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Sher Jang

2026-05-10T17:36:03Z

James: Created initial details added tags!

{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sher Jang
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 March 1870
| death_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Attock District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| nickname =
| birth_name = Sher Jang
| allegiance = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|25px]] [[British India]]
| branch = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|25px]] [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
| service_years = 1887-1925
| rank =
| unit = [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)|Coke's Rifles]]
| commands =
| battles = [[British expedition to Tibet]] [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[MacGregor Medal]] [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] [[Order of the Lion and the Sun]]
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| other_work = Survey of India
}}

'''Khan Bahadur Sher Jang''' was a soldier-surveyor in the [[British Indian Army]]. He was born at [[Dhok Aziz]] near [[Chhab]], a small village in [[Attock District]], [[British India]].{{not verified in body|date=February 2020}} His father, Aziz Khan belonged to the [[Khattak]] tribe.{{not verified in body|date=February 2020}}

==Service==
Khan Bahadur Sher Jang joined Coke's Rifles in 1887 and took part in the 1st and 2nd Miranzai Expeditions of 1890-91 and accompanied the Kurram Column in 1892-93.<ref name="officers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.king-emperor.com/Indian%20Army%20Officers.html |title=Indian Army Officers |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=2014-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105164923/http://www.king-emperor.com/Indian%20Army%20Officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He joined the [[Survey of India]] as a Soldier-Surveyor in 1895. From 1895 to 1899 he served on the N.W.Frontier, taking part on the Waziristan Expedition of 1894-95, in the Tochi, Tirah and Mohmand Expeditions of 1897-98, and in Dir and Chitral in 1899, when he was granted the title of Khan Sahib. In 1901-02 he was attached to the Abyssinian Boundary Commission and was awarded the title of Khan Bahadur at the early age of 32. In 1903-04 he accompanied the Tibet Mission, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1905-06 served under the Foreign Department in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="officers"/>

He was employed on the Baluchistan-Afghan frontier in 1909 and with the Afghan Mission in 1910, when he was awarded the McGregor Memorial Medal. He served with the Abor Expedition in 1911-12, when he was again mentioned in dispatches, and with the [[Turco-Persia Boundary Commission]] in 1913-14, for which he was awarded decorations by the Persian and Turkish Governments.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

When the Great War broke out in 1914, Khan Bahadur Sher Jang was engaged on survey work with this Commission in the neighbourhood of Urumieh. He brought his companion back through Persia by way of Mianeh, Tehran, Qum, Isfahan and Sheraz to Bushire.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

In 1917-18 he served in Waziristan and on the Mahsud frontier, and towards the end of 1918 proceeded again to Mesopotamia. He was now employed under the Political authorities on an important diplomatic mission, owing to his intimate knowledge of conditions in Persian Kurdistan.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

During this rebellion, Sher Jang served as a political officer in the Sulaimani area. In 1920-21 he was appointed representative of Iraq in the resettlement of the Iraq-Persian frontier. His work in this connection was highly appreciated by the Right Hon. Sir Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for the Colonies, in his dispatch dated 21 September 1921. He returned to Persia in 1923 with a detachment of the Survey of India which was employed in survey work for the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Honours==
He was promoted to the Upper Subordinate Service on 1 August 1909. He is in possession of 12 war medals and decorations with 8 clasps; he has been awarded honoraria for his service on several occasions, and has received an assignment of land revenue from the Government of India. In 1902 the [[Royal Geographical Society]] awarded him a Sword of Honour (the Black Memorial) in recognition of his valuable services to geography, and in 1916 he was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind]] medal (2nd Class). During the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to India in 1922, Sher Jang had the honour of being personally presented to His Royal Highness, who evinced a keen interest in his services.

==Social service==
There was also another fine side of his character which was only realised by those who knew him well, namely for his compassion for the weak. When he was on sick leave at the end of 1918, the virulent epidemic of influenza was ravaging the homes in his country. Sher Jang devoted his three months' hard-earned rest to nursing the sick and burying the dead; and he is recorded in a letter than he "regarded this duty greater than his active service". On another occasion, in [[Urmia]] in 1919, when he was by no means in a pleasant situation himself, he exercised all his personal influence in urging the protection of the hapless Christian women and children, whose lives were at times threatened by the Kurds.

==Retirement==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
He retired from survey of India on 15 June 1925. Sher Jang returned to his home, after being employed almost continuously during his service of over 30 years in the Department either on or beyond the Frontiers on India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jang, Khan Bahadur Sher}}
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the MacGregor Medal]]

Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha

2026-05-07T12:29:48Z

James: Creating first post needs work!

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|name = Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha
|abbreviation = BGPM
| logo =
|founder = [[Anit Thapa]]
|split = [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
|eci = Registered Unrecognised Party
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2021|09|09}}
|president = [[Anit Thapa]]
|colorcode = {{Party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|ideology = [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha nationalism]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
| state2_seats_name = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|29|45|hex={{Party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|294|hex={{Party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}}}
|alliance=[[Trinamool Congress|TMC+]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bgpm-to-go-solo-in-assembly-polls-regionalism-first-says-tmc-hill-ally-prnt/cid/2135896|title=BGPM to go solo in Assembly polls: Regionalism first, says TMC hill ally|publisher=The Telegraph|date=3 Dec 2025}}</ref>
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}}} [[Yellow]]
|flag=
|symbol=[[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery-Torch.png|100px|center]]}}

'''Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha''' ('''BGPM'''; {{Translation|Indian Gorkha Democratic Alliance}}) is a political party based in [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district]]s of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. BGPM was founded on 9 September 2021. It is allied with [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cordial-ties-with-govt-needed-for-growth-says-anit-thapa/cid/1865239|title=Cordial ties with govt needed for growth, says Anit Thapa|publisher=|date=16 May 2022|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
After the formation of [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] (GTA) in 2011 following the arrival of [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Trinamool Congress government]], elections were conducted in 2012. [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM) contested and won all 45 seats. Later in 2017, the GTA councillors belonging to GJM resigned and burnt copies of the GTA memorandum of agreement and the GTA Act in June 2017, saying that the GTA had failed to fulfill the aspirations of the people.

On 20 September 2017, the [[Government of West Bengal]] reconstituted the GTA and appointed rebel GJM leader [[Binay Tamang|Binoy Tamang]] as its chairperson. Before 2019 Darjeeling Assembly bye-election, Tamang became the TMC candidate and subsequently resigned as its chairman. The post was later placed by Anit Thapa, who is also a leader of GJM at that time.

===GTA Election 2022===
On 9 September 2021, Thapa left GJM and created BGPM at Darjeeling Gymkhana.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Anit Thapa floats Darjeeling's 12th party Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/anit-thapa-floats-darjeelings-12th-party-bhartiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha/cid/1830089|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Siliguri |date=2021-09-09 |title=Anit Thapa launches new party Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha in Darjeeling, Here's what you need to know |url=https://siliguritimes.com/anit-thapa-launches-new-party-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-in-darjeeling-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Siliguri Times {{!}} Siliguri News Updates |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[2022 Gorkhaland Territorial Administration election|GTA elections in 2022]], BGPM allied with TMC. BGPM won all 26 seats out of 45 seats, defeating their rival [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]], becoming the important party in Darjeeling. Following the victory, Thapa became the chief executive of GTA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-29 |title=Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha set to form board at Gorkhaland Territorial Administration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-setto-form-board-at-gorkhaland-territorial-administration/article65579129.ece |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shamsi, DHNS |first=Mohammed Safi |title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration asks CM Mamata Banerjee to redress 'issues' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gorkhaland-territorial-administration-asks-cm-mamata-banerjee-to-redress-issues-1189780.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Subsequent events===
GJM of Tamang-faction MLA [[Ruden Sada Lepcha]] joined BGPM and became the vice-president of the party. BGPM contested the [[Darjeeling Municipality]] election in February 2022. It won 9 seats out of a total of 32 seats. Later few of Hamro Party ward coordinators joined the BGPM. Following the victory of no-confidence motion, BGPM forms the government with TMC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=After Bengal rural polls, BGPM will remain only relevant party in hills: GTA chief Anit Thapa |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-bengal-rural-polls-bgpm-will-remain-only-relevant-party-in-hills-gta-chief-anit-thapa/articleshow/101573461.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Electoral Performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | Leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | Poll alliance
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | +/- in seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}};color:black" | Sitting side
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Anit Thapa]]
|[[Trinamool Congress|TMC+]]
|3
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|
|
|
|
|}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]

Raat Ke Rahi

2026-05-04T00:58:52Z

James: starting new pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Raat Ke Rahi
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Naseem Salamuddin|Naseem]]
| producer = Puspanjali Productions
| writer = Naseem
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Jabeen Jalil]]
| music = [[Bipin Babul]]
| cinematography = R. K. Pandit
| editing = Y. G. Chowhan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1959}}
| runtime = 92 mins.
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raat Ke Rahi''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1959|1959]] Indian Hindi [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Naseem Salamuddin|Naseem]]. It was a Pushpanjali production with music by [[Bipin Babul]] and lyrics by [[Vishwamitra Adil]]. The cast included [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Jabeen Jalil]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] and [[Iftekhar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Raat Ke Rahi|url=http://osianama.com/cine-ssb-1108549|publisher=Osianama|accessdate=30 April 2014}}</ref> Naseem (Salamuddin) went on to direct the successful Bhojpuri film ''Hamar Sansar'' (1967) which was produced by Nazir Hussain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|title=Cinema Bhojpuri|date=22 May 2010|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-8184752564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&q=raat+ke+rahi+1959&pg=PT43}}</ref>

According to Jabeen in an interview, ''Raat Ke Rahi'' was one of the first Hindi films to be made with a Christian background.<ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web|last1=Nagpal|first1=Sherry|title=Jabeen Jaleel- Interview|url=http://cineplot.com/jabeen-jalil-interview/|website=cineplot.com|publisher=Cineplot|accessdate=30 April 2014|ref=1984 Interview}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of [[Goa]], it was a free adaptation of [[Daphne du Maurier]]'s [[Jamaica Inn (novel)|Jamaica Inn]], with inns, smuggling and a stranger involved.

==Story==
Rita's ([[Jabeen Jalil]]) mother is dying and the priest tends to her. She asks for her older daughter Mary ([[Achala Sachdev]]), who stays in another village with her husband James ([[Nazir Hussain]]). Mary has written to say that she cannot come and is unable to meet her mother. Following the death of her mother, Rita has to move from her village and she goes to stay with her sister. On the way to the inn run by James, called the "Kala Ghoda" (Black Horse), she stops at another inn called Johny's Inn for some tea. There she meets the audacious Bobby ([[Shammi Kapoor]]), who pretends to be the owner of the Inn and makes the real owner Johny ([[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]]) act as the waiter. Bobby is James' brother, but they don't get along and he had last seen Rita when she was very young. Rita is not impressed by Bobby. He, however, accompanies her as it's dark and dangerous on the road to the "Kala Ghoda". No respectable person visits the inn and there are stories of wrongdoings going on there.

Bobby is actually in the police and he works undercover as an unemployed gadabout drinker with no work so that he can get nearer to the criminals. His friend Johny fancies reading detective novels and getting up in disguises presumably to look out for any unlawful activity. He has a girlfriend Daisy, who helps him in his quest. Bobby reports to another police officer, Robert, who seems to be the only one to know of Bobby’s secret identity. Johny tells Bobby that his brother James is up to no good and carries out smuggling from his inn. Bobby believes Johny, but says that James is his brother and he doesn't want to take action against him without any proof.

When Rita reaches home, she is appalled to see her sister Mary looking thin and gaunt. Rita asks her if James still loves her as much as he did earlier. Mary does not answer, but instead shows her around the place, which Rita explores except a locked room. James is not at home and arrives after two days. James has changed into a coarse and callous man and Rita can see that Mary is scared. In the evening the crowd at the bar consists of rough looking men. James asks Rita to help at the bar and also dance. Rita wants to leave, but she stays on because of her sister. During the night, Rita hears noises and discovers the dead body of a man. She senses someone coming and hides. It's James with a hooded stranger and they are discussing the body and smuggling activity. During the day, as she goes for a walk, she meets Watson ([[Iftekhar]]), who is a rich gentleman and does social and charitable work. He invites her in for tea and she accepts. In the course of their conversation, she tells him about the unusual activity in which her brother-in-law is involved. Watson tells her to be alert and careful and to report any further goings-on to him only. The police officer Robert comes to search the inn, but is unable to find anything. He tells Rita to beware of Bobby as he's not a nice person to know. He thinks by doing this, he may gain Rita's confidence.

Rita and Bobby soon fall in love, but James and his henchmen get Bobby arrested on a false charge. Bobby escapes and tries to find out about his brother's plans. One evening, James has had a lot to drink and he tells Rita about the smuggling and killing of three people. She tells Watson what James has disclosed to her. James takes Rita with him for their next activity where Bobby also appears. Rita is in the clutches of the hooded stranger and she pulls off the hood to discover him to be Watson. There is a chase with Bobby apprehending Watson, who has shot and injured a now repentant James.

==Cast==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Bobby
* [[Jabeen Jalil]] as Rita
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as James
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Mary
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Johny
* [[Iftekhar]] as Watson

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Bipin-Babul and the lyricist was Vishwamitra Adil. The music of two of the songs, "'''Paubara Paubara'''" and "'''Tu Kya Samjhe, Tu Kya Jane'''" has been credited to composer [[Jaidev]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raat Ke Rahi 1959 |url=http://myswar.co/album/raat-ke-raahi-1959 |accessdate= |publisher=MySwar}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Maine Pee Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Ek Nazar, Ek Ada"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Dayen Bayen Chhup Chhupake"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Tu Kya Samjhe, Tu Kya Jane"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Aa Bhi Ja Bewafa"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Paubara Paubara"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0385978}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325110808/http://www.dumaurier.org/reviews-jamaica.html Jamaica Inn]

[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bipin Babul]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Miss Malini

2026-04-29T05:50:20Z

James: new a bio

{{short description|1947 film by Kothamangalam Subbu}}
{{for|the blogger known as "Miss Malini"|Malini Agarwal}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Miss Malini (1947).jpg
| alt = Black-and-white newspaper ad
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| screenplay = Kothamangalam Subbu
| story = [[R. K. Narayan]]
| producer = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| starring = [[Pushpavalli]] Kothamangalam Subbu [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
| cinematography = M. Natarajan
| editing = N. K. Gopal
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] Parur S. Anantharaman
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1947|9|26}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Miss Malini''''' is a 1947 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical film]] written and directed by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] and produced by [[K. Ramnoth]], based on a story by [[R. K. Narayan]]. Subbu also starred in the film alongside [[Pushpavalli]] and [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]. [[Javar Seetharaman]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]] made their acting debuts in the film appearing in minor supporting roles. The film focuses on Malini (Pushpavalli), an impoverished woman who joins her actress friend Sundari's (Sundari Bai) theatre company Kala Mandhiram and becomes a success. Things take a turn for the worse when she befriends a [[charlatan]] named Sampath (Subbu).

''Miss Malini'' ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) during the [[World War II]] period, and was the only story written by Narayan for the screen that came to fruition. It was released on 26 September 1947, and was accompanied in theatres by ''Cinema Kadhambam'', the first animated film produced in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]]. ''Miss Malini'' was praised by intellectuals; Subbu's performance as Sampath was widely appreciated. The songs composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and Parur S. Anantharaman became popular, and the film gained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema.

''Miss Malini'' marked Narayan's earliest use of story elements that would recur in some of his later novels. It was later rewritten by him as the 1949 novel ''[[Mr. Sampath – The Printer of Malgudi]]'', which in turn was adapted into the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mr. Sampat]]'' (1952) directed by [[S. S. Vasan]], and a [[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|1972 Tamil film]] directed by [[Cho Ramaswamy]]. Although no [[release print|print]] of ''Miss Malini'' is known to survive, thereby making it a [[lost film]], surviving artefacts include its songs, along with a few stills and newspaper advertisements.

== Plot ==
Malini is an indigent woman whose father is in poor health. She is persuaded by her friend Sundari, an actress, to join her theatre company, Kala Mandhiram. Malini soon becomes very successful and popular. She is later befriended by Sampath, a [[charlatan]], who is regularly involved in dodging [[creditor]]s. Deaf to all advice, Malini allows herself to be led astray in professional, financial and moral terms. She is put out of Kala Mandhiram and sets up a theatre company of her own where Sampath appoints himself as [[general manager]]. Malini severs ties with those who previously helped her, including Sundari. At first, the new company prospers, but its resources are soon squandered by Sampath and it falls under a weight of [[debt]] and disgrace. Sampath abandons Malini, who falls back to her previous destitute condition. However, with Sundari's help, she returns to Kala Mandhiram and begins her life anew.<ref name="blast" />{{Sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|pp=322–323}}

== Cast ==
''The cast is listed below'':<ref name="song book" />
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pushpavalli]] as Malini
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] as Sundari
* Subbiah Pillai as Malini's father
* [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] as Sampath
* L. Narayana Rao as the [[sari]] merchant
* [[Javar Seetharaman|N. Seetharaman]] as the director
* [[Gemini Ganesan|R. G.]] as Kumar
* [[S. Varalakshmi|Varalakshmi]] as Nirmala
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|Gopalakrishnan]] as the office boy
}}

== Production ==
{{multiple image
| align = right (default)
| direction = vertical
| header_align = right
| image1 = Miss Malini Gemini still.jpg
| link1 = File:Miss Malini Gemini still.jpg
| image2 = Miss Malini 1947 still.jpg
| link2 = File:Miss Malini 1947 still.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = Two surviving stills from the film.
}}
''Miss Malini'' was an original story written by novelist [[R. K. Narayan]] for the screen, not based on any of his past works.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Ram |first1=Susan |last2=Ram |first2=N. |date=5 October 1996 |title=Narayan of Malgudi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ5KAQAAIAAJ&q=miss+malini |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216105713/https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=vJ5KAQAAIAAJ&dq=miss+malini+1947&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=miss+malini |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=19 October 2020 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |location=Chennai |page=13 |volume=13 |issue=20 |issn=0970-1710 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="flood" /> It was also his only one that came to fruition.<ref name="1947MadrasStory" />{{efn|Narayan wrote a story for [[Jupiter Pictures]] which was not produced. He also wrote a [[Film treatment|treatment]] for Gemini's ''[[Moondru Pillaigal]]'' (1952) and contributed to the script of ''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyar]]'' (1953), but Narayan's brother R. K. Ramachandran did not know "how much of his work Vasan used" for the latter.<ref name="flood" />}} Soon after the story developed, Narayan's friend, [[Gemini Studios]]' owner [[S. S. Vasan]] launched it as a film.{{sfn|Ghosh|2013|pp=3–4}} [[K. Ramnoth]], then the controller of productions at Gemini, produced the film under the studio's banner.<ref name="StarVersatile" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 November 2006 |title=Remembering Ramnoth |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-ramnoth/article3231213.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428102536/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-ramnoth/article3231213.ece |archive-date=28 April 2016 |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M. Natarajan worked as the cinematographer, N. K. Gopal was the main editor, and the art director was A. K. Sekhar.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Besides directing the film and writing the screenplay,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="flood" /> [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] starred in a leading role as Sampath the charlatan, also known as "Bit Notice".{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|p=50}}<ref name="ChandraMohana" /> It was his second directorial venture, after ''[[Kannamma En Kadhali]]'' (1945), also produced by Gemini Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director |url=http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408072810/http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Kothamangalam Subbu}}</ref> Narayan's brother, R. K. Ramachandran, who did some editing on the film (marking his cinematic debut), believed that the character of Sampath was inspired by Sathashivayya, a man in [[Mysore]] who "exploited young women singers and artistes under the guise of promoting them".<ref name="flood" />

The film featured [[Pushpavalli]] in the title role, and [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as her friend Sundari.<ref name="blast" />{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=193}} It was the former's second appearance in a Tamil film, after Gemini's ''[[Dasi Aparanji]]'' (1944).<ref name="MissMaliniIndianExpress" /> N. Seetharaman, who later became known as [[Javar Seetharaman]], made his acting debut in a minor role with this film, portraying the director of Kala Mandhiram.<ref name="blast" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 November 2015 |title=''Aalayamani'' (1962) Tamil |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503085422/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film also marked the cinematic debut of Ramaswamy Ganesan, who later became known as [[Gemini Ganesan]]. He was then working in Gemini's casting department, and Ramnoth, who had faith in Ganesan's acting prowess, cast him in the minor role of an assistant director employed by Seetharaman's character.<ref name="StarVersatile" /> In his only scene in the film, the assistant director tells the director, "Sir, Collection – Record Break", referring to the tickets having been sold out, to which the director replies that while the collection is "record break", in some time the theatre too would be "break" (broken) due to Malini having gone missing.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rocISW-SUYc |title=Chapter Four – The Missing Film Reels of Thamizh Cinema 1916–2016 |date=5 January 2018 |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Sugeeth |type=documentary |publisher=THE MISSING FILM REELS OF THAMIZH CINEMA 1916–2016 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109031909/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rocISW-SUYc |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ganesan was credited onscreen as "R.G.", standing for "Ramaswamy Ganesan".{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=252}}<ref name="madrasmusings" /> This was the film where he met his future paramour Pushpavalli.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=28}}

[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], in one of his earliest film roles, appeared as Sampath's office boy.{{sfn|Guy|2016|pp=193–194}}<ref name="Thulasimaadam" /> L. Narayana Rao was cast as a [[sari]] merchant who Sampath tells in English, "In this age of publicity, be wise and advertise!" and when the impressed merchant asks in Tamil who said it, Sampath simply replies "[[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]", duping the merchant in the process.<ref name="MissMaliniIndianExpress" /> According to the 1996 book ''R.K. Narayan: The Early Years'' by [[N. Ram]] and his wife Susan, the film was made on a [[Low-budget film|shoestring budget]] of approximately {{INR}} 2,50,000.{{sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|p=322}}{{efn|The exchange rate in 1947 was 3.3175 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exchange Rate – 1945–1971 |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503095107/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=118 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>}} Its final length was {{convert|13924|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doraiswamy |first=V . |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ&q=miss+malini |title=Asian Film Directory and Who's who |publisher=Fozalbhoy House |year=1952 |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |pages=167 |oclc=19120677}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Miss Malini'' subtly ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) during the [[World War II]] period when there was a shortage of commodities and high prices. It included depictions of social mores, a love story, and the moral dilemmas its characters face pursuing business and personal interests.<ref name="blast" /> Film historian [[Randor Guy]] called the film a satire on South Indian society, it's [[Wolf in sheep's clothing|wolves in sheep's clothing]], frauds, social climbers and so on.{{Sfn|Guy|2016|p=193}} According to the 2006 book ''Performing Pasts: Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India'', the name "Bit Notice" was resonant of Subbu's own interests in the fields of theatre and cinema.{{sfn|Peterson|Soneji|2008|p=275|ps=: "In ''Miss Malini'', Subbu played the role of the film's central character, Sampath, dubbing him 'Bit Notice', a name resonant of his own interests in the worlds of the popular drama and cinema".}} Guy felt that the dialogue "Be wise and advertise!" reflected Vasan's personal beliefs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 May 2003 |title=With a finger on people's pulse |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503091518/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''R.K. Narayan: The Early Years'' stated that the film marked Narayan's earliest use of story elements that would recur in his later novels such as ''[[The Financial Expert]]'', ''[[The Man-Eater of Malgudi]]'' and ''[[The Guide]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Haq |first=Kaiser |author-link=Kaiser Haq |year=1997 |title=A Malgudi Life |magazine=[[The London Magazine]] |page=211 |volume=37 |issue=1–6}}</ref> These include the protagonist having humble beginnings before being lifted into a "totally new and unexpected situation," which brings fame and prosperity, the rise being invariably associated with an external player, who is a plausible person, of considerable force and no integrity. At the instigation of this character, the protagonist rises even higher, then engages in immoral actions causing their fall, and eventual return to their original position, but with a new philosophical perspective.{{sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|p=323}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[Carnatic music]]ian Parur S. Anantharaman composed the film's soundtrack.<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |title=மிஸ் மாலினி |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1947 |location=Madras |language=ta |type=[[song book]]|url=https://rmrl.in/ta/dl/books/33282/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF}}</ref> Subbu was the lyricist for all of the songs except "Kaalaiyiley Ezhunthiruntha Kattayodey Azhuganam", which was written by Surabhi.<ref name="blast" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> [[T. V. Rathnam]] sang all of the songs except "Kulikkanum Kalikkanum" (sung by [[P. Leela]]), and "Kaalaiyiley" (sung by Sundari Bai).<ref name="blast" />

"Mylapore Vakkeelathu" explores a young woman's ambition to marry a lawyer from the [[Mylapore]] district of Chennai – "''Mylapore vakeelaathu mattupennaaven''" ("I shall be a Mylapore lawyer's daughter-in-law").<ref name="mylaporelawyer" /> It also reflects the trend that popular and wealthy people of that period lived in Mylapore,<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Chetti |first=Nalli Kuppuswami |subject-link=Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti |interviewer=V. G. Narayanan |title=Creating Emerging Markets – Oral History Collection |url=http://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/emerging-markets-transcripts/ChettiTranscriptWithCoverFinal.pdf |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503095605/http://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/emerging-markets-transcripts/ChettiTranscriptWithCoverFinal.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=28 June 2014}}</ref> and highlights the association between Mylapore and lawyers.<ref name="mylaporelawyer" /> "Kaalaiyiley" ridicules India's [[Ration card (India)|ration system]] through the lyrics "''Sarkaraikku queuevil poi saanjukittu nikkanum, sanda pottu patthu balam sakkata mann vaanganum''" ("I have to stand in the queue for sugar, and after a lot of fighting, buy ten measures of gutter mud").<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2016 |title=தில்லானா மோகனாம்பாளை திரைக்குத் தந்த கொத்தமங்கலம் சுப்பு! பிறந்தநாள் சிறப்புப் பகிர்வு |trans-title=Kothamangalam Subbu, who gave the screen ''Thillana Mohanambal''! Birthday special |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/71977-kothamangalam-subbu-birthday-special-article.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503110351/http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/71977-kothamangalam-subbu-birthday-special-article.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="Amudhasurabi" />

"Sri Saraswathi" is a partial variant of the [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] composition of the same name.<ref name="MissMaliniIndianExpress" /> S. S. Vasan initially hired [[D. K. Pattammal]] to sing the song, picturised on Malini. However, Pattammal's recording was excluded from the final cut in favour of a version recorded by Rathnam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 July 2009 |title=Memorable voice, evergreen songs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Memorable-voice-evergreen-songs/article15939184.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503093444/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Memorable-voice-evergreen-songs/article15939184.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vasan later told Randor Guy that Malini is an impoverished woman with no training in music when the song takes place, and cannot be expected to sing with the "class, perfection and brilliance" of Pattammal. As a result, he chose "a regular singer" to sing the song.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=234}} "Paadum Radio" outlines the comfort of life in Madras with its electricity, radio and so on, but there is "counter in the same song which [emphasises] what city life is devoid of."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=22 August 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples – Madras Day, in the eyes of an old movie buff |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/22/filmy-ripples-madras-day-in-the-eyes-of-an-old-movie-buff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170823091426/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/22/filmy-ripples-madras-day-in-the-eyes-of-an-old-movie-buff/ |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> The songs attained popularity,<ref name="blast" /> particularly "Mylapore Vakkeelathu",<ref name="mylaporelawyer" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=15 June 2010 |title=Memories of Madras: Mystic aura of Mylapore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Memories-of-Madras-Mystic-aura-of-Mylapore/article15584320.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503093744/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Memories-of-Madras-Mystic-aura-of-Mylapore/article15584320.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Kaalaiyiley".<ref name="blast" /> ''R.K. Narayan: The Early Years'' states that the songs "would be remembered long after the film ceased showing".{{sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|p=322}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracks sorted alphabetically
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:06 
| title1 = Abayam Thanthu Arul Purivaiyam
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[T. V. Rathnam]]
| length1 = 2:52
| title2 = Jegame Oru Chiththira Salai
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[T. V. Rathnam]]
| length2 = 3:15
| title3 = Kaalaiyiley Ezhunthiruntha Kattayodey Azhuganam
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = Surabhi
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
| length3 = 6:06
| title4 = Kulikkanum Kalikkanum
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[P. Leela]]
| length4 = 1:58
| title5 = Mylapore Vakkeelathu
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| music5 =
| extra5 = T. V. Rathnam
| length5 = 2:24
| title6 = Paadum Radio
| lyrics6 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| music6 =
| extra6 = T. V. Rathnam
| length6 = 6:24
| title7 = Senthamizh Nadu Sezhiththidave
| lyrics7 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| extra7 = T. V. Rathnam
| length7 = 2:43
| title8 = Sri Saraswathi
| lyrics8 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| extra8 = T. V. Rathnam
| length8 = 3:24
}}

== Release ==
[[File:Cinema Kadhambam.jpg|thumb|200px|A scene from ''Cinema Kadambam'', an animated short screened alongside ''Miss Malini''. It was the first animated film produced in South India.<ref name="PadmaJyoti" />]]
''Miss Malini'' was released on 26 September 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=14 November 2014 |title=ஜெமினி கணேசன் பிறந்தநாள்: நவம்பர் 17 – காதல் மன்னன் பிறந்த கதை |trans-title=Gemini Ganesan's birthday: 17 November – How the King of Romance was born |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/22590-17.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312083711/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/22590-17.html |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> An animated film of roughly 10 minutes,{{Efn|While film historian [[Randor Guy]] estimated the short to have run for "5 to 10 minutes",<ref name="PadmaJyoti" /> the 1992 book ''Films Division and the Indian Documentary'' by India's [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] says it was 8 minutes long.{{sfn|Narwekar|1992|p=45}}}} developed by cartoonist N. Thanu, titled ''Cinema Kadhambam'', was screened after the [[Intermission|interval]] of ''Miss Malini''.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />{{sfn|Narwekar|1992|p=45}} ''Cinema Kadhambam'', which featured caricatures of popular South Indian actors like [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[Vasundhara Devi|Vasundhara]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and [[P. Kannamba]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Glimpses of Indian Animation |type=documentary |publisher=[[Films Division of India]] |year=1997 |time=8:40 to 9:30 |time-caption=From}}</ref> was the first animated film produced in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref name="PadmaJyoti" />

=== Critical reception ===
''Miss Malini'' was well received by intellectuals; critics praised Subbu's performance as Sampath.<ref name="blast" /><ref name="ChandraMohana" /> On 26 September 1947, the reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' believed the technical aspects had made ''Miss Malini'' "Gemini's most outstanding achievement", concluding that the film was "of immense significance for the Indian screen." ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''{{'}}s review the same day similarly opined, "[''Miss''] ''Malini'' with its technical perfection, good photography and high level acting splashed by good music, and untainted by vulgarity will provide good entertainment." The following day, a review of ''Miss Malini'' from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted that it presented "a sort of skit on modern life" and termed it as "fine entertainment." The Tamil newspaper ''[[Swadesamitran]]''{{'s}} review described it as a "sample of the high production values Gemini is capable of introducing in a picture".<ref name="reviews" />

The critic from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] newspaper ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' said on 28 September, "Evidence of skillful expression of art is profusely manifest in this picture." On 3 October, the critic from ''[[The Mail (Madras)|The Mail]]'' praised the cast performances, the film's music, "enchanting pageantry" and Subbu's direction. A reviewer from another Tamil newspaper, ''[[Dinamani]]'', believed the film to be "a pointer to social pictures in future" in their review dated 5 October.<ref name="reviews" /> The critic from ''[[The Indian Review]]'' called ''Miss Malini'' an "attempt at a new kind of filmmaking with new technique. Eschewing cheap love-scenes and lewd expressions and gestures, the film yet keeps our interest intact."<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1947 |editor-last=Natesan |editor-first=G. A. |editor-link=G. A. Natesan |title=Gemini's ''Malini'' |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506746/page/n239/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250312085203/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506746/page/n239/mode/2up |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Review]] |pages=629 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
According to Randor Guy, ''Miss Malini'' was not successful at the box-office,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 February 1989 |title=Hit and Miss |magazine=[[Aside (magazine)|Aside]] |pages=46–47}}</ref> and it took a few years to recover its cost.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=194}} He attributed the film's failure to its lack of commercial elements that would have helped it reach out to average filmgoers, the fact that it was ahead of its time, and wrote that Vasan lamented that "making films for intellectuals would not bring money"; Guy considered this a "lesson" he learnt from making the film.<ref name="blast" /> Guy also stated that Vasan would later often tell his friends that the film proved that Indian audiences "did not appreciate movies that tickled their intellect".{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=194}} Novelist and historian Venkatesh Ramakrishnan supported Guy's claim, saying the film "[[Box-office bomb|bombed]] at the box office".<ref name="1947MadrasStory" />

In contrast, the 1985 book ''70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983'' says ''Miss Malini'' not only created box office records, but was also a trendsetter in Tamil cinema.{{sfn|Ramachandran|Rukmini|1985|p=164}} V. Balakrishnan, writing for the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in 2015, also stated that the film was a success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பேராசிரியர் வா. |date=19 December 2016 |title=கைதட்டலை கணித்த கெட்டிக்காரர் எஸ்.எஸ்.வாசன் (தமிழ்சினிமா முன்னோடிகள்: தொடர்-13) |trans-title=S. S. Vasan, the clever man who foresaw applause (Pioneers of Tamil cinema: Part 13) |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/53952.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170508110624/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/53952.html |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''R.K. Narayan: The Early Years'' says that the film "paid for itself at the box office".{{sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|p=322}} Vasan's son [[S. S. Balan]] said the film "fared reasonably well".{{sfn|Ghosh|2013|p=8}} In April 1954, the magazine ''Gundoosi''{{'s}} column "Nunippul" ({{Translation|Surface Grass}}) said that Ramnoth, not Subbu, was the main reason for the film's success.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=189}}

== Legacy ==
''Miss Malini'' attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema,<ref name="ChandraMohana" /> and the character of Sampath became iconic.<ref name="blast" /> Sundari Bai's "nippy delivery" of her lines also attained popularity.{{sfn |Guy |2016 |p=181}} Subbu became popularly known by his character's nickname "Bit Notice" after the film's release; children around [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] would scream "Bit Notice" when he passed by that area.<ref name="flood" /> Subbu's dialogue "Be wise and advertise!" also attained popularity.<ref name="MissMaliniIndianExpress" />{{sfnm |1a1=Pillai |1y=2015 |1p=173 |2a1=Guy |2y=2016 |2p=249}} Music historian [[Vamanan]] noted in 2013 that politician [[M. P. Sivagnanam]]'s enthusiasm for popularising the life of the [[Polygar]] chieftain [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] as a [[Resistance movement|resistance fighter]] was derived initially from a line written by Subbu in a song from ''Miss Malini'', which mentions Kattabomman along with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] ("''Gandhi Mahaan, Netaji, Kattabomman kathai koori''").{{efn|The claim by Vamanan does not identify the song by name.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=April 2013 |title=Kothamangalam Subbu: Storyteller par excellence |url=https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/kothamangalam-subbu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085615/https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/kothamangalam-subbu.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |magazine=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti]] |pages=13–14 |language=en}}</ref>}}

According to Ganesan's journalist daughter Narayani, his role in ''Miss Malini'' won him acclaim, and he soon received more acting offers.{{sfn |Ganesh |2011 |pp=50–51}} Guy noted that he went on to "blossom as one of the top stars of South Indian cinema".<ref name="blast" /> The film was later rewritten by Narayan as the 1949 novel ''[[Mr. Sampath – The Printer of Malgudi]]'',<ref name="ChandraMohana" /> which in turn was adapted into the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mr. Sampat]]'' (1952) directed by Vasan,{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=326}}{{efn|While Vasan's son [[S. S. Balan]] and ''Mr. Sampat''{{'s}} lead actress [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] stated that the film was adapted from ''Miss Malini'',{{sfn |Ghosh |2013 |p=4}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=24 September 2004 |title=The tillana glitter is intact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-tillana-glitter-is-intact/article28577182.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612050051/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-tillana-glitter-is-intact/article28577182.ece |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> a December 1952 article by ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that it was "based on a popular story which appeared in serial form in ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' some time ago".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 1952 |title=Vast crowds welcome Gemini's ''Mr Sampat'' |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>}} and a [[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|1972 Tamil film]] directed by [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="Amudhasurabi" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2016 |title=திரை உலகில் சோ மீது போர் தொடுத்த துக்ளக்! |trans-title=The war on the actor Cho by ''Tughlaq''! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/2754 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416183316/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/2754 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Although no print of ''Miss Malini'' is known to survive, which makes it a [[lost film]],<ref name="madrasmusings" /> surviving artifacts include its songs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1947 |title=Miss Malini |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/miss-malini/Z89MiYdkoWQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312101159/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/miss-malini/Z89MiYdkoWQ_ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> along with a few stills and newspaper advertisements.<ref name="blast" /><ref name="reviews" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="blast">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 July 2008 |title=''Miss Malini'' 1947 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/miss-malini-1947/article3023159.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503091049/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/miss-malini-1947/article3023159.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=21 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1947 – மிஸ் மாலினி – ஜெமினி |trans-title=1947 – Miss Malini – Gemini |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503085733/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Thulasimaadam">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 July 2013 |title=''Thulasimaadam'' (1963) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503094727/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MissMaliniIndianExpress">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=6 April 1991 |title=''Miss Malini'': Fine acting and good music |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH1lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=373%2C2185447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311134148/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH1lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=373%2C2185447 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="flood">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=26 July 2001 |title=A flood of fond memories |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261282.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503085637/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261282.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="1947MadrasStory">{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Venkatesh |date=14 August 2017 |title=1947: A Madras story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/1947-a-madras-story/article19492358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823045621/http://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/1947-a-madras-story/article19492358.ece |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="StarVersatile">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=15 August 2003 |title=Star and a versatile actor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501500300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503090658/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501500300.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ChandraMohana">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=8 February 2014 |title=Blast from the Past: ''Chandra Mohana'' or ''Samooga Thondu'' 1936 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-chandra-mohana-or-samooga-thondu-1936/article5668076.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503092228/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-chandra-mohana-or-samooga-thondu-1936/article5668076.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="madrasmusings">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2008 |title=Round the City's old studios with Randor Guy |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221628/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |work=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref>
<ref name="mylaporelawyer">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Mylapore Lawyer |url=http://www.mylaporelawyerpichai.org/mylawporelawyer.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123164626/http://mylaporelawyerpichai.org/mylawporelawyer.htm |archive-date=23 January 2020 |access-date=10 April 2017 |website=Mylaporelawyerpichai.org |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Amudhasurabi">{{Cite magazine |last=வெங்கடாச்சலம் |first=கிருஷ்ணன் |date=November 2009 |title=கொத்தமங்கலம் சுப்பு |url=https://archive.org/details/KothamangalamSubbuAmudhasurabhi |access-date=12 March 2025 |magazine=Amudhasurabi |pages=12–13 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="PadmaJyoti">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 December 2011 |title=''Padma Jyoti'' 1937 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/padma-jyoti-1937/article2683822.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503092753/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/padma-jyoti-1937/article2683822.ece |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="reviews">{{Cite news |date=21 October 1947 |title=All about Miss Malini the press acclaims |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7NI-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=kkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3785%2C1776618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312095504/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7NI-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=kkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3785%2C1776618 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ganesh |first=Narayani |title=Eternal Romantic: My Father Gemini Ganesan |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7436-578-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Abhijit |title=40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-31-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |oclc=52794531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |publisher=Creative Workshop |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mu9kAAAAMAAJ&q=%22miss+malini%22+gemini |title=Films Division and the Indian Documentary |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |year=1992 |location=India |oclc=29012317}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Indira Viswanathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&q=Miss+Malini |title=Performing Pasts: Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India |last2=Soneji |first2=Devesh |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-569084-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ&q=miss+malini+1947 |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-121-3 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Susan |title=R.K. Narayan: The Early Years, 1906–1945 |last2=Ram |first2=N. |author-link2=N. Ram |publisher=Viking |year=1996 |oclc=889711654}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC&q=miss+malini+1947 |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983 |last2=Rukmini |first2=S. |publisher=Cinema India-International |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-090-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |author-link=Yasser Usman |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |title-link=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=29 August 2016 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{R. K. Narayan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miss Malini}}
[[Category:1940s lost films]]
[[Category:1947 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about theatre]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Lost comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arundhati (2009 film)

2026-04-27T17:30:21Z

James: Creating new info initial version!

