Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of programmes broadcast by Star Pravah

2026-05-30T18:13:24Z

Jamesharrey: added some post from scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

[[Star Pravah]] is an Indian [[Marathi language]] general entertainment channel which is owned by [[Disney Star]]. This is the list of programmes broadcast by the channel.

==Current broadcast==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date || Series || Adaptation of || Ref.
|-
|7 July 2025
|''Halad Rusli Kunku Hasla''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ती अस्सल गावरान, तो पक्का शहरी, स्टार प्रवाहवर येणार नवी मालिका; प्रोमोने चाहत्यांची उत्सुकता वाढवली|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/halad-rusli-kunku-hasla-new-marathi-serial-on-star-pravah-entertainment-news-marathi-news-1363204|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr|date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|15 September 2025
|''Lapandaav''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर सुरू होणार ‘लपंडाव’! नव्या मालिकेत ‘या’ कलाकारांचं कमबॅक, प्रमुख भूमिकेत झळकणार लोकप्रिय अभिनेत्याची पत्नी…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-promo-lapandav-starring-rupali-bhosale-chetan-vadnere-and-krutika-deo-sva-00-5218492/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|19 January 2026
|''Tuzya Sobatine''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=तुझ्या सोबतीने! ‘स्टार प्रवाह’ची नवीन मालिका, फेव्हरेट खलनायिका शालिनीचं कमबॅक, मुख्य अभिनेत्री आहे…; पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-tuzya-sobatine-starring-aetashaa-sansgiri-madhavi-nemkar-and-ajinkya-nanaware-watch-promo-sva-00-5567587/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|14 February 2022
|''[[Muramba (TV series)|Muramba]]''
|Hindi TV series ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Shashank Ketkar to play the lead role in Muramba - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-shashank-ketkar-to-play-the-lead-role-in-muramba/articleshow/89016712.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|15 December 2025
|''Vachan Dile Tu Mala''
|Bengali TV series ''[[Geeta LL.B]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=वचन दिले तू मला! ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर सुरू होणार नवीन मालिका, वेळ अन् तारीख जाहीर, मुख्य अभिनेता व अभिनेत्री आहेत…; पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-vachan-dile-tu-mala-starring-anushka-sarkate-and-indraneil-kamat-watch-promo-sva-00-5539456/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|16 December 2024
|''Lagnanantar Hoilach Prem''
|Tamil TV series ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ठरलं! मृणाल दुसानिसची नवीन मालिका ‘या’ दिवशी सुरू होणार, ‘लग्नानंतर होईलच प्रेम’मध्ये झळकणार ‘हे’ दमदार कलाकार|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-lagnanantar-hoilach-prem-starring-mrunal-dusanis-first-promo-out-now-sva-00-4700762/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|5 January 2026
|''Me Savitribai Jotirao Phule''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=मुख्य अभिनेता अन् ‘ही’ खास जबाबदारी! १७ वर्षांनंतर अमोल कोल्हे पुन्हा एकदा ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर झळकणार, म्हणाले…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-dr-amol-kolhe-in-lead-role-shares-reaction-sva-00-5516198/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|23 December 2024
|''Tu Hi Re Maza Mitwa''
|Hindi TV series ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=नवीन कुठे, रिमेकच आहे! स्टार प्रवाहच्या नवीन मालिकाचा प्रोमो येताच नेटकऱ्यांना आठवली ही हिंदी मालिका|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/star-pravah-new-tv-serial-tu-hi-re-maza-mitwa-first-look-promo-viral-starer-sharvari-jog-abhijit-amkar/articleshow/115366829.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr|date=16 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|5 December 2022
|''[[Tharala Tar Mag!]]''
|Tamil TV series ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jui Gadkari to make her TV comeback with Aadesh-Suchitra Bandekar produced 'Tharala Tar Mag' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jui-gadkari-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-aadesh-suchitra-bandekar-produced-tharala-tar-mag/articleshow/95370277.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1 June 2026
|''Pathrakhin''
|Hindi TV series ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्राजक्ता गायकवाडच्या कमबॅकची तारीख ठरली! स्टार प्रवाहवर सुरू होणार ‘पाठराखीण’, झळकणार ‘हे’ कलाकार, वाचा संपूर्ण यादी…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-pathrakhin-first-promo-prajakta-gaikwad-in-lead-role-know-the-full-starcast-launch-date-sva-00-5867994/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|30 March 2026
|''Aanandi''
|Hindi TV series ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=नव्या मालिकांसाठी जुन्या मालिकांचा फुटबॉल; स्टार प्रवाहाच्या दोन मालिकांची वेळ बदलली; प्रेक्षक म्हणतात- त्यांना|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/star-pravah-serial-time-slot-changes-for-new-serials-anandi-and-bai-tuza-ashirwad-psn14|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr|date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|27 April 2026
|''Baai Tujha Ashirvad''
|Tamil TV series ''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=२ महिन्यांत चौथी नवी मालिका! ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर सुरू होणार ‘बाई तुझा आशीर्वाद’; प्रोमो पाहून नेटकऱ्यांना आठवला ‘तो’ मराठी चित्रपट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-announce-new-serial-bai-tuza-ashirvad-promo-netizens-guess-about-lead-actors-sva-00-5651168/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=17 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|18 March 2024
|''Gharoghari Matichya Chuli''
|Hindi TV series ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rang Maza Vegla Fame Reshma Shinde's New Show 'Gharo Ghari Matichya Chuli' Is All Set To Launch Soon, Watch Promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/reshma-shindes-new-show-gharo-ghari-matichya-chuli-launching-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/107488449.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|27 May 2024
|''Yed Lagla Premacha''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=नीना कुळकर्णी पुन्हा एकदा छोट्या पडद्यावर, स्टार प्रवाहवर सुरु होणार 'येड लागलं प्रेमाचं', 'ही' नवी जोडी येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yed-lagla-premacha-star-pravah-new-serial-will-start-soon-marathi-serial-latest-update-neena-kulkarni-pooja-birari-vishal-nikam-atisha-naik-detail-marathi-news-1265587|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Upcoming broadcast==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date || Series || Adaptation of || Ref.
|-
|15 June 2026
|''Suna Yeti Ghara''
|Tamil TV series ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्टार प्रवाहवर नव्या मालिकांचा सपाटा! अंकुश चौधरीची पत्नी मुख्य भूमिकेत, खलनायिका कोण? ‘या’ हिंदी सिरियलचा रिमेक…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-suna-yeti-ghara-deepa-parab-in-lead-sharmishtha-raut-in-negative-role-remake-of-hindi-serial-watch-promo-sva-00-5891101/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|29 June 2026
|''Visaru Nako Tu Mala''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘झी मराठी’च्या नायक-नायिकेची स्टार प्रवाहवर एन्ट्री! नव्या मालिकांचा सपाटा, जून महिन्यात ३ Serial लॉन्च होणार, प्रोमो आला समोर…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-visaru-nako-tu-mala-starring-tanvi-mundle-and-shalva-kinjawadekar-sva-00-5927691/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" {{TBA}}
|''Aamchya Ladkya Naik Baai''
|Malayalam TV series ''[[Teacheramma]]''
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्टार प्रवाहने केली एक दोन नाही तब्बल ६ नव्या मालिकांची घोषणा; २ कार्यक्रमही सोबतीला, ही आहेत नावं आणि कलाकार|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/star-pravah-announces-six-new-marathi-serials-and-two-tv-shows-cast-and-names-details-psn14|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr|date=29 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''Marathi Medium''
|Bengali TV series ''[[Bangla Medium]]''
|-
|''Mi Kaat Takali''
|
|-
|''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]] 5''
|Tamil TV show ''[[Enkitta Modhaade]]''
|}

==Former broadcast==
===Drama series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Premiere date
!Series
!Last aired
!Adaptation of
|-
|24 November 2008
|''[[Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)|Raja Shivchhatrapati]]''
|19 September 2009
|
|-
|27 November 2008
|''[[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]''
|30 April 2010
|
|-
|27 July 2009
|''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]''
|1 October 2011
|Bengali TV series ''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]''
|-
|16 August 2010
|''[[Swapnanchya Palikadle]]''
|14 June 2014
|
|-
|2 May 2011
|''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''
|1 July 2017
|Hindi TV series ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|-
|25 August 2011
|''[[Lakshya (TV series)|Lakshya]]''
|17 September 2016
|
|-
|19 March 2012
|''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]''
|28 May 2016
|Hindi TV series ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
|18 March 2013
|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|12 November 2016
|
|-
|2 May 2016
|''[[Lek Majhi Ladki]]''
|21 October 2018
|Malayalam TV series ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|30 October 2017
|''[[Vithu Mauli]]''
|22 March 2020
|
|-
|27 November 2017
|''[[Nakalat Saare Ghadle]]''
|17 May 2019
|Hindi TV series ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|18 June 2018
|''[[Chhatriwali]]''
|21 September 2019
|Malayalam TV series ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|25 March 2019
|''[[Molkarin Bai – Mothi Tichi Savali]]''
|21 August 2020
|
|-
|22 April 2019
|''[[Jeevlaga]]''
|1 August 2019
|
|-
|18 May 2019
|''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar – Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha]]''
|17 October 2020
|
|-
|30 October 2019
|''[[Rang Majha Vegla]]''
|3 September 2023
|Malayalam TV series ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|23 December 2019
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''
|30 November 2024
|Bengali TV series ''[[Sreemoyee]]''
|-
|27 January 2020
|''[[Premacha Game Same To Same]]''
|27 March 2020
|Tamil TV series ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''
|-
|24 February 2020
|''[[Sahkutumb Sahparivar]]''
|3 August 2023
|Tamil TV series ''[[Pandian Stores]]''
|-
|17 August 2020
|''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!]]''
|22 December 2024
|Bengali TV series ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]''
|-
|22 August 2020
|''[[Jai Deva Shree Ganesha]]''
|1 September 2020
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2 September 2020
|''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]''
|4 December 2022
|Hindi TV series ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]''
|14 January 2023
|Telugu TV series ''[[Mounaraagam (Telugu TV series)|Mounaraagam]]''
|-
|7 December 2020
|''[[Sang Tu Aahes Ka?]]''
|2 October 2021
|
|-
|22 February 2021
|''[[Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha]]''
|6 May 2023
|Bengali TV series ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]''
|-
|4 October 2021
|''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]''
|18 November 2023
|Bengali TV series ''[[Khorkuto]]''
|-
|23 November 2021
|''[[Aboli]]''
|26 October 2025
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|31 January 2022
|''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]''
|15 December 2024
|Bengali TV series ''[[Kusum Dola]]''
|-
|''[[Pinkicha Vijay Aso!]]''
|26 May 2024
|Hindi TV series ''[[Nimki Mukhiya]]''
|-
|2 May 2022
|''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''
|16 June 2024
|Bengali TV series ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''
|-
|16 January 2023
|''[[Shubhvivah]]''
|1 March 2026
|Telugu TV series ''Chelleli Kapuram''
|-
|18 July 2023
|''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]''
|16 March 2024
|Bengali TV series ''[[Ishti Kutum]]''
|-
|4 September 2023
|''[[Premachi Gosht]]''
|5 July 2025
|Hindi TV series ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|20 November 2023
|''[[Lakshmichya Paulanni]]''
|12 December 2025
|Bengali TV series ''[[Gaatchora]]''
|-
|18 March 2024
|''[[Sadhi Manasa]]''
|29 March 2026
|Tamil TV series ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
|17 June 2024
|''[[Thoda Tuza Ani Thoda Maza]]''
|12 September 2025
|Tamil TV series ''[[Deivamagal]]''
|-
|15 September 2025
|''[[Nashibvaan]]''
|25 April 2025
|Tamil TV series ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]''
|}

===Dubbed series===
# ''[[5 STAR Kitchen ITC Chef's Special]]'' (2020–2021)
# ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev|Devanche Dev Mahadev]]'' (2020)
# ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (2020)
# ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' (2020)
# ''[[Shree Ganesh]]'' (2020)
# ''[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (2012–2014)

===Reality shows===
# ''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]'' (2022–2025)
# ''[[Mi Honar Superstar]]'' (2020–2026)
# ''Shitti Vajali Re''<ref>{{Cite web|title=तारीख ठरली! ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर येणार नवीन शो; निक्की तांबोळीसह झळकणार ‘हे’ कलाकार; ‘शिट्टी वाजली रे’चा प्रोमो आला समोर…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-reality-show-shitti-vajali-re-nikki-tamboli-participate-with-these-actors-sva-00-4992040/lite/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=2 April 2025}}</ref> (2025)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Star Pravah]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Star Pravah]]

Solur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T16:34:11Z

Jamesharrey: new

{{Short description|Former constituency in Mysore state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Solur
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Solur Assembly constituency''' was one of the vidhana sabha constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1961">{{cite web |date=7 December 1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Alur Hanumanthappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Solur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Alur Hanumanthappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,858 |percentage = 44.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Nanjappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,346 |percentage = 28.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Hanumantharaju |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,856 |percentage = 16.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Revanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,124 |percentage = 10.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,512 |percentage = 15.46% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,677 |percentage = 66.62% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,184}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,050 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.071|77.244|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{BengaluruUrban-geo-stub}}

Latika Nath

2026-05-06T21:49:11Z

Jamesharrey: creating a entry

{{short description|Indian author and wildlife conservationist}}
{{UPE|date=January 2021}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Latika Nath
| birth_name =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]
| occupation = Wildlife photographer & conservationist, author
| nationality = Indian
| website =
| genre = [[Photography]]
| awards = Karamveer Puraskar; Awarded with the title of "Tiger Princess of India" by ''[[National Geographic]]''
| notableworks = Omo- Where time stood still, Hidden India, Takdir The Tiger Club, Wild Things, A Tiger's Tale, A Tale of Two Tigers
}}

'''Latika Nath''' is an Indian author, photographer and [[wildlife conservation]]ist that has received multiple awards including “Tiger Princess of India” by National Geographic.

== Early life and education ==
Latika Nath was born to Professor Lalit M Nath and Meera Nath. Lalit Nath is ex-director [[AIIMS]] and was on the Indian Board of Wildlife and responsible for setting up the animal conservation movement in India in the 1970s. She spent much of her childhood visiting wilderness areas with her parents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |date=June 24, 2018 |title=India's first female wildlife biologist and 'Tiger Princess' Latika Nath on breaking India's animal conservation barriers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/latika-nath-first-female-biologist-wildlife-photographer-tiger-princess-interview-html-1267225-2018-06-24 |magazine=India Today |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Latika Nath graduated in [[environmental science]] from the [[University of Delhi]] and was awarded a [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening]] Award by [[British Council|The British Council]] to complete a master's degree in rural resource management from the [[University College of North Wales]], [[Bangor University|Bangor]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]. She then obtained her D.Phil. under the guidance of Prof. David Macdonald at the [[Wildlife Conservation Research Unit]] (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. She was awarded a Research Fellowship at the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] and worked on Human-Elephant conflict resolution issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/141308/dr-latika-nath-rana-indias-tiger-princess-nat-geo-tiger-conservation/|title=Meet Latika Nath, the Oxford Grad Dubbed India's Tiger Princess By Nat Geo! |date=14 May 2018|website=The Better India|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-born-to-be-wild/story-GoO9wo6PlPM5Q2hIsoFscP.html |title=Truly born to be wild|date=8 May 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Latika Nath began as an academic and has consulted on environmental and wildlife issues for national and international organisations including [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]], [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], [[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] and [[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development|ICIMOD]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://corecommunique.com/omo-where-time-stood-still/|title=Omo- Where Time Stood Still – Core Sector Communique|website=corecommunique.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inventiva.co.in/2018/07/07/meet-indias-tiger-princess-latika-nath-the-first-indian-with-a-doctorate-on-tigers/|title=Meet "India's Tiger Princess" Latika Nath – the first Indian with a doctorate on tigers|last=inventiva|date=7 July 2018|website=Inventiva|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192046/https://www.inventiva.co.in/2018/07/07/meet-indias-tiger-princess-latika-nath-the-first-indian-with-a-doctorate-on-tigers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nath has traveled the world to photograph various animal species ([[Tiger|tigers]], [[Lion|lions]], [[Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[Jaguar|jaguars]], [[Snow leopard|snow leopards]], [[Clouded leopard|clouded leopards]], [[Asian elephant|Asian Elephant]], the [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic Dolphin]], the [[Wild water buffalo|arna]] or [[wild water buffalo]] (''[[Bubalus arnee]]'')) and worked for their conservation. She subsequently worked with tribal communities to resolve human-wildlife conflicts.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/may/27/treading-the-wild-turf-1819848.html|title=Treading the wild turf|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
=== Publications and films ===
* Omo- Where time stood still – 2019. Limited Editions. Academic Foundation. {{ISBN|9789332704985}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/ethiopian-tribes-in-pictures-snapshots-from-most-remote-and-beautiful-parts-of-africa/story-90WIQSHapdhEIOwg0zoOxI.html|title=Ethiopian tribes in pictures: Snapshots from most remote and beautiful parts of Africa |date=6 November 2018 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Nath Latika & Nath Shloka. Hidden India 2018 – a journey to where the wild things are. Limited Editions. Academic Foundation. {{ISBN|9789332704626}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/jungle-book-wildlife-biologist-photographer-latika-nath-5188781/|title=Jungle Book|date=24 May 2018|website=The Indian Express |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/we-need-to-learn-the-laws-of-the-jungle-latika-nath/articleshow/64201334.cms |title=We need to learn the laws of the jungle: Latika Nath|website=The Times of India|date=17 May 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Rana, Latika Nath 2005 Takdir the Tiger Cub. [[Tulika Books]]. {{ISBN|8181460618}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulikabooks.com/general-bilingual-picture-books/takdir-the-tiger-cub-pulikoona-takdir-telugu.html |title=Takdir The Tiger Cub|website=Tulika Books|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Rana, LN 2005. Report on the status of large mammalian species and identification of biological corridors in the Khangchenjunga Conservation Landscape. ICIMOD, Nepal<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outdoorjournal.com/news/wildlife-corridors-maintenance-important-indias-tigers/|title=Wildlife Corridors: Why is their Maintenance so Important for India's Tigers?|date=9 November 2018 |website=The Outdoor Journal |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Rana LN 2002. Conservation of Wetland Fauna in Nepal. Proceedings of the River Symposium 2002, Brisbane, Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/yourstory-epaper-yourstory/meet+india+s+tiger+princess+latika+nath+the+first+indian+with+a+doctorate+on+tigers-newsid-91755862|title=Meet "India's Tiger Princess" Latika Nath – the first Indian with a doctorate on tigers – YourStory |website=Dailyhunt|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* C. Carbone1, S. Christie, K. Conforti, T. Coulson, N. Franklin, J. R. Ginsberg, M. Griffiths, J. Holden, M. Kinnaird, R. Laidlaw, A. Lynam, D. W. MacDonald, D. Martyr, C. McDougal, L. Nath, T. O'Brien, J. Seidensticker, J. L. D. Smith, R. Tilson and W. N. Wan Shahruddin .(2000) The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of cryptic mammals: response to Jennelle ''et al.''. ''Anim. Conserv. 5'': 121–123.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nath|first=Latika|date=May 2002|title=The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of cryptic mammals: response to Jennelle et al. |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/185/Carbone2002.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Animal Conservation |volume=5|issue=2|pages=121–123|doi=10.1017/S1367943002002172|location= United Kingdom|s2cid=86025617 }}</ref>
* Latika Rana – Tiger Princess of India. National Geographic Television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG3359692/The-tiger-princess.html|title=The tiger princess – Telegraph |website=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Contributions ===
* Remembering Great Apes – 2018. Margot Raggett. Wildlife Photographers United. {{ISBN|978-1999643300}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rememberingwildlife.com/remembering-great-apes/|title=Remembering Great Apes|website=Remembering Wildlife|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Macdonald, David 2001 The New Encyclopaedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0198508239}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/isbn/0198508239/|title=0198508239 – The New Encyclopedia of Mammals by David Macdonald; Sasha Norris – AbeBooks|website=abebooks.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. 1999. Seidensticker J, Christie S and Jackson P. {{ISBN|9780521648356}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45686178|title=Riding the tiger : tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes |last1=Seidensticker|first1=John|last2=Jackson|first2=Peter|last3=Christie|first3=Sarah|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge : Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521648356|language=English}}</ref>
* National Geographic. December 1997. Vol. 192. No 6. Wild Tigers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.readersparadise-me.com/book-for-rent/b0026s84xe-1997-december-vol-national-geographic.html|title=1997 December Vol. 192, No. 6: Wild Tigers (National Geographic Magazine) by National Geographic {{!}} Rent book online|website=www.readersparadise-me.com|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191846/http://www.readersparadise-me.com/book-for-rent/b0026s84xe-1997-december-vol-national-geographic.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A Tiger's Tale. BBC Wildlife
* Wild Things – Latika Nath ( [[Discovery Channel]])
* A Tale of Two Tigers. [[BBC Wildlife]]<ref name=":0"/>

=== Exhibitions===
* Omo – where time stood still. The Bikaner House, New Delhi. 5–12 November 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/omo-valley-tribes-photo-exhibition-facts-on-the-ethiopian-tribe-1385657-2018-11-10|title=Photos of Omo Valley tribes document unique customs: Facts on the tribes living where modern humans first evolved |first=Roshni|last=Chakrabarty|date=12 November 2018|website=India Today|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Omo – a preview. The Corridor Project @The Quorum Club, Gurugram, Delhi NCR. 6 November – 6 December 2018.
* Participated in a Group Show – An Eye on the Tiger, The World's Largest Tiger Photography Exhibition by the World's best Wildlife Photographers. The Royal Albert Hall, 18 September – 14 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.savewildtigers.org/exhibitions/royal-albert-hall|title=Royal Albert Hall {{!}} Save Wild Tigers|website=www.savewildtigers.org|access-date=28 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Participated in a Group Show – Remembering Great Apes. La Galleria, Pall Mall, London, United Kingdom. 15–27 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/news/winners-of-remembering-great-apes-competition-announced|title=Winners of Remembering Great Apes competition announced|last=News|first=Matt Golowczynski 2018-05-29T15:27:54 148Z|website=digitalcameraworld|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

== Awards, honors, grants and titles ==
* Grant from Save the Tiger Fund for Camera Trap Development 1998–1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310752416 |title=Setting priorities for conservation and recovery of wild tigers: 2005–2015 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Overseas Research Student Scholarship<ref name=":0"/>
* Oxford and Cambridge Society of India Scholarship<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxbridgeindia.com/event/past-event/ocsi-dialogues-conversations-indias-wildlife-ecology-friday-20-april-2018/ |title=OCSI Dialogues – Conversations on India's Wildlife and Ecology, Friday, 20 April 2018|date=8 April 2018|website=The Oxford and Cambridge Society of India|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Foreign and Commonwealth Office Scholarship for the Year (Chevening Award)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/omo-where-time-stood-still/|title=Omo- Where Time Stood Still|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* Research Fellowship, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra dun, 1994 – 1997<ref name=":1" />
* Karmaveer Puraskaar for Work in the field of Environment and Conservation
* Award from ATOI for contribution to Ecotourism in India 2007. National Geographic featured Latika in an hour long program called "Latika Rana – Tiger Princess" for a series titled "True Originals (USA)" and "Truth Files (Worldwide)"<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Latika Nath, the 'Tiger Princess' of India |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/meet-latika-nath-the-tiger-princess-of-india-112057.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=femina.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2019 |title=JLF 2019 Will Address the Year's Struggle for Gender Equality |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/jlf-2019-will-address-struggle-for-gender-equality |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=The Quint}}</ref>
* Latika was part of the campaign to launch National Geographic Channel in India along with Gerry Martin and Hritikh Roshan<ref name=":2" />
* TEDxGurgaon 2012 Born to be Wild.<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Born to be Wild: Dr. Latika Rana at TEDxGurgaon|date=8 November 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iclte1kK9Kk |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* TEDxSIULavale 2019. Tiger Conservation and more<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/32306|title=TEDxSIULavale {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|access-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref>
* "Her Daringness" May 2020 - An honorary title bestowed by former Ministerial Adviser Mr Nitin Gupta in a Cover Story based on Latika's life and work. Nitin was Adviser to Victorian Premier [[Ted Baillieu]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2020/05/07/meet-daringness-indias-tigress-princess/|title= Meet 'Her Daringness'|publisher=The Indian Sun|date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2019/02/13/building-bridges/|title= Nitin Gupta - Building Bridges |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=13 Feb 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Latika}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian wildlife photographers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:ICIMOD people]]

Bargur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T18:40:51Z

Jamesharrey: Created a article

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 52
| map_image = Constitution-Bargur.svg
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| established = 1977
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = E. C. Govindharajan
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Bargur
| electors = 239,318
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bargur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Krishnagiri district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 52. It comprises portions of [[Krishnagiri taluk|Krishnagiri]] and [[Pochampalli taluk]]s and is a part of [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]]. Most successful party: AIADMK (nine times).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211957/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20%26%20Order%20.pdf |archive-date= 2016-08-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Former chief minister Jayalalithaa contested twice in this constituency, won in 1991 and lost in 1996.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| K. R. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| H. G. Arumugam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Doraisamy
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| T. M. Venkatachalam
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| K. R. Rajendran
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. Thambidurai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| 2009^
| K. R. K. Narasimhan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. E. Krishnamoorthi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| V. Rajendran<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016 |page=52 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215115200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[D. Mathiazhagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| E. C. Govindharajan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009 By-election|2009 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|0.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|30.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.94}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. C. Govindharajan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[D. Mathiazhagan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kavin |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= E. Muralidharan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239318|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web|title= bargur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a052|access-date= 15 Oct 2022|archive-date= 29 April 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220429100025/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a052/|url-status= live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Mathiazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,256 |percentage=49.06% |change=+6.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,642 |percentage=42.70% |change=-0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karunakaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,116 |percentage=5.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,518 |percentage=0.77% |change=+0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesa Kumar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,061 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,614 |percentage=6.36% |change= 5.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=198,221 |percentage=80.23% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=437|percentage=0.22% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,064 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,650 |percentage=42.89% |change=-13.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. C. Govinddarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,668 |percentage=42.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,407 |percentage=9.79% |change=-27.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,948 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,382 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manivannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,273 |percentage=0.68% |change=-0.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=982 |percentage=0.52% |change= -18.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,056 |percentage=82.16% |change= 0.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,893 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. E. Krishnamoorthi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,711 |percentage=56.02% |change=+13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Raja |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,271 |percentage=37.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Asokan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,314 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy |votes=1,611 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,512 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,307 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,279 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,106 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,440 |percentage=18.59% |change= 16.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=158,363 |percentage=81.83% |change= 9.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,531 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thambidurai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,299 |percentage=42.67% |change=-23.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vetriselvan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,091 |percentage=40.44% |change=+13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Govindaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,157 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Narayanasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,666 |percentage=3.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mani |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,519 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,460 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=987 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Elavarasan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=765 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,208 |percentage=2.23% |change= -37.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=143,663 |percentage=72.60% |change= 9.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,892 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,039 |percentage=66.31% |change=+22.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,733 |percentage=26.46% |change=-24.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Gunasekaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,476 |percentage=2.81% |change=+2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Elango |party=Independent politician |votes=3,047 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ra. Chennayan Alias Chenrayan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,459 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindaraji |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49,306 |percentage=39.85% |change= 32.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,716 |percentage=63.10% |change= -5.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,148 |percentage=50.71% |change=+49.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,782 |percentage=43.54% |change=-21.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. P. Ramalingam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,352 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Madhavan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=912 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Viswanathan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=912 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,366 |percentage=7.17% |change= -28.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,643 |percentage=69.07% |change= -0.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,024 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,680 |percentage=65.18% |change=+34.9 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Rajendar]] |party=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |votes=30,465 |percentage=29.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Chinnasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,815 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,311 |percentage=1.26% |change=-27.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,215 |percentage=35.84% |change= 34.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,841 |percentage=69.30% |change= -2.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,980 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 34.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,551 |percentage=30.27% |change=-39.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,522 |percentage=29.25% |change=-0.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,906 |percentage=20.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Udhayakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,338 |percentage=17.18% |change=-52.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,081 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,029 |percentage=1.02% |change= -38.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,921 |percentage=72.17% |change= 0.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,564 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -39.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Venkatachalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,388 |percentage=69.71% |change=+12.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Veeramani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,577 |percentage=29.86% |change=-11.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,811 |percentage=39.86% |change= 24.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,321 |percentage=71.17% |change= 8.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,427 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. N. S. Doraisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,893 |percentage=57.26% |change=+8.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,045 |percentage=41.69% |change=+15.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=727 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,848 |percentage=15.57% |change= -7.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,665 |percentage=62.53% |change= 1.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,106 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=H. G. Arumugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,812 |percentage=48.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. C. Thimmarayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,420 |percentage=26.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chinnaraju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,599 |percentage=14.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sugadev |party=Janata Party |votes=6,036 |percentage=10.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,392 |percentage=22.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,867 |percentage=61.05% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,061 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.55|N|78.37|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu|Bargur]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Vegunta Mohan Prasad

2026-05-01T11:38:47Z

Jamesharrey: started

{{Short description|Telugu poet and writer (1942-2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vegunta Mohan Prasad
| image = Vegunta Mohan Prasad.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|01|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|08|03|1942|07|15|df=y}}
| education = Master of Arts, PGDTE
| alma_mater = [[Andhra Christian College]], Guntur [[Banaras Hindu University]] Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL)
| occupation = Professor, poet, critic, translator, writer
| employer = P. B. Siddhartha College of Arts and Science, Vijayawada
| spouse = Sujata
| children = Mamata
}}

'''Vegunta Mohan Prasad''', (5 January 1942 – 3 August 2011) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet, critic, translator and writer. He was known by his pen name 'Mo'.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last1=MURTHY|first1=NEERAJA|title=The voice from within|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/article2281475.ece|access-date=27 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mohan Prasad gets Tanikella Bharani Puraskaram|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/mohan-prasad-gets-tanikella-bharani-puraskaram|access-date=27 July 2014|publisher=The Siasat Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='మో' నిర్నిద్ర నిషాదం|url=http://pustakam.net/?p=7717}}</ref>

==Personal life and career==
Mohan Prasad was born in Lam, [[Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Final Tribute to Mo, author of Chiti – Chinta|publisher=[[Andhra Prabha]]|date=19 September 2011}}</ref> He completed schooling in Andhra Pradesh and graduated with a B.A from the [[Andhra Christian College]], Guntur. He obtained his [[Master of Arts]] in English from the [[Banaras Hindu University]] and PGDTE from Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL).<ref name="jagran" /> In 1967, he married Sujata, the daughter of Bondalapati Sivaramakrishna and Sakuntala Devi of Desi Kavita Mandali.
Mo taught English literature as a profession. He was the Head of the Department of English in P. B. Siddhartha College of Arts and Science in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Young Headmaster gets writers grant from ASRC|publisher=[[Nai Dunia]]|date=6 May 1969}}</ref>
Mo had deep interest in literature and upon his retirement, he took up the role of Director of Anusrijana,<ref>{{cite web|title=AUTHOR'S PROFILE|url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=737|publisher=Muse India|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809000047/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=737|url-status=dead}}</ref> the translation wing of [[Dravidian University]], where he organized translations of about a hundred classic works from regional languages into English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poet Leaves A Message As He Leaves The World|url=http://www.mohanfoundation.org/activities/activities_print.asp?id=486|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

==Literary contributions==
Mo published volumes of [[Telugu poetry]], literary appreciation, and translations of Telugu poetry into English and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandhya Bhasha – Vegunta Mohan Prasad|date=29 April 2010 |url=http://lokabhiramam.blogspot.in/2010/04/sandhya-bhasha-vegunta-mohan-prasad.html|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Recognition as a poet came with the publication of Chiti-Chinta, in 1969. This Tense Time, published by Mo in 1982, is one of the first comprehensive volumes of modern Telugu poetry in English translation and was reviewed by the British poet and literary critic Derek Stanford. Between Chiti – Chinta in 1969 and Mo –Nishadam in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|title=MO's 'Nishadam' Telugu Poetry book introduction|url=http://enblog.kinige.com/?p=37|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727095305/http://enblog.kinige.com/?p=37|url-status=dead}}</ref> he was prolific in his literary contributions in the form of poetry, appreciations and translations.

==Awards==
Recognition and awards for Mo's works include:
* Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak Award (1969),
* Free Verse Front Award (1970),
* Writers Grant from ASRC (1976), Nutalapati award (1993),
* Telugu University (for best poetry) in 1994
* A.P State Government Official Languages Award (2001), Surapaneni award (2002)<ref name="jagran">{{cite news|title=Vegunta Prasad awarded Surapaneni award for his contribution|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=11 December 2002}}</ref>
* Yagalla Foundation annual award (2001).
* Telugu University lifetime achievement (2005)
* In 2011, he was awarded the Tanikella Bharani Sahitya Puraskaram for his book Mo – Nishadam.<ref name="hindu" />

==Bibliography==
Poetry and Literary Appreciation:
* Chiti – Chinta (1969). Telugu poetry.
* Silent Secret (1976). English poetry.
* Bathikina Kshanalu (1990). Telugu poetry.
* Rahastantri (1992). Telugu poetry.
* Punarapi (1993). Telugu poetry.
* Saandhya Basha (1999). Telugu poetry.
* Karachaalanam (1999). Essays on 20th century British, American, Australian, French, Italian, German and Indo-Anglian poetry.
* Needalu Jaadalu (2002). A volume of literary criticism.
* Vennela Needalu (2003). A volume of literary criticism.
* Mo Nishadam (2010). Telugu Poetry.
* Saraamsam (2013). Anthology of selected poetry published posthumously.
* Mo Nishadam (2013). Translated into Kannada by C. Raghunath

==Translations==
* Shakespeare Rupaka Pravachanalu (1993). Selected plays of Shakespeare translated into Telugu.
* Swasakalau (1994). Translation of Segments – a semi-autobiographical long poem composed by Tripura.
* Dream Script (2003). Translation of Ajanta's Swapnalipi commissioned by Sahitya Akademi
* Swarajyam (2011). Translation of [[Mahidhara Rammohan Rao]]’s ''Kollayigattitheynemi''. Published by Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0198077374}}<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|last1=RAMASWAMY|first1=GITA|title=A forgotten masterpiece|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/article2953680.ece|access-date=27 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
* Seeds of Black Soil. Translation of Chandra Latha's Telugu novel Regadi Vitthulu
* Sikhamani selected poems (2010)

==Edited anthologies==
* This Tense Time (1981). Anthology of selected Telugu poems published from 1915 to 1980 translated into English.
* Kommalu Remmalu (2005).

==Books published on Mo==
Namo (2011): Tributes to Mo from friends and family.

==Death==
Mo died on 3 August 2011 due to brain hemorrhage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telugu Poet "Mo", passed away|publisher=[[Arunachal Front]]|date=5 August 2011}}</ref> He has donated his organs - kidneys, liver and eyes - to Mohan Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=వేగుంట మోహనప్రసాద్, Vegunta Mohan Prasad|date=3 August 2011 |url=http://telugueminentpersons.blogspot.in/2011/08/vegunta-mohan-prasad.html|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mohanfoundation.org/ Mohan Foundation]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Vegunta Mohan}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Telugu–English translators]]
[[Category:English–Telugu translators]]

John Gilchrist (linguist)

2026-04-29T19:55:22Z

Jamesharrey: Created new bio!

{{Short description|Scottish linguist, philologist and Indologist}}{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = John Gilchrist
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSE|size=100%}}
|image = John_Borthwick_Gilchrist,_cropped_from_UCL_portrait_by_Blanconi.jpg
|caption = Detail from portrait of Gilchrist by Blanconi, presented to [[University College London|UCL]], 1866
|birth_name = John Hay Gilchrist
|birth_date = {{birth date|1759|6|19|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1841|1|8|1759|6|19|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
|other_names = John Borthwick Gilchrist
|field = [[Linguistics]] [[Lexicology]] [[Indology]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Study of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] Foundation of the [[Gilchrist Educational Trust]]
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'''John Borthwick Gilchrist''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSE}} (19 June 1759 – 9 January 1841) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[surgery|surgeon]], [[linguistics|linguist]], [[philology|philologist]] and [[Indology|Indologist]]. Born and educated in [[Edinburgh]], he spent most of his early career in [[Company rule in India|India]], where he made a study of the local languages. In later life, he returned to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and lived in Edinburgh and [[London]]. In his final years, he moved to [[Paris]], where he died at the age of 81.

He is principally known for his study of the [[Hindustani language]], which led to it being adopted as the [[lingua franca]] of northern India (including present-day [[Pakistan]]) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored ''An English-Hindustani Dictionary'', ''A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language'', ''The Oriental Linguist'', and many more. His [[lexicon]] of Hindustani was published in [[Arabic script]], [[Nāgarī script]], and in [[Romanization|Roman transliteration]].<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Ramchandani |first= Indu |title= Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&pg=PA300 |year= 2000|pages= 298–300|isbn= 978-0-85229-760-5}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite book |last= Mukherjee |first= Sujit |title= A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |publisher= Orient Blackswan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA113 |year= 1999 |pages= 113–114|isbn= 978-81-250-1453-9}}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite book |last= Malik |first= Jamal |title= Islam in South Asia: A Short History |publisher= BRILL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA285 |year= 2008 |pages= 285 |isbn= 978-90-04-16859-6}}</ref><ref name="R6">{{cite book |last= Schimmel |first= Annemarie |title= Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl |publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaeXVjTyyzEC&pg=PA207 |year= 1975 |page= 207|isbn= 978-3-447-01671-1}}</ref> He is also known for his role in the foundation of [[University College London]] and for endowing the [[Gilchrist Educational Trust]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Year Book of Education|publisher=Evans Bros.|year=1937|page=266}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Gilchrist was born on 19 June 1759 in [[Edinburgh]], and baptised on 22 June 1759 with the names John Hay Gilchrist.<ref>19/06/1759 Gilchrist, John Hay (Church registers Old Parish Registers Records 685/1 300 78) Page 78 of 325</ref> His father was Walter Gilchrist, but very little is known about him except that he was a merchant who disappeared the year that John was born. His mother was Henrietta Farquharson (1730-1830), originally from Dundee, who lived to the very advanced age of 100.<ref name=AsJ>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal – January-April 1830|year = 1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCkoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA254|page=254}}</ref>
In later life, Gilchrist obtained a licence to use the name Borthwick, his maternal grandmother's surname, based on her descendancy from the [[Lord Borthwick|Borthwick title]] in the Scottish peerage.<ref name=HOL>House of Lords 7 HLC 124 July 1, 8, 12 13, 16, 1858 Walter G. Whicker - Appellant; Joseph Hume and others, - Respondents http://www.uniset.ca/other/cs3/11ER50.html</ref>

He was educated at [[George Heriot's School]] and the [[Edinburgh High School]] (1773–1775).<ref name=ODNB>{{cite web|title=Gilchrist, John Borthwick|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10716/?back=,16731|access-date=2016-12-19|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}{{subscription required}}</ref> At the age of 16, he travelled to the [[West Indies]], where he gained a knowledge of the cultivation and production of [[Indigofera tinctoria|indigo]]. He remained there for two or three years before returning to Edinburgh.

===Career in India===
In 1782, Gilchrist was apprenticed as a surgeon's mate in the [[Royal Navy]] and travelled to [[Bombay]], [[India]]. There, he joined the [[East India Company]]'s Medical Service and was appointed assistant surgeon in 1784.<ref name=LJR1851>{{cite book|title=The Law Journal Reports for the Year 1851|year=1851|editor-first=Montagu|editor-last=Chambers|volume=29|pages=369–384|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA1DAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> He marched with the company's Bengal Army to [[Fatehgarh]], and during this journey he noted the extent to which the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] language could be understood in different parts of the country. However, he was surprised that the company neither required nor encouraged their employees to learn it, and subsequent experiences convinced him that officers in the army should also learn it in order to communicate effectively with the [[Indian soldiers]] or [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=ODNB/>

====Hindustani dictionary====
Gilchrist began a systematic study of Hindustani, and from this work he created his first dictionary.<ref name="R7">{{cite book |last= Glaisyer |first= Natasha |author2=Sara Pennell |title= Didactic Literature in England, 1500–1800 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lq-ZDuZ90hoC&pg=PA155 |year= 2003 |pages= 155|isbn= 978-0-7546-0669-7}}</ref><ref name="mas">{{cite book |last= Masood |first= Ehsan |title= Scienče & Is̊lam: A History |publisher= Icon Books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H9yeHB1A-JwC&pg=PT206 |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-1-84831-081-0}}</ref> In 1785 he requested a year's leave from duty to continue these studies. This leave was eventually granted in 1787 and Gilchrist never returned to the Medical Service. He spent 12 years living at various places, including [[Patna]], [[Faizabad]], [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], and [[Ghazipur]]. He travelled extensively to work with native speakers and also to garner material. In Ghazipur, to help finance his work, he also engaged in the production of indigo, [[sugar]] and [[opium]] – an enterprise which was initially successful but eventually failed.<ref name=ODNB/>

In 1786, he advertised his first publication, ''A Dictionary: English and Hindoostanee. To which Is Prefixed a Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language''. This was published by subscription and issued in instalments to be completed in 1790. It was the first printed publication in [[Devanagari]] type, as developed by the Orientalist and typographer, [[Charles Wilkins]]. The government promised to take 150 sets at 40 [[rupee]]s each, and the price rose eventually to 60 rupees.<ref name="mas"/>

====Background to the Hindustani language====
{{see also|Hindi|Urdu|Hindi-Urdu controversy}}
In Northern India, the Hindustani language developed from the need of the new migrants of [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] origin to communicate with people in Delhi and the surrounding regions. The local populace spoke [[Dehlavi dialect]], one of the [[Hindi languages]], which supplied the basic vocabulary and grammar but also absorbed a lot of words from [[Persian language|Persian]] to form [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].

Gilchrist popularized Hindustani as the language of British administration. When he started as a surgeon with the East India Company's payroll, he was told that Persian was India's main language, but he quickly discovered that none of the people he met spoke either Persian or Arabic very well. His interactions with people helped him to discover that Hindustani was already known to some in the East India Company. They referred to the language as [[Moors]] language or simply Jargon, and it was Gilchrist who adopted this as the new language of administration for British India.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="mas"/><ref name="R4">{{cite book |last= Veer |first= Peter Van Der |title= Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India |publisher= University of California Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA170 |year= 1994 |pages= 170–|isbn= 978-0-520-08256-4}}</ref>

====Fort William College====
{{main|Fort William College}}
On Gilchrist's suggestion, the Governor-General, the [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Marquess of Wellesley]], and the East India Company decided to set up a training institution for its recruits in [[Calcutta]]. This started as the ''Oriental Seminary'' or ''Gilchrist ka madrasa'', but was enlarged within a year to become [[Fort William College]] in 1800. Gilchrist served as the first principal of the college until 1804, and through the personal patronage of Wellesley received a generous salary of 1500 rupees a month, or about £1800 per year (about £180,000 in present-day terms).<ref name=ODNB/> During this time, he also published a number of books: ''The Stranger's East India Guide to the Hindoostanee or Grand Popular Language of India'', ''The Hindustani Manual or Casket of India'', ''Nastaliq-e-Hindoe'', ''The Hindu Roman Orthoeptical Ultimatum'', ''The Oriental Fabulist'', and others.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Sen |first= Sailendra Nath |title= Textbook of Indian History and Culture |publisher= Macmillan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fpJ7ry7B5TYC&pg=PA274 |year= 2007 |pages= 270–274|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Powell|first= Avril Ann |title= Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India |publisher= Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOH_zGK2mY8C&pg=PA100 |year= 1993 |pages= 90–100|isbn= 978-0-7007-0210-7}}</ref>

Under Gilchrist's leadership, Fort William also became a centre for [[Urdu]] prose. The language they taught was meant for young British people to acquire a general practical knowledge for administrative purposes, and not for native speakers of the language. He gathered around him writers from all over India who were able to produce a simple Urdu style that was "intelligible to British officers and merchants who had no use for poetry".<ref name="R6"/> One of Gilchrist's pupils was the missionary [[Henry Martyn]], an [[Anglican]] priest and chaplain for the East India Company, who revised the Hindustani version of the [[New Testament]] and later translated it, together with the Book of [[Psalms]] and [[Book of Common Prayer]], into Urdu and Persian. By the early nineteenth century, the Persian language was gradually replaced by Urdu as the vernacular to serve as the administrative language in a growing colonial [[bureaucracy]].<ref name="R4"/>

In 1803, Gilchrist inducted other writers into the college, who helped make rapid strides in [[Hindi]] language and literature. Subsequently, a Hindi translation of the Bible appeared in 1818 and ''[[Udant Martand]]'', the first Hindi newspaper, was published in 1826 in Calcutta.

Scholars debate Gilchrist's role in the distillation of Hindustani into the modern languages of Hindi and Urdu, but according to Gilchrist, the rise of the new prose tradition was also the "bifurcation of Khariboli into two forms – the Hindustani language with Khariboli as the root resulted in two languages (Hindi and Urdu), each with its own character and script."<ref name="R5">{{cite book |last= Everaert |first= Christine |title= Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu |publisher= Brill |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&pg=PA257 |year= 2010 |pages= September |isbn= 978-90-04-17731-4}}</ref> He not only discovered/invented the Hindustani language, but he was credited as a great patron of Urdu and indirectly the reinvigoration of Hindi. During his time at Fort William College, he encouraged the use of the purer form of Khariboli from which contemporary Hindi evolved. In the words of K.B. Jindal, author of ''A History of Hindi Literature'': "Hindi as we know it today is the product of the nineteenth century."<ref name="kap">{{cite book |last= Kapoor |first= Subodh |title= The Indian Encyclopaedia: Hinayana-India (Central India) |publisher= Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__uUoaurFisC&q=John+Gilchrist%2C+Urdu&pg=PA2890 |year= 2002 |page= 2890|isbn= 978-81-7755-267-6}}</ref>

Another view was that of [[George Abraham Grierson]], an Irish [[linguist]] and civil servant, who said that the standard or pure Hindi which contemporary [[Indian people|Indians]] use is "an artificial dialect the mother tongue of no native-born Indian, a newly invented speech, that wonderful hybrid known to Europeans as Hindi and invented by them."<ref name="kap"/>

===Land in Australia===
In 1801, while still in India, Gilchrist acquired a substantial holding of land near [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], from [[William Balmain]]. He bought this for a nominal sum in settlement of a debt.<ref name=ODNB/> Gilchrist never went to Australia, but as Sydney subsequently developed, the value of this holding (now part of the suburb named [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]]) rose substantially.

===Return to Britain===
In 1804, Gilchrist was granted leave of absence from his position at Fort William and travelled back to Britain. However, due to ill health, he never returned to India. He retired from the service of the East India Company in 1805 and was awarded a pension for the remainder of his life. He took an interest in the Borthwick title and, through a series of [[grant of arms|grants of arms]], he eventually styled himself, "John Borthwick Gilchrist, of Camberwell, in the county of Surrey, LL.D., late Professor of the Hindoostanee Language in the College of Fort William, at Calcutta."<ref name=LJR1851/>

In 1806, when the [[East India College]] was established at Haileybury, [[Hertfordshire]], its original plan called only for the teaching of Arabic and Persian. However, the first appointed Oriental Professor, [[Jonathan Scott (orientalist)|Jonathan Scott]], a scholar of these languages, resigned even before the College opened its doors. Gilchrist succeeded him but held the post only a few months.

Later the same year, Gilchrist moved to Edinburgh where, in partnership with James Inglis, he founded a banking firm, Inglis, Borthwick Gilchrist & Co, which operated from a flat in Hunter Square. He also became in 1807 a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (proposed by [[William Moodie]], [[John Playfair]] and [[James Bonar (lawyer)|James Bonar]]), the [[Royal Horticultural Society|Horticultural Society]], the [[East India Club]], and the Scottish Military and Naval Academy. He gained a reputation for being somewhat eccentric, with a fiery temper and violent politics and language. One of his eccentricities was to erect an aviary containing exotic birds on the side of his house on Nicolson Square.<ref name=DNB/>

In 1815 his banking business ran into difficulties and was dissolved. He moved for a brief period to Perthshire, resolving never to return to Edinburgh. He then moved to London in 1817 and the following year was appointed as lecturer in oriental languages for the East India Company, a position he held until 1825. However, after this employment ceased, he controversially continued to give lectures without payment, as a vehicle to promote the sale of his works as textbooks. With a similar view, he assisted in the foundation of the London Oriental Institution and became a founding shareholder of [[University College London]], serving as its first Professor of Hindustani.<ref name=LJR1851/> He also worked with [[George Birkbeck]] to establish the London Mechanics Institution (later [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]]).

