawada|website=The Hindu|date=9 November 2012 |accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:Vijayawada station.jpg|thumb|Vijayawada Railway Station]]

The city is well connected to the rest of the country by [[National highways of India|National Highways]] and [[Indian Railways|Railways]], boosting trade. [[Vijayawada railway station]] with A-1 status, is one of the important railway junctions in [[India]] contributing the highest revenues to the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/24/stories/2008032458100300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327202805/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/24/stories/2008032458100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2008 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News: Plans to develop railway station |date=24 March 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> It also has a domestic airport at [[Gannavaram]], which is the headquarters for [[regional airliner]] [[Air Costa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=LEPL to invest Rs 600 cr in Air Costa|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lepl-to-invest-rs-600-cr-in-air-costa-113100800667_1.html|accessdate=16 October 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

=== Air ===
[[file:Vijayawada Airport 5 (November 2018).jpg|thumb|[[Vijayawada Airport]]]]
The [[Vijayawada Airport]] at Gannavaram provides air connectivity to major metropolitan cities of the country.<ref name="airport">{{cite news|title=International status to boost air traffic from Vijayawada airport|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2017/may/05/international-status-to-boost-air-traffic-from-vijayawada-airport-1601247.html|access-date=8 May 2017|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 May 2017}}</ref> On 3 May 2017, [[Vijayawada Airport]] was upgraded from [[domestic airport|Domestic]] to [[international airport|International]] status. International Flights started from 4 December 2018 by Indigo Airlines to Singapore. The International Flights to Singapore stopped after 27 June 2019 because the State Government stopped Viability Gap Funding in June 2019 .<ref name="airport" /> {{As of|2019|6}}, it registered a domestic passenger movement growth rate of 70.0% with a total of 11 Lakh 92 Thousand Passengers in FY 19.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boda |first1=Tharun |title=Vijayawada airport sees 73% international passenger load factor in first month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/vijayawada-airport-sees-73-international-passenger-load-factor-in-first-month/article26094009.ece |accessdate=25 June 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2019}}</ref> Aircraft movement recorded a growth of 65.0%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domestic Aircraft Movements|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex2.pdf|website=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=24 May 2017|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428050942/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex2.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Resources ==
'''Power plants'''

Kondapalli Estate houses the thermal plant namely [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Vijayawada Thermal Power Station]]. It is one of the coal based power plants of the [[APGENCO]]. It has a capacity of 1760 [[Megawatt|MW]] with 6 units of 210 [[Megawatt|MW]] and 1 unit of 500 [[Megawatt|MW]] currently under operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=viewpower&PSId=100&filename=PowerStations.xml&subhname=&pstype=Thermal&Tagname=PowerStations100&hname=VTPS%20V%20Stage|title=Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Plant|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=2014-06-06|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303151427/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=viewpower&PSId=100&filename=PowerStations.xml&subhname=&pstype=Thermal&Tagname=PowerStations100&hname=VTPS%20V%20Stage|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another power plant in the estate is ''Lanco Kondapalli Power Ltd.'', which is a gas based plant with a capacity of 732 [[Megawatt|MW]] to serve the power needs of the city and state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lanco power plant|url=http://www.lancogroup.com/DynTestform.aspx?pageid=10|publisher=lancogroup|accessdate=4 June 2014}}</ref> [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL) in agreement with [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited|APGENCO]] will take up the technology demonstration project plant of 182 [[Megawatts and Megatons|MW]] capacity.<ref>{{cite web|author=V. Sajeev Kumar |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article1520144.ece |title= Companies News: BHEL Tiruchi to invest Rs 600 cr over two years |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Kanaka Durga Temple.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Kanaka Durga Temple]], [[Vijayawada]]]]

The important tourism city of [[Andhra Pradesh]] after [[Visakhapatnam]] is [[Vijayawada]], has certain landmarks and visitor attractions in and around the city such as Prakasam barrage, parks, museums, caves, river island and religious sites etc.

In 2024, the Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced the '''Andhra Pradesh Tourism Policy 2024''' '''- 2029''', which aims to attract an investment of ₹25,000 crore over five years<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-17 |title=Govt targets investment of 25k cr in tourism in 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/govt-targets-investment-of-25k-cr-in-tourism-in-5-years/articleshow/116409368.cms |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Real estate ==
The growing population and economy have resulted in rising real estate prices.<ref>{{cite web|author=ET |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521192_1_property-prices-nhb-residex-first-quarter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919093518/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521192_1_property-prices-nhb-residex-first-quarter |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2013 |title=Despite slowdown, housing prices bullish across cities |work=The Economic Times |date=2012-08-31 |accessdate=2013-08-08}}</ref> Real-estate companies are building housing projects in the city outskirts with many residential townships.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Economy of Vijayawada}}