{{Short description|2009 Indian film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arundhati
| image = Arundhati.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer = [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]
| writer = Manav Mahapatra [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]] [[Chintapalli Ramana]] (Dialogues)
| starring = [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Sonu Sood]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Mallemala Entertainments]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|01|16|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{INR|13.5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="idlebrain1" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|70 [[crore]]}}<ref name="gross" />
}}

'''''Arundhati''''' is a [[List of Telugu films of 2009|2009]] Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[Supernatural horror film|supernatural horror]] [[fantasy action film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Happy birthday Anushka Shetty: Four films that made her a pan-India star, and we are not talking about Baahubali |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-anushka-shetty-four-films-that-made-her-a-pan-india-star-and-we-are-not-talking-about-baahubali/story-gkXxPbbXEYc6fTDY7BulaP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107020250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-anushka-shetty-four-films-that-made-her-a-pan-india-star-and-we-are-not-talking-about-baahubali/story-gkXxPbbXEYc6fTDY7BulaP.html |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], and produced by [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]], under his banner, [[Mallemala Entertainments]]. The film stars [[Anushka Shetty]] in the titular role, alongside [[Sonu Sood]], [[Arjan Bajwa]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]. The music is composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] with cinematography by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] and editing by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]].

Released on 16 January 2009, the film was a major commercial success, grossing over ₹70 crore with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹36 crore in its Telugu version becoming the second [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film]] of its time to be released in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2011 |title=All Time Top 5 : No.4 - Arundhati Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=68&cid=6&fid=191 |access-date=January 18, 2026 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref> Including its dubbed versions which brought its distributor's share to over ₹43 crore, ''Arundhati'' was the highest grossing Telugu film overall until it was surpassed by ''[[Magadheera]]'' later that year.<ref name="gross">{{Cite news |date=3 April 2009 |title=Arundhati's success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/apr/03/arundhatis-success-38127.html |access-date=2021-01-08 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It was also the highest-grossing female led film in [[South Indian Cinema|South India]] until 2015, when it was surpassed by the Telugu biographical film, ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'', which again starred Anushka in the lead role. The film was also the only South Indian female led film to have over 1.8 crore footfalls. The success of the film turned Anushka into a major movie star overnight in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Hemanth Kumar |date=2020-02-05 |title=7 Telugu films you must check out if you love the fantasy genre |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/best-telugu-fantasy-films-oh-baby-eega-pathala-bhairavi-sridevi-telegu-films |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN |quote=The film turned Anushka Shetty into a big star in Telugu cinema, and kickstarted a new wave of female-centric films soon after its release.}}</ref> The film received several accolades, including ten [[Nandi Awards]], and two [[Filmfare Awards South]].

The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with [[Arundhati (2014 film)|the same name]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-04 |title=Is the Bengali audience changing? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/is-the-bengali-audience-changing/ |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arundhati, a woman believed to be the reincarnation of her great-grandmother Jejamma, is engaged to Rahul. While traveling to [[Gadwal]], one of her relatives Ramana and his wife Susheela encounter a mysterious entity and are led to an abandoned mansion. Inside, they encounter a tomb and are trapped in an illusion created by the entity. Arundhati's family arrives in Gadwal due to an accident caused by the entity to her grandfather Bhupathi Raja Jr. In Gadwal, Arundhati meets Anwar, a [[Fakir]], who warns her about the danger but she ignores him. Arundhati is later lured by the entity to the abandoned mansion, and is stopped by a man. She ignores him and enters the mansion. She encounters the tomb, but is pulled out by Anwar, who warns her by showing a ghost.

Arundhati later discovers that the man whom she met outside the mansion is her grandfather's late elder brother and persuades the house maid Chandramma to tell her the story of Jejamma.
In a flashback, the mansion is ruled by Raja Chinna Venkata Rangarayudu and his daughters, Bhargavi and Arundhati Sr., Pasupathi an evil man and Bhargavi's husband, abuses her and indulges in rape and adultery. One time due to influence of alcohol and lust he even rapes and kills Arundhati’s dance instructor which enrages Arundhati in spite being attempted to thwart her by her elder sister, Bhargavi. Realising that her marital relationship with Pasupathi is an obstacle for her father to punish him, Bhargavi commits suicide. During Bhargavi's funeral, a drunken Pasupathi mocks her death. Enraged, Jejamma kicks Pasupathi out of the palace after the people of Gadwal beat him black and blue. He is then tied to his own horse and dragged across the kingdom to his death. However he is found alive by a group of Aghoras, who are practitioners of black magic. They save his life and take him in as one of their own, teaching him black magic. He returns after 7 years as a very strong Aghora to seek revenge, and enters the mansion, killing innocents. But after seeing her beauty he wants to have sex with her before killing her and sacrificing her soul to his deity Aghora. After luring him null with her special dance performance taught by her dance instructor who was previously raped and killed by Pasupathi, Jejamma entombs him alive in the mansion, which is subsequently abandoned. Chandramma reveals that Pasupathi's spirit threatens Arundhati after forty-eight days.

Pasupathi manipulates Ramana to release his spirit from the tomb, and he terrorizes Arundhati. Anwar and Chandramma intervene, and Arundhati learns she is Jejamma's reincarnation. Pasupathi's spirit caused destruction in her house. Frantic for a solution, Jejamma visits the Aghoras and learns that the only way to end Pasupathi’s spirit is to sacrifice her life so that her mortal remains can be fashioned into a weapon strong enough to kill Pasupathi's soul. Jejamma decides to sacrifice her life and bids goodbye to her family. Before leaving, she tells them that the first girl child going to born in her family will be her reincarnation, Jejamma tells them to believe that she is born again, she tells them to give her name to that girl and tells them to respect her. Jejamma comes back to the Aghoras, asking them to give her a painful death. They hit coconuts on her head. Jejamma dies. Her corpse is burned on stake and the Aghoras create a powerful weapon from her bones.

Arundhati and Anwar set out to retrieve the weapon, but Pasupathi threatens Rahul and causes an accident. Arundhati comes to rescue Rahul but encounters Pasupathi. Chandramma is killed; to save her family, Arundhati surrenders herself to Pasupathi. Anwar comes to the palace to give her the weapon when Pasupathi tries to force her to have sex with him, but before Anwar can explain its power, Pasupathi kills him. Arundhati tries to kill herself as she doesn’t want to be his prey. When she stabs herself, her blood activates the weapon and Jejamma takes over Arundathi’s body. she slays Pasupathi. The castle is destroyed and Arundhati is presumed dead.

However, Arundhati survives and is recognized by a little girl from her family. They rejoice as they realize that Jejamma has returned.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anushka Shetty]] in a dual role as
** Arundhati/Jejamma, the Queen of Gadwal (dubbed by Shilpa)
*** Divya Nagesh as young Jejamma
** Jr Arundhati, Jejamma's great-granddaughter and reincarnation of Jejamma (dubbed by [[Sowmya Sharma]])
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Pasupathi, Jejamma's Brother-in-Law; Bhargavi's husband (dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Anwar, Jr.Arundhati helper
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chandramma, Jejamma's family maid and helper
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Bhupathi Raja Jr., Arundhati's grandfather and Jejamma's younger son
* [[Arjan Bajwa]] as Rahul, Arundhati's fiance
* [[Subhashini]] as Jalajamma, Pasupathi's mother and Jejamma's aunt
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Arundhati's father
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Arundhati's uncle
* Bhel Prasad Rao as Nilendra Varma, Bhupathi Raja's late elder brother
* Leena Sidhu as Kanchana
* Meena as Bhargavi
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Arundhati's uncle
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Bhupati Raja's wife, Arundhati's grandmother
* Shiva Parvathi as Mahalakshmi, Arundhati's mother
* Jaya Lakshmi as Arundhati's aunt
* [[Jayalalita]] as Manga
* Praveena as Susheela
}}

==Production==

===Development===
Shyam Prasad Reddy revealed that he got the idea of ''Arundhati'' while receiving National Awards for the film ''Anji'' (2004).<ref name="idlebrain1">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Arundhati – Post mortem – Telugu cinema – M Shyam Prasad Reddy |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/arundhati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907073433/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/arundhati.html |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=Idlebrain.com}}.</ref> Being inspired from films like ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' and ''[[The Exorcist]]'', he made it a female-oriented story "for a bigger appeal so that the entire family could watch it. I added classical dance to it. I wanted to mount the film on a grandeur scale.[sic] I wanted to play the film on 'fear of the evil spirit'. Arundhati is about good fighting evil. Hence I had to make sure that both the characters of Arundhati and Pasupati equally powerful [sic]".<ref name="idlebrain1" /><ref name="idlebrain2">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Arundhati – Post mortem – Telugu cinema – M Shyam Prasad Reddy (Part 2) |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/arundhati1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907074319/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/arundhati1.html |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

===Casting===
Shyam Prasad Reddy wanted somebody with a 5'10" (5 feet 10 inches) height and "should look royal because she is the queen, and she rides on horses and elephants". Gemini Kiran suggested Shyam Prasad Reddy to choose Anushka for the role. After conducting her photoshoot, Shyam Prasad Reddy explained the story and Arundhati's characterisation.<ref name="idlebrain1" /> Reddy wanted Tamil actor [[Pasupathy]] to enact the role of an antagonist of the same name but since the character has "a royal side to the character where he has to look princely", he had chosen Sonu Sood for the role after seeing his performance in ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' (2006).<ref name="idlebrain1" />

For the characterisation of Fakir who helps Anushka's character in the present era, Shyam Prasad Reddy drew inspiration from the priest character in the 1976 American horror film ''[[The Omen]]''.<ref name="idlebrain2" /> He considered [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]] for the role; however, none of their dates were available. Sayaji Shinde was finally chosen for the character.<ref name="idlebrain1" />

===Filming===
==== Principal photography ====
Filming took around 250 days, in [[Hyderabad]] and other places. The interior of the place is shot at the [[Annapurna Studios]], while the exterior was at [[Banganapalle|Banganapalle fort]] at Kurnool.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=D. Siva Rami |date=2019-04-26 |title=Film tourism gains traction in Kurnool |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260419/film-tourism-gains-traction-in-kurnool.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904113817/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260419/film-tourism-gains-traction-in-kurnool.html |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2008 |title=Arundhati trivia - Telugu cinema news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/arundhati-trivia.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> Filming also took place at [[Ramanaidu Studios]]. The drum dance involving Anushka choreographed by Sivashankar who "had to coordinate with the graphics team to get the exact precision" and was shot for 45 days at a set erected at Annapoorna Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arundhati drum song on the sets photo gallery - Telugu cinema |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/arundhati-drumsong/index.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> The costumes for Anushka was designed by Deepa Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2009 |title=Anushka interview - Telugu cinema interview |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/anushka-arundhati.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> According to the film's cinematographer Senthilkumar, they used Motion control camera for the first time in Telugu cinema that "could shoot glittering fort and dilapidated fort with the same motion control."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2009 |title=Senthil Kumar interview |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/senthilkumar.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

==== Post production ====

===== Dubbing =====
Sowmya Sharma had dubbed for the character of modern-day Arundhati and Shilpa for Jejjama. Dubbing voice for Sonu Sood was provided by [[P. Ravishankar]]. Ravishankar completed the dubbing within 14 days and found it to be "most challenging work" and his voice "has gone sore for 5 times during this process".<ref>{{Cite web |title=P Ravishankar interview – Telugu cinema interview |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/pravishankar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907074742/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/pravishankar.html |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=14 November 2015 |publisher=Idlebrain}}</ref>

===== Visual effects =====
Rahul Nambiar was appointed as Creative Director and Visual Effects Supervisor by Shyam Prasad Reddy for this feature film. Nambiar felt that showcasing a ghost as the main villain, throughout the film was challenging. With help of some dedicated scenes written, visualization, and visual effects, Nambiar and his team could achieve and what they had planned with Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Nambiar interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film visual effects supervisor |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rahulnambiar.html |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Creatively designing Arundhati – slide 2 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/entertai/2009/feb/26slid2-rahul-nambiar-on-arundathi.htm |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

Nambiar also stated "We created all the action in computer dolls, animated all of them and added all the film cameras and made it like a film. We saw it as a rough edit and then we shot it. There was a lot of meticulous work. The pre-production itself took about seven months".<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Creatively designing Arundhati – slide 4 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/entertai/2009/feb/26slid4-rahul-nambiar-on-arundathi.htm |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Music==
The music and background music of this film was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. The soundtrack was critically acclaimed. Especially the tracks "Jejamma", "Chandamama" and "Bhu Bhu" and in Tamil "Bhoomi Kodhikum", "Gummiruttil Kudamkizhithu kundril ezhum", "Enna Viratham Ettrai Neeyamma" were huge hits. The album featured eminent singers like [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]] and [[N. C. Karunya]]. Koti, while speaking said that this film helped him to prove himself and in his career of 30 years this was his personal best. The track "Jejamma" required a majestic and ambient grandeur, so Koti selected Kailash Kher. The track "Bhu Bhu" took many days for Koti to compose and he felt it should be sung by an amazing singer who could aptly give the ferocious feel and hence went with Chithra. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]] for "Bhu Bhu Bhujangam", Anant Sriram for "Chandamama", and C. Narayana Reddy for "Jejamma". This album features four songs and three instrumentals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Arundhati Jukebox {{!}}{{!}} Arundhati Full Songs {{!}}{{!}} Anushka Shetty, Sonu Sood {{!}}{{!}} Koti {{!}}{{!}} Telugu Songs – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFThif5Xahc |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=Youtube.com |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Telugu]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chandamama Nuvve Nuvve
| extra1 = Sandeep, Sai Krishna, Murali, Naga Sahiti, Renukha & Chorus
| length1 = 5:35
| title2 = Bhu Bhu Bhujangam
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:25
| title3 = Kammu Konna Cheekatlona
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length3 = 7:48
| title4 = Harivillulona Prananiposi
| extra4 = [[N. C. Karunya]]
| length4 = 5:15
| title5 = Soul Of Arundathi
| note5= Arundathi's Music
| extra5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 2:19
| title6 = Agony Of Evil
| note6= Pasupathi's Music
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 2:35
| title7 = The Believer
| note7= Pakheer's's Music
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 1:19
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannipenmai Poove Poove
| extra1 = Tippu, Saindhavi
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Bhoomi Kodhikum
| extra2 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| length2 = 5:25
| title3 = Gummiruttil Kudamkizhithu kundril ezhum
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length3 = 1:59
| title4 = Enna Viratham Ettrai Neeyamma
| extra4 = Kailash Kher
| length4 = 4:52
| title5 = Thikku ettum
| extra5 = Kailash Kher
| length5 = 0:50
}}

==Release==
The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dubbed version of the film, which was distributed by [[Sri Thenandal Films]], was released on 20 March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Arundhati's success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/apr/03/arundhatis-success-38127.html}}</ref> The film received an "A" certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for excessive violence and gore.

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
''[[Rediff]]'' gave it three stars out of five and said, "The main plus points of the film are screenplay (creative director Rahul Nambiar and the Mallemalla Unit), art direction (Ashok), cinematography (Senthil Kumar), editing (Marthand K. Venkatesh), special effects and the performances of Anushka [Images], Sonu Sood and Sayaji Shinde. On the whole, Arundhati is a watchable film provided you don't have a weak heart and don't get into discussing logic, science, and rationality. Just watch what unfolds on the screen – for that's visual grandeur".''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arundhati is haunting and thrilling |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/19telugu-film-review-arundhati.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122001130/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/19telugu-film-review-arundhati.htm |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Sify]]'' gave its verdict as "Worth a watch" with four stars noted, "The film has come across with some really mind-blowing graphics and presentation, even the performances were top-notch that helped. While the drums scene is a take from the Chinese movie '[[House of Flying Daggers]]' it was well taken and presented. The shock points are high and one can say that the film is definitely not for the weak-hearted. There are enough chilling moments to shake the audience off their chair. The film is one of the best made ever in the history of Telugu cinema in terms of technical values so it deserves to be a good hit".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review :Arundhati |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arundhati-review-telugu-14838969.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028081537/http://www.sify.com/movies/arundhati-review-telugu-14838969.html |archive-date=2014-10-28 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "Arundhati provides new visual experience for Telugu audiences. A good watch for the viewers! It is racy and entertaining. Screenplay and visual graphics are superb. The best part is that it is focused on its story and doesn’t deviate from the main theme. It is really graphical extravaganza. Despite many logic-less scenes, it gives unique experience for viewers. Go for it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=JP |date=16 January 2009 |title=Arundhati - Movie Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/arundhati_moviereview.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208214344/http://telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/arundhati_moviereview.php |archive-date=2009-02-08 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=Telugucinema.com}}</ref>

''Behindwoods'' reviewing the Tamil dubbed version, gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated "Old school horror, new age film making".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arundhathee - Behindwoods.com – Tamil Movie Reviews |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/arundhathee.html}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INR}}70 [[crore]]<ref name="gross" /> at the box office with {{INR}}3 crore from overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year surprises |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/year-surprises-tamil-movies-434 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051850/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/year-surprises-tamil-movies-434 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=4 July 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Gemini TV]] for {{INR}} 7 crore.<ref>[http://www.lazydesis.com/movie-chat-news/51427-arundhathi-satellite-rights-rs-7-crores.html 'Arundhathi' Satellite rights for Rs 7 Crores]. Lazydesis (19 February 2009). Retrieved 7 June 2012.</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[Nandi Awards]] 2008
Though the film was released in 2009, it was registered for 2008 films for Nandi Awards. The film received a total of 10 Nandi awards.<ref name="idlebrain.com">[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2008.html Nandi awards 2008 announced – Telugu cinema news]. Idlebrain.com (24 October 2008). Retrieved 7 June 2012.</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] – [[Sonu Sood]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]] – Divya Nagesh
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – [[Marthand K Venkatesh]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] – Ashok
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]] – Radhakrishna & Madhusudhan Reddy
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] – Deepa Chandar
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]] – Ramesh Mahanti
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]] – [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] – [[Rahul Nambiar]]
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – [[Anushka Shetty]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]] – 2009
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] – Anushka Shetty
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]] – Sonu Sood
;[[Santosham Film Awards]]
* Best Director – [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
* Best Producer – [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]
* Best Actress – Anushka Shetty
* Best Villain – Sonu Sood
* Best Dubbing Artist Male – P. Ravi Shankar
* Best Cameraman – [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]

==Legacy==
''Arundhati'''s success turned Anushka into one of the most sought-after actresses in Telugu and catapulted her into the foray of leading Telugu actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Telugu actresses of 2009 - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/29/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-telugu-actresses.htm |access-date=14 November 2015 |publisher=movies.rediff.com}}</ref> Sonu Sood attained stardom with this film and went on to work in several South Indian films as an antagonist. After the release of ''Arundhati'', people began recognising him as Pasupathi. P. Ravishankar who dubbed for him also became popular and was referred to as 'Bommali or Bommali Ravi Shankar' by the media thereafter.<ref>{{Cite news |title=His Master's Voice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2724560.ece |access-date=14 November 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

According to writer [[Gopimohan]], ''Arundhati'' made audience to "welcome creative content" and ''[[Magadheera]]'' started a trend of experimentation with period, socio-fantasy and spiritual themes that was continued in films like ''[[Panchakshari]]'' (2010), ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' (2010), ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' (2011), ''Mangala'' (2011), ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (2011) and ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2011 |title=Old genres, new packaging! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article358499.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114054205/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article358499.ece |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] said "Ever since ''Arundhati'' and ''Magadheera'' did well at the box office, the rest of the industry started following their footsteps. Also, since there is an irrational craze to make high budget films right now, producers are turning towards mythological films. It is the only genre where you can boast of spending crores for creating the sets and the look of the film. But what they don't realize is that if these films flop, the blow to the producer will be severe." Films like ''Anaganaga O Dheerudu'' (2011) and ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]'' (2011) were commercial failures and ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' (2012) was an average grosser; all being fantasy films in which the protagonist is a warrior.<ref name="resemblance">{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Prashanth |date=10 May 2011 |title=Mythological characters, a hit in T-town |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mythological-characters-a-hit-in-T-town/articleshow/8207023.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219080236/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mythological-characters-a-hit-in-T-town/articleshow/8207023.cms |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2011 |title=Badrinath completes 50days in 187 theatres |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Badrinath-completes-50days-in-187-theatres/articleshow/9466159.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219080609/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Badrinath-completes-50days-in-187-theatres/articleshow/9466159.cms |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1361809|Arundhati}}
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arundhati}}
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films about telekinesis]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2009 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Demons in film]]
[[Category:Supernatural films]]
[[Category:Paranormal films]]
[[Category:Supernatural drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious horror films]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:2009 drama films]]

Gazal Dhaliwal

2026-04-26T22:21:47Z

James: Starting a biography!

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter (b. 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Gazal Dhaliwal
| post-nominals =
| image =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1982}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=When Queer People Watched 'Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh...' With Trans Writer Gazal Dhaliwal On Valentine's Eve|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/when-queer-people-watched-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-with-trans-writer-gazal-dhaliwal-on-valentines-eve-2036381.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=News18|language=en|quote=Dhaliwal underwent Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) in 2007 at age 25.|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001512/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/when-queer-people-watched-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-with-trans-writer-gazal-dhaliwal-on-valentines-eve-2036381.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{flat list|*Writer
*Showrunner}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gazal Dhaliwal''' is an Indian screenwriter who wrote the screenplay and dialogues for Vinod Chopra Films’ ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'', starring Rajkummar Rao, [[Anil Kapoor]] and Sonam K Ahuja. Previously, she worked on Alankrita Shrivastava's critically acclaimed ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' as the dialogue writer and she wrote the dialogues and co-wrote the screenplay for ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]'', directed by Tanuja Chandra, starring [[Irrfan Khan]] and Parvathy. She also wrote additional dialogues for ''Wazir'' that starred Amitabh Bachchan and [[Farhan Akhtar]].

She is also a public speaker and LGBTQ+ activist, who has spoken openly about being a transgender woman in several talks and in the media – most famously in an episode of the [[Aamir Khan]]-led talk show, [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/is-gazal-dhaliwal-bollywoods-best-new-writer/|title=Is Gazal Dhaliwal Bollywood's Best New Writer?|last=Som|first=Rituparna|last2=Noronha|first2=Navin|date=2019-01-08|website=Vice|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121808/https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/a3mmyz/is-gazal-dhaliwal-bollywoods-best-new-writer|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gazal Dhaliwal grew up in the city of [[Patiala]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and was born to Bhajan Pratap Singh Dhaliwal and Sukarni Dhaliwal.{{cn|date=September 2021}} In several interviews and talks, she mentions how for as long as she can remember, she always felt like she was a girl.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2016/10/28/interview-gazal-dhaliwal/|title="I Always Knew, I Was A Woman": Gazal Dhaliwal|last=Sebastian|first=Sheryl|date=2016-10-27|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605135735/https://feminisminindia.com/2016/10/28/interview-gazal-dhaliwal/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, growing up in a culture that celebrated a highly macho form of masculinity made it increasingly difficult for Gazal, who was bullied with homophobic and transphobic slurs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/167944/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-trailer-writer-india/|title=Meet the Stereotype-Smashing Transwoman Writer of 'Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga'|date=2018-12-28|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121811/https://www.thebetterindia.com/167944/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-trailer-writer-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the age of 14, she secretly went to a counsellor but was found out by her father, after which she told him about her identity. Gazal mentions that although her father acknowledged it, he thought that it was "a phase". When she was 17, cyber cafes connected Gazal to the internet, and she found out about [[gender dysphoria]] and [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/gazal-dhaliwal-transwoman-screenplay-writer|title=Growing Up As A Girl Trapped Inside A Boy's Body Was Not Easy|last=Rastogi|first=Surbhi|date=2019-02-06|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121810/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/gazal-dhaliwal-transwoman-screenplay-writer|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was a distant dream, and prevailing stigma and the lack of awareness pushed Gazal to run away from home and board a train to Delhi. However, she was terrified, and finally returned her parents' calls and promised to return home.<ref name=":1" />

Gazal went to the British Co-ed High School in Patiala, and then pursued a Chemical Engineering degree from [[National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]]. After graduation, she joined [[Infosys]] in [[Mysore]] as a software engineer. However, Gazal's passion lay in the world of [[Bollywood]]. In 2005, she quit her job and moved to Mumbai, studying filmmaking at Xavier Institute of Communications for a year, and assisted Govind Nihalani on an animated film script.<ref name="thereviewmonk.com">{{Cite web|url=http://thereviewmonk.com/article/taking-road-less-traveled-gazal-dhaliwal-screenwriting-lgbt-voice|title=Taking the road less travelled: Gazal Dhaliwal on screenwriting and being an LGBT voice|website=The Review Monk|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121816/http://thereviewmonk.com/article/taking-road-less-traveled-gazal-dhaliwal-screenwriting-lgbt-voice/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/gazal-dhaliwal-writer-ek-ladki-ko-dekha/|title=Meet Gazal Dhaliwal, The Trailblazing Transwoman Writer Behind The Story Of 'Ek Ladki Ko Dekha...'|last=Magan|first=Srishti|date=2018-12-29|website=ScoopWhoop|language=English|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121809/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/gazal-dhaliwal-writer-ek-ladki-ko-dekha/|url-status=live}}</ref>

While at Xavier's, she and a few friends created a 20-minute documentary on transgender people, which interviewed doctors, psychiatrists and other transgender people in India. After it was released, she travelled to Patiala to show it to her parents. It was after this that her parents agreed to a sex reassignment surgery. She then spent the next three years undergoing sex reassignment and finally had the surgery in 2007, after which she returned to Patiala and worked at an advertising agency.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
In 2009, Gazal Dhaliwal returned to Mumbai and wrote her first-ever movie script, reportedly shutting herself up in a room and writing for 25 days straight.<ref name="thereviewmonk.com"/> Although that first script has not yet been turned into a movie, since then, Gazal has lent her voice to the scriptwriting process of several big-budget films.

In 2014, she also appeared in the third season of [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]], a television show dedicated to discussing social and political issues hosted by Indian actor [[Aamir Khan]], in an episode titled "Accepting Alternate Sexualities". She also made her acting debut in 2015 in the short film Agli Baar, about slum dwellers' fight for their right to land.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Her screenwriting debut came with an opportunity as the Additional Dialogue Writer of [[Wazir (film)|Wazir]], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchhan]], in 2016. Since then, she has been Dialogue Writer of Lipstick Under My Burkha, Qarib Qarib Single, Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga, and the short film A Monsoon Date starring [[Konkona Sen Sharma]].<ref name="IANS">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/writer-gazal-dhaliwal-okay-with-transwoman-tag-119060600696_1.html|title=Writer Gazal Dhaliwal okay with transwoman tag|last=IANS|date=2019-06-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608215108/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/writer-gazal-dhaliwal-okay-with-transwoman-tag-119060600696_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thereviewmonk.com"/>

== Activism ==
In 2016, Gazal attended the International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) on transgender rights in the US as a part of an 8-member team. It was the first Indian team of its kind to be part of a three-week exchange program that was organised by the US Department of State.<ref name=":0"/>

Gazal Dhaliwal has spoken out against the controversial Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2018, and voiced her support for the scrapping of the Bill as it does not grant transgender people the right to self-determination of their gender identity, and makes no mention of the educational and professional reservation quotas for transgender people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/is-gazal-dhaliwal-bollywoods-best-new-writer/|title=Is Gazal Dhaliwal Bollywood's Best New Writer?|last=Som|first=Rituparna|last2=Noronha|first2=Navin|date=2019-01-08|website=Vice|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709121808/https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/a3mmyz/is-gazal-dhaliwal-bollywoods-best-new-writer|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also spoken about being okay with the constant tag of "trans woman" that is added to her many professional achievements as a scriptwriter. ''"In the professional world, I want to be known for my work rather than my status as a transwoman. My gender cannot be my only identity when I am writing a story because a story has no gender. Having said that I have a substantial reason to be okay with the tag 'transwoman' scriptwriter because I know the importance of the visibility of a transgender. Our community does not have enough representation which is very important,"'' she said in an interview with Business Standard.<ref name="IANS"/>

==Filmography==
*''[[Feels Like Ishq]]'' (2021)
*''[[Mismatched]]'' (2020)
*''Sepia'' (2019)
*''A Monsoon Date'' (2019)
*''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' (2019) (Screenplay)
*''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]'' (2017) (Screenplay)
*''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' (2016) (Dialogues)
*''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]'' (2016) (Dialogues)
*''[[Murder Mubarak]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder Mubarak: Vijay Varma, Sara Ali Khan & Karishma Kapoor starrer 'Murder Mubarak' directly to release on Netflix skipping theatrical release |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/sara-ali-khan-karishma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak-directly-to-release-on-netflix-skipping-theatrical-release |website=BruTimes |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm7430071}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaliwal, Gazal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Transgender screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Indian transgender writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Mohammad Hussain Azad

2026-04-23T04:18:35Z

James: new a pg...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Muhammad Hussain Azad}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Hussain Azad
| image = File:Mohammad Hussain Azad Photo.jpg
| birth_date = 6 July 1936
| death_date = 26 May 1991
| birth_place = Naunadi, [[Kishanganj district]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Aligarh UP
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| constituency1 = [[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1969
| constituency2 = [[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]]
| term_start3 = 1969
| term_end3 = 1972
| constituency3 = [[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]]
| term_start4 = 1972
| term_end4 = 1976
| constituency4 = [[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]]
| term_start5 = 1980
| term_end5 = 1985
| constituency5 = [[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]]
| term_start6 = 1985
| term_end6 = 1989
| constituency6 = [[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Swatantra Party]]
| spouse = Sayeeda Bano
| children = [[Mohammad Jawed]] (Son), Zafir Anjum (Son), & Ishrat Akhtar (Daughter)
| predecessor1 = Abdul Haiyat
| succeeded1 = Yashoda Devi
}}

'''Mohammad Hussain Azad''' (''M.H Azad'') (6 July 1936 – 26 May 1991) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Bihar]]. He was a six-time MLA from 1962 to 1990. He also served multiple times as a cabinet minister in the Bihar state government. The last ministry he headed was Health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsd |date=2019-01-14 |title=After Maulana Asrarul Haque, who can secure Kishanganj for Congress? |url=https://newsd.in/after-maulana-asrarul-haque-who-can-secure-kishanganj-for-congress/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Newsd |language=en}}</ref> He entered politics as a member of the [[Swatantra Party]] and then joined the Congress where his political career spanned 25 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kishanganj Bypoll: How the Congress Lost Its Deposit in a Former Bihar Bastion |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-kishanganj-by-poll-congress |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
He was born on July 6, 1936,in GoaBari village in Naunadi, [[Kishanganj district]], Bihar. After receiving his early education at home, he earned an MA and LLB from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. His eldest son [[Mohammad Jawed]] is the MP from Kishanganj, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Mohammad Jawed |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/mohammad-jawed/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

His wife Sayeeda Bano runs a foundation in his name 'Azad India Foundation' for the betterment of marginalized communities of Seemanchal, Bihar since 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2008 Main Events and programmes organized by Azad India Foundation,Azad India Foundation |url=https://www.azadindia.org/events-2007-2008.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.azadindia.org}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He started his political career with the Swatantra Party in 1962. He contested his first election from the Kishanganj assembly seat at the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1962 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=बिहार चुनाव 2025: किशनगंज विधानसभा क्षेत्र का इतिहास और आने वाला चुनाव |url=https://mainmedia.in/bihar-elections-2025-history-of-kishanganj-assembly-constituency-and-upcoming-elections/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Main Media |language=Hi-IN}}</ref> Then, he joined the Indian National Congress and won a second term from the [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj assembly seat]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317144549/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1967 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

Following instability in government formation and President's rule, mid-term elections were held in 1969<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-27 |title=From the Archives (June 28, 1968): Bihar Governor advises President's Rule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-june-28-1968-bihar-governor-advises-presidents-rule/article24272874.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and he was re-elected MLA from Thakurganj.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=Vishwanath Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2HVAAAAMAAJ |title=A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969 |date=1970 |publisher=Institute of Public Administration |language=en}}</ref><ref>Vishwanath Prasad Varma (1970). ''A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969''. Institute of Public Administration. p. 221</ref> He won consecutive elections until 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1972 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524101111/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> Then, Azad lost his first election in 1977, after the Emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Arul B. Louis Prabhu |date=2014-02-06 |title=PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800315-pm-indira-gandhi-dismisses-governments-in-nine-states-looks-to-put-congress-in-power-806503-2014-02-06 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 1980 Bihar assembly election, he again won the election with majority<ref>Election Commission of India. ''STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR'' [https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1980.pdf]</ref> and repeated his victory in 1985 election also.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1985.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>

He served as a cabinet minister in various departments during his career.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmhDAAAAYAAJ&q=Bihar+%22Mohammad+hussain+Azad%22 |title=Bihar Information |date=1984 |publisher=Director, Public Relations |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Party
|-
|1.
|Feb 1962
|Feb 1967
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) from [[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|-
|2.
|Feb 1967
|Feb 1969
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term) from [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|3.
|Feb 1969
|March 1972
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (3rd term) from [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|INC]]
|-
|4.
|March 1972
|June 1976
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (4th term) from [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[AIMIM|INC]]
|-
|5.
|May 1980
|March 1985
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (5th term) from [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[AIMIM|INC]]
|-
|6.
|March 1985
|May 1989
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (6th term) from [[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[AIMIM|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]

Borabarjhar

2026-04-21T07:09:52Z

James:

{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Borabarjhar
| native_name = ବୋରବାରଝର
| native_name_lang = or
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|0|57|N|85|25|19|E|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nayagarh district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]]
| area_total_km2 = 3.50
| population_total = 1475
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752025
| area_code =
| registration_plate = OD-25
| website =
}}

'''Borabarjhar''', also located within closely associated with the area village of '''Hariharpur''', are essentially two names for the same [[village]] both fall under the same local as a single integrated community is a [[village]] in the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]] tehsil of [[Nayagarh district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. It falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the [[Mayurjhalia]] [[gram panchayat]].