===Marriage and children===
Gilchrist fathered a number of children during his time in India between 1782 and 1804. However, their legitimacy and the identity of the mother are unclear, and it appears that several died young. One surviving daughter, Mary Anne (b. 1786), may have remained in India after Gilchrist departed and it is known that, in 1810, she married Major Charles William Burton in Calcutta. He was the son of [[James Burton (clergyman)|James Burton]], canon of [[Christ Church, Oxford]] and chaplain to [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] and [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]. Charles William Burton died at [[Mirzapur]] in 1816<ref>{{cite book|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank, But Uninvested with Heritable Honours|last=Burke|first=John|year=1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upFIAQAAMAAJ|volume=3|page=273}}</ref> and decades later, his and Mary Anne's son, Major Charles Aeneas Burton, was murdered together with his two sons at [[Kotah]] in 1857, during the [[Indian mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1857 Kotah Uprising|url=http://www.colsudhirfarm.com/1857kotatrail.html|website=Col. Sudhir Farm|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Here walks the ghost of a British resident|author=K.R.N. Swamy|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/main2.htm|access-date=16 December 2016|newspaper=The Sunday Tribune|date=23 June 2003}}</ref>

It is also known that three other Indian-born daughters returned with Gilchrist to Britain:
*Henrietta (1797–1864) married James Wilson, a merchant, in Edinburgh in 1815.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marriage of James Wilson to Henrietta Gilchrist|website=Scotland's People|url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/view-image/nrs_opr_records/8569765?image=167}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tennent|display-authors=etal|title=Cases Decided in the Court of Session, Teind Court, Court of Exchequer and House of Lords|year=1852|volume=14|page=919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OlCAQAAMAAJ&q=gilchrist}}</ref>
*Elizabeth (b. 1801) married John Mann, a jeweller, in Edinburgh in 1818.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marriage of John Mann to Elizabeth Gilchrist|website=Scotland's People|url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/view-image/nrs_opr_records/9271783?image=186}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, October 1818|year = 1819|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNE6AQAAMAAJ|page=509}}</ref>
*Violet (1802–1872) married the writer and composer, [[George Linley]], in Edinburgh in 1824.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marriage of George Linley to Violet Gilchrist|website=Scotland's People|url=https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/view-image/nrs_opr_records/9272999?image=598}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1824|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGpdAAAAIAAJ&q=john+borthwick+gilchrist+violet&pg=PA429|page=429|last1 = Scott|first1 = Walter|year = 1825}}</ref>

After his return to Edinburgh, Gilchrist married Mary Ann Coventry on 15 May 1808,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scots Magazine for January 1808|year = 1808|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMYzAQAAMAAJ&q=john+borthwick+gilchrist+mary+anne+coventry&pg=PA397|page=397}}</ref> a woman nearly 30 years his junior, with whom he had no children. After he died, she married General [[Guglielmo Pepe]], Prince of the Kingdom of Naples.<ref>{{cite book|last=De Roberto|first=Federico|title=Saggi di Guerra|date=23 March 2014|language=Italian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNiSBgAAQBAJ&q=generale+guglielmo+pepe+coventry&pg=PA125|page=125|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781291790122}}</ref>

===Final years, death and legacy===
[[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 42 - Gilchrist 01.jpg|thumb| Tomb at the [[Père-Lachaise Cemetery]].]]

Gilchrist travelled to the Continent several times between 1825 and 1831, for reasons of ill health. He settled in [[Paris]] almost permanently from 1831 onwards, obtaining a French passport for himself, his wife and two servants, and resided in the Rue Matignon. He died there on 9 January 1841, aged 81, and was buried in the [[Père-Lachaise Cemetery]].<ref name="DNB">{{cite book |editor-last=Steven |editor-first= Leslie |editor2-last=Lee| editor2-first=Sidney|title= A Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 22 |publisher= Macmillan & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati22stepuoft|year=1890|pages=1221–23}}</ref>

====Will====
Gilchrist left a considerable fortune, which included property and investments in London and Edinburgh, as well as the Balmain estate in Australia. In his will, he appointed the [[Member of Parliament]], [[Joseph Hume]], to be his principal executor, and instructed that his assets be sold and the proceeds held in a [[charitable trust]]. From the Trust's income, he granted annuities to his widow and surviving daughters. The residual income he instructed to be used "for the benefit and advancement and propagation of education and learning in every part of the world as far as circumstances will permit."<ref name=HOLC1858>{{cite book|title=The House of Lords Cases during the Sessions 1858, 1859 and 1860|first=Charles|last=Clark|year=1861|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFsDAAAAQAAJ&q=gilchrist|pages=125–130}}</ref>

====Legal battle====
The will was contested by some members of Gilchrist's family. The principal [[appellant]] was his nephew, Walter Gilchrist Whicker (son of his sister, Helen), who considered himself to be Gilchrist's legitimate heir-at-law. The case, known as ''Whicker v Hume'', was complex and considered several issues:

* Gilchrist's legal [[domicile (law)|domicile]] at the time of his death. It was argued that this should be [[Scots law|Scotland]] or [[Law of France|France]] (his countries of birth and death, respectively), rather than [[English law|England]], where the will had been drawn up.
* The legitimacy of Gilchrist's Indian-born daughters.
* The [[jurisdiction]] which applied to the land in the [[colony of New South Wales]], and whether the legal doctrine of ''[[mortmain]]'' applied to it.
* Whether Gilchrist's words "education and learning" constituted a valid charitable objective.

The case dragged on for many years and eventually went as far as the [[House of Lords]], which handed down its final judgement upholding the validity of the will in July 1858, over 17 years after Gilchrist's death and after which time several of the parties, including both Whicker and Hume, had themselves died. It has become a significant legal [[precedent]], regarding the definition of domicile and the jurisdiction under which a will must be executed.<ref name=HOLC1858/><ref name=HOL/>

====Gilchrist Educational Trust====
{{See also|Gilchrist Educational Trust}}
An unexpected side-effect of the lengthy legal battle was that the value of the land in Australia had in the meantime increased to an estimated £70,000, and the total value of Gilchrist's estate when probate was finally granted was in excess of £100,000 (over £10,000,000 in current values).<ref name=ODNB/> With this large endowment, the [[Gilchrist Educational Trust]] was finally able in 1865 to start its work, and continues to the present day to provide financial grants to individuals and organizations for educational purposes.

==Character and political views==
Gilchrist had a fiery temperament and frequently became involved in arguments. He had a lifelong habit of expressing his views and frustrations in letters and printed pamphlets, blaming everyone except himself for the woes that afflicted him from time to time. He has been described as "alternately rambling and forthright, self-pitying and aggressive – indeed, at times downright abusive."<ref name=ODNB/> Despite this, he was usually treated exceptionally well by those in a position of authority and patronage, and by various means he became a very wealthy man – even if his business methods were sometimes rather unethical.

During his time in Edinburgh, he became notorious for his radical political views and became an outspoken advocate of [[republicanism]]. Inevitably, these views made him enemies, and together with the collapse of his banking business, it led him to forsake his native city for the rest of his life – returning only occasionally for brief visits to his mother.

There are no likenesses of him in his younger days, but as an old man ''Chambers' Biographical Dictionary'' describes him as "his bushy head and whiskers were as white as the Himalayan snow, and in such contrast to the active expressive face which beamed from the centre of the mass, that he was likened to a royal Bengal tiger – a resemblance of which he was even proud."

==Published works==
* ''A Dictionary: English and Hindoostanee'', Calcutta: Stuart and Cooper, 1787–90.
* ''A Grammar, of the Hindoostanee Language, or Part Third of Volume First, of a System of Hindoostanee Philology'', Calcutta: Chronicle Press, 1796.
* ''The Anti-Jargonist; a short and familiar introduction to the Hindoostanee Language, with an extensive Vocabulary'', Calcutta, 1800.
* ''Dialogues, English and Hindoostanee, calculated to promote the colloquial intercourse of Europeans, on the most useful and familiar subjects, with the natives of India, upon their arrival in that country'', Calcutta, 1802(?). Second edition: Edinburgh, Manners and Miller et al., 1809. lxiii, 253 p.
* ''The Hindee Director, or Student's Introductor to the Hindoostanee Language; comprising the Practical outlines of the improved Orthoepy and Orthography, along with first and general Principles of its Grammar'', Calcutta, 1802.
* ''The Hindee-Arabic Mirror; or improved Arabic practical tables of such Arabic words which are intimately connected with a due knowledge of the Hindoostanee language'', Calcutta, 1802.
* ''The Hindee-Roman Orthoepigraphical Ultimatum, or a systematic descriptive view of the Oriental and Occidental visible sounds of fixed and practical principles for the Language of the East'', Calcutta, 1804.
* ''British Indian Monitor; or, the Antijargonist, Stranger's Guide, Oriental Linguist, and Various Other Works, compressed into a series of portable volumes, on the Hindoostanee Language, improperly called Moors; with considerable information respecting Eastern tongues, manners, customs, &c.'', Edinburgh: Walker & Grieg, 1806–8.
* ''Parliamentary reform, on constitutional principles; or, British loyalty against continental royalty, the whole host of sacerdotal inquisitors in Europe, and every iniquitous judge, corrupt ruler, venal corporation, rotten borough, slavish editor, or Jacobitical toad-eater within the British Empire'', Glasgow: W. Lang. 1815.
* ''The Orienti-Occidental Tuitionary Pioneer to Literary Pursuits, by the King's and Company's Officers of all Ranks, Capacities, and Departments, either as probationers at scholastic establishments, during the early periods of life, their outward voyage to the East, or while actually serving in British India...A Complete Regular Series of Fourteen Reports...earnestly recommending also the general Introduction, and efficient Culture immediately, of Practical Orientalism, simultaneously with Useful Occident Learning at all the Colleges, respectable Institutions, Schools, or Academies, in the United Kingdom,...a brief prospectus of the art of thinking made easy and attractive to Children, by the early and familiar union of theory with colloquial practice, on commensurate premises, in some appropriate examples, lists, &c. besides a Comprehensive Panglossal Diorama for a universal Language and Character...a perfectly new theory of Latin verbs'', London: 1816.
* ''The Oriental Green Bag!! Or a Complete Sketch of Edwards Alter in the Royal Exchequer, Containing a full Account of the Battle with the Books between a Belle and a Dragon: by a radical admirer of the great Sir William Jones's civil, religious, and political creed, against whom information have recently been lodged for the Treasonable Offence and heinous crime of deep-rooted Hostility to Corruption and Despotism, in every Shape and Form; on the sacred oath of Peeping Tom at Coventry'', London: J.B. Gilchrist, 1820.
* ''The Hindee-Roman Orthoepigraphical Ultimatum;or a systematic, descriminative view of Oriental and Occidental visible Sounds, on fixed and practical principles for acquiring the ... pronunciation of many Oriental languages; exemplified in one hundred popular anecdotes, ... and proverbs of the Hindoostanee story teller'', London: 1820.
* ''The General East India Guide and Vade Mecum: for the public functionary, government officer, private agent, trader or foreign sojourner, in British India, and the adjacent parts of Asia immediately connected with the honourable East India Company'', London: Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen, 1825.
* ''Dialogues, English and Hindoostanee; for illustrating the grammatical principles of the Strangers' East Indian Guide, and to promote the colloquial intercourse of Europeans on the most indispensable and familiar subjects with the Natives of India immediately upon their arrival in Hindoostan'', London: Kingsley, Parbury, and Allen, 1826.
* ''A Practical Appeal to the Public, Through a Series of Letters, in Defence of the New System of Physic'', London: Parbury, Allen, & Co. 1833.
* ''A Bold Epistolary Rhapsody Addressed to the Proprietors of East-India Stock in particular, and to every individual of the Welch, Scottish and English nations in general'', London: Ridgway, 1833.

==Bibliography==
* Richard Steadman-Jones, ''Colonialism and Grammatical Representation: John Gilchrist and the Analysis of the Hindustani Language in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries'', Publications of the Philological Society; 41, 2007 9781405161329
* Sadiqur-Rahman Kidwai, ''Gilchrist and the 'Language of Hindoostan','' PhD thesis, University of Delhi. Rachna Prakashan, 1972.

== Collections ==
The archives of the Gilchrist Educational Trust were deposited at the [[UCL Institute of Education|Institute of Education]], [[University College London]] in 2001 and 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |title=Gilchrist Educational Trust Archive |url=https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=GILCHRIST |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=UCL Archives Catalogue}}</ref> The collection includes administrative papers, material about [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Borthwick Gilchrist]] and publications by the Trust.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Hindustani language]]
* [[Gilchrist Educational Trust]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Thomas Duffus Hardy, ''Memoirs of the Right Honourable Henry Lord Langdale'', Richard Bentley, 1852, pages 398–413.
* Natasha Glaisyer, Sara Pennell, ''Didactic Literature in England 1500–1800: Expertise Constructed'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, pages 155–159. {{ISBN|0-7546-0669-4}}.
* Richard Steadman-Jones, "Etymology and Language Learning at the Start of the 19th Century", in ''The History of Linguistic and Grammatical Praxis'', Piet Desmet (ed.), Peeters Publishers, 2000, pages 190–193. {{ISBN|90-429-0884-X}}

== External links ==

* [https://archives.ucl.ac.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=GILCHRIST Gilchrist Educational Trust Archive] at [[UCL Institute of Education|Institute of Education]], [[University College London]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilchrist, John}}
[[Category:1759 births]]
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[[Category:18th-century Royal Navy personnel]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People associated with Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:People associated with University College London]]
[[Category:People educated at George Heriot's School]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish bankers]]
[[Category:Scottish Indologists]]
[[Category:Scottish lexicographers]]
[[Category:Linguists from Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish philanthropists]]
[[Category:Scottish sailors]]
[[Category:Scottish scholars and academics]]
[[Category:18th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish surgeons]]

Amitava Raychaudhuri

2026-04-27T22:57:42Z

Jamesharrey: Created a details

{{short description|Indian theoretical particle physicist}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Amitava Raychaudhuri
|image = Amitava_Raychaudhuri_1.jpg
|caption = Raychaudhuri at the [[University of Calcutta]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|03|17|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|field = [[Theoretical physics]] [[Particle Physics]] [[Astroparticle physics]]
|workplaces = [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]] [[University of Calcutta]] [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute|Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad, India]] [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater|Oklahoma State University]] [[University of Cambridge]] [[Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory]] [[CERN]] [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] [[University of Oxford]]
|alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[Delhi University]] [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Oscar W. Greenberg]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Particle physics]]
|prizes =[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
|religion =
}}

'''Amitava Raychaudhuri''' is an Indian [[Theoretical particle physics|theoretical particle physicist]].<ref name="test1">{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P02-1321 |title=INSA |access-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812235656/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P02-1321 |archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref> He is Professor Emeritus at the Physics Department of the [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]] where he earlier held the Sir Tarak Nath Palit Chair Professorship.<ref name="test1" /> He is the nephew of another renowned Indian [[physicist]], [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Early life and education==
Raychaudhuri was born in [[Calcutta, India]] and did his schooling at the [[South Point School (India)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspexs.com/aspexs/Exceptional.aspx?PageIndex=2...5 |title=South Point Ex Students' Association :: Exceptional |website=www.aspexs.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222905/http://www.aspexs.com/aspexs/Exceptional.aspx?PageIndex=2...5 |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> He later attended [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]] from where he obtained his [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree in [[Physics]] in 1970 and then went on to complete his [[Master of Science|MSc]] degree at [[Delhi University]] in 1973. Under the supervision of [[Oscar Greenberg|Oscar W. Greenberg]], Raychaudhuri obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree in [[Particle physics|Particle Physics]] from the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] in 1977.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Research and career==
[[File:Amitava Raychaudhuri 2.jpg|thumbnail|Amitava Raychaudhuri taking a class at the [[University of Calcutta]].]]
After postdoctoral work at the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]] he joined the [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus of [[University of Calcutta]] in 1980 as a lecturer in [[physics]], where he became Reader and then the Sir Tarak Nath Palit Professor. During his tenure at the [[University of Calcutta]], he was a Scientific Associate (1983–84) at [[CERN]], Senior Indo-US [[Fulbright Fellow]] (1988–89) at the [[Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory]] and Senior [[Marie Curie]] Fellow (1994) at the [[University of Cambridge]]. He was also a Visiting Professor (1998) at the [[Oklahoma State University]]. He was the Director of the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]], [[Allahabad]] from 2005 to 2011 after which he rejoined the [[University of Calcutta]] as faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inspirehep.net/author/profile/A.Raychaudhuri.1|title = Inspire}}</ref>

Raychaudhuri has worked in diverse areas within particle physics encompassing [[quantum chromodynamics]], [[grand unified theories]], classical solutions, left-right symmetric models, [[FCNC]], [[supersymmetry]], [[neutrino]] physics, [[extra dimensions]], etc.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} He made contributions in [[CPT symmetry|CP-violation]] in [[Supersymmetry|supersymmetric]] models, the possibility of parity restoration at relatively low energies, [[neutrino]] masses and mixing in [[Supersymmetry|supersymmetric]] and other models, long baseline [[neutrino]] experiments, besides making a brief but important foray in the foundations of [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name="test1" />

==Awards and achievements==
He was the recipient of the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Award in 1982, the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], the highest science award in [[India]], in the physical sciences category in 1997, the J.C. Bose fellowship, the National Merit Certificate and Prize and the National Science Talent Search Scholarship in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physics-caluniv.in/research-theoretical-high-energy-and-nuclear-physics.html|title=Department of Physics - Calcutta University|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830141917/https://physics-caluniv.in/research-theoretical-high-energy-and-nuclear-physics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]], [[Allahabad]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]]. He was also a two-term senior associate of the [[Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP), [[Trieste]], [[Italy]]. In 2005, Raychaudhuri was conferred the honour of International Alumnus of the Year by the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]] Alumni Association. He is a recipient of D.Sc. (honoris causa) from the University of Gour Banga and the [[University of North Bengal]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{citation|last=Narlikar|first=J. V.|title=Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy|date=January 2006|pages=169|url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1664/3/320C_2006.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704141041/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1664/3/320C_2006.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2013}}

==External links==
* [http://inspirehep.net/search?p=exactauthor%3AA.Raychaudhuri.1&sf=earliestdate Amitava Raychudhuri's list of publications on INSPIRE-HEP]
* [https://archive.today/20130412232329/http://www.hri.res.in/~raychaud/ Amitava Raychudhuri's Home Page at HRI]
* [https://archive.today/20130415050822/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P02-1321 Amitava Raychudhuri's INSA Page]
* [http://www.physics-caluniv.in/research-theoretical-high-energy-and-nuclear-physics.html University of Calcutta: High Energy Physics Group Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830141917/https://physics-caluniv.in/research-theoretical-high-energy-and-nuclear-physics.html |date=30 August 2021 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raychaudhuri, Amitava}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian particle physicists]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Hathua, Bihar

2026-04-26T08:08:25Z

Jamesharrey: Created a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hathua
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 65
| population_total = 7,156
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_rank =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841436<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pin Code: HATHWA, GOPALGANJ, BIHAR, India, Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/BIHAR/GOPALGANJ/H/HATHWA|access-date=2021-09-05|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| registration_plate = BR-28
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hathua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hathua]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|date=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|language=en}}</ref>
| unit_pref =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.353984|N|84.297494|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}.<ref name="indiamapia.com">{{Cite web|title=Hathwa Pin Code, Hathwa, Gopalganj Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar|url=https://indiamapia.com/Gopalganj/Hathwa.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>
| governing_body =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| native_name =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hathua''' is a [[census town]] in [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hathua Town Population - Gopalganj, Bihar|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/bihar/gopalganj/hathua/hathua-ct-population.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Censusindia2011.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Hathua is located at {{Coord|26.353984|N|84.297494|E|format=dms}}.<ref name="indiamapia.com">{{Cite web|title=Hathwa Pin Code, Hathwa, Gopalganj Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar|url=https://indiamapia.com/Gopalganj/Hathwa.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=indiamapia.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{Convert|65|m|ft}}. It occupies an area of {{Convert|1.06|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Hathua town had a population of 7,156, of which 3,653 are males while 3,503 are females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,238 which is 17.30% of total population of Hathua town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Page 33|date=2011|title=Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1015_PART_B_DCHB_GOPALGANJ.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902165730/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1015_PART_B_DCHB_GOPALGANJ.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> Hathua had an average literacy rate of 61.5% with male literacy of 55.96% and female literacy was 44.04%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page 34|date=2011|title=Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1015_PART_B_DCHB_GOPALGANJ.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902165730/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1015_PART_B_DCHB_GOPALGANJ.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gopalganj district, India}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gopalganj district, India]]
hathua rand

Pamela Rooks

2026-04-20T13:23:32Z

Jamesharrey: adding new data first draft

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Distinguish|Pamela Rooke}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pamela Rooks
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Pamela Juneja
| birth_date = 28 February 1958<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAEO0VqmhqcC&q=%22Pamela+Rooks%22+1958 | title=Indian Panorama | year=2010 | publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date = 1 October 2010
| death_place =New Delhi, India
| spouse = [[Conrad Rooks]] ({{abbr|div}}. 1985)
| other_names =
| known_for =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = film director, screenwriter
| years_active = 1992–2005
}}

'''Pamela Rooks''' (28 February 1958 – 1 October 2010) was an Indian film director and screenwriter, most known for the film, ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]'' (1998) set in [[Partition of India]] and based on [[Khushwant Singh]]'s [[Train to Pakistan|novel]]; it was screened at several international film festivals. Apart from that accomplishment she also made award-winning films like, ''[[Miss Beatty's Children]]'' (1992) and ''[[Dance Like a Man]]'' (2004) and several documentaries.<ref name="ex"/>

==Early life==
She was born Pamela Juneja in an Army household to Col. A. N. Juneja and Gudi Juneja. She did her schooling in boarding schools in [[Nainital]] and [[Shimla]], where she became interested in dramatics.<ref name=ito>''India today'', Volume 24. Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 1999. p. 38</ref> Later, while studying mass communication in Delhi in the 1970s, she was involved with Delhi-based theatre group, Theatre Action Group (TAG), which was founded by theatre director, [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] and [[Siddharth Basu]], [[Roshan Seth]], [[Lilette Dubey]], and [[Mira Nair]] amongst others.<ref name=toi>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/the-drama-of-barry-johns-life/articleshow/29185414.cms The drama of Barry John's life] Divya Vasisht, [[The Times of India]], 23 November 2002.</ref><ref name=ya>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20101003/804/tnl-after-5-years-in-coma-pamela-rooks-d_2.html|title=After 5 years in coma, Pamela Rooks dies|date=3 October 2010|work=Yahoo! News|accessdate=4 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career as a journalist and producer of [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] programmes on television and it was during this period, for an interview, that she met director [[Conrad Rooks]] who had received much acclaim for his film, ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (1972). Subsequently they went on to marry.<ref name=ya/><ref name=ch>[http://www.chaosmag.in/pamela.html Pamela Rooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507162546/http://www.chaosmag.in/pamela.html |date=7 May 2020 }} chaosmag.</ref>

Later this paved the way for her career as a documentary filmmaker and she made critically acclaimed documentaries, such as ''Chipko: A response to the forest crisis'', ''Girl Child: fighting for survival'', ''Punjab: a human tragedy'' and ''Indian cinema: the winds of change'',<ref name=ch/> before making her first feature film, ''Miss Beatty's Children'' (1992), based on a novel of the same name by her.<ref name="hu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100801750100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406152932/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100801750100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 April 2005|title=Prompted by predicament|date=8 October 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film won her the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] at the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970725/20650843.html|title=Fifty summers after|date=25 July 1997|work=Indian Express}}</ref> Then in 1998 came her much anticipated film based on writer [[Khushwant Singh]]'s historical novel, ''[[Train to Pakistan]]'' (1956), set in the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, while previous attempts by other people to turn the novel into film had failed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990110/01050445.html|title=No malice towards Rooks: Khushwant|date=10 January 1999|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The film ran into trouble with the [[Indian Censor Board]], but was eventually released after going to a tribunal where only a few audio cuts were made.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204930|title=Pamela Rooks|date=19 January 1998|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

Having seen playwright [[Mahesh Dattani]]'s play ''Dance Like a Man'', a friend, the late dancer [[Protima Bedi]], who had also worked in his first film, arranged a meeting with Dattani in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/all-set-to-shoot-dance-like-a-man/articleshow/31102210.cms|title=All set to shoot Dance Like a Man|date=13 December 2002|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Rooks subsequently bought the rights to the play and went on co-write the screenplay with him. Her next venture, ''[[Dance Like a Man]]'', was released in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200500300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207053102/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200500300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=From stage to screen|date=2 October 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004100102160300.htm&date=2004/10/01/&prd=fr&|title=Dance Like A Man|date=1 October 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127022038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004100102160300.htm&date=2004%2F10%2F01%2F&prd=fr&|archive-date=27 November 2007|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and won a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]] for 2003.

==Accident and death==
In November 2005, she received a serious brain injury when a [[Maruti Alto]] lost control and collided with her [[Toyota Landcruiser]] at [[Vasant Kunj]] in Delhi while she was returning from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] after a trip to [[Amsterdam]]. She was subsequently put in a drug-induced coma and remained in that state for five years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051128/asp/nation/story_5529871.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303071932/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051128/asp/nation/story_5529871.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2006|title=Rooks hurt in car crash|date=28 November 2005|work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112816041500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126063543/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112816041500.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Pamela Rooks in hospital|date=28 November 2005|work=The Hindu}}</ref> She never recovered from the coma and died of cardiac arrest at her Defence Colony home in the early hours of 1 October 2010 at the age of 52.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/After-5-years-in-coma--Pamela-Rooks-dies/691709|title=After 5 years in coma, Pamela Rooks dies|date=3 October 2010|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==

She was married to director [[Conrad Rooks]] and the couple had a son, Ryan, before they divorced in 1985. Later she dated Maharajkumar Shrimant Shivaji Rao Holkar of Indore (Prince Richard Holkar), the son of [[Yeshwantrao Holkar II|HH Maharaja Yeshwant Rao II Holkar]] of [[Indore]],{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} whom she had first met in 1998 in her Defence Colony neighbourhood. In the following years they grew close and decided to be life companions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.aspx?414|title=Imperial Ties|date=20 October 2003|publisher=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Raj-beyond/articleshow/9557217.cms|title=Raj & beyond|date=12 May 2002|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040307/herworld.htm#1|title=Love is not elsewhere|date=7 March 2004|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Together Rooks and Holkar brought life back to Richard's ancestral home, Ahilya Fort in [[Maheshwar]], and were the directors of Ahilya Hospitality and Travels Private Limited.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=159091|title=Rooks stable, cops say car skid as rear tyre came off|date=28 November 2005|work=Indian Express|access-date=4 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330020209/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=159091|archive-date=30 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Holkar was accompanying her during the 2005 car accident.

Richard Holkar joined the ''Indian Head Injury Foundation'', founded in February 2007, by [[Gaj Singh, Maharaja of Jodhpur]], whose son [[Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur|Shivraj Singh]] had received a serious head injury due to an accident on the polo grounds in Jaipur in February 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianheadinjuryfoundation.org/history.html|title=History|publisher=Indian Head Injury Foundation website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174414/http://www.indianheadinjuryfoundation.org/history.html|archivedate=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2-accidents-bring-2-maharajas-to-a-cause-close-to-their-heart/24209/|title=2 accidents bring 2 Maharajas to a cause close to their heart|date=25 February 2007|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Contribution
! Notes
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Miss Beatty's Children]]''
|Director/Writer
|[[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] – [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]]<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]''
|Director/Writer/Producer
|Nominated – Best Film, [[Cinequest Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0740274/awards|title=Awards|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|2004
| ''[[Dance Like a Man]]''
|Director
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]]
|}

==Works==
* ''Miss Beatty's children'', Clarion Books, 1989. {{ISBN|81-85120-35-8}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195431/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/i/indore.html Indore genealogy]

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0740274}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rook, Pamela}}
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Director whose film won the Best Debut Feature Film National Film Award]]

Thayin Manikodi

2026-04-20T06:38:33Z

Jamesharrey:

{{short description|1998 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thayin Manikodi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
| writer = Arjun K. C. Thangam
| producer = D. Aruna D. Sudhakar Raju
| starring = Arjun [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Nivedita Jain]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Sree Lakshmi Devi Associates
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|08|29}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thayin Manikodi'''''{{Efn|Spelt as ''Thayinmanikodi'' on the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate.}} ({{Translation|Mothers' jewelled flag}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2021 |title=THOSE WERE THE DAYS: The Manikodi Movement |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/12/26/those-were-the-days-the-manikodi-movement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170315/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/12/26/those-were-the-days-the-manikodi-movement |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], who also stars alongside [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Nivedita Jain]]. Featuring music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], the film began production in late 1996 and was released on 29 August 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 1998 |title=Patriot games |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/nov/16ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806130008/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/nov/16ss.htm |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2023}}
Arjun is an honest [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who sets out to save some highly [[Classified information|confidential documents]] from falling into the hands of a terrorist, which would cause disasters in the country.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Arjun
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Anjali
*[[Nivedita Jain]] as Asha
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
*[[Goundamani]] as Shilpa Kumar
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[Sowcar Janaki]]
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]] as Politician
*[[Shamili|Baby Shamili]] as Rosie
*[[Nancy Jennifer|Baby Jennifer]]
*Rajesh Babu
*Baby Annie
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
The film was first announced in January 1996, with director and lead actor [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] initially casting [[Vijayashanti]] in a leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=9 January 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719063625/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref> However the actress later left the project after she had creative differences with the film's producer, Sudhakar Raju. The film began production in late 1996 and took over a year to complete. Hindi actress [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and model [[Nivedita Jain]] were cast in key roles, with the latter subsequently making her debut in Tamil films.<ref name="indolink">{{Cite web |title='Guess' List!!! |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234126/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=Indolink}}</ref> The film was named after a song from Arjun's previous film, ''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jaihind]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthi |first=Laxmi |date=1 February 2024 |title=அர்ஜுன் இயக்கிய லாபமும் நஷ்டமும் அடைந்த படங்கள்.. 60 வயதிலும் லியோ சித்தப்பா செய்யும் அக்கப்போரு! |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/action-king-arjuns-hit-and-flop-movies-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308092929/https://www.cinemapettai.com/action-king-arjuns-hit-and-flop-movies-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=Ta}}</ref>

The film was shot extensively in foreign locations, with scenes filmed in locations in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Switzerland]], which the team had to settle for after their visas for [[Canada]] were rejected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=17 January 1997 |title=Tamil Movie News--Pudhu Edition 2 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/KXFgX-MCewI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130190550/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/KXFgX-MCewI |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref> Further scenes were also shot in [[Madanapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], with art director [[Thota Tharani]] constructing sets for the film.<ref name="indolink" /> Production was delayed as a result of the [[FEFSI strike of 1997]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 1997 |title=Madras film strike: Producers demand their pound of flesh |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/jul/07madras.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806132242/https://www.rediff.com/news/jul/07madras.htm |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1997 |title=Thayin Manikodi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thayin-manikodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1328761897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806130008/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thayin-manikodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1328761897 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaayin Manikodi Tamil Tape Cassettes |url=https://www.vintageav.shop/product/thaayin-manikodi-tamil-tape-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313082122/https://www.vintageav.shop/product/thaayin-manikodi-tamil-tape-cassettes/ |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=VintageAV.shop |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nooraandukku Oru Murai
| extra1 = Gopal Sharma, Devie Neithiyar
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 05:15
| title2 = Adi Raani Sultana
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Devie Neithiyar
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| length2 = 04:18
| title3 = Mister Hollywood
| extra3 = Gopal Sharma, [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics3 = Vaasan
| length3 = 05:06
| title4 = Sixteena Seventeena
| extra4 = Gopal Sharma, [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| length4 = 04:38
| title5 = Uncle Uncle
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Baby Sruthi Unnikrishnan, Baby Deepika
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| length5 = 05:06
| title6 = Yahaan Ladki Hai
| extra6 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics6 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| length6 = 04:26
| total_length = 28:49 
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release in November 1997 during the [[Diwali]] season, but was subsequently put on hold for several months.<ref name="indolink" /> The film was later released in August 1998, with the title card of the film including a tribute to Nivedita Jain, who died before the film's release. The film became a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=18 May 2018 |title='Irumbuthirai' takes on Aadhaar: How Tamil films are questioning the Centre |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/irumbuthirai-takes-aadhaar-how-tamil-films-are-questioning-centre-81526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324155651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/irumbuthirai-takes-aadhaar-how-tamil-films-are-questioning-centre-81526 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind |first=CV |date=23 August 2017 |title=Kollywood's 'Gentleman' and Action King: Arjun Sarja at his 150th film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kollywoods-gentleman-and-action-king-arjun-sarja-his-150th-film-67259 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134517/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kollywoods-gentleman-and-action-king-arjun-sarja-his-150th-film-67259 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

Ji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Tabu and Vijayakumar were wasted but praised the action sequences.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=27 September 1998 |title=தாயின் மணிக்கொடி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-09-27/page/n97/mode/2up |access-date=3 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Arjun "has spent much energy to present a plausible tale (story and screenplay are also his) with all the entertainment elements, including some family sentiments. But the fine blend the director tries to achieve does not materialise".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=4 September 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Ellamae En Pondattithan / En Aaasai Raasavae / Thaayin Manikkodi |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980904/09/09040223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407071455/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980904/09/09040223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

Four years after the original release, the film was later dubbed and released in Telugu during November 2002 as ''Jaatiya Pattaakam''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review – Jaatiya Pataakam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jaatiyapataakam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314023502/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jaatiyapataakam.html |archive-date=14 March 2015 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Arjun Sarja}}

[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1998 action films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arjun Sarja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian Telecommunication Service

2026-04-19T16:57:53Z

Jamesharrey:

{{Short description|Indian government department}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{infobox
| title = Indian Telecommunications Service
| headerstyle = background:#FF7F50; color:#001#001#001;
| image = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|70px]]
| header1 = Service Overview
| label2 = Formerly known as
| data2 = Telegraph Engineering Service Class-I (TES Class-I)
| label3 = Abbreviation
| data3 = ITS
| label4 = Formed
| data4 = {{Start date and age|1965}}
| label5 = Country
| data5 = {{Flag|India}}
| label6 = Headquarters
| data6 = [[Sanchar Bhawan]] [[New Delhi]]
| label7 = Training Academy
| data7 = National Communications Academy, [[Ghaziabad]], {{URL|https://www.ntiprit.gov.in/}}
| label8 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data8 = [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
| label9 = Minister responsible
| data9 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| label10 = Legal Personality
| data10 = [[Governmental]]; [[Engineering]]
| label11 = Duties
| data11 =
| label12 = Cadre Size
| data12 = 1690
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = [[Indian Engineering Services|Engineering Services Examination]]
| label14 = Association
| data14 = Indian Telecommunications Service Association
| header15 = Service Chief
| label16 = Member (Services), Digital Communications Commission
| data16 = Shri Anand Khare, ITS
| header17 = Head of the Civil Services
| label18 = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| data18 = Shri [[T. V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}
The '''Indian Telecommunications Service''' ( भारतीय दूरसंचार सेवा), widely known as '''ITS''', and earlier known as '''Telegraph Engineering Service Class I''' (TES Class I) is one of the Central [[Civil Services]] under Group 'A' of the [[executive branch]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-2468-1992-0023-112632.pdf|title=The Gazette of India, Part II – Section 3 – Subsection (1)|date=6 June 1992|volume=23|pages=875{{hyphen}}886|section=G.S.R 278. Telecommunications Commissions dated 29 May 1992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02adm/OMUpdationoflistdated03.04.2017.pdf|title=I-11019/5/2017-CRD – Updation of the list of Central Group A Civil Services.|last=Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> The appointment to this service is done through Combined [[Engineering Services Examination|Engineering Services Exam]] held every year by [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) of India. The service was created to meet the techno managerial needs of the government in areas related to telecommunications. The [[Department of Telecommunications]] (DoT) had been managed for years by the officers of this permanent cadre, called the Indian Telecommunications Service (ITS). The officers of ITS work under restrictions and rules of [[Government of India|Central Civil Services (Conduct) rules]].

The engineering officers of ITS are working in senior positions in the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), [[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]] (TERM Cells) now known as DoT Licensed Service Area (LSA), [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam]] (MTNL), [[Telecommunications Consultants India Limited]] (TCIL), [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI), [[Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal]] (TDSAT), [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI), [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC), Metro Rail Corporations etc. At present, ITS officers are also working in many Departments of the central government and state government on deputation.

Department of Telecommunications, [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], under the Government of India, is the Cadre Controlling Authority of the Indian Telecommunications Service.

==History==
{{Further|Telecommunications in India}}

[[File:William Brooke O’Shaughnessy 1.jpg|thumb|[[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]], who is widely considered as the father of Indian Telegraph.]]

Telecommunications in India began with the introduction of the [[telegraph]]. The Indian postal and telecom sectors are one of the world's oldest. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]. In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British [[East India Company]]. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwd.delhigovt.nic.in |title=Public Works Department |publisher=Pwd.delhigovt.nic.in |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325232631/http://pwd.delhigovt.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> at that time.

The construction of {{Convert|4000|mi}} of telegraph lines was started in November 1853. These connected Kolkata (then Calcutta) and [[Peshawar]] in the north; [[Agra]], [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats, and [[Chennai]] (then Madras) in the south; [[Ootacamund]] and [[Bangalore]]. [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy|William O'Shaughnessy]], who pioneered the [[telegraph]] and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public.

In the beginning the Indian Telegraph Department (ITD) comprised operating and maintenance staff, headed by one Superintendent of Telegraphs and with three Deputy Superintendents in Bombay, Madras and Pegu in Burma and Inspectors at Indore, Agra, Kanpur and Banares. The first Superintendent was [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy|William O'Shaughnessy]], who later became the first Director-General of ITD. The first India-Ceylon cable was laid in 1858. In 1865, the first Indo-European telegraph communication was effected and two years later a new cable was laid between India and Ceylon (Sri
Lanka). In 1873, Duplex telegraphy was introduced between Bombay and Calcutta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30219349.ece | title=The telecom journey | date=9 October 2003 }}</ref>

In 1880, two [[telephone companies]] namely The [[Oriental Telephone Company]] Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the [[Government of India]] to establish [[telephone exchange]] in India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the [[Oriental Telephone Company]] Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Ahmedabad]] and the first formal telephone service was established in the country.<ref name="ind_telecom_iim">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/community/consclub/reports/telecom.pdf|publisher=IIM Calcutta|title=The Indian Telecom Industry|author=Vatsal Goyal, Premraj Suman|access-date=26 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331034812/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/community/consclub/reports/telecom.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the [[Governor General|Governor General of India]]'s Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange" had a total of 93 subscribers in its early stage. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the opening of a telephone exchange.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.calcuttatelephones.com/history_ctd.shtml | title=History of Calcutta telephones | publisher=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited | access-date=21 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615124411/http://www.calcuttatelephones.com/history_ctd.shtml | archive-date=15 June 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The important year was 1905 when the control of the Telegraph Department was transferred from the PWD to the Commerce & Industry Department except for matters connected with buildings and electricity. A year later, the baudot system was introduced between Calcutta and Bombay and between
Calcutta and Rangoon. In 1907, women signallers were employed for the first time. In 1910 the technical branch came into being as a separate organisation under the Electrical Engineer in Chief. The next two years saw the introduction of Circle Scheme and decentralisation and two years later, that is, in 1914, the Postal and Telegraph Departments were amalgamated under a single Director-General. The year also witnessed the opening of the first automatic exchange at Simla (Shimla) with a capacity of 700 lines and 400 actual connections.

Radio telephone communications between England and India were opened in 1933; the Indo-Burma Radio Telephone service started functioning between Madras
and Rangoon in 1936; the Burma and Aden telegraph systems, which were a part of the Indian telegraph system, got separated in 1937; deluxe telegrams with foreign countries were introduced in 1937; the Bombay-Australian wireless telegraph service and Bombay-China wireless service were
inaugurated in 1942; the Bombay, Calcutta and Madras Telephone Systems were taken over by the ITD in 1943; a Telecommunications Development Board was set up; the Bombay-New York Wireless Telegraph Service was commissioned in 1944.

In the 1980s, the first satellite earth station for domestic communications was set up at Secundrabad, the Troposcatter system link with the Soviet Union was inaugurated, the first SPC electronic digital telex exchange and the first SPC analogue electronic trunk automatic exchange were commissioned in
Bombay, the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was established, the first mobile telephone service and the first radio paging service were introduced in Delhi, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (VSNL) were set up, and the international gateway packet switch system was commissioned in Bombay. The 1980s also saw the restructuring of the P&T Department into the Department of Posts and the Department of Telecommunications, the constitution of Telecom Commission, and the reorganisation of telecommunication circles with the Secondary Switching Areas as the basic units.

Indian Telecommunications Service (ITS) was constituted in 1965 as Telegraph Engineering Service Group 'A' which was renamed as ITS in 1978. Prior to this, this service was known as "Superior Telegraph Engineering and Wireless Branches of the Posts and Telegraphs Department" dating to pre-independence times. This service is primarily responsible for policy, technical, administrative and managerial functions of the government in the areas related to telecommunications.<ref name="auto"/>

== Recruitment ==
{{Further|Indian Engineering Services}}

ITS (Indian Telecommunications Service) is an organized Group-A service for which recruitment is conducted through competitive examination called Engineering Service Examination (ESE) which is a three-stage competitive examination (preliminary, main and personality tests) and is conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] every year. Officers recruited through ESE manage diverse fields. Recruitment by UPSC to Group A Services/Posts are made under the following categories of Engineering:
:I. Civil Engineering
:II. Mechanical Engineering
:III. Electrical Engineering
:IV. Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Appointments to ITS are made in category IV, i.e., Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering.

== Training ==
{{Further|Telecommunications in India}}

After recruitment through Engineering Services Examination conducted by UPSC, Each officer in Group A, is appointed by the President of India at his/her pleasure.The officers undergo a rigorous two-year probation course at National Communications Academy (NCA) (www.ntiprit.gov.in) at Ghaziabad where ITS probationers are groomed as Future leaders to handle various techno-managerial matters in Government of India. During probation, ITS Officers undergo various study visits across India to study various ICT best practices and practical exposure of various technological developments. To foster innovation and to create holistic development of probationers, ITS probationers also undergo various attachments to TRAI, NoCC, Smart City Mission, Election Commission of India, NDMA etc. Officers also undergo a 15-week Foundation course where they are provided with Rural and Urban site visit exposure along with various management and administration functions like Law, Polity, Disaster Management, Management etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Side_wing_of_ALTTC,_Ghaziabad.jpg|title=English: This building houses the communication labs.|date=3 July 2012|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> [[File:Side wing of ALTTC, Ghaziabad.jpg|right|279x279px|thumb| NCA, Ghaziabad]]As ITS Officers are backbone enablers of various digital technological developments in India, they are imparted latest training pertaining to various administrative and technical aspects. The officers are also deputed for on job field training in various areas like Disaster Management, Coordination with states, telecom operations etc. During probation, Officers also get the opportunity to meet various Government dignitaries like Hon'ble President of India, Hon'ble Vice President of India and Hon'ble Minister of Communications etc.

== Appointments and responsibilities ==
After Selection through UPSC Engineering Services Exam, ITS Officers attend 2 years Probationary training. After probation, ITS Officers are posted in DoT HQs, Telecom Engineering Centre, DoT LSA Units (Field Enforcement Units of DoT) at all India locations. ITS officers are working at various positions across India and are liable to be transferred across India. The officers of ITS work in DoT, TRAI, TDSAT, Cabinet Secretariat, Ministry of Home Affairs, CBI, MEITY, UIDAI, Ministry of Power, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Defence, National Highway Authority of India, [[RITES]], [[IRCON]], TCIL, UPSC, SSC, Patents and Copyrights Office, Election Commission of India, IBBI, SFIO, SAI, MCD, DDA, FIU, Merto Rail Corporations, ITPO, NeGD, North Eastern Council and various other Ministries and Statutory bodies of India along with various state governments. ITS officers are not only playing a key role in various ICT initiatives of Government of India but a key contributors in assisting states in formation of their ICT policies of states like IoT policies, Electronics Manufacturing etc.

=== Brief Duties and Responsibilities of Officers of ITS GR.'A'===
:I. Issuing various types of Licenses/Registrations to Telecom Service Providers, Internet Service Providers etc and other service providers etc.
:II. Handling Matters related to National Security and Lawful Interception
:III. Handling of Policy, Licensing and Coordination matters relating to telegraphs, Satellite, telephones, wireless, data, facsimile and telematic services and other like forms of communications in Department of Telecommunications
:IV. International cooperation in matters connected with telecommunications including matters relating to all international bodies dealing with telecommunications such as International Telecommunication Union (ITU), its Radio Regulation Board (RRB), Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R), Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), Development Sector (ITU-D), International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (Intelsat), International Mobile Satellite Organization (Inmarsat), Asia Pacific Telecommunication (APT).
:V. Handling various National Importance projects like Bharat Net Project (backbone of Flagship Mission-Digital India Campaign), LWE Project, NE Telecom Connectivity plan etc.
:VI. Coordination with various state Authorities for CCTNS Project, anchoring of CERTs, Smart City Project, Disaster Management, RoW issues, EMF Monitoring.
:VII. Ensuring Network coverage/connectivity of villages for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mission and of Banks in rural areas under Financial Inclusion Planning (FIP)
:VIII. Design, Planning, Implementation of projects funded by DoT & USOF
:IX. Making various ICT related standards pertaining to various ICT products along with preparation of various GRs, IRs, White papers etc and Improving the ICT Development Index of India.
:X. Human Resource Development and Capacity Building of ITS, Gr.'A'
: XI. Investigation and curbing of Illegal activities in Telecom Networks, Analysis of Telecom Traffic, Call drop issues etc..
: XII. Works related to inspection of sites related to EMR Measurement and monitoring etc..
: XIII. Various Audits related to CAF, Security Audit of Networks of all Telecom and Internet Service Providers of India.
:XIV. Act as a technical interface between Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and Telecom Service Providers.
:XV. Interface with various departments of state governments in general and IT departments in particular for steering National Broadband Mission and orderly growth of Telecom sector in each state/LSA including the Disaster preparedness and response.

===ITS Group A Central Civil Service===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Ranks, designations, and positions held by Indian Telecom Service (ITS) officers in their career
|-
! Grade / Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting in Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
! Position in Government of India
! Position in [[Order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-

| Apex Scale (Pay Level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director General of Telecommunications 
Member, Telecom Commission / Digital Communications Commission
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade + (Pay Level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Special Director General (Telecom) 
Advisor, DoT Headquarters
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay Level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Director General (Telecom) 
Senior Deputy Director General, DoT HQ
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director General (Telecom)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Time Scale (Pay Level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Time Scale (Pay Level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Divisional Engineer (Telecom) 
Entry-level (Probationer)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}

== Cadre controlling authority ==
Member (Services), Digital Communications Commission (DCC) of India is cadre controlling authority of ITS, Group A. Member(Services)is ''ex officio'' Secretary to Government of India. ' Currently, Shri Uma Shanky P, ITS is Member(Services), Department of Telecom, Government of India and cadre controlling authority of Indian Telecommunications Service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/miscellaneous/member%20(S).pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028205502/http://dot.gov.in/miscellaneous/member%20(S).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Civil Services of India]]
* [[All India Service]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Connecting India: Indian Telecom Story'', by S.D. Saxena. Published by Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2009 {{ISBN|978-81-220-0768-8}}.
* ''Indian bureaucracy at the crossroads'', by Syamal Kumar Ray. Published by Sterling, 1979.
* ''Daily Indian Telecom Digest'' :[http://www.newstelecom.info ]
* MB Athreya, January–February 1996, Chairman of the Telecom Restructuring Committee, Government of India (1990–91).'India's telecommunications policy:A paradigm shift' ''Telecommunications Policy'' Volume 20, Issue 1, Pages 11–22

==External links==
* [http://www.itsaportal.inITS Officers' Portal]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://upsc.gov.in/ UPSC Official Website]
* [http://www.ntiprit.gov.in National Telecom Academy Website]
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/circulars/om-cadre-review-indian-telecommunications-service-its-group Cadre strength]

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia topic|Communications in}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telecommunication Service}}
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]
[[Category:Indian Engineering Services]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]

Atuwa Munda

2026-04-08T04:58:49Z

Jamesharrey: Created new page

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister for the Environment, Forest and Tea Tribe Welfare
| predecessor3 = [[Anup Phukan]]
| alma_mater = [[Dibrugarh University]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| parents = Bhayaram Munda (Father)
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1996-present)
| successor4 = [[Anup Phukan]]
| predecessor4 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| successor3 = [[Bimal Bora]]
| constituency4 = [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| constituency3 = [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]]
| term4 = 12 June 1996 - 19 May 2006
| term3 = 13 May 2011 - 19 May 2016
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end2 = 21 May 2006
| term_start2 = 7 June 2002
| office2 = [[Minister of state]], Public Works Department
| term_end = 24 May 2016
| term_start = 22 January 2015
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
}}

'''Atuwa Munda''' (born {{Circa|1961}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Atuwa Munda(Indian National Congress (INC)): Constituency - Tingkhong (Dibrugarh) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=185 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an [[Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He has been the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]] consecutively since 1996, winning three times. He has been a minister in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|first]] and [[third Tarun Gogoi Ministry]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Etuwa Munda from Tingkhong: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/etuwa-munda-from-tingkhong-early-life-controversy-political-career-529931 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Munda ministership |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Tingkhong Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tingkhong-assam-assembly-constituency#1996 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Atuwa Munda is the son of Late Bhayaram Munda. He is an Arts graduate from [[Dibrugarh University]], 1987 batch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==
Munda was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|constituency of Tingkhong]] in 1996. He received 28910 votes, 44.86% of the vote and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|constituency]]. He defeated his nearest opponent, [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] candidate [[Anup Phukan]], by 1957 votes.<ref name=":3" />

Munda was reelected as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]] in 2001. He received 31743 votes, 45.37% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest opponent by 404 votes. On 7 June 2002, in an [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry#2002 Expansion|expansion of the Gogoi ministry]], he became a [[Minister of State|minister of state]] for Planning and Works Department.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2003 |author=TNN |title=Normality a distant reality at estate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/normality-a-distant-reality-at-estate/articleshow/212510.cms |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He remained a [[Minister of State|minister of state]] until the formation of the [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

Munda lost the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], receiving 41852 votes and losing to [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] candidate, [[Anup Phukan]], by 5342 votes.<ref name=":3" />

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]], Munda again became the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate for [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]]. He received 41839 votes, 48.96% of the total vote. He defeated [[Anup Phukan|Phukan]] by 15524 votes. On 22 January 2015, after a cabinet reshuffle, Munda again became a minister in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|third Tarun Gogoi cabinet]]. He was made minister for environment, forest and Tea Tribe Welfare. He served until the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

In the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Munda sought reelection. He received 38734 votes, 37.07% of the total vote. He lost to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate, [[Bimal Bora]], by 18338 votes.<ref name=":3" />

In the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]], Munda was again the [[Indian National Congress|congress]] candidate for [[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]]. He received 34281 votes, 28.8% of the total vote. He again lost to [[Bimal Bora|Bora]] by 28394 votes.<ref name=":3" />

Munda also served as the President of Congress committee of the [[Dibrugarh district]].<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
He resides in Halmira Tea state, Khowang in [[Dibrugarh district]]. His wife is a member of Zila Parishad.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munda, Atuwa}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-04-03T06:50:15Z

Jamesharrey: stub!