[[Category:Economy of Vijayawada]]

The Silent Coup: A History of India's Deep State

2025-11-10T10:22:58Z

Janamkatha: adding basic entry v1

{{Short description|Book on Indian Politics}}
{{Infobox book
| author = [[Josy Joseph]]
| language = English
| country = India
| isbn = 9-390-67953-2
| publisher = Context
| pub_date = August 23, 2021
| image = The Silent Coup.jpg
}}

'''''The Silent Coup: A History of India's Deep State''''' is a 2021 book by [[Josy Joseph]], an Indian investigative journalist.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2021-09-19 |title=G. Sampath reviews The Silent Coup: A History of India's Deep State, by Josy Joseph |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-silent-coup-a-history-of-indias-deep-state-review-when-the-security-establishment-serves-the-executive/article36513879.ece |access-date=2022-04-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In this book, Joseph presents the argument that India's democratic ethos has declined due to the extensive use of government agencies towards political ends.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |title=The Silent Coup: How a private company used Punjab police as goons for hire |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/08/20/the-silent-coup-how-a-private-company-used-punjab-police-as-goons-for-hire |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Newslaundry|date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Venkataramakrishnan |first=Rohan |title=Interview: Josy Joseph on how the government's abuse of security agencies could 'destroy India' |url=https://scroll.in/article/1006730/interview-josy-joseph-on-how-the-governments-abuse-of-security-agencies-could-destroy-india |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=2 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-24 |title=A new axis of power? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-books/a-new-axis-of-power-1043494.html |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-12-19 |title='No checks to current regime's misuse of agencies towards political ends' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/no-checks-to-current-regimes-misuse-of-agencies-towards-political-ends/article37992738.ece |access-date=2022-04-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Joseph points out that, while the political class of India has kept military power in check, the non-military security establishment are used by the political executive to subvert democracy for their own ends, including silencing the government critics or intimidating them. The '''Deep State''' in the title of the book refers to this non-military security establishment, which includes the police, intelligence agencies, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], the [[National Investigation Agency]], the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] etc. and some others such as the [[Enforcement Directorate]], the [[Income Tax Department]], and so on.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="scroll" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silent Coup: A History of India's Deep State}}
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
{{India-poli-book-stub}}

Kumbar

2025-10-31T02:38:18Z

Janamkatha: Put up details!

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
'''Kumbar''' ({{langx|ur|کُمبڑ}}, also spelt ''Kumber'') is a settlement in [[Lal Qilla Tehsil]], [[Lower Dir District]], in the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Pakistan- Settlements |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/pakistan-settlement |website=data.humdata.org |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref> It had a population of 5,773 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and Household Detail from Block to District Level |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/LOWER%20DIR_BLOCKWISE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804182101/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/LOWER%20DIR_BLOCKWISE.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumbar}}
[[Category:Populated places in Lower Dir District]]

{{LowerDir-geo-stub}}

Nimisha Chakkungalparambil

2025-10-21T08:24:34Z

Janamkatha: adding new details first draft.

{{Short description|Indian para-athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Nimisha Chakkungalparambil
| full_name = Nimisha Suresh Chakkungalparambil
| nickname =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Para athletics]]
| disability =
| disability_class = [[T47 (classification)|T47]]
| event = [[long jump]]
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|5|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| hometown =
| country =
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Long jump T47]]}}
}}
'''Nimisha Suresh Chakkungalparambil''' (born 3 May 1995) is an Indian para-athlete from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimisha Chakkungalparambil Suresh - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/nimisha-chakkungalparambil-suresh |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> She competes in the women's T47 long jump event. She was selected for the Indian team that took part in the 2022 [[Hangzhou]] [[Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Asian Para Games 2022: A Complete List Of All Indian Athletes Representing The Nation At The Para Games |url=https://www.news18.com/other-sports/asian-para-games-2022-a-complete-list-of-all-indian-athletes-representing-the-nation-at-the-para-games-8628804.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She won the T47 long jump gold medal on 25 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-25 |title=Asian Para Games 2023 medals tally: Full list of winners from India |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/asian-para-games-2023-medals-tally-full-list-of-winners-from-india-11698234809707.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-10-26 |title=Record-Breaking Sumit Antil Leads Way As India Bags 30 Medals, Including Six Gold |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/asian-para-games-2023-day-3-wrap-record-breaking-sumit-antil-leads-way-as-india-bags-30-medals-including-six-gold-news-326711 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoover |first=Mark |date=2023-10-27 |title=India Edge Closer To 100 Medals On Day Five |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/para-asian-games-2023-medal-tally-on-october-27-india-medallists-241573.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.mykhel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-25 |title=Asian Para Games: Sumit Antil breaks world record, leads India's 30-medal haul on Day 3 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-para-games-sumit-antil-breaks-world-record-leads-indias-30-medal-haul-on-day-3/articleshow/104704237.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Nimisha trained at the Sports Authority of India Centre of Excellence at Gandhinagar, [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" />