== Geography ==
Borabarjhar is located in the Ranapur block of Nayagarh district. The total geographical area of the village is {{convert|350|ha|acre}}.<ref name="Census2011_Village">{{cite web |title=Borabarjhar Population - Nayagarh, Odisha |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/406892-borabarjhar-odisha.html |publisher=Census of India |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref> It is situated approximately {{convert|15|km}} from the sub-district headquarters [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]] and {{convert|45|km}} from the district headquarters [[Nayagarh]].

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Borabarjhar had a total population of 1,475, of which 727 were males and 748 were females.<ref name="Census2011_Village"/> The village has a sex ratio of 1029 females per 1000 males, which is higher than the Odisha state average. The literacy rate of the village was recorded as 84.31%.<ref name="Census2011_Village"/>

== Administration ==
The village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], who is the elected representative of the village under the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchayati Raj]] act. The village operates under the specific postal code (PIN) of 752025, served by the Mayurjhalia branch post office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code: BORABARJHAR, NAYAGARH, ODISHA, India |url=https://pincode.net.in/ODISHA/NAYAGARH/B/BORABARJHAR |publisher=India Post |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Borabarjhar}}
[[Category:Villages in Nayagarh district]]
{{Nayagarh-geo-stub}}

Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:31Z

James: Creating a stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhiwandi East
| map_image = 137-Bhiwandi East.svg
| map_caption = Rais Shaikh, present MLA of Bhiwandi east
| mla = [[Rais Shaikh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 137
| electors= 373,659
}}
'''Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises ward nos. 6 to
17, 36 to 50 and 62 to 65, of [[Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation]] and Bhinar saja (villages of yewai,bhinar,savande,gorsai,walshind, nimbavali) Bhiwandi revenue circle all a part of [[Bhiwandi taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

==List of Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Abu Azmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 2010^
| rowspan="2"| [[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre|Rupesh Mhatre]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rais Shaikh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhiwandi East<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhiwandi East">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhiwandi East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13137.htm |accessdate=25 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225040811/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13137.htm |archivedate=25 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sena Defeats Abu Azmi's Son In Bhiwandi East Assembly Bypoll">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Sena Defeats Abu Azmi's Son In Bhiwandi East Assembly Bypoll |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sena-defeats-abu-azmi-039-s-son-in-bhiwandi-east-assembly-bypoll-1451.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |work= |publisher=India TV |date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225042604/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sena-defeats-abu-azmi-039-s-son-in-bhiwandi-east-assembly-bypoll-1451.html |archive-date=25 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sena wins Bhiwandi,closes in on BJP">{{cite news |title=Sena wins Bhiwandi,closes in on BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sena-wins-bhiwandi-closes-in-on-bjp/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225042855/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sena-wins-bhiwandi-closes-in-on-bjp/ |archive-date=25 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rais Shaikh]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,19,687 |percentage = 62.68% |change={{increase}}27.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Manjayya Shetty |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,672 |percentage = 35.44% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 738 |percentage = 0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,015 |percentage = 27.24% |change= {{increase}}26.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,91,691 |percentage = 51.30% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,90,953}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,73,659|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}27.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhiwandi East<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rais Shaikh]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 45,537 |percentage = 35.60% |change={{increase}}21.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,223 |percentage = 34.57% |change={{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Manjayya Shetty |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,198 |percentage = 25.17% |change={{increase}}15.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Budhesh Laxman Jadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,065 |percentage = 1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Waman Gulvi |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,358 |percentage = 1.06% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 1.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,29,289 |percentage = 47.90% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,27,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,935|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhiwandi East<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 33,541 |percentage = 27.70% |change={{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Manjayya Shetty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,148 |percentage = 24.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu farhan Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 17,541 |percentage = 14.49% |change={{decrease}}20.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Md. Akram Abdul Hannam |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 14,577 |percentage = 12.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Mo. Fajil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,257 |percentage = 9.30% |change={{decrease}}16.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Khalid Guddu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 9,057 |percentage = 7.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Kamble |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 612 |percentage = 0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,393 |percentage = 2.80% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,21,712 |percentage = 44.36% |change= {{increase}}1.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,21,088}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,371|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2010===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2010 elections in India#Maharashtra|2010 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bhiwandi East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,376 |percentage = 37.20% |change={{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Farhan Abu Asim Azmi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 33,700 |percentage = 35.44% |change={{decrease}}6.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saiyad Muzaffar Hussain N.H. |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,418 |percentage = 25.68% |change={{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,676 |percentage = 1.76% |change= {{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,087 |percentage = 42.61% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,087}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,153|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhiwandi East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=30 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 37,584 |percentage = 42.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Yogesh Ramesh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,599 |percentage = 27.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gurunath Janardan Tawre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,881 |percentage = 14.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonya Kashinath Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,707 |percentage = 5.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D.Raaja |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,039 |percentage = 2.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Abbas Ali Jalil Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,940 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Giri Satish Babu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,985 |percentage = 14.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,340 |percentage = 40.07% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,335}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,22,958|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.295|73.079|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bhiwandi]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury

2026-04-18T23:33:29Z

James: Creating basic stub w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1977
| constituency = [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]
| predecessor = P. C. Barman
| successor = [[Amar Roy Pradhan]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[All India Forward Bloc]],
[[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury''' was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]] who a two-time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] winning in [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] from [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> Choudhury was a member of the [[All India Forward Bloc]], in 1971 election he won as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/lok-sabha-election/west-bengal/cooch-behar-1 |title=Cooch-behar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result (कूचबिहार लोकसभा चुनाव परिणाम), Cooch-behar Candidates List 2024, Cooch-behar Lok Sabha Chunav Parinam |date= |author= |access-date= 18 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daschowdhury, Benoy Krishna}}
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

A. Thamizhmahan Hussain

2026-04-18T19:29:13Z

James: Creating a post added tags!

{{Short description|Presidium Chairman of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Thamizhmahan Hussain
| image =
| office1 = 9th [[Chairperson|Presidium Chairman]] of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| term_start1 = 23 June 2022
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor1 = [[E. Madhusudhanan]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Interim [[Chairperson|Presidium Chairman]] of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| term_start2 = 1 December 2021
| term_end2 = 22 June 2022
| 1blankname2 = Coordinators
| 1namedata2 = {{ubl|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]}}
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Chairperson|Chairman]] of Tamil Nadu [[Waqf]] Board
| term_start3 = 10 September 2012
| term_end3 = 13 April 2016
| predecessor3 = [[S. Abdul Rahman]]
| successor3 = [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1936|02|10}}<ref name="tmhussain" /><ref name="tmhussainbio"/>
| birth_place = [[Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (since 1972)
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''A. Thamizhmahan Hussain''' (born 10 February 1936) is an Indian politician and [[Chairperson|Presidium Chairman]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party from 23 June 2022.<ref name="tmhussain">{{Cite news|date=2022-06-23|title=Who Is Tamil Magan Hussain? One Of AIADMK Founding Members Who Is Now Party Presidium Chairman|language=en-IN|work=abplive|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-magan-hussain-profile-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-history-biography-all-you-need-to-know-1538786|access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=ta|date=2022-06-23|title=Tamil Magan Hussain: திமுக ஆட்சியில் டிரைவர்... அதிமுக ஆட்சியில் அவைத்தலைவர்: யார் இந்த தமிழ்மகன் உசேன்|work=abplive tamil|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/politics/tamil-magan-hussain-profile-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-history-biography-all-you-need-to-know-57797|access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref> A founding member of [[AIADMK|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], he also served as All World M.G.R. Forum Secretary. He is the former chairperson of Tamil Nadu [[Waqf]] Board from 2012 to 2016.<ref name="tmhussainbio"/>

Hussian was one of those 11 party cadres who signed the form to register [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] as a political party led by [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. Since the formation of the party in 1972, Hussain has held some crucial posts in the party. He served as the first AIADMK district secretary of [[Kanyakumari]].<ref name="tmhussain" />

During [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], he resigned as the Tamil Nadu wakf board chairman on 13 April 2016, As he was announced as the AIADMK Candidate for [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency]]. He was later replaced by Hyder Ali as Aiadmk MLA Candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|language=ta|date=2016-08-31|title=வக்பு வாரிய தலைவர், உறுப்பினர்கள் விரைவில் தேர்வு|work=hindutamil|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/181741-.html|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=ta|date=2016-04-19|title=கட்சியினரிடையே அதிருப்தி அதிகரித்ததால் பாளை. தொகுதி அதிமுக வேட்பாளர் மாற்றம்|work=hindutamil|url= https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/77798-.html|access-date=2016-04-19}}</ref>

On 1 December 2021, he was made the interim presidium chairman of the party.<ref>{{Cite news|language=ta|date=2021-12-01|title=அதிமுக புதிய அவைத் தலைவர்: யார் இந்த தமிழ்மகன் உசேன்?|work=indianexpress tamil|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/who-is-tamilmagan-hussain-appointed-aiadmks-interim-presidium-chairperson-377154/|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref name="tmhussainbio">{{Cite news|date=2021-12-02|title=Thamizh Magan Hussain is AIADMK interim presidium chairman|work=indianexpress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/02/thamizh-magan-hussainis-aiadmk-interim-presidium-chairman-2390714.html|access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref> On 23 June 2022, A. Thamizhmahan Hussain was unanimously elected as the [[Chairperson|presidium chairman]] of the party at a general council meeting held at the Shrivaaru Venkatachalapathy Palace in [[Vanagaram]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="tmhussain"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-23|title=Tamil Magan Hussain Elected AIADMK Presidium Chairman; Question Over Dual Chiefship|work=ndtv|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-magan-hussain-elected-as-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-3093045|access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, A. Tamil Magan}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung

2026-04-18T11:38:32Z

James:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height = 1.72 m
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = –2017
| youthclubs1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru U18]]
| years1 = 2019
| clubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2019–2021
| clubs2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa B]]
| caps2 = 5
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2021–2022
| clubs3 = Ramhlun North
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2022
| clubs4 = Ramkrishna Club
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2022
| clubs5 = Swaraj FC
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2022–2023
| clubs6 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| caps6 = 20
| goals6 = 2
| years7 = 2023–2025
| clubs7 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| caps7 = 41
| goals7 = 2
| years8 = 2025–
| clubs8 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps8 = 8
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 16:50, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung''' (born 27 November 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].

== Career ==
=== Real Kashmir ===
On 18 September 2022, Bawitlung was snapped up by [[I-League]] club [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]], on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Welcome Tluanga to the home of Snow Leopards|url=https://twitter.com/realkashmirfc/status/1571509382604791809|date=18 September 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|website=twitter.com}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung – Player Profile|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/42645?type=club|date=18 September 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|website=the-aiff.com}}</ref> He made his professional career debut against [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], on 13 November in a 1–0 [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|away]] win.<ref>{{cite web|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|title=Resilient Real Kashmir begin season with 3 points against NEROCA|url=https://i-league.org/resilient-real-kashmir-begin-season-with-3-points-against-neroca/|date=13 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|website=i-league.org|publisher=Hero [[I-League]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NEROCA 0–1 Real Kashmir|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/13/india/i-league/neroca/real-kashmir/3981585/|date=13 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|website=soccerway}}</ref>

===Mumbai City FC===
On 8 June 2025, [[Indian Super League|ISL]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] confirmed Bawitlung's signing on a three-year contract, valid until the end of the 2027-28 season.<ref>https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-sign-lalnuntluanga-bawitlung-ahead-of-2025-2026-campaign</ref>

== Career statistics ==
{{updated|11 March 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|lalnuntluanga-bawitlung/881125}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|{{nowrap|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]}}
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|6||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||2
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa B]]
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2019–20]]
|I-League 2nd Division
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||5||0
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|[[I-League]]
|20||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||20||2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]}}
|I-League
|20||2||3{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||23||2
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|I-League
|21||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||21||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!41!!2!!3!!0!!0!!0!!44!!2
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!72!!6!!3!!0!!0!!0!!75!!6
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bawitlung, Lalnuntluanga}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC players]]

Siva Shankar

2026-04-10T19:43:47Z

James: Made a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siva Shankar
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kapuganti Rajendra
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| story =
| screenplay = Satyanand
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Mohan Babu
* [[Soundarya]]
}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|8|18}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Siva Shankar''''' is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language [[action drama film]] starring [[Mohan Babu]] and [[Soundarya]]. The film is directed by Kapuganti Rajendra, who previously worked under [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and Soundarya's last film in Telugu. ''Shiva Shankar'' is inspired by the 2002 Hollywood film ''[[Road to Perdition]]''.<ref name="I" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-inspirations.html | title=An year of inspirations - Telugu cinema in 2004 }}</ref> The film is presented by Mohan Babu's son [[Manchu Vishnu]].<ref name="I"/> This is the posthumous film for [[Soundarya]] in Telugu, released after her death.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Siva Shankar / Sivaji
*[[Soundarya]] as Padma
*Natanya Singh
*[[Raza Murad|Raja Murad]] as Sobhanadri
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Hemadri
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Raheem (a car driver)
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as a hotel owner
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Abhinayashree]]
* Master Abhinav
*Master Vamsi
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com//album/-songs-|title=Songs Download, Telugu MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Telugu Songs|website=www.raaga.com}}</ref> The audio launch was held at [[Annapurna Studios]] on 31 July 2004. Several film celebrities attended the event.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-shivshankar.html | title=Photos - Telugu Cinema function - Audio Launch - Shiv Shankar - Mohan Babu, Soundarya }}</ref> The song "Endhirayyo" was based on Raja's own Tamil song "Maanguyile" from ''Karagattakaran''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jabilamma Uguthunnadi
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title2 = Krishnaa Nuvvu Raaku
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title3 = Nenemi Chethunu
| extra3 = [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| title4 = Endhirayyo
| extra4 = [[Swarnalatha]], Tippu
| title5 = Neetimeedhe Kaagithana
| extra5 = Hariharan
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "The plus points of the film are performance of Mohan Babu and music by Ilayaraja. The main drawback of the film is old-fashioned narration and taking".<ref name="I">{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shivshankar.html | title=Telugu cinema Review - Shiva Shankar - Mohan Babu, Soundarya - Natanya Singh|work=[[idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Direction by Kapuganti Rajendra is not up to the mark but music by Ilayaraja is melodious and the background score is worth mentioning".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13555062&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Shiva Shankar|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180109/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13555062&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=10 March 2005|access-date=6 December 2023|author=Moviebuzz}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' stated that "Shrill drama, violent costumes and blaring choreography – everything the posters promise you, and nothing you don’t see coming".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/shiv-shankar/telugu/shiv-shankar-movie-reviews-1499-2.html|title=Shiv Shankar review: Shiv Shankar (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0929626}}

[[Category:2004 action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]

Raktabeej

2026-04-04T11:39:01Z

James:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raktabeej
| image = Raktabeej 2023 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
| based_on = [[2014 Burdwan blast|2014 Burdwan Blast]]
| story = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] Zinia Sen
| producer = Windows Production presented by Sanjay Agarwal
| screenplay = Zinia Sen Sarbari Ghoshal
| starring = {{ubl|[[Victor Banerjee]]|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Mimi Chakraborty]]}}
| music = '''Songs:'''
[[Dohar (band)|Dohar]] [[Anindya Chattopadhyay]] Surajit Chatterjee
'''Score:''' Prabuddha Banerjee
| cinematography = Pratip Mukhopadhyay
| editing = Malay Laha
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = Windows Production [[Cinepolis]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross = {{INR|6.5+}} crore<ref>{{cite news |title=এ বার ভারতের বাইরে পাড়ি দিচ্ছে 'রক্তবীজ'! জানালেন শিবপ্রসাদ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/bengali-director-shiboprosad-mukherjee-talks-about-raktabeej-movies-success-dgtl/cid/1482073|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 December 2023|access-date=5 November 2024|lang=bn}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|4.5}} crore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Agnideb |title=How 'Bohurupi' Became One Of The Highest-Grossing Bengali Films Of All Time |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/how-bohurupi-became-one-of-the-highest-grossing-bengali-films-of-all-time |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Raktabeej''''' ({{Translation|Seeds of Blood}}) is a 2023 [[India|Indian]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[political]] [[Thriller film|action thriller film]] co-written and directed by [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej Movie: Abeer-Mimi, Victor-Anusuya in New Bengali Thriller! Nandita-Shibu's 'Raktabeej' is coming |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/raktabeej-new-bangla-movie-by-nandita-ray-shiboprosad-mukherjee-starring-abir-mimi-victor-anusuya-to-release-on-puja-2023-shooting-starts-on-march-tollywood-latest-news-soc-524175-2023-03-09 |date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref> The plot is mainly inspired by the true events of [[2014 Burdwan blast|2014 Burdwan Blast]] that deeply shook [[West Bengal]] and [[India]]. The film stars [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Mimi Chakraborty]] in the lead roles. This film is produced and distributed by Windows and presented by Sanjay Agarwal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee's film Raktabeej is a thriller inspired by true events |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjees-film-raktabeej-is-a-thriller-inspired-by-true-events/articleshow/102416401.cms?from=mdr |website=Times of India |date=4 August 2023}}</ref>

The film marked the return of [[Victor Banerjee]] in a lead role after a long time. The film was released on 19 October 2023 in [[West Bengal]]. It was released outside Bengal on 27 October 2023 in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej: Victor Banerjee, Abir & Mimi's thriller builds anticipation with new official poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raktabeej-victor-banerjee-abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakrabortys-thriller-builds-anticipation-with-new-official-poster/articleshow/102744253.cms?from=mdr |website=[[Times of India]] |date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sharmistha |title=অ্যাকশনে ভরপুর হবে 'রক্তবীজ' |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/nandita-roy-and-shivaprasad-mukhopadhyay-upcoming-bengali-movie-raktabeej-will-be-full-of-action/articleshow/99422881.cms |website=[[Ei Samay]] |date=12 April 2023}}</ref>

The film spanned into a franchise, with ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' in 2025, which ended with a cliffhanger for ''Raktabeej 3''.

== Cast ==
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Animesh Chatterjee, President of India (character loosely based on [[Pranab Mukherjee]])
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as IG Pankaj Singha, Central Team
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]] as Sanjukta Mitra, SP of Burdwan
* [[Anashua Majumdar]] as Gouri Mukherjee, Animesh's elder sister
* [[Kanchan Mallick]] as Inspector Nityananda Patitundi
* [[Rajrup Chowdhury]] as Policemen, Immigration officer
* [[Ankush Hazra]] (Cameo appearance) in the song "Gobindo Dat Maje Na" alias Munir Alam alias [[Raktabeej 2|Dr. Saahil Choudhury]]
* [[Tanusree Shankar]] as Chief Minister of West Bengal
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Nishikanta Manna
* Devlina Kumar as Jamini Halder
* Debashis Mondal as Munir Alam, a terrorist
* Uma Banerjee as Mala
* Paromita Mukherjee as Kanaklata

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
The film was officially announced on 9 March 2023. The filming started soon after the announcement, on 15 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/camera-starts-rolling-for-nandita-shiboprosads-next-raktabeej/articleshow/98664217.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> In an interview with the [[Deccan Herald]], Mukherjee of the director duo said that they sought help from the editor of [[Times of India]] in Kolkata as soon they understood that the film demanded a budget they didn't have. They kept working on the story and continued with the research work. After nine years, they could finally make the film on a scale that deemed fit for the story.<ref>{{cite news |title=2014 Burdwan blast that shook Bengal makes it to big screen|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/with-raktabeej-2014-burdwan-blast-that-shook-bengal-makes-it-to-big-screen-2737234}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The principal photography took place in [[Kolkata]], Dhulagar, [[Bantala]], [[Panchla]] and [[Bolpur]]. One important scene was filmed at [[Raisina Hill]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej Filmed at Bolpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/camera-starts-rolling-for-nandita-shiboprosads-next-raktabeej/articleshow/98664217.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej was filmed at Raisina Hills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raktabeej-was-filmed-at-raisina-hills-amidst-record-rainfall/articleshow/101930014.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej Shooting Locations |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/mimi-chakraborty-abir-chatterjee-new-film-raktabeej-shooting-at-bolpur-photos-nandita-roy-shiboprasad-mukherjee-movie-based-on-kolkata-true-incidents-to-release-on-puja-2023-soc-534406-2023-03-29-1}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The teaser for the film was released on 25 August 2023 on WINDOWS Youtube channel.<ref>{{cite news |title='Raktabeej' teaser |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/raktabeej-teaser-out-victor-banerjee-abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakraborty-star-in-prominent-roles-for-this-durga-puja-release/cid/1961799}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raktabeej - Official Teaser |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/raktabeej-official-teaser/videoshow/103131980.cms}}</ref> The Hindi teaser was dropped on 28 August 2023 and the Odia teaser on 4 September 2023. The trailer was released on 30 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej trailer: Abir Chatterjee and Mimi Chakraborty race against time to save Victor Banerjee |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raktabeej-trailer-abir-chatterjee-and-mimi-chakraborty-race-against-time-to-save-victor-banerjee/cid/1970043}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raktabeej
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dohar (band)|Dohar]], [[Anindya Chattopadhyay]] and Surajit Chatterjee.
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:29
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = WINDOWS [[Times Music|Times Music Bangla]]
| producer = Windows Production
| misc =
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Dohar (band)|Dohar]], [[Anindya Chattopadhyay]] and [[Surojit Chatterjee]]. The lyrics have been penned by Surojit Chatterjee, [[Anindya Chatterjee]], Shyamapada Bhattacharjee and Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee. One song uses traditional lyrics.

The first single "Gobindo Daant Maje Na" was released on 9 September 2023. The music video featured [[Ankush Hazra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankush Hazra in item song, 'Raktabeej' movie's new song 'Gobind Dhanta Maje Na' revealed |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/kolkata/raktabeej-movie-new-song-gobindo-daant-majena-featuring-ankush-hazra-out-now-1007672}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=মেন লাইন, কর্ড লাইনে গান গেয়েই 'আইটেম বয়' অঙ্কুশ! মাতলেন 'গোবিন্দ লীলা'য় |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/ankush-hazras-item-song-gobindo-daant-majena-in-raktabeej/}}</ref> The second single "Gouri Elo' was released 22 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gouri Elo' song from Nandita Roy-Shiboprosad Mukherjee's film launched |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/17714/-raktabeej-gouri-elo-song-from-nandita-roy-shiboprosad-mukherjee-s-film-launched.html}}</ref> The third single "Nakku Nakur Na Jao Thakur" was released on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title='নাক্কু নাকুড় না যাও ঠাকুর', রক্তবীজের নয়া গানে ভরপুর পুজোর আমেজ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/bengali-movie-raktabeej-new-song-nakku-nakur-na-jao-thakur-has-a-durga-puja-flavour-detail-inside/articleshow/104215766.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej New Song: মুক্তি পেল 'নাক্কু নাকুড়, না যাও ঠাকুর' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/raktabeej-movie-song-nakku-nakur-na-jao-thakur-song-out/wb20231006184929127127176}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Joyo Joyo Bijoyagaman" was released on 2 November 2023.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:29
| title1 = Gobindo Daant Maje Na
| length1 = 3:31
| music1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]
| lyrics1 = Surojit Chatterjee
| extra1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]
| title2 = Gouri Elo
| length2 = 2:49
| music2 = Traditional
| lyrics2 = Traditional
| extra2 = [[Dohar (band)|Dohar]], Tirtha Bhattacharjee, Rohan Das(Child Artist)
| title3 = Nakku Nakur Na Jao Thakur
| length3 = 3:54
| music3 = Anindya Chatterjee
| lyrics3 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| extra3 = Antara Nandy, Ankita Nandy
| title4 = Joyo Joyo Bijoyagaman
| length4 = 5:15
| music4 = Shyamapada Bhattacharjee, Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee
| lyrics4 = Shyamapada Bhattacharjee, Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee
| extra4 = [[Iman Chakraborty]], [[Dohar]]
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 19 October 2023 on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{cite news |title=With 'Raktabeej', 2014 Burdwan blast that shook Bengal makes it to big screen|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/with-raktabeej-2014-burdwan-blast-that-shook-bengal-makes-it-to-big-screen-2737234}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
On 18th February 2024 this movie was telecast on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dawshom Awbotaar to stream on Hoichoi, Raktabeej set for TV premiere on Star Jalsa this month |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dawshom-awbotaar-to-stream-on-hoichoi-raktabeej-set-for-tv-premiere-on-star-jalsa-this-month/cid/1997616 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 February 2024 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> On that day this movie was streamed on the OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Kaushiki |title=Raktabeej OTT release date – Watch the flawless fusion of a family drama with a real-life anti-terrorism struggle on THIS day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raktabeej-ott-release-date-catch-the-flawless-fusion-of-a-family-drama-with-a-real-life-anti-terrorism-struggle-on-this-day/36986887ac838 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=16 February 2024}}</ref> Later it has been also made available for streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Upali Mukhopadhyay of ''[[Aajkaal]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "[The] story of the film, strong screenplay, sparkling dialogues, remarkable acting and last but not the least, the mettle of the directors makes the film."<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej Review by Aajkal |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news.php?v=eng&id=420&title=Review_of_Victor_Banerjee,_Mimi_Chakraborty,_Abir_Chatterjee_Starr_Raktabeej |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112040830/https://www.aajkaal.in/news.php?v=eng&id=420&title=Review_of_Victor_Banerjee,_Mimi_Chakraborty,_Abir_Chatterjee_Starr_Raktabeej |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 October 2023 |website=[[Aajkal]] |language=bn}}</ref> Subhash K Jha of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "It was a Bangla film executed on a level where both the intelligentsia and the masses can engage and have a fulfilling time. One can make it engaging and relevant without pounding in the message. Raktabeej proves it."<ref>{{cite news |last1=K Jha |first1=Subhash |title=Raktabeej Movie Review: An Involving Intelligent Anti-Terrorism Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/raktabeej-movie-review-an-involving-intelligent-anti-terrorism-drama-review-104643511 |date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Times Now]]}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Suchandra Ghatak of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "This kind of thriller is rarely seen in Tollywood. Suspense is the last word and audience of all age will remember this film for a long time."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghatak |first1=Suchandra |title=সবার উপরে সাসপেন্স সত্য, দোসর রইল উৎসব! ‘রক্তবীজ’ হল কেমন, দেখে এল আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjees-latest-film-raktabeej-dgtl/cid/1468325 |date=19 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "With Raktabeej, director duo Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee have stepped away from their comfort zone to deliver a power-packed action-adventure film. However, the film’s intent to deliver a strong message about terrorism doesn’t allow for much of a backstory for the characters and complete their arcs."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Raktabeej Movie Review: Nandita-Shiboprosad deliver an action-packed thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raktabeej/movie-review/104557577.cms |date=19 October 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "As a film, it is entertaining. Unlike many of Shiboprosad and Nandita’s films, it has no unnecessary sentimentality. It is smart and riveting and almost recommendable."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Shiboprosad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy pass the 'thriller' test with flying colours with yet another film dotted with stereotypes |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/raktabeej-review-shiboprosad-mukherjee-and-nandita-roy-pass-the-thriller-test-with-flying-colours-with-yet-another-film-dotted-with-stereotypes/bbe8d48096740 |website=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 October 2023}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The combination of State and Central is good and from there, the light fragrance of love touches the heart even in the midst of terrorist activities and bloodbaths."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=Raktabeej Review: অচেনা পিচে সাহসী ব্যাটিং নন্দিতা-শিবপ্রসাদের, পুজোর আবহে টানটান থ্রিলার ‘রক্তবীজ’ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/mimi-abir-chatterjee-victor-banerjee-starrer-raktabeej-review/ |date=19 October 2023 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The songs of the film will really touch the heart of the audience. It is possible to make a film out of boundary in a completely different genre apart from the family film."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Sushmita |title=জমজমাট অ্যাকশনের দোসর মারকাটারি পারফরম্যান্স, টানটান থ্রিলারে চমক শিবু-নন্দিতার |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-roy-raktabeej-movie-review-starring-abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakraborty-victor-banerjee/moviereview/104549921.cms |website=[[Ei Samay]] |date=19 October 2023 |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> The ''North East Film Journal'' had a positive review on the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raktabeej - An Excellent Political Thriller Based Partly On Reality |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/raktabeej-an-excellent-political-thriller-based-partly-on-reality |date=25 October 2023 |website=North East Film Journal}}</ref>

Virat Verma of ''Flickonclick'' rated the film 3.7 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film takes a broader view, shedding light on the underlying issues at play, making it not just a thrilling watch but also a thought-provoking one. The directors have created a compelling narrative that not only entertains but also leaves one contemplating the broader implications, making it a noteworthy addition to the world of Bengali cinema."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Virat |title=Raktabeej Bengali Movie Review: A Captivating Thriller |url=https://www.flickonclick.com/raktabeej-bengali-movie-review-a-captivating-thriller/ |date=19 October 2023 |website=Flickonclick}}{{rating|3.7|5}}</ref> Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Raktabeej stands out as a well-executed thriller that successfully blends political intrigue, familial complexities, and suspenseful moments."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Souvik |title=Raktabeej Movie Review : Where Tradition Meets Intrigue, a Thrilling Saga Unfolds |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/raktabeej-movie-review-bengali-cinemas-spectacular-thriller-illuminates-the-festive-darkness/ |work=Cine Kolkata}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
In the end-credits scene, it was revealed that [[Ankush Hazra]]'s character is also one of the many terrorists who remain disguised as Munir Alam, therefore confirming him as the main [[antagonist]] for the sequel. Shiboprasad Mukherjee hinted at the sequel in a social media post in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=রক্তবীজ ২ আসছে? জল্পনা উসকে কী বললেন শিবপ্রসাদ? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.html#amp_ct=1737880206062&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17378794740002&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.htmlint/amp-31700916353399.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_ct=1737880206062&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17378794740002&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104163636/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.html#amp_ct=1737880206062&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17378794740002&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.htmlint/amp-31700916353399.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_ct=1737880206062&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17378794740002&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raktabeej-part-2-will-come-shiboprosad-mukherjee-gives-hint-31700916353399.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref>

The sequel, titled ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' , was officially announced on 26 January 2025, on the occasion of [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic Day]]. The film is set to be released in October 2025, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=পুজোর বক্স অফিসে 'রক্তবীজ ২' বনাম 'রঘু ডাকাত', সাধারণতন্ত্র দিবসে বড় ঘোষণা নন্দিতা-শিবপ্রসাদের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/raktabeej-2-to-release-in-2025-puja-nandita-shiboprosads-announcement-on-republic-day/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=26 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt28513338}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in 2014]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Windows Production films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]

Pandithurai Thevar

2026-04-01T15:16:47Z

James:

{{Short description|Founder of fourth tamil sangam and King of Palavanatham}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pandithurai Thevar
| image = பாண்டித்துரைத் தேவர்.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ukkira Pandian
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|03|21}}
| birth_place = [[Ramanathapuram]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1911|12|02|1867|03|21}}
| death_place = Ramanathapuram
| other_names =
| occupation = Zameendhar
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Philanthropy]]
| notable_works = Establishing Madurai 4th Tamil Sangam
}}

'''Vallal Pon Pandithurai Thevar''' (21 March 1867 – 2 December 1911), born '''Ukkira Pandian''', also known as '''Pandi Durai Thevar''', was the [[Zamindar]] of [[Palavanatham]], [[Virudhunagar District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. A scholar and poet belonging to the royal house of the [[Sethupathi]]s of [[Ramanathapuram]], Pandithurai Thevar contributed greatly to the revival of the [[Tamil language]] by establishing the [[Madurai Tamil Sangam|Fourth Tamil sangam]] in [[Madurai]], restoring rare Tamil texts, and becoming a patron of Tamil-language scholarship. He published the magazine ''Senthamizh'' as part of the [[Madurai Tamil Sangam|Fourth Tamil sangam]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=La8wDwAAQBAJ&dq=pandithurai+Thevar&pg=PA221 Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 By Sumathi Ramaswamy] (English)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ae/books/content?id=LXoOAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA118&img=1&pgis=1&dq=pandithurai+Thevar&sig=ACfU3U267qXioMD8UQfqfPBGwCz0pHt8BQ&edge=0 Tamil Series :Tamil Studies, Volume 1 A. V. Subramania Aiyar] (English)</ref>

==Early life==
Pandithurai Thevar was born on 21 March 1867. He was the third son of Ponnusamy Thevar, a minister at [[Ramnad estate|Ramanathapuram Samasthanam]]. Pandithurai Thevar's father died when he was a child. He was taught [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by the Tamil poet, Azhagar Raju, and English by the lawyer, Venkateshwara Shastri, and he became fluent in both languages.<ref>[https://books.google.ae/books/content?id=1cVhAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA244&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Pandithurai+Thevar+history&sig=ACfU3U39bsIPTaTpkAR3BCrDkBy7gTSaKw&edge=0 Sociolinguistics: International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Issues 99-101] (English)</ref> During this younger age, he and his cousin, [[Bhaskara Sethupathi]], were brought up together at Ramanathapuram Samasthanam.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&dq=Pandithurai+Thevar+history&pg=PA726 Literature : History of Indian Literature By Sisir Kumar Das] (English)</ref>

When he reached adulthood, he inherited the properties managed until then by the agent, Seshadri Iyengar, including [[Palavanatham|Palavanatham Zameen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TgoAAAAMAAJ&q=Pandithurai+Thevar+history|title=Madras Information|date=September 14, 1967|publisher=Director of Information and Publicity, Government of Madras|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Patron of Tamil development==
Pandithurai Thevar invited Tamil scholar, [[U.V.Swaminatha Iyer]], a collector and printer of rare Tamil books, to Ramanathapuram, and vowed support for him in printing [[Manimekalai]] and [[Purapporul venbaamaalai]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajesh |first1=V. |title=Patrons and Networks of Patronage in the Publication of Tamil Classics, c 1800-1920 |journal=Social Scientist |date=2011 |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=64–91 |jstor=41633794 }}</ref> He published ''Thevarathalaimurai Pathippu'' with the help of his teacher, Gnanasambandha Pillai (Ramasamy Pillai), and ''Sivagnana Swamigal Prabandha Thirattu''. In objection to anti-Shaivism, he published books on [[Shaivism]] through Sabapathy Navalar. He aided [[Kumaraswamy Pulavar|Chunnakam Kumaraswamypulavar]] in publishing Thandiyalankaram. Kumaraswamypulavar thanks Pandithurai Thevar for his patronage in the book, ''Saivamanjari'', which was compiled by Pandithurai Thevar.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns0xDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pandithurai+Thevar+history&pg=PA95 CULTURAL ASPIRATIONS : Essays on the Intellectual History of the Colonial] By A. GANGATHARAN (English)</ref>

==Establishment of the Fourth Tamil Sangam==
When Pandithurai Thevar came to Madurai in 1901, he was disappointed to find that Tamil books such as ''[[Thirukkural]]'' and ''[[Parimelazhagar]]'' ''[[Commentary (philology)|Urai]]'' were not available, even at the place where the third [[Tamil Sangams|Tamil Sangam]] was established. On 24 May 1901, he held a consultative meeting with eminent poets at Madurai Sethupathi High School to establish the Fourth Tamil Sangam in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0YAAAAIAAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=PA377|title = Encyclopedia of the Ancient World: Overviews, ʻAbd al-Malik-Corinthian War|isbn = 9780893560393|last1 = Sienkewicz|first1 = Thomas J.|year = 2002| publisher=Salem Press }}</ref>

On 14 September 1901, Pandithurai Thevar established the Fourth [[Madurai Tamil Sangam]] in Madurai at [[Sethupathi Higher Secondary School|Sethupathi High school]] in the presence of [[Bhaskara Sethupathi|Baskara Sethupathy]], Zamindar of Ramnad, and all the Tamil scholars from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. He assigned the management responsibilities of the Tamil Sangam to [[Thiru Narayana Iyengar]], a scholar of Tamil and Sanskrit who he knew from residential education from their childhood. The Sangam also included a college ("Sethupathi Senthamizh Kalaasaalai"), library ("Pandiyan Puthaga Saalai") and literary research centre ("Nool Aaraaichisaalai").