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Gariaband district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.12|N|82.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1983
| area_km2 = 237.27
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Raipur]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Gariaband district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Chattisgarh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|237.27|km2}} and was declared as a protected area in 1983.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It forms part of the Udanti Sitanadi [[tiger reserve]] along with the [[Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gariaband.gov.in/en/tourist-place/udanti-sitanadi-tiger-reserve/|title=Udanti Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The protected area consists of a mixture of moist and dry [[tropical deciduous forest]]s. Udanti was created for the protection of the endangered [[wild water buffalo]], the flagship species of the sanctuary. Other notable animals include [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[Indian jackal]], [[dhole]], [[striped hyena]], [[jungle cat]], [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[sambar deer]], and [[nilgai]]. Avifauna include [[pintails]], [[Coraciidae|rollers]], and [[herons]]. The park consists of reptiles such as [[monitor lizards]] and [[pythons]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Gariaband district]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]

Sachin Sudhakaran and Hariharan Muralidharan

2026-04-01T23:21:39Z

Jamesharrey: bio!

{{Short description|Indian sound designer duo}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sachin Sudhakaran and Hariharan Muralidharan
| alma_mater = SAE Institute, Chennai
| occupation = {{hlist|sound designers|sound effects editors|sound editors}}
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| awards = * [[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|National Film Award]] (2025)
* [[Filmfare Award]] (2024)
* [[IIFA Award]] (2024)
| website = {{URL|https://synccinema.co.in/}}
}}

'''Sachin Sudhakaran''' and '''Hariharan Muralidharan''' are an Indian [[sound design|sound designer]] duo known for their work in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-08-20 |title=Sachin Sudhakaran and Hariharan Muralidharan, National Film Award winners for Best Sound Design, on the soundscape of ‘Animal’, and the intricacies of sound in storytelling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sachin-sudhakaran-and-hariharan-muralidharan-national-film-awards-sandeep-reddy-vanga-animal-lokesh-kanagaraj-coolie/article69927448.ece |access-date=2025-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Active across [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]] films, they have contributed to over 200 feature films.<ref name=":0" /> The duo jointly received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802035625/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>, [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Filmfare Awards 2024 Winners - Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>, and [[IIFA Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref> for Best Sound Design for the Hindi film [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']].Their notable works include [[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru|''Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru'']], ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]],'' [[Arjun Reddy|''Arjun Reddy'']], [[Vikram Vedha|''Vikram Vedha'']], [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']], ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]], [[Kabir Singh]]'' and [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=2017-01-07 |title=The right mix |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-right-mix/article17004271.ece |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Sachin Sudhakaran was born in India and raised in [[Muscat]], [[Oman]], where he attended [[Indian School, Muscat|Indian School Muscat]] (ISM)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />. In an interview, Sudhakaran stated that his time at the school helped nurture his creative interests.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Reji George |first=Paul |date=2024-04-19 |title=The Sound of Art: This former ISM student is making waves in Indian cinema |url=https://www.thearabianstories.com/2024/04/19/the-sound-of-art-this-former-ism-student-is-making-waves-in-indian-cinema/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=The Arabian Stories News |language=en-US}}</ref> After returning to [[India]], he earned a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree from [[Model Engineering College]], [[Kochi]], and later pursued a Diploma in [[Sound Engineering]] at [[SAE Institute|School of Audio Engineering]] (SAE) Institute, [[Chennai]], to begin a career in sound design.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About – Sync Cinema |url=https://synccinema.co.in/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426051539/https://synccinema.co.in/about/ |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=synccinema.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Hariharan Muralidharan, who grew up in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], developed a passion for [[audio technology]], rock music and live performances during his formative years.<ref name=":4" /> He went on to study sound engineering at the SAE Institute, Chennai, where he met Sudhakaran and began a long-term professional collaboration.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
After completing their studies, Sudhakaran and Muralidharan began working together in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema]]. They made their debut as sound effects editors on ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012), followed by [[Ee Adutha Kaalathu|''Ee Adutha Kalath'']] (2012) and [[Left Right Left (film)|''Left Right Left'']] (2013), handling [[Foley (sound design)|foley]] and [[Sound effect|sound effects]].<ref name=":1" /> They later worked on ''[[Dhag]]'' (2014), a Marathi film that won multiple [[National Film Awards]], and [[Chaar Sahibzaade|''Chaar Sahibzaade'']] (2014), a Punjabi Animated film honoured at [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=60th National Awards winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/60th-national-awards-winners-list/articleshow/19036541.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015 Winners & Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2015-winners-results/articleshow/46631183.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During this period, Sudhakaran also worked independently as the sound effects editor for the Italian film [[The Invisible Boy (2014 film)|''The Invisible Boy'']] (2014).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3078296/fullcredits/ |title=The Invisible Boy (2014) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-11-24 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

Muralidharan trained under [[Audio engineer|sound engineer]] [[M. R. Rajakrishnan|M.R Rajakrishnan]] at ''Four Frames Sound Company'' before transitioning fully into [[sound design]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

The duo's early sound design credits include [[Sutta Kadhai|''Sutta Kadhai'']] (2013), [[Yennai Arindhaal|''Yennai Arindhal'']] (2015), [[10 Endrathukulla|''10 Endrathukulla'']] (2015) and ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' (2015), which earned critical praise for its immersive soundscape.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth|first=M|title=Maya Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Maya by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maya/movie-review/49021647.cms|access-date=2025-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=2016-04-21}}</ref>

In 2016, they founded ''Sync Cinema, a'' [[post-production]] sound studio in Chennai.<ref name=":0" />

That year, they worked on the Kannada film [[U Turn (2016 film)|''U Turn'']] (2016), which received critical acclaim for its innovative use of sound in narrative storytelling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=2016-05-20 |title=U Turn review: Almost there but a wrong turn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/u-turn-review-almost-there-but-a-wrong-turn/article8626120.ece |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was followed by [[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru|''Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru'']] (2016). a Tamil [[neo-noir]] thriller, that was both a critical and commercial success. M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that "with help from his cinematographer Sujith Sarang and his sound team (sound designers Sachin Sudhakaran and Hari Haran of Sync Cinema and audiographer Raja Krishnan), Karthick turns this investigative thriller into an immersive experience for the viewer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth|first=M|title=Dhurvangal Pathinaaru Movie Review {3.5/5}: Strength of the film lies in filmmaking, which dazzles us enough|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dhurvangal-pathinaaru/movie-review/56249455.cms|access-date=2025-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=2016-12-30}}</ref> Their early success coincided with a broader trend among emerging filmmakers who increasingly emphasized the narrative potential of sound in cinema.<ref name=":0" />

Their work on ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017), [[Vikram Vedha|''Vikram Vedha'']] (2017), and ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017) established them as leading sound designers in the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film industry]].<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018), was particularly praised for its sound design, which contributed significantly in building the film's psychological tension. Critics highlighted the atmospheric detail of the audio work, describing it as one of the film's most impressive technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2018-10-05 |title=Ratsasan movie review: Technically admirable but emotionally distant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Oct/05/ratsasan-movie-review-technically-admirable-but-emotionally-distant-1881489.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-05 |title=Ratsasan (aka) Ratchasan review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ratsasan/ratsasan-review.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

In ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' (2019), critics commended the duo's atmospheric sound design, with the reviews describing it as "terrific", "pulsating" and "unsettling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2019-06-14 |title=Game Over movie review: Taapsee shines in this intricate thriller that offers more than meets the eye |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Jun/14/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-shines-in-this-intricate-thriller-that-offers-more-than-meets-the-ey-1990175.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=2019-06-14 |title=Game Over movie review: This Taapsee Pannu-starrer is gripping edge of seat thriller {{!}} Game Over movie review: This Taapsee Pannu-starrer is gripping edge of seat thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140619/game-over-movie-review-this-taapsee-pannu-starrer-is-gripping-edge-of.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> That year, they also worked on ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' and [[Nerkonda Paarvai|''Nerkonda Paarvai'']], both of which were commercially and critically successful, and along with ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]],'' were included in [[The News Minute|''The News Minute'']]'s list of best Tamil films of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2019-12-22 |title=From ‘Nerkonda Paarvai’ to ‘Peranbu’: The best of Tamil films from 2019 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/nerkonda-paarvai-peranbu-best-tamil-films-2019-114575 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Their work in 2019 also included large-scale productions like [[Kabir Singh|''Kabir Singh'']], ''[[Saaho]]'' and [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy|''Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy'']], on which they served as sound designers.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sachin Sudhakaran {{!}} Sound Department, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6672120/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> Composer [[Sam C. S.|Sam CS]] acknowledged the duo’s contribution in creating ambient sound layers and effects for films such as [[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']], crediting ''Sync Cinema'', for its role in shaping a cohesive sound mix that complement the score.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2019-11-16 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj wanted ‘The Dark Knight’ feel in ‘Kaithi’: Sam CS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-composer-sam-cs/article29992327.ece |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2021, their sound design for ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' was noted for its technical excellence,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |first=Tusshar |date=2021-12-03 |title='Marakkar' review - Priyadarshan's period magnum opus is a technical triumph |url=https://filmysasi.com/marakkar-arabikadalinte-simham-review-priyadarshan-mohanlal-malayalam-film/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=filmysasi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> while ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' was acclaimed for its seamless integration of score and sound design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M V |first=Vivek |title=GGVV review: Raj B Shetty's big leap |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ggvv-review-raj-b-shettys-big-leap-1052180.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Their work on ''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]],'' a neo-noir action received widespread critical acclaim for its intense and visceral soundscape.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2022-01-20 |title=We have a repertoire of bone-breaking sound effects, says the duo behind 'Rocky's soundscape |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Jan/20/we-have-a-repertoire-of-bone-breaking-sound-effectssays-the-duo-behind-rockys-soundscape-2408825.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' observed that "music and sound blend in and out to create a chilling sensory experience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2021-12-23 |title=Rocky movie review: A stunning tapestry of anger, blood, and violence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rocky-movie-review-a-stunning-tapestry-of-anger-blood-and-violence-10231601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906205115/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rocky-movie-review-a-stunning-tapestry-of-anger-blood-and-violence-10231601.html |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=Firstpost |language=}}</ref>

The following year, they designed the sound for the action-thriller ''[[Valimai]]'', noted for its detailed soundscape despite mixed critical reception. Speaking to [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']], Muralidharan explained that the team had recorded the sounds of numerous bikes, superbikes and dirtbikes to create an authentic auditory experience for the film's racing sequences.<ref name=":6" /> That year, Sudhakaran also worked individually on the Telugu short film ''[[Manasanamaha]]'', which received international recognition for its narrative structure and technical execution. The short went on to win multiple awards at international film festivals, earning Sudhakaran recognition for his contribution in sound design.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-03-31 |title=Deepak Reddy’s Telugu short film ‘Manasanamaha’, unveiled during lockdown, wins appreciation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-unveiled-during-lockdown-wins-appreciation/article31214919.ece |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Sudhakaran - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6672120/awards/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> The film holds the [[Guinness World Records|''Guinness World Record'']] for winning the most awards for a short film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2022-09-10 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Telugu short film, ‘Manasanamaha’, finds a place in Guinness records |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-finds-place-in-guinness-records/article65874902.ece |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They also worked on the Tamil web series [[Suzhal: The Vortex|''Suzhal: The Vortex'']] (2022), which used sync sound recording.<ref name=":0" />

Sudhakaran and Muralidharan subsequently designed sound for a series of commercially successful and technically acclaimed films, including [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022), [[HIT: The Second Case|''Hit:The Second Case'']] (2022), [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']] (2022), [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (2023), [[RDX (film)|''RDX'']] (2023) and [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']] (2023). Their work on [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']] brought them wider recognition, earning the duo the [[Filmfare Awards|''Filmfare Award'']], [[IIFA Award|''IIFA Award'']], and [[National Film Awards|''National Film Award'']] for Best Sound Design. The film also received honours for the Best Background Score and a Special Mention for Re-recording, making it one of the few productions to win across all major sound categories at the National Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Animal' Earns Glory at National Film Awards — Special Mention for Re‑Recording Mixer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/animal-earns-glory-at-national-film-awards-special-mention-for-rerecording-mixer/videoshow/123061645.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Since then they have continued to work on several high-profile productions across languages including [[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']] (2023)'', [[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' (2024)'', [[ARM (film)|ARM]]'' (2024)'', [[Devara Part 1|Devara: Part 1]]'' (2024)'', [[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024)'', [[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' (2025)'', [[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]'' (2025)'', [[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025)'','' and [[They Call Him OG|''They Call Him OG'']] (2025)''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sachin Sudhakaran - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6672120/bio/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Hari Haran {{!}} Sound Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6956453/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>''

== Selected filmography ==
Since 2012, Sudhakaran and Muralidharan have worked on over 200 feature films and several television series across Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Hindi cinema.<ref name=":0" /> The following is a selected list of their notable works:

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || Tamil || rowspan="3" | Sound Effects Editors || Debut as sound effects editors
|-
| ''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]'' || Malayalam || Debut film in Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
|[[Sutta Kadhai|''Sutta Kadhai'']]
|Tamil
|Sound Designers
|Debut as Sound Designers
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Dhag]]''
|Marathi
| rowspan="3" |Sound Effects Editors
|National Film Award winning film
|-
|[[The Invisible Boy (2014 film)|''The Invisible Boy'']]
|Italian
|European Film Academy Young Audience Award Winner
|-
|[[Chaar Sahibzaade|''Chaar Sahibzaade'']]
|Punjabi
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]''|| Tamil
| rowspan="29" |Sound Designers||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]''
|Malayalam
|Kerala State Award winning film
|-
| ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''|| Kannada || Debut film in Kannada
|-
| ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Maanagaram]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''|| Telugu || Debut film in Telugu
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Ratsasan]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|[[Imaikkaa Nodigal|''Imaikkaa Nodigal'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Maari 2|''Maari 2'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019 || ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
|[[Jersey (2019 film)|''Jersey'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Dear Comrade|''Dear Comrade'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Nerkonda Paarvai|''Nerkonda Paarvai'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|Telugu,Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|[[Varane Avashyamund|''Varane Avashyamund'']]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[HIT: The First Case|''Hit: The First Case'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Mafia: Chapter 1|''Mafia: Chapter 1'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|[[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' || Malayalam || National Film Award winning film
|-
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Valimai]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Manasanamaha]]'' || Telugu
|Sound Designer|| Credited individually (Sachin Sudhakaran) Guinness World Record winning short film
|-
|[[Saani Kaayidham|''Saani Kaayidham'']]
|Tamil
| rowspan="23" |Sound Designers
|
|-
|[[HIT: The Second Case|''HIT: The Second Case'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Connect (2022 film)|''Connect'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' || Hindi || National, Filmfare and IIFA Award winning work
|-
|[[Por Thozhil|''Por Thozhil'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Pookkaalam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[RDX (film)|''RDX'']]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|[[ARM (film)|''ARM'']]
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Vettaiyan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Devara: Part 1|Devara]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
|[[Amaran (2024 film)|''Amaran'']]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Nirangal Moondru|''Nirangal Moondru'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
|[[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[HIT: The Third Case|''HIT: The Third Case'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Maareesan]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Kingdom (2025 film)|''Kingdom'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Dude (2025 film)|''Dude'']]
|
|-
|[[They Call Him OG|''They Call Him OG'']]
|Telugu
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Distributor
!Notes
|-
|2018
|[[Vella Raja|''Vella Raja'']]
|Tamil
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|2 episodes
|-
|2021
|[[Kudi Yedamaithe|''Kudi Yedamaithe'']]
|Telugu
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|-
|2021
|[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]
|Tamil
|[[Netflix]]
|S1.E3 - Project Agni: Adbhuta
S1.E7 - Inmai: Bhaya
|-
|2022
|[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie|''Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie'']]
|Tamil
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2023
|[[Story of Things|''Story of Things'']]
|Tamil
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|}

== Accolades ==

* [[71st National Film Awards]] (2025): [[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]], '''win''' for [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
* [[69th Filmfare Awards]] (2024): Best Sound Design, '''win''' (as Sync Cinema) for ''Animal''
* [[24th IIFA Awards]] (2024): Best Sound Design, '''win''' for ''Animal''
* [[Guinness World Records]] (2022): Record for most awards won by a short film for ''[[Manasanamaha]]'' (Sachin Sudhakaran credited as Sound Designer)

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://synccinema.co.in/ Sync Cinema – official website]
* {{IMDb name|6672120|Sachin Sudhakaran}}
* {{IMDb name|6956453|Hari Haran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakaran, Sachin and Muralidharan, Hariharan}}
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian audio engineers]]
[[Category:Sound designers]]
[[Category:Sound editors]]
[[Category:Sound effects artists]]
[[Category:Indian film people]]

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

2026-03-27T03:24:27Z

Jamesharrey:

{{Short description|Supreme audit institution of India}}
{{About|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|similar title in other jurisdictions|Comptroller and Auditor General}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Comptroller and Auditor General of India
| body =
| native_name = {{lang|hi-hans|भारत के नियंत्रक एवं महालेखापरीक्षक}}
| insignia = Emblem of India (brown).svg
| insigniasize = 40px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of The Government of India
| department = Audit Department
| reports_to = [[President of India]]
| image = Comptroller and Auditor General of India.png
| imagesize = 150px
| incumbent = [[K Sanjay Murthy]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| incumbentsince = 21 November 2024
| style =
| residence = New Delhi, Delhi
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| nominatorpost =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointerpost =
| termlength = 6 years or up to 65 yrs of age (whichever is earlier)
| inaugural = [[V. Narahari Rao]]
| constituting_instrument = Article 148 of the [[Constitution of India]]
| formation =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy = Deputy Comptrollers and Auditors General of India
| salary = {{INRConvert|250|k}} per month<ref name="THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL'S (DUTIES, POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1971"/><ref name="HC and SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Bill, 2017"/><ref name="CAG - Article 148 of Constitution of India"/>
| allegiance =
| commands =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cag.gov.in/en|Official Website}}
| abbreviation = CAG
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Comptroller and Auditor General of India''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Bhārata kē Niyaṁtraka ēvaṁ Mahālēkhāparīkṣaka'') is the [[supreme audit institution]] of India, established under Article 148 of the [[Constitution of India]]. They are empowered to [[audit]] all [[receipts]] and [[cost|expenditure]] of the [[Government of India]] and the [[states and territories of India|State Governments]], including those of autonomous bodies and corporations substantially financed by the government. The CAG is also the statutory [[external auditor|auditor]] of [[Government-owned corporations]] and conducts supplementary audit of government companies in which the government has an equity share of at least 51 percent or subsidiary companies of existing government companies. The CAG is also the statutory [[External auditor|auditor]] of the [[Lokpal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_26_36_00014_201401_1517807327889&sectionId=10851&sectionno=42&orderno=42 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

The reports of the CAG are laid before the Parliament/Legislatures and are taken up for discussion by the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]]s (PACs) and Committees on Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are special committees in the [[Parliament of India]] and the state legislatures. The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the affairs of which are managed by officers of [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]], and has 43,576 employees across the country (as on 01.03.2020).

In 1971, the central government enacted the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971. The provisions relating to audit are embodied in Sections 13 to 21, 23 and 24 of the Act. Section 13 of the Act enjoins on the Comptroller and Auditor General the duty to audit all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, of each State and each Union Territory having a Legislative Assembly.

In 1976, CAG was relieved from accounting functions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/DPC2014new-20201008140628.pdf |title= Brochure: The Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 |website= cag.gov.in |publisher= Comptroller and Auditor General of India |access-date= 5 May 2022 |quote= In section 10 of the Comptroller and Auditor-General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the principal act), in sub-section (1),- (a) for the first proviso, the following provisos shall be substituted, namely:- "Provided that the President may, after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General, by order, relieve him from the responsibility for compiling (i) the said accounts of the Union (either at once or gradually by the issue of several orders); or (ii) the accounts of any particular services or departments of the Union: Provided further that the Governor of a State may, with the previous approval of the President and after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General, by order, relieve him from the responsibility for compiling (i) the said accounts of the State (either at once or gradually by the issue of several orders); or (ii) the accounts of any particular services or departments of the State:"; (b) in the second proviso, for the words "Provided further", the words "Provided also", shall be substituted. | page= 25 }}</ref> Articles 148 – 151 of the Constitution of India deal with the institution of the CAG of India.

The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a sitting judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[Indian order of precedence|order of precedence]]. [[K Sanjay Murthy]] is the current CAG of India.<ref name="Centre appoints GC Murmu as new CAG">{{cite news |title=Centre appoints GC Murmu as new CAG |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-appoints-gc-murmu-as-new-cag/articleshow/77399469.cms |access-date=6 August 2020 |newspaper=Times of India |date=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Former J&K Lt Governor GC Murmu appointed new CAG">{{cite news |title=Former J&K Lt Governor GC Murmu appointed new CAG |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/girish-chandra-murmu-appointed-new-cag-5649251.html |access-date=6 August 2020 |newspaper=Money Control |date=6 August 2020}}</ref> He assumed office on 21 November 2024, and is the 15th CAG of India.

== Office of CAG ==

=== Appointment ===
The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the [[President of India]].<ref>Constitution of India, Article 148 for the period of six years.1</ref>

===Oath or affirmation===
"I, (name of the person being appointed), having appointed Comptroller and Auditor-General of India do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws."

===Duties of the CAG===
As per the provisions of the constitution, the CAG's (DPC) (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 was enacted. As per the various provisions, the duties of the CAG include the audit of:

* Receipts and expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India and of the State and Union Territory having legislative assembly.
* Trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts and balance sheets, and other subsidiary accounts kept in any Government department; Accounts of stores and stock kept in Government offices or department.
* Government companies as per the provisions of the [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]]
* Corporations established by or under laws made by Parliament in accordance with the provisions of the respective legislation.
* Authorities and bodies substantially financed from the Consolidated Funds of the Union and State Governments. Anybody or authority even though not substantially financed from the Consolidated Fund, the audit of which may be entrusted to the CAG.
* Grants and loans given by Government to bodies and authorities for specific purposes.
* Entrusted audits e.g. those of Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies under Technical Guidance & Support (TGS).

=== Compensation ===
The salary and other conditions of service of the CAG are determined by the [[Parliament of India]] through the Comptroller and Auditor-General (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971. His salary is the same as that of a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Neither the salary nor the rights of the CAG in respect of leave of absence, pension or age of retirement can be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. He is not eligible for further office either under the [[Government of India]] or under the government of any state after he has ceased to hold his office. These provisions are in order to ensure the independence of CAG.<ref name="CAG - Article 148 of Constitution of India">{{cite web | url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/mandate/Constitutional/Constitutional.html | title=CAG – Article 148 of Constitution of India | access-date=6 April 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082859/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/mandate/Constitutional/Constitutional.html | archive-date=28 December 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Chapter V - Constitution of India">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Chapter V - Constitution of India|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Chapter_V_.7BComptroller_and_Auditor-General_of_India.7D|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;"
|- colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Salary of CAG'''
! Date !! Salary
|-
| 1 January 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|250|k}}<ref name="THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL'S (DUTIES, POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1971">{{cite web|url=https://cag.gov.in/content/dpc-act-cags-duties-powers-and-conditions-service#chapter2|title=THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL'S (DUTIES, POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1971|publisher=CAG India|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="HC and SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Bill, 2017">{{cite web|title=The High Court and the Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Bill, 2017|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/High%20Court%20and%20Supreme%20Court%20Judges%20Salaries%20Bill,%202017/High%20Court%20and%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20Judges%20Bill,%202017.pdf|publisher=PRS India|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827001109/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/High%20Court%20and%20Supreme%20Court%20Judges%20Salaries%20Bill,%202017/High%20Court%20and%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20Judges%20Bill,%202017.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Removal ===
The CAG can be removed only on an address from both houses of parliament on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. The CAG vacates the office on attaining the age of 65 years or 6-year term, whichever is earlier or by impeachment proceedings.

== Scope of audits ==
Audit of government accounts (including the accounts of the state governments) in India is entrusted to the CAG of India who is empowered to audit all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of the union or state governments, whether incurred within India or outside, all revenue into the Consolidated Funds and all transactions relating to the [[Public Account (India)|Public Account]] and the Contingency Funds of the Union and the states. Specifically, audits include:
* [[financial transaction|Transactions]] relating to [[debt]], [[Deposit account|deposit]]s, [[remittances]], Trading, and manufacturing
* [[income statement|Profit and loss accounts]] and [[balance sheet]]s kept under the order of the [[President of India|President]] or [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Governors]]
* Receipts and stock accounts. CAG also audits the books of accounts of the government companies as per Companies Act.

In addition, the CAG also executes performance and compliance audits of various functions and departments of the government. Recently, the CAG as a part of thematic review on "Introduction of New Trains" is deputing an auditors' team on selected trains, originating and terminating at Sealdah and Howrah stations, to assess the necessity of their introduction.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Comptroller-and-Auditor-General-lens-on-trains-introduced-by-Mamata-Banerjee/articleshow/14829314.cms | title= Comptroller and Auditor General lens on trains introduced by Mamata Banerjee| date= 12 July 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref> In a path-breaking judgement, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the CAG General could audit private firms in revenue-share deals with government.

The CAG has been a regular member of the [[United Nations]]' Panel of External Auditors, and has previously served as the chairman of its board of auditors, after being elected in 2011.<ref name="CAG Vinod Rai elected U.N. external audit panel chief">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-Vinod-Rai-to-head-UN-audit-panel/articleshow/11039779.cms | title=CAG Vinod Rai elected U.N. external audit panel chief | date=8 December 2011 | access-date=28 February 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name="CAG Vinod Rai to head UN audit panel">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-Vinod-Rai-to-head-UN-audit-panel/articleshow/11039779.cms | title=CAG Vinod Rai to head UN audit panel | date=9 December 2011 | access-date=28 February 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref> The CAG is at present serving as external auditor of two UN organizations:<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Panel of External Auditors |url=https://www.un.org/en/auditors/panel/mandate.shtml |access-date=4 July 2022 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* World Health Organization (WHO)

== Suggested Reforms ==
As the CAG, [[Vinod Rai]] was constantly in the limelight for its reports exposing mega corruption, particularly in [[2G spectrum case]], [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games scam]], Coal mine allocation scam and others.<ref name="A watchdog that bites">{{cite news|date=20 August 2012|title=A watchdog that bites|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article3796000.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822210312/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article3796000.ece|archive-date=22 August 2012|df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="CAG 'activism' gets the thumbs up">{{cite news|author=B S Arun|title=CAG 'activism' gets the thumbs up|newspaper=Deccan Herald|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/183601/cag-activism-gets-thumbs-up.html|url-status=dead|access-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613120721/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/183601/cag-activism-gets-thumbs-up.html|archive-date=13 June 2013|quote="Corporate India needs to go through a phase of reflection and soul searching"|df=dmy}}</ref> In November 2009, the as CAG, he requested the government to amend the 1971 Audit Act to bring all private-public partnerships (PPPs), Panchayati Raj Institutions and societies getting government funds within the ambit of the CAG. The amendment further proposes to enhance CAG's powers to access information under the Audit Act. In the past, almost 30% of the documents demanded by CAG officials have been denied to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1857261/report-four-years-on-upa-govt-yet-to-accept-cag-s-request-for-more-powers|title=Four years on, UPA govt yet to accept CAG's request for more powers | Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com}}</ref> The PPP model has become a favourite mode of executing big infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees and these projects may or may not come under the audit purview of the CAG, depending on sources of funds and the nature of revenue sharing agreements between the government and the private entities. As of 2013, it is estimated that 60 percent of government spending does not come under the scrutiny of the CAG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/2013/after-shaking-the-govt-cag-vinod-rai-is-retiring-1221390.html|title=After shaking and hurting the govt he is retiring - News Oneindia}}</ref>

In June 2012, [[Lal Krishna Advani]], a veteran Indian politician and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] (as well as former [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080434/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|archive-date=29 April 2011|access-date=27 April 2011|publisher=Lok Sabha of India/National Informatics Centre, New Delhi|df=dmy-all}}</ref> suggested that CAG's appointment should be made by a [[bipartisan]] [[collegium]] consisting of the prime minister, the [[Chief Justice of India]], the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law Minister]] and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="Karunanidhi backs Advani's view on collegium to appoint CAG, EC">{{cite news|date=5 June 2012|title=Karunanidhi backs Advani's view on collegium to appoint CAG, EC|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karunanidhi-backs-Advanis-view-on-collegium-to-appoint-CAG-Election-Commissioner/articleshow/13850538.cms|url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/india/32055097_1_karunanidhi-backs-collegium-l-k-advani|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Karunanidhi backs Advani's plea for collegium">{{cite news|date=5 June 2012|title=Karunanidhi backs Advani's plea for collegium|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3493632.ece|access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, [[M Karunanidhi]], the head of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party and five times [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2011|title=DMK's Official Homepage-Chennai-Tamilnadu-India 800x600 screen resolution|url=http://www.dmk.in/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154756/http://www.dmk.in/|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=24 January 2012|publisher=Dmk.in}}</ref> supported the suggestion. Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because, according to him, the current system was open to "manipulation and [[partisanship]]".<ref name="Karunanidhi backs Advani's view on collegium to appoint CAG, EC" /><ref name="Karunanidhi backs Advani's plea for collegium" /> Similar demand was made by many former CEC's such as [[B B Tandon]], [[N Gopalaswamy]] and [[S Y Quraishi]];<ref name="Collegium needed to select EC: SY Quraishi">{{cite news|date=16 July 2012|title=Collegium needed to select EC: SY Quraishi|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Collegium-needed-to-select-EC-SY-Quraishi/articleshow/14974775.cms|url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697233_1_collegium-sy-quraishi-election-commissioner|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> however, the government did not seem too keen.<ref name="Ex-CECs backed collegium, Law Ministry not too keen">{{cite news|date=10 June 2012|title=Ex-CECs backed collegium, Law Ministry not too keen|newspaper=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/excecs-backed-collegium-law-ministry-not-too-keen/960128/0|access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

CPI MP [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] wrote a letter to the PM and demand CAG be appointed by the collegium of consisting the PM, the CJI and the leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha but the PM declined. Former CAG V. K. Shunglu has suggested in its CWG scam report that CAG be made a multi-member body.<ref name="CAG itself needs an auditor: Shunglu panel">{{cite news|date=12 April 2011|title=CAG itself needs an auditor: Shunglu panel|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-itself-needs-an-auditor-Shunglu-panel/articleshow/7954000.cms|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

PMO Minister [[V. Narayanasamy|V.Narayanasamy]] in his interview with [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] said Government is considering the Shunglu panel report but PM and Finance Minister declined it. Later V. Narayanasamy said he misquoted but PTI reaffirmed it.<ref name="PTI stands by its report on Narayanasamy">{{cite news|date=12 September 2016|title=PTI stands by its report on Narayanasamy|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pti-stands-by-its-report-on-narayanasamy/article4088299.ece|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

In November 2025, the CAG announced that two centralized specialised cadres would be created within the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. One cadre would be for audit of Revenue and the other for audit of Expenditure. It is expected to be operationalized by January 2026. It is expected that having specialized cadres for Revenue and Expenditure audits would help deepen the domain expertise in the respective audits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title=Comptroller and Auditor General announces 2 centralised cadres for revenue, expenditure audits |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/comptroller-and-auditor-general-announces-2-centralised-cadres-for-revenue-expenditure-audits/articleshow/125132440.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Prominent audit reports ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "CAG is not a munimji or an accountant or something like that... He is a constitutional authority who can examine the revenue allocation and matters relating to the economy. CAG is the principal auditor whose function is to go into the economy, effectiveness and efficiency of the use of resources by the government. If the CAG will not do, then who else will do it"
| source = – Observation of a bench of [[Supreme Court of India]] while dismissing a petition challenging CAG reports on 2G spectrum, Coal Blocks Allotment, etc.<ref name="SC Rejects PIL Against CAG Examining Coal Allotment">{{cite news|title=SC Rejects PIL Against CAG Examining Coal Allotment |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=776877 |access-date=1 October 2012 |newspaper=Outlook India |date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001120643/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=776877 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
| width = 25%
}}

=== 2G Spectrum allocation ===
{{main|2G Spectrum case}}

A CAG report on issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2010_2011/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_no_19/Report_no_19.html|title=Report No. -19 of 2010-11 for the period ended March 2010 Performance Audit of Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum by the Department of Telecommunications ( Ministry of Communications and Information Technology)|publisher=CAG|access-date=17 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070444/http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2010_2011/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_no_19/Report_no_19.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> resulted in a huge controversy. The report estimated that there was a ''presumptive loss'' of {{INRConvert|176600|c}} by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |title=Performance Audit Report on the Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum |access-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321130348/http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> In a [[chargesheet]] filed on 2 April 2011 by the investigating agency [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]], the agency pegged the loss at {{INRConvert|31000|c}}<ref name="Indiatimes 2G loss">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-loss-Govt-gained-over-Rs-3000cr-Trai/articleshow/9890803.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106234144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/india/30122800_1_spectrum-trai-2g|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| title=2G loss? Govt gained over Rs.3,000cr: Trai | date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

All the speculations of profit, loss and no-loss were put to rest on 2 February 2012 when the [[Supreme Court of India]] on a [[Public Interest Litigation|public interest litigation (PIL)]] declared allotment of spectrum as ''"unconstitutional and arbitrary"'' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of [[A. Raja]] (then [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|minister for communications & IT]] in the UPA government) the main accused.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences">{{cite news|title=SC quashes 122 licences|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-scraps-122-licences-granted-under-Rajas-tenure-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role/articleshow/11725097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/india/31016262_1_spectrum-licences-2g-spectrum-allotment-case|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The court further said that [[A. Raja]] "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer" and "virtually gifted away important national asset".<ref>{{cite news|title=2G verdict: A Raja 'virtually gifted away important national asset', says Supreme Court|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-verdict-A-Raja-virtually-gifted-away-important-national-asset-says-Supreme-Court/articleshow/11728003.cms|newspaper=Times of India | date=2 February 2012}}</ref>

Revenue loss calculation was further established on 3 August 2012 when according to the directions of the Supreme Court, [[Govt of India]] revised the reserve price for 2G spectrum to {{INRConvert|14000|c}}.<ref name="Cabinet sets Rs 14,000 cr as reserve price for 2G spectrum">{{cite news|title=Cabinet sets Rs 14,000 cr as reserve price for 2G spectrum|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/cabinet-sets-rs-14000-cr-as-reserve-price-for-2g-spectrum-404702.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Firstpost|date=4 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Cabinet decision on 2G auction price demolishes zero-loss theory">{{cite news|title=Cabinet decision on 2G auction price demolishes zero-loss theory|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3739078.ece?homepage=true|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=Shalini|last=Singh}}</ref>

However, the special court in New Delhi acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including prime accused A Raja and Kanimozhi on 21 December 2017, the verdict was based on the fact that [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] could not find any evidence against the accused in those 7 years. Per the judgement, "Some people created a scam by artfully arranging a few selected facts and exaggerating things beyond recognition to astronomical levels."

=== Coal mine allocation ===
{{main|Coal Mining Scam}}

A 2012 CAG report on coal mine allocation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Commercial/Report_No_7/Report_No_7.html|title=Report No. - 7 of 2012-13 for the period ended March 2012 - Performance Audit of Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production (Ministry of Coal)|publisher=CAG|access-date=17 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224062431/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Commercial/Report_No_7/Report_No_7.html|archive-date=24 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> received massive media and political reaction as well as public outrage. During the 2012 monsoon session of the Parliament, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] protested the government's handling of the issue demanding the resignation of the prime minister and refused to have a debate in the Parliament. The deadlock resulted in Parliament functioning only seven of the twenty days of the session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_turmoil-ridden-monsoon-session-of-parliament-ends_1737812|title=Turmoil-ridden Monsoon session of Parliament ends|date=7 September 2012|publisher=DNA|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Stalling-Parliament-is-also-part-of-democracy-Sushma-says/articleshow/16296444.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103160326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Stalling-Parliament-is-also-part-of-democracy-Sushma-says/articleshow/16296444.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Stalling Parliament is also a part of Democracy|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>

The CAG report criticised the government by saying it had the authority to allocate coal blocks by a process of competitive bidding, but chose not to.<ref name="CAG report">{{cite web|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/4/40/Draft_CAG_report_Pt_1.pdf|title="Draft Performance Audit, Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production by Coal India Limited" Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Union Government (Commercial))|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Union Government (Commercial))|access-date=8 September 2012}} Hereafter Draft CAG Report.</ref> As a result, both [[State-owned enterprise|public sector enterprises]] (PSEs) and private firms paid less than they might have otherwise. In its draft report in March, the CAG estimated that the "windfall gain" to the allocatees was {{INRConvert|1067300|c}}.<ref name="CAG report" /> The CAG Final Report tabled in Parliament put the figure at {{INRConvert|185600|c}}<ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/08/27/transcript-prime-minister-singh-counters-coalgate-allegations/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Transcript: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Counters 'Coalgate' Allegations - India Real Time - WSJ}}</ref>

While the initial CAG report suggested that coal blocks could have been allocated more efficiently, resulting in more revenue to the government, at no point did it suggest that corruption was involved in the allocation of coal. Over the course of 2012, however, the question of corruption came to dominate the discussion. In response to a complaint by the BJP, the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) directed the CBI to investigate the matter. The CBI named a dozen Indian firms in a [[First Information Report]] (FIR), the first step in a criminal investigation. These FIRs accuse them of overstating their net worth, failing to disclose prior coal allocations, and hoarding rather than developing coal allocations.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Firms-hid-earlier-allocations-to-get-new-blocks-says-CBI/Article1-925788.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093339/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Firms-hid-earlier-allocations-to-get-new-blocks-says-CBI/Article1-925788.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Firms hid earlier allocations to get new blocks, says CBI - Hindustan Times|archivedate=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/coalgate-now-dmk-leader-in-the-dock_798230.html|title=Coalgate: Now, DMK leader in the dock|date=7 September 2012|website=Zee News}}</ref> The CBI officials investigating the case have speculated that bribery may be involved.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

=== Fodder scam ===
{{main|Fodder scam}}

The scandal was first exposed due to the CAG report in the matter in December 1995. The report alleged of fraudulent withdrawal of government funds worth {{INRConvert|950|c}} in the [[Bihar]] animal husbandry department against non-existent supplies of fodder and medicines.<ref name="CBI orders prosecution of Laloo, Mishra in fodder scam">{{cite news|title=CBI orders prosecution of Laloo, Mishra in fodder scam|url=http://www.rediff.com//news/apr/28bihar.htm|access-date=1 October 2012|newspaper=Rediff.com|date=April 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531143055/http://www.rediff.com//news/apr/28bihar.htm|archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Subsequently, based on [[Patna High Court]]'s orders, CBI investigated the case and registered as many as 63 cases. Many accused have been convicted while many cases are still under [[trial (law)|trial]].<ref name="toi2007jsd">{{Citation|title=Fodder scam case: 58 convicted, given jail terms |newspaper=Times of India |date=31 May 2007 |access-date=5 November 2008 |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2088947.cms |quote=Snippet: ''... A total 63 cases were registered in the scam and 41 were transferred to Jharkhand after it was created from Bihar in November 2000 ... The CBI has filed charge sheets in almost every case and trials are under progress. Till now the special CBI court has passed judgment in 16 cases and nearly 200 accused in different cases have been punished with two to seven years imprisonment ...''12121 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501110715/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2088947.cms |archive-date=1 May 2009 }}</ref>

=== Krishna-Godavari (KG) D-6 gas block ===
The oil ministry imposed a fine of ₹7,000 crores on [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s company for the sharp drop in production of gas and violations mentioned in CAG's 2011 report. Oil ministry did not approve company's US$7.2 billion stake in deal with [[BP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiawires.com/10404/news/national/steep-fall-in-gas-output-rs-7000cr-fine-on-reliance/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201711/http://indiawires.com/10404/news/national/steep-fall-in-gas-output-rs-7000cr-fine-on-reliance/|url-status=dead|title=Steep Fall in Gas Output: Rs 7000cr Fine on Reliance | IndiaWires|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36279-reddy-upset-over-transfer-from-oil-ministry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210205/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/36279-reddy-upset-over-transfer-from-oil-ministry|date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/jaipal-reddys-shift-from-oil-ministry-creates-a-political-storm/articleshow/17011133.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Jaipal Reddy's shift from Oil Ministry creates a political storm | date=30 October 2012}}</ref> So [[Jaipal Reddy]] known for his honesty was shifted from oil ministry to the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology ministry]] owing to pressure from [[Reliance Industries|Reliance group of Industries]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-owes-an-explanation-on-shifting-jaipal-reddy-bjp-sp/article4043609.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=B. Muralidhar | last=Reddy | title=PM owes an explanation on shifting Jaipal Reddy: BJP, SP | date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/india/34797158_1_jaipal-reddy-petroleum-ministry-science-and-technology |title=Not unhappy with new ministry: Jaipal Reddy - Times of India |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103135042/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/india/34797158_1_jaipal-reddy-petroleum-ministry-science-and-technology |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/may/11/cag-audit-of-krishna-godavari-d6-gas-block-resumes-476143.html|title=CAG audit of Krishna-Godavari D6 gas block resumes|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> RIL allowed the CAG to begin the audit in April this year after stalling it for a year. But unresolved issues could stall audit of KG Basin again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1834793/report-dna-special-unresolved-issues-could-stall-audit-of-kg-basin-again|title=dna special: Unresolved issues could stall audit of KG Basin, again | Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com}}</ref> Then Government appointed Defence Secretary [[Shashi Kant Sharma|Shashikant Sharma]] as new CAG to audit KG Basin, said [[Prashant Bhushan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/new-cag-is-a-weak-bureaucrat-says-prashant-bhushan-113052100905_1.html|title=Bhushan questions new CAG selection | Business Standard}}</ref> In KG D-6, most of the cost had been recovered by the private player and the increase in price would only go as profit. About 90% of receipts from K-G D-6 were so far booked as expenditure and in the remaining 10%, only 1% was paid to the government and rest 9% went to the operator as profit.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CAG-may-look-into-likely-profit-for-RIL-from-gas-price-hike/articleshow/20869584.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=CAG may look into likely profit for RIL from gas price hike - The Times of India | date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

== List of CAGs of India ==
This is a list of all CAGs of India from [[British India]] to present [[Republic of India]]:<ref name="Former CAG">{{cite web | url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/former.html | title=Former CAG | access-date=9 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418100504/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/former.html | archive-date=18 April 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rajiv-mehrishi-is-the-next-cag-of-india-former-home-secretary-once-spearheaded-economic-reforms-in-rajasthan-3996307.html|title = Rajiv Mehrishi is the next CAG of India: Former home secretary once spearheaded economic reforms in Rajasthan|date = September 2017}}</ref>

=== Auditor-General of British India (1860–1950) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Auditor-General of India (1860–1950)
|-
! No.
! Auditor General of India
! Tenure began
! Year tenure ended
|-
| 1
|Edmund Drummond
| 1860
| 1862
|-
|2
|R. P. Harrison
|1862
|1867
|-
|3
|E. F. Harrison
|1867
|1879
|-
|4
|W. Waterfield
|1879
|1881
|-
|5
|[[James Westland (colonial administrator)|James Westland]]
|1881
|1889
|-
|6
|E. Gay
|1889
|1891
|-
|7
|S. Jacob
|1891
|1898
|-
|8
|Arthur Frederick Cox
|1898
|1906
|-
|9
|O. J. Barrow
|1906
|1910
|-
|10
|Robert Woodburn Gillan
|1910
|1912
|-
|11
|Sir Frederic Gauntlett
|1912
|1914
|-
|12
|Sir R. A. Gamble
|1914
|1918
|-
|13
|Sir Frederic Gauntlett
|1918
|1929
|-
|14
|Sir Ernest Burdon
|1929
|1940
|-
|15
|Sir Alexander Cameron Bandedoch
|1940
|1945
|-
|16
|Sir Bertie Monro Staig
|1945
|1948
|-
|17
|[[V. Narahari Rao]]
|1948
|1950
|-
|}

=== Auditor-General of Republic of India (1950–present) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Comptroller and Auditor General of India (1950–present)
|-
!No.
!Portrait
!Comptroller and Auditor General of India
!Tenure Began
!Tenure Ended
|-
|1
| [[File:V_Narahari_Rao_in_civil_service_uniform.jpg|70px]]
|[[V. Narahari Rao]]
|1950
|1954
|-
| 2
| [[File:Anil_Kumar_Chanda_portrait.gif|70px]]
| [[Anil Kumar Chanda]]
| 1954
| 1960
|-
| 3
| —
| A. K. Roy
| 1960
| 1966
|-
| 4
| —
| [[S. Ranganathan]]
| 1966
| 1972
|-
| 5
| —
| A. Baksi
| 1972
| 1978
|-
| 6
| —
| Gyan Prakash
| 1978
| 1984
|-
| 7
| [[File:T._N._Chaturvedi.jpg|70px]]
| [[T. N. Chaturvedi|Tirlok Nath Chaturvedi]]
| 1984
| 1990
|-
| 8
| —
| [[C. G. Somiah]]
| 1990
| 1996
|-
| 9
| —
| [[V. K. Shunglu]]
| 1996
| 2002
|-
| 10
| —
| [[V. N. Kaul|Vijayendra Nath Kaul]]
| 2002
| 2008
|-
| 11
| [[File:Vinod_Rai_at_the_World_Economic_Forum_on_India_2012.jpg|70px]]
| [[Vinod Rai]]
| 2008
| 2013
|-
| 12
| [[File:The_Comptroller_&_Auditor_General_of_India,_Shri_Shashi_Kant_Sharma_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_Social_Audit_Conference,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_10,_2015.jpg|70px]]
| [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
| 2013
| 2017
|-
| 13
| [[File:Shri_Rajiv_Mehrishi_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| 2017
| 2020
|-
| 14
| [[File:Shri_Girish_Chandra_Murmu,_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| [[G. C. Murmu|Girish Chandra Murmu]]
| 2020
| 2024
|-
|15
| [[File:K_Sanjay_Murthy_IAS_15th_CAG_of_India.jpg|70px]]
| [[K Sanjay Murthy]]
|2024
|Present
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
*[[Government of India]]
*[[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee of India]]
*[[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]]
*[[Order of precedence in India]]
*[[List of office-holders in India]]
*[[Constitutional body (India)|Constitutional bodies of Indian Government]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[Committee on Public Undertakings]]
*[[List of Indian parliamentary committees]]
*[[List of Indian commissions]]
*[[List of agencies of the government of India]]
*[[Salaries of government officials in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
* {{cite web | title = Official website of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India | url = http://cag.gov.in/ | access-date = 19 January 2009}}
*
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:Government audit]]

Loafer (1996 film)

2026-03-23T06:24:02Z

Jamesharrey:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loafer
| image = Loafer 1996 film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Surinder Kapoor]]|[[Boney Kapoor]]}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[Jalees Sherwani]] (dialogue)|[[P. Vasu]] (screenplay and story)}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Juhi Chawla]]|[[Shakti Kapoor]]}}
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi
| editing = A. Muthu
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'' (1990) by [[P. Vasu]]}}
| studio = Narsimha Enterprises
| distributor = Narsimha Enterprises
| released = {{film date|df=y|1996|6|7}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Loafer''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]] and produced by [[Surinder Kapoor]] and [[Boney Kapoor]]. It stars [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loafer Movie Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539791|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128090740/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539791|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> The film was a remake of the 1990 Tamil film ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]''.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Ravi Kumar
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Kiran Mathur
* [[Pramod Muthu]] as Dhandpani
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Badshah
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Krupashankar
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Vidyapati Kumar, Ravi's father
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Janki Kumar
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Bhiku - Ravi's Mamaji
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Mohan Mathur, Kiran's father
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Hotel Client / School Principal Narayan
* [[Viju Khote]] as Hotel Manager Damodar
* [[Kunika]] as Flirting Woman Sweety
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Husband Saxena of Flirting woman
* [[Vivek Vaswani]] as Pandey
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as Tatya
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Judge Surinder
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Oldster Rajesh, juice seller
* [[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as Shankar ,Son of Juice Seller
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Govt Officer KK
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Public Prosecutor Lambu Atta
* Dinesh Anand as Insp. Bhagwat
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Loafer
| type = album
| artist = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 39:00
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1.
| "Teri Tirchi Nazar Mein"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 2.
| "Tere Dil Ne"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Gayatri Iyer]]
|-
| 3.
| "Aao Chalo Hum Karein"
| Udit Narayan, [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
| 4.
| "Meri Tirchi Nazar Mein"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5.
| "Kuch Kuch Kuch Ho Raha Hai"
| Udit Narayan, Poornima
|-
| 6.
| "Jiske Liye Pal Bhar"
|Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan
|-
| 7.
| "Pandit Ji Haath Mera"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0116898}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Amrita Arora

2026-03-23T04:15:58Z

Jamesharrey: quick rework citations per sources based on references

{{short description|Indian actress, model, TV presenter, and VJ (born 1981)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2012}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2012}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrita Arora Ladak
| image = Amrita arora kallista spa.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Arora in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|1|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 2002–2015
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|[[television presenter]]|[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]}}
| other_names = Amrita Arora Ladak
| spouse = {{marriage|Shakeel Ladak|2009}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Malaika Arora]] (sister)
}}

'''Amrita Arora Ladak''' ([[née]] '''Arora'''; born 31 January 1981) is an Indian actress, [[Model (person)|model]], [[television presenter]] and [[video jockey]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} who primarily appears in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Indian films|films]].