In February 2021, she won long jump F46/47 gold in the 2nd Fazza International World Para Athletics Grand Prix at Dubai clearing 5.25m.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Keralite Nimisha, Devender win gold at World Para Athletics GP |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2021/02/11/world-para-athletics-grand-prix-nimisha-suresh-devender-win-gold.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The Grand Prix was her first international event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-02-11 |title=World Para Athletics Grand Prix: Devender, Nimisha win gold on opening day |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/devender-kumar-nimisha-suresh-chakkungalparambil-world-para-athletics-grand-prix-india-gold-medals-day-one-results/article33811380.ece |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakkungalparambil, Nimisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women long jumpers]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Competitors in the sport of athletics with limb difference]]

Sammudi Balasubramaniam

2025-10-18T06:19:39Z

Janamkatha: adding a stub initial version

{{Short description|Athlete from Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
'''Sammudi Balasubramaniam''' known as Bala, was an athlete from [[Tamil Nadu]] who specialises in long jump and triple jump.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/11/07/stories/2004110704881800.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sport : Sammudi Balasubramaniam dead|date=2004-11-07|access-date=2016-06-21}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was the second [[Indian people|Indian]] to secure a bronze medal in triple jump in [[Asian Games]].He touched this landmark at the 1982 Asian Games held at New Delhi, India with a performance of 16.14 m in his last attempt.

Balasubraminam died in 2016 following injuries from a fall while on pilgrimage to Sabarimala.<ref name=hindu/> He is survived by his wife and two sons — Vinod and Pradeep, both of whom are athletics students with the Sports Authority of India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramaniam, Sammudi}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men long jumpers]]
[[Category:Indian men triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Indranil Sen

2025-10-17T16:20:34Z

Janamkatha:

{{Short description|Indian politician and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Indranil Sen
| caption =
| native_name = ইন্দ্রনীল সেন
| background = person
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_name = Indranil Sen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|06|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = Jibonmukhi (contemporary), Modern Bengali songs, [[Rabindra Sangeet]], and Folk songs
| years_active = 1982 - Present
| label = [[Visva-Bharati]], Atlantis Music, Prime Music, [[Sagarika]], and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| occupation = Singer, Lyricist, Composer, Film Producer, Actor
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indranil Sen
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
| term_start = 2016
| predecessor = [[Ashoke Kumar Shaw]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| party = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|25px]] [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
}}

'''Indranil Sen''' is an Indian politician, Bengali artist, actor, and film producer from [[West Bengal]]. He is currently serving as the minister of state of the Tourism Department and MoS (I/C) of the Technical Education, Training & Skill Development Department under the [[Government of West Bengal]] since September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loiwal |first=Manogya |date=2023-09-11 |title=Bengal: CM Mamata Banerjee Reshuffles Cabinet, Indranil Sen Made Tourism Minister |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/west-bengal-cabinet-reshuffle-indranil-sen-tourism-minister-babul-supriyo-arup-rai-mamata-banerjee-1629005 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Cabinet Reshuffle: Babul Supriyo Gets Renewable Energy, Indranil Sen Made Tourism Minister |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/major-reshuffle-in-bengal-cabinet-portfolios-of-six-ministers-changed-2660952.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chandannagar Assembly constituency]] since 2016 on the symbol of [[All India Trinamool Congress]], a party led by [[Mamata Banerjee]]. He was appointed the chairperson of [[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-07-27 |title=Indranil Sen is the new WBTDCL chairman |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/indranil-sen-is-the-new-wbtdcl-chairman-527169 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

Although he is primarily a singer of Indian Bengali songs, he is renowned for his work in modern Bengali music, [[Rabindra Sangeet]], and [[Music of Bengal|folk songs]]. He has received numerous awards, including the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Award]] for Best Male [[Playback singer|Playback Singer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Singer Indranil Sen Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/bengali/singer/indranil-sen |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indranil Sen Songs: Listen Indranil Sen Hit Songs on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/artist/indranil-sen |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Gaana.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Indranil Sen was born on 3 June 1965 in Kolkata, West Bengal to Prodyut Kumar Sen.