A monthly collection of essays in Tamil by well-known poets was also launched, entitled ''Senthamizh'', which has since seen its centenary celebration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tY8MAQAAMAAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=PA365|title = The Cauvery, a Living Museum: 16-17 September 1999, 5-6 March 2001, Seminar Proceedings|year = 2001}}</ref> The magazine helped publish work in Tamil by poets including [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[Thiru Narayana Iyengar]], [[R. Raghava Iyengar]], [[M. Raghava Iyengar]], Ettayapuram Sami Iyengar, [[Parithimar Kalaignar]], Arangasamy Iyengar, and [[C. W. Thamotharampillai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijc9AAAAIAAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=PA70|title = Press and Advertisers Year Book|year = 1987}}</ref>

When the creation of an [[academic department]] for Tamil language at [[Madras University]] was blocked due to objections, Pandithurai Thevar's Sangam created many [[Pandit|Tamil Pundits]] through its education and examination systems at its college. Parithimar Kalaignar considered Tamil to be a [[classical language]] and did his best to retain this status at Madras University through the Fourth Tamil Sangam. Pandithurai Thevar and Bhaskara Sethupathi supported him in this cause.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TgoAAAAMAAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=RA2-PA5|title = Madras Information|year = 1967}}</ref>

==Indigenous Steam Navigation Company==
Pandithurai Thevar provided financial assistance and also recruited share-holders for the [[Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company]], started by [[V.O. Chidambaram Pillai]] in 1906, which operated steamer services between Tuticorin and Colombo, to break the British monopoly. He then became chairman of the company.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEg1DwAAQBAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=PT112|title=V.O.Chidambaram Pillai|isbn=9788123025575|last1=Sampath|first1=R. N.|last2=Mani|first2=Pe. Su|date=30 August 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting }}</ref>

==Accolades==
Pandithurai Thevar was praised by [[Bhaskara Sethupathi]], the Zamindar of Ramanathapuram, as 'Marava chief of the West', as his Palavanatham zameen was present to the west of Ramanathapuram zameen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Pamela G. |title=Warrior Caste 'Raja' and Gentleman 'Zamindar': One Person's Experience in the Late Nineteenth Century |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1983 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=563–590 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011070 |jstor=312236 |s2cid=144055265 }}</ref> The first edition of ''Manimekalai'', printed in 1898, acknowledged Pandithurai Thevar's instrumental help to U.V. Swaminatha Iyer to bring it out in print.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajesh |first1=V. |title=Patrons and Networks of Patronage in the Publication of Tamil Classics, c 1800-1920 |journal=Social Scientist |date=2011 |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=64–91 |jstor=41633794 }}</ref>

==Literary works==
Pandithurai Thevar himself composed poetry works such as ''Sivagnanapuram Murugan Kavadich Sindhu'', ''Rettai Manimalai'' (written for his guru, [[Sivagyana Munivar|Sivagnana Swamigal]]), ''Raja Rajeshwari Padhikam'', and many others.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txQOEAAAQBAJ&q=pandithurai+thevar&pg=PT126|title = Dark Interiors: Essays on Caste and Dalit Culture|isbn = 9789381345641|last1 = Gauthaman|first1 = Raj|last2 = Theodore Baskaran (Translator)|first2 = S.|date = December 2020| publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Patrons of literature]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Baburao Ganpatrao Apte

2026-04-01T01:28:25Z

James: Creating first bio added tags

{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Baburao Ganpatrao Apte
| series = [[Hera Pheri (film series)|Hera Pheri]]
| first_major = [[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]
| first_date = (2000)
| last_major = [[Phir Hera Pheri]]
| last_date = (2006)
| portrayer = [[Paresh Rawal]]
| full_name = Baburao Ganpatrao Apte
| nickname = Babu Bhaiya
| gender = Male
| significant_other = Raju Shyam
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Baburao Ganpatrao Apte''' ({{IPA|en-IN|ˈbɑː.buː.raʊ ɡənˈpət.raʊ ˈʌp.ʈe|lang}}), better known as '''Babu Bhaiya''', is a fictional character in the Indian Hindi-language comedy film series ''[[Hera Pheri (film series)|Hera Pheri]]'', played by [[Paresh Rawal]]. Introduced in ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' (2000) and reprised in ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' (2006), Baburao has been described by several critics as one of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]'s most recognizable comedic characters,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=Baburao memes reignite laughter as Paresh Rawal steps away from 'Hera Pheri 3' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/baburao-memes-reignite-laughter-as-paresh-rawal-steps-away-from-hera-pheri-3-1503435668.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paresh Rawal Once Felt That His Character In Hera Pheri Felt Like A Noose |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/paresh-rawal-once-felt-that-his-character-in-hera-pheri-felt-like-a-noose-73362.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> noted for his [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-accented dialogue, distinctive mannerisms, and frequently quoted lines. Film critics have credited Rawal’s performance with helping establish the Hera Pheri franchise's enduring popularity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Why there's no Hera Pheri without Paresh Rawal's Baburao Ganpatrao Apte |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/why-there-is-no-hera-pheri-without-paresh-rawals-baburao-ganpatrao-apte-2728247-2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Inspiration==

Baburao was loosely inspired by Mannar Mathai from the Malayalam film ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' (1989), which ''Hera Pheri'' remade.<ref name=":3" /> His Marathi identity and exaggerated mannerisms were modeled after [[Rajat Dholakia]], a Gujarati theatre personality, with Paresh Rawal's Marathi theatre background enhancing the character’s authenticity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=22 Years of Hera Pheri EXCLUSIVE: "It was two years after the release of the film that Paresh Rawal confessed that Baburao Ganpatrao Apte was inspired by me" – Rajat Dholakia 22 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/22-years-hera-pheri-exclusive-two-years-release-film-paresh-rawal-confessed-baburao-ganpatrao-apte-inspired-rajat-dholakia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=खऱ्या आयुष्यातले 'बाबुराव' पाहिले का? 'या' व्यक्तीवरुन घेण्यात आलं 'हेरा फेरी'मधलं कॅरेक्टर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/hera-pheri-baburao-apte-character-was-inspired-by-music-composer-rajat-dholakia-a-a945/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

==Role==
===''Hera Pheri'' (2000)===
{{Main|Hera Pheri (2000 film)}}
In the film ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'', directed by [[Priyadarshan]], Baburao is a middle-class [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cult, Comic & Classic |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/entertainment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201212422/http://www.screenindia.com/news/cult-comic-&-classic/621435/ |archive-date=2013-02-01 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |language=en}}</ref> landlord who is short-tempered, near-sighted, and constantly drunk. He runs a garage called [[Star Garage]]. He rents out rooms to Shyam and Raju, two men struggling with their own problems. Baburao is already dealing with financial troubles and unpaid rent when a wrong-number phone call changes everything.

The call, meant for a seafood company called "Star Fisheries," is from a criminal gang led by Kabira. They've kidnapped a girl and are demanding ransom from her grandfather, Devi Prasad. Because of a misprint in the phone directory, the call ends up at Baburao's garage. Raju sees this as a chance to make money and convinces Baburao and Shyam to pretend to be the kidnappers and demand double the ransom–₹40 lakhs–so they can pay off their debts and still save the girl.

Although Baburao is initially reluctant, he agrees to the plan. As events escalate, his character often acts as a mediator between Shyam and Raju. Despite his outbursts and drinking habits, he demonstrates concern for his friends throughout the film.

In the end, Baburao helps rescue the kidnapped girl and gets a share of the reward money. His character, though funny and flawed, plays a big part in the film's heart and success.

===''Phir Hera Pheri'' (2006)===
{{Main|Phir Hera Pheri}}
In ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'', Baburao Ganpatrao Apte is still the eccentric, near-sighted, and often drunk garage owner and now living a lavish life with Raju and Shyam after their success in the first film. Though he enjoys the comforts of wealth, Baburao remains clueless about finances and easily swayed. When Raju introduces a scheme to double their money in 21 days, Baburao agrees to invest ₹30 [[lakh]]s and even supports selling their bungalow to raise more funds. Trusting Raju's confidence, he unknowingly walks into a scam that wipes out all their savings.

After losing everything, the trio is forced to move into a chawl. Baburao, now back in poverty, gets caught up in a series of chaotic events involving gangsters, stolen drugs, and antique guns. As they try to repay a dangerous gangster named Tiwari, Baburao–despite not fully understanding the situation–joins Raju and Shyam in a desperate plan to recover their losses. His frequent confusion and impulsive decisions contribute to the film’s comedic situations, while his loyalty to his friends remains consistent throughout the story.

The story builds to a wild climax at a circus, where Baburao accidentally reveals that the money they tried to use was fake, triggering a massive chase involving multiple gangs, stolen diamonds, and even a gorilla. In the end, while most of the criminals are arrested, Baburao escapes with his friends. The film closes on a cliffhanger, with Baburao and Shyam trying to stop Raju from unknowingly throwing away antique guns worth crores–once again leaving their fate hanging by a thread.

==Legacy==

Several critics have highlighted Baburao as one of Bollywood's most memorable comedic characters, with Paresh Rawal's portrayal receiving positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hera Pheri 3 Controversy: Pankaj Tripathi To REPLACE Paresh Rawal As Baburao In Priyadarshan's Film? Actor Reacts |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hera-pheri-3-controversy-pankaj-tripathi-to-replace-paresh-rawal-as-baburao-in-priyadarshans-film-actor-reacts |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Soumya |date=2018-05-28 |title='Yeh Baburao ka style hai': Why Paresh Rawal's character from 'Hera Pheri' remains inimitable |url=https://scroll.in/reel/880445/yeh-baburao-ka-style-hai-why-paresh-rawals-character-from-hera-pheri-remains-inimitable |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Soumya Rao of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' labeled Baburao "inimitable," and praised Rawal's performance.<ref name=":3" /> Mimansa Shekhar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described Baburao as "the soul of this [[sleeper hit]]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=Character Spotlight: Hera Pheri's Baburao Apte |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/hera-pheri-baburao-ganpatrao-apte-babu-bhaiya-paresh-rawal-best-comedy-character-spotlight-6105806/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' placed the character first in its list of 7 most Funny Bollywood Characters, with ''Pinkvilla'' described as "The actor nailed his part and gave an iconic character to the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=7 Funny Bollywood Characters that can make you go ROFL anytime |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/funny-bollywood-characters-1347118 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Baburao ranked first in the ''[[Filmfare]]''<nowiki/>'s list most memorable roles of Rawal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special Paresh Rawal's most memorable roles |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-paresh-rawals-most-memorable-roles-34112.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> The character ranked ninth in the Bollywood's 20 best characters by [[NDTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian cinema@100: Bollywood's 20 best characters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/indian-cinema-100-bollywoods-20-best-characters-15056 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]],'' Baburao's confusion, reactions to wrong-number calls, and lines such as "Yeh Baburao ka style hai" (This is Baburao's style) contribute to the film’s comedic tone.<ref name=":3" /> Indian cricketer [[Suryakumar Yadav]] mimicked this dialogue on [[The Kapil Sharma Show]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=2025-05-28 |title=Harbhajan Singh's pick for Baburao role in Hera Pheri 3 |url=https://www.siasat.com/harbhajan-singhs-pick-for-baburao-role-in-hera-pheri-3-3226288/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> Dialogues like "Utha le re deva," (God, just take me now!)", "Khopdi tod, khopdi tod saale ka" (Break his skull, break that scoundrel’s head!) and "Muh se supari nikal ke baat kar re baba" (Take the betel nut out of your mouth and speak properly, man!) have been widely cited and referenced in popular culture, including internet memes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Flashback Films: Why Paresh Rawal's Baburao Ganpatrao Apte Was The BIGGEST STAR In Phir Hera Pheri's Universe |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/flashback-films-why-paresh-rawal-baburao-ganpatrao-apte-was-the-biggest-star-in-phir-hera-pheri-universe-article-152072972 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mika Singh]] has paid tribute to the character in the songs ''Ganpath'' from ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' and "[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (soundtrack)|Baburao Mast Hai]]" from ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''.

==Future appearances==

The third installment ''Hera Pheri 3'' was officially announced on 30 January 2025, when director [[Priyadarshan]] hinted at the project on his birthday and invited [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suniel Shetty]], and [[Paresh Rawal]] to reunite for the third installment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=Hera Pheri 3 officially confirmed: Priyadarshan, Akshay Kumar announce upcoming sequel. Are Paresh Rawal and Suniel Shetty returning? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hera-pheri-3-officially-confirmed-priyadarshan-akshay-kumar-announce-upcoming-sequel-are-paresh-rawal-and-suniel-shetty-returning/articleshow/117742276.cms |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Akshay responded positively, calling it the best birthday gift.<ref name=":1" /> The film is expected to begin production by late 2025, with a tentative release planned before 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar, Paresh Rawal, and Suniel Shetty in Hera Pheri 3 begins in December; Set for a 2026 release |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-akshay-kumar-paresh-rawal-and-suniel-shetty-in-hera-pheri-3-begins-in-december-set-for-a-2027-release-1370230 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

Paresh Rawal initially exited the project in May 2025. He cited the absence of a finalized script, production schedule, and long-form agreement as his reasons for stepping away. In a public statement, he clarified that his decision was not due to creative differences, saying, "There are no creative disagreements. I have immense love and respect for Priyadarshan."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Paresh Rawal confirms his return to Hera Pheri 3: 'We had to fine-tune ourselves…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-paresh-rawal-confirms-his-return-to-hera-pheri-3-10096410/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He added, "When people have loved something so much, you have to be extra careful. You can’t take things for granted. Mehnat karke unko do (Put in the effort and give it to them)."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suruchi |first=Pravrajya |title=Paresh Rawal confirms return as Baburao in Hera Pheri 3, details inside |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-paresh-rawal-confirms-return-as-baburao-in-hera-pheri-3-details-inside-3164197 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
{{check quotation}}
After Rawal's departure from the project, Akshay Kumar, producing Hera Pheri 3 under [[Cape Of Good Films|Cape of Good Films]], issued a legal notice seeking ₹25 crore in damages, alleging [[breach of contract]]. The notice stated that Rawal had accepted an advance payment and participated in preliminary production discussions before his exit. Rawal’s representatives contested these claims, asserting that the producers had not fulfilled agreed-upon terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paresh Rawal Returns to 'Hera Pheri 3', Says All Issues 'Resolved' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/paresh-rawal-returns-to-hera-pheri-3-says-all-issues-resolved |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

His return was confirmed on 30 June 2025, during a podcast with Himanshu Mehta. Rawal revealed that the issues had been resolved thanks to the personal efforts of Akshay Kumar, [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], and Ahmed Khan. He returned the ₹11 lakh signing amount with 15% interest before rejoining the cast.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film characters]]
[[Category:Comedy film characters]]
[[Category:Male characters in film]]
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 2000]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]
[[Category:Fictional Marathi people]]
[[Category:Fictional landlords]]
[[Category:Fictional alcohol abusers]]

Kavita Suthar

2026-03-26T19:17:17Z

James: new

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Kavita Suthar''' (born 15 January 2006) is an Indian volleyball player from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-04 |title=Rajasthan's Kavita to lead India U-18 volleyball team for Asian meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/volleyball/rajasthans-kavita-to-lead-india-u-18-volleyball-team-for-asian-meet/articleshow/91997861.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as an outside hitter, and for Rajasthan in the domestic tournaments.

Suthar is from Silwala Khurd gram panchayat, Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan. Her father, Subhah Chandra, is an auto spare parts seller. She started playing volleyball in 2018 after her first coach Basant Singh Mann convinced her father to send her to play volleyball.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2023 |title=Netting winners at Khel Gaon in Rajasthan |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/our-heroes/teacher-connection/rajasthan-sports-volleyball-coach-education-school-rural-india-khel-gaon-hanumangarh-52192/ |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=Gaon Connectiion}}</ref>

In June 2022, Suthar was selected to captain the under-18 National Volleyball team for the 23rd Asian U-18 Women's Volleyball Championship at Thailand from 6 to 15 June 2022. She was in Class 12 at that time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN’S VOLLEYBALL TEAM CAPTAIN WELCOMED |url=https://www.face2news.com/news/80679-women%E2%80%99s-volleyball-team-captain-welcomed.aspx |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.face2news.com}}</ref> She represented Jaipur team and was declared as the best player in the 67th State Level Senior Volleyball Championship held at Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where was the 67th State Level Senior Volleyball Championshi |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/where-was-the-67th-state-level-senior-volleyball-c--6413148ab498419c98251b8a |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Testbook}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suthar, Kavita}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Hanumangarh district]]

Singeetam Srinivasa Rao

2026-03-25T11:07:20Z

James: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1931)}}
{{family name hatnote|Singeetam|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| image = Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1931|9|21}}
| birth_place = [[Gudur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| alma mater = [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer|composer|actor}}
| notable_works = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[National Film Awards]] [[Nandi Awards]] [[Filmfare Awards South]] [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
}}
'''Singeetam Srinivasa Rao''' (born 21 September 1931)<ref name=":dob">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2013-09-19 |title=My life is not drab |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-life-is-not-drab/article5145963.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207011202/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-life-is-not-drab/article5145963.ece |archive-date=7 February 2014 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, composer, and actor. He is widely regarded as one of India's most versatile and innovative filmmakers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=20 May 2005 |title=Spinning magic |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409062525/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |archive-date=9 April 2006 |quote=With an amazing display of mastery over a wide range of subjects from comedies to experimental socials to folklore to mythological to 3D animation films that no other contemporary filmmaker has attempted, Singeetham Srinivasa Rao completes half a century of film career this year.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032615/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=6 October 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=There's no stopping the drive and ambition of the veteran film-maker Singeetham Srinivasa Rao who has made film after successful film in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi in as many genres as he could, from mythology to laugh-aloud comedies.}}</ref> He has directed around sixty films across multiple genres and languages, including [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], and [[English language|English]] and is credited with revolutionizing [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] through his [[Experimental film|experimental approach]]. He has garnered numerous accolades throughout his career, including two [[National Film Awards]], five [[Nandi Awards]], three [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], and three [[Filmfare Awards South]]. In 2011, he was honoured with the Life Achievement Award by the [[Film Federation of India]].

Srinivasa Rao began his career as an assistant to the esteemed director [[K. V. Reddy]], working on iconic films such as ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961). He made his directorial debut with the Telugu film [[Neeti-Nijayiti|''Neethi Nijayithi'']] (1972), and subsequently directed critically acclaimed [[social problem film]]s like ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]'' (1974), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]], and ''[[Tharam Marindi]]'' (1977), which won [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].

He went on to direct notable films like ''[[Panthulamma]]'' (1978), ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (1985), ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986), ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987), ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991), ''[[Brundavanam (1992 film)|Brundavanam]]'' (1992), ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994), ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), ''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]'' (1994), and ''[[Son of Aladdin]]'' (2003). ''Mayuri'' won a record 14 [[Nandi Awards]], while ''Pushpaka Vimana'', a dialogue-less film, earned the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award for Best Popular Film]]. ''Aditya 369'' and ''Bhairava Dweepam'' are considered landmark films in the [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] and [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] genres, respectively, within [[Telugu cinema]].

Srinivasa Rao is also known for his collaborations with actors [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Kamal Haasan]], which resulted in several commercially successful and critically acclaimed films. With Kamal Haasan, he worked on films such as ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi|Sommokadidhi Sokokadidihi]]'' (1979), ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' / ''[[Raja Paarvai|Amavasya Chandrudu]]'' (1981), ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987), ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989) and ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990). His collaboration with Rajkumar produced films like ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' (1982), ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' (1982), ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' (1983), and ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (1986).

In February 2026, veteran filmmaker Singeetam Srinivasa Rao announced his return to directing with a new project, provisionally titled ''SSR61'', marking his first film in ten years.<ref>{{cite news |title='SSR61' announced: Singeetam Srinivasa Rao makes film at 93: Legendary director returns after 10 years |work=The Times of India |date=February 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ssr61-announced-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-makes-film-at-93-legendary-director-returns-after-10-years/articleshow/127833855.cms}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was born on 21 September 1931 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Gudur]] of then [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His father, Ramachandra Rao, was a headmaster and his mother, Sakunthala Bai, was a violinist.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=20 May 2005 |title=Spinning magic |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409062525/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052001520300.htm |archive-date=9 April 2006 |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> As a school student, he showed glimpses of talent both in [[Play (theatre)|plays]] and music. He graduated with a Physics Degree from [[Presidency College, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1985Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1985.pdf |page=141 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708014643/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1985Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1985.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ఫన్ డేలో కె.వి. గురించి సింగీతం2">{{cite news |last1=Singeetam |first1=Srinivasa Rao |title=మహాదర్శకుడి గురించి ఆయన శిష్యదర్శకుడు |url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97-%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81/ |accessdate=7 October 2022 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |agency=}}</ref> In college, he honed his skills in plays such as ''Windows'' under [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=":5" />

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
After graduation his ambition was to get into films. As his attempts to meet the director [[K. V. Reddy]] failed, he took up the job of a teacher in [[Sullurpeta|Sullurupeta]].<ref name=":5" /> But he continued writing and wrote two experimental award-winning plays ''Bhrama'' and ''Anthyaghattam.'' He also wrote ''Chitrarjuna'', a musical play adopted from Tagore's ''Chitra - Prince of the Dark Chamber''. It was translated into English by Scottish dramatist Tom Buchan for an American television channel. He also worked as a journalist at the time writing for ''Telugu Swatantra.<ref name=":5" />''<ref name="ఫన్ డేలో కె.వి. గురించి సింగీతం2" />

=== Telugu cinema ===
{{Main|Telugu cinema}}

He continued his efforts to meet his favourite director K. V. Reddy and in 1954 he was finally able to meet him. K. V. Reddy gave him a copy of ''[[The Monkey's Paw]]'' and asked him to write a script based on it. Srinivasa Rao wrote the script along with dialogues in three months. K. V. Reddy was impressed and took him as an [[Apprenticeship|apprentice]].<ref name=":5" /> He later graduated as an associate director under K. V. Reddy and worked with him for all his films from ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955) until ''[[Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha]]'' (1968) including ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961), ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddham]]'' (1963).<ref name="ఈనాడు సినిమాలో సింగీతం">{{cite news |last1=Singeetam |first1=Srinivasa Rao |date=1 July 2012 |title=స్వర్ణయుగాన్ని చూపించిన గురువు |language=te |work=[[Eenadu]] |url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97-%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81/ |accessdate=7 October 2022}}</ref>

In 1972, Srinivasa Rao ventured into film direction with ''Neethi Nijayithi'', an offbeat Telugu film. The film won critical acclaim but was not commercially successful.<ref name=":5" /> He then directed the [[social problem film]] ''[[Tharam Marindi]]'' (1977) which won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1977-78Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1977-78.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130311/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1977-78Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1977-78.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

He made other successful Telugu films like ''Zamindaru gari Ammayi'' (1975), ''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]'' (1976), ''[[Panthulamma]]'' (1978), ''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi]]'' (1979), ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (1985), ''[[America Abbayi]]'' (1987), ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991), ''[[Brundavanam (1992 film)|Brundavanam]]'' (1992), ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), ''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]'' (1994). ''Mayuri'' won a record 14 [[Nandi Awards]] including the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032615/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao.htm |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2010 |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |page=74 |language=te}}</ref> Srinivasa Rao won the [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]] for ''Brundavanam'' and the [[Nandi Award for Best Director]] for ''Bhairava Dweepam''. ''Aditya 369'' and ''Bhairava Dweepam'' are considered classic films in [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] and [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] genres respectively in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao's unique record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Singeetam-Srinivasa-Raos-unique-record/articleshow/22658595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222014608/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Singeetam-Srinivasa-Raos-unique-record/articleshow/22658595.cms |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=4 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2021 |title=30 years for Aditya 369: Nandamuri Balakrishna thanks Gen Z for all the love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/30-years-for-aditya-369-nandamuri-balakrishna-thanks-gen-z-for-all-the-love/articleshow/84521628.cms |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title='భైరవద్వీపం' కోసం నానాపటేకర్, అమ్రిష్ పూరి - Behind the story of Bhairava Dweepam |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/Behind-the-story-of-Bhairava-Dweepam/0208/120129373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101042454/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/behind-the-story-of-bhairava-dweepam/0208/120129373 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Celebrating 30 years of timeless classic 'Aditya 369' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/celebrating-30-years-of-timeless-classic-aditya-369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719193206/https://telanganatoday.com/celebrating-30-years-of-timeless-classic-aditya-369 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

He made over half of his films in Telugu. He directed nearly 30 Telugu films across genres. His most recent film was ''[[Welcome Obama]]'' (2013). The story deals with [[commercial surrogacy in India]] where women are used as surrogates by foreigners and tells the story of one such surrogate mother who bears a foreigner's child.<ref name=":dob" />

He is also roped in as a mentor for the upcoming Telugu science fiction film [[Project K (film)|''Project K'']]. Made at an estimated budget of ₹600 [[crore]], it is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]] ever made. Srinivasa Rao gave his inputs and opinion on the film's script as a part of the mentorship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=Singeetam gives clarity about his involvement in Project K |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/singeetam-gives-clarity-about-involvement-in-project-k |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Kannada cinema===
Srinivasa Rao was the executive director of the 1970 Kannada movie ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'' directed by [[Pattabhirama Reddy Tikkavarapu|Pattabhirama Reddy]]. It won the President's gold medal for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name=":0" /> Singeetam made his Kannada directorial debut with the 1982 blockbuster ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. He went on to direct six more Kannada blockbusters with Rajkumar - ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' (1982), ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' (1983), ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'' (1984), ''[[Jwaalamukhi]]'' (1985), ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (1986) and ''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' (1988). Two of these were based on novels. He was selected to direct the historical ''Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga'' which was supposed to be Rajkumar's 200th movie but eventually dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2022 |title=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ 200ನೇ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಆಗ್ಬೇಕಿತ್ತು 'ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ನೃಪತುಂಗ': ವೈರಲ್ ಆಯ್ತು ವಿಡಿಯೋ! |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/features/amoghavarsha-nrupathunga-supposed-to-be-dr-rajkumar-200th-movie-parvathamma-video-goes-viral-059477.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719230918/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/features/amoghavarsha-nrupathunga-supposed-to-be-dr-rajkumar-200th-movie-parvathamma-video-goes-viral-059477.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> However, he subsequently went on to direct ''Devatha Manushya'' (1988) which happened to be Rajkumar's 200th film.

His other popular Kannada directorial films include ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986) and ''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakara]]'' (1988) apart from ''Ksheera Sagara'' (1992), ''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]'' (1999) and ''[[Makeup (2002 film)|Makeup]]'' (2002) in the latter part of his career. He co-wrote the screenplay for two Kannada movies produced by Rajkumar's banner that were not directed by him - ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'' (1987) and ''[[Samyuktha]]'' (1988). He was also the script-writer of ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' (1992). A disciple of legendary composer [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], he has composed music for two Kannada films - ''Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma'' and ''Samyuktha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule of Cinema is That There is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609083310/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>''

Most of the films he directed in Kannada were produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] and all were critically and commercially successful. Of the seven films Srinivasa Rao directed with Rajkumar in lead roles, four movies were remade in Telugu.
Singeetam's association with Rajkumar was a rare one where he not only directed cult classics and landmark movies but also co-wrote screenplay and composed music for movies produced by the actor even though they were not directed by him. This stands as a testimony for the faith Rajkumar had in the abilities of Rao and the admiration Srinivasa had for Rajkumar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. K. |first=Raghavendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vQtDwAAQBAJ&q=Singeetam+and+kannada+actor+Rajkumar+relationship&pg=PT117 |title=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film |date=22 June 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088430 |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815151112/https://books.google.com/books?id=3vQtDwAAQBAJ&q=Singeetam+and+kannada+actor+Rajkumar+relationship&pg=PT117 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1988, when Rajkumar announced his desire to temporarily retire from acting, Singeetam decided to concentrate on Tamil movies where he mostly had [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. K. |first=Raghavendra |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198071587.001.0001/acprof-9780198071587-chapter-3 |title=Bipolar Identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807158-7 |pages=73–98 |chapter=Vestiges of Mysore |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198071587.003.0003 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215907/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198071587.001.0001/acprof-9780198071587-chapter-3 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Kannada Film Journalists Association'' has honoured Srinivasa Rao with a Special Biography. Srinivasa Rao received three Karnataka State Film Awards {{Em dash}} two for Best Screenplay and one for Best movie.<ref name=":0" />

===Lyricist and composer===

He composed lyrics for films like ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994) and soundtracks for a few Kannada films. He edited many magazines in Telugu such as ''Bharati'', and scripted plays like ''Brahma'', ''Antya Ghattam'', and ''Chitrārjuna''. ''Chitrārjuna'' was also translated into English, and was telecasted in American Television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=Pawan Kalyan to star in Bollywood film of Christ's life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/31/bollywood-jesus-christ-film-israel |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063543/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/31/bollywood-jesus-christ-film-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> A disciple of legendary composer [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], he has also composed music for two Kannada movies of matinee idol [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s banner - ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (which was directed by him) and ''[[Samyuktha]]'' - (which was not directed by him).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410090140/https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Innovative cinema ===
[[File:In conversation with Director Singeetam Srinivasa Rao at the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2015.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Srinivasa Rao (right) at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[46th International Film Festival of India|2015]] ]]
The 1984 Telugu [[biographical film|biographical]] [[dance film]], ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'', which won the ''National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)'', was premiered at the 1985 International Film Festival of India, has also received several state Awards, including the State Nandi Award for Best Feature Film, and Filmfare Award South for Best Direction.<ref name="Directorate of Film Festival">{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1985Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1985.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708014643/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1985Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1985.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> The film was later remade into Hindi as ''[[Naache Mayuri]]''.

In 1988, he co-produced, scripted and directed the first Indian dialogue-less film, ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' which received special mention at [[Shanghai Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao | Telugu Cinema | Kamal Hassan |url=http://www.the-nri.com/index.php/2011/01/profile-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128105104/http://www.the-nri.com/index.php/2011/01/profile-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/ |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Singeetam Srinivas Rao Profile |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/Singeetam.php/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002124915/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/Singeetam.php |url-status=live }}</ref> When he was working with Rajkumar, Srinivasa Rao was introduced to Rajkumar's relative, actor [[Shringar Nagaraj]] who decided to co-produce ''Pushpaka Vimana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Retro : Pushpaka Vimaanam (1988) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231015109/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> The film was listed among [[CNN-IBN]]'s 'Hundred greatest Indian films of all time'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

The [[comedy-drama]] blockbuster ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989) was one of the enduring works on [[List of Dwarfism media depictions|dwarfism in popular media]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2008 |title=Singeetam reveals secret behind Kamal's dwarf role |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/singeetam-reveals-secret-behind-kamals-dwarf-role/article1311684.ece |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920062007/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/singeetam-reveals-secret-behind-kamals-dwarf-role/article1311684.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 April 2019 |title=Why Kamal Haasan's 'Apoorva Sagodharargal' is 30-years-young |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/30-years-of-kamal-haasans-apoorva-sagodargal-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-recalls-the-journey/article26829544.ece |access-date=2019-04-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415083846/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/30-years-of-kamal-haasans-apoorva-sagodargal-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-recalls-the-journey/article26829544.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]], and was premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]]. The Telugu crossover films like ''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]'' (1976), and ''[[America Abbayi]]'' (1987) were box office hits. The 1990 [[Action comedy film|action comedy]], ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' - a movie about quadruplets<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-on-mmkr/article35166010.ece/ | title=Kamal Haasan responds to Alphonse Puthren's request, gives a masterclass on 'Michael Madhana Kama Rajan' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 July 2021 }}</ref> - became an instant hit at the box office.

The Telugu [[science fiction]] film ''[[Aditya 369]]'' was one of the highest grossing Telugu films of 1991, grossing {{Indian Rupee}}9 [[crore]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/balakrishnas-famous-sci-fi-aditya-369-turns-27-today/articleshow/65034943.cms | title=Balakrishna's famous sci-fi 'Aditya 369' turns 27 today | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Nyayapati | first1=Neeshita }}</ref> A sequel, entitled ''Aditya 999'', was delayed indefinitely in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=That's Why Balayya Delayed Aditya 999 |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/50573/Thats-Why-Balayya-Delayed-Aditya-999 |website=Gulte |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001356/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/50573/Thats-Why-Balayya-Delayed-Aditya-999 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another science fiction in Tamil, ''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' was also an instant hit. The 1994, folklore ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' garnered the state [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Nandi Award for Best Direction]].