==Early and personal life==
Arora was born in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]] to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi]] father, Anil Arora, and a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] mother, Joyce Polycarp, and was raised as a [[Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Catholic Khans |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/the-catholic-khans/cid/1535485 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaika Arora: 'As a good Catholic girl, I wait for Christmas with a heart brimming with excitement' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/malaika-arora-as-a-good-catholic-girl-i-wait-for-christmas-with-a-heart-brimming-with-excitement |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=23 December 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref> She is the younger sister of [[Malaika Arora]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2007 |title=malaikaaroraofficial Insta page |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_x_nKNtQAH/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |publisher=malaikaaroraofficial Insta page}}</ref>

She completed her secondary education at Swami Vivekanand School in Chembur. <ref>{{cite web |title=Chembur will always be our home |url=http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2006/jun/139591.htm |publisher=Mid-Day |access-date=21 February 2011 |date=16 June 2006 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135015/http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2006/jun/139591.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

From the early 2000s to the mid-2000s she was in a relationship with [[British Pakistanis|British-Pakistani]] cricketer [[Usman Afzaal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vajir |date=9 January 2008 |title=I come second in Usman's life, says Amrita Arora |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-come-second-in-usman-s-life-says-amrita-arora/story-cN1QJX5JDmfXyQmtxKUMiL.html |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

She married Shakeel Ladak, a businessman in the construction industry, in 2009. The ceremonies included a Christian wedding on 4 March 2009, followed by [[Mehendi]] on 5 March and a Muslim [[Nikah]] ceremony on 6 March 2009. They have two sons.<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/news/type/view/sort/What%27s_New/id/1577943 |title=Amrita Arora names her baby boy Rayaan | Bollywood News | Hindi Movies News | Celebrity News - BollywoodHungama.com |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529125803/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/news/type/view/sort/What's_New/id/1577943/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amrita-shakeels-celeb-studded-wedding/articleshow/4227424.cms Amrita & Shakeel's celeb-studded wedding] Times of India - 5 June 2009</ref>

==Career==
Arora started her career as a [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] for [[MTV India|MTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan10/sunday/filmtv.htm |title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> She made her Bollywood debut in 2002 opposite [[Fardeen Khan]] in the film, ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'', which was not successful at the box office. Her first successful film was the action comedy, ''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''. A series of flops followed, among them 2004's ''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]'' about a lesbian relationship, in which she appeared opposite [[Isha Koppikar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Kareena Kapoor's BFF, Isha Koppikar's 'girlfriend', gave 13 flops, no solo hit; quit films after marriage, is now.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-kareena-kapoor-bff-isha-koppikar-girlfriend-gave-13-flops-no-solo-hit-quit-films-marriage-amrita-arora-3105760/amrita-arora-isha-koppikar-girlfriend-3105763 |access-date=13 September 2024 |publisher=dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

In 2007, she made a special appearance in [[Farah Khan]]'s film ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', performing in the song "Deewangi Deewangi" with her sister and former brother-in-law [[Arbaaz Khan]]. In the same year, she appeared in ''[[Speed (2007 film)|Speed]]'' and ''[[Red: The Dark Side]]'', also starring [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Celina Jaitley]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

In 2009, her releases were ''Deha'' and ''Team the Force''. The same year, she appeared in a supporting role in ''[[Kambakth Ishq]]'', produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/6930/index.html |title=Amrita Arora: Filmography and Profile |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723095156/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/6930/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]''
| Karishma Patel
|
|-
| ''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''
| Mona
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]''
| Preeti
|
|-
| ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''
| Singer/Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Dilli Ki Sardi"
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
| ''[[Shart: The Challenge]]''
| Saryu
|
|-
| ''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]''
| Sapna
|
|-
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
| Roma
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Rakht]]''
| Natasha Bahadur Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''Deha''
| Rini Sinha/Rini M. Desai
|
|-
| ''[[Fight Club - Members Only]]''
| Shonali Malhotra
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2007
| ''[[Red: The Dark Side]]''
| Ria Malhotra
|
|-
| ''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Heyy Babyy"
|-
| ''[[Speed (2007 film)|Speed]]''
| Sameera Mehra
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Deewangi Deewangi"
|-
| ''Raakh''
| Nalini
|
|-
| ''[[Godfather (2007 film)|Godfather]]''
| Guest
| Pakistani-Urdu film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
| ''[[Rama Rama Kya Hai Dramaaa]]''
| Khushi Bhatia
|
|-
| ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
| Radhika Jha
|
|-
| ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]''
| Priya
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| Esha Santoshi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
| Kamini Sandu
|
|-
| ''Team – The Force''
| Riya
|
|-
|''[[Ek Tho Chance]]''
| Nishi
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
| Dhami
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Amrita Arora}}
* {{IMDb name| id=1147677}}
* {{Instagram|amuaroraofficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Amrita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Old Tamil

2026-03-16T19:57:13Z

Jamesharrey:

{{Short description|Form of Tamil used from 300 BCE to 700 CE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Old Tamil
| nativename =
| pronunciation =
| region = [[Tamiḻakam]] ; modern day [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| era = third century BCE to seventh century CE
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = [[Southern Dravidian languages]]
| fam3 = [[Tamil–Kannada languages|Proto-Tamil–Kannada]]
| fam4 = [[Tamil–Kodagu languages|Proto-Tamil–Kodagu]]
| fam5 =
| script = [[Tamil-Brahmi]], later [[Vaṭṭeḻuttu]] and the [[Pallava script]]
| iso3 = oty
| linglist = oty
| lingname = Old Tamil
| glotto = oldt1248
| glottoname = Old Tamil
}}
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mangulam 3rd-century BCE [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscription in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengtson |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C&pg=PA427 |title=In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology: in Honor of Harold Crane Fleming |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3252-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Umamaheshwari |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRxJDwAAQBAJ&q=Mangulam+3rd+century&pg=PA43 |title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-3756-3 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:2nd century BCE Tamil Brahmi inscription Arittapatti Madurai India.jpg|thumb|A 2nd-century BCE Tamil Brahmi inscription from Arittapatti, Madurai India. The southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]] has emerged as a major source of Brahmi inscriptions in Old Tamil dated between 3rd to 1st centuries BCE.<ref name=mahadevan>Mahadevan, I.''Early Tamil Epigraphy'' pp. 91–94</ref><ref name=mahadevan2>Mahadevan, I.''Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions'' pp. 1–12</ref><ref name=spuler1975>Souler, B. ''Handbook of Oriental Studies'' p. 44</ref>]]
'''Old Tamil''' is the form of the [[Tamil language]] used from the 3rd century BCE to the seventh century CE,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=Tamil language {{!}} Origin, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WDxBwAAQBAJ |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2015-04-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-91171-2 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> following Proto-Tamil and preceding [[Middle Tamil]]. The earliest records in Old Tamil are inscriptions from between the 3rd and 1st century BCE in caves and on pottery, written in the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] variant of the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name=mahadevan/><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Government of Tamilnadu | first1 = Department of Archeology |title = Keeladi, Excavation Report, Urban Settlement, Sangam Age, River Vaigai| date = 19 September 2019 | url = https://archive.org/details/keeladibookenglish18092019/page/n59/mode/2up | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vishnupriya | first1 = Kolipakam |title = A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family| journal = Royal Society Open Science | year = 2018 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | article-number = 171504 | doi = 10.1098/rsos.171504 | doi-access = free| pmid = 29657761 | pmc = 5882685 | bibcode = 2018RSOS....571504K | url = }}</ref> The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'', an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the mid-2nd century BCE.<ref name="Lehmann 1998 752">{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|pp=75–76}}</ref><ref name=Zvelebil>Zvelebil, K. ''The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South '' p. xx</ref> Old Tamil preserves many features of [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]], the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Dravidian languages]], including the inventory of consonants, the [[syllable structure]], and various grammatical features.

== History ==
According to [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]], Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]], a [[proto-language]]. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third [[millennium]] BCE, possibly in the region around the lower [[Godavari]] river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the [[Neolithic]] complexes of [[South India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Southworth|2005|pp=249–250}}</ref> The earliest [[Tamil-Brahmi|epigraphic]] attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written from the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{Harvnb|Southworth|2005|pp=250–251}}</ref>

Among Indian languages, Tamil has the most ancient non-[[Sanskrit]]ic Indian literature.<ref>{{citation|author=Sivathamby, K|title=Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept|journal=Social Scientist|volume=3|issue=5|pages=20–37|year=1974|doi=10.2307/3516448|jstor=3516448}}</ref> Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BCE–700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).<ref name="Lehmann 1998 752"/> In November 2007, an excavation at [[Quseir al Qadim]] revealed [[Ancient Egyptian pottery]] dating back to first century BCE with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions.<ref name="Egypt">{{citation|title=Tamil Brahmi script in Egypt|date=21 November 2007|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tamil-brahmi-script-in-egypt/article1952611.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> There are a number of apparent [[Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew]] dating to before 500 BCE, the oldest attestation of the language.<ref name="Rabin438">Rabin, C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p. 438</ref> [[John Guy (historian)|John Guy]] states that Tamil was the [[lingua franca]] for [[Maritime history#Ancient times|early maritime trade]]rs from India.<ref name="scroll.in">{{citation|title=Scroll.in – News. Politics. Culture.|date=6 February 2015 |url=http://scroll.in/article/704603/Step-aside,-Gujaratis:-Tamilians-were-India's-earliest-recorded-maritime-traders|publisher=scroll.in}}</ref>

Tamils began to trade with [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Chinese states|China]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Tibet]]. Their ports were Tondi, [[Muziris|Musiri]] and [[Kanyakumari|Comari]], Colchi, Poduke and Sopatma. This was done during the period of Tamil independence from 600 BCE to 300 CE.<ref>{{cite web |last1=El |first1=David |title=Timeline of Tamil History |url=https://www.academia.edu/29853704 |website=academia |date=2015}}</ref> The different types of ships that would go into the port were small vessels, large vessels, and ocean-going vessels. They received the largest number the Roman coins-hoards in Tamil. This ranges from different emperors of Rome as their dates on the coins and as well as the emperors on the coins are different. This trade even continued to the end of the Roman Empire and continued into the time of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The Tamils also traded along the [[Red Sea]] as goods such as potsherds were found in excavated sites. Rice and salt were popular goods that came out as exports as well as used as currency for bargaining. They were used as a means of bartering as they were able to transport large amounts and the demand for these items was always there. There was a port called Cholas that traded with the west and the Malaya coast.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saravanakumar |first1=AR |last2=Seetharaman |first2=Paranthaman |last3=Radha |first3=R |title=Trade and Commerce of Ancient Tamilagam |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342281713 |website=researchgate |date=June 2020}}</ref>

There were large amounts of Roulette potteries and Roman coins were found in a brick jetty that they would put items into so they would be ready for when they needed to unload them a mound in [[Arikamedu]] with Rouletted ware, [[Amphora|amphorae]], conical jars, [[agate]], and [[chalcedony]]. Two of the port cities were later destroyed by tsunamis. These were the cities of Thenmadurai and Kapatapuram. Archaeologist T. Satyamurth found 160 urns at their dig site. Dr. Jagor found 9000 objectives such as pottery, weapons, vessels, ornaments, stone beads, clothes, bones, ivory, sandalwood, and stone implements for grinding. The population wore cotton clothes and adorned the neck with ornaments made of beads, copper, and bronze.<ref name="HISTORY OF ANCIENT TAMIL CIVILIZATION">{{cite web |last1=Dokras |first1=Uday |title=History of Ancient Tamil Civilization |url=https://www.academia.edu/44209625 |website=academia |date=2020}}</ref>

==Literary work==
Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as [[Sangam literature]]. These poems are usually dated to between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE,<ref name="Lehmann 1998 752"/> which makes them the oldest extant body of literature in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|p=70}}</ref> Other literary works in Old Tamil include [[Thirukural]], [[Silappatikaram]] and [[Maṇimēkalai]], and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.<ref name="Lehmann 1998 752"/><ref name=Zvelebil/>{{refn|group=nb|The dating of Sangam literature and the identification of its language with Old Tamil was questioned by Herman Tieken who argued that the works are better understood as 9th century [[Pandyan dynasty|Pāṇṭiyan dynasty]] compositions, written in an archaising style to make them seem older than they were. Tieken's dating has, however, been criticised by multiple reviewers of his work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tieken|2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1179075| jstor = 1179075| title = Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry| journal = Asian Folklore Studies| volume = 60| issue = 2| page= 373| year = 2001| last1 = Ferro-Luzzi | first1 = G. E. | last2 = Tieken | first2 = H. | author1-link=Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3096501| jstor = 3096501| title = Ritual and Mythological Sources of the Early Tamil Poetry| journal = The Journal of Asian Studies| volume = 61| issue = 4| page = 1404| year = 2002| last1 = Monius | first1 = A. E. | last2 = Dubianskii | first2 = A. M. | last3 = Tieken | first3 = H. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1553/wzksXLVIs105| title = Towards an Internal Chronology of Old Tamil Cankam Literature or How to Trace the Laws of a Poetic Universe| journal = Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens| volume = 1| issue = 16| page = 105| year = 2003| last1 = Wilden | first1 = E. V. A. | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>R. Nagaswamy, Mirror of Tamil and Sanskrit (2012), Section 2.18.2: Natural evolution of Sanskrit</ref>}}

"Tamil is categorized as a classical language as it has a considerably extensive written tradition that is known for predating other classical works in India by over a thousand years."<ref>Hart, George. "Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language." The Institute for South Asia Studies, 11 Apr. 2000</ref> In addition, to its thousands of years of history as a literary language, notably during the Sangam period. A major distinction in this regard, is that Tamil is classified as a Dravidian language, making it the oldest written tradition not descended from Sanskrit in India.

The term Sangam refers to multiple periods in which Sangam Tamil literature originates. Notably, there are to be considered three primary Sangam periods, as well as a Post Sangam period. However, all Sangam literature available to us dates from the third Sangam period, as well as the Post Sangam period. Regardless of this, Sangam Tamil literature still nevertheless boasts a literary history spanning over 2,000 years, making it one of the oldest languages still in use today, as the Tamil from the Sangam period is still mutually intelligible to a degree by modern Tamil speakers.<ref>Shanmugananthan, R. "An Overview of Sangam Literature சங்க இலக்கியம்." – Ilankai Tamil Sangam, 22 Sept. 2022.</ref> The exact dates of Sangam publications are debated by scholars. "There are two primary styles defined through Sangam literature, Akam and Puram. Through Akam, aspects of love and romantic feelings are portrayed through five distinct categories, each relating to a unique landscape. Puram typically displays aspects of war and politics."<ref>Gopal, Nanduri Raj. "Tamil Sangam Literature: A Journey through History, Culture, and Literary Brilliance." View of Tamil Sangam Literature: A Journey through History, Culture, and Literary Brilliance, 2024, eduzonejournal.com/index.php/eiprmj/article/view/508/444.)</ref>

Sangam literature can be found from its first period around 250 BCE–200 CE. Regarding their pretexts, Puram poems most notably target specific morals that the author wishes to convey. One of the most notable works of Sangam literature is the Tirukkural, and serves as a prime example among other Sangam didactic texts. The Tirukkural is known for being a text in which the reader is taught morals in a poetic manner, typically through the use of couplets.<ref>Rajagopal, Govindaswamy. "Virtues in Tirukkuṟaḷ and Other Tamil Didactic Works – a Bird's Eye View." Academia.Edu, 27 Sept. 2016</ref>

==Features==
Old Tamil preserved many features of Proto-Dravidian, including inventory of consonants,<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=53}}</ref> the syllable structure,<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=92}}</ref> and various grammatical features.<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=182–193}}</ref> Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. ''{{IAST|kāṇēṉ}}'' [kaːɳeːn] {{lang|oty|𑀓𑀸𑀡𑁂𑀷𑁆}} ({{lang|ta|காணேன்}})) "I do not see", ''{{IAST|kāṇōm}}'' [kaːɳoːm] ({{lang|oty|𑀓𑀸𑀡𑁄𑀫𑁆}} ({{lang|ta|காணோம்}}) "we do not see").<ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|1998|p=24}}</ref> Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. ''{{IAST|peṇṭirēm}}'' [peɳɖiɾeːm] {{lang|oty|𑀧𑁳𑀡𑁆𑀝𑀺𑀭𑁂𑀫𑁆}} ({{lang|ta|பெண்டிரேம்}}) "we are women" formed from ''{{IAST|peṇṭir}}'' [peɳɖiɾ] {{lang|oty|𑀧𑁳𑀡𑁆𑀝𑀺𑀭𑁆}} ({{lang|ta|பெண்டிர்}}) "women" and the first person plural marker ''-{{IAST|ēm}}'' {{lang|oty|-𑀏𑀫𑁆}} ({{lang|ta|-ஏம்}}).<ref>{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|p=80}}</ref> Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.<ref name="Lehmann 1998 752"/>

== Phonology ==

Old Tamil, the earliest attested branch of [[South Dravidian languages|South Dravidian]] has preserved an inventory of 17 consonants very similar to [[Proto-Dravidian language#Consonants|Proto-Dravidian]]: /p t ṯ c ṭ k, m n ñ ṇ, r ẓ, l ḷ, y w *H/.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=53}}

The oldest depiction of Old Tamil's phonology is found in [[Tolkappiyam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sankaran |first=C. R. |date=1947 |title=An Introduction to the Study of Old Tamil Phonemics |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=8 |pages=87–96 |jstor=42929588 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref> This early record of the language dives into the sounds of the language as well as allophones which are used to help understand adjacent phonemes. According to a rough translation from Tolkappiyam, "It will be evident on careful observation that all the sounds (in the Tamil language) are but the results of the modifications which the air undergoes in starting from naval, and passing through the eight parts- chest, neck, head, tongue, hard palate, teeth, lips, and nose."<ref name=":0" />

The language has Thirty linear phonemes ranging from a to n with the exception of three nonlinear phonemes. The non-linear phonemes consist of i',u', and o'.<ref name=":0" />

== Writing system ==
Tamil's writing system is widely believed to be inspired by the Asokan Brahmi system, which is the original Indian script that all modern Indian script derived from.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Dravidian languages {{!}} History, Grammar, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> There are 5 main categories of writing system which are the alphabet, abugida, abjad, syllabary, and semanto-phonetic. Old Tamil's writing system fits under the abugida. The letters in the Old Tamil abugida all appear to take the form of shapes like squares and circles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.Gift Siromoney's Home Page |url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Epigraphy/epig_tamilorigin.htm |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.cmi.ac.in}}</ref> In the language every consonant is combined with a vowel for example NA is the letter n in the English alphabet. If a letter in a word is followed by the same vowel it is written twice to distinguish between the constants adjacent vowel and the vowel following the consonant-vowel combination. In Tamil, constants occur usually at the end and the middle of words. There is an exception to this rule that occurs when a word starts with a vowel, and in this case, a character representing a singular syllable is used.

The following is an example of the Old Tamil abugida:

== Regional dialects ==
[[File:Mozhipeyar_regions.png|thumb|The 12 mozhipeyar regions of Ancient Tamilakam]]

The Tolkappiyam mentions about 12 moḻipeyar lands apart from the region where Centamil was spoken.<ref name="Parameswara Iyer 1953 10–13">{{Cite book |last=Parameswara Iyer |first=Ulloor S. |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram, Part 1 |publisher=Kerala University |year=1953 |isbn=978-93-5432-291-4 |edition=Digital |location=Kerala |pages=10–13 |language=Malayalam}}</ref> Tolkappiyam 881 also mentions about dialectical words called Ticaicol. [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] in his work, Kerala Sahithya Charithram names these regions. Senavaraiyar and Mayilainatar, both interpret almost similar names for these twelve Tamil dialectical regions of Old Tamil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. Mena |first=Kannan |date=2009 |title=Negotiations with the Past: Classical Tamil in Contemporary Tamil |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |pages=320–323 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew|Old Tamil words attested in Biblical Hebrew]]
*[[Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek|Old Tamil words attested in Ancient Greek]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Iravatham |first=Mahadevan|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Iravatham |first=Mahadevan|title=Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuMZAAAAIAAJ |year=1970|publisher=State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu}}
*{{Cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dravidian-languages/CB6877BB2AFC237DA0B154E62F8DD898|title=The Dravidian Languages|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-05-11-48687-6|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last=Lehmann |first=Thomas|editor1-last=Sanford |editor1-first=Steever |title=The Dravidian Languages| publisher=Routledge |date=1998|isbn=978-04-15-41267-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ollett |first1=Andrew |title=Language of the Snakes |date=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1w8h1vk }}
* {{Citation | last=Southworth | first=Franklin C. | title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia | publisher=Routledge | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-33323-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Spuler|first=Bertold|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA44|year=1975|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-04190-7|page=44}}
* {{Citation | last=Steever | first=Sanford | contribution=Introduction | editor-last=Steever | editor-first=Sanford | title=The Dravidian Languages | publisher=Routledge | year=1998 | place=London | isbn=978-0-415-10023-6 | pages=1–39}}
* {{Citation | editor1-last=Tharu | editor1-first=Susie | editor2-last=Lalita | editor2-first=K. | title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the present – Vol. 1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century | publisher=Feminist Press | year=1991 | isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Tharu |editor1-first=Susie|editor2-last=Lalita |editor2-first=Ke |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present, II: The Twentieth Century| publisher=CUNY |date=1998|isbn=978-15-58-61028-6}}
* {{Citation | last=Tieken | first=Herman | title=Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry | series=Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X | place=Groningen | publisher=Egbert Forsten Publishing | year=2001 | isbn=978-90-6980-134-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&q=info:3mNeiVqlnhoJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|date=1973|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-03591-1|language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 6th century]]
[[Category:6th-century disestablishments in Asia]]

Mandakini Trivedi

2026-03-14T18:56:54Z

Jamesharrey: creating a article

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mandakini Trivedi
| image = File:Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2015 to Smt. Mandakini Trivedi, in the field of Mohiniattam (Dance).jpg
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| occupation = Dancer
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| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2015
| website =
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}}
'''Mandakini Trivedi''' is an Indian dancer. In 2015, she has been the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contribution in [[Mohiniyattam]] classical dance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |date=2017-06-29 |title=Mandakini Trivedi, Mohiniattyom dancer, draws parallel between dance and yoga |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/mandakini-trivedi-mohiniattyom-dancer-draws-parallel-between-dance-and-yoga/article19174079.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-29 |title=Mandakini Trivedi on the meaning of style, Mohiniattam's abhinaya and the evolving guru-shishya parampara |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/mandakini-trivedi-on-the-meaning-of-style-mohiniattams-abhinaya-and-the-evolving-guru-shishya-parampara-7697691.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Trivedi did Masters in Fine Art in Dance from Nalanda Nrityakala Mahavidyalaya. She did her post-graduation in [[Bharatnatyam]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |date=2015-09-10 |title=Mandakini Trivedi on her journey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/mandakini-trivedi-on-her-journey/article7633352.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Trivedi was a professor of Indian Dance at Nalanda Nrityakala Mahavidyalaya for twelve years. She was also a curator of Kalan Ghoda Arts Festival in 2007 and 2008. She is trained in Mohiniattam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soparrkar |first=Sandip |date=2018-11-15 |title=Frontiers beyond the Form |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/151118/frontiers-beyond-the-form.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-14 |title=Exploring the nuance of movement |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/exploring-the-nuance-of-movement/article19859592.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2015<ref name=":1" />
*Central Government Junior Fellowship<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Mandakini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Hruta Durgule

2026-03-14T14:38:45Z

Jamesharrey: Created new entry!

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hruta Durgule
| image = Hruta Durgule.jpg
| caption = Durgule in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993
|09|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Prateek Shah|2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Hruta Durgule and Prateek Shah tie the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-hruta-durgule-and-prateek-shah-tie-the-knot/articleshow/91646971.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| father = Dilip Durgule
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''|''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''|''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]]''}}
| alma_mater = [[Ramnarain Ruia College|Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College]]
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Hruta Durgule''' (born 12 September 1993) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] television and film productions. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a [[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Marathi Award]], and has established herself as one of the most popular Marathi actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule completes 9 years in the industry; shares a heartfelt note saying, "it's a beautiful journey of passion and hard work" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-completes-9-years-in-the-industry-shares-a-heartfelt-note-saying-its-a-beautiful-journey-of-passion-and-hard-work/articleshow/90196407.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

She made her television debut with [[Star Pravah]]'s ''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am not in a hurry: Durva fame actress "Hruta Durgule" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-am-not-in-a-hurry-hruta-durgule/story-EBYB14l7PegbcY7rrkwC2M.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She made her big-screen debut with ''[[Ananya (Marathi film)|Ananya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! 'Making a debut with 'Ananya' is a dream come true for me', says Hruta Durgule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-making-a-debut-with-ananya-is-a-dream-come-true-for-me-says-hruta-durgule/articleshow/75998576.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpakharu fame 'Hruta Durgule' will entered in film ananya |url=https://pudhari.news/news/Soneri/hruta-durgule-will-entered-in-film-ananya/m/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=pudhari.news |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She rose to prominence with her portrayal of Vaidehi in [[Zee Yuva]]'s ''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''.

In 2020, she hosted [[Sony Marathi]]'s singing reality show ''[[Singing Star]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule new serial "Phulpakharu" |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/BOL-MB-story-about-new-serial-of-hruta-durgule-5583791-PHO.html/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> She has also played the character of Deepika Deshpande in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]]''.

== Early life ==
Hruta Durgule was born on 12 September 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=Hruta Durgule celebrates her birthday on September 12 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/my-birthday-is-like-an-event-hruta-durgule/story-pqYzdQpmJdo92zkTJcRSGJ.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Hruta Durgule: Sayali Sanjeev to Lalit Prabhakar, Marathi actors wish the actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/happy-birthday-hruta-durgule-sayali-sanjeev-to-lalit-prabhakar-marathi-actors-wish-the-actress/photostory/78075836.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule looks absolute beauty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-celebs-instagram-pics-you-should-not-miss/photo-hruta-durgule-looks-absolute-beauty-in-her-latest-picture/photostory/78289526.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India|date=14 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule looks fresh as a daisy in THIS no-makeup look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-celebs-instagram-pics-you-should-not-miss/hruta-durgule-looks-fresh-as-a-daisy-in-this-no-makeup-look/photostory/77060585.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India|date=14 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule turns 26; celebrates special day with Phulpakhru gang |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-turns-26-celebrates-special-day-with-phulpakhru-gang/articleshow/71206966.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=12 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She is originally from [[Ratnagiri]] but brought up in [[Mumbai]] and completed education from [[Ramnarain Ruia College|Ramnarain Ruia College, Matunga, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule crossed 2 million followers on instagram |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/marathi-actress-hruta-durgule-crossed-2-million-followers-on-instagram/photoshow/79640304.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आम्ही खवय्ये : खिचडी… {{!}} Saamana (सामना) |url=https://www.saamana.com/eating-habits-of-hruta-durgule/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208084000/https://www.saamana.com/eating-habits-of-hruta-durgule/ |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Saamana |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> For now, she lives in [[Thane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule buys her dream home in Thane, says, "buying a home has been my ultimate dream" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-buys-her-dream-home-in-thane-says-buying-a-home-has-been-my-ultimate-dream/articleshow/80671169.cms |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hruta married TV and film director – Prateek Shah on 18 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule gets engaged with beau Prateek Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-gets-engaged-with-beau-prateek-shah/articleshow/88478738.cms |access-date=9 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=24 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Durgule started her career with ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]'' as an assistant director where she learnt that Rasika Deodhar (casting director) was searching new faces for her upcoming show & she auditioned for the titular role after which she was selected in [[Durva (TV series)|''Durva'']] that aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Hruta Durgule began as a costume ad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/did-you-know-hruta-durgule-began-as-a-costume-ad/articleshow/68202007.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> In 2017, she starred in ''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]'', that aired on [[Zee Yuva]], which lasted for about 2.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule in a new romantic TV show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/hruta-durgule-in-a-new-tv-show/articleshow/58169926.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, She began playing a role in drama ''Dada Ek Good News Ahey'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of Marathi drama Dada Ek Good News Ahey |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-drama/reveiw-of-marathi-drama-dada-ek-good-news-aahe/articleshow/69669267.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule interview on Dada Ek Good News Aahey |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/interview-with-phulpakhru-fame-hruta-durgule/articleshow/70389606.cms |access-date= |website=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref> alongside [[Umesh Kamat]], Rishi Manohar and Aarti More. The play is produced by [[Priya Bapat]]. She played the character of Mrunmayee (aka Chiu) in Strawberry Shake. The short film was released on [[ZEE5]] Premium amidst the COVID pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre will help me analyse where I stand as an actor: Hruta Durgule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/theatre-will-help-me-analyse-where-i-stand-as-an-actor-hruta-durgule/articleshow/67000772.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, she hosted the show ''[[Singing Star]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpakhru fame Hruta Durgule all set to debut as a host with Singing Star – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakhru-fame-hruta-durgule-all-set-to-debut-as-a-host-with-singing-star/articleshow/77145089.cms |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule will appeared in singing star |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-hruta-durgule-will-appear-in-the-role-of-host-reality-show-singing-star/articleshow/77142462.cms |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=6 June 2020 |language=mr}}</ref> which aired on [[Sony Marathi]]. [[Singing Star]] was her debut performance as a host.

Durgule debuted in the Marathi film industry with ''[[Ananya (Marathi film)|Ananya]]'' produced by [[Ravi Jadhav]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SpotboyE |title=Ananya: It's A Wrap For Ravi Jadhav's Next Marathi Emotional Drama Starring Hruta Durgule |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/ananya-it-s-a-wrap-for-ravi-jadhav-s-next-marathi-emotional-drama-starring-hruta-durgule/5e414b9de60f875fafb518b9 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=spotboye.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule will play lead role in Ananya Movie |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-hruta-durgule-will-play-lead-role-in-upcoming-marathi-movie-ananaya-1828029.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127204856/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-hruta-durgule-will-play-lead-role-in-upcoming-marathi-movie-ananaya-1828029.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film released on 22 July 2022. She is also a part of a new web series, alongside [[Suvrat Joshi]], named ''Duet''. ''Duet'' is yet to release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2020 |title=ऋता दुर्गुळेचं वेबविश्वात पदार्पण; 'या' सीरिजमध्ये साकारणार महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2365692/phulpakharu-fame-hruta-durgule-new-web-series-duet-coming-soon-ssj-93/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> She was also seen in ''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]],'' which aired on [[Zee Marathi]] from 2021 to 2022, portraying the role of Deepika Deshpande. She was also seen in the Marathi movie ''[[Timepass 3]],'' which released on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title='टाइमपास ३' मध्ये 'या' अभिनेत्रीची होणार एंट्री |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/phulpakharu-actress-hruta-durgule-will-be-seen-in-the-third-instalment-of-timepass/articleshow/80387469.cms |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

==Media image==
In 2019, she was described as the most attractive women of [[List of Marathi television actors|Marathi Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule is most attractive women of Marathi television. |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/hruta-durgule-is-the-most-attractive-women-in-marathi-television-world/articleshow/67895429.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Expectation from fans, increases my responsibility: Hruta |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/expectation-from-fans-increases-my-responsibility-hruta/story-OzCz8Dt2h1Ckh6QtU6keOI.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was ranked first in ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s Top 15 most desirable women in [[List of Marathi television actors|Marathi television]] 2018 and she was ranked second in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The sizzling ladies of Marathi TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/the-sizzling-ladies-of-marathi-tv/articleshow/67915100.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=9 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Maharashtra's Most Desirable women on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/meet-maharashtras-most-desirable-women-on-tv/articleshow/73516738.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=22 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She is one of the most popular Marathi television actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Women's Day 2019– A look at the most popular Marathi TV actresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/womens-day-2019-a-look-at-the-most-popular-marathi-tv-actresses/photostory/68318022.cms |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She is well known TV serial actress in Maharashtra and known as a "MaharashtraChi Crush" in marathi industry. She is first in Top 5 Marathi television actress in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=लोकप्रिय अभिनेत्रींच्या यादीत 'ही' अभिनेत्री अव्वल, पाहा LIST |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/hruta-durgule-to-prarthna-behere-top-5-marathi-serials-actresses-in-this-month-see-list-mhad-662171.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209064431/https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/hruta-durgule-to-prarthna-behere-top-5-marathi-serials-actresses-in-this-month-see-list-mhad-662171.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She ranked 9th in Top 10 Marathi actresses in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=List of Top 10 Marathi Actresses 2023 - eDivas |url=https://www.edivas.in/list-of-top-marathi-actresses/,%20https://www.edivas.in/list-of-top-marathi-actresses/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Sugar n Salt'' (Short film)
|Riya
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sugar n Salt – Romantic Short Film {{!}} Hruta Durgule {{!}} Swapnil Zambare | date=8 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PARTF4q08zo |language=en |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Strawberry Shake'' (Short film)
|Mrunmayee/ Chiu
| rowspan="7" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2020 |title=Hruta Durgule short film strawberry shake will be launched on Zee5 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sumeet-raghvan-and-hruta-durgule-short-film-strawberry-shake-will-be-launched-15th-april-on-zee-5/516169 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=24taas.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''
|Ananya Deshmukh
|
|-
|''[[Timepass 3]]''
|Pallavi Dinkar Patil
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hruta Durgule and Prathamesh Parab team up for Ravi Jadhav's Timepass 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/hruta-durgule-and-prathamesh-parab-team-up-for-ravi-jadhavs-timepass-3/articleshow/80756251.cms |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Circuitt]]''
|Aarohi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)|Kanni]]''
|Kalyani Revandikar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=ऋता दुर्गुळे झळकणार नव्या चित्रपटात, पहिलं पोस्टर आलं समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-actress-hruta-durgule-kanni-new-movie-first-poster-release-date-nrp-97-4071240/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Aarpar]]''
|Prachi Dixit
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Aarpar Trailer : ऋता दुर्गुळे अन् ललित प्रभाकरच्या बहुचर्चित सिनेमाचा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित, प्रेमाची नवी परिभाषा घेऊन येतोय 'आरपार' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/aarpar-trailer-hruta-durgule-and-lalit-prabhakar-romantic-chemistry-movie-realsing-on-12-september-ssm-00-5356116/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uttar (film)|Uttar]]''
|Kshipra
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Sakshi Sunil |date=2025-11-03 |title=Uttar Movie: आई-मुलाच्या नात्याची आजच्या काळातील कथा; अभिनय बेर्डेचा नवा चित्रपट लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/uttar-teaser-out-kshitij-patwardhans-directorial-debut-with-renuka-shahane-and-abhinay-berde-latest-marathi-entertainment-news-ssj03 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Marathi News {{!}} Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role(s)
!Notes
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''
|{{N/A}}
|Assistant director
|[[Star Pravah]]
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
|2013–2016
|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|Durva Patil-Sane
|Debut series/Lead role
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marathi show Durva to telecast again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-show-durva-to-telecast-again/articleshow/67537948.cms |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''
|Vaidehi Inamdar-Rege
|Lead role
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Phulpakharu completes 700 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakharu-completes-700-episodes/articleshow/70511208.cms |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Singing Star]]''
|Host
|Season 1
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hruta Durgule comeback with 'Singing Star' – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-this-is-the-first-time-that-i-got-to-be-myself-in-front-of-the-camera-hruta-durgule-on-her-comeback-with-singing-star/articleshow/77348824.cms |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]]''
|Deepika Deshpande- Salgaokar
|Lead role
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hruta Durgule excited to share screen with Ajinkya Raut, says "Coming Back Home Wali feeling" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-is-excited-about-her-new-show-with-ajinkya-raut-says-coming-back-home-wali-feeling/articleshow/85004418.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Stage===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Play
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Dada Ek Good News Aahe''
|Namita
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=It was my parents' wish that I do theatre: Hruta Durgule – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/it-was-my-parents-wish-that-i-do-theatre-hruta-durgule/articleshow/67078536.cms |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahadik |first=Abhishek |date=6 November 2021 |title=Dada, Ek Good News Aahe Review • Marathi Natak Review • रंगभूमी.com |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/dada-ek-good-news-ahe-marathi-natak-review/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=रंगभूमी.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Tharlay Forever ''
|Meera Desai Palkar
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Director
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Duet''
|Aditi
|Shoneel Yallattikar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2020 |title='फुलपाखरू' फेम हृता दुर्गुळेचे वेब सीरीजच्या विश्वात पदार्पण, 'डुएट'मध्ये साकारणार 'आदिती' |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/actress-hruta-durgules-first-web-series-duet-355040.html |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Commander Karan Saxena]]''
|ACP Rachna Mahtre
| Jatin Satish Wagle
|
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''Ye Re Ye Re 15''
|Guest as Durva
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2014 |title=Star Pravah presents 'Ye Re Ye Re 15' on 31 Dec |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/star-pravah-presents-ye-re-ye-re-15-on-31-dec-141226 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Chaitra Chahul''
|Guest host
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitra Chahul 2015 – Watch Episode 1 – Cultural performances in Thane on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chaitra-chahul-2015/3248/cultural-performances-in-thane/1000055484 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ye Re Ye Re 16''
|Dance performer
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|2016
|''Star Pravah Ratna Puraskar''
|Dance performer
|
|-
|2018
|''Dance Maharashtra Dance''
|Guest host
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 5 finalists to contest for the 'Dance Maharashtra Dance' title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/top-5-finalists-to-contest-for-the-dance-maharashtra-dance-title/articleshow/64479734.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya|Chala Hawa Yeu Dya – Hou De Viral]]''
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Umesh Kamat and Priya Bapat's Play 'Dada Ek Good News Aahe' to Re-release – Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/umesh-kamat-and-priya-bapats-play-dada-ek-good-news-aahe-to-re-release |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya|Chala Hawa Yeu Dya – Varhaad Nighala Amerikela]]''
|Guest as Deepika
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Deepu and Indra's Experience of 'Chala Hawa Yeu Dya' {{!}} Behind The Scenes {{!}} Man Udu Udu Zhala Man Udu Udu Zhala TV Serial Best Scene of 28 September 2021 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/man-udu-udu-zhala/0-6-3525/man-udu-udu-zhala/0-1-6z516893 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Kitchen Kallakar]]''
|Guest as Deepika
|
|-
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Herself
|
|-
|''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]''
|Guest as Ananya
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule to Appear on Thipkyanchi Rangoli For Promotion of Her Debut Movie |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hruta-durgule-to-appear-on-thipkyanchi-rangoli-for-promotion-of-her-debut-movie-5569537.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=News18 |date=16 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bus Bai Bas Ladies Special]]''
|Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Hruta Durgule in Bus Bai Bus : 'सगळ्यांनाच कसं माफ करायचं?' बस बाई बसच्या मंचावर असं का म्हणाली हृता दुर्गुळे |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/hruta-durgule-in-bus-bai-bus-actress-says-about-innocent-serial-heroine-zee-marathi-subodh-bhave-mhgm-751613.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Categories
!Shows
!Result
|-
|2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra Times|Maharashtra Times Sanman Awards]]
|Best Actress – Television
| rowspan="3" |''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2015
|Best Actress – Television
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=MaTa Sanman 2015 Nominations |url=http://www.marathisanmaan.com/news-articles/mata-sanman-2015-nominations |access-date=23 June 2021 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|16th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani
|Best Actress on Television
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|[[Zee Yuva|Zee Yuva Sanman]]
|Youthful Face of The Year
| rowspan="3" |''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''
| {{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=5 October 2019 |title=Hruta received Youthful Face Award at Zee Yuva Sanman |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/actress-hruta-durgule-received-zee-yuva-awards-2019/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|19th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani
|Best Actress
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=१९ व्या 'संस्कृती कलादर्पण गौरव रजनी' पुरस्काराची नामांकनं जाहीर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sanskruti-kala-darpan-awards-2019-1885322/ |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Second Majja Awards
|Outstanding Lead Actress in Drama Series
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=humans.txt |title=Itsmajja |url=http://marathi.itsmajja.com/fcontent.php?id=153&name=2nd-Majja-Digital-Awards-Television-Nominations-Out-Now |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=marathi.itsmajja.com |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420160204/http://marathi.itsmajja.com/fcontent.php?id=153&name=2nd-Majja-Digital-Awards-Television-Nominations-Out-Now |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar
|Most Natural Performance of The Year
|''Dada Ek Good News Aahe''
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Zee Natya Gaurav Awards: Hruta Durgule Wins Most Natural Performance Of The Year 2019 |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-natya-gaurav-awards-hruta-durgule-wins-most-natural-performance-of-the-year-2019/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[ZEE5]] News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards|Zee Marathi Awards]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="4" |''[[Man Udu Udu Zhala]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Couple
|{{won}}
|-
|Best ZEE5 Female
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
|Most Stylish Actress
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hruta Durgule bags Lokmat Most Stylish Television Actress Award |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2021-hruta-durgule-bags-lokmat-most-stylish-television-actress-award-a475/ |website=Lokmat}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| rowspan="2" |Zee Talkies Comedy Awards
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |''[[Timepass 3]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Natural Performance Of The Year
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Zee Talkies Comedy Awards 2022: 'टाईमपास ३' की 'दे धक्का २?' कोणता चित्रपट मारणार बाजी? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-talkies-comedy-awards-2022-nomination-list-141661409790713.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Favourite Actress]]
| rowspan="7" |''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''
|{{Nom}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=Maharashtracha Favourite Kon : महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट अभिनेता ठरला प्रसाद ओक |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtra-favorite-kon-prasad-oak-became-maharashtra-favorite-actor/694261 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[MFK Award for Popular Face of the Year|Popular Face of the Year]]
|{{Won}}<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: 'अशोक सराफ म्हणजे...', झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात मराठी कलाकार Emotional, मामांच्याही डोळ्यात पाणी {{!}} Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023 comedy king veteran actor ashok saraf received jeevan gaurav puraskar |url=https://zeenews-india-com.zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16833939940398&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=zeenews-india-com.}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022_-57670.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[60th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2025]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurav |first=Minal |date=2025-08-06 |title=महाराष्ट्राची क्रश, मराठी टेलिव्हिजन गाजवलं; मोठ्या पडद्यावर डेब्यू करताच अभिनेत्रीनं मिळवला मानाचा पुरस्कार |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/hruta-durgule-received-best-first-debut-actress-in-60th-state-marathi-film-awards-1451819.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=news18marathi.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|10466355}}
* {{Instagram|hruta12}}
* {{Facebook|hrutad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durgule, Hruta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]

Adamchini rice

2026-03-10T17:23:00Z

Jamesharrey: Created a info

{{Short description|Variety of rice from Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Adamchini Chawal (आदमचीनी चावल)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description =Adamchini Chawal is an aromatic rice cultivated in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type =[[Aromatic rice]]
| area = Uttar Pradesh
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 22 February 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/715|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Adamchini Chawal ''' is a variety of non-[[Basmati]], traditional, short-grained aromatic [[rice]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=13 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=www.nabard.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan, Langda mango, Ramnagar Bhanta and Chandausi's adamchini chawal (rice) gets and GI tag in varanasi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/banarasi-paan-langda-mango-ramnagar-bhanta-and-chandausis-adamchini-chawal-rice-gets-and-gi-tag-in-varanasi/videoshow/99297042.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]], [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonebhadra]], and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya region]] of [[Purvanchal|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adamchini rice, huge RamnangarBhanta next on export promotion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/adamchini-rice-huge-ramnangarbhanta-next-on-export-promotion/articleshow/79787151.cms |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajpai |first1=Namita |title=Pride of UP: Banarasi Langda, paan among 10 products to get GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Apr/04/pride-of-up-banarasi-langda-paan-among-10-products-to-get-gi-tag-2562512.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Adamchini Chawal ".<ref name=":0" />

==Name==
The name "Adamchini" is derived from the Hindi word "chini", meaning sugar, due to the rice's small, sugar crystal-like grains, while "Chawal" means rice in the state language of [[Hindi language|Hindi]].

==Description==
Some of the features are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Adamchini chawal |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/715 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>
===Characteristics===
* Drought-tolerant and disease-resistant, this rice variety has a strong aroma, short-bold scented grains, and intermediate [[amylose]] content, resulting in softness with good taste and smell.

===Nutritional Benefits===
* This rice variety is rich in carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and is a good source of vitamins (Vitamin-D, B group vitamins) and minerals (iron), supporting healthy bowel function, improving digestion, and relieving constipation.

===Cooking and Consumer Preferences===
* This rice variety boasts excellent cooking characteristics and enjoys high consumer preference due to its unique aroma, taste, and texture.

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 22 February 2023 (valid till 3 November 2030).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Adamchini Chawal |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/715 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan, Langda mango from Kashi make it to GI club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/banarasi-paan-langda-mango-from-kashi-make-it-to-gi-club/articleshow/99219739.cms |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2023}}</ref>

M/s. Ishani Agro Producer Company Limited, and Human Welfare Association from Chandauli, proposed the GI registration of Adamchini Chawal. After filing the application in November 2020, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Adamchini Chawal " exclusive to the rice grown in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Langda mango, Banarasi paan are latest entrants to GI tag club |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/agriculture/story/banarasi-langda-mango-banarasi-paan-are-latest-entrants-to-gi-tag-club-375981-2023-04-04 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=Business Today |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It thus became the second rice variety from Uttar Pradesh after [[Kalanamak rice]] and the 37th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Uttarakhand lal chawal (red rice)]]
* [[Mushqbudji rice]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]

X=Prem

2026-03-07T11:51:38Z

Jamesharrey: started!