He has completed his senior secondary from the New Alipore Multipurpose School, Kolkata affiliated under [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] in 1983 and Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering from the [[Hindustan Institute of Engineering Technology]], Chennai in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indranil Sen(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- CHANDANNAGAR(HOOGHLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=755 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rabindra Sangeet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Indranil}}
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Polypedates bengalensis

2025-10-04T18:40:56Z

Janamkatha: adding new post basic info

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Polypedates bengalensis .jpg
| genus = Polypedates
| species = bengalensis
| status =DD
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/>
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| authority = Purkayastha, Das, Mondal, Mitra, Chaudhuri & Das, 2019
}}

'''''Polypedates bengalensis''''', the '''brown blotched Bengal tree frog''', is a [[species]] of [[frog]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rhacophoridae]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Researchers discover new frog species in West Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/researchers-discover-new-frog-species-in-bengal-6102971/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zootaxa |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4691.5.6}}</ref> It has been observed between 7 and 13 meters above sea level.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite IUCN
|title= Brown Blotched Bengal Tree Frog: ''Polypedates bengalensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164452073/166116931
|article-number=e.T164452073A166116931
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T164452073A166116931.en
|id=164452073
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=February 26, 2024}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''bengalensis'', is a reference to the type locality of the species located in the state of West Bengal, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha & Das & Mondal & Mitra & Chaudhuri & Das 2019 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/160127077 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
The species, native to eastern India, was first described from Khordanahala, [[South 24 Parganas]] and Badu, [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha & Das & Mondal & Mitra & Chaudhuri & Das 2019 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/160127077 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha, Das, Mondal, Mitra, Das, 2019 by Kingshuk Mondal on 10 May 2018 |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/observation/show/14899288 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref> A while after the species was recorded, it was also reported in [[Odisha]], India and southwestern [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sethy |first=P. G. S. |last2=Deuti |first2=Kaushik |date=2020-09-06 |title=First Record of the Brown Blotched Bengal Tree Frog ( Polypedates bengalensis ) from Odisha, India |url=https://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/view/150700 |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India |language=en |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=281–284 |doi=10.26515/rzsi/v120/i3/2020/150700 |issn=2581-8686|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha, Das, Mondal, Mitra, and Das, 2019 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Polypedates/Polypedates-bengalensis |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref>

== Description ==
The frog is mid-sized; males are 4.8–5.4 cm in length, and females about 7.2 cm. It is yellowish-brown to greenish-brown in colour. Its body is marked by a series of six to nine dark brown blotches. Its digits lack webbing. There is no dermal fold on forearm. The males possess paired vocal sacs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2019-11-04 |title='Visibly elusive' Bengal tree frog gets recorded as new species |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/visibly-elusive-bengal-tree-frog-gets-recorded-as-new-species/article29877245.ece |access-date=2022-12-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha & Das & Mondal & Mitra & Chaudhuri & Das 2019 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/160127077 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pskhun |date=2019-11-05 |title=Species New to Science: [Herpetology • 2019] Polypedates bengalensis • A New Species of Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from West Bengal State, Eastern India |url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2019/11/polypedates-bengalensis.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Species New to Science}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q73860984}}

[[Category:Amphibians described in 2019]]
[[Category:Polypedates|bengalensis]]

Neela Bhagwat

2025-09-28T19:50:34Z

Janamkatha: general improved page after review and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Neela Bhagwat
| image = File:Neela Bhagwat.jpeg
| caption = Neela Bhagwat singing at Indian Languages Mela at TISS
| image_size =
| birth_name = Neela Bhagwat
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| origin = Pune
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = singer professor translator
| years_active =
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Neela Bhagwat''' is a [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] musician of the [[Gwalior gharana]] as represented by Sharatchandra Arolkar who studied with [[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]]. Neela Bhagwat's other teacher is Jal Balaporia.<ref name=DhaneshwarHT>{{cite news|last=Dhaneshwar|first=Amarendra|title=Sufi, so good|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Your-weekend-fix/Article1-960358.aspx|accessdate=8 December 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119022414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Your-weekend-fix/Article1-960358.aspx|archivedate=19 November 2012}}</ref> Known for composing and performing [[thumri]]s from a feminist perspective, her contributions include compositions of [[Kabir]] and [[Meera]] bhajans.<ref name="Perron2007">{{cite book|last=Perron|first=Lalita Du|title=Hindi Poetry in a Musical Genre: Ṭhumrī Lyrics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vJ5fPbf6_kC&pg=PA31|accessdate=8 December 2012|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-39446-8|page=31}}</ref><ref name="Grimes2008">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Michael Grimes|title=The Geography of Hindustani Music: The Influence of Region and Regionalism on the North Indian Classical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eoNVmfGBLoC&pg=PA128|accessdate=8 December 2012|year=2008|isbn=978-1-109-00342-0|pages=128 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwat, Neela}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Pune]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]