The 2003 [[animation film]], ''[[Son of Aladdin]]'', had 1100 shots and 125 characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log in ...Tribune: IT supplement of The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Feature page |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080806/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> The film won ''Special Mention in the Competition section'' at the 2003 ''International Children's Film Festival Hyderabad'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu Business Line : Children's film fest comes to a close |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/11/22/stories/2003112201731700.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815134922/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/11/22/stories/2003112201731700.htm |archive-date=15 August 2004 |access-date=5 October 2014 |website=Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tintin a bonanza for children at film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tintin-a-bonanza-for-children-at-film-festival/articleshow/261488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118221626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tintin-a-bonanza-for-children-at-film-festival/articleshow/261488.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=5 October 2014 |website=The Times of India|date=November 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-11-20 |title=Lights, camera... chaos |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/20/stories/2003112001612200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141005141606/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/20/stories/2003112001612200.htm |archive-date=2014-10-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and subsequently premiered at the 37th [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFI 2006 |url=http://www.iffigoa.org/iffi2006/alladin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070616/http://www.iffigoa.org/iffi2006/alladin.php |archive-date=2014-10-06 |website=Iffigoa.org}}</ref> The 2008 animation film ''[[Ghatothkach]]'' received special mention at the ''Grand Finale - Children's Film Festival 2014'' of the 44th [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Film Festival 2014 |url=http://www.iffigoa.org/iffi2013/childrens-film-festival-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103752/http://www.iffigoa.org/iffi2013/childrens-film-festival-2014/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Upcoming projects ===
Srinivasa Rao plans to make a sequel to ''Aditya 369'' in the future.<ref name=":6" /> He also expressed his wish to direct a pre-recorded experimental film {{Em dash}} a musical in which he wants to use pre-recorded sequences and dialogues while shooting. He also wants to make a documentary on the making of ''Apoorva Sagodhararkal.'' He also wants to write a book on the making of ''Pushpaka Vimana'', and his [[autobiography]] in the form of a screenplay.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=19 September 2013 |title=My life is not drab |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-life-is-not-drab/article5145963.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207011202/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-life-is-not-drab/article5145963.ece |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

As of mid-2026, a film directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao, produced by Vyjayanthi Movies, with music composed by Devi Sri Prasad, and written by Gautami Challagulla (story, screenplay, and dialogues), is reported to be in development.

== Collaborators ==
Srinivasa Rao is particularly noted for his collaboration with two actors - [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] - which resulted in commercially successful and critically acclaimed movies. With Kamal Haasan he made films such as ''Pushpaka Vimana'' (1987), ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1990) and ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1991) among others,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828154533/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> He also directed Kamal Haasan in his 100th film ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' / ''Amavasya Chandrudu'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2016 |title=100th film jinx grips the mighty sans 'Captain' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-industry-100th-film-jinx-grips-the-mighty-sans-captain/article60380858.ece1/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731155413/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-industry-100th-film-jinx-grips-the-mighty-sans-captain/article8595803.ece/amp/ |archive-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>

He directed Rajkumar in seven Kannada films in the 1980s.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=May 28, 2021 |title=This Day, That Year: Dr. Rajkumar's iconic 'Haalu Jenu' turns 39 | Kannada Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-dr-rajkumars-iconic-haalu-jenu-turns-39/articleshow/83029396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405154956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-dr-rajkumars-iconic-haalu-jenu-turns-39/articleshow/83029396.cms |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Notable among them are ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' (1982),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2017 |title=ಹಾಲು ಜೇನು |url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2017/05/10/490390.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092043/https://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2017/05/10/490390.html |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' (1982), ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (1986),<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Five Comedies in Kannada Streaming on YouTube |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-2019/five-comedies-in-kannada-cinema-streaming-on-youtube/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220815152305/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-2019/five-comedies-in-kannada-cinema-streaming-on-youtube/ |archive-date=2022-08-15}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and Rajkumar's 200th film ''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' (1988). He was also the first person to direct [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and all his three sons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2017 |title=A roller-coaster ride |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/a-roller-coaster-ride/article19981531.ece/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901172533/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/a-roller-coaster-ride/article19981531.ece/amp/ |archive-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> He directed [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] in their debut movies, ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986) and ''Chiranjeevi Sudhakara'' (1988) respectively.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=Did you know? All the three debut films of the Rajkumar clan were made by bonafide Telugu directors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-all-the-three-debut-films-of-the-rajkumar-clan-were-made-by-bonafide-telugu-directors/articleshow/83029782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108211501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-all-the-three-debut-films-of-the-rajkumar-clan-were-made-by-bonafide-telugu-directors/articleshow/83029782.cms |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He had also directed [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as a child artiste in ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' in which he played dual role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Category: Parvathamma Rajkumar Writes |date=2006-04-04 |title=Parvathamma Rajkumar Column 29 - chitraloka.com | Image |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/46-celebrity-writers/parvathamma-rajkumar-writes/3099-rajkumar-not-interested-in-business.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413101435/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/46-celebrity-writers/parvathamma-rajkumar-writes/3099-rajkumar-not-interested-in-business.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref> Most of his Kannada films were produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] whose ability to judge what would work with the audience and whose story-picking knack he believed in.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parvathamma Rajkumar nurtured Kannada cinema, female newcomers as producer and first lady of Sandalwood |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-godmother-is-no-more/articleshow/58933922.cms |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> He was the only director to have worked with her on at least one film in each of the seven years during 1982 to 1988.<ref>[https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/46-celebrity-writers/parvathamma-rajkumar-writes/3099-rajkumar-not-interested-in-business.html Rajkumar not interested in business] chitraloka.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413101435/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/46-celebrity-writers/parvathamma-rajkumar-writes/3099-rajkumar-not-interested-in-business.html |date=13 April 2021 }}</ref>

Srinivasa Rao also collaborated with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] in three films {{Em dash}} the science fiction film ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991), fantasy film ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), and the mythological film ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (1996).<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2019 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna pays a visit to veteran filmmaker Singeetham Srinivasa Rao in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-balakrishna-pays-a-visit-to-veteran-filmmaker-singeetham-srinivasa-rao-in-chennai/articleshow/69969838.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2019-06-27 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna visits veteran director ! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/270619/nandamuri-balakrishna-visits-veteran-director.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> ''Aditya 369'' and ''Bhairava Dweepam'' are considered landmark films in [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] and [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] genres respectively in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42" /> He directed [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] in two films {{Em dash}} ''Brundavanam'' (1992) and ''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]'' (1994). Both were commercially successful.

Kannada actor [[Shivaram]] has been a part of all seven movies of Srinivasa Rao starring Rajkumar. [[B. C. Gowrishankar]], a regular cameraman for Rajkumar movies, was selected as the cinematographer for Srinivasa Rao's later movies - ''Pushpaka Vimana'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic 14 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and ''Michael Madana Kama Rajan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 Years of Michael Madana Kama Rajan: 40 facts you probably didn't know about the mother of all comedies |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/17/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-40-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-mother-of-all-com-702.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109063458/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/17/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-40-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-mother-of-all-com-702.amp |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=October 2019 }}</ref> Another regular technician of Rajkumar movies - art director Peketi Ranga - was also selected as the art director for Srinivasa Rao's ''Michael Madana Kama Rajan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic 11 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Influences ==
His favourite litterateurs are [[Vemana]], [[Mark Twain]], and [[P. G. Wodehouse]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=17 August 2012 |title=Robinhood is my hero: Singeetham Srinivasa Rao |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/robinhood-is-my-hero-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/article3784868.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015064623/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/robinhood-is-my-hero-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/article3784868.ece |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> He feels no one has expressed the truths of everyday life better than Vemana. He was introduced to Mark Twain by an American missionary when he was eight. He considers [[Robin Hood]] to be his favourite hero of fiction.<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
Singeetam Srinivasa Rao is widely regarded as one of India's most versatile and innovative filmmakers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> He is acclaimed for revolutionizing [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] through his [[Experimental film|experimental approach]]. Notable for his contributions to the [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] and [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] genres, ''[[Aditya 369]]'' and ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' are celebrated as landmark films within Telugu cinema.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42" />

[[Prasanth Varma]] has cited Singeetam as his primary inspiration, particularly admiring his ability to create a diverse body of work without repeating himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-05-11 |title=Director Prasanth Varma: I sought Rajamouli's advice for 'Hanu-Man' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-i-sought-rajamoulis-advice-for-hanu-man/article66772806.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114101731/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-i-sought-rajamoulis-advice-for-hanu-man/article66772806.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Similarly, [[Nag Ashwin]] has expressed admiration for ''Bhairava Dweepam'' and ''Aditya 369'', considering them among his favourite films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Nag Ashwin – Kalki 2898 AD is like the climax of all Indian epics |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nag-ashwin-kalki-2898-ad-is-like-the-climax-of-all-indian-epics.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=123Telugu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Kalki 2898 AD: Director Nag Ashwin Says He Took Five Years to Write The Story |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-it-took-five-years-to-write-the-story-says-director-nag-ashwin-enn24061906753 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
In 2010, Srinivasa Rao headed the Jury of the Indian Panorama at the 8th Chennai International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai International Film Festival opens |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-International-Film-Festival-opens/articleshow/7108485.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221022205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-International-Film-Festival-opens/articleshow/7108485.cms |archive-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Srinivasa Rao received the Life Achievement Award from the [[Film Federation of India]] at the 4th ''Global Film Festival''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=Singeetam Srinivas Rao to be awarded Life-time Achievement by FFI |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2011-november/13017/ffi-to-give-life-time-award-for-singeetam-srinivas-rao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040812/https://www1.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2011-november/13017/ffi-to-give-life-time-award-for-singeetam-srinivas-rao |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Ragalahari.com}}</ref> Srinivasa Rao was also the Guest of honor alongside [[Barrie Osbourne]] at the ''Media and Entertainment Business Conclave 2012'' hosted by [[FICCI]] and FFI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2012 |title=Stalwarts to zoom in on creative, commercial secrets of celluloid |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/stalwarts-to-zoom-in-on-creative-commercial-secrets-of-celluloid/article3959847.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214060159/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/stalwarts-to-zoom-in-on-creative-commercial-secrets-of-celluloid/article3959847.ece |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FICCI to celebrate 100 years of Indian cinema |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ficci-to-celebrate-100-years-of-indian-cinema/297311-60-120.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007062718/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ficci-to-celebrate-100-years-of-indian-cinema/297311-60-120.html |archive-date=2014-10-07 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> In 2012, Srinivasa Rao served as one of the selection committee members for the [[Sundance Institute]]'s screenwriters lab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Feature Film Projects Selected For First-Ever Mumbai Mantra - Sundance Institute Screenwriters Lab |url=http://www.sundance.org/festival/release/eight-feature-film-projects-selected-for-first-ever-mumbai-mantra-sundance-/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085055/http://www.sundance.org/festival/release/eight-feature-film-projects-selected-for-first-ever-mumbai-mantra-sundance-/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Sundance.org}}</ref>

;19th [[Chennai International Film Festival]]
* Life Time Achievement Award (2021)

;[[Film Federation of India]]
* Life Time Achievement Award (2011)

;[[National Film Awards]]

* [[21st National Film Awards|1973]] - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] - ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2014 |title=Four decades later, a flashback |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/four-decades-later-a-flashback/article6156199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116065511/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/four-decades-later-a-flashback/article6156199.ece |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=4 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>''
* [[35th National Film Awards|1988]] - [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] - (Kannada) - ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082428/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Pushpak' completes 25 years: Tinnu Anand, Amala go down memory lane |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pushpak-completes-25-years-tinnu-anand-amala-go-down-memory-lane/292212-61.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904000506/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pushpak-completes-25-years-tinnu-anand-amala-go-down-memory-lane/292212-61.html |archive-date=2014-09-04 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakhya Indian Cinema Club: Pushpaka Vimana (The Love Chariot) |url=http://www.gradunion.cam.ac.uk/events/sakhya-indian-cinema-club-pushpaka-vimana-the-love-chariot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065815/http://www.gradunion.cam.ac.uk/events/sakhya-indian-cinema-club-pushpaka-vimana-the-love-chariot/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |website=Graduate Union}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-13 |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1985 - [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
* 1985 - [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
* 1992 - [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - ''[[Brundavanam]]''
* 1994 - [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''
* 2012 - [[BN Reddy National Award]] for Life Time Achievement<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2017 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405062557/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* 1982 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film]] - ''[[Haalu Jenu]]''
* 1985 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] - ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]''
* 1986 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] - ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* 1974 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]] - ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]''<ref name=":0" />
* 1985 - [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]] - ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
* 1987 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada]] - ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=35th Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners : Santosh : Free Download &… |url=https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205141932/https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Singeetam Srinivasa Rao filmography}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0801870}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{India Animation Industry}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Director}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Singeetam Srinivasa}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:Indian animated film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction film directors]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]
[[Category:Indian comedy film directors]]

University Grants Commission Act, 1956

2026-03-23T06:30:27Z

James: Made new post

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 150
| short_title = University Grants Commission Act, 1956
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to make provision for the co-ordination and determination of standards in Universities and for that purpose, to establish a University Grants Commission.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1627?locale=en Act No. 3 of 1956]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| assented_by = [[President of India]] [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| date_assented = 3 March 1956
| date_commenced = 5 November 1956
| status = in force amended
}}
The '''University Grants Commission Act, 1956'''<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="University Grants Commission (India) -">{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf|title=The University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (As modified up to the 20th December, 1985) and Rules & Regulations under the Act|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> The Act is sometimes referred to as "the UGC Act" and, among other things, regulates central assistance for public universities.<ref name="The Hindu - 3 June 2012 - UGC defers plan to allow entry of foreign varsities">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ugc-defers-plan-to-allow-entry-of-foreign-varsities/article3483922.ece|title=UGC defers plan to allow entry of foreign varsities|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|date=3 June 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956]]
[[Category:University-related legislation]]
[[Category:1956 in education]]

California Burrito (India)

2026-03-21T10:44:29Z

James:

{{Short description|Indian fast casual restaurant chain}}
{{about|Indian fast food restaurant chain|Argentinian fast food restaurant chain|California Burrito Co.}}
{{Notability|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = California Burrito
| logo = California Burrito (India).svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = California Burrito.jpg
| image_caption = A California Burrito outlet
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Restaurants]]
| genre = [[Fast casual restaurant]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012}} ([[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| founder = {{ubl|Bert Mueller|Dharam Khalsa<ref name="q675">{{cite web | title= Meet Mirador | website=Mirador | url=https://www.miradorliving.com/about-us | access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>|[[Gaelan Connell]]}}
| hq_location = [[Indiranagar, Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| num_employees = 1,405
| num_employees_year = 2024
| products = {{flatlist|
*[[Burritos]]
*[[tacos]]
*[[salads]]
*[[nachos]]
*rice bowls
}}
| num_locations = 111
| num_locations_year = February 2026
| area_served = {{flatlist|
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[Hyderabad]]
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Noida]]
*[[Gurugram]]
*[[Chennai]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.californiaburrito.in/|californiaburrito.in}}
}}

'''California Burrito''' is an Indian [[Fast casual restaurant|fast-casual restaurant]] chain specialising in [[Mexican cuisine]], founded in 2012. As of 2025, California Burrito operates over 100 stores across [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], and [[Chennai]].

== History ==
California Burrito was founded in 2012 by Bert Mueller, Dharam Khalsa, and [[Gaelan Connell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Rumman |date=2012-10-01 |title=Bringing the Burrito to Bangalore |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/01/bringing-the-burrito-to-bangalore/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In October 2012, Mueller returned to India with $250,000 from personal connections and the founders' savings to open the first outlet at Embassy Golf Links in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=This 22-year-old left California for Bengaluru in 2012 — Now he owns a 100-restaurant chain generating a $23 million business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/this-22-year-old-left-california-for-bengaluru-in-2012-now-he-owns-a-100-restaurant-chain-generating-a-23-million-business/articleshow/120695383.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The outlet generated 0.5 million dollars in revenue in the first year.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Afreen |first=Afreen |date=2025-04-29 |title=Learn culture of place: California Burrito founder calls Kannada wonderful language |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/california-burrito-founder-bert-mueller-american-in-bengaluru-india-viral-interview-2717084-2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Anjali |date=29 April 2025 |title="India Feels Like Home": US Man Builds Rs 196 Crore Burrito Empire In Bengaluru |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/india-feels-like-home-us-man-builds-rs-196-crore-burrito-empire-in-bengaluru-8289490 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, it had 37 stores and ₹4 crore in monthly revenue before a [[COVID-19]]-induced dip to ₹25 lakh.<ref name="q398">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Priyadarshini |date=2024-10-22 |title=From Music Student to Food Mogul: How Bert Mueller Built A Rs 200 Crore Food Empire In India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/from-music-student-to-food-mogul-how-bert-mueller-built-a-rs-200-crore-food-empire-in-india-article-114464598 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> In 2024, California Burrito reported $23 million in revenue according to a [[CNBC]] report. In 2025, California Burrito launched its 100th store.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rishabh |date=11 February 2025 |title=California Burrito Expands to 100 Stores in India with Bengaluru Opening |url=https://www.restaurantindia.in/news/california-burrito-expands-to-100-stores-in-india-with-bengaluru-opening.n12294 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Restaurant India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrikant |first=Aditi |date=2025-05-02 |title=U.S. expat who opened a burrito chain in India that brings in $23 million a year: My No. 1 mistake |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/02/i-left-the-us-for-india-and-opened-a-california-style-burrito-chain.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
The company collaborates with Indian farmers to cultivate avocados, tomatillos, beans, and chipotle chilies.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Rajiv |date=8 November 2021 |title=Welcome to Motel California: Bert Muller, Burrito, and India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/welcome-to-motel-california-bert-muller-burrito-and-india/71413/1 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref>

In 2024, the chain employed 1,405 staff and served an average of 2,404 burritos and 4,321 tacos daily.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Poovanna |first=Sharan |date=2023-09-08 |title=An American 'marwari', tequila, Ambareesh – California Burrito's origin story in Bengaluru |url=https://theprint.in/feature/an-american-marwari-tequila-ambareesh-california-burritos-origin-story-in-bengaluru/1751792/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=California Burrito - 2025 Company Profile & Team - Tracxn |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/california-burrito/__krKLn-8qemk19YD5bTIW5h0XWB0FSRh1JyN0AVyrWTs |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=tracxn.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2025, California Burrito operates 110 outlets with about 2000 employees across six Indian cities: Bangalore (its headquarters), Hyderabad, Delhi, Noida, Gurugram, and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title='The new American dream': Meet the US expat who built a $23M food business in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/the-new-american-dream-meet-the-us-expat-who-built-a-23m-food-business-in-india-101746436412554.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Portalbar|Food|India|Companies}}

[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2012]]
[[Category:Fast-food Mexican restaurants]]

Proportional representation

2026-03-20T15:36:35Z

James: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals}}
{{redirect|Proportional rule|the division rule in financial law|Proportional rule (bankruptcy)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
[[File:FPTP vs PR.png|thumb|upright=1.8|On the left are the results of the last [[first-past-the-post]] [[1993 New Zealand general election|election in New Zealand]] before the implementation of [[mixed-member proportional representation]] [[1996 New Zealand general election|in 1996]]. PR systems aim to align vote percentage with seat distribution. The 1996 seat results (right) matched the popular vote more closely.]]
'''Proportional representation''' ('''PR''') is achieved by any [[electoral system]] under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.<ref name="JSM7">{{cite book |last1=Mill |first1=John Stuart |author-link=John Stuart Mill |title=Considerations on Representative Government |chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn |location=London |title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> The concept applies mainly to political divisions ([[Political party|political parties]]) among voters.

The term is also used for any of the various electoral systems that produce proportional representation. The aim of such systems is that all votes cast contribute to the result so that each representative in an assembly is mandated by a roughly equal number of voters, and therefore all votes have equal weight. Under other election systems, a slight [[majority]] in a district{{snd}}or even simply a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]]{{snd}}is all that is needed to elect a member or group of members. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, usually defined by [[Political party|parties]], reflecting how votes were cast. Where only a choice of parties is allowed, the seats are allocated to parties in proportion to the vote tally or ''vote share'' each party receives.

Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of [[electoral threshold]]s that are intended to limit the representation of small, often extreme parties reduces proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency in the number of levelling seats reduces proportionality in [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member proportional]] (MMP) or [[additional-member system]]s. Under [[Single transferable vote|single-transferable-vote]] (STV) or [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list PR]] systems, small districts with few seats in each allow local representation but may reduce proportionality. Other sources of disproportionality arise from [[Strategic voting|electoral tactics]], such as [[mixed-member proportional representation#Splitting parties|party splitting]] in some MMP systems, where the voters' true intent is difficult to determine.

Nonetheless, PR systems approximate proportionality much better than [[First-past-the-post voting|single-member plurality voting]] (SMP) and [[Plurality block voting|block voting]].<ref name="Laakso 1980 pp. 249–264">{{cite journal |last=Laakso |first=Markku |title=Electoral Justice as a Criterion for Different Systems of Proportional Representation |journal=Scandinavian Political Studies |publisher=Wiley |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1980 |issn=0080-6757 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x |pages=249–264}}</ref> PR systems also are more resistant to [[gerrymandering]] and other forms of manipulation.

Some PR systems do not necessitate the use of parties; others do. The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries;<ref>{{cite web |last1=ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network |title=Electoral Systems Comparative Data, Table by Question |url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=ES005 |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> mixed-member PR (MMP), used in 7 countries; and single transferable vote (STV), used in Ireland,<ref name="ideaGallagher">{{cite web |last1=Gallagher |first1=Michael |title=Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System |url=http://www.community.netidea.com/ccbc/Gallagher.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142236/http://www.community.netidea.com/ccbc/Gallagher.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> Malta, the [[Australian Senate]], and the [[Rajya Sabha|Indian Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="maltaStv">{{cite web |last1=Hirczy de Miño |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lane |first2=John |year=1999 |title=Malta: STV in a two-party system |url=http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/179912/2pty.pdf |access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Introduction |url=https://rajyasabha.gov.in/rsnew/about_parliament/rajya_sabha_introduction.asp}}</ref> Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as [[corporate board]]s.
{{TOC limit|4}}

== Basics ==
{{Electoral systems}}
''Proportional representation'' refers to the general principle found in any electoral system in which the popularly chosen subgroups (parties) of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.<ref name="JSM7" /> To achieve that intended effect, proportional electoral systems need to either have more than one seat in each district (e.g., [[single transferable vote]] or STV), or have some form of compensatory seats (e.g., [[Mixed-member proportional representation#Apportionment methods|mixed-member proportional representation apportionment methods]]). A legislative body such as an assembly or parliament may be elected proportionally, whereas there is no need for a single office (e.g., a president or mayor) to be elected proportionately if no votes are for parties.

In the [[European Parliament]], for instance, each member state has a number of seats that is (roughly) proportional to its population, enabling geographical and national proportional representation. For these elections, all European Union (EU) countries also must use a proportional electoral system (enabling political proportional representation): When ''n''% of the electorate support a particular [[political party]] or set of candidates as their favourite, then roughly ''n''% of seats are allotted to that party or those candidates.<ref name="ACEpr">{{cite web |title=Proportional Representation (PR) |url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/default |access-date=9 April 2014 |publisher=[[ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]]}}</ref> All PR systems aim to provide some form of equal representation for votes but may differ in their approaches on how they achieve this.

== Types ==

There are many different electoral systems that have been used or proposed to achieve proportional representation. Most can be classified as party-list PR, the single transferable vote, or mixed-member PR.

=== Party-list PR methods ===
{{Main|Party-list proportional representation}}

Party-list PR is the most commonly used version of proportional representation. Each voter casts a vote for a single party and each party is allocated seats based on its share of the vote. The seats are assigned to party-affiliated candidates on the parties' [[electoral list]]s. The mechanism that allocates seats to the parties or lists is how these systems achieve proportionality.

Just a few party-list PR systems use overall country-wide vote counts. These include the Netherlands and Israel. Others count vote shares in separate districts and allocate seats in each part according to the party's vote count in the district. Denmark and some others use both, as a form of mixed member proportional.

Some common types of electoral lists are:

* [[Closed list]] systems, where each party lists its candidates according to the party's [[candidate selection]] process. This sets the order of candidates on the list and thus, in effect, their probability of being elected. The first candidate on a list, for example, will get the first seat that party wins. Each voter casts a vote for a list of candidates. Voters, therefore, do not have the option to express their preferences at the ballot as to which of a party's candidates are elected into office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party List PR |url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/party-list |publisher=Electoral Reform Society |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fixing Canadian Democracy |first=Gordon |last=Gibson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7hFz5GawkcC&q=closed+list+PR&pg=PA58 |publisher=The Fraser Institute |page=76 |date=2003 |isbn=9780889752016}}</ref> A party is allocated seats in proportion to the number of votes it receives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gallagher |first1=Michael |last2=Mitchell |first2=Paul |date=2005 |title=The Politics of Electoral Systems |location=Oxford, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |isbn=978-0-19-925756-0}}</ref>
* [[Ley de lemas]], an intermediate system formerly used in Uruguay, where each party (Lema) presents several closed lists (sublemas), each representing a faction or specific platform. Seats are allocated to parties according to the parties' shares of votes, then to each sublema proportionally, by the order of the names on the list.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
* [[Open list]] systems, where voters may vote, depending on the model, for one person, or for two or more, or vote for a party list but indicate their order of preference within the list. The relative popularity of individual candidates are used to allocate the seats, apart from the list. Votes determine which of the party's candidates are elected. Nevertheless, the number of candidates elected from each list is determined by the number of votes that the list receives or that the candidates on the list receive overall.<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |first=Michal |last=Smrek |title=Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context |journal=[[Political Research Quarterly]] |date=2023 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=323–336 |doi=10.1177/10659129221087961 }}</ref>
* [[Localized list]] systems, where parties divide their candidates in single member–like constituencies, which are ranked inside each general party list depending by their percentages. This method allows electors to judge every single candidate as in a [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] (FPTP) system.
* Two-tier party list systems, as in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. These operate similarly to mixed-member proportional systems or additional member systems. For example, [[Folketing#Constitutional requirements|Denmark is divided into ten multiple-member voting districts]] arranged in three regions, electing 135 representatives. In addition, 40 compensatory seats are elected. Voters have one vote. It is cast for an individual candidate or for a party list on the district ballot. To determine district winners, parties are allocated district seats based on their district vote shares. Candidates in the district are apportioned their share of their party's district list vote plus their individual votes, and the most popular are elected to fill their party's seats. Compensatory seats are apportioned to regions according to the party vote share aggregated nationally, and then to the districts where the compensatory representatives are determined. In the 2007 general election, the district magnitudes, including compensatory representatives, varied between 14 and 28. The basic design of the system has remained unchanged since its introduction in 1920.<ref name="denmark">{{cite web |title=The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark |url=http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx |publisher=Ministry of the Interior and Health |location=Copenhagen |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=2011 |archive-date=23 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123004726/http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The main features of the Norwegian electoral system |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kmd/information-campaigns/election_portal/the-electoral-system/the-norwegian-electoral-system.html?id=456636 |publisher=Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation |location=Oslo |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Swedish electoral system |url=http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html |publisher=Election Authority |location=Stockholm |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818233057/http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html |archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

This system is used in many countries, including Finland (open list), Latvia (open list), Sweden (open list), Israel (national closed list), Brazil (open list), Kazakhstan (closed list), Nepal (closed list) as adopted in 2008 in first CA election, the Netherlands (open list), Russia (closed list), South Africa (closed list), Democratic Republic of the Congo (open list), and Ukraine (open list). For elections to the European Parliament, most [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] use open lists, but most large EU countries use closed lists, so that the majority of EP seats are distributed by those.<ref>As counted from the table in {{cite web |url=http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm |title=Wahlsysteme in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten |language=de |website=Europawahlrecht |access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> Local lists were used to elect the [[Italian Senate]] during the second half of the 20th century.

==== Example ====
An example election where the assembly has 200 seats to be filled is presented below. Every voter casts their vote for the list created by their favourite party and the results of the election are as follows (popular vote). Under party-list PR, every party gets a number of seats proportional to their share of the popular vote.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Party-list PR{{snd}}Sainte-Laguë method
|-
!Number of seats
!Seats %
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Party list pr-example total seats.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|-
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|43.91%
|88
|44%
|-
| style="background:#0008A5" |
|Party B
|39.94%
|80
|40%
|-
| style="background:#03AA00" |
|Party C
|9.98%
|20
|10%
|-
| style="background:#820084" |
|Party D
|6.03%
|12
|6%
|-
| colspan="2" |''TOTAL''
|''99.86%''
|''200''
|''100%''
|}
This is done by a proportional formula or method: for example, the [[Sainte-Laguë method]]{{snd}}these are the same methods that may be used to allocate seats for geographic proportional representation (for example, how many seats each state gets in the US House of Representatives). Votes and seats often cannot be mathematically perfectly allocated, so some amount of rounding has to be done. The various methods deal with this in different ways, although the difference is reduced if there are many seats{{snd}}for example, if the whole country is one district. In practice, party-list PR is also more complicated than in the example, as list PR used by countries often use more than one district, two or three tiers (e.g. local, regional and national), [[open list]]s and [[electoral threshold]]s. Final seat allocations are frequently not proportional to the parties' vote share.

=== Single transferable vote (STV) ===
{{Main|Single transferable vote}}

The single transferable vote is an older method than party-list PR, and it does not need to involve parties. Instead of the process used in list PR, where parties put forward ordered lists of candidates from which winners are drawn in some order, under STV voters vote directly for candidates, who run by name. Instead of each voter only marking their first preference, as in FPTP and list PR, under STV a voter has opportunity to rank two or more candidates by preference, with only one marked preference used to place the vote. Votes cast for candidates determine the winners by relative popularity either by achieving a quota or by relative plurality at the end of the vote count process.

STV uses [[Ranked voting|preferential ballots]]. The ranking is used to instruct election officials as to how the vote should be transferred in case the first preference is marked for an unelectable candidate or for an elected candidate who has an excess of votes needed to guarantee election. Each voter casts one vote. The district used elects multiple members (more than one, often 3 to 7, with 37 being the current maximum use in a government election in the world).<ref>"Legislative Council Results". ABC Elections. Accessed 6 September 2025</ref> Because parties play no role in the vote count, STV may be used for nonpartisan elections, as with the city council of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref>[https://www.cambridgema.gov/departments/electioncommission/cambridgemunicipalelections Cambridge Municipal Elections guide]. Retrieved 21 May 2025.</ref> A large proportion of the votes cast are used to actually elect someone, so the result is mixed and balanced, with no one voting block taking much more than its due share of the seats. Where party labels are indicated, proportionality party-wise is noticeable.

[[Counting single transferable votes|Counting votes under STV]] is more complicated than under [[first-past-the-post voting]], but the example belows shows how the vote count is performed and how proportionality is achieved in a district with 3 seats. In reality, districts usually elect more members than that in order to achieve more proportional results. A risk is that if the number of seats is larger than, for example, 10 seats, the ballot will be so large as to be inconvenient and voters may find it difficult to rank the many candidates, although 21 are elected through STV in some elections.<ref>"Results: NSW Election 2019". ABC Elections. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019</ref> In many STV systems, voters are not required to mark more choices than desired. Even if all voters marked only one preference, the resulting representation would be more balanced than under single-winner FPTP, due to each voter having just one vote and districts electing multiple members under STV.

Under STV, the ''quota'', the share of the vote that guarantees election, is determined beforehand. The [[Droop quota]] is commonly used. In a three-seat district, any candidate who earns more than 25 percent of the vote is declared elected. Note that it is only possible for three candidates to each achieve that quota.

In Cambridge, under STV, 90 percent of voters see their vote help to elect a candidate, more than 65 percent of voters see their first-choice candidate elected, and more than 95 percent of voters see one of their top three choices win.<ref>[http://www.nationalcivicleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Model-City-Charter%E2%80%949th-Edition.pdf Model City Charter] National Civic League. 9th edition. 2021</ref>

Other reports claim that 90 percent of voters have a representative to whom they gave their first preference. Voters can choose candidates using any criteria they wish; the proportionality is implicit.<ref name="DMstvPdf" /> Another source states that, when STV was used between 1925 and 1955 in Cincinnati, 90 percent of voters saw their first choice elected or their vote used to elect a secondary preference, with about 60 to 74 percent of voters seeing their first choice elected, even if their vote was not used to elect that person because it was transferred on as a surplus vote.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barber |title=Proportional Representation and Electoral Reform in Ohio |pages=191}}</ref>

STV does not require political parties; party-list PR and MMP systems both presume that parties reflect voters wishes, which Nicolaus Tideman argues gives too much power to party officials.<ref name="tidemanSTV">{{cite journal |last1=Tideman |first1=Nicolaus |author-link=Nicolaus Tideman |date=1995 |title=The Single Transferable Vote |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1257/jep.9.1.27 |doi-access=free}}</ref> STV satisfies the [[Comparison of voting rules|electoral system criterion]] ''[[proportionality for solid coalitions]]''{{snd}}a solid coalition for a set of candidates is the group of voters that rank all those candidates above all others{{snd}}and is therefore considered a system of proportional representation.<ref name="tidemanSTV" />

However, the small district magnitude used in STV elections (usually 5 to 9 seats, but sometimes rising to 21) has been criticized as impairing proportionality, especially when more parties compete than there are seats available,<ref name="forder" />{{rp|50}} and STV has, for this reason, sometimes been labelled "quasi proportional".<ref name="AusOVC">{{cite book |first1=David M. |last1=Farrell |title=The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations, and Consequences |first2=Ian |last2=McAllister |date=2006 |publisher=[[UNSW Press]] |isbn=978-0868408583 |location=Sydney}}</ref>{{rp|83}}

Even though Ireland has particularly small magnitudes (3 to 5 seats), results of STV elections are "highly proportional".<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|73}}<ref name="ideaGallagher" /> [[1997 Irish general election|In its 1997 election]], the average magnitude was 4. Eight parties gained representation, four of them with less than 3% of first-preference votes nationally. Six independent candidates also won election.<ref name="laver" />

There have been claims made that STV handicaps certain extreme candidates because, to gain transfers based on back-up preferences and so improve their chance of election, candidates need to canvass voters beyond their own circle of supporters, and so need to moderate their views.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2011 |title=Referendum 2011: A look at the STV system |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=The New Zealand Herald |location=Auckland |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762976 |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> This argument is made from the high natural threshold STV provides with low district magnitude.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=30 April 2009 |title=Change the Way We Elect? Round Two of the Debate |url=https://thetyee.ca/Views/2009/04/30/STV2/ |magazine=The Tyee |location=Vancouver |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

Conversely, widely respected candidates can win election even if they receive relatively few first preferences. They do this by benefiting from strong subordinate preference support. Of course, they must have enough initial support so that they are not in the bottom rung of popularity or they will be eliminated when the field of candidate is thinned.<ref name="DMstvPdf" />

[[Lewis Carroll|Charles Dodgson]] (Lewis Carroll), the polymath logician and author, developed a passionate interest in voting methods.<ref>{{citation |last=McLean |first=Iain |chapter=Voting |editor-first1=Robin |editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first2=Amirouche |editor-last2=Moktefi |title=The Mathematical World of Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) |publisher=Oxford |date=2019 |edition=Online Oxford Academic}}</ref> He believed STV to be fundamentally flawed, particularly regarding the allocation of "surplus" votes. His novel solution was to let the candidates themselves caucus and "club" votes together through the process of a negotiated consensus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Negotiated Consensus |url=https://gregblonder.medium.com/negotiated-consensus-bfde8bde5a20 |work=Medium |last=Blonder |first=Greg |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> As he stated:<ref>{{cite book |first=C. L. |last=Dodgson |author-link=Lewis Carroll |title=The Principles of Parliamentary Representation: Supplement |publisher=Oxford |date=1885 |page=7 |url=https://ia801308.us.archive.org/26/items/principlesofparl00carr/principlesofparl00carr_jpg.pdf}}</ref>

<blockquote>May I, in conclusion, point out that the method advocated in my pamphlet (where each elector names one candidate only, and the candidates themselves can, after the numbers are announced, club their votes, so as to bring in others besides those already announced as returned) would be at once perfectly simple and perfectly equitable in its result?</blockquote>

However, his entreaties to [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], leader of the United Kingdom's Conservative Party and future prime minister, to adopt "clubbing" were rejected in 1884<ref>{{cite book |last=Poundstone |first=William |title=Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It) |publisher=Hill and Wang |location=New York |date=2008 |isbn=9780809048922}}</ref> as "too sweeping a change". Subsequently, he joined with [[Thomas Hare (political reformer)|Thomas Hare]] and several Conservative and Liberal members of Parliament to found the Proportional Representation Society (later the [[Electoral Reform Society]]) and to pursue STV.

==== Example ====
In the below example, five candidates from two parties run in a three-seat district.