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = X=Prem
| image =X=Prem Poster.Jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| writer = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Anindya Sengupta
*Shruti Das
*[[Arjun Chakrabarty]]
*Madhurima Basak
}}
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmik
| music = Saptak Sanai Das
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|06|03}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''X=Prem''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[Black and white|black-and-white]] [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[Romance film|romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]] and starring Anindya Sengupta, Shruti Das and Arjun Chakraborty in lead roles.<ref name="abpreview">{{cite web | last=রায় | first=অময় দেব | title=X=prem: কে ‘এক্স’, কে-ই বা প্রেম, ছবি জুড়ে স্মৃতির সাপলুডো খেললেন সৃজিত | website=Anandabazar | date=4 June 2022 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-srijit-mukherjees-film-xprem-dgtl/cid/1348578 | language=bn | access-date=30 June 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629073302/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-srijit-mukherjees-film-xprem-dgtl/cid/1348578 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherjee on X=Prem |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/film-maker-srijit-mukherjee-on-directing-a-futuristic-love-story/cid/1819973 |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129081148/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/film-maker-srijit-mukherjee-on-directing-a-futuristic-love-story/cid/1819973 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. It was a flop at the box office despite receiving positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=X=Prem: শ্যুট শুরু 'এক্স ইক্যুয়ালস টু প্রেম'-এর, 'নিউ নর্ম্যাল' মহরতের নিজস্বী তুললেন সৃজিত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-photos-of-mauhrat-of-his-new-film-xprem-dgtl/cid/1289855 |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129081914/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-photos-of-mauhrat-of-his-new-film-xprem-dgtl/cid/1289855 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a monochromatic film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji's futuristic love story X= Prem being made in black-and-white |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-futuristic-love-story-x-prem-being-made-in-black-and-white/cid/1822835 |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075529/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-futuristic-love-story-x-prem-being-made-in-black-and-white/cid/1822835 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The soundtrack "Bhalobashar Morshum" sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Arijit Singh]] became one of the most popular and charting songs of 2022. The lyrics for the song were written by Barish and it was composed by Saptak Sanai Das.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhalobashar Morshum to Tapa Tini: 7 Bengali chartbusters of 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhalobashar-morshum-to-tapa-tini-7-bengali-chartbusters-of-2022/cid/1905918}}</ref>

==Plot==
Khilat (Sengupta) is a brilliant Computer Science student successfully working for an international company but his life turns upside down when he meets with an accident while on a road trip with his fiancée, Joyee (Das). Things become complicated when Khilat finds out that he is suffering from Retrograde Amnesia as a result of which he has lost memories from the past 10 years of his life. He meets Dr. Kaufman who tells him about an experimental procedure where the latter can implant memories of other's brains into Khilat's. Khilat, out of his desperation to get back his job asks for the professional memories to be restored but also comes up with an unusual request- to implant the memories of having fallen in love so that he can reunite with his girlfriend, Joyee. Although Dr. Kaufman succeeds in implanting the memories of his professional qualification, he fails to implant the memories of love as he needs a brain who loves Joyee like Khilat did. He asks Khilat and Joyee to find someone who matches the profile they need.

Joyee, on the other hand, tries to restore Khilat's memories by telling him how their love story began and how they met, their first kiss, first lovemaking and about moments they spent together. But Khilat fails to recall his past. When all her efforts go in vain, Joyee finally decides to follow Dr. Kaufman's plan and starts looking for the person who was in love with her just like Khilat. They find out that there was a guy in college who used to stalk Joyee but she never crossed paths with him. They try to get all the details about the guy by asking around in the campus but keep hitting dead ends. Joyee finally gets in touch with a friend whose brother works in a famous social media company and he helps them to find out the list of people who visit Joyee's social media profile on a regular basis. They learn about Arnab, who stalks Joyee's social media profile every day despite not being on her friend list.

Arnab (Chakraborty), the secret lover, was a senior in Joyee's college. He used to stalk her and make blank calls. At present, Arnab is married to Aditi but is unable to enjoy a happy conjugal life because he still has feelings for Joyee. Aditi knows all about Arnab's unrequited love for Joyee but she has agreed to compromise and accept Arnab as her husband because she loves him a lot and doesn't want to lose him. Khilat and Joyee go to Arnab's place and request him to help restore Khilat's memories. Skeptical about the memory-extraction process and the unknown risks involved, Aditi declines their request and refuses to let Arnab undergo the procedure. However Arnab, for the sake of Aditi and the unconditional sacrifice she has made for him, wants to get rid of all the memories of Joyee. He hides his decision to go ahead with the procedure from Aditi.

Dr. Kaufman extracts all the memories of Joyee from Arnab's brain successfully. As a result, Arnab fails to recognize Joyee at the end of the procedure. Arnab goes back to Aditi and passionately makes love to her. Aditi has never felt so deeply loved by her husband because Arnab had always been emotionally attached to Joyee. Khilat goes through the memory-implantation process and it just seems to be a success.

One year later, Khilat is on a date with Joyee. He confesses that his brain rejected the memories of Arnab that day a year before, and he realized that love can't be forced. So, he decided to not tell anything about that to Joyee, considering her immense love for him. But over the course of one year, he has developed new feelings for Joyee and that's why he has been happy with their relationship. Joyee gets upset with Khilat for not telling her the truth. But she finally forgives him, understands his reasons and locks lips with Khilat. Both the couples are shown to have a really happy ending at the end of the movie.

==Cast==
* Anindya Sengupta as Khilat<ref name="Biswas 2022">{{cite web |last=Biswas |first=Jaya |date=3 June 2022 |title=X=Prem Movie Review: A romantic drama with a new approach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/xprem/movie-review/92038814.cms |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709040950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/xprem/movie-review/92038814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Shruti Das as Joyee
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Arnab
* Madhurima Basak as Aditi
* Richard Bhakti Klein as Dr. Kaufman

==Release==
The film released theatrically on 3 June, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Srijit’s futuristic love story gets a new release date, coming out on June 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/xprem-srijits-futuristic-love-story-gets-a-new-release-date-coming-out-on-june-3/articleshow/91364487.cms}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = X=Prem
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Saptak Sanai Das
| cover = X=PREM Soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/x=prem/YmOvJ,4c1PE_|title=X=Prem – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=2022|publisher=Jiosaavn|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926092046/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/x=prem/YmOvJ,4c1PE_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:17
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|qQIKlRpwSbU|Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by Saptak Sanai Das. This film marked his debut as a music director in [[Bengali cinema (India)|Bengali cinema]]. The lyrics have been penned by Barish, Dhrubojyoti Chakrabarty and [[Srijit Mukherji]].

Later, two more versions of the track "Bhalobashar Morshum" was released. A duet romantic version of [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was released along with the lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bhalobashar Morshum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/bhalobashar-morshum-shreya-ghoshals-magical-voice-in-this-xprem-song-celebrates-love-beyond-anything/articleshow/90794105.cms}}</ref> A coloured version of the duet song was also released, in a partnership with [[Sunlight (cleaning product)|Sunlight]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A colourful makeover for ‘X=Prem’ song ‘Bhalobashar Morshum’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/a-colourful-makeover-for-xprem-song-bhalobashar-morshum/articleshow/102647916.cms}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 26:17
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhalobashar Morshum (Female)
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Cinderella Mon
| extra2 = Sanai
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Baaynabilashi
| extra3 = [[Sahana Bajpaie]], Samantak Sinha
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Roder Nishana
| extra4 = Sanai
| length4 = 5:06
| title5 = Raikishori
| extra5 = Anushka Das
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = Bhalobashar Morshum (Male)
| extra6 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length6 = 4:19
}}

==Reception==
The film was greeted by positive reviews.<ref name="Majumder 2022">{{cite web | last=Majumder | first=Suparna | title=কলেজ প্রেমের ভিন্ন কাহিনি 'X= প্রেম', কেমন হল সৃজিতের এই ছবি? পড়ুন রিভিউ | website=sangbadpratidin | date=4 June 2022 | url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/review-of-srijit-mukherji-directed-x-prem-movie/ | access-date=30 June 2022 | archive-date=19 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619134949/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/review-of-srijit-mukherji-directed-x-prem-movie/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Zee24Ghanta.com 2022">{{cite web | title=X= Prem Review : এক্স=প্রেম দেখে আবারও প্রেমে পড়তে ইচ্ছে করছে ঊষসীর | website=Zee24Ghanta.com | date=4 June 2022 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/x-prem-fil-review-srijit-mukherjis-x-prem-is-talk-of-the-town_433366.html | language=bn | access-date=30 June 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629073303/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/x-prem-fil-review-srijit-mukherjis-x-prem-is-talk-of-the-town_433366.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="THE TIMES OF BENGAL 2022">{{cite web | last=Chakrabarti | first=Mahiyan | title=‘X = Prem’ – a well made love story with sci-fi touch | website=Times of Bengal | date=6 June 2022 | url=https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/kolkata-updates/x-prem-a-well-made-love-story-with-sci-fi-touch/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606105556/https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/kolkata-updates/x-prem-a-well-made-love-story-with-sci-fi-touch/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 June 2022 | access-date=6 July 2022 }}</ref> ''[[ The Times of India]]'' review mentions the slow pace of the movie and the predictable climax.<ref name="Biswas 2022"/> ''Cinestaan'' reviewed the film as "an intriguing study of the human mind and the realm of emotions ".<ref name="Kahlon 2022">{{cite web | last=Kahlon | first=Sukhpreet | title=X=Prem review: A fascinating love story with a sci-fi twist | website=Cinestaan | date=5 June 2022 | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/x-prem-46541 | access-date=30 June 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629073258/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/x-prem-46541 | url-status=live }}</ref> In its review, ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' mentions the college life nostalgia portrayed in the film, praises the dialogues and criticizes variable importance given to the four main actors.<ref name="abpreview"/> The review in ''[[Ei Samay]]'' mentions that the film uses too many English dialogues and talks about the mix of romance and sci-fi genres.<ref name="EI Samay 2022">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Sampita | title=x prem movie review | website=[[Ei Samay]] | date=4 June 2022 | url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/srijit-mukherji-directed-x-prem-movie-review/moviereview/92008171.cms | language=bn | access-date=6 July 2022 | archive-date=6 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706173606/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/srijit-mukherji-directed-x-prem-movie-review/moviereview/92008171.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Critic [[Ushasie Chakraborty]] in her ''[[Zee_Media_Corporation#Current_channels|Zee 24 Ghanta]]'' review lauds the chemistry between the lead actors and praises the music of the film.<ref name="Zee24Ghanta.com 2022"/>

==Accolades==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ ''X=Prem'' awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Ceremony date
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
| rowspan="8" |[[6th Filmfare Awards Bangla|10 March 2023]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Arjun Chakrabarty]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2022_-57336.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WINNERS OF JOY FILMFARE AWARDS BANGLA 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-bangla-2022/winners}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Male Debut|Best Debut Male]]
|Anindya Sengupta
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Debut|Best Debut Female]]
|Shruti Das
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|Saptak Sanai Das
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Barish
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award East for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award East for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|[[Shreya Ghosal]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" |[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[6th WBFJA Awards|8 January 2023]]
|[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations of 6th WBFJA Awards |url=https://cinemarsomabarton.com/nominations-2023.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WBFJA Awards 2023: বাংলার সাংবাদিকদের বিচারে সেরা অভিনেতা দেব, জনপ্রিয় অভিনেতা মিঠুন, গায়ক অরিজিৎ! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119065157/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Most Promising Actor
|Anindya Sengupta
|{{nom}}
|-
|Most Promising Actress
|Shruti Das
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|Saptak Sanai Das
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Barish
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback SInger
|[[Arijit Singh]] Saptak Sanai Das
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15000578}}

{{Srijit Mukherji}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Purabrath

2026-03-06T17:46:25Z

Jamesharrey: small corrected structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
'''Purabrath''' was one of the five main divisions of the kingdom of [[Rama]] in prehistoric [[Awadh]]. Purabrath may be roughly described as the country between [[Ghaghra]] and [[Gomti]] east to the line from [[Ayodhya]] to [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]. This division included about two-thirds of present district of [[Faizabad]] (including [[Ambedkarnagar]]), at the north-eastern corner of [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]], and parts of [[Azamgarh]] and [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]].<ref name="Irwin">{{cite book | last = Irwin | first = Henry Crossly | title = The Garden of India. Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152 | year = 1880 | publisher = W. H. Allen| location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152/page/n112 106]}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Uttara Kosala]]
* [[Silliana]]
* [[Pachhimrath]]
* [[Arbar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]

Rambhe Urvashi Menake

2026-03-05T02:41:56Z

Jamesharrey: adding basic details needs work

{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rambhe Urvashi Menake
| image = Rambhe Urvashi Menake.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Arjun
| writer = Arjun
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M B Babu Padma Gowda
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
* Uttara
* Akhila
* Nisha
* Vahini
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Surendranath
| editing = S Prasad
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Ram Babu Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|2|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rambhe Urvashi Menake''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by Arjun and starring [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] and Uttara with Akhila, Nisha and Vahini in the titular roles.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
* Uttara as Tilaka
* Akhila
* Nisha
* Vahini
* Ashalatha
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* [[Girija Lokesh]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched in Bangalore in late 1998. The film was shot for a week in White Horse, Subramanya Nagar, Bangalore, and the rest of the shoot was completed in [[Thirthahalli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|title=Rambhe Urvashi Menake: Arjun directs Kashinath|work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=25 December 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209121454/http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-date=9 December 2007|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> The film unit returned to Bangalore to shoot a song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rambhe Oorvasi Menake: Final song canned! |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301142626/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm |archive-date=1 March 2000 |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rambhe Urvashi Menake
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:19
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
| prev_title = [[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Sambhrama]]
| next_year = 1999
| misc =
}}
The film has music composed by [[Hamsalekha]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Achhe Bili Manasinali
| length1 = 4:32
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 = Hai Hai Rambha
| length2 = 4:34
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 = Deal Deal
| length3 = 4:13
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| total_length = 13:19
}}

== Reception ==
Srikanth Srinivasa of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "A couple of songs by Hamsalekha are soothing to the ears" and added that the heroine "has turned out a good performance Kashinath has truly lived up to his image and is hilarious as ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument|title=Rambe Urvashi Menake|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|via=cscarchive.org|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|date=28 February 1999|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14816718}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

Pyaasa (2002 film)

2026-03-03T11:50:01Z

Jamesharrey: brief add structure to improve readability and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Hindi film directed by A. Muthu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaasa
| image = pyaasa1.jpg
| director = A. Muthu
| producer = Ramesh Sharma
| writer = Sanjeev Duggal Jalees Sherwani
| narrator =
| starring = [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Yukta Mookhey]]
| music = [[Sanjeev-Darshan]] [[Nikhil-Vinay]] [[Anand Raj Anand]] [[Daboo Malik]]
| cinematography = Harmeet Singh Sanjay Malwankar
| editing = Sachin Adurkar
| distributor = Triple Aar Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|10|11}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Pyaasa''''' ({{Translation|eternally thirsty}}) is a 2002 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller film|romance drama thriller]] film directed by A. Muthu. The film stars [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Yukta Mookhey]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/742381419.cms |title=Picture Perfect |access-date=25 April 2009 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220042942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramesh-sharma-wants-a-picture-perfect-pyaasa/articleshow/742381419.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/338796/Pyaasa/overview |title=Pyaasa (2002) |date= |website=The New York Times |access-date=20 December 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906000448/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/338796/Pyaasa/overview |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Suraj aspires to be a millionaire some day, but all hopes of making it big are squashed by his father and uncle, who don't approve of selling their ancestral land. Sheetal, a tycoon, hires Suraj to work for her business empire. Prem is Suraj's cousin and an accomplished businessman, whom Suraj detests. What Suraj does not know is that Sheetal is just using him as a pawn to exact revenge from Prem and his father, Dharam Thakur.<ref name=it/>

==Cast==
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Suraj Thakur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/37768075.cms |title=Times Of India - Pyaasa |access-date=25 April 2009 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023181413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/37768075.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Yukta Mookhey]] as Sheetal Oberoi<ref name=it>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/27691691.cms |title=Life After The Crown |access-date=25 April 2009 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023181247/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/27691691.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Zulfi Syed]] as Prem Thakur
*[[Anang Desai]] as Dharam Thakur
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Mr. Oberoi
*[[Govind Namdeo]] as Mr. Thakur
*[[Saadhika]] as Simran Thakur
*[[Smita Jaykar]] as Mrs. Thakur
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Roshan Oberoi
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]]
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]]
*[[Sardool Sikander]] in a special appearance
*Satyavrat Mudgal as Aftab's Friend

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist !! Composer
|-
| 1
| "Milti Hai Jhukti Hai"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Praveen Bhardwaj
| [[Daboo Malik]]
|-
| 2
| "Tere Pyar Ka Chhaya Nasha"
| [[Adnan Sami]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Abhijeet
| [[Faaiz Anwar]]
| [[Sanjeev-Darshan]]
|-
| 3
| "Milte Milte Sanam"
| Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Faiz Anwar
| [[Nikhil–Vinay|Nikhil-Vinay]]
|-
| 4
| "Soni Roop Di"
| [[Sardool Sikander]]
| Dev Kohli
| [[Anand Raaj Anand]]
|-
| 5
| "Na Jaane Mera Kya Hoga"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
| Faiz Anwar
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|-
| 6
| "Tere Pyar Ka Nasha"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Sunidhi Chauhan
| Faiz Anwar
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|-
| 7
| "Usko Pata Hai"
| | [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
| Narendra Bedi
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|-
| 8
| "Aankhon Mein Leke Pyar"
| Udit Narayan, Karsan Sanghita, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Faiz Anwar
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|-
| 9
| "Is Mohabbat Ke Siva"
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| Faiz Anwar
| Sanjeev-Darshan
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "PYAASA is a typical commercial film with loads of everything, romance, action, songs Presented in an oft-repeated fashion, the film turns out to be a predictable fare as the plot thickens."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaasa/critic-review/pyaasa-movie-review/|title=Pyaasa Review |first=Taran|last=Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220045743/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaasa/critic-review/pyaasa-movie-review/|archive-date=20 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0335592|title=Pyaasa}}

[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nikhil-Vinay]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Daboo Malik]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjeev Darshan]]

[[de:Pyaasa]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

Ek Chalis Ki Last Local

2026-03-02T22:21:27Z

Jamesharrey: small adjusted intro for accuracy additionally

{{Short description|2007 Indian adventure comedy thriller}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Chalis Ki Last Local
| image = Ek chalis ki last local poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Khanduri]]
| producer = {{ubl|Rajiv Shah|Guru Kher}}[[Sandeep Singh (producer)|Sandeep Singh]]
| starring = [[Abhay Deol]] [[Neha Dhupia]] [[Ashwin Mushran]] [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] [[Vinay Apte]] [[Ashok Samarth]] [[Deepak Shirke]] [[Virendra Saxena]] [[Amit Mistry]] [[Sunita Rajwar]]
| music = [[Call (Pakistani band)|Call Band]]
| cinematography = C Vijayasri
| editing = [[Dharmendra Sharma]]
| studio = Quartet Films
| distributor = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2007|5|18}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Ek Chalis Ki Last Local''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Last Local of 1:40'') is a 2007 Indian [[Bollywood]] [[adventure film|adventure]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[thriller film|thriller]] directed by [[Sanjay Khanduri]], starring [[Abhay Deol]] and [[Neha Dhupia]].<ref>{{cite interview |last=Khanduri |first=Sanjay |interviewer=Patcy N |title=Making Ek Chalis Ki Last Local |date=16 May 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sanjay/20070516.htm |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412084158/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sanjay/20070516.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 18 May 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ek Chalis Ki Last Local (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211319/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201732 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2021-01-01 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Nilesh, a call centre employee, misses his last local train at 1:40 am at [[Kurla railway station|Kurla Station]]. While looking for an [[Auto rickshaw|autorickshaw]], he bumps into a beautiful damsel in distress, Madhu, who also wants to get to Vikhroli. As it turns out, the autorickshaws are on strike due to a bomb blast earlier in the day at [[Ghatkopar]]. Nilesh and Madhu are forced to walk to the next rickshaw stand. Nilesh stops at a local pub and is unable to resist his temptation to have a drink or two alongside Madhu. He meets an old friend, Pat, who appears to have earned a lot of money within a year through gambling. Knowing his expertise with the cards, Pat invites Nilesh to join him in the inner chambers to play with the high rollers. Upon some persuasion from Madhu, he gives in and gambles. Taking over Nilesh's turn, Pat loses all the money they have won to Ponappa, an underworld don (who cheats). In the meantime, in his search for Madhu, Nilesh stumbles into the restroom, where he finds Madhu apparently being forced upon by a Nazeer, a drug addict. While Nazeer tries to attack Nilesh for interrupting, he slips and falls and dies.

As it turns out, Nazeer was the younger brother of Ponappa, who is devastated. Nazeer was also the lover of Madhu, who is revealed to be a prostitute whose real name is Mala. While Ponappa is about to kill Nilesh, inspector Malvankar (Ashok Samarth) with his havaldars burst in for a raid. Ponappa pays them to kill Nilesh and Madhu and use Pat as a witness. While on the way to Khandala for the encounter, Pat taunts inspector Malvankar, who shoots him dead. Nilesh and Madhu escape but are recaptured. Madhu offers the inspector more money to spare their lives, and they go to her madame Habiba in Dharavi to collect the money.

In parallel, Ponappa's men collect a ransom of 2.5 crore to return the kid of a rich man, but Rafique and Chakli (belonging to a rival gang) kill them and take the ransom.

Habiba takes everyone to the home of Mangesh Chilkey (a rival of Ponappa and whom Rafique and Chakli work for), who agrees to pay Inspector Malvankar and his men to spare Nilesh and Madhu's lives. In return, it is revealed that Habiba has sold Nilesh to Mangesh Chilkey, who plans to sodomise him. To save him, Madhu calls Ponappa and tells him that Mangesh Chilkey took his 2.5 crores. They eventually arrive, a shootout ensues, and everyone except Nilesh is killed. Nilesh takes off with the 2.5 crores and catches the first morning train at 4:10 AM.

A week later, Nilesh arrives in an expensive car and finds Madhu soliciting again at 1:40 outside Kurla station, and they leave together.

==Cast==
* [[Abhay Deol]] as Nilesh Rastogi
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Madhu/Mala
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Ponnappa
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Nazeer, Ponnappa's Brother (druggie in bar)
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Mr. Vinod Bajaj
* [[Snehal Dabi]] as Habiba
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Rafique Mohammed
* Atul Srivastava as Hawaldar Tawde
* [[Manu Rishi]] as Jeetiya (mangesh's hatchman)
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as Mangesh Chilkey
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as Inspector Malvankar
* [[Amit Mistry]] as Patrick
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Bhujang
* [[Sunita Rajwar]] as Chakli
* Sanatan Modi
* Bharat Ganeshpure as Policeman on Kurla station

==Soundtrack==
The album of ''Ek Chalis Ki Last Local'' was composed by a Pakistani rock band [[Call (Pakistani band)|Call]] and lyrics were penned by [[Gulzar]].

* Laree Choote
* Laree Choote - Remix
* Ek Chauka
* Ek Chauka (Title version)
* Akh
* Akh (Dance version)
* Bheegi Bheegi Si
* Panga

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5, saying that "EK CHALIS KI LAST LOCAL is a decent fare that stands out for a few individualistic episodes in the narrative. At the box-office, the film caters to the multiplex audience mainly, especially big city multiplexes. Business in Mumbai multiplexes should be better due to its Mumbaiya flavor."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ek Chalis Ki Last Local (2007) - Critic Movie Review by Taran Adarsh: Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-chalis-ki-last-local/critic-review/ek-chalis-ki-last-local-movie-review/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|author=Taran Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=2007-05-18|accessdate=8 October 2012|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024181934/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-chalis-ki-last-local/critic-review/ek-chalis-ki-last-local-movie-review/|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of [[Hindustan Times]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5, writing "Where were these guys hiding their extraordinary talent? Why haven’t they been seen in the big movies? Indeed, just for the zany Mistri-Samarth-Rajwar, and the mad mirthful spirit, it’s worth riding the Last Local."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ek-chalis-ki-last-local/story-OA2YQTrV6tqU8MzCLnHM8L.html|title=Review: Ek Chalis Ki Last Local|date=18 May 2007|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412061324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ek-chalis-ki-last-local/story-OA2YQTrV6tqU8MzCLnHM8L.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] wrote "It's a little too long, losing steam in patches. Twenty minutes off, like with most debut movies, would have made it tight and terrific. It's also not for the squeamish, or those who are easily offended. It's for the rest. Go have yourselves some great chuckles."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ek-chalis-ki-last-local/31388/0|title=Ek Chalis Ki Last Local - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Conversely, Tanveer Bookwala of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5, writing "Abhay Deol has an interesting 'Mark Ruffalo' like innocence and childlike quality but looks completely lost in this enterprise. Neha Dhupia has become the industry's first choice to play a prostitute. Other than Laree Choote, the soundtrack is uninspiring. In what could have been a brilliant dark comedy ends up as a mishmash of everything weird. Bizarre!"<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Chalis: Bizarre |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/18ek.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |author=Tanveer Bookwala |date=2007-05-18 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017123036/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/18ek.htm |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> [[India Today]] wrote, "Debutant director Sanjay Khanduri tries too hard to create a Quentin Tarantinoesque mix of black humour, blood, bodies and bullets. So anything is possible, including a scene in which a gay don tries to make Deol his boy toy. Deol has a wonderful unassuming charm but it isn't enough to make this derivative train ride engaging enough."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20070604-film-review-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-748297-2007-06-03|title=Movie review: Ek Chalis Ki Last Local|website=India Today|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412061326/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20070604-film-review-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-748297-2007-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0995718|title=Ek Chalis Ki Last Local }}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]

Aavin

2026-02-28T11:41:16Z

Jamesharrey: refined information per sources and updated info

{{short description|Indian state government cooperative}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Aavin dairy logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Statute|State government cooperative]]
| fate =
| genre =
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Food processing]]
*[[fast moving consumer goods|FMCG]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1926-27}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| predecessor = Tamil Nadu Dairy Development Corporation Limited
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| revenue = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|5994|c}} (2018–19)
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Limited]], [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Ministry of Milk and Dairy Development]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| parent =
| products = [[Milk]], [[butter]], [[yogurt]], [[ice cream]], [[ghee]], [[milk shake]], [[khoa]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], [[chocolate]]
| num_employees =
| website = {{URL|https://aavin.tn.gov.in/web/guest/home|aavin.tn.gov.in}}
}}

'''Aavin''' is a [[statute|state government cooperative]] under the [[ownership]] of Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Limited (TCMPFL), Ministry of Milk and Dairy Development, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and the trademark of TNCMPFL. Aavin procures milk from the Indigenous Farmers, processes it and sells milk and milk products to consumers in Tamil Nadu and other states.

The company produces a wide range of products, including [[milk]], [[butter]], [[yogurt]], [[ice cream]], [[ghee]], [[milk shake]], [[khoa]], [[Almond milk|Badam Milk]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], and [[chocolate]].<ref>[https://aavinmilk.com/our-products Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926172423/https://aavinmilk.com/our-products |date=26 September 2020 }} on company website</ref>

==History==
The Dairy Development Department was established in Tamil Nadu in 1926–27 to oversee and regulate milk production and commercial distribution in the state. The Dairy Development Department took over control of the milk cooperatives. It was replaced by the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Limited<ref name="aavin ref3">{{cite news |title=Aavin terminates contracts of C&F agents in Chennai, saves ₹15.39 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aavin-terminates-contracts-of-cf-agents-in-chennai-saves-1539-crore/article35115502.ece |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=3 July 2021}}</ref> in 1981. On 1 February 1981, the commercial activities of the cooperative were handed over to TNCMPFL which sold milk and milk products under the trademark "aavin". Tamil Nadu is one of the leading states in India in milk production with about 14.5 million liters per day and currently has 1 crore daily consumers.<ref name="aavin ref10">{{cite news |title=Here's how tech helped Aavin Dairy double production capacity |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/strategy-and-management/heres-how-tech-helped-avain-dairy-double-production-capacity/87098610 |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=CIO.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Lang|ta-Latn|Aa}} ({{Lang|ta|ஆ}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] means 'பசு' ('cow)' and 'பால்' means 'milk'. 'Aavin paal' ({{Lang|ta|ஆவின் பால்}}) translates to 'cow's milk' ({{Lang|ta|பசுவின் பால்}}).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In April 2020, Swiggy partnered with TNCMPFL, popularly known as 'AAVIN', to retail and sell its dairy and dairy products. As per this understanding Swiggy would make doorstep delivery of Aavin products across eight categories from 21 outlets across Chennai city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swiggy to retail AAVIN products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swiggy-to-retail-aavin-products-120042600623_1.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=26 April 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, AAVIN, in a new initiative, invited drivers of autos and call taxis to work as its 'mobile agents' across Tamil Nadu, which it hoped would increase the sales of its milk products besides supporting the drivers in earning their livelihood, as they had struggled to make ends meet during the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref name="Aavin Reference3">{{cite news |title=Aavin invites auto and taxi drivers to work as its 'mobile agents' across Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jul/24/aavin-invites-auto-and-taxi-drivers-to-work-as-its-mobile-agents-across-tamil-nadu-2174309.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

As per company reports for 2020, Aavin procured about 40 lakh litres of milk a day, of which 25 lakh litres were sold as milk while the remaining was converted into various milk products such as skimmed milk powder, ice creams, buttermilk, curd, ghee and butter.<ref name="Aavin Reference3" /> The company reported the annual turnover of ₹5800 crore for 2019–20 and monthly sales of milk increased from ₹34.78 crore to ₹41.15 crore.<ref name="Aavin Reference3" />

==Activities==
[[File:Aavin Milk Outlet, Tamilnadu INDIA.jpg|thumb|Aavin Milk Outlet, Tamilnadu]]

The Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited is an apex body of 17 District Cooperative Milk Producers' Unions and through procurement of milk from villagers helps in economic development of farming community and also facilitates the processing and manufacturing of various milk products. It is headquartered at Aavin Illam, [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur District]] and has three dairy plants at the following locations in Thanjavur.<ref name="qwsz">{{cite web|author=Dairy Development Department, Government of Tamilnadu|title=Policy Notes|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2002_03/diary2002-03-b.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316175849/http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2002_03/diary2002-03-b.htm|archive-date=16 March 2012|access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref>

*[[Thiruvidaimarudur]] – capacity of 4 LLPD
*[[Thanjavur]] – capacity of 3 LLPD
*[[Kumbakonam]] – capacity of 4 LLPD
These dairies collect milk from district unions, process and pack in sachets and send for sale to the consumers. Currently the organisation is purchasing 38 lakhs to 40 lakhs litre of milk per day and it has installed cloud based technology to monitor quality, quantity, pricing, and temperature control of the milk.<ref name="aavin ref4">{{cite news |title=Aavin to install cloud-based cooling centres in 17 districts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aavin-to-install-cloud-based-cooling-centres-in-17-districts/articleshow/86462887.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=24 September 2021}}</ref> The Ambattur product Dairy is engaged in the manufacture of milk products. The first Hi-Tech Aavin parlour in Coimbatore will open in March 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-01|title=Hi-Tech Aavin parlour to come up in Coimbatore|url=https://www.kovaidaily.com/hi-tech-aavin-parlour-to-come-up-in-coimbatore-1715/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Kovai Daily|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Coimbatore plant has capacity of 2 LLPD currently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aavin CBE |url=https://www.aavincoimbatore.com/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.aavincoimbatore.com}}</ref>

In February 2021, Tamil Nadu chief minister Edappadi K Palaniswami laid the foundation stone for two major Aavin plants to be constructed at [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]].<ref name="Aavin Reference1">{{cite news |last1=Sundaram |first1=Ram |title=Tamil Nadu CM lays foundation stone for Aavin plants in Virudhunagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-aavin-plants-in-virudhunagar/articleshow/81231067.cms |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The Enjar village unit is being constructed at ₹70.15 crore and will fill high-temperature milk automatically in tetra packets. The daily average output at this unit will be around 25,000 tetra packs.<ref name="Aavin Reference1" /> The second plant in Srivalliputhur will produce milk products like yoghurt, curd, lassi, buttermilk and other probiotics.<ref name="Aavin Reference1" /> Both the plants are being financed by [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD).<ref name="Aavin Reference1" />

In February 2021, Aavin floated a tender to construct an ice cream plant with a capacity of 6,000 litres per day at the company's Kottapattu complex on the Trichy-Pudukkottai national highway. It was proposed to be constructed at a cost of ₹43 crore under the Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF). It will also house a fermented dairy production unit with a capacity of 10,000 litres/day and allied infrastructure.<ref name="Aavin Reference2">{{cite news |last1=Karthik |first1=Deepak |title=Aavin to set up ice cream plant in Trichy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/aavin-to-set-up-ice-cream-plant-in-trichy/articleshow/80913965.cms |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2017, Aavin announced that it would be launching seven varieties of milk-based sweets for Deepavali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/aavin-launches-special-sweets-for-deepavali/article19754924.ece|title=Aavin launches special sweets for Deepavali|date=2017-09-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-11 |language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited entered into agreements with six vendors for sale of milk and milk products produced by it within India and export to United Arab Emirates, Ajman, Oman, Qatar, Canada and US and earn around ₹6 crores per year.<ref name="aavin ref5">{{cite news |title=Aavin products set to be exported |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aavin-products-set-to-be-exported/article36039867.ece |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2021}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2012, there were widespread rumors about the milk being adulterated when it was being transported from cooperative societies to dairies. In 2014, a [[Aavin scam|major adulteration racket]] was busted by the police in [[Villupuram district]]. The modus operandi of the gang was to transfer cans of milk from transport that carried pure milk from Chennai to [[Tiruvannamalai]] and replace it with an equal quantity of water. Aavin said that it lost an estimated {{INRconvert|10|c}} due to the racket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Milk-adulteration-racket-busted-in-Villupuram/articleshow/40519087.cms|title=Aavin Milk Adulteration Racket Busted|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Current operations ==
Aavin contributes to the milk production of India through a network of 9,189 primary milk producer cooperative societies across Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Aavin Milk: Aavin Company is a huge achievement in the overall milk production of the country! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/tamil-nadu/tn-government-said-aavin-milk-is-a-huge-achievement-in-the-country-s-overall-milk-production-188634 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=tamil.abplive.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

* [https://aavin.tn.gov.in/home Official website]

{{State Organizations of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Dairy cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Ice cream brands]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India]]
[[Category:Brand name dairy products]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]

Iwanthaba

2026-02-26T17:31:29Z

Jamesharrey: Created a entry!

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hemtou Iwanthaba
| title = Meitei Ningthou
| reign = 1162 CE - 1194 CE
| reign-type = [[Monarchy]]
| predecessor = [[Atom Yoiremba]]
| successor = [[Thawanthaba]]
| issue = Thawanthaba
| spouse = Linphuron Khuroi Ngambi, Angam Chanu Hemkhu Ngambi<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465991|title=Sagei Sallairol|last=Manipur State Kala Academy|date=1982-10-22}}</ref>
| house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| father = [[Loitongba]]
| mother = Sangleima<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465991|title=Sagei Sallairol|last=Manipur State Kala Academy|date=1982-10-22}}</ref>
| occupation = Monarch of the Ningthouja dynasty
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
| image = "Hemtou Iwanthapa" (Ancient Meitei name) and "Hemtou Iwanthaba" (Modern Meitei name) of the Meitei king, the ruler of Kangleipak kingdom (Manipur kingdom).png
| caption = "Hemtou Iwanthapa" (Ancient Meitei name) and "Hemtou Iwanthaba" (Modern Meitei name)
}}
'''Meidingu Hemtou Iwanthaba''' or [[Mononym|mononymously]] '''Iwanthaba''' ({{Langx|omp|ꯢꯋꯥꯟꯊꯥꯄꯥ|Iwanthapa}}) was a king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Manipur]] who ruled from 1162 CE to 1194 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=1194|title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais|last=Tensuba|first=Keerti Chand|date=1993|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn=978-81-210-0308-7|language=en}}</ref> He became the king after he banished his elder brother [[Atom Yoiremba]] for trying to introduce primogeniture in the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Iwanthaba|title=A Short History of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. K. Jhalajit|date=1992|publisher=R.K. Jhalajit Singh|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cheitharol-kumbaba|title=Cheitharol Kumbaba: The Court Chronicles Of the Kings of Manipur Vol.1|others=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|pages=34|publisher=Routledge |language=English}}</ref>

During his reign, the Queen of the [[Khuman dynasty|Khumans]] was killed, so all the Khumans were angry and attacked the [[Meitei kingdom]] but were defeated. In the battle, about thirty people were captured by the Meiteis with some who fled their homes and some who were killed.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Sunitha Tati

2026-02-12T03:03:31Z

Jamesharrey: stub!

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunitha Tati
| image =
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bangaru-kodipetta-gives-her-the-big-break/article5763765.ece|title= 'Bangaru Kodipetta' gives her the big break|publisher= Hindu |date= 2014-03-08|access-date= 2016-08-02}}</ref>
| occupation = Film Producer
| website =
}}

'''Sunitha Tati''' is an Indian film producer who produces [[Telugu films]] under [[Guru Films]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-01-01|title=Sunitha Tati|url=http://www.gurufilms.in/team_sunitha.html|publisher=Guru Films Pvt Ltd|access-date=2016-08-01|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708075634/http://gurufilms.in/team_sunitha.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her notable productions include ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016) and ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019)''.''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://newznew.com/tollywood-courier-boy-kalyan-movie-review-rating-1st-day-box-office-collection/|title= Tollywood Courier Boy Kalyan Movie Review Rating 1st Day Box Office Collection |publisher= newznew |date= 2015-09-19|access-date= 2016-08-02}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tati was born and brought up in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. She completed her bachelor's degree in business management from [[George Mason University]] and went on to do her PG course in filmmaking from [[New York University]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bangaru-kodipetta-gives-her-the-big-break/article5763765.ece|title= 'Bangaru Kodipetta' gives her the big break|publisher= Hindu |date= 2014-03-08|access-date= 2016-08-02}}</ref>

==Career==
Before starting in the film industry, Tati worked in [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] as well as [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gurufilms.in/team_sunitha.html|title= Sunitha Tati|publisher= Guru Films Pvt Ltd|date= 2014-01-01|access-date= 2016-08-01|archive-date= 8 July 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160708075634/http://gurufilms.in/team_sunitha.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2021-09-02 |title=For the love of movie-making |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/010921/for-the-love-of-movie-making.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> She worked under [[D. Suresh Babu]] of [[Ramanaidu Studios]] and worked as an assistant director of various films including ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]], [[Jayam Manadera]]'' and [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]’s ''[[Hyderabad Blues]].''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bangaru-kodipetta-gives-her-the-big-break/article5763765.ece|title= 'Bangaru Kodipetta' gives her the big break|publisher= Hindu |date= 2014-03-08|access-date= 2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/setting-a-trend-of-their-own|title=Setting a trend of their own|last=Pecheti|first=Prakash|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711065912/https://telanganatoday.com/setting-a-trend-of-their-own|archive-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, she worked with [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as a producer for ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' and also its Telugu version ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]].''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aisfm.edu.in/blog/2017/master-class-by-sunitha-tati-well-known-film-producer/|title= Master Class by Sunitha Tati, Well-Known Film Producer|publisher= AISFM Blog|date= 2017-02-21|access-date= 2017-05-24|archive-date= 16 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210416003243/http://www.aisfm.edu.in/blog/2017/master-class-by-sunitha-tati-well-known-film-producer/|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2019, she produced [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]-directed ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'', starring [[Samantha Akkineni]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], along with People’s Media Productions and Suresh Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobody could pull off Oh Baby better than Sam and Nandini Reddy: Producer Sunitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/nobody-could-pull-off-oh-baby-better-than-sam-and-nandini-reddy-producer-sunitha/articleshow/70051905.cms|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2022-03-12 |title=Instinct Always Doesn't Translate to Success – Sunitha Tati |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/instinct-always-doesnt-translate-to-success-sunitha-tati |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-03 |title=Nobody could pull off Oh Baby better than Sam and Nandini Reddy: Producer Sunitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/nobody-could-pull-off-oh-baby-better-than-sam-and-nandini-reddy-producer-sunitha/articleshow/70051905.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Her upcoming film, ''[[Saakini Daakini]]'' is directed by [[Sudheer Varma]]. Starring [[Regina Cassandra]] and [[Nivetha Thomas]], the film is a remake of the Korean film ''[[Midnight Runners]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020220/prep-for-telugu-version-korean-cop-act-begins.html|title=Prep for Telugu version Korean cop act begins|last=Adivi|first=Sashidhar|date=2020-02-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakini Dhakini, Telugu remake of Midnight Runners, resumes shoot|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/26/shakini-dhakini-telugu-remake-of-midnight-runnersresumes-shoot-25694.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adivi|first=Sashidhar|date=2021-04-13|title=I'm doing things I've never done before: Regina Cassandra|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130421/im-doing-things-ive-never-done-before-regina-cassandra.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Korean filmmakers look to remake SS Rajamouli's RRR, seek rights. Check out details |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/korean-filmmakers-look-to-remake-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-seek-rights-check-out-details/articleshow/94079897.cms |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> As of August 2021, she is also working on the comedy film ''[[Dongalunnaru Jaagratha]]'' in a collaboration with Suresh Productions. Written and directed by Satish Tripura, the film stars [[Sri Simha]] and [[Samuthirakani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dongalunnaru Jaagratha: Sri Simha Koduri join hands with debutant Satish Tripura for his next; See PHOTOS of formal pooja ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dongalunnaru-jaagratha-sri-simha-koduri-join-hands-with-debutant-satish-tripura-for-his-next-see-photos-of-formal-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/84228753.cms|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Other work==
Apart from movies, Tati is an active Rotarian. She also serves as a trustee and founding member of the Support Cancer Awareness Foundation, an NGO based in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bangaru-kodipetta-gives-her-the-big-break/article5763765.ece|title= 'Bangaru Kodipetta' gives her the big break|publisher= Hindu |date= 2014-03-08|access-date= 2016-08-02}}</ref>

A strong believer in Ayurveda, she co-created a book series called ''Ayurveda Chronicles'', with a California-based author.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2021-09-02 |title=For the love of movie-making |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/010921/for-the-love-of-movie-making.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Title!!Language!!Notes
|-
|2011||''[[Shor in the City]]''|| [[Hindi]] ||As executive producer
|-
|2015||''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|2014||''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]''||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
|Tamil||
|-
|''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
| rowspan="5" |Telugu||As co-producer
|-
|2019||''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]''||
|-
|2020
|''[[Maa Vintha Gaadha Vinuma]]''
|Also played the role of Vinitha's mother
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Saakini Daakini]]''
|
|-
|''[[Dongalunnaru Jaagratha]]''
|
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]''
|Tamil
|Unreleased
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Title!!Network
|-
|2015–2018 ||[[America Ammayi (TV series)|''America Ammayi'']]||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2017|| ''OK Jaanu''||[[MAA TV]]
|-
|2025
|[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|''Touch Me Not'']]
|[[JioHotstar]]
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
|2015
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Debutant Producer
|''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://e.indiaglitz.com/telugu/news/2015/siima2015-nominations-list.html |title= SIIMA 2015 - TELUGU NOMINATIONS LIST |work= indiaglitz.com |access-date= 17 June 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081508/http://e.indiaglitz.com/telugu/news/2015/siima2015-nominations-list.html |archive-date= 17 June 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3766895|name= Sunitha Tati }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tati, Sunitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]

Bajag

2026-02-06T13:37:41Z

Jamesharrey: Created data

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bajag
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.67|N|81.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Janpad Panchayat
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,255<ref>https://geoiq.io/places/481883---Bajag/Ag4NqkI4Fm</ref>
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Chhattisgarhi]].
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
'''Bajag''' is a village and a Tehsil headquarter in [[Dindori District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तहसील {{!}} ज़िला डिंडौरी, मध्यप्रदेश शासन {{!}} भारत |url=https://dindori.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> The pin Code of Bajag is 481882.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Bajag Pin Code - 481882, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search dindori Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/dindori/bajag-pincode-481882.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> There is a Government College in Bajag for Education for tribes people. Also a Police Station in village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुलिस थाने {{!}} ज़िला डिंडौरी, मध्यप्रदेश शासन {{!}} भारत |url=https://dindori.nic.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%87/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Bajag town has population of 8,255 of which 4,124 are males while 4,131 are females as Census India 2011.

==Agriculture==
The main occupation of the people here is agriculture. Most people grow coarse grains and wheat. This area is a tribal dominated area.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Transportation==
Bajag is 45 km away from [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]]. Daily bus service available here. It is connected by road to [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shahdol Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindori district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Santa Cecilia Choir

2026-01-31T07:56:32Z

Jamesharrey: new

{{Short description|Indian male choir}}
{{No footnotes|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Con2008.jpg|thumb|The Concert of Classical Music in tribute to Maestro Lourdino Barreto, presented by the Santa Cecilia Choir, conducted by Rev. Romeo Monteiro, at Kala Academy (Panjim-Goa), in April 2008.]]
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
The '''Santa Cecilia Choir''' ({{langx|pt|Coro di Santa Cecilia}}) is a polyphonic male choir composed of seminarians of the [[Rachol Seminary]] of the [[Catholic]] [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] in [[Goa]], India.

==History==
In compliance with the wishes of Dom Antonio Sebastião Valente, the [[Archbishop]] of Goa and the first [[Prelate]] to be conferred the title of [[Patriarch of the East Indies]], the seminarians organised themselves into a choral society. It was on 11 April 1897, that the first meeting of the choir was held in the hall of Dom Sebastião at the Rachol Seminary and was attended by the founder members: Msgr. Matheus d' Oliveira (Rector), Fr. Agostinho da Rocha (Professor of Music) Sem. Pedro Antonio Lopes (Choir Master), Fr. Luis Bruno Menezes and twelve other seminarians. The newly born Choir was baptised ''Orpheon Palestriniano do Seminário'' (Palestrianian Orpheon of the Seminary) or simply ''Coro Palestriniano''. From the name, it is evident that the initial aim of the Choir was to promote sacred polyphonic [[chant]], according to the method of the famous Italian Composer [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], who lived during the late 16th century, and was a pioneer in the [[sacred music]] of his age.

On 23 March 1905, the same Archbishop-Patriarch gave new statutes to this association and determined that in future it should be named simply ''Coro de Santa Cecilia'' (Santa Cecilia Choir). The change was perhaps to place the Choir under the patronage of [[St. Cecilia]], the patroness of music and musicians, and to allow the Choir to venture into other forms of music rather than restrict itself to the Palestrinian form only. It is with this name that the Seminary Choir went down in history and is known even today.

[[File:Sem.Rachol.jpg|thumbnail|Seminarians (ordinary members of the choir) singing under the baton of Rev. [[Romeo Monteiro]], Professor of Music at the Seminary (2010)]]

Today, this male [[TTBB]] Choir, presided over by the Rector of the Seminary, continues to function and dedicates itself to promoting the sacred heritage of music of the [[Catholic Church]]. The professor of music in the seminary is the vice-president and Conductor of the choir. The other "ordinary" members (about sixteen in number) are chosen at the beginning of the academic by the Professor of Music. Formerly, these members were called ''membros efectivos'' (effective members) and were elected by secret ballot, from among the general members of the choir. They were also granted certain privileges in the Seminary; this is no longer the case. Besides, as the need suggest or the occasion demands, others (seminarians and laity) are invited to join in the singing as "extra-ordinary members" of the Choir. From among the ordinary members, one is chosen to perform the task of Chorus Master and Secretary. His main responsibility is to look into the day-to-day functioning of the Choir and rehearse for the approaching programs.

==Past directors==
The Santa Cecilia Choir has sung uninterrupted under the direction of renowned musicians who were appointed Professors of Music at the Seminary. Here is a list of the Directors of the Santa Cecilia Choir:
* Rev. Agostinho de Rocha (founder Director)
* Rev. Luis Bruno Menezes
* Rev. Francisco Domingos Luis
* Rev. Sebastião Luis
* Rev. Lellis de Vitoria e Souza (1945–1951)
* Maestro Rev. Camilo António da Conceicão Xavier (1951–1983)
* Maestro Rev. Dr. Lourdino Paulo Barreto (1983–1984)
* Rev. Tomé Bernardo Cota (1984–2007)
* Rev. [[Romeo Monteiro]] (2007–2013)

==Significance==
For over a century, this characteristic male Choir of young seminarians from India has proved its calibre and excellence in polyphony of different genres, secular as well as religious. Following the directives given by the [[Second Vatican Ecumenical Council]], the Santa Cecilia Choir has stood out in preserving and developing the rich musical patrimony of the Catholic Church. The Choir is proud of a rich repertoire of religious and secular music in Latin, English and the vernaculars: [[Bach]], [[Handel]], [[Beethoven]], [[Mozart]], [[Verdi]], [[Schubert]], [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], Praglia, [[Rossini]], Liberto, Martins, Xavier, Barreto, Paranjoti, etc. In recent years, it has also performed pop-polyphonic music. Traditionally, every year, the Choir sings a solemn polyphonic mass in Latin, interspaced with [[Gregorian chant]], on the occasion of the feast of St. [[Ignatius of Loyola]], Patron of the Seminary Church. Perhaps, today, it is the only exponent of [[Gregorian chant]] in India. Various choral recitals, featuring religious and secular music are held in the seminary on different occasions.

On 31 July 1997, the Choir celebrated the centenary of its inception, with a solemn Eucharist presided by Archbishop-Patriarch Raul Nicolau Gonsalves. The Cecilians, under the baton of Rev. Bernardo Cota, rendered ''Messe in G dur'' by [[Franz Schubert]], besides the hymns of the mass in Konkani. ''[[Te Deum]]'' in A by Arnold Furlotti was also sung by the young seminarians. The Choir was ably supported by a [[string quintet]], composed of seminarians.

==Concerts==
From 2007 onwards, the Choir, under the baton of Rev. [[Romeo Monteiro]], and in association with ex-members and other music lovers, has given several well-appreciated performances of sacred and secular music, in the cities of [[Panjim]], [[Margao]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=2009032940|title=Concert of Classical Music on April 6 in Margao}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://icsamy.wordpress.com/2009/04/page/5/|title=Abril – 2009 – Scribbling – Página 5}}</ref> [[Old Goa]]. The first performance in this series was held in Old Goa, as a tribute to the great music legend of Goa, the late Maestro Rev. [[Lourdino Barreto]], ex-member and ex-director of the Choir, on the occasion of his tenth death anniversary. The following year, the Cecilian choir presented the secular repertoire of Maestro Barreto at a gala concert held at the Kala Academy, Panjim, where Barreto had served as Director of the Western Music School. The Santa Cecilia Choir also featured at the Monte Festival of Music, Old Goa, in Feb. 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/featured-content/work-in-progress/to-publish/off-the-beaten-path#page2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072654/http://www.thenational.ae/featured-content/work-in-progress/to-publish/off-the-beaten-path#page2|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016|title=Off the beaten path|author=Rebecca Conway}}</ref> and the World Konkani Cultural Convention in Mangalore, in Dec. 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/wkcc/default.asp?col_id=68 |title=D A I J I W O R L D |website=daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414183107/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/wkcc/default.asp?col_id=68 |archive-date=2016-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=210836&newstype=local |title=Mangalorean.com – Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World |website=mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035600/http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=210836&newstype=local |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> It was a privilege for the Choir which was invited by the [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to India, His Excellency Most Rev. Salvatore Pennacchio, on 19–20 April 2012, to [[New Delhi]], to animate the singing at the solemn [[Eucharist]] and to present a Programme in honour of [[Pope Benedict XVI]], on the 7th anniversary of His Pontificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nolitetimere.com/en/he-mgr-pennacchio/80-celebrations-for-the-7th-anniversary-of-the-pontifical-election-of-pope-benedict-xvi.html|title=CELEBRATIONS FOR THE 7th ANNIVERSARY OF THE PONTIFICAL ELECTION OF POPE BENEDICT XVI|author=Felice Pirozzi|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213109/http://www.nolitetimere.com/en/he-mgr-pennacchio/80-celebrations-for-the-7th-anniversary-of-the-pontifical-election-of-pope-benedict-xvi.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gregorian Chants and other soul-lifting liturgical hymns were greatly appreciated by the Apostolic Nuncio and by the Prelates and laity who participated in the Eucharist. [[File:Con Delhi.jpg|thumbnail|Concert at the Apostolic Nunciature, New Delhi, in April 2012]] The Programme of [[Sacred Music]] on the following day, which consisted in Latin, English, Hindi, Sanskrit and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] repertoire, was a spectacular performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oheraldo.in/News/Short%20Takes/12th-May-2012/59441.html|title=Goa English News – oHeraldo English News Daily – Goa News Online}}</ref>

==Fourth centenary celebrations==
On 1 November 2010, on the occasion of the inauguration of the Fourth Centenary Celebrations of the Seminary, the Choir led the congregation with soul-elevating renderings in [[Latin]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. There were in all 80 singers (seminarians and laity), accompanied by the restored 19th century [[pipe organ]] and an ensemble of 15 musicians. It was a celestial moment when the Choir led the congregation in sing the Gloria taken from the sublime ''Missa De Angelis'' in Gregorian chant, with polyphonic choral responses composed by Msgr. Giuseppe Liberto. Maestro Liberto was at that time Director of the [[Sistine Choir]] in Rome. He had lent his work, originally composed for the Installation Ceremony of [[Benedict XVI]], to be utilized on for the Jubilee of the Rachol Seminary.

The brilliant performance of Sacred Music, at the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]], on 11 April 2011, was something rare in the musical annals of Goa. This program, with the participation of about 150 singers and musicians, brought the Fourth Centenary celebrations of Rachol Seminary to a close. The program for the evening comprised: Gloria (RV 588) by Antonio Vivaldi, hymns to St. Francis Xavier and Bl. Joseph Vaz and compositions by ex-Directors of the Choir. The ''[[Te Deum]]'', sung in a polyphonic setting with the traditional Gregorian melody as refrain, proved to be a fitting finale of praise to the [[Most Holy Trinity]] for the 400 years of Rachol Seminary. The Archbishop-Patriarch, Most Rev. [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]] graced the occasion in the midst of a packed Basilica.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archgoadaman.org/content/evening-sacred-music |title=An Evening of Sacred Music | Archdiocese of Goa and Daman |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915052441/http://www.archgoadaman.org/content/evening-sacred-music |archive-date=15 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2011-April/207758.html |title=[Goanet] CONCERT OF SACRED MUSIC. .. |accessdate=2013-08-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130804130851/http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2011-April/207758.html |archivedate=4 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Concert in memory of Rev. Cristóvão Caldeira==
On 2 April 2012, a Concert of Sacred Music was held in memory of late Fr. Cristóvão Caldeira, former Rector of the Patriarchal Seminary of Rachol and the president of the Choir from 1993 to 2000. This programme held in the renovated [[Church of St. Anne, Talaulim|Church of Santana-Talaulim]], Ilhas, enthralled the audience that overflowed the grand Church with magnificent acoustics. Setting off with ''[[Pater Noster]]'' in [[plain chant]], the Cecilians rendered excerpts from famous [[Requiem]] works by renowned composers, ranging from the 18th to the 21st century: [[Introit]] and [[Kyrie]] (by ''[[Gabriel Fauré]]''), [[Dies irae]] (by ''[[Franz von Suppé]]''), [[Requiem (Mozart)|Lacrimosa]] (by ''[[W. A. Mozart]]''), [[Pie Iesu]] (by ''[[Luigi Cherubini]]''), [[Music for the Requiem Mass#Communion|Lux aeterna]] (by ''[[Maurice Duruflé]]'') and [[The Lord is my Shepherd (Rutter)|The Lord is my shepherd]] (by ''[[John Rutter]]''). The director, Fr. Monteiro, also inserted his composition in [[Latin]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] "Dev-dut tuka voinkunttant gheun vhorum". Set to orchestra and choir in four voices, this composition was comparable to those of the masters, and unveiled the deep riches of the text which otherwise goes unnoticed and even unheard in the din of activity of funeral services when it is recited. Besides the choir also sang a traditional Goan motet (Khorench sangtam) and some well known chorales: Were you there? (by ''Raymond Haan'') and Since by Man – [[Worthy is the Lamb]] (from the [[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]], by ''[[G. F. Handel]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/iwatch/classical-lenten-concert-santana-talaulim |title=Classical Lenten Concert at Santana-Talaulim | iGoa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130804060529/http://www.navhindtimes.in/iwatch/classical-lenten-concert-santana-talaulim |archive-date=4 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-04/goa/31287248_1_faure-s-requiem-choir-and-brass-sacred-music|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805023505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-04/goa/31287248_1_faure-s-requiem-choir-and-brass-sacred-music|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-05|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=A Requiem like a Dream}}</ref> On the occasion, an audio CD album, entitled 'TE DEUM' was released by the Archbishop. This album, produced by the Santa Cecilia Choir, showcases sacred music of several genres and styles, sung in Goa, during various periods of history. The compositions are by various composers, world-renowned and local, and are sung in various languages: [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Latin]], English, [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].

==Concert to celebrate the "Year of Faith 2012–2013"==
On 19 April 2013, the Choir, presented a concert of sacred music in the [Sé Catedral] Cathedral Church at Old Goa, to commemorate the "Year of Faith 2012–2013", proclaimed by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and celebrated by Catholics worldworld. [[File:Con 2013.jpg|thumbnail|Concert of Sacred Music to celebrate the Year of Faith, held at the See Cathedral, Old Goa, in April 2013]] This solemn concert of Sacred Catholic music was presented by 140 dedicated artists (88 singers and 51 musicians), mostly youngsters. The evening began with the rendition of the [[Pontifical Anthem]] (by ''[[Gounod]]''), in honour of the See of Peter. After introductory words by the Parish Priest of the cathedral, Fr. Leonardo Correia, the Choir sang some simple Catholic prayer-formulas, viz. "Santa Khursachi Kuru" (the [[sign of the cross]], in Konkani), "Abun d'bashmayo" (the [[Lord's Prayer|Our Father]] as believed by the Catholic Church to have been actually prayed by Jesus in the original Aramaic-Syrian chant), "Namaste Mary'yame" (the [[Hail Mary]], in Sanskrit Vedic chant), all composed and arranged by ''Rev. Romeo Monteiro''. "Mhoima Bapak", a Konkani doxology to the Holy Trinity, composed by ''Rev. Bernardo Cota'', ended the first part of the Concert. The second part of the performance consisted of a rendition of different versions of the Creed that encapsulates the faith of the Catholic Church. Three models of creeds were chosen for the evening: the traditional Latin [[Credo]] (in ''[[Gregorian chant]]''), "[[Credo]]" from the famous ''[[Coronation Mass]]'' (by [[W. A. Mozart]]), and finally "Sot'mantam" in Konkani (by Fr. Monteiro). The third part of the Musical Concert contained the Easter proclamation through the work of the reputed German composer [[L. van Beethoven]] – "Hallelujah Chorus" from ''Christus am Ölberge'' (''[[Christ on the Mount of Olives (Beethoven)|Christ on the Mount of Olives]]''). This was followed by a Goan version of the Easter invocation to Mary, ''[[Regina caeli]]'' (arranged by Maestro Rev. [[Lourdino Barreto]] and orchestrated by Fr. Monteiro). The traditional Goan "Exultemos com alegria", in Portuguese (arranged by ''Fr. Monteiro''), ended the evening bringing nostalgic memories of this hymn which used to be sung at Litanies in Goa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nri.goa.gov.in/santa_cecilia_choir.html|title=NRI Commission of Goa}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Konkani liturgical music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian choirs]]
[[Category:Goan music]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1897]]

2023 Pune Challenger – Doubles

2026-01-17T23:39:04Z

Jamesharrey: Created details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Tennis events|2023|Pune Challenger|s
| champ = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
| runner = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]]
| score = 6–1, 4–6, [10–3]
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2019
| before_name = KPIT MSLTA Challenger
}}

{{main|2023 Pune Challenger}}

[[Purav Raja]] and [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] were the defending champions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/james-duckworth-pune-challenger-title-jay-clarke/article29999922.ece|title=James Duckworth wins Pune Challenger|first=Nandakumar|last=Marar|date=17 November 2019|website=sportstar.thehindu.com}}</ref> but only Raja chose to defend his title, partnering [[Petr Nouza]]. Raja lost in the quarterfinals to [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] and [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]].

Chandrasekar and Prashanth won the title after defeating [[Toshihide Matsui]] and [[Kaito Uesugi]] 6–1, 4–6, [10–3] in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] / {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist]] ''(semifinals, retired)''
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Marek Gengel]] / {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Nouza]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]] / {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]] ''(final)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=Alt
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=2
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Francesco Maestrelli|F Maestrelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Luca Nardi|L Nardi]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=3
| RD1-score02-3=[7]

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Benjamin Lock|B Lock]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Akira Santillan|A Santillan]]
| RD1-score03-1=4
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=[7]
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Calum Puttergill|C Puttergill]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dane Sweeny|D Sweeny]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2=3
| RD1-score04-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed05=5
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]'''
| RD1-score05-1=w/o
| RD1-score05-2=
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|BUL}} [[Dimitar Kuzmanov|D Kuzmanov]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Miljan Zekić|M Zekić]]
| RD1-score06-1=
| RD1-score06-2=
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=Alt
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|SRB}} Boris Butulija {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=WC
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IND}} Parikshit Somani {{flagicon|IND}} Manish Sureshkumar
| RD1-score08-1=2
| RD1-score08-2=2
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=Alt
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|AUS}} D Kelly {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]]
| RD1-score09-1=1
| RD1-score09-2=5
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2='''7'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=Alt
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot|H Mayot]] {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Ochi
| RD1-score11-1=3
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Nouza|P Nouza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli|RC Bollipalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi|R Noguchi]] {{flagicon|NMI}} [[Colin Sinclair (tennis)|C Sinclair]]
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2=4
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=WC
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} Faisal Qamar {{flagicon|IND}} Fardeen Qamar
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist|M Neuchrist]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=Alt
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Calum Puttergill|C Puttergill]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dane Sweeny|D Sweeny]]
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=5
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''7'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=Alt
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|SRB}} B Butulija {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]
| RD2-score04-1=5
| RD2-score04-2=4
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=4
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Nouza|P Nouza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]
| RD2-score06-1=2
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli|RC Bollipalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD2-score07-1=1
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist|M Neuchrist]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=Alt
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2=5
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=5
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''7'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2=
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist|M Neuchrist]]
| RD3-score04-1=0r
| RD3-score04-2=
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=5
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]
| RD4-score01-1=1
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=[3]
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2=4
| RD4-score02-3='''[10]'''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2023/7100/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 Pune Challenger - Doubles}}
[[Category:2023 ATP Challenger Tour|Pune Challenger - Doubles]]
[[Category:KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2023 Doubles]]

Janamsakhis

2026-01-16T17:51:43Z

Jamesharrey: content update

{{Short description|Sikh religious literary genre}}

{{Infobox religious text|name=Janamsakhi {{small|ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ}}|image=Illustrated folio of Guru Nanak, Bala, Mardana and devotees from a Kashmiri Janamsakhi manuscript, circa 19th century.jpg|caption=Illustrated folio of Guru Nanak, Bala, Mardana and devotees from a Kashmiri Janamsakhi manuscript, circa 19th century.|religion=[[Sikhism]]|author=Various|title_orig=|period=Late 16th century to 19th century|chapters=Three sections:
*childhood of Nanak
*travels of Nanak
*settled life of Nanak}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{Sikh literature}}
The '''Janamsakhis''' ({{langx|pa|ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Janam-sākhī}}, {{lit|birth [[Sakhi|stories]]}}), are popular [[hagiography|hagiographies]] of [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]].<ref name="britjanamsakhi" /> Considered by scholars as semi-legendary biographies, they were based on a Sikh oral tradition of historical fact, homily, and legend,<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" /> with the first ''janamsakhi'' were composed between 50 and 80 years after his death.<ref name="britjanamsakhi">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Guru-Nanak Guru Nanak], Encyclopaedia Britannica, Brian Duignan (2017)</ref> Many more were written in the 17th and 18th century. The largest ''Guru Nanak Prakash'', with about 9,700 verses, was written in the early 19th century by [[Kavi Santokh Singh]].<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182">{{cite book|author=Toby Braden Johnson|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=182–185}}</ref><ref name="JacobsenMann2017p173">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEIPMQAACAAJ|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Brill Academic|year=2017|isbn=978-90-04-29745-6|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|pages=173–181|editor-last2=Gurinder Singh Mann|editor-last3=Kristina Myrvold|editor-last4=Eleanor M. Nesbitt}}</ref>

The four ''janamsakhi'' traditions that have survived into the modern era include the ''Bala'', ''Miharban'', ''Adi'' and ''Puratan'' versions. While each tradition offering their own perspectives, interpretations, and points of emphasis on the stories they report, they generally present Guru Nanak's life in three parts: the first part covering his childhood and early adulthood, the second part as an itinerant missionary after receiving the call from [[Akal Purakh]] ("Timeless Being," God), and the last part presents him as settled in [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], founding his community of believers.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" />

Over 40 significant manuscript editions of the ''janamsakhis'' are known, all composed between the 17th and early-19th centuries, with most of these in the Puratan and Bala collections.<ref name="JacobsenMann2017p173" /> The expanded version containing the hagiographies of all ten Sikh Gurus is the popular ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' by Santokh Singh. This poetic ''janamsakhi'' is recited on festive occasions in Sikh Gurdwaras, Sikh ceremonies and festivals.<ref name="Singh2006p54">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwpDwAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908780-8|pages=54–56}}</ref><ref name="csp118">{{cite book|author=Christopher Shackle|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100411-7|page=118}}</ref>

==Overview==
The ''janamsakhis'' present accounts of the life of Guru Nanak and his early companions, with varying degrees of supernatural elements among them, typical for hagiographic biographies; more important was his message of equality before God, regardless of social classifications, also emphasizing friendships with those of other religions and the welfare of women.<ref name="Largen2017p36">{{cite book|author=Kristin Johnston Largen|title=Finding God Among our Neighbors, Volume 2: An Interfaith Systematic Theology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA35DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |date= 2017|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-5064-2330-2|pages=36–37}}</ref> As stories were told and retold, the ways they were combined crystallized into a small number of specific traditions.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182"/>

=== Origin ===
The ''janamsakhi'' stories likely began through family and friends close to Guru Nanak, spreading to others. The earliest layer of what was to become the written tradition later was, according to McLeod, "authentic memories concerning actual incidents from the life of Nanak," in conjunction with the verses left by him in what would become the Adi Granth.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" />
The first ''janamsakhis'' were oral in nature and began spreading across the Punjab when news on Guru Nanak's exploits and fame started being passed around.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780226615936 |pages=52}}</ref> They were first put to writing likely around the early 17th century.<ref name=":7" /> However, according to Pyar Singh the earliest dated extant ''janamsakhi'' manuscript is from 1588.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

===Sikh tradition===
The ''janamsakhi'' have been historically popular in the Sikh community and broadly believed as true, historical biography of the founder of their religion.<ref name="SinghHawley2012">{{cite book|author=Toby Braden Johnson |editor=Pashaura Singh and Michael Hawley|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-24236-4|pages=89–111}}, Quote="What was traditionally held to be the true biography of the Guru (...)"</ref> They have been recited at religious gatherings, shared as reverential fables with the young generation, and embedded in the cultural folklore over the centuries. Guru Nanak is deeply revered by the devout Sikhs, the stories in the ''janamsakhi'' are a part of their understanding of his divine nature and the many wonders he is believed to have performed.<ref name="McLeod1990p8">{{cite book|author=W.H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA8 |year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4 |pages=8–9}}</ref>

===Didactic texts===
The early editions of the ''janamsakhi'' manuscripts are more than Guru Nanak's life story. They relate each story with a teaching in the hymn of the Sikh scripture and illustrate a fundamental moral or teaching.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" /> The earliest ''janamsakhi'' collections were structured to lucidly expound on Guru Nanak's teachings to the audience, relating accounts to the specific hymns of the ''Adi Granth''.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" /> The early oral tradition reached remote areas away further from Kartarpur, presenting his life and teachings to those who had never met the Guru, and for following generations.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" />

The dominant motif of the ''janamsakhi'' is not chronological or geographical accuracy, as history was not their concern, but the depiction of various themes of "the divine dispensation of Nanak, his concern for kindness, social cohesiveness, and his stress on divine unity and the consequent unity of humanity," revealing the beliefs, attitudes, and needs valued by the Sikh community of the age. Incorporating verses from Guru Nanak's works to illuminate his theological and ethical teachings in a biographical framework and in the idiom and style of myth and allegory, their quick, vigorous style would lend them to a popular oral tradition of moral instruction.<ref name="nikkysingh1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=Sikhism: An Introduction |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780857735492 |pages=1–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8daLDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Along with Indic mythologizing traditions of ''[[itihasa]]'', which incorporated mythology, history, philosophy, and geography, the Janamsakhi tradition was also contemporary with the Sufi allegorical traditions about Muhammad (''mu'jizat'') and Muslim saints (''karamat''),<ref name="nikkysingh1" /><ref name="nikkysingh329" /> during influence in the period of Islamic domination.<ref name="SinghaKapura26">{{cite book|author1=Kirapāla Siṅgha|author2=Prithīpāla Siṅgha Kapūra|title=Janamsakhi tradition: an analytical study|url=https://archive.org/details/JanamsakhiTradition-AnAnalyticalStudy/page/n25/mode/2up|year=2004|publisher=Singh Brothers|pages=26–28|isbn=9788172053116}}</ref> In this milieu where spiritual figures were understood and remembered, the ''janamsakhis'' commemorated and expounded upon the teachings of Guru Nanak.<ref name="nikkysingh1" /><ref name="nikkysingh329" />

The ''janamsakhi'' may have been the early didactic texts in the Sikh tradition, including a teaching, a moral instruction along with an associated hymn found in the Sikh scripture, serving as pedagogical texts, sustaining Guru Nanak's message through time for the community that valued it.<ref name="SinghHawley2012p90">{{cite book|author=Toby Braden Johnson |editor=Pashaura Singh and Michael Hawley|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-24236-4|pages=90–98}}</ref> In order to convey Guru Nanak's teachings, the ''janamsakhis'' make extensive use of allegory, often with mythic elements to imbue meaning. Though the birth narrative of Nanak shares similarities with that of Christ, Buddha, and Krishna, he is depicted as having a normal birth, with a Muslim midwife, Daultan, beside Guru Nanak's mother Mata Tripta, implying interfaith harmony. Typically dangerous natural phenomena either protect Nanak or are mastered by him, as a cobra shades child Nanak as he sleeps, or a rolling boulder being stopped by his hand. In a parable placed in Mecca, during Guru Nanak's travels he fell with his feet towards the [[Kaaba]], to which a [[Qadi]] objected, but when he tried to rotate his feet away from it, the Kaaba reorients in the direction of Guru Nanak's feet, attesting to the omnipresence of God and the internality of faith as opposed to the external. A parable also relays Guru Nanak's body vanishing after his death and left behind fragrant flowers, which Hindus and Muslims then divided, one to cremate and other to bury.<ref name="nikkysingh1" /><ref name="nikkysingh329">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (1992), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062798 The Myth of the Founder: The Janamsākhīs and Sikh Tradition], History of Religions, Vol. 31, No. 4, Sikh Studies, pages 329-343</ref>

==''Janamsakhi'' traditions==
{{refimprove-section|date=December 2013}}

=== Main traditions ===

==== ''Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki''====
Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki was discovered by Piar Singh<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyaar Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/b-40-janam-sakhi-punjabi |title=B 40 Janam Sakhi Punjabi |date=1974}}</ref> and [[W. H. McLeod|McLeod]], but remained unexamined and published until 2014 when Dr. S.S. Padam found multiple different manuscripts of the text across Punjabi universities and published them with examination.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Dharam |title=Know Your Heritage Introductory Essays on Primary Sources of Sikhism |last2=Singh |first2=Dr. Kulwant |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |year=2017 |location=Chandigarh |pages=}}</ref> The text is now considered the oldest of the Janamsakhi tradition and the root source for the other Janamsakhis.<ref name=":9" />

Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki claims to be written by Seeha Upal of Sultanpur, a Sikh of [[Guru Amar Das]]. It is also written in prose contrary to other Janamsakhis and is written in an archaic form of the [[Majhi dialect]]. It does not follow a set chronological order and no sakhis are numbered nor appear with a heading. The text appears to be an incomplete draft.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Padam |first=Dr. S. S. |title=ਸਾਖੀ ਮਹਲੁ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਕੀ |publisher=Singh Brothers |language=Punjabi}}</ref> Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki has been dated to 1570-1574, during the last few years of Guru Amar Das's guruship.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2020-07-02 |title=Speaking Truth to Power: Exploring Guru Nanak's Bābar-vāṇī in Light of the Baburnama |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=328 |doi=10.3390/rel11070328 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444 }}</ref>

Scholars consider this Janamsakhi to have been used by authors of other traditions.<ref name=":11" /> Padam believes that [[Bhai Gurdas]] wrote his first [[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Vaar]] to fill the believed gaps in Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki.<ref name=":10" /> Dr. Kirpal Singh disagrees with this point believing Gurdas's tradition to be independent. Both do agree on other Janamsakhi traditions being based on Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki.<ref name=":9" />

Sakhi Mahal Pehle Ki puts the Guru's birth in Vaisakh 1469. The text goes into very little detail on Guru Nanak's travels outside of [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]]. He mostly accounts the Guru travelling around Sultanpur in great detail. Other travels are not described in much detail, and the author seems to be unaware of the geography outside of the general Punjab and rarely names places.<ref name=":10" /> Famous stories such as Guru Nanak's travels to [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Baghdad]], and conversations with Sidhs are missing and raises doubts on those events historicity. <ref name=":10" />

==== ''Puratan'' ''janamsakhi''====
This ''janamsakhi'' tradition is one of the oldest, with the earliest extant manuscript of this tradition dating back to 1640.<ref name=":3" /> It is believed to have first been put pen to paper around 80 years after the passing of Nanak.<ref name=":3" /> Presenting a more concise, less fantastical account of Guru Nanak's life, its realistic account of Guru Nanak's life and lack of fantasy elements led to its prominence among the Singh Sabha.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" />

The term Puratan ''janamsakhis'' means ancient ''janamsakhis'' and is generally used with reference to the composite work which was compiled by [[Bhai Vir Singh]] and first published in 1926. Of the still existing copies of the Puratan ''janamsakhis'' the two most important were the Colebrooke and Hafizabad versions. The first of these was discovered in 1872, the manuscript had been donated to the library of the east India company by [[H.T. Colebrooke]] and is accordingly known as the Colebrooke or Vailaitwali ''janamsakhi''. Although there is no date on it the manuscript points to around 1635.

In the year 1883 a copy of a ''janamsakhi'' was dispatched by the India Office Library in London for the use of Dr. Trumpp and the Sikh scholars assisting him. (It had been given to the library by an Englishman called Colebrook; it came to be known as the Vilayat Vali or the foreign ''janamsakhi''.) This ''janamsakhi'' was the basis of the accounts written by Trumpp, Macauliffe, and most Sikh scholars. Gurmukh Singh of the Oriental College, Lahore, found another ''janamsakhi'' at Hafizabad which was very similar to that found by Colebrook. Gurmukh Singh who was collaborating with Mr. Macauliffe in his research on Sikh religion, made it available to the Englishman, who had it published in November 1885.

According to the Puratan ''janamsakhi'', Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in the month of [[Vaisakh]], 1469. The date is given as the third day of the light half of the month and the birth is said to have taken place during the last watch before dawn. His father Kalu was a [[khatri]] of the Bedi sub-cast and lived in a village Rai Bhoi di Talwandi; his mother's name is not given. When Guru Ji turned seven he was taken to a pundit to learn how to read. After only one day he gave up reading and when the pundit asked him why Guru Ji lapsed into silence and instructed him at length on the vanity of worldly learning and the contrasting value of the Divine Name of God. The child began to show disturbing signs of withdrawal from the world. He was sent to learn Persian at the age of nine but returned home and continued to sit in silence. Locals advised his father that Nanak should be married. This advice was taken and at the age of twelve a betrothal was arranged at the house of Mula of the Chona sub-caste. Sometime later Nanak moved to [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]] where his sister Nanaki was married. Here he took up employment with [[Daulat Khan Lodi|Daulat Khan]]. One day Nanak went to the river and while bathing messengers of God came and he was transported to the divine court. There he was given a cup of nectar ([[amrita]]) and with it came the command Nanak, this is the cup of My Name ([[Naam]]). Drink it. This he did and was charged to go into the world and preach the divine Name.

==== Adi ''janamsakhi'' ====
The Adi tradition of ''janamsakhi'', known as the ''Adi Sakhian'' (adi, meaning "first"; sakhian, plural of ''[[sakhi]]'', meaning "anecdotes, stories, discourses, parables"), was first discovered by [[Mohan Singh Diwana]] in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|pre-partition Punjab]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-29745-6 |edition=4th |volume=1: A-D |pages=9–10}}</ref> The manuscript he discovered dated to 1701 but [[Harbans Singh]] believes the tradition may date back to the mid-17th century but unlikely to originate earlier than that period.<ref name=":4" /> More manuscripts of this tradition have been discovered since the finding of the initial manuscript.<ref name=":4" /> It shows influence from the Puratan tradition (particularly a few anecdotes or stories and discourses) and another unknown source, that has yet come to light, that also influenced the B40 ''janamsakhi''.<ref name=":4" /> It differs from the Puratan tradition in that it does not present Guru Nanak's travels as four separate journeys.<ref name=":4" /> The portion covering the travels of Nanak is believed to have been sourced from the yet undiscovered manuscript.<ref name=":4" />

==== Bhai Bala ''janamsakhi'' ====
[[File:Decorated opening folio of a manuscript of the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi.jpg|thumb|Decorated opening folio of a manuscript of the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi tradition]]
The Bala ''janamsakhi'' claims to be written by [[Bhai Bala]], an alleged contemporary of Guru Nanak, and was supposedly written at the request of [[Guru Angad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/JanamsakhiTradition-AnAnalyticalStudy |title=Janamsakhi Tradition - An Analytical Study |pages=39–40 |language=English}}</ref>

There are reasons to doubt this contention as Guru Angad, who is said to have commissioned the work and was also a close companion of the Guru in his later years, was, according to Bala's own admission, ignorant of the existence of Bala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-19|title=BALA JANAM SAKHI.|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/bhai-gurdas-and-the-early-sikh-literature/bala-janam-sakhi/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The Sikh Encyclopedia|language=en-US}}</ref>

The oldest accepted manuscript of the Bala ''janamsakhi'' was written by Gorakh Das in 1658, but the actual date is believed to be earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/JanamsakhiTradition-AnAnalyticalStudy |title=Janamsakhi Tradition - An Analytical Study |pages=41 |language=English}}</ref>

It is generally believed this ''janamsakhi'' were written by [[Sects of Sikhism#Hindalis|Hindalis]] as in a number of stories Guru Nanak praises Baba Hindal. Some are of the belief that this is a contemporary work and was later edited by the Hindalis.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarna |first=Navtej |title=The Book of Nanak |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2016 |isbn=9788184750225 |edition=Digital |quote=It would be useful, before proceeding further, to take a brief look at the four traditions or cycles of ''janamsakhis''. Most Sikh children, certainly of the last generation, have heard sakhis or stories at their grandmother's knee, in which Guru Nanak has not one but two companions, Bala and Mardana. Bala's name attaches to the most popular and influential of the traditions–Bhai Bala ''janamsakhi''. The reason for the popularity of this set of ''janamsakhis'' is the claim, not taken seriously by most scholars, that it was dictated by Bhai Bala in the presence of the second Guru, Angad Dev and forms an eyewitness account of Guru Nanak's life and travels. It is now believed that the Bhai Bala ''janamsakhi'' was grossly interpolated by the heretical sect of Hindalis. The Puratan janamsakhi is the oldest, believed to be written about eighty years after the death of Guru Nanak. The first manuscript of the Puratan, known as the ''Vilayat-wali janamsakhi'', was discovered 'partly destroyed by white ants' in 1872, though it had been brought to London in 1815 by Henry Thomas Colebrooke, a Sanskrit scholar and member of the council of the East India Company in Calcutta. The second manuscript was discovered by Bhai Gurmukh Singh of Oriental College, Lahore in Hafizabad and handed over to M.A. Macauliffe. This came to be known as the ''Hafizabad-wali janamsakhi''. The two manuscripts were collated into a composite whole by the Sikh savant Bhai Vir Singh and published in 1926. A number of other manuscripts were found subsequently, including one dated 1640. The third ''janamsakhi'', discovered in 1940, is ascribed to Sodhi Meherban (1581-1640), grandson of the fourth Guru, Ram Das. His father Prithi Chand disputed the succession of Guru Arjan and fell away from the Sikh tradition. The shadow of these differences put into question the legitimacy of the Sodhi Meherban ''janamsakhi'', but the recent discovery of an authentic manuscript has again revived interest in this ''janamsakhi'' which is now known for its author's obvious learning and his developed prose form. The fourth collection is known as the Bhai Mani Singh ''janamsakhi''. The prologue of this collection indicates its origins. When Bhai Mani Singh, a prominent Sikh at the time of Guru Gobind Singh, was requested to retell the ''janamsakhi'' of Guru Nanak and thereby remove the interpolations of the heretics, in particular the Minas (associated with the Meherban ''janamsakhi''), he replied that he could not better Bhai Gurdas who had already written the ''janamsakhi'' in his first var. The Sikhs said they wanted an elaboration of the var and Bhai Mani Singh agreed to take up the job. The ''janamsakhi'', as it stands today, combines an independent selection of sakhis with borrowings from the Bala tradition. In the epilogue it is mentioned that after the completion of the ''janamsakhi'' it was presented to Guru Gobind Singh for his signature. However, scholars have questioned the actual authorship by Bhai Mani Singh, arguing that his name was used more for the purpose of providing status and authenticity.}}</ref> One of the people who subscribed to this belief was Santhok Singh the author of the famed [[Suraj Prakash|Suraj Granth]]. Santhok Singh wrote Nanak Parkash based on the Bala ''janamsakhi'' with the goal of removing parts he believed were edited and added by the Hindalis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/JanamsakhiTradition-AnAnalyticalStudy |title=Janamsakhi Tradition - An Analytical Study |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref>

Dr. Trilochan Singh counters some of the points raised against the Bala ''janamsakhi'' by stating that ''Mehma Parkash'' and Mani Singh's ''janamsakhi'' both mention Bhai Bala. Bala is further mentioned in ''Suchak Prasang Guru Ka'' by Bhai Behlo written during [[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan Dev's]] time. Bhai Behlo says, “Bala discarded his body there, At the holy city of [[Khadur Sahib|Khadaur]], Angad, the master, performed the rites, Graciously with his own two hands.” He also raises the point that Bhai Bala's family is still living in [[Nankana Sahib]] and that Bala's [[samadhi]] exists in [[Khadur Sahib|Khadaur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Trilochan |url=http://ignca.nic.in/Asi_data/48740.pdf |title=Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography |pages=492–494}}</ref> Singh claims the ''janamsakhi'' was written by Bhai Bala and is mostly authentic but was edited and changed by anti-Sikh sects.<ref name=":1" />

In the first journey or ''udasi'', Guru Nanak left [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]] towards [[East India|eastern India]] and included, in the following sequence: [[Hakim Pur, Doaba Region|Hakimpura]] →[[Lahore]] → [[Goindval|Gobindwal]] → [[Fatehabad, Punjab|Fatehbad]] → Ram Tirath → Jahman → [[Chahal, Kasur|Chahal]] → Ghavindi → [[Khalra]] → Kanganwal → Manak Deke → Alpa → [[Lahore District|Manga]] → [[Eminabad]] → [[Sialkot]] → [[Sahowala|Sahowal]] → [[Ugoke railway station|Ugoke]] → [[Pasrur]] → Deoka → Mitha Kotla → [[Changa Manga|Chhanga Manga]] → [[Chunian|Chuhnian]] → [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]] → [[Rohtak]] → [[Sirsa]] → [[Pehowa|Pehows]] → [[Thanesar]] → [[Kurukshetra|Kurushetra]] → [[Karnal]] → [[Panipat]] (Sheikh Sharaf) → [[Delhi]] (Sultan Ibrahim Lodi) → [[Haridwar|Hardwar]] → [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] → [[Varanasi|Banaras]] → [[Nanakmatta|Nanakmata]] → Kauru, [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] in [[Assam]] (Nur Shah) → [[Nagapattinam Port]] → [[Sri Lanka]] → [[Patna]] → [[Chittagong]] →[[Dibrugarh]] → [[Talwandi Sabo|Talvandi]] (twelve years after leaving Sultanpur) → [[Pakpattan|Pak Pattan]] (Sheikh Ibrahim) → [[Goindval]] → [[Lahore]] → [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]].

The second udasi was to the south of India with companion Bhai Mardana: Delhi → [[Ayodhya]] → [[Jagannath Puri]] → [[Rameswaram]] → [[Sri Lanka]] → [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya mountains]] → [[Narmada River|Narabad River]] → [[Ujjain]] → [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] → [[Mathura]]

The third udasi was to the north: [[Kashmir]] → [[Mount Meru|Mount Sumeru]] → [[Batala|Achal]]

The fourth udasi was to the west: [[Afghanistan]] → [[Iran|Persia]] → [[Baghdad]] → [[Mecca]]

==== Miharban ''janamsakhi'' ====
Of all the ''janamsakhi'' traditions this is probably the most neglected as it has acquired a disagreeable reputation. Sodhi Miharban who gives his name to the ''janamsakhi'' was closely associated with the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Mina]] sect and the Minas were very hostile towards the Gurus around the period of [[Guru Arjan Dev Ji|Guru Arjan]].<ref name=":3" /> The Minas were the followers of [[Prithi Chand]], the eldest son of Guru Ram Das. Prithi Chand's behaviour was evidently unsatisfactory as he was passed over in favour of his younger brother, (Guru) Arjan Dev, when his father chose a [[Guru Gaddi|successor]]. The Minas were a robber tribe and in Punjabi the word has come to mean someone who conceals his true evil intent. The Minas were subsequently execrated by [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji|Guru Gobind Singh]] and Sikhs were instructed to have no dealings with them. The sect is now extinct. It is said that it was due to this ''janamsakhi'' and its hostility towards the Gurus that prompted Bhai Gurdas' ''Varan'' account and the commission of the Gyan-ratanavali by Bhai Mani Singh.<ref name=":3" />

The ''Miharban'' exegesis reflected strong [[Khatri]] affiliation, as opposed to the rising [[Jat Sikh|Jatt]] influence in the community at the time, leading to McLeod's assertion that the collection dated to later than its given date of 1828 CE, possibly in the late 19th century.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182"/>

The first three [[sakhis]] recount the greatness of Raja Janak and describes an interview with God wherein Raja Janak is instructed that he is to return to the world once again to propagate His Name. Details of Guru Nanak's birth are given in the fourth sakhi and his father was Kalu, a Bedi and his mother [[Mata Tripta]]. The account of Guru Nanak learning to read from the pundit is also recounted here. After the interlude at Sultanpur Guru Nanak set out to [[Mount Sumeru]]. Climbing the mountain, the Guru found all nine [[Siddhas]] seated there – [[Gorakhnath]], [[Matsyendranatha|Mechhendranath]], Isarnath, Charapatnath, Barangnath, Ghoracholi, Balgundai, Bharathari, and Gopichand. Gorakhnath asked the identity of the visitor and his disciple replied, "This is Nanak Bedi, a [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] and a [[bhagat]] who is a householder." What follows is a lengthy discourse with the siddhas which ends with the siddhas asking what is happening in the evil age of [[Kali Yuga]]. The Guru responds with three slogans:

#There is a famine of truth, falsehood prevails, and in the darkness of kaliyug men have become ghouls
#The kaliyug is a knife, kings are butchers, [[dharma]] has taken wings and flown
#Men give as charity the money they have acquired by sinful means

Attempts to change birth places, birth and death dates, and the level of spiritual prominence of the orthodox Gurus by rival claimants of Sikh guruship have been considered to be a source of divergence from the normative tradition. Such attempts, such as modification of the historically highly regarded ''janamsakhis'' written by Paida Mokha detailing Nanak's travels, by rival family members of Guru Arjan, who would start the ''Mina'' sect and the ''Miharban'' collection, would eventually prompt authoritative written traditions in response.<ref name="Singh1994p272" /> The sectarian intent of the ''Miharban'' and ''Bala'' ''janamsakhis'' have been questioned by Sikh scholars, namely that in the case of the Hindalis, Hindal and Kabir are promoted at the expense of Nanak, who was depicted as having prophesied Hindal's arrival.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p182" />

==== Bhai Mani Singh's ''janamsakhi'' ====
[[File:Bhai Mani Singh's Janamsakhi.jpg|thumb|Folio of a manuscript of [[Bhai Mani Singh]]'s Janamsakhi]]
The last major, and evidently the latest, tradition of ''janamsakhi'' is the ''Gyan-Ratanavali'' (also known as ''Bhagat Ratnavali<ref name=":02" />'') attributed to [[Bhai Mani Singh]], who wrote it with the express intention of correcting heretical accounts of Guru Nanak when requested to do so by the Sikh congregation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=9789357046602 |edition=1st |pages=23 |quote=4. Bhagat/Gyan Ratnavali by Mani Singh: This work was written around the eighteenth century (between AD 1675 and 1708) by Bhai Mani Singh, a devotee of Guru Gobind and is only an exposition of Bhai Gurdas's first canto. It does not pretend to add to the information on Guru Nanak. Historic value of Bhagat Ratnavali is immense because it is based on the first Var of Bhai Gurdas and contains no imaginary events. Also, it records all episodes in chronological order and avoids errors of other ''janamsakhis''. Bhagat Ratnavali is significant, in the sense that in the list of Guru Nanak's companions and disciples, contained in this book there is no mention of Bala Sandhu.}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

There are some doubts about the authenticity and author of this ''janamsakhi''.<ref name=":3" /> Older manuscript of the Mani Singh ''janamsakhi'' have different dates for the death and birth of Guru Nanak compared to popular renditions. The language from this ''janamsakhi'' compared to Mani Singh's Sikhian di Bhagat Mal is noticeably different. No eighteenth century manuscript of this text exists. All of this has led some to doubt whether Mani Singh was the author and the reliability of this ''janamsakhi''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Trilochan |url=http://ignca.nic.in/Asi_data/48740.pdf |title=Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography |pages=495}}</ref>

The work is an expansion of the first ''[[Vaar]]'' of ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |title=Sikhism: Origin and Development |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1988 |pages=346}}</ref> It shows influence from the Bhai Bala tradition.<ref name=":3" /> This janamsakhi tradition makes no mention of [[Bhai Bala]] amongst the list of Guru Nanak's close companions and associates.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=9789357046602 |edition=1st |pages=23 |quote=4. Bhagat/Gyan Ratnavali by Mani Singh: This work was written around the eighteenth century (between AD 1675 and 1708) by Bhai Mani Singh, a devotee of Guru Gobind and is only an exposition of Bhai Gurdas's first canto. It does not pretend to add to the information on Guru Nanak. Historic value of Bhagat Ratnavali is immense because it is based on the first Var of Bhai Gurdas and contains no imaginary events. Also, it records all episodes in chronological order and avoids errors of other ''janamsakhis''. Bhagat Ratnavali is significant, in the sense that in the list of Guru Nanak's companions and disciples, contained in this book there is no mention of Bala Sandhu.}}</ref>

=== Minor traditions ===
Various other more minor and obscure ''janamsakhi'' traditions are known. One such tradition is that of the B40, which contains influences of both the Puratan and Miharvan traditions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur |date=2023-04-18 |title=Janamsakhis and Sikh Art |url=https://articulate.org.in/janamsakhis-and-sikh-art/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Articulate |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Women's oral Janamsakhis ====
Aside from literary Janamsakhis, there also exists a Janamsakhi tradition passed down orally by [[Women in Sikhism|Sikh women]] which provide more information about the lives of girls and women during the period of the first Sikh guru.<ref name=":8">Johal, R. K. (2001). ''Where are the women? : the representation of gender in the Bhai Bala janamsakhi tradition and the women's oral janamsakhi tradition'' (T). University of British Columbia. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090059</nowiki></ref> Particular emphasis and focus is placed on prominent Sikh female figures, their influences, and impact, such as [[Mata Tripta]], [[Bebe Nanaki]], and [[Mata Sulakhni]].<ref name=":8" /> Whilst all Janamsakhis originally began circulating as oral stories originally and only began to be written down later on, there existed a male-orientated and female-orientated oral tradition, with the male stories having later been recorded and delegated to writing, whilst the female stories remained as an oral tradition and were sidelined and neglected.<ref name=":8" /> Whilst this women's oral tradition is in decline and is being gradually replaced with the more dominant, male-centric literary traditions, there do exist elderly Sikh women in certain villages of Jalandhar district, specifically the villages of Mahala and Bara Pind, where tellers of the women's oral janamsakhis can still be found.<ref name=":8" /> Interestingly, these oral stories passed down by Sikh women focus more on the domestic and family life of Nanak, with women playing much more prominent roles than the literary traditions.<ref name=":8" /> Many important figures in the literary traditions, such as [[Rai Bular Bhatti|Rai Bhullar]] or Jai Ram (Nanaki's husband), barely make a mention in the women's oral janamsakhis.<ref name=":8" />

===Critical scholarship===
[[Max Arthur Macauliffe]], a British civil servant, published his six volume translation of Sikh scripture and religious history in 1909.<ref name="Hawley1993jsg" /> This set has been an early influential source of Sikh Gurus and their history for writers outside of India. Macauliffe, and popular writers such as Khushwant Singh who cite him, presented the Janamsakhi stories as factual, though Macauliffe also expressed his doubts on their historicity.<ref name="Hawley1993jsg" /><ref name="Mandair2013p88">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=85–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Jones | first=Kenneth W. | title=Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya Sikh Relations, 1877–1905 | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=32 | issue=3 | year=1973 | doi=10.2307/2052684 | pages=457–475| jstor=2052684 }}</ref> Khushwant Singh similarly expresses his doubts, but extensively relied on the Janamsakhis in his ''A History of the Sikhs''.<ref name="Singh1963p299">{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=A History of the Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=31–48 with the extensive citing of Janamsakhis in the footnotes, 299–301, other chapters}}</ref> Macauliffe interspersed his translation of the Sikh scripture between ''Janamsakhis''-derived mythical history of the Sikh Gurus.<ref>Donald Dawe (2011), [https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n17 Macauliffe, Max Arthur], Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume III, Harbans Singh (Editor), Punjabi University, Patiala; The translation of Guru Nanak's ''Janamsakhi'' and his hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib are in Macauliffe's [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45269/page/n39 Volume I], The Sikh Religion (1909)</ref><ref name="Hawley1993jsg">{{cite book |author=JS Grewal | editor1=John Stratton Hawley |editor2= Gurinder Singh Mann|title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTCFDfh7Qv4C&pg=PA164 |year=1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1425-5 |pages=164–165}}</ref> Post-colonial scholarship has questioned Macauliffe's reliance on ''janamsakhis'' as "uncritical" and "dubious", though one that pleased the Sikh community.<ref name="Hawley1993jsg" />

On the basis of [[W. H. McLeod]]'s critical methodology which included:
* dismissal of legendary, miraculous, or "unverifiable"<ref name="SinghHawley2012" />{{rp|90}} elements;
* corroboration with external sources and
* corroboration with the Adi Granth;
* differences between different ''janamsakhi'' traditions and
* their reliability relative to each other;
* proximity of mentioned family members to Guru Nanak; and
* proximity of Guru Nanak to the Punjab region, which were given a greater degree of confidence;<ref name="SinghHawley2012" />{{rp|100}}

McLeod placed each narrative into five categories: the established, the probable, the possible, the improbable, and the impossible.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p7">{{cite book|author=Tony Ballantyne|title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9PXaUmk-sAC|year=2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3824-6|pages=7–12}}</ref> Out of 124 ''sakhis'', he classified 37 as "probable" or "established," and 28 as "possible." Specifically looking for details "of importance"<ref name="SinghHawley2012" />{{rp|89}} of Guru Nanak's life, he filled out just under one typeset page, though most ''sakhis'' are themselves brief at three to four pages.<ref name="SinghHawley2012" />{{rp|101}} He considered the ''Miharban'' and earlier manuscripts of the ''Bala'' collections, belonging to the schismatic, now-extinct [[Mina (Sikhism)|Mina]] and Hindali sects respectively, to have particularly dubious origins.<ref name="SinghHawley2012"/>{{rp|103}}

His approach "proved to be highly controversial,"<ref name="Ballantyne2006p7" /><ref name="Singh1994p272">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Singh|title=Ernest Trumpp and W.H. McLeod as scholars of Sikh history religion and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/ErnestTrumppAndWHMcleodAsScholarsOfSikhHistoryReligionAndCulture/page/n297/mode/2up|year=1994|publisher=International Centre of Sikh Studies|pages=272–275}}</ref> as it "angered many Sikhs" who saw him as "removing the vibrant life and message of their Guru from these texts," using incompatible Christian heuristic methodologies comparable to the [[Higher Criticism]] of the Gospels,<ref name="SinghHawley2012" /> through which Trilochan Singh contends that he would have set out to prove that that Guru Nanak himself had never existed, though failing to do so.<ref name="Singh1994p272"/>

Throughout the early seventeenth and eighteenth century Janamsakhis, Nanak is consistently likened and considered tantamount to the Divine itself, though this has been downplayed among recent Sikh scholars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rowena |title=Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=158}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2024}}

== Janamsakhis of other Sikh gurus ==
Whilst the Janamsakhi literary genre arose to document the life of the first Sikh guru, Nanak, there also exists literature which was a later expansion of the Janamsakhi genre which details the lives of later gurus.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |date=2008 |title=Sources for the Study of Guru Gobind Singh's Life and Times |url=http://giss.org/pdf/GGS.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=277 |quote=109. The sectarian divisions within the growing Sikh community seemed to have resulted in the creation of their own versions of the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak. For the earliest manuscript of the version associated with the followers of Prithi Chand, see MS 2306, Khalsa College. Another version known as the Bala Janam Sakhi is associated with Baba Handal (d. 1648), a Sikh leader who left the community and created his own group. An illustrated manuscript of this text was prepared in 1658 and was extant in Faridabad until recently. The Janam Sakhi genre also expanded to include stories about Guru Nanak's successors. For the text of the stories in Pothi Bibi Rup Kaur, see Piara Singh Padam, Prachin Punjabi Gadd, 66-86. An independent tradition evolved around Guru Amardas, with the earliest manuscript being dated 1683 (MS 676, Central Public Library, Patiala). For its published edition, see Raijasbir Singh, Guru Amardas Srot Pustak (Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 1986), 43-207. We also see the emergence of a narrative around Guru Arjan (undated, Prichha Mahala Panjve Ka. MS 2219A, Khalsa College, ff. 1-25). |via=Global Institute for Sikh Studies}}</ref> There exists a Janamsakhi tradition which covers the life of [[Guru Amar Das]], the third Sikh guru.<ref name=":32" /> The earliest surviving manuscript of Amar Das' Janamsakhi tradition dates to 1683.<ref name=":32" /> There also exists a Janamsakhi tradition covering the life of [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Sikh guru.<ref name=":32" /> The fifth guru's Janamsakhi tradition is recorded in an undated manuscript under the title of ''Prichha Mahala Panjve Ka''.<ref name=":32" /> For [[Guru Har Rai]], a manuscript covering his life was apparently written by Rup Kaur, it is known as ''Pothi Bibi Rup Kaur''.<ref name=":32" />

== ''Janamsakhi'' art ==
{{Further|Sikh art}}
[[File:18th century preliminary Janamsakhi sketch.png|thumb|18th century preliminary ''janamsakhi'' sketches]]
The ''janamsakhi'' literature produced was often elaborately illustrated with paintings on the folios of the handwritten manuscripts, each depicting a life story of the first Guru.<ref name=":6">Atsushi Ikeda (2020) Early Sikh imagery in Janam-sakhi painting: A comparison of the B-40, the Guler and the Unbound set, Sikh Formations, 16:3, 244-268, {{doi|10.1080/17448727.2019.1702836}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> It is one of the earliest sources of Sikh art.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

The earliest illustrated manuscripts are as follows:<ref name=":6" />

* A manuscript of the Bhai Bala tradition held in the private collection of P. N. Kapoor of Delhi, containing 29 illustrations, dated to 1658<ref name=":6" />
* A manuscript called the Bagharian manuscript, containing 42 illustrations, dated to 1724<ref name=":6" />
* A manuscript called the B40 manuscript, containing 57 illustrations, dated to 1733.<ref name=":6" /> The patron, artist, and scribe of this work is known.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

The art of illustrated Janamsakhi manuscripts declined following the introduction of the printing press in Punjab during the 1870s.<ref name=":6" />

==Gallery==
=== 1658 Janamsakhi ===
Images of manuscript paintings from the oldest extant or discovered illustrated Janamsakhi manuscript, which belongs to the Bhai Bala tradition, dated to 1658:<ref name=":5" />
<gallery>
File:Janamsakhi painting of the story of Guru Nanak being shaded by the cobra from a manuscript dated to 1658.jpg|Guru Nanak being shaded by the cobra
File:Janamsakhi painting of the story of Guru Nanak placing his feet toward the Kaaba in Mecca from a manuscript dated to 1658.jpg|Guru Nanak placing his feet toward the Kaaba in Mecca
</gallery>

=== B40 Janamsakhi ===
Images of manuscript paintings from the third oldest illustrated Janamsakhi manuscript known (Bhai Sangu Mal MS, published in August 1733 CE, preserved at the [[British Library]]):<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/origins-and-development-of-sikh-faith-the-gurus Janam-sākhī], British Library MS Panj B 40</ref><ref name=":5" />
<gallery>
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 1, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 2, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 3, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 4, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 5, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
File:1733 CE Janamsakhi British Library MS Panj B 40, Guru Nanak hagiography 6, Bhai Sangu Mal.jpg
</gallery>

=== 19th century Janamsakhi ===
Janamsakhi manuscript paintings from the 19th century:<gallery>
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak inside a Mecca mosque with feet facing the kaaba.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak joins school.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak converses with Muslim clerics, Kapany collection.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak and the fish.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Firanda rabab maker.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Kauda the cannibal.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Natha Siddhas, Kapany collection.jpg
File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Sudhar Sain, Jhanda Badhi and Indar Sain.jpg
19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets the Vishnu devotee Praladh.jpg
19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak inside a Mecca mosque with feet facing the kaaba.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* ''[[Gurbilases]]''
* [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], a historical gurdwara in Amritsar that contains fresco paintings depicting the events of Guru Nanak's life as relayed in the ''Janamsakhi'' literature
* [[Bhat Vahis]]
* [[Sakhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book | author=Macauliffe, M.A | title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus Sacred Writings and Authors| publisher=Low Price Publications | year=1909 | isbn=81-7536-132-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Singh, Khushwant | title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839 Vol.1 (2nd ed.)| publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1963| isbn=0-19-567308-5}}

==External links==
*[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/sri-guru-babey-ji-di-chahun-jugi-janam.html Sri Guru Babey ji di Chahun Jugi Janam Sakhi - An Autobiography of Eternal-Nanak - New Light on Eternally-old ATMAN]
*[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/janam-sakhi-or-biography-of-guru-nanak.html Janam Sakhi or The Biography of Guru Nanak, Founder of The Sikh Religion]
*[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/janamsakhian-daa-vikas-tey-itihasik.html Janamsakhian Daa Vikas tey Itihasik Vishesta - Dr. Kirpal Singh Tract No. 434]
*[http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=45&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched=%22janam+sakhi%22 Janamsakhi manuscript]
*[http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=1901&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched=%22Gyan+ratnavali%22 Gyan Ratnavali]

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh literature]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]

Rurkee

2026-01-14T05:05:52Z

Jamesharrey: quick add details to improve readability

{{short description|Indian village in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}{{coord|31.15|75.71|region:Punjab_type:Village|display=title}}
{{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}}}
'''Rurkee''' or '''Rurki''' (ਰੁੜਕੀ) is a village in [[Jalandhar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The village has two sides, Dhad Rurkee and Khaire di Patti. Villages neighbouring Rurkee include [[Rurka Kalan]], [[Ghurka, Punjab|Ghurka]], Randhawa, and [[Pasla]]. Cities near Rurkee are [[Goraya]], [[Phagwara]], [[Nurmahal]], and [[Phillaur]].