In the first count, the first preference (favourite candidate) marked on each of the ballots is counted. Candidates whose vote tally equals or exceeds the quota are declared elected as shown in the example below.
[[File:Preferential_ballot.svg|thumb|Simplified example of an STV ballot]]The table below shows the initial count, or first round or stage, of the vote count process.

Quota is 25 percent plus 1 (Droop quota).

Jane Doe and Fred Rubble are elected in the first round.
{| class="wikitable"
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Popular vote (first preferences)
!Elected?
!If elected: surplus votes
|-
|Jane Doe
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|40%
|'''Yes'''
|15%
|-
|Fred Rubble
| style="background:#0008A5" |
|Party B
|30%
|'''Yes'''
|5%
|-
|Joe Smith
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|16%
|
|
|-
|John Citizen
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|11%
|
|
|-
|Mary Hill
| style="background:#0008A5" |
|Party B
|3%
|
|
|-
| colspan="3" |''TOTAL''
|''100%''
|
|
|}
Next, surplus votes belonging to those already elected, votes the candidates received above the quota (votes that they did not need to be elected), are transferred to the next preference marked by the voters who voted for them. Continuing the example, suppose that all voters who marked first preference for Jane Doe marked John Citizen as their second choice. Based on this, Jane Doe's surplus votes are transferred to John Citizen. John Citizen achieves the quota and so is declared elected to the third and last seat that had to be filled.

Even if all of Fred Rubble's surplus had gone to Joe Smith, the vote transfer plus Smith's original votes would not add up to quota.

Party B did not have two quotas of votes so was not due two seats, while Party A{{Snd}}with 67 percent of the vote{{Snd}}was. It is possible, in realistic STV elections, for a candidate to win without quota if they are still in the running when the field of candidates has thinned to the number of remaining open seats.

In this example, the district result is balanced party-wise. No one party took all the seats, as frequently happens under FPTP or other non-proportional voting systems. The result is fair{{Snd}}the most popular party took two seats; the less popular party took just one.

As well, the most popular candidates in each party won the party's seats. 81 percent of the voters saw their first choice elected. At least 15 percent of them (the Doe first, Citizen second voters) saw both their first and second choices elected{{Snd}}they were likely more than 15 percent if some "Citizen first" votes gave their second preference to Doe. Every voter had the satisfaction of seeing someone of the party they support elected in the district.

Quota is 25 percent plus 1
{| class="wikitable"
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Current vote total
!Elected?
!Party
!First-preference votes for candidates of party
!Number of seats
!Party seats % under STV
|-
|Jane Doe
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|Already elected (25%+1 vote)
|'''Yes'''
| rowspan="3" |Party A
| rowspan="3" |67%
| rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" |67%
|-
|John Citizen
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|11% + 15% = 26%
|'''Yes'''
|-
|Joe Smith
| style="background:#D10000" |
|Party A
|16%
|
|-
|Fred Rubble
| style="background:#0008A5" |
|Party B
|Already elected (30%) (surplus votes not transferred)
|'''Yes'''
| rowspan="2" |Party B
| rowspan="2" |33%
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |33%
|-
|Mary Hill
| style="background:#0008A5" |
|Party B
|3%
|
|-
| colspan="3" |''TOTAL''
|''100%''
|''3''
|
|''100%''
|''3''
|''100%''
|}

Under STV, to make up a 200-seat legislature as large as in the examples that follow, about 67 three-seat districts would be used. Districts with more seats would provide more proportional results{{Snd}}one form of STV in Australia uses a district with 21 members being elected at once. With a larger district magnitude, it is more likely that more than two parties will have some of their candidates elected.

With a lower district magnitude, it is more likely that only two parties will have their candidates elected. For example, in [[Malta]], where STV is used with 5-member districts, it is common for successful candidates to receive 16.6 percent of the vote in the district. This produces a high effective threshold in the districts, and the country maintains a very strong two-party system.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General | title=Electoral Commission of Malta }}</ref> However, about 4000 voters in a district would be enough to elect a third-party candidate if voters desired, but this seldom happens.<ref name="auto1" />{{Original research inline|date=May 2025}}

Conversely, New South Wales, which uses STV to elect its state legislative council in 21-seat contests, sees election of representatives of seven or eight different parties each time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://elections.nsw.gov.au/elections/past-results/state-election-results/2023-nsw-state-election-results#legislativecouncilresults | title=2023 NSW State election results }}</ref> In this election, about 1/22nd of the vote in the state is enough to take a seat, and seven or eight parties take at least that many votes, demonstrating a different voting pattern than Malta exhibits.

=== Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) ===
{{Main|Mixed-member proportional representation}}

Some election systems combine district results with more general proportionality through the use of levelling seats. The most prominent mixed compensatory system is mixed-member proportional representation (MMP).

MMP combines election of individual district members with election of some members due to their party's vote share. In rare cases (such as New Zealand, Lesotho and a few other places), MMP systems use single-member districts to elect district members. These [[mixed electoral system]]s combine a plurality/majority formula with a proportional formula<ref name="ACEMixSys">{{cite web |last1=ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network |title=Mixed Systems |url=https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/default |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> or use the proportional component to compensate for disproportionality caused by the plurality/majority component.<ref name="MassicotteSearch">{{cite report |first1=Louis |last1=Massicotte |title=In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec |url=https://www.institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca/publications/mode_scrutin_rapport_en.pdf |date=2004 |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224070656/https://www.institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca/publications/mode_scrutin_rapport_en.pdf}}</ref><ref name="BochslerTerritory">{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Bochsler |title=Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies |chapter=Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCBDAAAQBAJ |date=13 May 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230281424}}</ref>

More commonly (in Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, and South Africa), multi-member districts are used in the countries' MMP electoral systems. After district results are known, additional compensatory members are then elected from party lists to achieve an overall party share proportional to the vote (according to an allocation method much like in party-list PR). Voters sometimes have two votes, one for the election of their district representative and one fused to allocate party list top-up seats. In some system such as Denmark's, each voter casts just one vote.

The main idea behind MMP is that the levelling seats act as ''compensation''. The list-PR seat allocation is dependent on votes cast (in some systems, on the party list votes cast, separately from the district votes) and on the results of the district-level election contests. Single-member districts cannot be proportional as they are inherently winner-takes-all, so the disproportionalities are compensated by the party-list top-up seats as much as possible. MMP has the potential to produce proportional or moderately proportional election outcomes, depending on several factors, such as the ratio of FPTP seats to PR seats, the existence or nonexistence of extra compensatory seats to make up for [[overhang seat]]s, the use or not of fair voting in multi-member districts, and electoral thresholds.<ref name="IfesElecSys">{{cite web |title=Electoral Systems and the Delimitation of Constituencies |url=http://www.ifes.org/publications/electoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies |date=2 July 2009 |publisher=[[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]]}}</ref><ref name="MoserMixedElec">{{cite journal |title=Mixed electoral systems and electoral system effects: controlled comparison and cross-national analysis |date=December 2004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=575–599 |last1=Moser |first1=Robert G. |doi=10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00056-8 |journal=Electoral Studies}}</ref><ref name="MassicotteMixedElecSys">{{cite journal |title=Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey |date=September 1999 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=341–366 |last1=Massicotte |first1=Louis |doi=10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8 |journal=Electoral Studies}}</ref>

MMP was invented for the German [[Bundestag]] after the Second World War, and its use has spread to Lesotho, Bolivia, New Zealand and Thailand. The system is also used for the [[Scottish Parliament]], where it is called the [[additional member system]].<ref name="ersAMS">{{cite web |title=Additional Member System |url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/additional-member-system |access-date=16 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Reform Society]] |location=London}}</ref>

The proportionality of MMP can be compromised if the ratio of list to district seats is too low, as it may then not be possible to completely compensate district seat disproportionality. Another factor can be how [[overhang seat]]s are handled, district seats that a party wins in excess of the number due to it under the list vote. To achieve proportionality, other parties require "balance seats", increasing the size of parliament by twice the number of overhang seats, but this is not always done. Until recently, Germany increased the size of parliament by the number of overhang seats (the additional seats were awarded to under-represented parties) but did not use the increased size for apportioning list seats. This was changed for the 2013 national election after the constitutional court rejected the previous law, ruling that not compensating for the added overhang compensation seats had resulted in a [[negative vote weight]] effect.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht |url=http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2013-02/bundestag-wahlrecht-beschluss |publisher=[[Zeit Online]] |language=de |date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Lesotho, Scotland and Wales do not increase the size of parliament at all, even if there are overhang seats.

In 2012, a New Zealand parliamentary commission proposed abandoning compensation for overhang seats, and so fixing the size of parliament. At the same time, it proposed abolishing the single-seat threshold (the go-around past the electoral threshold used by some small parties to get their due share of seats). It was expected that such seats would be overhang seats. If that had been done without abolishing overhang compensation, it would have increased the size of parliament further through the overhang compensation. The commission also proposed reducing the electoral threshold from 5 percent to 4 percent. It was expected that proportionality would not suffer from these changes.<ref name="ideaEsd" /><ref name="NZ2012EC">{{cite web |title=Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System |work=Electoral Commission |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/events/past-events-0/2012-mmp-review/results-mmp-review |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission New Zealand]] |location=Wellington |access-date=10 August 2014 |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707151142/http://www.elections.org.nz/events/past-events-0/2012-mmp-review/results-mmp-review |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

A simple, yet common, version of MMP has as many list-PR seats as there are single-member districts. In the example it can be seen, as is often the case in reality, that the results of the district elections are highly disproportional: large parties typically win more seats than they should proportionally, but there is also randomness{{snd}}a party that receives more votes than another party might not win more seats than the other. Any such disproportionality produced by the district elections is addressed, where possible, by the allocation of the compensatory additional members.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Results under mixed-member proportional representation
! colspan="4" |
|[[File:Mixed compensatory example fptp.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|[[File:Mixed-compensatory-example compensatory seats.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|[[File:Mixed-compensatory-example total seats.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
| colspan="2" |[[File:Party list pr-example total seats.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|-
! colspan="3" |Party
!Popular vote
!FPTP seats (Number of districts won)
!Compensatory seats (party-list PR seats)
! colspan="2" |Total number of seats
!Seats %
|-
| style="background:#D10000" |
| style="background:#ff2c2c" |
|Party A
|43.91%
|64
|24
| colspan="2" |88
|44%
|-
| style="background:#0008A5" |
| style="background:#000cff" |
|Party B
|39.94%
|33
|47
| colspan="2" |80
|40%
|-
| style="background:#03AA00" |
| style="background:#05ff00" |
|Party C
|9.98%
|0
|20
| colspan="2" |20
|10%
|-
| style="background:#820084" |
| style="background:#fb00ff" |
|Party D
|6.03%
|3
|9
| colspan="2" |12
|6%
|-
| colspan="3" |''TOTAL''
|''100%''
|''100''
|''100''
| colspan="2" |''200''
|''100%''
|}

A variant of MMP is [[mixed single vote]] (MSV), in which voters only have one vote that functions for both district members and compensatory members. MSV may use a positive vote transfer system, where unused votes are transferred from the lower tier to the compensatory tier, where only these are used in the proportional formula. Alternatively, the MMP (seat linkage) algorithm can be used with a mixed single vote to "top-up" to a proportional result. With MSV, the similar requirements as in MMP apply to guarantee an overall proportional result.

[[Parallel voting]] systems use proportional formulas to allocate seats on a proportional tier separately from other tiers. Certain systems, like [[scorporo]], use a proportional formula after combining results of a parallel list vote with transferred votes from lower tiers (using negative or positive vote transfer).

==== Differences from mixed-member majoritarian system ====
Compare the MMP example to a [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed-member majoritarian]] system, where the party-list PR seat allocation is independent of the district results (this is also called parallel voting). Under a mixed-member majoritarian system, there is no compensation (no regard to how the district seats were filled) when allocating party-list seats so as to produce a proportional allocation of seats overall. The popular vote, the number of district seats won by each party, and the number of district and party-list PR seats are the same as in the MMP example above, yet the parties' seat tallies are different.{{Original research inline|date=May 2025}}

Parallel voting (using non-compensatory party seats):
{| class="wikitable"
|+Results under parallel voting
! colspan="4" |
|[[File:Mixed compensatory example fptp.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|[[File:Mixed compensatory example non compensatory parallel seats.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|[[File:Mixed compensatory example non compensatory total seats.svg|frameless|upright=0.75]]
| colspan="2" |[[File:Parallel voting mmm-example total seats.svg|center|frameless|upright=0.75]]
|-
! colspan="3" |Party
!Popular vote
!FPTP seats (Number of districts won)
!Party-list PR seats
! colspan="2" |Total number of seats
!Seats %
|-
| style="background:#D10000" |
| style="background:#ff2c2c" |
|Party A
|43.91%
|64
|44
| colspan="2" |108
|54.0%
|-
| style="background:#0008A5" |
| style="background:#000cff" |
|Party B
|39.94%
|33
|40
| colspan="2" |73
|36.5%
|-
| style="background:#03AA00" |
| style="background:#05ff00" |
|Party C
|9.98%
|0
|10
| colspan="2" |10
|5.0%
|-
| style="background:#820084" |
| style="background:#fb00ff" |
|Party D
|6.03%
|3
|6
| colspan="2" |9
|4.5%
|-
| colspan="3" |''TOTAL''
|''100%''
|''100''
|''100''
| colspan="2" |''200''
|''100%''
|}
The overall results are not proportional, although they are more balanced and fair than most single-winner first-past-the-post elections. Parallel voting is mostly [[Semi-proportional representation|semi-proportional]]. [[Mixed electoral system|Mixed system]]s are the most proportional if the additional members are allocated in a compensatory way.

==== Dual-member mixed proportional (DMP) ====
{{Main|Dual-member mixed proportional}}

Another MMP type system is [[dual-member proportional representation|dual-member mixed proportional]] (DMP). It is a single-vote system that elects two representatives in every district.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Graham |first=Sean |date=2016 |title=Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada |publisher=University of Alberta |url=https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e3ab993a-d264-4d30-b819-290ab5fd6b62 |access-date=10 August 2022 |doi=10.7939/R3-QPPP-B676}}</ref> The first seat in each district is awarded to the candidate who wins a plurality of the votes, similar to [[first-past-the-post voting|FPTP voting]]. The remaining seats are awarded in a compensatory manner to achieve proportionality across a larger region. DMP employs a formula similar to the "best near-winner" variant of [[mixed-member proportional representation|MMP]] used in the German state of [[Baden-Württemberg]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Antony |last=Hodgson |title=Why a referendum on electoral reform would be undemocratic |url=https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2016/01/21/Why-Referendum-on-Electoral-Reform-Undemocratic/ |work=[[The Tyee]] |date=21 January 2016}}</ref> In Baden-Württemberg, compensatory seats are awarded to candidates who receive high levels of support at the district level compared with other candidates of the same party. DMP differs in that at most one candidate per district is permitted to obtain a compensatory seat. If multiple candidates contesting the same district are slated to receive one of their parties' compensatory seats, the candidate with the highest vote share is elected and the others are eliminated. DMP is similar to [[Single transferable vote|STV]] in that all elected representatives, including those who receive compensatory seats, serve their local districts. Invented in 2013 in the [[Provinces and Territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Alberta]], DMP received attention on [[Prince Edward Island]] where it appeared on a [[2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum|2016 plebiscite]] as a potential replacement for FPTP,<ref>{{cite news |first=Kerry |last=Campbell |title=P.E.I. electoral reform committee proposes ranked ballot |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-electoral-reform-1.3537355 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=15 April 2016}}</ref> but was eliminated on the third round.<ref>{{cite web |author=Elections PEI |title=Plebiscite Results |url=http://www.electionspei.ca/plebisciteresults |date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108134958/http://www.electionspei.ca/plebisciteresults |archive-date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Bradley |title=P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/mixed-member-proportional-representation-in-plebiscite-1.3840172 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=7 November 2016}}</ref> It was also one of three proportional voting system options on a [[2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2018 referendum]] in [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Eby |title=How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General |url=https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/271/2018/05/How-We-Vote-2018-Electoral-Reform-Referendum-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Attorney-General.pdf |date=30 May 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831060310/https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/271/2018/05/How-We-Vote-2018-Electoral-Reform-Referendum-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Attorney-General.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Justin |last=McElroy |title=Know your voting systems: three types of electoral reform on B.C.'s ballot |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/pr-electoral-reform-questions-1.4688604?cmp=rss |work=[[CBC News]] |date=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Elections BC]] |title=2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform: Voting Results Available |date=20 December 2018 |url=https://elections.bc.ca/news/2018-referendum-on-electoral-reform-voting-results-available/ |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Biproportional apportionment ===
{{Main|Biproportional apportionment}}

Biproportional [[apportionment (politics)|apportionment]] aims to achieve proportionality in two dimensions, for example: proportionality by region and proportionality by party. There are several mathematical methods to attain biproportionality.

One method is called [[iterative proportional fitting]] (IPF). It was proposed for elections by the mathematician [[Michel Balinski]] in 1989, and first used by the city of [[Zürich]] for its council elections in February 2006, in a modified form called "new Zürich apportionment" (''Neue Zürcher Zuteilungsverfahren''). Zürich had had to modify its party-list PR system after the Swiss Federal Court ruled that its smallest [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]], as a result of population changes over many years, unconstitutionally disadvantaged smaller political parties. With biproportional apportionment, the use of open party lists has not changed, but the way winning candidates are determined has. The proportion of seats due to each party is calculated according to their overall citywide vote, and then the district winners are adjusted to conform to these proportions. This means that some candidates, who would otherwise have been successful, can be denied seats in favour of initially unsuccessful candidates, in order to improve the relative proportions of their respective parties overall. This peculiarity is accepted by the Zürich electorate because the resulting city council is proportional and all votes, regardless of district magnitude, now have equal weight. The system has since been adopted by other Swiss cities and [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]].<ref name="pukZna">{{Cite journal |last=Pukelsheim |first=Friedrich |date=September 2009 |title=Zurich's New Apportionment |url=http://www.uni-augsburg.de/pukelsheim/2008e-en.pdf |journal=German Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=10–12 |doi=10.1002/germ.200990024 |access-date=10 August 2014 |ref=ZurichNA}}</ref><ref name="balinskiFMV">{{Cite journal |last=Balinski |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Balinski |date=February 2008 |title=Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering) |url=http://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/fair-majority-voting-or-how-to-eliminate-gerrymandering |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=97–113 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503 |access-date=10 August 2014 |ref=FMV |s2cid=1139441|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Balinski has proposed another variant called [[fair majority voting]] (FMV) to replace single-winner plurality or majoritarian electoral systems, in particular the system used for the [[US House of Representatives]]. FMV introduces proportionality without changing the method of voting, the number of seats, or the{{snd}}possibly gerrymandered{{snd}}district boundaries. Seats would be apportioned to parties in a proportional manner at the [[U.S. state|state]] level.<ref name="balinskiFMV" /> In a related proposal for the [[UK parliament]], whose elections are contested by many more parties, the authors note that parameters can be tuned to adopt any degree of proportionality deemed acceptable to the electorate. In order to elect smaller parties, a number of constituencies would be awarded to candidates placed fourth or even fifth in the constituency{{snd}} unlikely to be acceptable to the electorate, the authors concede{{snd}} but this effect could be substantially reduced by incorporating a third, regional, apportionment tier, or by specifying minimum thresholds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akartunalı |first1=Kerem |last2=Knight |first2=Philip A. |date=June 2017 |title=Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections |journal=Annals of Operations Research |publisher=[[University of Strathclyde]] |volume=253 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0 |s2cid=30623821 |issn=0254-5330 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Proportional approval voting ===
{{Main|Proportional approval voting}}

[[Proportional approval voting]] (PAV) is like STV in that voters vote for candidates and not for parties. Rather than ranking candidates, each voter casts [[approval vote]]s for any number of candidates. It satisfies an adaptation of PR called [[extended justified representation]] (EJR).<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1611.08691 |class=cs.GT |first1=Markus |last1=Brill |first2=Jean-François |last2=Laslier |title=Multiwinner Approval Rules as Apportionment Methods |last3=Skowron |first3=Piotr |year=2016}}</ref>

When there are many seats to be filled, as in a legislature, counting ballots under PAV may not be feasible, so sequential variants have been used, such as [[sequential proportional approval voting]] (SPAV). SPAV was used briefly in Sweden during the early 1900s.<ref name="AzizGaspers2014">{{cite book |last1=Aziz |first1=Haris |title=Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems |first2=Serge |last2=Gaspers |first3=Joachim |last3=Gudmundsson |first4=Simon |last4=Mackenzie |first5=Nicholas |last5=Mattei |first6=Toby |last6=Walsh |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4503-3413-6 |pages=107–115 |chapter=Computational Aspects of Multi-Winner Approval Voting |arxiv=1407.3247v1}}</ref> The vote counting procedure occurs in rounds. The first round of SPAV is identical to [[approval voting]]. All ballots are added with equal weight, and the candidate with the highest overall score is elected. In all subsequent rounds, ballots that support candidates who have already been elected are added with a reduced weight. Thus, voters who support none of the winners in the early rounds are increasingly likely to elect one of their preferred candidates in a later round. The procedure has been shown to yield proportional outcomes especially when voters are loyal to distinct groups of candidates (e.g. political parties).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Faliszewski |first1=Piotr |last2=Skowron |first2=Piotr |last3=Szufa |first3=Stanisław |last4=Talmon |first4=Nimrod |title=Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1 |chapter=Proportional Representation in Elections: STV vs PAV |date=8 May 2019 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3306127.3331972 |location=Richland, SC |publisher=International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems |pages=1946–1948 |doi=10.65109/RKKK5079 |isbn=978-1-4503-6309-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lackner |first1=Martin |last2=Skowron |first2=Piotr |title=Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences |series=SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5 |arxiv=2007.01795 |isbn=978-3-031-09015-8 |s2cid=244921148}}</ref>

Reweighted range voting (RRV) uses the same method as [[sequential proportional approval voting]] but uses a [[Score voting|score ballot]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Reweighted range voting was used for the nominations in the Visual Effects category for recent Academy Award Oscars from 2013 through 2017,<ref name="oscars2017Rules">{{cite web |title=89th Annual Academy Awards of Merit for Achievements during 2017 |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="oscars2012RulesRule22">{{cite web |title=Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914153856/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> and is used in the city of [[Berkeley, California]], for sorting the priorities of the city council.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sargent |first=Felix |date=19 June 2019 |title=Opinion: Berkeley's City Council's switch to 're-weighted range voting' adds fairness to the system |url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2019/06/19/opinion-berkeleys-city-councils-switch-to-re-weighted-range-voting-adds-fairness-to-the-system |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Berkeleyside}}</ref>

== Districting under proportional representation ==
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}

All PR systems require multi-member election contests, meaning votes are pooled to elect multiple representatives at once. Pooling at the national level may be done in multi-member [[electoral district|voting districts]] (in STV and most list-PR systems) or in single countrywide{{Snd}}a so-called ''at-large''{{Snd}}district (in only a few list-PR systems). A country-wide pooling of votes to elect more than a hundred members is used in Angola, for example.

Where PR is desired at the municipal level, a city-wide [[at-large]] districting is sometimes used, to allow as large a district magnitude as possible. In other cases, multi-member wards are used.

For large districts, [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list PR]] is often used, but even when list PR is used, districts contain on average 14 members.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Michael |date=October 1992 |title=Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/comparing-proportional-representation-electoral-systems-quotas-thresholds-paradoxes-and-majorities/23B4337DB0EAA2FB056B6E070911C458 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=469–496 |doi=10.1017/S0007123400006499 |issn=1469-2112}}</ref>

[[Single transferable vote|STV]], a candidate-based PR system, has only rarely been used to elect more than 21 in a single contest.{{Efn|STV was used in 2010 to elect 25 members at large in the [[2010 Icelandic Constitutional Assembly election]].}}

Some PR systems use party lists and at-large pooling or regional pooling in conjunction with [[single-member district]]s (such as New Zealand's [[Mixed-member proportional representation|MMP]] and Scotland's [[additional member system]]). Other PR systems use party lists and at-large pooling in conjunction with multi-member districts ([[Scandinavia|Scandinavian countries]]). In these systems, votes are pooled to allocate ''[[leveling seat]]s'' (top-up) to compensate for the disproportional results produced in single-member districts using FPTP or to increase the fairness already produced in multi-member districts using list PR. PR systems that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to use as general pooling as possible (typically country-wide) or districts with large numbers of seats (high [[district magnitude]]).{{Original research inline|date=May 2025}}

==Advantages and disadvantages==
Researchers have repeatedly found multiparty proportional systems to improve voter turnout<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selb |first=Peter |date=2009-04-01 |title=A Deeper Look at the Proportionality—Turnout Nexus |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414008327427?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.3 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=EN |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=527–548 |doi=10.1177/0010414008327427 |issn=0010-4140|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and satisfaction<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Altman |first1=David |last2=Flavin |first2=Patrick |last3=Radcliff |first3=Benjamin |date=2017-10-01 |title=Democratic Institutions and Subjective Well-Being |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0032321716683203 |journal=Political Studies |language=EN |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=685–704 |doi=10.1177/0032321716683203 |issn=0032-3217|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with less negative political debates<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negative Campaigning in a Multiparty System {{!}} Request PDF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232849899 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301213655/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232849899_Negative_Campaigning_in_a_Multiparty_System |archive-date=2021-03-01 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> and more representation among minorities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Canon |first=David T. |date=1999 |title=Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/440349 |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=331–385 |jstor=440349 |issn=0362-9805|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There is also some evidence that they handle pandemics better.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingraham |first=Christopher |date=2021-03-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} How to fix democracy: Move beyond the two-party system, experts say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/01/break-up-two-party-system/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

The case for a single transferable vote system, a form of proportional representation, was made by [[John Stuart Mill]] in his 1861 essay ''[[Considerations on Representative Government]]''. His remarks are relevant to any form of PR.
{{Blockquote|text=In a representative body actually deliberating, the minority must of course be overruled; and in an equal democracy, the majority of the people, through their representatives, will outvote and prevail over the minority and their representatives. But does it follow that the minority should have no representatives at all? ... Is it necessary that the minority should not even be heard? Nothing but habit and old association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice. In a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. A majority of the electors would always have a majority of the representatives, but a minority of the electors would always have a minority of the representatives. Man for man, they would be as fully represented as the majority. Unless they are, there is not equal government ... there is a part whose fair and equal share of influence in the representation is withheld from them, contrary to all just government, but, above all, contrary to the principle of democracy, which professes equality as its very root and foundation.<ref name="JSM7" />}}

Mill's essay does not support party-based proportional representation and may indicate a distaste for the ills of party-based systems in saying:<blockquote>Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present, by universal admission, it is becoming more and more difficult for any one who has only talents and character to gain admission into the House of Commons. The only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence, or make their way by lavish expenditure, or who, on the invitation of three or four tradesmen or attorneys, are sent down by one of the two great parties from their London clubs, as men whose votes the party can depend on under all circumstances.<ref name="JSM7" /></blockquote>Many political theorists agree with Mill<ref name="forder">{{cite book |last=Forder |first=James |author-link=James Forder |title=The case against voting reform |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-85168-825-8}}</ref> that in a [[representative democracy]], the representatives should represent all substantial segments of society but want reform rather than abolition of direct local community representation in the legislature.<ref>Abbott, Lewis F. ''British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension''. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. {{ISBN|9780906321522}}. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence".</ref> Mill himself only served one term as MP and then found it impossible to get a party to nominate him as their candidate. He was pointed out as an example of the kind of publicly spirited person who cannot even achieve a nomination under first-past-the-post.<ref>{{citation |title=or effective voting, held at River House, Chelsea, on Tuesday, July 10th 1894. Addressed by Miss Spence, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Courtney, Sir John Lubbock, and Sir John Hall. |page=25 |url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha100618520 |date=1894 |publisher=J. Bale & sons |last=Spence |first=Catherine |via=HathiTrust}}</ref>

STV and regionalized forms of additional-member systems or MMP systems (such as used to elect the Scottish Assembly) produce local area representation and overall PR through mixed, balanced representation at the district or regional level.<ref>2020 Irish general election]]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotbox.scot/scottish-parliament/ams-explained/ | title=Holyrood's AMS Voting System Explained }}</ref>

===Fairness===
PR tries to resolve the unfairness of single-winner and [[Winner-take-all system|winner-take-all]] systems such as [[plurality voting]], where the largest parties typically receive an "unfair" seat bonus and smaller parties are disadvantaged, always under-represented, and on occasion win no representation at all ([[Duverger's law]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Optimal apportionment |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=584–608 |date=2013 |first1=Y. |last1=Koriyama |first2=A. |last2=Macé |first3=J.-F. |last3=Laslier |first4=R. |last4=Treibich |doi=10.1086/670380 |s2cid=10158811|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00667852 }}</ref><ref name="Norris" />{{rp|6–7}} Under FPTP, an established party in UK elections has been elected to majority government with as little as 33.7% of votes ([[2024 United Kingdom general election|in 2024]]); ten times on record [[1830 United Kingdom general election|since 1830]], a UK government obtained the most seats while losing the popular vote to another party. In certain Canadian elections, majority governments have been formed by parties with the support of under 40 percent of votes cast (e.g., [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 Canadian election]], [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 Canadian election]]). If turnout levels in the electorate are less than 60 percent, such outcomes allow a party to form a majority government by convincing as few as one quarter of the electorate to vote for it.

That same situation can occur elsewhere as well. In the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 UK election]], for example, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] under [[Tony Blair]] won a comfortable parliamentary majority with the votes of only 21.6 percent of the total electorate.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Colin |last1=Rallings |first2=Michael |last2=Thrasher |title=The 2005 general election: analysis of the results |url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/167891/UK-Parliament-elections-2005-Electoral-data-Report.pdf |website=Electoral Commission, Research, Electoral data |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] |access-date=29 March 2015 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142823/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/167891/UK-Parliament-elections-2005-Electoral-data-Report.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Such misrepresentation has been criticized as "no longer a question of 'fairness' but of elementary rights of citizens".<ref name="hansard1976" />{{rp|22}}

However, some PR systems with a high [[electoral threshold]], or other features that reduce proportionality, are not necessarily much fairer: in the [[2002 Turkish general election]], using an open-list list PR system with a 10 percent threshold, 46 percent of votes were wasted.<ref name="ideaEsd">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook |url=https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook |access-date=9 April 2014 |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance]]}}</ref>{{rp|83}} The other 54 percent of the votes did receive fair level of representation, though.

Under first-past-the-post, a third or so of members are elected with less than half the votes cast in their district, the majority of voters in such districts not getting any local representation and, with no levelling seats being used, getting no representation entirely.

District-based winner-take-all systems also benefit regional parties by allowing them to win many seats in the region where they have a strong following even though they have less support nationally, while other parties with support that is not concentrated in a few districts, like various [[Green politics|Green parties]], win few or no seats. An example was Canada's [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 election]], when the [[Bloc Québécois]] won 52 seats, all in [[Quebec]], on 14 percent of the national vote , which was 12 more seats than it would have earned if seats were allocated based on the popular vote. The [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservatives]] collapsed to two seats on 16 percent of the votes spread nationally, when it would have been due 48 under proportional representation. The Conservative party, although strong nationally, previously had won many of its seats in the West; in 1993, many of its Western supporters turned to the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] (a regional party), which won all its seats west of Ontario and most of its seats west of Saskatchewan.

The Conservative vote was spread so thin that in only one riding did it take a majority of votes, and in only two ridings did it take enough votes to win the seat. In about 150 districts, the Conservative candidate received more than 15 percent of the vote, but in only two cases did the candidate take enough votes to win the seat. Under PR, the Conservative party's 16 percent of the votes would have been mirrored by elected representation (likely about 48 seats), while under FPTP, the use of 295 separate election contests, with no overarching mechanism of proportionality, meant almost all of the Conservative votes were wasted.<ref name="Norris">{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |year=1997 |title=Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/019251297018003005 |journal=International Political Science Review |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1177/019251297018003005 |s2cid=9523715 |issn=0192-5121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705000416/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Choosing%20Electoral%20Systems.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=9 April 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1993 Canadian Federal Election Results |url=http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html |publisher=University of British Columbia |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830154131/http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html}}</ref>

Similarly, in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 UK general election]], conducted using single-winner FPTP, the [[Scottish National Party]] gained 56 seats, all in [[Scotland]], with a 4.7 percent share of the national vote, while the [[UK Independence Party]], with 12.6 percent, gained only a single seat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election 2015{{snd}}BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2015/results|website=BBC |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

===Representation of minor parties===
The use of multiple-member districts elects a greater variety of members compared to first-past-the-post. It has been argued that in emerging democracies, inclusion of minorities in the legislature can be essential for social stability and to consolidate the democratic process.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|58}}

Critics of PR, on the other hand, claim inclusion can give extreme parties a foothold in parliament. That is sometimes cited as a cause for the [[Weimar Republic#Institutional problems|collapse of the Weimar government in post–World War I Germany]]. With very low thresholds, very small parties can act as "king-makers",<ref>{{cite news |first1=Ana Nicolaci |last1=da Costa |first2=Charlotte |last2=Greenfield |title=New Zealand's ruling party ahead after poll but kingmaker in no rush to decide |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-election-tally/new-zealands-ruling-party-ahead-after-poll-but-kingmaker-in-no-rush-to-decide-idUSKCN1BY0LZ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=23 September 2017}}</ref> holding larger parties to ransom during [[Coalition government|coalition]] discussions. The example of Israel is often quoted,<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|59}} These problems can be limited, as in the modern German [[Bundestag]], by the use of a high electoral threshold, limiting the parties that receive parliamentary representation. This would, however, increase the number of wasted votes, if voters cannot register alternate preferences.

Another criticism is that the dominant parties in plurality/majoritarian systems, often looked on as "coalitions" or as "[[broad church]]es",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Iain |title=People in broad church parties should think twice before attacking coalitions |url=http://www.libdemvoice.org/people-in-broad-church-parties-should-think-twice-before-attacking-coalitions-20101.html |publisher=[[Liberal Democrat Voice]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |date=29 June 2010}}</ref> can fragment under PR as the election of candidates from smaller groups becomes possible. Israel, Brazil, and Italy ([[Italian electoral law of 1993|until 1993]]) are examples.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|59,89}} However, research shows, in general, there is only a small increase in the number of parties in parliament (although small parties have larger representation) under PR.