== Infrastructure ==
Rurkee has a water tank that supplies water to Rurkee and a variety of other villages within the region. Rurkee also has its own bus stop. There are banks and factories in this village.

== Religion ==
The predominant religion in Rurkee is [[Sikhism]], with a minority of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] residents. Despite their smaller numbers, the Hindu community organizes annual [[Jagarana|Jagarans]], or Jagraatas, at the two local mandirs. Additionally, the village hosts numerous [[Nagar kirtan|Nagar Kirtans]] throughout the year.

== People ==
Although there are many other surnames in the village, most of the residents are jatts of the Kooner and the Sagoo clans, and some people of the Reehal clan also live in Rurkee. Rurkee has contributed many players to the game of [[Kabaddi]], such as, Jeeti Kooner (U.K), Sohan Kooner and Goggo Kooner. Rurkee is the home of the [[Bhagat Singh|Shaheed Bhagat Singh]] Sports Club, which has held a series of large sports tournaments each year for more than a decade. Many Kharku Singh's have came from this village, such as Shaheed Bhupinder Singh Kooner allais Bhinda and Shaheed Bhai Mohinder Singh Kooner. An agriculturist, [[Gurdev Khush]], is also from Rurkee. Rurkee is the ancestral village of [[Mandhir Kooner]], an English international [[freestyle wrestler]] who won bronze in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}
{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Abhimanyu

2026-01-08T16:37:38Z

Jamesharrey: expanded layout and corrected details

{{Short description|Son of Arjuna in the Hindu literature Mahabharata}}
{{About|the character of the ''Mahabharata''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Abhimanyu_-_Pratap_Mullick.jpg
| info-hdr = Information
| alt = Abhimanyū
| caption = Abhimanyu fighting with a chariot wheel after his weapons were shattered by enemy troops, illustration by [[Pratap Mullick]], c. 1970
| weapon = [[Bow and arrows]], [[sword]]
| spouse = [[Uttarā]]
| family = {{bulleted list|[[Arjuna]] (Father)|[[Subhadra]] (Mother)}}
| relatives = '''Paternal uncles''' {{hlist|[[Karna]]|[[Yudhishthira]]|[[Bhima]]|[[Nakula]]|[[Sahadeva]]}} '''Maternal uncles''' {{hlist|[[Krishna]]|[[Balarama]]}} '''Half-brothers''' {{hlist|[[Shrutakarma]]|[[Iravan]]|[[Babruvahana]]}}
| children = [[Parikshit]]
| affiliation = [[Kshatriya]]
}}
'''Abhimanyu''' ({{Langx|sa|अभिमन्यु }}, {{IAST3|Abhimanyu}}) is a character in the ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahābhārata]]''. He was a young and valiant warrior of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] lineage, born to [[Arjuna]]—the third [[Pandava]] brother—and [[Subhadra]]—a [[Vrishni]] princess. He was also one of the few individuals, along with his father, who knew the technique to enter the [[Chakravyuha]], a powerful military formation. Abhimanyu was raised by his maternal family in [[Dvārakā]] because the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] had been exiled for thirteen years by their cousins, the [[Kauravas]]. After his father's return, his marriage was arranged with [[Uttarā]], the princess of the [[Matsya Kingdom]].

Abhimanyu played a significant role on the Pandava side during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. The Kaurava soldiers banded together on the thirteenth day of the battle to build the Chakravyuha in an effort to defeat the Pandavas. With Arjuna diverted to another part of the battlefield, Abhimanyu was the only one who was able to burst through the formation and take on the Kaurava soldiers. At that point, seven ''maharathis'' (powerful warriors) launched simultaneous attacks on him while violating several [[Kshatriya dharma|''kshatriya'' codes]], and he was killed at the age of sixteen.

Abhimanyu's posthumous son [[Parikshit]] saved the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] lineage from extinction, and became a well known monarch celebrated both in the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.

==Etymology and epithets==
''Abhimanyu'' is a [[Sanskrit]] name that translates to "one who is with self-respect". It can alternatively be rendered as "heroic" or "fiery".<ref name = "name"/> In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a number of epithets are used to describe Abhimanyu.<ref name = "VM"/> The following is a list of some of them.
* ''Ārjuni'' - 'son of [[Arjuna]]'.<ref name="name">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Maneka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Abhimanyu+ |title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names |date=1993 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012841-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Arjunātmaja'' - 'son of Arjuna'.<ref name = "name"/>
* ''Arjunāpara'' - 'he who is equal to Arjuna'.<ref name = "VM" />
* ''Phālguni'' - 'son of Phalguna (Arjuna)'.<ref name = "VM" />
* ''Śakrātmajatmāja'' - 'son of [[Indra]]'s son (Arjuna)'.<ref name = "name" />
* ''Saubhadra'' - 'son of [[Subhadra]]'.<ref name = "name"/>
* ''Janmavira'' - 'one who is brave from birth'.<ref name = "name" />

==Literary background==
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] epic from the [[Indian subcontinent]], tells the tale of Abhimanyu. He is related to the epic's hero [[Arjuna]], who was his father, and [[Krishna]], his maternal uncle who is also a key figure in the ''Mahabharata''. The text, which has undergone numerous modifications, edits, and interpolations over many years, is written in classical Sanskrit. The oldest passages in the text that has survived date back to perhaps around 400 BCE.<ref name = "epic">{{cite book|last=Brockington |first=J. L. |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref> Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5}}</ref>

The fight between the five [[Pandavas]], and the one hundred [[Kauravas]] is at the heart of the narrative of the ''Mahabharata''. The epic's main focus is on their great conflict, known as the [[Kurukshetra War]]. The majority of the text describes the various battles between the warriors of two sides during the war.<ref name = "epic" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=Abhimanyu&pg=PT105|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|date=2007-11-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8|language=en}}</ref> The ''Mahabharata'' is divided into eighteen ''parva'' or 'books'. Like many other major characters, Abhimanyu is also introduced in the ''[[Adi Parva]]—''the first of the 18 parvas.<ref name="MH67">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXVII |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01068.htm |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> The [[Drona Parva|seventh book]]'s ''Abhimanyu-badha Parva'' focuses on Abhimanyu, who is lauded throughout, and has a thorough account of how he died.<ref name = "VM" />

==Legends==
===Previous life===
The ''Sambhava Parva'' of the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' narrates the reason behind Abhimanyu's birth and his early demise. It was once proposed at a meeting of the gods that Varchas, the son of the lunar god [[Chandra|Soma]], take on the earthly form of Abhimanyu and aid in the annihilation of evil men. Soma, who was unwilling to give up his son, accepted to their proposal only on the condition that Varchas would come back to him once he (as Abhimanyu) became sixteen.<ref name = "VM" /><ref name = "MH67" />
===Birth and early life===
Abhimanyu was born to [[Arjuna]]—the third of the [[Pandava]] brothers—and his wife [[Subhadra]], who belonged to the [[Yadava]] clan. Arjuna first instructed him in military education before the Pandavas were coerced into giving up their kingdom and banished for thirteen years by their cousin [[Duryodhana]]. During this time, Subhadra remained in the kingdom of [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], the home of her brother, and raised Abhimanyu there with the help of her family. Abhimanyu received military instruction from his uncles [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]] as well as his maternal cousin [[Pradyumna]]. When the Pandavas returned from exile, Duryodhana refused to give them their kingdom back, which ultimately sparked the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref name="VM">{{Cite book |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature}}</ref>

Arjuna taught Abhimanyu the strategy for breaking into [[chakravyuh]]a, a formidable military structure that resembled a [[labyrinth]] of several defensive walls. Abhimanyu was one of the four warriors who knew this skill, according to [[Yudhishthira]].<ref name = "Drona" /> A later folklore adds that Abhimanyu learned this information from Arjuna while still inside his mother's womb. However, he was unable to hear how to exit the chakravyuha, and this incomplete knowledge later contributed to his demise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-29|title=Abhimanyu and the Battle of Kurukshetra|url=https://www.utahkrishnas.org/abhimanyu-and-the-battle-of-kurukshetra/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Radha Krishna Temple in Utah|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Marriage===
[[File:Uttara Abhimanyu.jpg|thumb|Abhimanyu consoling Uttarā before leaving for the Kurukshetra War, 20th-century print]]
Abhimanyu's marriage is narrated in the ''[[Virata Parva]]'', the fourth book of the epic. The Pandavas had to live secretly and avoid being discovered during the final year of their exile. The Pandavas stayed in the kingdom of [[Matsya]] in disguise and served its ruler [[Virata]]. The king's daughter, [[Uttarā]], was taught dancing and music by Arjuna, who pretended to be a eunuch named Brihannala. When their year of disguise came to an end and the Pandavas' true identities were revealed, Virata asked Arjuna to marry Uttarā. However, Arjuna declined because he had served as her teacher during that time. Instead, he put forward the idea of Uttara and Abhimanyu being married. The marriage ceremony was held in the city of [[Upaplavya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04072.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LXXII }}</ref><ref name = "VM" /> Abhimanyu had gotten his wife pregnant before his death, and she later gave birth to a son, [[Parikshit]]. Following the Pandavas' victory in the Kurukshetra War, Parikshit becomes the heir-apparent of Yudhishthira and later takes Yudhisthira's place as ruler of [[Hastinapura]].<ref name = "VM" />

===The Kurukshetra War===
Abhimanyu sided with the Pandavas in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Even though he was a young man, he exhibited amazing bravery in the conflict. In the fifth book of the epic, ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'', Abhimanyu was categorised as a ''Atirathi'' ('leader of leaders of car-divisions') by [[Bhishma]], the Kuru gransire who oversaw the Kaurava side during the first eleven days of the conflict.<ref name = "VM" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Uluka Dutagamana Parva: Section CLXXI |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05171.htm |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

The ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' contains a thorough account of the battles fought during the first eleven days of the war, when Bhishma served as the Kaurava side's commander. Abhimanyu first engaged in combat with [[Brihadbala|Brihatbala]], the king of [[Kosala]], on the first day. Later, during a terrible battle with Bhishma, Abhimanyu broke Bhishma's flagstaff. He engaged in combat alongside [[Lakshmana Kumara|Lakshmana]], son of Duryodhana, on the second day. He then occupied a position in the semi-circular phalanx Arjuna had built, known as the Ardha Chandra Vyuha. He also fought the Gandharas ferociously and when he invaded [[Shalya]], the Magadha king [[Jayatsena]] and his elephant were slaughtered. After assisting Bhima in battle, Abhimanyu went on to defeat Lakshmana once more. Additionally, [[Vikarna]], Chitrasena, and other Kaurava brothers were vanquished by Abhimanyu. Later, he assumed his place in the Shringataka Vyuha built by [[Dhrishtadyumna]], the commander of the Pandava side. Abhimanyu also defeated [[Ambashtha]] and [[Alambusha]]. He then engaged in combat with Sudishna, Duryodhana, and Brihatbala.<ref name = "VM" />

===Death===
[[File:The Pandava brothers' nephew Abhimanyu battles the Kaurava brother Duhshasana, from a manuscript of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Abhimanyu (center, in golden armour) battles the Kaurava warrior [[Dushasana]] inside the [[chakravyuh]]a, painting from a manuscript of the ''Mahabharata'', c 1803|left]]
Abhimanyu's death is described in detail in the ''Abhimanyu-vadha Parva'' of the ''[[Drona Parva]]'', the eighth book of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Abhimanyu-badha Parva: Section XXXI |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07031.htm |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
After Bhishma was defeated on the eleventh day, [[Drona]]—who had formerly been both the Pandavas' and the Kauravas' teacher—was named the new leader of the Kaurava side. After a lacklustre performance on the twelfth day, Duryodhana reprimanded him and reminded him of his vow to vanquish the Pandavas. Drona made the decision to start the [[chakravyuh]]a after feeling embarrassed. As Arjuna was skilled in chakravyuha defence, he requested Duryodhana to divert Arjuna. On the thirteenth day, Arjuna was detoured to the south by [[Samsaptakas]]. The army of Kauravas, led by [[Drona|Dronacharya]], then arranged themselves in the array of Chakravyuha. The ''maharathis'' such as Drona, [[Karna]], [[Shalya]], [[Kripa]], [[Ashvatthama]], Duryodhana, [[Jayadratha]], [[Dushasana|Duhshasana]] and [[Bhurishravas|Bhurishrava]] formed the wheel formation, guarded by millions of soldiers. The Pandava forces advanced to engage in combat, but all were forced back by Drona's lethal arrows. As one of the few people who was capable of entering the chakravyuha, Abhimanyu was given the task by Yudhisthira. Abhimanyu reminded Yudhishthira that he didn't know the escape from the formation, but Yudhishthira persuaded him that their warriors were following him to help in case of fatal danger.<ref name = "Drona">{{Cite web |last=Ganguli |first=Kisari Mohan |date=2015-01-10 |title=The Thirteenth Day at Kurukshetra; The Death of Abhimanyu [Chapter 3] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118444.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Abhimanyu then commanded his charioteer, Sumitra, to head for Drona, while Pandavas trailed behind him. The Kaurava soldiers attacked Abhimanyu, but he cut through their formidable defence and tore it apart. Then formidable Kaurava warriors challenged him. In separate battles, Abhimanyu defeated Duryodhana, Dushashana, Drona, Ashvathama, Karna, Shakuni. He also slew numerous enemy warriors, including the son of King [[Asmaka]], the brothers of Shalya, Rukmaratha, [[Lakshmana Kumara|Lakshmana]], Vrindaka, [[Brihadbala|Brihatbala]], Asvaketu, and the Bhoja prince Martikavata. Duryodhana, outraged at his son's murder, instructed Drona to alter the original plan to assassinate Abhimanyu. The Pandavas forces were stopped by Jayadratha, who ultimately vanquished all four of them, leaving Abhimanyu all by himself. [[Shakuni]], Duryodhana's infamous uncle, devised a strategy to attack him simultaneously that violated the rules of war. Abhimanyu was immediately assailed by the six ''maharathis''—[[Duryodhan]], [[Dushasan]], [[Dronacharya]], [[Kripacharya]], [[Karna]] and [[Shakuni]]. They demolished his chariot, killed the horses of his chariot, broke his weapons, and shot him with numerous arrows. He continued to fight using a chariot wheel even though he was exhausted and hopeless at this point, killing numerous [[Gandhara]] soldiers. A blow to the head from Dushashana's son ultimately caused him to succumb to his wounds and he died as a hero.<ref name = "Drona" /><ref name = "VM" />

==In derivative works==
===Sasirekha Parinayam===
{{Main articles|Sasirekha Parinayam}}
While the ''Mahabharata'' mentions Uttarā as Abhimanyu's only wife, the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] folktale ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' adds the story of Abhimanyu marrying Sashirekha (also known as Vatsala), the daughter of his uncle [[Balarama]], before marrying Uttarā. According to the story, Abhimanyu fell in love with Sasirekha while staying in Dvaraka, but Revathi wanted her to marry [[Lakshmana Kumara|Lakshmana]], Duryodhana's son. [[Ghatotkacha]], Bhima's son who wanted to help his cousin, disguised himself as Sashirekha and broke Lakshmana's arm. As a result of the incident, Lakshmana ended his marriage to Sashirekha. The real Sashirekha and Abhimanyu were married in the forest at the time. No such has been attested in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.epicindia.com/magazine/Culture/a-study-in-folk-mahabharata-how-balarama-became-abhimanyus-father-in-law | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217055941/http://www.epicindia.com/magazine/Culture/a-study-in-folk-mahabharata-how-balarama-became-abhimanyus-father-in-law | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 February 2012 | author=Indrajit Bandyopadhyay | title=A Study In Folk "Mahabharata": How Balarama Became Abhimanyu's Father-in-law | date=29 October 2008 | periodical=Epic India: A New Arts & Culture Magazine}}</ref><ref name="jaya">{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mY9WkvuZvcMC&q=jaya+an+illustrated+retelling+of+the+mahabharata |title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata |date=2010-08-16 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-169-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Wayang===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangpop van karbouwenhuid voorstellende Abimanyu TMnr 809-163i.jpg|thumb|Abimanyu [[wayang]] (puppetry) figures in [[Indonesian culture]]]]

In [[Indonesia]], in [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[wayang]] culture, Abhimanyu ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Abimanyu'') is an important figure. His figure in [[Indonesian culture|Indonesian]] - [[Javanese culture]], has developed and is different from the version in India.

In the wayang, Abimanyu is told as a character who is gentle, well-behaved, honest, firm-hearted, responsible, and brave. He is also known as Angkawijaya, Jaya Murcita, Jaka Pengalasan, Partasuta, Kirityatmaja, Sumbadraatmaja, Wanudara and Wirabatana. In this version of story, he has 13 other siblings, possesses two divine revelations — ''Hidayat'', which can make him understand everything, and ''Makutha Raja'', gained because of his solemn asceticism. He is taught military by his father (Arjuna) directly, while he got mysticism from his grandfather, Bagawan Abiyasa. Abimanyu lived in the Palangkawati knighthood after defeating Prabu Jayamurcita. His wives are Dewi Siti Sundari, daughter of Prabu Kresna, king of the Dwarawati state with Dewi Pratiwi. The story of Abimanyu's marriage to Siti Sundari was performed in a leather puppet show with the title Alap-Alapan Siti Sundari or Jaya Murcita Ngraman. Dewi Utari, daughter of King Matsyapati and Dewi Ni Yutisnawati, from the country of Wirata, and the son of Parikesit. The story of Abimanyu's marriage to Utari was performed in a wayang kulit stage with the title Putu Rabi Nini or Kalabendana Gugur.

[[File:Laksmana Kumara shoots arrows at Abimanyu, and Burisrawa aims at him with a discus. Mredah fights Sangut, Or. 3390 178.tiff|thumb|Laksmana Kumara shoots arrows at Abimanyu]]
[[File:The Death of Abhimanyu.jpg|thumb|The Death of Abimanyu, a painting at the Neka Art Museum in [[Ubud]], [[Bali]]]]
Abimanyu died in Baratayuda, the battle between the Kauravas against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra field. At that time, only three knights from the Pandavas were on the battlefield and mastered the war strategy, namely Bhima, Arjuna, and Abimanyu. Ghatotkacha left because Karna stretched out Kunta Wijayadanu's weapon. Other knights lured Bima and Arjuna from the Kauravas to get out of the battlefield, so Abimanyu was the only one that the Pandavas relied on at that time.

After all his brothers died, Abimanyu forgot to set up the battle formation. He advanced alone into the middle of the Kauravas line and was trapped in the deadly formation his enemy had set up. The Kauravas rained weapons on Abimanyu's body until Abimanyu fell and fell from his horse—in the wayang, the wounds of charcoal from the basket are depicted (a lot of them). Abimanyu looks like a hedgehog because of the various weapons stuck in his body. According to the story, the incident was a risk of taking an oath when proposing to Dewi Utari. Abimanyu once swore that he was still single and stated that if he took a perjury oath, he was ready to die being beaten and impaled by various weapons of his enemies. Abimanyu took a perjury oath because, at that time, he had already married Dewi Siti Sundari.

With various weapons stuck all over his body, Abimanyu could no longer walk. However, Abimanyu did not give up. He even managed to kill the future crown prince of Astina, namely Lesmana Mandrakumara, son of Prabu Duryodana, by throwing the Pulanggeni kris after penetrating the bodies of four other soldiers. At that time, the Kauravas knew that killing Abimanyu required cutting off the langsang in his chest. In the end, Abimanyu was killed by the mace of Kyai Glinggang or Galih Asem belonging to Jayadrata, a knight from Banakeling.<ref>{{citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mGrVCgAAQBAJ&q=abimanyu+budaya+tokoh|author= Sri Guritno, Purnomo, Soimun HP|title= Karakter Tokoh Pewayangan Mahabrata Seri v| date= 2002}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GqhdDwAAQBAJ&q=abimanyu+budaya+tokoh| author= Agus Kurniawan | title= Mengenal Tokoh Wayang: Belajar Mengenal Tokoh Wayang Kulit "Seri A"}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5q8DEAAAQBAJ&q=abimanyu+budaya+tokoh&pg=PT174 |title= Tokoh Wayang Inspiratif| date=|last1= Amrih|first1= Pitoyo}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 1974, a base named INS Abhimanyu was established symbolizing the character of Abhimanyu. On 1 May 1980, the Premier Chariot Base in [[Mumbai]] was commissioned as the permanent base for the unit. The Indian Maritime Special Forces (IMSF) is based with INS Abhimanyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/indian-elite-special-forces/indian-navy-marine-commandos-marcos/|title=Indian Navy Marine Commandos (MARCOS)|date=10 February 2017|website=Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute|language=en-GB|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-abhimanyu|title=INS Abhimanyu {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

In media adaptations, Abhimanyu has been portrayed by actors such as [[Ashok Kumar]] in ''[[Uttara Abhimanyu|Uttara Abhimanyu (1946 film)]]'', S. M. Kumaresan in Tamil ''[[Abhimanyu (1948 film)]]'', [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]] in the Telugu and Tamil film version of the film ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=Revisiting Mayabazar: How the opening scene sets the tone for this classic about two princes and a mischievous God|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/revisiting-mayabazar-how-the-opening-scene-sets-the-tone-for-this-classic-about-two-princes-and-a-mischievous-god-9180341.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in the Telugu Film [[Daana Veera Soora Karna]] (1977), Mayur Verma in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)]]'', Anuj Sharma in ''[[Krishna (TV series)]]'', [[Paras Arora]] in [[StarPlus|Star plus]]'s ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=varma |first=lipika |date=2014-05-06 |title=Abhimanyu in Mahabharat will be loved: Paras Arora |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140506/entertainment-tvmusic/article/abhimanyu-mahabharat-will-be-loved-paras-arora |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> [[Meghan Jadhav]] in [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]'s series ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]a'', and [[Nikhil Kumar (actor)|Nikhil Kumar]] in Kannada movie ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra (2019)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurukshetra will be epic, says Nikhil Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/20/kurukshetra-will-be-epic-says-nikhil-kumar-1678847.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]

Nileshwaram

2025-12-27T04:52:43Z

Jamesharrey: Structure improved and content revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nileshwaram
| official_name = Nileshwar / nileshwaram
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = Nileshwar palace building -May 2023 2.jpg
| image_caption = Nileshwar palace
| nickname = Nileshwar(cultural capital of Kasargod District)
| settlement_type = [[Town]] / [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.26|N|75.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<ref name="Info" />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod District|Kasaragod]]<ref name="Info" />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hosdurg]]<ref name="Info" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Nileshwar municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = P.P. Muhammad Rafi ([[CPIM]])
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairperson
| leader_name1 = P.M. Sandhya ([[CPIM]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 26.23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 39,752
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881033/20 |title=Profile - Nileshwar Municipality |website=kudumbashree.org}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]
| leader_name2 = [[M. Rajagopalan]] ([[CPIM]])
| leader_title2 = [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|MLA]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671314<ref name="Info" />
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0467
| registration_plate = KL-60
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nileshwaram''' or '''Nileshwar''' or '''Neeleeswaram''' is a [[Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala|municipality]] and a major town in [[Kasaragod District]], state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Info">{{cite web | url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/KASARGOD/N/NILESHWAR | title=Nileshwar| website=pincode.net | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Kavya>{{cite news | url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/kerala-assembly-elections-2016/off-beat/kavya-madhavan-voting-right-kerala-polls.html | title=Who is Kavya Madhavan campaigning for? | date=7 April 2016 | website=Manoramaonline| access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> It is one of the three [[List of cities and towns in Kasaragod district|municipalities]] in Kasaragod district; the others are [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]] and [[Kanhangad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kasargod.nic.in/administration/pangrama.htm | title=There are 38 Grama Panchayats in Kasaragod District | website=kasaragod.nic.in | access-date=24 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142922/http://kasargod.nic.in/administration/pangrama.htm | archive-date=6 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nileshwaram is located on the estuary of [[Kavvayi Backwaters]] and [[Neeleshwaram River]] (also known as '''Thejaswini''' River). Nileshwaram is referred to as the cultural capital of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], the northernmost district of Kerala.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> "The first Chief Minister of Kerala and communist leader [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]],[[Kamaran Nair]] had contested elections to the Assembly from the Neeleswaram segment."<ref name="Neeleswaram fete" />

==History==

Neeleswaram, or Nileswaram, is the abbreviated form of Neelakanteshweram. The [[Kolathunadu|Kolathiri]] Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities in the late medieval period, i.e., [[Kadathanadu]] ([[Vadakara]]), [[Dharmadom|Randathara]] or Poyanad ([[Dharmadom]]), [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]] ([[Thalassery]]), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu ([[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]), [[Kurumbranad]] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> Many portions of the present-day [[Hosdurg taluk]] (Kanhangad) and [[Vellarikundu]] were parts of the Nileshwaram dynasty, who were relatives to both [[Kolathunadu]] as well as [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete"/> Nileshwaram was historically the seat of the Neeleswaram Rajahs, who belonged to the clans of the [[Kolathiri]] and [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins]]. The Nileshwar Rajahs and the Bednore Nayaks battled in this area.

The grand finale of the annual temple festival season takes place in this area, which is known for its "[[kavu]]s", or sacred groves. The most famous of the sacred groves is the Mannampurathu Kavu. The town is also known for [[Theyyam]], the ritualistic art forms. Also Nileshwar is the first town in Kerala famous for cultivating 'Chengthengu' (red dwarf coconut).

In 1918, the Rajah's High School was established, it was one of the first north Kerala schools of its kind. The school retains a letter written to the students by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on his way in 1928 to [[Mangalore]]. It was part of a broad appeal for people to rally behind the [[Khilafat Movement|national movement]].

in 2024, 150 people were injured by fireworks at Theru Anjootambalam Veererkavu temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/explosion-at-fireworks-storage-unit-in-kasargods-anjoottambalam-veerarkavu-kaliyattam-festival-154-injured/|title=Explosion at fireworks storage unit in Kasargod’s Anjoottambalam Veerarkavu Kaliyattam Festival, 154 injured|publisher=The South First}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Local Self Governance in Kasaragod District.svg|300px|thumbnail|Local bodies in Kasaragod district]]
Nileshwar municipal town is administered by the Nileshwar Municipality, headed by a chairperson and vice chairperson.<ref>https://nileshwarmunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en</ref>

Nileshwar surrounding Panchayats are administered by Nileshwar [[Block Panchayat]]. Nileshwaram is politically a part of [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency]] under Kasaragod Loksabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>
===Municipal Wards===
Nileshwar Municipality is composed of following 32 wards:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nileshwar.lsgkerala.gov.in/council |title=Council - Nileshwar Municipality |website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="80px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="80px" |Name
|-
| 1
| Padinhatam kozhuval west
| 2
| Padinhatam kozhuval east
|-
| 3
| Kizhakkan kozhuval
| 4
| Palakkat
|-
| 5
| Chirappuram
| 6
| Pattena
|-
| 7
| Suvarnavally
| 8
| Palathadam
|-
| 9
| Palayi
| 10
| Vallikkunnu
|-
| 11
| Chathamathu
| 12
| Poovalamkai
|-
| 13
| Kunhippulikkal
| 14
| Karyamkode
|-
| 15
| Perole
| 16
| Thattachery
|-
| 17
| Pallikkara I
| 18
| Pallikkara II
|-
| 19
| Karuvachery
| 20
| Koyamburam
|-
| 21
| Anachal
| 22
| Kottappuram
|-
| 23
| Kadinhimoola
| 24
| Purathekai
|-
| 25
| Thaikadappuram south
| 26
| Thaikadappuram centre
|-
| 27
| Thaikadappuram north
| 28
| Thaikadappuram sea road
|-
| 29
| Thaikadappuram store
| 30
| Kotrachal
|-
| 31
| Kanichira
| 32
| Nileshwaram Town
|}

==Religion==
Most of the people are [[Hindu]]s, followed by [[Christians]] and [[Islam|Muslims]]. To a lesser extent, there are [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nileshwar.com/inside/people.html | title=People of Nileshwar | website=Nileshwar.com | access-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> The name Nileshwaram is derived from the name of a temple Thaliyil Siva Temple (Neelakanteshwaran), and the culture of the town is based in large part by its temples, like Thaliyil Siva Temple, Mannam Purath Kaavu, Shri Gopalakrishna Temple and Vaikunda Temple.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nileshwar.com/inside/temple.htmll | title=Temple | website=Nileshwar.com | access-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Transportation ==
{{wide image|File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-walking bridge.jpg|400px|Kottappuram Footbridge, [[Nileshwar]]}}
Nileshwar Town is between [[Kochi]] and [[Panvel]] on the National Highway 66 ( previously NH-17). Private and KSRTC buses provide routes to many cities like [[Ernakulam]], [[Calicut]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. There are rail services at [[Nileshwar railway station]]. There are airports at [[Mangalore]] to the north and [[Kannur]] to the south.

== Image Gallery ==
<Gallery>
File:Nileshwar Chira.jpg|Kovilakam Chira (Pond)
File:Thali Shiva Temple-Nileshwar-Kasaragod-kerala 10.jpg|Thali Shiva Temple-Nileshwaram
File:Shree Gopalakrishna Deity, Nileshwaram.jpg|Statue of Shri Gopalakrishna in Nileshwaram
File:Railway Station Nileshwar.jpg|Railway Station Nileshwaram
File:Nileshwar palace.jpg|Nileshwaram palace
File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg|A ''[[Kettuvallam]]'' in Nileshwaram backwaters
File:skyline from municipal bus stand raja road.jpg|Nileshwaram bus station
</Gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kanhangad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&pg=PA57|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-586-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cotton|first1=James Sutherland|last2=Burn|first2=Sir Richard|last3=Meyer|first3=Sir William Stevenson|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O39DAAAAYAAJ|year=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O39DAAAAYAAJ/page/n95 85]|chapter=Nileshwar}}
* {{cite book|last=Lohuizen|first=Jan van|title=The Dutch East India Company and Mysore, 1762–1790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ck7zCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-6846-7|page=30}}

{{Wikivoyage|Nileshwaram}}
{{commons category}}

{{Kasaragod District Municipalities}}
{{Kasaragod District}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{North Malabar}}

[[Category:Nileshwaram area]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasaragod district]]

P. P. Pandey

2025-12-25T10:28:03Z

Jamesharrey: adding first page needs work

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
'''P.P. Pandey''' is a police officer in India. He was [[Director general of police]] (DGP) in Gujarat.

Pandey was Joint Commissioner of Police in Ahmedabad when during the 2004 [[Ishrat Jahan case]] there were [[police encounters]] resulting in death.<ref name="PTI August 2013">{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=Ishrat Jahan case: Gujarat IPS officer P P Pandey suspended |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ishrat-jahan-case-gujarat-ips-officer-p-p-pandey-suspended/articleshow/21885255.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] made an early determination that the deaths were undue and that there was some fault in the police.<ref name="PTI August 2013"/> From April to August 2013 Pandey was away from public view. In August the Gujarat government suspended him from his post and jailed him.<ref name="PTI August 2013"/> In February 2015 Pandey got bail after having been in jail for 18 months.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=Ishrat Jahan case: Suspended IPS officer P.P. Pandey gets bail |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FfRBFsiA3PUNoJdbgoB3BL/Ishrat-encounter-case-Suspended-IPS-officer-Pandey-gets-bai.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |date=5 February 2015}}</ref> A few days after getting bail the government revoked his suspension and returned him to service.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=Ishrat Jahan case: Gujarat government reinstates P P Pandey; appoints him as ADGP Law & Order |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ishrat-jahan-case-gujarat-government-reinstates-p-p-pandey-appoints-him-as-adgp-law-order/articleshow/46178659.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

In April 2016 Panday was appointed as Gujarat DGP.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=P P Pandey appointed as in-charge Gujarat DGP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/p-p-pandey-appointed-as-in-charge-gujarat-dgp-116041600154_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |title=Gujarat top police officer shunted out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-top-police-officer-shunted-out/article8481365.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=16 April 2016}}</ref> In April 2017 Pandey stepped down from his post as DGP to avoid being removed.<ref>{{cite web |author1=FE Online |title=Ishrat Jahan case: PP Pandey steps down as Gujarat DGP |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ishrat-jahan-case-pp-pandey-steps-down-as-gujarat-dgp/612904/ |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhan |first1=Rohit |title=Gujarat Police Chief PP Pandey Forced To Step Down As Supreme Court Steps In |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-police-chief-pp-pandey-forced-to-step-down-as-supreme-court-steps-in-1676707 |website=[[NDTV]] |date=3 April 2017}}</ref> [[Geetha Johri]] replaced him in this position.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geetha Johri is Gujarat's first woman DGP, replaces PP Pandey |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/geetha-johri-is-gujarats-first-woman-dgp-replaces-pp-pandey/articleshow/58012554.cms |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018 the CBI discharged Pandey from the [[Ishrat Jahan case]] saying that there was no evidence to blame him.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Times News Network |title=P P Pandey: Former DGP P P Pandey discharged in Ishrat case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/former-dgp-p-p-pandey-discharged-in-ishrat-case/articleshow/63022310.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

In December 2019 the Gujarat government felicitated Pandey along with other police officers in an award ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Satish |title=Gujarat govt felicitates Ex-DGP P P Pandey, 167 others |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gujarat-govt-felicitates-ex-dgp-p-p-pandey-167-others-780558.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |date=28 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, P.P.}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Deba Gupta

2025-12-17T09:04:59Z

Jamesharrey: made details

{{short description|Indian Bengali revolutionary}}
[[File:Debaprasad Gupta.jpg|thumb|Debaprasad Gupta]]
'''Deba Gupta''' (December 1911 – 6 May 1930) alias Deba Prasad Gupta was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] revolutionary who joined in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]]. He died in a Kalarpole encounter with the British police on 6 May 1930.

== Revolutionary activities ==
Deba Gupta was born in December 1911 in [[Dhaka]], [[British India]], his father's name was Jogendranath Gupta (Mona). He came into contact with ''Masterda'' [[Surya Sen]] and his revolutionary group while studying in college. He took part in the Chittagong Uprising led by the Indian Republican Army. Gupta took part in the Armoury raid on 18 April 1930 and an armed encounter in Jalalabad hill on 22 April 1930. After the encounter he, along with his friends, retired to the village with great difficulty after successfully evading police and military surveillance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sansada Bangalai Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol - I|first=Subodh Chandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=216}}</ref>

== Death ==
The [[Indian Imperial Police]] chased and finally surrounded them on 6 May 1930. Gupta and his three comrades took shelter in a village beside [[Karnafuli River]]. They tried to escape and entered a bamboo grove in Kalarpole, [[Chittagong District]]. While police arrived, there was a sharp exchange of fire. Gupta, [[Rajat Sen]] and [[Monoranjan Sen]] died. The fourth Swadeshranjan Ray died in police custody next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99716/2015.99716.The-Footprints-On-The-Road-To-Indian-Independence_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "The Footprints On The Road To Indian Independence|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kalicharan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=137}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Deba}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka District]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Ameer Abul Ula

2025-12-08T23:56:58Z

Jamesharrey: Created a article

{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint Naqshbandi order (1583–1651)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Ameer Abulola
| honorific prefix = [[Sayyid|Syedna]]
| honorific suffix = [[Naqshbandi]] Ahrari
| home_town = Agra
| resting_place = [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh
| image = Dargah Ameer Abulola Agra.jpg
| caption = Dargah of Ameer Abulola in Agra, Uttar Pradesh
| birth_date = 1583 (990 AH)
| birth_place = [[Narela]]
| death_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = 1651 (1061 AH)
| office1 = Administrator of Burdwan, Bengal
| predecessor =
| predecessor1 = Khwaja Faizi
| official_name = Syedna Ameer Abul Ula Naqshbandi Ahrari
| main_interests = [[Sufism]]
| Madh'hab = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidism|Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Naqshbandi]], [[Chishti Order|Chishti]]
| influenced = Syed Dost Muhammad, Shah Muhammad Farhad Dehlavi, [[Munim Pak|Munam Pak]], [[Ata Hussain Fani Chishti]]
| influences = [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]], [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]], [[Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar]], [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]]
}}

'''Sayyid Ameer Abul Ula''' (1583 – 1651 CE) was an Indian Sufi shaykh of the [[Naqshbandi]] order and the eponymous founder of the '''Naqshbandi Abul Ulai''' lineage, one of the largest Naqshbandi branches in the Indian subcontinent. He is regarded as a descendant of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and is widely known in Sufi literature for his spiritual connection with the [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyya]] through the saint [[Moinuddin Chishti|Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti]]. His synthesis of Naqshbandi and Chishti influences led to his silsila being described as '''Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn''' (“the Meeting of the Two Seas”).<ref>Seerat Fakhrul Arefin, p. 62.</ref><ref>Khanqah Munemia, Syed Faiz Ahmad Qadri Munawwari, p. 13.</ref><ref>Sufinama: "Hazrat Syedna Shah Ameer Abul Ula".</ref>

== Early life & Background ==

=== Birth ===
Ameer Abul Ula was born in 990 AH / 1592 CE in [[Narela]], near [[Delhi]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Qasim |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/najat-e-qasim-shah-qasim-danapuri-ebooks |title=Najat-e-Qasim |publisher=Ashraful Akhbar. |year=1856 |pages=14,15,51,114,33 |language=Urdu}}</ref> into a family tracing its descent to the Prophet Muhammad through the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Asif |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/an-introduction-to-khanqah-munemia-asif-ahmad-ebooks |title=An Introduction to Khanqah Munemia |publisher=Khanqa Munemia Qamaria |year=2015 |location=Patna |pages=13 |language=en |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> His given name was Amīr Abū al-ʿUlā, and his pen-name was ''Insān''. He came to be known by various honorifics such as “Mīr Ṣāḥib”, “Sayyidnā Sarkār”, “Maḥbūb-e-Jall-o-Ilā”, and “Sartāj-e-Āgra”. His father was Amīr Abū al-Wafā and his mother was Bībī ʿĀrifa.

=== His Lineage ===
On his father's side, Sayyid Ameer Abul Ula traced his descent to [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Imām Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn]] and through him to [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Munemi |first=Shah Hayatullah Hasni |title=Hujjat-ul-Arifeen |publisher=Khanqah Munemia |location=Patna |pages=59 |language=ur}}</ref> On his mother's side, he traced his lineage to [[Abu Bakr]], through Khwāja Muḥammad al-Nāmī al-Baghdādī and ultimately to [[Khwaja Ahrar|Ubaydullah Ahrar]] of the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandī order]].<ref>''Silsilat al-ʿĀrifīn wa Tadhkirat al-Ṣiddīqīn''.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Hakeem Syed Sikandar |title=Seerat-e-Fakhr-ul-Aarifeen |publisher=Kutub Khana Raheemiya |location=Delhi |pages=62 |language=ur}}</ref>

According to traditional accounts, he resigned from this position following a visionary dream in which [[Ali]], [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] instructed him to adopt the spiritual life ''([[Dervish|dariweshī]]).''<ref name=":3" />

=== Family Background ===
His ancestors originally lived in [[Kerman|Kirman]], Iran. The shrine of Sayyid Amīr ʿImād al-Dīn (ancestor of Ameer Abul Ula) still exists in the region.<ref name=":0" />

During the Timurid period, Amīr Taqī al-Dīn Kirmānī (his great-great-great-grandfather), a close companion of Khwāja ʿUbaydullāh Aḥrār, migrated from [[Kerman|Kirman]] to [[Samarkand]]. He studied under Qutb al-Dīn Rāzī and mastered both exoteric and esoteric sciences. He and Aḥrār are buried in Samarkand, and traditional accounts state that Aḥrār personally carried his bier.<ref name=":0" />

In the early 10th century AH, instability in Central Asia under Shāh Beg Khān led many descendants to migrate toward Kashghar and then to Hindustan.<ref name=":0" />

=== Arrival in India ===
Sayyid Ameer Abul Ula's grandfather, Amīr ʿAbd al-Salām, settled in India during the reign of [[Akbar]] (1556–1605). He moved from Samarkand to Lahore and finally settled in Narela, where Ameer Abul Ula was born.<ref name=":0" />

The family later lived in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], where his father passed away and was buried near Madrasa Lāl Darwāza in Delhi, though the precise grave location was later lost.<ref name=":0" /> His grandfather died during Ḥajj and was buried in al-Baqīʿ, Medina.<ref name=":0" />

=== Upbringing and Education ===
After his grandfather's death, Ameer Abul Ula was taken to [[Bardhaman]] by his maternal grandfather Khwāja Faiz al-Maʿrūf Faizī, a Mughal administrator under Mān Singh. There he received extensive education in the transmitted and rational sciences.<ref name=":2" />

He excelled in religious sciences and also in martial arts, including archery and horsemanship.<ref name=":0" />

== Youth, Administrative Career, and Turn Toward Sufism ==
In his youth, he briefly served as a governor under the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]. When Ameer Abul Ula's heart became fully inclined toward a life of worship and detachment, he resolved to leave [[Bardhaman]] and abandon worldly service. Around this time, in 1014 AH / 1605 CE, Emperor [[Akbar]] passed away and [[Jahangir|Nūr al-Dīn Jahāngīr]] ascended the Mughal throne. Jahangir issued a decree requiring all governors, nobles, and officials of [[Agra]] to present themselves in the royal court so their abilities could be assessed. As Abul Ula held no interest in administrative or worldly appointments, he regarded this order as a divine indication to withdraw from worldly affairs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Maneri |first=Syed Shah Muradullah |url=https://sufinama.org/ebooks/aasar-e-muneer-syed-shah-muradullah-muneeri-ebooks |title=Aasar-e-Maner |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna |year=1948 |pages=35}}</ref>

He departed Bardwan and travelled first to [[Patna|Azimabad (Patna)]] and then to [[Maner Sharif]], where he learned of the presence of ''Hazrat Abu Yazīd Makhdūm Shah Daulat Manerī'' (d. 1017 AH/1608 AD), a descendant of the early conqueror of Maner and closely related to the eminent Firdawsi master [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri|Makhdūm-e-Jahān Sharafuddin Ahmad Yahyā Manerī]] (d. 782 AH/1380 AD). The sources note that the ''Sajjāda-nashīn'' ''(custodian)'' family of ''Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya, Danapur'' descends from these notable saints.<ref name=":4" /><ref>''Āthār-e-Maner''.</ref>

== Sufi Training and Initiation ==
According to Syed Shah Muradullah Maneri,<ref>Author of [https://sufinama.org/ebooks/aasar-e-muneer-syed-shah-muradullah-muneeri-ebooks Aasar-e-Maner]</ref> Ameer Abul Ula first visited the renowned Firdawsi master [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri|Makhdūm Sharafuddin Yahya Maneri]] (d. 782 AH) after hearing of his spiritual rank, and received his earliest spiritual instruction from him.This early training, according to the source, contributed to the later prominence of the Abul-Ulā’iyyah branch.<ref name=":4" />

=== Affiliation with the Naqshbandi order ===
Ameer Abul Ula later entered the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandi Sufi Order]] through his maternal uncle '''''Ameer Abdullah Naqshbandi''''' (d. 1033 AH/1623AD), to whom he formally gave [[Bay'ah|bayʿah]]. He received complete authorization (''khilāfah'') from him along with the inherited family relics (''tabarrukāt'').<ref name=":4" /> At the time of his death, Ameer Abdullah appointed Ameer Abul Ula as his successor and spiritual inheritor, handing over to him “the trust of [[Qutb]]iyyah.”<ref name=":0" />

Through his teachings and disciples, the Naqshbandi Abul Ulai lineage later became a major sub-branch of the Naqshbandiyya in India, parallel to the more widely known Mujaddidi branch associated with [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Visit to Ajmer and connection with the Chishti order ===
Accounts preserved by Mawlana Abdul Hai Shah Jahangiri describe a transformative event in Ameer Abul Ula's life. Troubled by spiritual anxiety, he traveled to the dargah of [[Moinuddin Chishti]] at [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Ajmer]].<ref name=":3" />

He reportedly implored Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti for spiritual blessing, noting that the Prophet had honoured the Chishti master with extraordinary gifts. After initially leaving the shrine without perceiving an answer, he experienced an inner call to return. Upon his return, he is said to have witnessed a visionary ''ziyārat'' (visitation) in which Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti conveyed to him a spiritual trust ''(amānat)'' symbolized as a shining egg-like light.<ref name=":1" />

=== Chishti Affiliation and Uwaisī Transmission ===
His connection to the '''Chishtī Order''' is described in multiple sources. His spiritual initiation in the Chishti path occurred through an ''[[Uwaisi|Uwaisī]] transmission (faiz-i-Uwaisī)'' attributed to '''[[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishti Ajmeri]]''' (d. 633 AH), whom he is said to have spiritually encountered.<ref name=":0" /> When seekers requested ''Chishti bayʿah'' from him, he would record his own name ''immediately after'' that of Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn, indicating a direct ''[[Uwaisi|esoteric transmission]]''. Shah Hayātullāh Munʿamī noted that old genealogical scrolls (shajara) of the Chishtiyyah Abul-Ulā’iyyah sequence in Ajmer show the same structure.<ref name=":0" />

=== Famous Incident in the Court of Emperor Jahangir ===
When Ameer Abul Ula later arrived in ''Agra (''then ''Akbarābād)'', reports of his personal grace and presence reached the court of [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]. ''Anfās al-ʿĀrifīn''<ref>by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</ref> and ''Nijāt-e-Qāsim''<ref name=":0" /> recount a notable incident: Jahangir invited him to the court's archery trial. After Ameer Abul Ula successfully struck the target on the second attempt, the emperor, pleased, offered him wine. Ameer Abul Ula discreetly poured it into his sleeve rather than drinking it. Jahangir noticed and rebuked him; Ameer Abul Ula replied that he feared “the wrath of God and His Messenger, not the wrath of a king.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dehlawi |first=Shah Waliullah |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/anfas-ul-aarifeen-shah-waliullah-mohaddis-delhvi-ebooks-1 |title=Anfās al-ʿĀrifīn |publisher=Maktaba Al-Falah, Delhi |year=1973 |pages=22}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The narrative describes that this bold response created a fearful stir in the court.