Open list systems and STV, the only prominent PR system that does not require political parties, enable [[Independent politician|independent]] candidates to be elected. In Ireland, on average, about six independent candidates have been elected each parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Reform Society's evidence to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bill for House of Lords Reform |url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/reforming-the-house-of-lords |publisher=[[Electoral Reform Society]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> This can lead to a situation where forming a Parliamentary majority requires support of one or more of these independent representatives. In some cases, these independents have positions that are closely aligned with the governing party and it hardly matters. The Irish Government formed after [[2016 Irish general election|the 2016 election]] even included independent representatives in the cabinet of a minority government. In other cases, the independent member's electoral platform is entirely local and addressing this is a price for support.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Coalitions===
The election of smaller parties gives rise to one of the principal objections to PR systems, that they almost always result in [[coalition government]]s.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|59}}<ref name="forder" />

Supporters of PR see coalitions as an advantage, forcing compromise between parties to form a coalition at the centre of the [[political spectrum]], and often when an election forces government change, some of the old coalition are in the new coalition so PR produces continuity and stability. Opponents counter that with many policies, compromise is not possible. Neither can many policies be easily positioned on the [[Left–right political spectrum|left–right spectrum]] (for example, the environment). So policies are [[Horse trading (political)|horse-traded]] during coalition formation, with the consequence that voters have no way of knowing which policies will be pursued by the government they elect. Also, coalitions do not necessarily form at the centre, and small parties can have excessive influence, supplying a coalition with a majority only on condition that a policy or policies favoured by few voters are adopted. Most importantly, some say the ability of voters to vote an unpopular party out of power is curtailed.<ref name="forder" />

All these disadvantages, the PR opponents contend, are avoided by two-party plurality voting systems. Coalitions are rare; the two dominant parties necessarily compete at the centre for votes, so that governments are more reliably moderate; the strong opposition necessary for proper scrutiny of government is assured; and governments remain sensitive to public sentiment because they can be, and are, regularly voted out of power.<ref name="forder" /> However, this is not necessarily so: a two-party system can result in a "drift to extremes", hollowing out the centre,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |title='America is better than this': paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/20/paralysis-in-us-politics-extremism |access-date=17 November 2014 |work=The Guardian |date=20 November 2011}}</ref> or, at least, can result in one party drifting to an extreme.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krugman |first1=Paul |title=Going To Extreme |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/going-to-extreme/ |website=The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog |publisher=[[The New York Times Co.]] |access-date=24 November 2014 |date=19 May 2012}}</ref> As well, a two-party election system may operate in an oligopolistic manner, with both parties ignoring a particular viewpoint (the two parties engaging in too much compromise), or one party may verge off, having been controlled by an extreme group, so creating polarization.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://academic.oup.com/book/36918/chapter-abstract/322171607?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false | doi=10.1093/oso/9780190913854.003.0003 | chapter=The Paradox of Partisanship | title=Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop | date=2020 | last1=Drutman | first1=Lee | pages=35–57 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-091385-4 }}</ref> A two-party plurality system means there are many safe seats, districts where only one party has a chance to be elected. This often leads to polarization and low voter turnout, and sometimes opens door to foreign interference at the nomination stage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/08/09/as-partisan-hostility-grows-signs-of-frustration-with-the-two-party-system/ | title=As Partisan Hostility Grows, Signs of Frustration with the Two-Party System | date=9 August 2022 }}</ref>

The opponents of PR also contend that coalition governments created under PR are less stable, and elections are more frequent. Italy is an often-cited example with many governments composed of many different coalition partners. However, Italy is unusual in that both its houses can make a government fall, whereas other countries, including many PR nations, have either just one house or have one of their two houses be the core body supporting a government. Italy's current [[Italian electoral law of 2017|parallel voting system]] is not PR, so Italy is not an appropriate candidate for measuring the stability of PR.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} Canada, which uses FPTP with a multi-party system, had more elections between 1945 and 2017 than PR countries such as Norway, Germany and Ireland.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Voter participation===
Plurality systems usually result in single-party majority government because generally fewer parties are elected in large numbers under FPTP compared to PR, and FPTP compresses politics to little more than two-party contests. Relatively few votes in a few of the most finely balanced districts, the "[[marginal seat|swing seats]]", are able to swing majority control in the house. Incumbents in less evenly divided districts are invulnerable to slight swings of political mood. In the UK, for example, about half the constituencies have always elected the same party since 1945;<ref name="DMstvPdf">{{cite web |last1=Mollison |first1=Denis |title=Fair votes in practice STV for Westminster |url=http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~denis/signif.pdf |publisher=[[Heriot Watt University]] |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> in the 2012 [[United States House of Representatives|US House]] elections, 45 districts (10% of all districts) were uncontested by one of the two dominant parties.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Voters who know their preferred candidate will not win have little incentive to vote, and even if they do, their votes have [[wasted vote|no effect]], although they are still counted in the popular vote calculation.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|10}}

With PR, there are no swing seats. Most votes contribute to the election of a candidate, so parties need to campaign in all districts, not just those where their support is strongest or where they perceive most advantage. This fact in turn encourages parties to be more responsive to voters, producing a more "balanced" ticket by nominating more women and minority candidates.<ref name="Norris" /> On average about 8 percent more women are elected in PR systems than non-PR systems.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Since most votes count, there are fewer [[wasted vote]]s, so voters, aware that their vote can make a difference, are more likely to make the effort to vote, and less likely to vote [[Tactical voting|tactically]]. Compared to countries with plurality electoral systems, [[voter turnout]] improves and the population is more involved in the political process.<ref name="ideaEsd" /><ref name="Norris" /> However, some experts argue that transitioning from plurality to PR only increases voter turnout in geographical areas associated with [[safe seat]]s under the plurality system; turnout may decrease in areas formerly associated with swing seats.<ref name="CoxContEffect">{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Gary W. |last2=Fiva |first2=Jon H. |last3=Smith |first3=Daniel M. |title=The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout |url=http://www.jon.fiva.no/docs/Cox-Fiva-Smith-JoP-Final_Main.pdf |journal=[[The Journal of Politics]] |date=2016 |volume=78 |number=4 |pages=1249–1263 |doi=10.1086/686804 |hdl=11250/2429132 |s2cid=55400647 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Proportional systems show higher [[political efficacy]], citizens' trust in their ability to influence and understand the government, compared to plurality and majoritarian systems.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000161 |doi=10.1017/S0007123408000161 |title=Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour |year=2008 |last1=Karp |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Banducci |first2=Susan A. |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=311–334 |hdl=10036/64393 |s2cid=55486399 | hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Gerrymandering===
First-past-the-post elections are dependent on the drawing of boundaries of their [[single-member district]]s, a process vulnerable to political interference ([[gerrymandering]]) even if districts are drawn in such a way as to ensure approximately equal representation. However, because voter turnout varies from district to district and because in one district a winner might take 80 percent of the vote while in another the winner might be elected with only 30 percent of the vote, there might be wide variation in votes-per-winner, even if districts are drawn in such a way as to take in equivalent populations. As one party might take its seats with a low votes-per-winner ratio while another party might not have that advantage, the result is likely to be disproportionate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/voters-dislike-disproportionality-in-electoral-systems/|title=Voters dislike disproportionality in electoral systems{{snd}}even when it benefits the party they support|date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

To compound the problem, boundaries have to be periodically re-drawn to accommodate population changes. Even apolitically drawn boundaries can unintentionally produce the effect of gerrymandering, reflecting naturally occurring concentrations.<ref name="amyRCNV">{{cite book |last=Amy |first=Douglas J |title=Real Choices / New Voices, How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=2002 |isbn=9780231125499}}</ref>{{rp|65}}

PR systems, due to having larger districts with multiple members, are less prone to gerrymandering{{snd}}research suggests five-seat districts or larger are immune to gerrymandering.<ref name="amyRCNV" />{{rp|66}}

Equality of size of multiple-member districts is not important (the number of seats can vary) so districts can be aligned with historical territories of varying sizes such as cities, counties, states or provinces. Later population changes can be accommodated by simply adjusting the number of representatives in the district, without having to re-draw boundaries. For example, Mollison in his 2010 plan for STV for the UK divided the country into 143 districts and then allocated varying number of seats to each district (to add up to the existing total of 650 MPs) depending on the number of voters in each but with some variation (his five-seat districts include one with 327,000 voters and another with 382,000 voters). His district boundaries follow historical [[county]] and [[local authority]] boundaries, yet he achieved more uniform representation than does the [[Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)|Boundary Commission]], the body responsible for balancing the UK's [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] constituency sizes.<ref name="DMstvPdf" /><ref name="DMstvSite">{{cite web |last1=Mollison |first1=Denis |title=Fair votes in practice: STV for Westminster |url=http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~denis/stv4uk/ |publisher=[[Heriot-Watt University]] |access-date=3 June 2014 |date=2010}}</ref>

Mixed-member systems are susceptible to gerrymandering for the local seats that remain a part of such systems. Under [[parallel voting]], a [[semi-proportional representation|semi-proportional system]], there is no compensation for the effects that such gerrymandering might have. Under MMP, the use of compensatory list seats makes gerrymandering less of an issue. However, its effectiveness in this regard depends upon the features of the system, including the size of the regional districts, the relative share of list seats in the total, and opportunities for [[Mixed-member proportional representation#Collusion|collusion]] that might exist. A striking example of how the compensatory mechanism can be undermined can be seen in the [[2014 Hungarian parliamentary election]], where the leading party, [[Fidesz]], combined gerrymandering and decoy lists, which resulted in a two-thirds parliamentary majority from a 45% vote.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheppele |first1=Kim Lane |title=Legal But Not Fair (Hungary) |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/legal-but-not-fair-hungary/ |website=The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog |publisher=[[The New York Times Co.]] |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights |author-link1=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights |title=Hungary, Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2014: Final Report |url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/121098 |website=[[OSCE]] |date=11 July 2014}}</ref> This illustrates how certain implementations of [[Mixed electoral system|mixed systems]] (if non-compensatory or insufficiently compensatory) can produce moderately proportional outcomes, similar to parallel voting.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Link between constituent and representative===
It is generally accepted that a particular advantage of plurality electoral systems such as first-past-the-post, or majoritarian electoral systems such as the [[Instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]], is the geographic link between representatives and their constituents.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|36}}<ref name="Law Commission of Canada">{{cite web |title=Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/J31-61-2004E.pdf |publisher=Law Commission of Canada |page=22 |year=2004}}</ref>{{rp|65}}<ref name="hansard1976">{{cite web |title=Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma0nvgAACAAJ |website=[[Hansard Society]] |location=London |date=1976 |last1=Commission On Electoral Reform |first1=Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government}}</ref>{{rp|21}} A notable disadvantage of PR is that, as its multiple-member districts are made larger, this link is weakened.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|82}} In party-list PR systems without delineated districts, such as the Netherlands and Israel, the there is no geographic link between representatives and their constituents. This makes it more difficult for local or regional issues to be addressed at the federal level. With relatively small multiple-member districts, in particular with STV, there are counter-arguments: about 90 percent of voters can consult a representative they voted for, someone whom they might think more sympathetic to their problem. In such cases, it is sometimes argued that constituents and representatives have a closer link;<ref name="DMstvPdf" /><ref name="amyRCNV" />{{rp|212}} constituents have a choice of representative so they can consult one with particular expertise in the topic at issue.<ref name="amyRCNV" />{{rp|212}}<ref name="ersSTV">{{cite web |title=Single Transferable Vote |url=https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/single-transferable-vote/ |publisher=[[Electoral Reform Society]] |access-date=28 July 2014 |location=London}}</ref> With multiple-member districts, prominent candidates have more opportunity to be elected in their home constituencies, which they know and can represent authentically. There is less likely to be a strong incentive to [[Parachute candidate|parachute]] them into constituencies in which they are strangers and thus less than ideal representatives.<ref name="humphreys">{{cite book |last1=Humphreys |first1=John H |url=https://archive.org/details/proportionalrepr00humpuoft |title=Proportional Representation, A Study in Methods of Election |date=1911 |publisher=Methuen & Co.Ltd |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|248–250}} Mixed-member PR systems incorporate single-member districts to preserve the link between constituents and representatives.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|95}} However, because up to half the parliamentary seats are list rather than district seats, the districts are necessarily up to twice as large as with a plurality/majoritarian system, where all representatives serve single-member districts.<ref name="hansard1976" />{{rp|32}}

An interesting case occurred in the Netherlands, when "out of the blue" a party for the elderly, the [[General Elderly Alliance]], gained six seats in the [[1994 Dutch general election|1994 election]]. The other parties had not paid attention, but this made them aware. With the next election, the Party of the Elderly was gone, because the established parties had started to listen to the elderly. Today, a party for older citizens, [[50PLUS]], has established itself in the Netherlands, albeit never winning as many as six seats.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

This can be seen as an example how geographic representation is not all-important and does not overshadow all other particulars of the voting population. Voting in a single-member district restricts the voters to a specific geography where their votes either go to the winner in the district or are wasted. MMP allows a vote (in the form of the voter's party vote) to be used outside the district if necessary to produce representation for the voter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp1x0a/evenredige_vertegenwoordiging |title=Evenredige vertegenwoordiging |website=www.parlement.com |language=nl |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

===Potential deadlock in presidential systems===

In a [[presidential system]], the president is chosen independently from the parliament. As a consequence, it is possible to have a [[divided government]] where a parliament and president have opposing views and cannot advance legislation without compromising. This distinguishes it from a [[parliamentary system]], where the prime minister is elected by parliament and can be removed by parliament via a [[motion of no confidence]].

It has been argued that PR in combination with presidentialism is especially likely to create divided governments{{snd}}because PR favours governments of coalitions of many smaller parties, it makes it much less likely that the president's party will control the legislature than in a two-party system. Scott Mainwaring noted in 1993 that few multi-party presidential systems were stable{{snd}}Chile between 1933 and 1973 was the only such system to last more than 25 years{{snd}}and suggested that this was because [[Gridlock (politics)|deadlock]] between the president and legislature led to popular resentment, which fuelled instability.<ref>{{Cite journal
|first1=Scott
|last1=Mainwaring
|journal=[[Comparative Political Studies]]
|volume=26
|pages=198–228
|date=July 1993
|title=Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination
|doi=10.1177/0010414093026002003
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414093026002003
|access-date=2025-08-09
}}</ref> However, in 2023, Mainwaring wrote that many successful multi-party presidential systems had since arisen, causing him to change his position and support adopting PR in presidential democracies such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite report
|first1=Scott
|last1=Mainwaring
|first2=Lee
|last2=Drutman
|author-link2=Lee Drutman
|publisher=[[Protect Democracy]] and [[New America (organization)|New America]]
|date=December 2023
|title=The Case for Multiparty Presidentialism in the US: Why the House Should Adopt Proportional Representation
|url=https://protectdemocracy.org/work/case-multiparty-presidentialism/
|access-date=2025-08-09 }}</ref>

Richard Pildes questioned whether the new evidence since 1993 was sufficient to contradict the earlier view of multi-party presidential systems as dangerous. He further argued that the division of a legislature into multiple parties undermines its ability to check the power of the presidency, as each party becomes dependent on the president to advance their agenda.<ref>{{Cite journal
|first1=Richard H.
|last1=Pildes
|author-link1=Richard Pildes
|journal=[[University of Illinois Law Review]]
|pages=1529–1570
|date=2024-11-19
|title=Skepticism about proportional representation for Congress
|url=https://illinoislawreview.org/print/vol-2024-no-5/skepticism-about-proportional-representation-for-congress/
|access-date=2025-08-09 }}</ref> Eduardo Mello and Matias Spektor argued that "the dynamics of multiparty presidentialism foster, and indeed depend upon, a political arena rife with [[rent-seeking]] and corrupt behavior".<ref>{{Cite journal
|first1=Eduardo
|last1=Mello
|first2=Matias
|last2=Spektor
|author-link2=Matias Spektor
|journal=[[Journal of Democracy]]
|volume=29
|pages=113–127
|date=April 2018
|title=Brazil: The Costs of Multiparty Presidentialism
|issue=2
|doi=10.1353/jod.2018.0031
|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/690080
|access-date=2025-08-09 }}</ref>

==Attributes of PR systems==
===District magnitude===
Academics agree that the most important influence on proportionality is an electoral district's [[District magnitude|magnitude]], the number of representatives elected from the district. As magnitude increases, proportionality improves.<ref name="ideaEsd" />

At one extreme, where the district encompasses the entire country (and with a low [[electoral threshold]], highly proportionate representation of political parties can result), parties gain by broadening their appeal by nominating more minority and women candidates.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|83}} Very few countries elect using an at-large district{{Snd}}only the Netherlands, Israel, and a few others. Almost all PR systems use multi-member districts that divide the electorate while producing local representation.

At the other extreme, the [[binomial voting|binomial electoral system]] used in Chile between 1989 and 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21643216-new-voting-system-should-liven-up-politics-tie-breaker |title=Electoral reform in Chile: Tie breaker |newspaper=The Economist |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> a nominally proportional open-list system, featured two-member districts. In some of those elections, a party with more than a quarter of the vote in a district was ignored. As well, overall it gave just one seat to a party with 5 percent of the vote. It is generally not considered a genuinely proportional system.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|79}}

Similar plans for very small districts that produce quasi- or semi-proportional representation have been proposed in the United States and United Kingdom. For instance, the [[FairVote]] plan for STV in the [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] proposes three- to five-member districts. Under such a system, due to the rules of STV and the use of the Droop quota, a candidate with around one-fourth of the vote in a district would win a seat; thus, in most districts, it is expected that no one party would take all the seats in a district.<ref>{{cite web |title=National projections |url=http://www.fairvote.org/assets/UnitedStates2014.pdf |work=Monopoly Politics 2014 and the Fair Voting Solution |publisher=[[FairVote]] |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010019/http://www.fairvote.org/assets/UnitedStates2014.pdf}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Mollison's plan for STV in the UK proposes four- and five-member districts mostly, with three- and six-seat districts used as necessary to fit existing boundaries, and even two-seat and single-member districts used where geography dictates.<ref name="DMstvPdf" />{{Primary source inline|date=May 2025}}

[[Politics of the Republic of Ireland|After the introduction of STV in Ireland]] in 1921, district magnitudes were intermittently cut as more and more three-member constituencies were established, benefiting the dominant [[Fianna Fáil]] party, until 1979, when an independent boundary commission was established and began to make districts larger again.<ref name="laver">{{cite web |last1=Laver |first1=Michael |title=A new electoral system for Ireland? |url=http://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/BP2_Laver_Electoral_System.pdf |publisher=The Policy Institute, [[Trinity College Dublin]] |year=1998|date=1998|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20141215001800/http://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/BP2_Laver_Electoral_System.pdf|archive-date=Dec 15, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, a parliamentary constitutional committee recommended a minimum magnitude of four but that was not implemented. Currently every [[Dáil constituency]] elects three, four or five TDs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Committee on the Constitution |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/Committees30thDail/J-Constitution/Report_2008/20100722.pdf |publisher=Houses of the [[Oireachtas]] |location=Dublin |date=July 2010}}</ref>

===Electoral threshold===
The [[electoral threshold]] is the minimum number of votes required to win one seat. The lower the threshold, the higher the proportion of votes contributing to the election of representatives and the lower the proportion of votes wasted.<ref name="ideaEsd" /> An explicit threshold requires parties to win a certain percentage of the vote in order to be awarded seats from the party lists, and otherwise denies any representation to parties. By contrast, a [[Electoral threshold#Natural threshold|natural threshold]] (equal to a [[Droop quota]]) is the smallest number of votes needed to mathematically guarantee a seat.<ref name="ideaEsd" />{{rp|83}}

In New Zealand, which uses [[mixed-member proportional representation]], the electoral threshold is 5% of the national vote but parties that win at least one constituency seat get their due number of seats even if they do not achieve the threshold.<ref>{{Cite web| title=New Zealand's electoral system | url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/content/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8391757/br-external/2PedenR-e.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602031536/https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8391757/br-external/2PedenR-e.pdf | archive-date=2017-06-02}}</ref>

Turkey sets its electoral threshold at 7 percent,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent{{snd}}Türkiye News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-parliament-approves-election-law-changes-172648 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |date=April 2022}}</ref> while the Netherlands sets its threshold at a single [[Hare quota]], or 0.67 percent of national vote count.<ref name="ideaEsd" />

Israel has raised its threshold from 1 percent (before 1992) to 1.5 percent (1992–2004), to 2 percent ([[2006 Israeli legislative election|in 2006]]), and to 3.25 percent in 2014. Because that country uses at-large districting, the natural threshold would be less than 1 percent, much lower than the electoral threshold.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |title=Israel ups threshold for Knesset seats despite opposition boycott |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-knesset-idUSBREA2A0MX20140311 |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

South Africa has no explicit electoral threshold.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In STV elections, a candidate winning an [[electoral quota]]'s worth of votes (usually the Droop quota) is assured election, and thus that candidate's party would win one seat in the district.<ref>Benoit, Kenneth. "Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional?" (PDF). {{doi|10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822}}. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010</ref>

===Party magnitude===
Party magnitude is the number of candidates elected from one party in one district. As district magnitude increases, it is likely more parties will elect larger delegations in the district and thus enjoy larger party magnitude.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pcc/pcc04/pcc04b|title=Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection —|website=aceproject.org}}</ref>

As party magnitude increases, a party may decide to broaden its appeal by nominating women and members of minority groups.<ref name=":0" /> A balanced ticket will be more successful than a narrow slate. This encourages parties to nominate women and minority candidates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection |url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pcc/pcc04/pcc04b |publisher=[[ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]]}}</ref>

However, under STV, nominating too many candidates can be counter-productive, splitting the first-preference votes and allowing candidates to be eliminated before receiving transferred votes from elected or eliminated candidates of the same party and of other parties. An example of this was identified in a ward in the [[2007 Scottish local elections]], where [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]], putting up three candidates, won only one seat while they might have won two if they had only run two and party support (as seen in first-preference votes) had been redistributed among just the two.<ref name="DMstvPdf" />

The same effect may have contributed to the collapse of representation of [[Fianna Fáil]] in the [[2011 Irish general election]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Kelly |first1=Michael |title=The fall of Fianna Fáil in the 2011 Irish general election |url=http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1048883/The-fall-of-Fianna-Fail-in-the-2011-Irish-general-election.html |website=[[Significance (magazine)|Significance]] |publisher=[[Royal Statistical Society]], [[American Statistical Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806103006/http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1048883/The-fall-of-Fianna-Fail-in-the-2011-Irish-general-election.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> The party received about half the votes compared to the previous election but received only one quarter of the seats it had received in that earlier election. In Dublin, for example, it ran 13 candidates but elected just one.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/observatoire/1194 | title=General Elections 2011 Ireland }}</ref>

But generally in STV contests, transfers of votes allow each party to take roughly its due share of the seats based on vote tallies of the party's candidates. As well, where all the candidates of a party preferred by a voter are eliminated, the vote may find usefulness by being transferred to a candidate of a different party who is liked by the voter.<ref>Hoag and Hallett, Proportional Representation, p. 74</ref>

===Others===
Other aspects of PR can influence proportionality such as the size of the elected body, the choice of open or closed lists, ballot design, and vote counting methods.

==Measuring disproportionality==
Exact proportionality has a single unambiguous definition: the seat share must exactly equal the vote share, measured by the [[seats-to-votes ratio]]. When this condition is violated, the allocation is disproportional, and it may be interesting to examine the degree of disproportionality{{snd}}the degree to which the number of seats won by each party differs from that of a perfectly proportional outcome. This degree does not have a single unambiguous definition. Some common disproportionality indexes are:<ref name="karpov2008">{{cite journal |last1=Karpov |first1=Alexander |date=2008 |title=Measurement of disproportionality in proportional representation systems |journal=Mathematical and Computer Modelling |volume=48 |issue=9–10 |pages=1421–1438 |doi=10.1016/j.mcm.2008.05.027 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

* The [[Gallagher Index]]{{snd}}involves squaring the difference between each party's vote share and seat share, and finding the square root of half of the sum of these amounts.
* [[Wasted vote]], which counts votes cast for parties that did not obtain any seats (or votes not used to elect anyone at the district level, in systems where district-level electing is all that is used)
* The [[Sainte-Laguë Index]]{{snd}}where the squared discrepancy from ideal [[seats-to-votes ratio]] is weighted equally for each voter.

Disproportionality changes from one election to another depending on voter behaviour and size of electoral threshold or natural threshold. This is seen in the number of wasted votes in New Zealand.<ref name="results">{{cite web |url=https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2020/statistics/index.html |title=2020 General Election{{snd}}Official Results and Statistics |publisher= [[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission]] |date= 30 November 2020}}</ref> In [[2005 New Zealand general election]], every party receiving more than 1 percent of the votes acquired seats due to every party at that level getting at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting. This election thus saw far fewer wasted votes compared to other elections when only the most popular parties took district seats.

Different indexes measure different concepts of disproportionality. Some disproportionality concepts have been mapped to [[social welfare function]]s.<ref name="wada2016">
{{cite journal |last1=Wada |first1=Junichiro |title=Apportionment behind the veil of uncertainty |journal=The Japanese Economic Review |date=2016 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=348–360 |doi=10.1111/jere.12093 |s2cid=156608434}}</ref>

Disproportionality indexes are sometimes used to evaluate existing and proposed electoral systems. For example, the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]]'s [[Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform|2016 Special Committee on Electoral Reform]] recommended that if the existing election system was replaced, the new system should be designed to achieve "a Gallagher score of 5 or less". This low level of disproportionality is consistently achieved in European PR<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349468714 |last1=Arredondo |first1=Verónica |last2=Martínez-Panero |first2=Miguel |last3=Palomares |first3=A. |last4=Peña |first4=Teresa |last5=Ramirez |first5=V. |date=2020 |title=New indexes for measuring electoral disproportionality |journal=Revista Electrónica de Comunicaciones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA |volume=21 |number=2 |doi=10.24309/recta.2020.21.2.05 |page=372}}</ref> but is much lower than was produced in the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 Canadian election]] under [[first-past-the-post voting]], where the Gallagher index was 12.<ref name="CanadaErreFinalReport">{{cite web |author=Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform |title=Strengthening Democracy in Canada: Principles, Process and Public Engagement for Electoral Reform |url=http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/ERRE/report-3 |date=December 2016 |author-link=Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre–19th century ===
One of the earliest proposals for proportionality in an assembly was by [[John Adams]] in his influential pamphlet ''[[Thoughts on Government]]'', written in 1776 during the [[American Revolution]]:
{{Blockquote|text=It should be in miniature, an exact portrait of the people at large. It should think, feel, reason, and act like them. That it may be the interest of this Assembly to do strict justice at all times, it should be an equal representation, or in other words equal interest among the people should have equal interest in it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=John |title=Thoughts on Government |url=http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?&id=PJA04d040 |website=The Adams Papers Digital Edition |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=26 July 2014 |year=1776 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527205110/http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?&id=PJA04d040 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

[[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]], speaking to the [[Parlement|Assembly of Provence]] in France on 30 January 1789, was also an early proponent of a proportionally representative assembly:<ref name="hoagHallett">{{cite book |last1=Hoag |first1=Clarence |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008357249;view=1up;seq=5 |title=Proportional Representation |last2=Hallett |first2=George |date=1926 |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=A representative body is to the nation what a chart is for the physical configuration of its soil: in all its parts, and as a whole, the representative body should at all times present a reduced picture of the people, their opinions, aspirations, and wishes, and that presentation should bear the relative proportion to the original precisely.}}

In February 1793, the [[Marquis de Condorcet]] led the drafting of the [[Girondin constitutional project|Girondist constitution]], which proposed a [[limited voting]] scheme with proportional aspects. Before that could be voted on, the [[The Mountain|Montagnards]] took over the [[National Convention]] and produced [[French Constitution of 1793|their own constitution]]. On 24 June, [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]] proposed the [[single non-transferable vote]], which is semi-proportional, for national elections, but the constitution was passed on the same day specifying [[first-past-the-post voting]].<ref name="hoagHallett" />

Already in 1787, [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], like Adams a [[Founding Fathers of the United States|US Founding Father]], understood the importance of multiple-member districts: "Bad elections proceed from the smallness of the districts which give an opportunity to bad men to intrigue themselves into office",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madison |first1=James |title=Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Wednesday, June 6 |url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0606-2/ |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=TeachingAmericanHistory.org}}</ref> and again, in 1791, in his Lectures on Law: "It may, I believe, be assumed as a general maxim, of no small importance in democratical governments, that the more extensive the district of election is, the choice will be the more wise and enlightened".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=James |title=The Works of the Honourable James Wilson |date=1804 |publisher=[[Constitution Society]] |chapter=Vol 2, Part II, Ch.1 Of the constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania{{snd}}Of the legislative department, I, of the election of its members |access-date=5 August 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.constitution.org/jwilson/jwilson2.htm}}</ref> The 1790 [[Constitution of Pennsylvania]] specified multiple-member districts for the state Senate and required their boundaries to follow [[county line]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania{{snd}}1790, art.I,§ VII, Of districts for electing Senators |url=http://www.duq.edu/academics/gumberg-library/pa-constitution/texts-of-the-constitution/1790 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=[[Duquesne University]]}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
A PR system that uses single transferable votes was invented in 1819 by an English schoolmaster, [[Thomas Wright Hill]]. He devised a "plan of election" for the committee of the Society for Literary and Scientific Improvement in Birmingham that used not only transfers of surplus votes from elected candidates but also transfers from candidates who did not have enough votes to be elected, a refinement that [[Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ|Carl Andræ]] and Hare initially omitted when they formulated their two versions of STV later. But the procedure seemed unsuitable for a public election and was not publicised. In 1839, Hill's son, colonial administrator [[Rowland Hill]], recommended the concept for a city election in Adelaide, and a simple process was used in which voters were allowed to form groups that would each elect one representative. Each group, being equally sized, elected a representative with the same number of votes, ensuring election of a carpenter and a draper, with the rest of the seats filled through block voting.<ref name="hoagHallett" /><ref>{{cite news |work=South Australian Register |title=Municipal Election |date=October 31, 1840 |page=2 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27441962}}</ref><ref>Newman, Hare-Clarke in Tasmania</ref>

The [[Sainte-Laguë method]] of party-list proportional representation was first described in 1832 by the American statesman and senator [[Daniel Webster]].

The list plan system was conceived by Thomas Gilpin, a retired paper-mill owner, in a paper he read to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in Philadelphia in 1844: "On the representation of minorities of electors to act with the majority in elected assemblies". It ensured at least one popularly elected member for each part of a multi-member district and also district-wide party-balanced representation.<ref name="auto2">Swain, Civics for Montana Students, 1912, p. 163</ref> It was never put into practical use, but even as late as 1914, it was put forward as a way to elect the US electoral college delegates and for local elections.<ref name="hoagHallett" /><ref>Hoag, Effective Voting (1914), p. 31</ref><ref name="auto2" />

A practical election system using the single transferable vote (a combination of preferential voting and multi-member districts) was devised in Denmark by Carl Andræ, a mathematician. It was first used there in 1855, making it the oldest PR system.

STV was also invented (apparently independently) in the UK in 1857 by [[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Thomas Hare]], a London [[barrister]], in his pamphlet ''The Machinery of Representation'' and expanded on in his 1859 ''Treatise on the Election of Representatives''. The scheme was enthusiastically taken up by [[John Stuart Mill]], ensuring international interest. The 1865 edition of Hare's book included the transfer of preferences from dropped candidates and the STV method was essentially complete, although Hare pictured the entire British Isles as one single district. Mill proposed it to the House of Commons in 1867, but the British parliament rejected it. The name of the system evolved from "Mr. Hare's scheme" to "proportional representation", then "proportional representation with the single transferable vote", and finally, by the end of the 19th century, to "the single transferable vote". Such a system was well suited to the British political tradition prevalent in the English-speaking world because under STV, votes are cast directly for individuals.<ref>Humphreys, Proportional Representation (1911)</ref> STV was later adopted for national elections in Malta (1921), the Republic of Ireland (1921) and Australia (1948).

In Australia, the political activist [[Catherine Helen Spence]] became an enthusiast of STV and an author on the subject. Through her influence and the efforts of the Tasmanian politician [[Andrew Inglis Clark]], Tasmania became an early pioneer of the system, [[Hare–Clark electoral system|electing the world's first legislators through STV in 1896]], prior to its federation into Australia.<ref>Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania, p. 7-10</ref>

=== 20th century ===
In Russia, [[Leon Trotsky]] had proposed the election of a new Soviet [[presidium]] with other [[socialist]] parties on the basis of proportional representation in September 1917.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |title=The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78168-721-5 |pages=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet}}</ref>

In the UK, the 1917 [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]]'s Conference recommended STV for all multi-seat Westminster constituencies, but it was only applied to [[university constituencies]], lasting from 1918 until 1950, when the last of those constituencies were abolished.

In Ireland, STV was used in 1918 in the [[Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University]] constituency and was introduced for devolved [[1921 Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland general elections|elections in 1921]].

STV is currently used for two national lower houses of parliament: Ireland, since independence (as the [[Irish Free State]]) in 1922;<ref name="ideaGallagher" /> and Malta, since 1921, long before independence in 1966.<ref name="AceMalta">{{cite web |last1=Hirczy de Miño |first1=Wolfgang |date=1997 |title=Malta: Single-Transferable Vote with Some Twists |url=http://aceproject.org/regions-en/countries-and-territories/MT/case-studies/malta-single-transferable-vote-with-some-twists-1997 |access-date=5 December 2014 |publisher=[[ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]]}}</ref> In Ireland, two attempts were made by [[Fianna Fáil]] governments to abolish STV and replace it with the first-past-the-post plurality system. Both attempts were rejected by voters in referendums held [[Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1958|in 1959]] and [[Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1968|again in 1968]]. STV is also prescribed for all other elections in Ireland, including that of the presidency, although it is there effectively the [[alternative vote]], as it is an election with a single winner.

It is also used for the Northern Ireland Assembly and European and local authorities, Scottish local authorities, some New Zealand and Australian local authorities,<ref name="ersSTV" /> the [[Tasmanian House of Assembly|Tasmanian]] (since 1907) and [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|Australian Capital Territory]] assemblies, where the method is known as ''Hare–Clark'',<ref name="prsaHC">{{cite web |title=The Hare-Clark System of Proportional Representation |url=http://www.prsa.org.au/hareclar.htm |access-date=21 November 2014 |publisher=Proportional Representation Society of Australia |location=Melbourne}}</ref> and the city council in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (since 1941).<ref name="cambridgePlanE">{{cite web |title=Adoption of Plan E |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/election/programsandservices/cambridgemunicipalelections/Cambridge-City-Charter/adoptionofplane.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015655/http://www.cambridgema.gov/election/programsandservices/cambridgemunicipalelections/Cambridge-City-Charter/adoptionofplane.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=25 November 2014 |website=Welcome to the City of Cambridge |publisher=City of Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

The [[D'Hondt method]] was devised in 1878 by Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt as a way to allocate seats in a party-list PR system. Some Swiss cantons started using it to produce PR, beginning with Ticino in 1890. [[Victor Considerant]], a utopian socialist, described a similar system in an 1892 book. Many European countries adopted similar systems during or after World War I. List PR was favoured in [[Continental Europe]] because the use of lists in elections, the [[scrutin de liste]], was already widespread. Each uses one of a variety of methods of allocating seats{{snd}}the [[D'Hondt method]], the [[Sainte-Laguë method]] or a different one.

Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, political reformers were involved in discussion and squabbles on the alternative system that would replace the first-past-the-post or block voting systems that were being used. [[Cumulative voting]], [[limited voting]], supplementary voting ([[contingent voting]]), STV, [[instant-runoff voting]], the Bucklin system of ranked voting, and list PR were used in different places, at the municipal, state or national level in that period. List PR or STV eventually became the preferred alternative electoral method for many jurisdictions by the 1920s. The MMP version of list PR began to be used after the Second World War. District representation, proportionality of the results, the rate of wasted votes, the acceptable level of complication for voters and election officials, quickness of announcement of results and other aspects were often valued differently by the different reformers and by the elected governments who usually had the power to make decisions over electoral system. There is thus a wide range of PR systems used by the countries in the world that have adopted PR.<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Harry Charles |last=Phillips |title=Challenges to the Voting System in Canada 1874–1974 |degree=PhD |date=1976 |publisher=University of Western Ontario |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=digitizedtheses}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairvote.ca/introprsystems/|title=Proportional representation systems for Canada}}</ref>

PR is used by a majority of the world's 33 most robust democracies with populations of at least two million people{{snd}}23 use PR (20 use list PR, two use MMP and one uses STV), while only six use [[Plurality voting|plurality]] or a majoritarian system ([[Two-round system|runoff]] or [[Instant-runoff voting|instant runoff]]) for elections to the legislative assembly; and four use [[Parallel voting|parallel systems]], which usually involves some members being elected through PR.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proportional Representation in Most Robust Democracies |url=http://www.fairvote.org/proportional_representation_in_most_robust_democracies |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=Fair Vote: The Center for Voting And Democracy |date=7 March 2016 |last1=Richie |first1=Rob }}</ref> PR dominates Europe, including Germany and most of northern and eastern Europe; it is also used for [[European Parliament]] elections. France adopted PR at the end of World War II, but discarded it in 1958; it was used for parliament elections in 1986. Switzerland has the most widespread use of proportional representation, as it is used there to elect not only national legislatures but also cantonal and communal legislatures.

PR is less common in the English-speaking world, especially at the national level. Malta and Ireland use STV for election of legislators. Australia uses it for senate elections. New Zealand adopted MMP in 1993. Gibraltar uses quasi-PR, limited voting.