=== Integration of the Two Orders ===
After what is recorded as a powerful spiritual encounter at the shrine of Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishti in Ajmer, Ameer Abul Ula was initiated into the [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyyah]] as well. From that point, his lineage was called '''''Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn''''' (“The Confluence of Two Seas”), referring to the union of [[Naqshbandi]] and [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] spiritual transmissions.<ref name=":3" />

Through these combined authorizations, Ameer Abul Ula transmitted a distinct spiritual current that later became known as the ''Naqshbandi Abul-Ula’iyyah'' path, widely spread in the Indian subcontinent through his successors.

== Teachings and Legacy ==
Ameer Abul Ula dedicated his life to the spiritual training of disciples, service to society, and propagation of Islamic teachings. His lineage spread widely through his authorised deputies ''(khulafā’)'', particularly through Khawaja Shah Muhammad Farhad, who served as one of his principal khalifas.<ref name=":1" />

[[Munim Pak|Makhdum Shah Muneem Pakbaz]], studied Naqshbandi Abul Ulai practices under Shah Muhammad Farhad for a decade.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Sayyid Ameer Abul Ula passed away on 9 Safar 1061 AH (31 January 1651). His shrine is located in [[Agra]], India, where it remains a place of visitation for followers of the Naqshbandi and Chishti traditions.<ref name=":1" /> His [[Urs]] is celebrated at his ''[[dargah]]'' and in many ''[[Khanqah]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=सरताज ए आगरा-अमीर अबुल उल्लाह का उर्स कल से शुरू, आएंगे एक लाख से अधिक लोग, रहेगा एक दिन का अवकाश |trans-title=Amir Abul Ullah Urs will starts from 4th September more than one lakh people will come there will be a local holiday in Agra on 7th September |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-amir-abul-ullah-urs-will-starts-from-4th-september-more-than-one-lakh-people-will-come-there-will-be-a-local-holiday-in-agra-on-7th-september-23038411.html |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=क्या है अजमेर और आगरा का कनेक्शन, सैय्यदना शाह अमीर अबुल उला और ख्वाजा गरीब नवाज के बीच 400 साल पुराना रिश्ता |trans-title=Hazrat Khwaja Gharib Nawaz Dargah Ajmer connection with Agra Saiyad Shah Amir Abul Ulah Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-hazrat-khwaja-gharib-nawaz-dargah-ajmer-connection-with-agra-saiyad-shah-amir-abul-ulah-jagran-special-22449161.html |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=देश के कोने-कोने से आए जायरीन, अबुल उला उर्स में गुस्ल व संदल की रस्म अदाकर मांगी मन्नत |trans-title=Zayreen came from every corner of the country, made wishes by performing the ritual of bath and sandal in Abul Ula Urs |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/abul-ula-dargah-hazrat-syedna-shah-ameer-urs-gusl-sandal-rasm |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इस दरगाह पर जुटेंगे पाकिस्तान सहित कई देशों के जायरीन, मनाया जाएगा 380वां उर्स |trans-title=Zayrins from many countries including Pakistan will gather at this dargah, 380th Urs will be celebrated |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/abul-ula-dargah-hazrat-syedna-shah-ameer-urs-starts-from-six-october |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>''

== Naqshbandi-Abul Ulai ==
{{chart top|Naqshbandi Silsila of Ameer Abul-Ula}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}

{{Tree chart| | |A01| |A01=[[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]]|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#B4F595;font-size: 15px;font-style:bold}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A02| |A02=[[Ali|Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib]]|boxstyle_A02=;background:#B4F595}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A03| |A03=[[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]]|boxstyle_A03=;background:#B4F595}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A04| |A04=[[Imam Zain-ul-Abideen|Imam Zain-ul Abideen]]|boxstyle_A04=;background:#B4F595}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A05| |A05=[[Muhammad al-Baqir|Imam Muhammad al-Baqir]]|boxstyle_A05=;background:#B4F595}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A06| |A06=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Imam Jafar al-Sadiq]]|boxstyle_A06=;background:#B4F595}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A07| |A07=[[Bayazid Bastami]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A08| |A08=[[Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani]]}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A09| |A09=[[Abul Qasim Gurgani]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A10| |A10=[[Abu Ali Farmadi]]}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A11| |A11=[[Yusuf Hamadani|Yusuf al-Hamadani]]}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A12| |A12=[[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]]}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A13| |A13=[[Arif Riwgari|Khwaja Arif Riwgari]]}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A14| |A14=Khwaja Mahmood Abul Khair Faghnavi}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A15| |A15=Khwaja Azeezan Ali Ramitni}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A16| |A16=Khwaja Muhammad Baba Samasi}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A17| |A17=Hazrat Syed Ameer Nooruddin Kulal}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A18| |A18=[[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshband]]|boxstyle_A18=;background:#51F0E2}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A19| |A19=[[Yaqub al-Charkhi|Khwaja Yaqub al- Charkhi]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A20| |A20=[[Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A21| |A21=Khwaja Abdul Haq al-Mubashshir Muhiuddin}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A22| |A22=Khwaja Muhammad Yahya}}
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{{Tree chart| | |A23| |A23=Khwaja Sayyid Abdullah Akbarabadi}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | |}}

{{Tree chart| | |A24| |A24=Sayyid Ameer Abul Ula |boxstyle_A24=;background:#51F0E2}}

{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[Naqshbandi]]
* [[Ahmad Sirhindi]]
* [[Chishti Order]]
* [[Moinuddin Chishti]]
* [[Sufi orders]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abulola, Ameer}}
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:People from Agra district]]
[[Category:1583 births]]
[[Category:1651 deaths]]

K. Rajanarayanan

2025-11-23T01:55:46Z

Jamesharrey: Created a entry

{{Short description|Indian Tamil language folklorist and author (1923–2021)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ki. Rajanarayanan
| image = Kirajanarayanan.jpg
| imagesize = 209x253px
| caption =
| pseudonym = Ki. Ra.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|9|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Idaiseval]], [[Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency#Districts of the Presidency|Tinnively District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Thoothukudi District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|17|1923|9|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lawspet]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]
| period = 1938–2021
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| genre = Short story, novel
| subject = Folklores, Rural life
| notableworks = {{Plainlist|
* ''Gopalla Grammam''
* ''Gopallapurathu Makkal''
* ''Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Kanavathi Ammal |1954|2019|end=d.}}
| children = {{hlist|Diwakar|Prabhakar}}
| awards = {{awards|[[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1991}}
| website = {{URL|writerkira.com}}
}}
'''Rayala Shri Krishna Raja Narayana Perumal Ramanujam Naicker''' (16 September 1923 – 17 May 2021<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |title=Writer Ki Rajanarayanan passes away at 98 in Puducherry |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/18/writer-ki-rajanarayanan-passes-away-at-98-in-puducherry-2303922.html |location=Chennai |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publication-date=18 May 2021 |agency=[[Express News Service]] |access-date= 18 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |title=Eminent Tamil writer Ki Rajanarayanan is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/eminent-tamil-writer-ki-rajanarayanan-is-no-more/article34582661.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |publication-date= 18 May 2021 |access-date= 18 May 2021}}</ref>), shortened to '''Ki. Rajanarayanan''' and popularly known by his Tamil initials as '''Ki. Ra.''', was an Indian [[Tamil language]] folklorist and writer from [[Kovilpatti]], in Tamil Nadu. Some of his popular works include [[Gopalla Grammam]] ({{Translation|''Gopalla Village''}}), [[Gopallapurathu Makkal]] ({{Translation|''The People of Gopallapuram''}}), ''Mayamaan'' ({{Translation|''The Magical Deer''}}), and ''Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam'' ({{Translation|''Collection of Country Tales''}}). He was a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1991.[[The Times of India]] called him the "Guardian of Tamil oral tradition".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/guardian-of-tamil-oral-tradition-falls-silent/ | title=Guardian of Tamil oral tradition falls silent | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 May 2021 | accessdate=5 June 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajanarayanan was born on 16 September 1923 in the village of [[Idaiseval]] near [[Kovilpatti]] in present-day [[Thoothukudi district]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Micha Kathaigal in Ki Rajanarayanan's Idaiseval village|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/19/micha-kathaigal-inki-rajanarayanans-idaiseval-village-2304401.html|access-date=21 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 May 2021 }}</ref> He was the fifth child of Lakshmi Ammal and Shri Krishna Ramanujam.<ref name=":3" /> He suffered from poor health and was afflicted with [[tuberculosis]] at an early age. He dropped out of school in the seventh standard.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> He went on to become a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), going to prison twice for his participation and support in the [[Telangana Rebellion|CPI-organised peasant rebellions]] between 1947 and 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Final rites with full State honours for Ki Rajanarayanan, statue at Kovilpatti: Stalin|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/may/19/final-rites-with-full-state-honours-for-ki-rajanarayanan-statue-at-kovilpatti-stalin-2304399.html|access-date=22 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 May 2021 }}</ref> He was also named in the ''Nellai Conspiracy Case'' of 1952, though the charges were later dropped.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Rajanarayanan began his literary career at the age of 30 and wrote under his Tamil initials Ki. Ra. His first short story "''Mayamaan''" ({{Translation|"The Magical Deer"}}) was published in the magazine ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'' in 1959.<ref name=":2" /> It was an immediate success.<ref>{{cite web|author=Maalan|date=21 September 2007|title=இன்னும் ஒரு நூறாண்டு இரும்|url=https://jannal.blogspot.com/2007/09/blog-post_21.html|access-date=10 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="monkey">{{cite book|last1=Rajanarayanan|first1=Ki.|title=Where Are You Going, You Monkeys? – Folktales from Tamil Nadu|last2=Chakravarthy|first2=Pritham K|publisher=Blaft Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-81-906056-4-9|location=Chennai, India|pages=237}}</ref> It was followed by many more short stories. Ki. Ra.'s stories were usually based in ''karisal kaadu'' ({{Translation|scorched, drought stricken land}}) around his native region of [[Kovilpatti]]. The stories are usually centered around ''Karisal'' country's people, their lives, beliefs, struggles and folklore.<ref name="hindu3">{{cite web|author=PKR|date=17 August 2004|title=Literary criticism|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/08/17/stories/2004081700701500.htm|access-date=17 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref> ''Gopalla Grammam'' ({{Translation|Gopalla Village}}) and its sequel ''Gopallapurathu Makkal'' ({{Translation|The People of Gopallapuram}}) were among his novels, with the latter winning him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1991.<ref name="sa">{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331025435/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm|archive-date=31 March 2009|access-date=17 December 2009|work=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref> The novel deals with the stories of multiple people living in a village in south India before the arrival of the British. It involves the migration of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] people escaping brutal kingdoms north of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="sa" /><ref name=":1" /> These books were followed by ''Andaman Naicker.''<ref name=":2" />

As a folklorist, Ki. Ra. spent decades collecting folktales from the ''karisal kaadu'' and publishing them in popular magazines. In 2007, the [[Thanjavur]]-based publishing house [[Annam (publisher)|Annam]] compiled these folktales into a 944-page book, the ''Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam'' ({{Translation|collection of country tales}}). As of 2009, he had published approximately 30 books. A selection of these books were translated into English by Pritham K. Chakravarthy and published in 2009 as ''Where Are You Going, You Monkeys? – Folktales from Tamil Nadu''. Ki. Ra. was also well known for his candid treatment of sexual topics,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Jai Arjun Singh|date=10 March 2009|title=Short, Sweet, and Subversive: Blaft's Tamil Folktales|url=https://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/|access-date=10 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Vijay Nambisan|title=Stranger than fiction: Thought-provoking folktales|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|publisher=The Printers|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/18339/stranger-fiction-thought-provoking-folktales.html|access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> and use of the spoken dialect of Tamil for his stories, rather than its formal [[Diglossia#Tamil|written form]].<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web|author=Gowri Ramnarayan|date=17 September 2002|title=Master of the Short Story|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/17/stories/2002091700160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701120144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/17/stories/2002091700160200.htm|archive-date=1 July 2003|access-date=10 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref> He viewed the spoken language as the 'correct' form of the language.<ref name=":2" /> In addition to writing stories in the regional dialects, he also was an author of a dictionary of the regional dialect called ''Karisal Kaatu Sollagarathi'' ({{Translation|Words of the scorched land}}). This work was a frontrunner for similar dictionaries for dialects from other regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=18 May 2021|title=Eminent Tamil writer Ki Rajanarayanan is no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/eminent-tamil-writer-ki-rajanarayanan-is-no-more/article34582661.ece|access-date=22 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1992, his short story ''Current'' was made into a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] entitled [[Current (1992 film)|Current]] for the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the author|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/ki_rajanarayanan.pdf|work=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=24 May 2021}}</ref>

In March 2003 (probably), he hosted the Italian anthropologist and Dravidologist [[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi]] in his home in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Ki. Rajanarayanan |title=கி.ரா. தொகுதி ஐந்து : தனிக் கட்டுரைகள் |publisher=Annam |location=Thanjavur |publication-date=December 2022 |pages=583–586 |language=ta |trans-title=Ki.Ra. Volume Five: Individual Articles}}</ref> In November of that year his short story ''kidai'' was made into a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] entitled ''[[Oruththi]]'' and was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web|author=S. Theodore Baskaran|author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran|date=28 November 2003|title=A tale rooted in the soil|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801480200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208142017/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801480200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 December 2003|access-date=17 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref>

He was appointed a professor of folklore at [[Pondicherry University]] in the 1980s. He held the title of Director of Folktales in the university's Documentation and Survey Centre.<ref name="hindu1" /><ref name="akademi">{{cite book|last=Agrawal|first=S. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll9uAAAAMAAJ&q=ki+rajanarayanan|title=Development/digression diary of India: 3D companion volume to Information India 1991–92|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1991|isbn=81-7022-305-9|pages=49}}</ref><ref name="hindu4">{{cite web|title=Ki. Rajanarayanan|url=http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=1703164|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929071601/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=1703164|archive-date=29 September 2011|access-date=17 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2002 he also served in the general council and the advisory board of the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="sahitya" />

He was a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Gopallapurathu Makkal'' in 1991.<ref name="sa" />

== Personal life ==
On 16 September 1954, Rajanarayanan married Kanavathi Ammal (classmate of his younger sister Ethirajam; also a cousin). The couple had two sons.<ref name=":3" /> Kanavathi died on 25 September 2019. She was aged 87.

Rajanarayanan died on 18 May 2021 due to age-related illness in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="sahitya" /> He was cremated with state honours in his native village of Idaiseval.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2021|title=Farewell to writer Ki. Ra., with state honours|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/farewell-to-writer-ki-ra-with-state-honours/article34596483.ece|access-date=22 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Musical Adaptations==
As a tribute to honor Ki.Ra, the folk song mentioned in the novel Gopalla Gramam was set to music for the first time by composer [[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]]. The song is referenced as about 500 years old and was sung by the original settlers of Kovilpatti area. Ki.Ra meticulously collected the lyrics of the song and included in the novel. This tribute was Sung by Sung by [[Ananya Bhat]], [[Senthil Ganesh|Rajalakshmi Senthil]], Raleigh Rajan and Priya Krish.

==Awards and recognition==
* 1971{{Spaced en dash}}''Tamil valarchi araichi mandram'' award<ref name="sahitya">{{cite web|title=Meet the Author|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/ki_rajanarayanan.pdf|publisher=Sahitya Akademi - Indian government|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>
* 1979{{Spaced en dash}}''Ilakkiya chinthanai'' award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ki. Rajanarayanan|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/ki-rajanarayanan/|access-date=22 May 2021|website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref>
* 1990{{Spaced en dash}}Santhome International Christian Society Best Writer Award<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi - Ki. Ra.|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/ki_rajanarayanan.pdf}}</ref>
* 1991{{Spaced en dash}}[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Gopallapurarthu Makkal''<ref>{{cite web|title=AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2016)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#TAMIL|publisher=Sahitya Akademi - Indian government|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#TAMIL|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2008{{Spaced en dash}}M.A. Chidambaram award<ref>{{cite news|title=M.A. Chidambaram awards presented|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/M.A.-Chidambaram-awards-presented/article15321253.ece|access-date=26 September 2017|work=The Hindu|date=13 October 2008}}</ref>
* 2016{{Spaced en dash}}Literary achievement special award from [[The Tamil Literary Garden]].<ref>{{cite news|title=விருது: கி.ரா.வுக்கு இலக்கியச் சாதனை விருது|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/literature/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81/article8988337.ece|access-date=26 September 2017|publisher=The Hindu - Tamil|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=கி.ராஜநாராயணனுக்கு கனடா தமிழ் இலக்கியத் தோட்டத்தின் இலக்கியச் சாதனை சிறப்பு விருது – 2016|url=http://tamilliterarygarden.com/home|website=Tamil Literary Garden|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Source(s):<ref name=":2" /><ref name="sahitya"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Ki. Rajanarayanan|url=http://penguin.co.in/author/ki-rajanarayanan/|access-date=26 April 2017|publisher=Penguin publishers|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003818/http://penguin.co.in/author/ki-rajanarayanan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

===Folktales===
* Tamizhnattu nadodi kathaigal (1966)
* Tamizhnattu gramiya kathaigal (1977)
* Thatha chonna kathaigal (1984)
* Naattupura kathaigal part - 1(1991)
* Naattupura kathaigal part - 2(1992)
* Vayathu vanthavargalukku mattum (1992)
* Kaathil viluntha kathaigal (1992)
* Puthuvai vattara Naattupura kathaigal (1993)
* Naattupura paaliyal kathaigal (1994)
* Penn manam (1995)
* Peruviral kullan (1998)

===Short stories===
* Kalavu (1965)
* Kannimai (1975)
* Appa pillai, Amma pillai (1980)
* Kidai kurunavalum, pannirandu sirukathaigalum (1983)
* Karisal kathaigal (1984)
* Koththai paruththi (1985)
* Ki.Rajanarayanan kathaigal (1998)

===Novels===
* Mayamaan (lit. The magical deer) (1958)
* Gopalla gramam (1976)
* Pinchukal (1979)
* Gopallapurathu makkal (1989)
* Anthaman nayakkar (1995)

===Essays===
* Karisal kaatu kadidhasi (1988)
* Ki.Rajanarayanan katturaigal (1991)
* Puthaga kaathalar (1998)

===Others===
* Maantharul oru annaparavai (biographical sketches of [[T. K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar|Rasigamani]]) (1981)
* Vattara valakku sollakarathi (Dictionary) (1982)
* Ku.Azhagirisamy kadithankal (1987)
* Makkal Tamil vazhallku (1991)
*''Karisal Kaattu kadudasi'' – volumes 1&2 (lit. letter from the scorched earth), Agaram (1991)
* Ki.Rajanarayanan pathilgal (1994)
* Kadithangal Kadithangal (1998)
*''Maraivai sonna kathaikal'' (lit. Hidden stories)
*''Oruthi'' (screenplay)(lit. One woman)(2003)
*(ed.)''Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam'' (lit. Collection of Country Tales), Annam (2007)
*''Ki. Ra. Natkurippilirundhu'' (lit. From the diary of Ki. Ra)
*''Vetti''

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|bBkSEVzn46I|Video of Ki. Rajanarayanan Telling a Story}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Tamil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajanarayanan, Ki.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Children's writers in Tamil]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Pondicherry University]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]

Santragachi–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express

2025-11-05T05:56:54Z

Jamesharrey: stub!

{{short description|Fast express train of the Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Santragachi - Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) ''Humsafar Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image = RKMP Humsafar Express TB.png
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Train board of Humsafar Express.
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|10|10}}
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Santragachi}} ('''SRC''')
| stops = 13
| end = {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} ('''RKMP''')
| distance = {{convert|1435|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25 hours 15 mins
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 tier and Non AC Sleeper
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22169 / 22170
| speed = {{cvt|56|km/h}} Avg. Speed
| map = {{Santragachi–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22169 / 22170 '''Santragachi - Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express ''' is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Santragachi]] in [[West Bengal]] and {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]] . It is currently being operated with 22169/22170 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bhopal/news/weekly-hafsafar-express-10-between-habibganj-santaragachi-new-rail-service-0816991.html|title=हबीबगंज-संतरागाछी के बीच वीकली हमसफर एक्सप्रेस 10 से; बिलासपुर होते हुए पश्चिम बंगाल जाएगी|last=sumit.pandey|date=2018-10-04|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

==Coach composition ==

Due to non availability of sufficient AC 3-tier passenger from Santragachi station Railway recently introduce sleeper coaches along with AC 3-tier in this train. The train running with new LHB coach with new features like LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/humsafar-express-review-why-indian-railways-suresh-prabhu-deserve-a-thumbs-up-for-this-new-all-ac-3-tier-train/473754/|title=Humsafar Express review: Why rail passengers will love the new all AC-3 tier train by Indian Railways|date=2016-12-14|website=The Financial Express|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

== Service==

The 22169/'''Rani Kamalapati - Santragachi Humsafar Express''' has an average speed of {{cvt|55|km/h}} and covers {{convert|1435|km|abbr=on}} in 26h 05m.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-habibganj-santragachi-weekly-humsafar-express-22169/89678/474/1724| title=22169/Habibganj - Santragachi Humsafar Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The 22170/'''Santragachi - Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express''' has an average speed of {{cvt|58|km/h}} and covers {{convert|1435|km|abbr=on}} in 24h 35m.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-santragachi-habibganj-weekly-humsafar-express-22170/89679/1724/474| title=22170/Santragachi - Habibganj Humsafar Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

{{columns-list|# '''{{rws|Santragachi}}'''
# {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}}
# {{rws|Tatanagar Junction}}
# {{rws|Chakradharpur}}
# {{rws|Rourkela Junction}}
# {{rws|Jharsuguda Junction}}
# {{rws|Raigarh}}
# {{rws|Bilaspur Junction}}
# {{rws|Shahdol}}
# {{rws|Katni Murwara}}
# {{rws|Damoh}}
# {{rws|Saugor}}
# {{rws|Bina Junction}}
# {{rws|Vidisha}}
# '''{{rws|Rani Kamalapati}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

==Traction==

This route is fully electrified and runs from end to end with [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 22171/22172 [[Pune-Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]].

== See also ==
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Santragachi Junction railway station]]
* [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santragachi - Habibganj Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Rajendrasinh Rathva

2025-07-29T19:35:00Z

Jamesharrey: adding basic data needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Rajendrasinh Rathva''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajendrasinh Mohansinh Rathva(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHHOTA UDAIPUR (ST)(CHHOTA UDEPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5980 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Chhota Udaipur district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhota Udaipur lok sabha election results 2024: Chhota Udaipur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/gujarat/chhota-udaipur-constituency-result-6521 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhota Udaipur Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Chhota Udaipur constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/chhota-udaipur-137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202210705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/chhota-udaipur-137 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rathva is from [[Chhota Udaipur]], Gujarat. He is the son of former MLA [[Mohansinh Chhotubhai Rathava]]. He studied Class 12 at Lalbahadur Shastri Vidyalay, [[Karelibaug]], [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]] and passed the examination conducted by [[Gujarat Secondary Education Board]] in 1990. Later, he did a diploma in civil engineering and passed the examinations under the [[Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education]] in June 2002.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rathva won from [[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 75,129 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sangramsinh Rathva of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 29,450 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhota Udaipur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Rajendrasinh Mohansinh Rathva Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/chhota-udaipur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562417.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Chhota Udaipur Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Rajendrasinh Mohansinh Rathwa leads by 16,565 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-chhota-udaipur-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15345081.htm |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06137.htm?ac=137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131162724/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06137.htm?ac=137 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathva, Rajendrasinh}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Chhota Udaipur district]]

Protest art at Jamia Millia Islamia

2025-05-25T03:31:08Z

Jamesharrey: adding some details added tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}

Students and artists created art and graphite paintings on the walls and roads of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] campus in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], following the [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack]] by [[Delhi Police]] in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2019-12-20 |title=Thousands of students march in solidarity with JMI and AMU students, and to oppose CAA |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/when-they-rise-thousands-of-students-march-in-solidarity-with-jmi-and-amu-students-and-to-oppose-caa/article30358200.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[protest art]] spread into the neighborhood of [[Shaheen Bagh]] and [[Shaheen Bagh protest|their protests]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gayeti |title=Meet the artists resisting India's new citizenship law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/1/29/meet-the-artists-resisting-indias-new-citizenship-law |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=2020-02-16 |title=Shaheen Bagh and the new wave of protest art that's sweeping across India |url=https://theprint.in/feature/shaheen-bagh-and-the-new-wave-of-protest-art-thats-sweeping-across-india/364944/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and continued to be created until January and February 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karki |first=Meghal |date=2023-05-12 |title=The changing cityscape of Delhi: A study of the protest art and the site at Jamia Millia Islamia and Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2022.2073221 |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=731–742 |doi=10.1080/00131857.2022.2073221 |s2cid=248874575 |issn=0013-1857|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=2020-01-04 |title=Weeks after campus was stormed, Jamia is fighting back — with some street art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jamia-street-art-citizenship-amendment-act-protest-caa-nrc-violence6198695/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ara |first=Ismat |date=February 15, 2020 |title='Walls Are the Publishers of the Poor': How Women Sketch the Language of Resistance |url=https://thewire.in/women/walls-are-the-publishers-of-the-poor-how-women-sketch-the-language-of-resistance |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

In addition to visual art, protesters utilized literature, theatre, and music.<ref name=":1" /> The protest art, and protests as a whole, were also characterized by the widespread mobilization of women and women artists.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:First painting on 13st Dec 2019. Graphite on Jamia wall -2.jpg|thumb|A fine art student making art inside the campus on 13 December 2019.]]

== Background ==
{{Main|2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack}}
On Friday, 13 December 2019, the [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] led a ''[[Baton charge|lathi-charge]]'' on the students who agitated against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) bill. The violent attack by the police sparked agitation among the students.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=correspondent |first2=Hannah Ellis-Petersen South Asia |date=2019-12-13 |title=Violent clashes continue in India over new citizenship bill |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/13/violent-clashes-continue-in-delhi-over-new-citizenship-bill |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-12-13 |title=Jamia students baton-charged by Delhi Police during march to protest Citizenship Act, 50 detained |url=https://scroll.in/latest/946751/jamia-millia-students-baton-charged-by-delhi-police-during-march-to-protest-citizenship-act |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Graffiti and murals ==
On 13 December, the day of the attack, a post-graduate student from Fine Arts started painting on the walls to show her resistance against the police action on students.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Walls Are the Publishers of the Poor': How Women Sketch the Language of Resistance |url=https://thewire.in/women/walls-are-the-publishers-of-the-poor-how-women-sketch-the-language-of-resistance |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Other artist and students followed suit, with both graffiti and murals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Asmita |date=2020-02-22 |title=The Revolution Will be Painted: Jamia Resists With Graffiti |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/short-doqs/meet-jamia-graffiti-artists-students-caa-protest-painting-on-walls |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswati |first=Bhumika |date=2020-01-20 |title=How street art plays a role in the Jamia resistance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/how-street-art-plays-a-role-in-the-jamia-resistance/article30605787.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
After the 15 December incident, the image and video of a group of female students wearing hijabs standing up to Delhi police went viral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-18 |title=The hijab-clad students who stood up to Delhi police |language=en-US |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSKBN1YM1WK/ |access-date=2023-11-27}}</ref> This visual, of a student wearing a hijab pointing at the police, demanding that they stop beating students, became the basis of art and symbolic expression of this protest.<ref name=":2" />

Students called for art, and artists responded, with the walls of the campus from the stadium to gate no. 4 becoming covered with graffiti.

Graffiti was added to the roads in and around the university's campus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Archana |first=KC |date=2020-01-03 |title=Art In The Time Of Protests: Jamia Students Are Now Painting Roads With Anti CAA & NRC Graffiti |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/art-in-the-time-of-protests-jamia-students-are-now-painting-roads-with-anti-caa-nrc-graffiti-503538.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The road art included caricatures of the Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Amit Shah]], alongside slogans such as ''"you can't impose 144, on our speech, freedom and truth,"'' ''"jiyo aur jeene do"'' (live and let live), "''#No CAA, #No [[National Register of Citizens|NRC]]''," and "''mera desh, mera samvidhan''" (my country, my constitution).<ref name=":0" /> Other slogans such as "z''inda qaume panch aaal tak intazar nahi karti''<nowiki/>'," further expressed anti-dictatorship and anti-authoritarian sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Photos: Students Fight Back During Jamia's Year of Rebellion |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jamia-millia-students-protests-2019 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
Other individuals portrayed in the protest art included [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R Ambedkar]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Maulana Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Zakir Husain|Dr Zakir Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-04 |title=Weeks after campus was stormed, Jamia is fighting back — with some street art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jamia-street-art-citizenship-amendment-act-protest-caa-nrc-violence6198695/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Many of the artists shared their art anonymously or under pseudonyms, out of fears for their safety.<ref name=":2" />

=== Removal of graffiti ===
In March 2020, when the Delhi government announced a complete lockdown as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus, the students called off the protest,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Fatima |date=2020-03-24 |title=Art installations at Shaheen Bagh, Jamia removed by Delhi Police, graffiti painted white |url=https://theprint.in/india/art-installations-at-shaheen-bagh-jamia-removed-by-delhi-police-graffiti-painted-white/387086/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> after which the Delhi police began to remove the graffiti from the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] campus and [[Shaheen Bagh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-24 |title=Police Remove Jamia Graffiti, Twitter Reminds Them of 'Priorities' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/jamia-graffiti-art-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest-removed-reactions |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Literature ==
[[File:Murals on Jamia's Wall - 3.jpg|alt=Jamia Millia Islamia Protest|thumb|221x221px|Faiz Ahmad Faiz's couplet on Jamia's wall during the Anti-CAA protest.]]
During the 100-day long protest, resistance literature became the language of protest, such as [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]'s ''[[Hum Dekhenge|<nowiki/>'Hum Dekhenge]]','' [[Habib Jalib]]'s ''<nowiki/>'Dastoor''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=Habib Jalib, his Dastoor — Why the people's poet and his verse are inspiring India's youth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/habib-jalib-his-dastoor-why-the-peoples-poet-and-his-verse-are-inspiring-indias-youth-6194746/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Rahat Indori]]'s ''"Kisi k baap ka Hindustan thodi hai"'' couplet.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-12 |title=Poetry and songs have become the soul of the nation-wide protests against the new citizenship law |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/singing-about-the-dark-times-protest-poetry-songs-citizenship-law-jamia-jnu-6208245/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Pash|Avtar Singh Pash]] and [[Dushyant Kumar]]'s resistance poetry were also painted on the campus walls of Jamia Millia Islamia.

== Songs ==
Songs are always the bearer of protest and play a role in spreading the conscience about the issue among the common man. It is generally situational and associated with the cause and movements.<ref>"To protest is to verbalize a dissatisfaction with the status quo," Elizabeth J. Kizer, "Protest Song Lyrics as Rhetoric," ''Popular Music and Society'' IX, No. 1 (1983): 3.</ref> In this agitation, many poets and musician came out with their own version of resistance songs.<ref name=":4" /> Few became popular among the people like ''Hum Kagaz Nahi Dikhayenge'' by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-22 |title='Hum Kaagaz Nahi Dikhayenge': Varun Grover's anti-NRC poem wins support online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/hum-kaagaz-nahi-dikhayenge-varun-grovers-anti-nrc-poem-6179815/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and '<nowiki/>''Sab Yaad Rakha Jayega''' by Amir Aziz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=बोस |first=मेघनाद |date=2020-02-20 |title='तुम मांगते हो मेरे होने के कागजात, मेरी हस्ती का सबूत दिया जाएगा' |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/videos/feature/aamir-aziz-poetry-sab-kuch-yaad-rakha-jayega |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TheQuint |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
* [[Shaheen Bagh protest]]
* [[Protest art]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2019 in art]]
[[Category:2020 in art]]
[[Category:December 2019 in India]]
[[Category:January 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Graffiti in India]]
[[Category:Murals in India]]
[[Category:Political art]]

Chithralaya

2025-02-20T23:02:26Z

Jamesharrey: made a article

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chithralaya
| type = Film production and distribution
| image = Chithralaya.jpg
| foundation = {{circa}} 1960s
| founder = [[C. V. Sridhar]] [[Chithralaya Gopu]] [[A. Vincent]] Tiruchi Arunachalam
| industry = Motion pictures
| parent =
}}
'''Chithralaya''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|i|θ|r|ɑː|l|ə|j|ɑː}}) also spelt '''Chitralaya''', is an Indian film production company founded in the early 1960s. It produced films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]], most of them directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. The company was founded by Sridhar, screenwriter Gopu (who later became known as [[Chithralaya Gopu]]), cinematographer [[A. Vincent]] and still photographer Tiruchi Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=சித்ராலயா கோபுவின்.. மலரும் நினைவுகள்! (1) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/chitralaya-gobus-blooming-memories-1/52725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209101434/https://m.dinamalar.com/weeklydetail.php?id=52725 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== History ==
After making films for Venus Studios, in the early 1960s Sridhar founded Chithralaya to make the kind of films he wanted. The company's logo featured a boatman and a woman travelling on a boat with the tagline, "Kadal Alayil Engal Siriya Thoni, Kalai Ulagil Engal Pudhiya Baani".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=15 December 1991 |title=கடலலையில் எங்கள் சிறிய தோணி; கலையுலகில் எங்கள் புதிய பாணி |trans-title=We know art is an ocean, we row for novel creation |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-12-15/page/n63/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=63–64 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> When discussing with his associates what should be the company's first film, Sridhar devised the story of ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' but later decided the company's first film should not be a tragedy and devised the lighter ''[[Thennilavu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=27 April 2018 |title=டி.சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 15: காஷ்மீரில் கட்டிப்போட்ட சலுகை! |language=Tamil |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127496-15.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920131307/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127496-15.html |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> ''Thennilavu'' was a success at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2008 |title=C.V Sridhar, veteran director passes away! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/c-v-sridhar-veteran-director-passes-away-news-tamil-kkfsJNdjcaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122094100/http://www.sify.com/movies/c-v-sridhar-veteran-director-passes-away-news-tamil-kkfsJNdjcaa.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> running in theatres for over 100 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Arjun |date=22 August 2012 |title=Serenading the Silver Screen |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/08/22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03600 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180510125721/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/08/22&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03600 |archive-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> After the success of ''Thennilavu'', Sridhar made ''Nenjil Or Aalayam'', set completely in a hospital and became the first Tamil film to be shot entirely in single set.<ref name="breath">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 November 2008 |title=A breath of fresh air |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article446.ece |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929043923/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article446.ece |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> It also became a box-office success.<ref name="rajendra">{{Cite magazine |date=26 January 1992 |title=ராஜேந்திரகுமார்: அன்று ஒதுங்கினேன், இன்று நெருங்கினேன் |trans-title=Rajendrakumar: I stayed away that day, we came close today |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-01-26/page/n50/mode/1up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=51–52 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

Chithralaya later produced ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'', the first Tamil film in [[Eastmancolor]] with a contemporary setting.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 March 1964 |title=காதலிக்க நேரமில்லை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/mar/08-03-1964/p21.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722052914/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1964/mar/08-03-1964/p21.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> Though the film initially found no takers, forcing Chithralaya to distribute the film themselves, it became a major success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=8 March 2014 |title=Kadhalikka Neramillai turns 50! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kadhalikka-neramillai-turns-50/article5765005.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215061827/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kadhalikka-neramillai-turns-50/article5765005.ece |archive-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> Gopu, one of the founders of the company, left after receiving more directorial offers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=18 February 2010 |title=In relaxed mood – 'Chitralaya' Gopu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-relaxed-mood-Chitralaya-Gopu/article16815321.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206082228/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-relaxed-mood-Chitralaya-Gopu/article16815321.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> Sridhar's relative [[C. V. Rajendran]] was an assistant director in Chithralaya before making his directorial debut with ''[[Anubavam Pudhumai]]'' by a different studio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 September 2016 |title=In a flashback mode |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-flashback-mode/article14628558.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601063450/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-flashback-mode/article14628558.ece |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> ''[[Thriveni]]'' was the only Malayalam film produced by Chithralaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B |date=14 March 2016 |title=Thriveni: 1970 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thriveni-1970/article8349826.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919130340/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thriveni-1970/article8349826.ece |archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]'', unlike Chithralaya's previous ventures, was only produced by Sridhar, and directed by debutant N. S. Chakravarthi.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=9 August 1992 |title=மோதிர கையால் ஒரு குட்டு! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-09/page/n51/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=50–51 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=16 August 1992 |title=எனக்கென்றும் ஓர் மனம் |trans-title=A mind of my own |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-16/page/n53/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=52–53 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> A magazine named after and run by Chithralaya was also founded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=12 January 2017 |title=Pure Cinema Book Store — full of surprises! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/Reel-stories/article17028921.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115181230/http://www.thehindu.com/society/Reel-stories/article17028921.ece |archive-date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema — Director Sridhar |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Nov_16_30/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Director_Sridhar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111080210/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Nov_16_30/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Director_Sridhar.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref> Many of Chithralaya's film posters were designed by Eswara Rao, among the most prolific poster designers in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=6 April 2011 |title=Back in those days... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/Back-in-those-days%E2%80%A6/article14672798.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018215837/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/Back-in-those-days%E2%80%A6/article14672798.ece |archive-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Year !! Film
!Language!! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Thennilavu]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]''
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Vennira Aadai]]''
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1966
|''[[Pyar Kiye Jaa]]''
|[[Hindi]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Sivandha Mann|Sivantha Mann]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1970
|''[[Thriveni]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|1970
|''[[Dharti (1970 film)|Dharti]]''
|Hindi
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]''
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]''
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Duniya Kya Jaane]]''
|Hindi
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Alaigal (film)|Alaigal]]''
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1973
|''[[Gehri Chaal]]''
|Hindi
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1975
|''[[Vaira Nenjam]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1983
|''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1986
|''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1991
|''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]''
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0272465 Chithralaya] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/company/chitralaya/filmography/ Chithralaya] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]

Rupaidiha

2024-11-27T09:03:42Z

Jamesharrey: added article and improved wording

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rupaidiha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.0218|N|81.6021|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 271881
| registration_plate = UP
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nanpara]]
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rupaidiha''' is a small town in Bahraich district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, near the India–Nepal border across from Nepalgunj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpai.gov.in/en/icp-rupaidiha|title=Rupaidiha Land Port | Land Ports Authority of India|website=www.lpai.gov.in}}</ref> The Rupaidiha border is a significant trade route, with annual trade worth Rs 8,500 crore between India and Nepal. Exports account for 95 per cent of the trade value, making the facility’s development an important move. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Nepalese counterpart Pushpakamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ virtually inaugurated Uttar Pradesh’s first land port along the India-Nepal border at Rupaidiha.The construction of the Rupaidiha Land Port, built on 115 acres of land, has cost about Rs 200 crores. A 2.2 km long feeder route has also been constructed to link the two land ports to National Highway-927.

==Transport==
A [[Indian Railways|railway]] station named "Nepalganj Road" is on the [[Nepalgunj]]–[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] route. Rupaidiha is on [[National Highway 28C (India)|NH 927]]. Nepalese and Indian nationals may cross the border without restrictions. There is a [[Geography of Nepal#Border crossing|customs checkpoint]] for goods and third country nationals.
UPSRTC has started Bus services from Rupaidiha to New Delhi and Lucknow. A bus service for Hill Stations like Shimla, Haridwar, Dehradun and even Chandigarh is also available. Bahraich is the last district of India Connected to the Nepal Border. One can reach Nepal by Bus, Train, and personal cab, which is just 55 km from Bahraich through Rupaidha.

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/4081 Trains at Nepalganj Road]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devipatan division topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Bahraich district]]
[[Category:Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border]]
[[Category:Points for exit and entry of nationals from third countries along the India–Nepal border]]

Vasavad

2024-11-01T11:37:58Z

Jamesharrey: small updated page to improve readability additionally and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vasavad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8267635|N|71.0236931|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4005
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages =Gujarati
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 365460
| registration_plate =GJ
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vasavad''' is a [[census town]] in [[Rajkot district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - PCA TV: Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Gujarat - District Rajkot - 2011 |url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6667 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=new.census.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajkot district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajkot district]]

{{Rajkot-geo-stub}}

KK Željezničar Sarajevo

2024-10-28T21:33:10Z

Jamesharrey: new a data...

{{Infobox basketball club
| color1 = #FFFFFF
| color2 = #18488f
| name = KK Željezničar Sarajevo
| nickname = ''Željo'' ''Plavi'' (The Blues)
| logo =
| imagesize = 100px
| leagues =
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1921|9|19}}
| history =
| arena =
| location = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| colors = Blue and White {{color box|#273BE2}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| president =
| coach =
| championships =
| website =
| h_body = 273BE2
| h_pattern_b =
| h_shorts = FFFFFF
| h_pattern_s =
| a_body = FFFFFF
| a_pattern_b =
| a_shorts = FFFFFF
| a_pattern_s =
}}
{{SDŽeljezničar}}
'''KK Željezničar Sarajevo''' (Košarkaški klub Željezničar Sarajevo in [[English language|English]]: Željezničar Sarajevo Basketball Club), also known as '''Željezničar Sarajevo''' is the basketball section of the multi-sport society [[SD Željezničar]], based in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

== History ==
Basketball is the second most popular sport in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The men's KK Željezničar team was one of the Yugoslavian clubs from the Bosnian region in the 1960s and 1970s, but when the [[Yugoslav Wars]] led to [[breakup of Yugoslavia|the breakup]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav federation]] in 1992, the men's team ceased to exist. In the overall Yugoslav championship table 1946–1991, the men's KK Željezničar Sarajevo occupies 24th place. They spent six seasons in the top flight. In 2024, the men's team was established again.

The women's team, [[ŽKK Željezničar Sarajevo]], won the Yugoslav championship (in which they were regular participants) in 1971, and lost Yugoslav Basketball Cup final in both 1988 and 1989. Since Bosnia-Herzegovina became independent, with its own basketball league and cup competitions, ŽKK Željezničar has won the Bosnian championship title 9 times, Bosnian Cup 8 times and the WABA League in 2003.

== Accomplishments ==
Note that all results after 1992 are for [[ŽKK Željezničar Sarajevo]], the women's basketball team from the Željezničar Sarajevo sports club.
*Champions of [[Yugoslav Women's Basketball League]] (1) - 1971
*[[Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Women)]] (11) - 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
*[[Basketball Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Women)]] (9) - 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010
*[[WABA League]] (1) - 2003
*National League Winners (12):- 1971, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010. There were three separated league and cup competitions in Bosnia and Herzegovina before the 2002/2003 season and, before that season, only several joint play-offs were played to determine one final champion or cup winner. KK Željezničar also won four championship and four cup titles in one of those regions.
*Regional champions (4) - 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001.
*Regional Cup winners (4) - 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161104042742/http://www.kkzeljeznicar.ba/ Official website of Basketball club]
* [http://www.themaniacs.org/ Website of Željezničar's supporters]

{{Yugoslav First Basketball League seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zeljeznicar Sarajevo}}
[[Category:Basketball teams in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Sport in Sarajevo]]

TVS Holdings

2024-10-01T11:35:08Z

Jamesharrey: done!

{{short description|Indian automotive components company}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = TVS Holdings Ltd<ref name="renamed"/>
| logo =
| caption =
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized =
| former_name = Sundaram-Clayton Ltd<ref name="renamed"/>
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|520056}}|{{NSE|TVSHLTD}}}}
| industry = Auto Ancillaries
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1962}}
| founder = T. S. Srinivasan
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|R. Gopalan (Chairman)<ref>{{cite news |title=Sundaram-Clayton proposes to reorganise and segregate its business |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/sundaram-clayton-proposes-to-reorganise-and-segregate-its-business/article65500439.ece |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|[[Lakshmi Venu]] ([[Managing Director|MD]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakshmi Venu takes over as managing director of Sundaram-Clayton with immediate effect |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/lakshmi-venu-takes-over-as-managing-director-of-sundaram-clayton-with-immediate-effect-13399342.htm |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=6 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|[[Venu Srinivasan]] (Chairman Emeritus)}}
|products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[TVS Group]]
| divisions = Foundry and Machining
| subsid = [[TVS Motor Company]] (50.26%)<ref name="renamed"/>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.tvsholdings.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}
'''TVS Holdings Ltd''', formerly known as '''Sundaram-Clayton Ltd''',<ref name="renamed"/> is an Indian automotive components company, based in [[Chennai]]. Part of the [[TVS Group]], it makes aluminium and magnesium castings for the automotive industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVS Group's Sundaram Clayton embarks on internal rejig to unlock value |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tvs-groups-sundaram-clayton-embarks-on-internal-rejig-to-unlock-value-8066551.html |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandrashekhar |first1=Anandi |title=Sundaram-Clayton inaugurates new foundry in Chennai to expand capacity |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/sundaram-clayton-inaugurates-new-foundry-in-chennai-to-expand-capacity/articleshow/66168100.cms |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 October 2018}}</ref> It was the flagship company of the TVS Group before being overtaken by its subsidiary [[TVS Motor Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=R Gopalan Appointed as Chairman of the Board of Sundaram-Clayton Limited|url=https://www.rashtranews.com/r-gopalan-appointed-as-chairman-of-the-board-of-sundaram-clayton-limited/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Rashtranews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

The company was founded as Sundaram-Clayton Ltd in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings plc, United Kingdom. It was renamed TVS Holdings Ltd in 2023 after the amalgamation of TVS Holdings Pvt Ltd into the company.<ref name="renamed">{{cite news |title=Sundaram Clayton renamed TVS Holdings Ltd. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sundaram-clayton-renamed-tvs-holdings-ltd/article67097708.ece |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=19 July 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In May 2024, TVS Holdings acquired an 80.74% stake in Home Credit India.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVS Holdings to acquire majority stake in Home Credit India for ₹554 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/tvs-holdings-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-home-credit-india-for-554-crore-11715345111927.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Metal companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Mehmudpur, Nakodar

2024-01-16T05:57:55Z

Jamesharrey: creating a page

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mehmudpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.1508841|N|75.4508976|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nakodar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 237<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32633|title=Mehmudpur Population per Census India|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 128/109 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mehmudpur''' is a village in [[Nakodar]] in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|4.5|km}} from [[Nakodar]], {{convert|32.5|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], {{convert|25.8|km}} from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and {{convert|159|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Transport ==
Nakodar railway station is the nearest [[train station]]. The village is {{convert|59|km}} away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is {{convert|113|km}} away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nakodar tehsil]]

Nagla Kanchan

2023-12-10T17:15:34Z

Jamesharrey: creating new details

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagla Kanchan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.29669|N|78.74545|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.176
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2341
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205121
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagla Kanchan''' ({{IAST|Naglā Kañchan}}) is a village in [[Ghiror]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,341, in 407 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nagla Kanchan had a population of 2,341, in 407 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|73}} This population was 54.6% male (1,278) and 45.4% female (1,063). The 0-6 age group numbered 348 (177 male and 171 female), or 14.9% of the total population. 735 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 31.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73-4}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nagla Kanchan as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,058 people (570 male and 488 female), in 219 households and 158 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,426 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nagla Kanchan had one primary school. It did not have any type of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided entirely by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or a public library; it did have at least some access to electricity for domestic and agricultural purposes. Streets were made of a mix of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]