The UK, Canada and India use [[first-past-the-post]] systems for legislative elections, but even then its use is a fairly recent phenomenon, with single-member plurality used exclusively in the UK only since 1958, in Canada only since 1968, and in India only since 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/esy_in.htm | title=India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale — }}</ref><ref>1969 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, p. 333-334</ref> STV was used to elect British university MPs prior to 1958. As well, a variety of election systems were used in Canada to elect provincial legislators. STV was used to elect some provincial legislators in [[Alberta]] from 1924 to 1955, and in [[Manitoba]] from 1920 to 1953. In both provinces, the [[Instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]] (AV) was used in rural areas alongside STV in the major urban centres. First-past-the-post was re-adopted in Alberta by the dominant party for reasons of political advantage. In Manitoba, a principal reason given was to address under-representation of Winnipeg in the provincial legislature (which could have otherwise been addressed by adding more members to urban districts).<ref name="hoagHallett" />{{rp|223–234}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jansen |first1=Harold John |date=1998 |title=The Single Transferable Vote in Alberta and Manitoba |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ29051.pdf |access-date=23 March 2015 |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref>

STV has some history in the United States. Between 1915 and 1962, twenty-four cities used the system for at least one election. In many cities, minority parties and other groups used STV to break up single-party monopolies on elective office. One of the most famous cases is [[New York City]], where a coalition of Republicans and others pursued the adoption of STV in 1936 as part of an effort to free the city from control by the [[Tammany Hall]] [[political machine]]. Under the new electoral system, Tammany Hall's power was abated but NYC dropped STV in 1946 after only five elections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santucci |first=Jack |date=10 November 2016 |title=Party Splits, Not Progressives |journal=American Politics Research |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=494–526 |doi=10.1177/1532673x16674774 |issn=1532-673X |s2cid=157400899}}</ref> Another famous case is [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, where, in 1924, Democrats and [[Progressive Era|Progressive]]-wing Republicans secured the adoption of a [[Council–manager government|council–manager]] charter with STV elections in order to dislodge the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] machine of [[Rudolph K. Hynicka]]. Although Cincinnati's council–manager system survives, Republicans and other disaffected groups replaced STV with [[plurality-at-large voting]] in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barber |first=Kathleen |title=Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio |publisher=Ohio State University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0814206607 |location=Columbus, OH}}</ref> From 1870 to 1980, [[Illinois]] used a semi-proportional [[cumulative voting]] system to elect [[Illinois House of Representatives|its House of Representatives]]. Each district across the state elected both Republicans and Democrats year-after-year.

[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (STV) and [[Peoria, Illinois]] (cumulative voting) have used PR for many years. Illinois used cumulative voting for decades in its state elections.<ref>Newman, Brad (11 May 2008). "Two new faces join AC regents | Amarillo.com | Amarillo Globe-News". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 17 May 2015</ref>

[[San Francisco]] used preferential voting ([[Bucklin voting]]) in its 1917 city election.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== List of countries using proportional representation ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of countries using proportional representation to elect the lower (or only) house of national legislature
|-
| colspan="6" |[[File:Proportional voting systems.svg|center|frameless|500x500px]]
|-
|
{{legend|#0000b3|Party list (closed list)}}
{{legend|#00a693|Party list (open list)}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Party list (partly-open list)}}
|{{legend|#126180|Panachage party list (open list)}}
|{{legend|#5a2ca0|Mixed member proportional}}
|{{legend|#9100b5|Additional member system}}
|{{legend|#3737C8|Personalised proportional (German MMP)}}
|{{legend|#37C871|Single transferable vote}}
|}

Eighty-five countries in the world use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body.

The table below lists those countries and gives information on the specific PR system that is in use.

Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the [[ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]].<ref>{{cite web |website=ACE Project |title=What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature? |url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDMap?question=ES005&set_language=en |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=ACE Project |title=What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature? |url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=ES005&view=country&set_language=en |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> Countries using PR as part of a [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed-member majoritarian]] (e.g. [[parallel voting]]) system are not included.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Country
! Body
!Type of body
! colspan="2" |Type of proportional system
! List type
(if applicable)
! Variation of [[Open list#Variation|open lists]]
(if applicable)
! Allocating formula
! [[Electoral threshold]]
! [[#District magnitude|Constit{{shy}}uencies]]
! Governmental system
! Notes
|-
! [[Elections in Albania|Albania]]
|[[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]] (Kuvendi)
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|?
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|4% nationally or 2.5% in a district
|Counties
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Algeria|Algeria]]
|[[People's National Assembly]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|?
|[[Hare quota]]
|5% of votes in respective district.<ref name="algeriaACE">{{cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections |url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/DZ/algeria-final-report-legislative-elections-ndi/at_download/file |access-date=10 January 2015 |website=ACE Project |publisher=National Democratic Institute |format=pdf}}</ref>
|Provinces
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Angola|Angola]]
|[[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|5 member districts and nationwide
|[[Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]
|[[Double simultaneous vote]] use to elect the President and the National Assembly at the same election.
|-
! [[Elections in Argentina|Argentina]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Argentina)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3% of registered voters
|Provinces
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Armenia|Armenia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" |Unicameral national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] with [[Majority bonus system|majority jackpot]] and minority jackpot<ref>Following electoral system amendments introduced in April 2021, members of parliament are elected only through closed party lists by party list proportional representation method but with more seats added if leading party takes more than 2/3 of seats or after two-round of voting no party takes more than 54 percent of the seats</ref>
|[[Open list]]
|?
|[[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
| rowspan="2" |5% (parties), 7% (blocs)
| rowspan="2" |''None''
(single nationwide constituency)
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary republic]]
|Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report |url=https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/armenia/293546 |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=[[osce.org]] |date=12 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DocumentView |url=https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=109081 |website=www.arlis.am}}</ref> If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.
|-
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
|
|-
! [[Elections in Aruba|Aruba]] {{small|([[Kingdom of the Netherlands]])}}
|[[Parliament of Aruba|Parliament]]
|Unicameral [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|''None''
(single nationwide constituency)
|
|
|-
! [[Elections in Australia|Australia]]
|[[Australian Senate|Senate]]
|Upper house of national legislature
| style="background:#37C871" |
| [[Single transferable vote]]
| —
| —
|[[Droop quota]]
|—
|[[States and territories of Australia]]
|[[Australian Government|Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Elections in Austria|Austria]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Council (Austria)|National Council]]
| rowspan="3" |Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="3" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]:
14% on the district level
|[[Hare quota]]
| rowspan="3" |4%
|Single-member districts within federal states (''Länder'')
| rowspan="3" |[[Semi-presidential republic]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]:
10% on the regional (state) level
|[[Hare quota]]
|Federal states (''Länder'')
|-
|[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]: 7% of the on the federal level
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|Single federal (nationwide) constituency
|-
! [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Belgium]]
|[[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|?
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Electoral districts
|[[Federalism|Federal]] parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Benin|Benin]]
|[[National Assembly (Benin)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
|20%
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Bolivia|Bolivia]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Additional member system]]{{snd}}MMP (fixed number of seats{{snd}}no leveling seats)
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| rowspan="2" |[[D'Hondt method]]
|3%
|[[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]]
| rowspan="2" |Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| rowspan="2" |Ballots use the [[double simultaneous vote]]: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed)
|-
|[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]]
|Upper house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|3%
|[[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]]
|-
! [[Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|?
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|—
|Electoral districts
|[[Federal republic|Federal]] parliamentary [[Directorial system|directorial republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Brazil|Brazil]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|?
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|2% distributed in at least 9 federation units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them
|States and federal district
|[[Presidential republic|Presidential Republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|[[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|?
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|4%
|Electoral districts
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
|[[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|Provinces
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Burundi|Burundi]]
|[[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|2%
|Provinces
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]
|[[National Assembly (Cape Verde)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Constituencies
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Chile|Chile]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|No ''de jure'' threshold
|Constituencies
| rowspan="2" |[[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
|
|-
![[Elections in Chile|Chile]]
|[[Senate of Chile|Senate]]
|Upper house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|No ''de jure'' threshold
|Regions
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Colombia|Colombia]]
|[[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]] (mostly)
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
| rowspan="2" |3%
|Departments
| rowspan="2" |Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Senate of Colombia|Senate]]
|Upper house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]] (mostly)
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|''None''
(single nationwide constituency)
|-
! [[Elections in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
|[[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Hare quota]] (modified)
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Croatia|Croatia]]
|[[Croatian Parliament|Sabor]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Constituencies
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Cyprus|Cyprus]]
|[[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|Districts
|[[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]<ref name="auto3"/>
| rowspan="2" |[[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]]
| rowspan="2" |Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Open list#More open|Relatively open]]:
5% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party)
|[[Imperiali quota]]
| rowspan="2" |5% nationally for single party lists, 7% for coalitions of two, 11% for coalitions of more than 2.
|Regions and capital
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|[[Droop quota]] + [[Quota method|largest remainders]]
|National remnant seats redistributed to districts
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Denmark|Denmark]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Folketing]]
| rowspan="2" | Unicameral national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Open list]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Open list#More open|Relatively open]]:
| [[Hare quota]] + [[Quota method|largest remainders]] for leveling seats
|2% nationwide or one constituency seat or Hare quota is 2/3 electoral provinces
|Nationwide leveling seats redistributed to constituencies
| rowspan="2" | [[Parliamentary system]]
| rowspan="2" | 135 [[constituency]] seats, 40 [[leveling seats]]
|-
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|
|-
! [[Elections in the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Ecuador|Ecuador]]
|[[National Congress of Ecuador|National Congress]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| [[Panachage]]
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in El Salvador|El Salvador]]
|[[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|[[Panachage]]
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|10%
|Districts
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Riigikogu|Estonia]]
|[[Riigikogu]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Electoral districts
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Elections to the European Parliament|European Union]]
| rowspan="3" |[[European Parliament]]
| rowspan="3" |Lower house of supranational legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] in 25 member states
|[[Open list]] in 19 countries
|—
| rowspan="3" |Varies by Country
| rowspan="2" |<5%
| rowspan="3" |None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency for All states Except Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Poland) Constituencies in Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Poland
|
|
|-
|[[Closed list]] (Germany, France, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Romania)
|—
|
|
|-
| style="background:#37C871" |
|[[Single transferable vote]] in Ireland and Malta
| —
| —
|—
|
|
|-
! [[Elections in the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]]
|[[Løgting]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3.03%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Fiji|Fiji]]
|[[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Finland|Finland]]
| [[Eduskunta|Parliament]] (Eduskunta)
| Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
| —
| [[D'Hondt method]]
| None
| Electoral districts
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Germany|Germany]]
|[[Bundestag|Federal Assembly]] (Bundestag)
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed-member PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|5% regionally
|States
|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Greenland|Greenland]]
|[[Inatsisartut]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Guatemala|Guatemala]]
|[[Congress of the Republic of Guatemala|Congress of the Republic]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]
|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Electoral districts
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Guyana|Guyana]]
|[[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Closed list]]
|—
| rowspan="2" |[[Hare quota]] + [[largest remainders]]
|—
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary republics with an executive president|Parliamentary republic with an executive president]]
|
|-
![[Elections in Guyana|Guyana]]
|[[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|—
|Regions
|
|-
! [[Elections in Honduras|Honduras]]
|[[National Congress of Honduras|National Congress]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]] with [[panachage]] (free lists)
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Iceland|Iceland]]
| [[Althing]]
| Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Constituency
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| [[House of Representatives (Indonesia)|House of Representatives]]
| Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|4%
| Constituency (electoral districts: groups of [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regencies and cities]] in [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian provinces]])
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] presidential [[constitutional republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[Dáil Éireann]]
| Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#37C871" |
| [[Single transferable vote]] in districts with 3–5 members
| —
| —
|[[Droop quota]]
|—
|Constituencies
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Israel|Israel]]
|[[Knesset]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3.25%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Kosovo|Kosovo]]
|[[Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo|Assembly of the Republic]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|5%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Latvia|Latvia]]
|[[Saeima]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|[[Open list#Most open|Most open]]
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|5%
|5 multi-member constituencies consisting of [[Administrative divisions of Latvia|municipalities]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saeimas vēlēšanu likums |url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=35261 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=LIKUMI.LV |at=Section 7. |language=lv}}</ref>
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Lebanon|Lebanon]]
|[[Parliament of Lebanon|Parilament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Communities
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Lesotho|Lesotho]]
|[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed-member PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| Variant using a [[mixed single vote]]
|-
! [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
|[[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|8%
|Constituencies (electoral districts)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
| [[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]] with [[panachage]] (free lists)
|
|—
|[[Constituencies of Luxembourg|Constituencies]]
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
|[[Assembly of North Macedonia|Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Regions
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Malta|Malta]]
|[[Parliament of Malta|Parilament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#37C871" |
| [[Single transferable vote]] in 5-seat districts
| —
| —
|[[Droop quota]]
|—
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Moldova|Moldova]]
|[[Parliament of Moldova|Parilament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|[[Parliament of Montenegro|Parilament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Mozambique|Mozambique]]
|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Assembly of the Republic]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Provinces
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Namibia|Namibia]]
|[[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|[[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]: 25% of the quota for one seat (0.167%)
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|0.667% (1/150)
| None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|[[House of Representatives (New Zealand)|House of Representatives]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed-member PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|5% or 1 district won
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Nepal|Nepal]]
|[[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed-member PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|3%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Norway|Norway]]
| [[Storting]]
| Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|4%
|Constituencies
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
![[Elections in Palestine|Palestine]]
|[[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]
|Unicameral national legislature
|style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|3%
|None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Paraguay|Paraguay]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
| rowspan="2" |[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Departments
| rowspan="2" |[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
|[[Senate of Paraguay|Senate]]
|Upper house of national legislature
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|—
|Departments
|
|-
! [[Elections in Peru|Peru]]
|[[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Departments
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Poland|Poland]]
|[[Sejm]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities
|Constituencies
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Portugal|Portugal]]
|[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|[[Districts of Portugal]]
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Romania|Romania]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| rowspan="2" |[[D'Hondt method]]
| rowspan="2" |5%
|Counties
| rowspan="2" |[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
![[Elections in Romania|Romania]]
|[[Senate of Chile|Senate]]
|Upper house of national legislature
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|Counties
|
|-
! [[Elections in Rwanda|Rwanda]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
|5%
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in San Marino|San Marino]]
|[[Grand and General Council]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] with contingent majority jackpot runoff
| [[Open list]]
|—
| [[D'Hondt method]]
| 3.5%
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
| If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a [[Majority bonus system|majority bonus]].
|-
! [[Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|[[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
| —
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|—
|Districts
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
![[Elections in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]
|[[Parliament of Sierra Leone]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|Districts
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Serbia|Serbia]]
|[[National Assembly (Serbia)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3%
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Sint Maarten|Sint Maarten]]
|[[Parliament of Sint Maarten|Parilament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Open list]]
|—
|[[Hare quota]]
|—
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|[[National Council of Slovakia|National Council]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Open list]]
|—
|[[Droop quota]] and [[largest remainders]]
|5%
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" |Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Open list]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]]
|[[Droop quota]]
|4%
| rowspan="2" |Constituencies (electoral districts)
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary system]]
| rowspan="2" |All 8 constituencies have 11 seats.
|-
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|4%
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Elections in South Africa|South Africa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" |Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
|[[Closed list]] at large
| —
| rowspan="2" |[[Droop quota]] and [[largest remainders]]
|—
|Nationwide at Large
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary republics with an executive president|Parliamentary republic with an executive president]]
|
|-
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]
|—
|—
|Regions
|
|-
! [[Elections in Spain|Spain]]
| [[Congress of Deputies]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SPAIN (Congreso de los Diputados), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2293_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| [[D'Hondt method]]
| 3%
| [[Provinces of Spain]]
| [[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]
| rowspan="2" | Unicameral national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sri Lanka Parliament 2020 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3498/ |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SRI LANKA (Parliament), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2295_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Post-Election Assessment of Sri Lanka Mission: November 28{{snd}}December 2, 2000 |url=https://www.ndi.org/files/1198_lk_postelect122000.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232543/https://www.ndi.org/files/1198_lk_postelect122000.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=www.ndi.org}}</ref>
| [[Open list]] (district lists elect 196/225 seats)
| [[Panachage]] (up to 3 preference votes)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief |url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-electors-can-vote-for-one-party-three-preferences-in-2020-general-elections-polls-chief-72625 |website=EconomyNext}}</ref>
|[[Hare quota]]
| 5% (per constituency)
| Constituencies (electoral districts)
| rowspan="2" | [[Semi-presidential system]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Closed list]] (national list to elect 29/225 seats)
| —
| [[Hare quota]]
| No threshold
| None (single nationwide constituency)
|-
! [[Elections in Suriname|Suriname]]
| [[National Assembly (Suriname)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SURINAME (Nationale Assemblee), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]]
| [[D'Hondt method]]
| No threshold
| [[Districts of Suriname]]
| [[List of countries by system of government#Assembly-independent republics|Assembly-independent republic]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Sweden|Sweden]]
| [[Riksdag]]
| Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sweden Parliament 2018 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3066/ |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SWEDEN (Riksdagen), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2303_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#More open|More open]] (5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)<ref>Swedish Election Authority: [http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf Elections in Sweden: The way its done] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225072954/http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf|date=25 February 2009}} (page 16)</ref>
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
| 4% nationally or 12% in a given constituency
| [[Counties of Sweden]] (some counties are further subdivided)
| [[Parliamentary system]]
| [[Leveling seat]]s
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Nationalrat{{snd}}Conseil national{{snd}}Consiglio nazionale), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2305_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]] with [[panachage]] (free lists)
| [[Hagenbach-Bischoff system]]
| No threshold
| [[Cantons of Switzerland]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Semi-direct democracy]] under an [[assembly-independent]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shugart |first1=Matthew Søberg |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |journal=French Politics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |s2cid=73642272 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Elgie |first=Robert |date=2016 |title=Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round |journal=Insight Turkey |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=79–92 |issn=1302-177X |jstor=26300453}}</ref> [[Directorial system|directorial]] [[republic]]
|
|-
| [[Council of States (Switzerland)|Council of States]] (only to elect councillors in:

* [[Canton of Jura|Jura]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide | Elections: Switzerland Council of States 2019 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3448/ |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref>
* [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]])<ref name="auto" />
|Upper house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Ständerat{{snd}}Conseil des Etats{{snd}}Consiglio degli Stati), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2306_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#Most open list|Fully open]]
| ?
| No threshold<ref>Thresholds moot due to these cantons only electing 2 Councillors</ref>
| None (single cantonwide constituency)<ref>As these cantons only send two members to the [[Council of States (Switzerland)|Council of States]], further subdividing these cantons into constituencies while retaining proportionality would be mathematically impossible)</ref>
|
|-
! [[Elections in Thailand|Thailand]]
| [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#5A2CA0" |
| [[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed-member PR]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=6 January 2019 |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives}}</ref>
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| [[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
| No threshold
| None (single nationwide constituency)
| [[Parliamentary system]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]]
|Next elections are to be held under [[parallel voting]]
|-
! [[Elections in Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
|[[National Parliament of Timor-Leste|National Parliament]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]
| [[Closed list]]op
|—
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|3%
|None (single nationwide constituency)
|
|
|-
! [[Elections in Togo|Togo]]
| [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: TOGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2315_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| [[Highest averages method]] (?)
| No threshold
| Constituencies
| [[Presidential system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Tunisia|Tunisia]]
| [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide | Elections: Tunisia Parliament 2019 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3175/ |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref>
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| [[Largest remainder method]] (? quota)
| No threshold
| Constituencies
| [[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
! [[Elections in Turkey|Turkey]]
| [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]]
|Unicameral national legislature
| style="background:#0066FF" |
| [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide | Elections: Turkey Grand National Assembly 2018 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3078/ |website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref>
| [[Closed list]]
| —
| [[D'Hondt method]]
| 7%
| [[Provinces of Turkey]] (some provinces are further subdivided)
| [[Presidential system]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Uruguay|Uruguay]]
| [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]]
|Lower house of national legislature
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Representantes), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2341_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Senadores), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2342_B.htm |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Closed list]]
| rowspan="2" | —
| rowspan="2" | [[D'Hondt method]]
| rowspan="2" | No threshold
| [[Departments of Uruguay]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Presidential system]]
| rowspan="2" | Ballots use the [[double simultaneous vote]], the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers
|-
| [[Senate of Uruguay|Chamber of Senators]]
|Upper house of national legislature
| None (single nationwide constituency)
|}

==Incentives for choosing an electoral system==
Changing the electoral system requires the agreement of a majority of the currently selected legislators, who were chosen using the incumbent electoral system. Therefore, an interesting question is what incentives make current legislators support a new electoral system, particularly a PR system.

Many political scientists argue that PR was adopted by parties on the right as a strategy to survive amid suffrage expansion, democratization and the rise of workers' parties. According to Stein Rokkan in a seminal 1970 study, parties on the right opted to adopt PR as a way to survive as competitive parties in situations when the parties on the right were not united enough to exist under majoritarian systems.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenselection0000rokk |url-access=registration |title=Citizens, elections, parties: approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development |last=Rokkan |first=Stein |date=1970 |publisher=McKay}}</ref> This argument was formalized and supported by Carles Boix in a 1999 study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boix |first=Carles |date=1999 |title=Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=609–624 |doi=10.2307/2585577 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=2585577 |hdl=10230/307 |s2cid=16429584 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Amel Ahmed noted that, prior to the adoption of PR, many electoral systems were based on majority or plurality rule, and that these systems risked eradicating parties on the right in areas where the working class was large in numbers. He therefore argues that parties on the right adopted PR as a way to ensure that they would survive as potent political forces amid suffrage expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139382137 |title=Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance |last=Ahmed |first=Amel |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139382137 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139382137 |s2cid=153171400}}</ref> A 2021 study linked the adoption of PR to incumbent fears of revolutionary threats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gjerløw |first1=Haakon |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Magnus B. |date=2021 |title=Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/pre-prints/content-jcpo54403;jsessionid=7pajb124g6gjr.x-ic-live-02 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=595–620 |doi=10.5129/001041522x16316387001621 |s2cid=244107337|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In contrast, other scholars argue that the choice to adopt PR was also due to a demand by parties on the left to ensure a foothold in politics, as well as to encourage a consensual system that would help the left realize its preferred economic policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cusack |first1=Thomas R. |last2=Iversen |first2=Torben |last3=Soskice |first3=David |date=2007 |title=Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=373–391 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=27644455 |doi=10.1017/S0003055407070384 |hdl=10419/51231 |s2cid=2799521 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The pressure to change may become so great that the government feels it must give in to the demand, even if it itself does not benefit from the change. This is the same process by which women's suffrage was achieved in many countries.<ref>Bowler and Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta</ref>

==See also==
* [[Condorcet paradox]]
* [[Direct representation]]
* [[Interactive representation]]
* [[Justified representation]], a generalization of the principle of proportionality to multiwinner approval voting.
* [[One man, one vote|One person, one vote]]
* [[Proportional representation in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Proportional representation in the United States]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
===Books===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Abbott, Lewis F. ''British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension''. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. {{ISBN|9780906321522}}. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence".
* {{cite book |last=Amy |first=Douglas J. |title=Real Choices/new Voices |publisher=Columbia University Press | publication-place=New York |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-231-08154-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ashworth |first1=H.P.C. |last2=Ashworth |first2=T.R. |title=Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government |location=Melbourne |publisher=Robertson and Co |year=1900}}
* {{cite book |last1=Batto |first1=Nathan F. |last2=Huang |first2=Chi |last3=Tan |first3=Alexander C. |last4=Cox |first4=Gary W. |title=Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context |publisher=University of Michigan Press | publication-place=Ann Arbor |date=2016-04-11 |isbn=978-0-472-11973-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Colomer |first=Josep Maria |author-link=Josep Colomer |title=Political Institutions |publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-924184-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Colomer |first=Josep |author-link=Josep Colomer |title=Handbook of Electoral System Choice |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=Basingstoke |date=2004-12-17 |isbn=978-1-4039-0454-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Forder |first=James |title=The case against voting reform |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-85168-825-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=Jenifer |title=Proportional Representation |publisher=Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford [England] : New York |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-820136-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Linton |first1=Martin |last2=Southcott |first2=Mary |title=Making Votes Count |publisher=Profile Books | publication-place=London |date=1998 |isbn=978-1-86197-087-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Floyd |title=Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=Basingstoke |date=2009-07-31 |isbn=978-0-230-22199-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Pilon |first=Dennis |title=The Politics of Voting |publisher=Edmond Montgomery Publ | publication-place=Toronto, ON |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-55239-236-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Pukelsheim |first=Friedrich |title=Proportional Representation |publisher=Springer | publication-place=Cham; New York |date=2014-01-09 |isbn=978-3-319-03855-1 |oclc=864498184}}
* {{cite book |first1=Marian |last1=Sawer |first2=Sarah |last2=Miskin|name-list-style=amp |title=Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate |publisher=Department of the Senate |year=1999 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/pops/pop34/pop34.pdf |isbn=0-642-71061-9}}
{{refend}}

===Journals===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hickman |first1=John |last2=Little |first2=Chris |title=Seat/vote proportionality in Romanian and Spanish parliamentary elections |journal=Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=197–212 |doi=10.1080/713683348 |date=November 2000 |s2cid=153800069}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Galasso |first1=Vincenzo |last2=Nannicini |first2=Tommaso |title=So closed: political selection in proportional systems |journal=[[European Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=40 |issue=B |pages=260–273 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.008 |date=December 2015 |s2cid=55902803 |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:igi:igierp:526}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Golder |first1=Sona N. |last2=Stephenson |first2=Laura B. |last3=Van der Straeten |first3=Karine |last4=Blais |first4=André |last5=Bol |first5=Damien |last6=Harfst |first6=Philipp |last7=Laslier |first7=Jean-François |title=Votes for women: electoral systems and support for female candidates |journal=[[Politics & Gender]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=107–131 |doi=10.1017/S1743923X16000684 |date=March 2017 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/894500 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deborda.org/ The De Borda Institute] A Northern Ireland-based organisation promoting inclusive voting procedures
* [https://electiondistrictsvoting.com/ Election districts voting] improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote, and single-transferable-vote voters
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824230201/http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/index.php Electoral Reform Society] founded in England in 1884, the longest running PR organization. Contains good information about [[single transferable vote]]{{snd}} the Society's preferred form of PR
* [http://www.prsa.org.au/ Proportional Representation Society of Australia]
* [http://www.proportional-representation.org/ Why Not Proportional Representation?]
* [http://lawiscool.com/2007/07/29/vote-dilution-means-minorities-have-less-voice Vote Dilution means Voters have Less Voice] Law is Cool site
* [http://theglottalstop.wordpress.com/debate/ Proportional Representation and British Democracy] Debate on British electoral system reform
* [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996 Australia's Upper Houses{{snd}}ABC Rear Vision] A podcast about the development of Australia's upper houses into STV proportional representation elected chambers.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Proportional representation electoral systems| ]]

Goa cricket team

2026-03-19T18:59:52Z

James: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Goa cricket team
| image = GoaCricketAssociationLogo.png
| captain = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] (FC) [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] (LA) [[Deepraj Gaonkar]] (T20)
| coach = [[Dinesh Mongia]]
| founded = 1985
| ground = [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium]], [[Margao]]
| capacity = 5,000
| ground2 = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| capacity2 =
| owner = [[Goa Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| first_fc_year = 1985
| first_fc_venue = [[Railway Stadium, Vasco da Gama]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Irani Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website =
}}

The '''Goa cricket team''' is [[first-class cricket]] team based in [[Goa]], [[India]], has competed in the [[Ranji Trophy]] since the 1985–86 season.

==Playing history==
Goa lost all five matches in their first season,<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1988, pp. 1142–44.</ref> and did not win until 1996–97, in their 56th match, when they defeated [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] by an innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goa v Karnataka 1996–97 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/GOA_KNTKA_RJI-S_25-28OCT1996.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

Goa's best ever performance came in the [[2013–14 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] where they finished 3rd. They missed out on the finals due to [[Net Run Rate]]. Goa fell short by roughly two balls. Needing to chase the total in 14.4 overs to lift their net run rate, they needed 4 runs to win after 14.3 overs. Goa lost wickets in the next two deliveries and scored a four by 14.6 overs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat vs Goa Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2014|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2013-14-671083/goa-vs-gujarat-super-league-group-a-730955/full-scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Goa captain [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] and [[Sagun Kamat]] were the second and third highest run scorers of the tournament respectively. [[Harshad Gadekar]] finished as the second highest wicket taker of the tournament.

== Venues ==
Goa's home grounds are the [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium]], [[Margao]], and the [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]].

=== International venues ===
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! |First used !! |Last used !! [[First-class cricket|F/C]] !! [[List A cricket|LA]] !! [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]] !! Notes
|-
| [[Fatorda Stadium]] || [[Margao]] || [[Goa]] || 1989 || 2010 || 1 || 10 || 0 || Hosted nine ODIs.
|-
|}

=== Domestic venues ===
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! |First used !! |Last used !! [[First-class cricket|F/C]] !! [[List A cricket|LA]] !! [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]] !! Notes
|-

| [[Arlem Breweries Ground]] || [[Margao]] || [[Goa]] || 1986 || 2005 || 12 || 9 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Dr R Prasad Stadium|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium]] || [[Margao]] || [[Goa]] || 1968 || 2013 || 21 || 14 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Bhausaheb Bandodkar Ground]] || [[Panaji]] || [[Goa]] || 1986 || 2006 || 26 || 16 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]] || [[Porvorim]] || [[Goa]] || 2010 || 2015 || 15 || 5 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Railway Stadium, Vasco da Gama|Railway Stadium (Vasco da Gama)]] || [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] || [[Goa]] || 1985 || 1985 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|}

== Current squad ==
{{main article|List of Goa cricketers}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || || '''List A Captain'''
|-
| Abhinav Tejrana || {{birth date and age|2000|12|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Snehal Kauthankar]] || {{birth date and age|1995|10|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''First-class Captain'''
|-
| Kashyap Bakhale || {{birth date and age|1998|8|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Manthan Khutkar || {{birth date and age|1999|5|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Ishaan Gadekar]] || {{birth date and age|1997|8|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Azaan Thota || {{birth date and age|2002|1|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer) | Lalit Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Darshan Misal]] || {{birth date and age|1992|09|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Deepraj Gaonkar]] || {{birth date and age|1998|4|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || '''Twenty20 Captain'''
|-
| Vikas Singh || {{birth date and age|1999|10|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Amulya Pandrekar]] || {{birth date and age|1996|3|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Rajashekhar Harikant]] || {{birth date and age|1990|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Samar Dubhashi]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| Mohit Redkar || {{birth date and age|2000|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Shubham Desai]] || {{birth date and age|1996|2|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Fast Bowlers
|-
| [[Vasuki Koushik]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{birth date and age|1999|9|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Shubham Tari || {{birth date and age|2001|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Heramb Parab]] || {{birth date and age|1998|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Samit Mishra || {{birth date and age|1999|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 February 2026''

== Coaching staff ==
* Head Coach – [[Prakash Mayekar]]
* Under-19s Coach – [[Vinod Dhamasker]]
* Ranji Physio – Danny Pereira
* Ranji Trainers – Prabhakar Bairgond

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/120/120.html Goa] at CricketArchive
*[http://goacricketassociation.co.in/ Goa Cricket Association website]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Goa]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1985]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

List of India Test cricketers

2026-03-18T01:47:44Z

James: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the men's cricketers|the women's cricketers|List of India women Test cricketers}}
{{see also|Indian national cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg|thumbnail|A Test match being played between India and Pakistan at [[M.Chinnaswamy Stadium]], Bengaluru, India in 2007]]
This is a '''list of Indian Test cricketers'''. A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two of the leading cricketing nations. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his Test cap. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same Test match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

==Players==
Statistics are correct as of 26 November 2025.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=1 List of India Test Cricketers]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |title=India – Test Batting Averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |title=India – Test Bowling Averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable" | Indian Test cricketers
! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable" | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable" | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
|-
! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]]
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Last
! scope="col" | Mat
! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope="col" |HS
! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100/50]]
! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]]
! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]]
! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]]
! scope="col" |5/10 wicket
! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]]
! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]]
|-
|1||[[ Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]]||1932||1936||7||292||51||22.46||0/1||28||7/86||30.64||2/0||3||0
|-
|2||[[Sorabji Colah]]||1932||1933||2||69||31||17.25||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||0
|-
|3||[[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]]||1932||1936||4||39||13||5.57||0/0||4||4/60||63.75||0/0||4||0
|-
|4||[[Lall Singh]]||1932||1932||1||44||29||22.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|5||[[Naoomal Jeoomal]]||1932||1934||3||108||43||27.00||0/0||2||1/4||34.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|6||[[Janardan Navle]]||1932||1933||2||42||13||10.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|7||[[C. K. Nayudu]]||1932||1936||7||350||81||25.00||0/2||9||3/40||42.88||0/0||4||0
|-
|8||[[Nazir Ali (cricketer)|Nazir Ali]]||1932||1934||2||30||13||7.50||0/0||4||4/83||20.75||0/0||0||0
|-
|9||[[Mohammad Nissar]]||1932||1936||6||55||14||6.87||0/0||25||5/90||28.28||3/0||2||0
|-
|10||[[Phiroze Palia]]||1932||1936||2||29||16||9.66||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|11||[[Wazir Ali]]||1932||1936||7||237||42||16.92||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|12||[[Lala Amarnath]]||1933||1952||24||878||118||24.38||1/4||45||5/96||32.91||2/0||13||0
|-
|13||[[L. P. Jai]]||1933||1933||1||19||19||9.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|14||[[Rustomji Jamshedji]]||1933||1933||1||5||4*||-||0/0||3||3/137||45.66||0/0||2||0
|-
|15||[[Vijay Merchant]]||1933||1951||10||859||154||47.72||3/3||0||-||-||0/0||7||0
|-
|16||[[Ladha Ramji]]||1933||1933||1||1||1||0.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|17||[[Dilawar Hussain (cricketer)|Dilawar Hussain]]||1934||1936||3||254||59||42.33||0/3||-||-||-||-/-||6||1
|-
|18||[[M. J. Gopalan]]||1934||1934||1||18||11*||18.00||0/0||1||1/39||39.00||0/0||3||0
|-
|19||[[Mushtaq Ali]]||1934||1952||11||612||112||32.21||2/3||3||1/45||67.33||0/0||7||0
|-
|20||[[C. S. Nayudu]]||1934||1952||11||147||36||9.18||0/0||2||1/19||179.50||0/0||3||0
|-
|21||[[Yadavindra Singh]]||1934||1934||1||84||60||42.00||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||2||0
|-
|22||[[Dattaram Hindlekar]]||1936||1946||4||71||26||14.20||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||3||0
|-
|23||[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram|Vijay Ananda Gajapathi Raju]]||1936||1936||3||33||19*||8.25||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|24||[[Khershed Meherhomji]]||1936||1936||1||0||0*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|25||[[Cotah Ramaswami]]||1936||1936||2||170||60||56.66||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|26||[[Baqa Jilani]]||1936||1936||1||16||12||16.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|27||[[Gul Mohammad]]{{efn|name=Gul|[[Gul Mohammad]]'s name is sometimes recorded as [[Gul Mahomed]].}}||1946||1952||8{{efn|name=Pakistan|[[Amir Elahi]], [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]] and [[Gul Mohammad]] also played for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]]. Only their records for [[Indian cricket team|India]] are listed here.}}||166||34||11.06||0/0||2||2/21||12.00||0/0||3||0
|-
|28||[[Vijay Hazare]]||1946||1953||30||2192||164*||47.65||7/9||20||4/29||61.00||0/0||11||0
|-
|29||[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]]{{efn|name=Kardar|[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]] played cricket for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] under the name [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]].}}||1946||1946||3{{efn|name=Pakistan}}||80||43||16.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|30||[[Vinoo Mankad]]||1946||1959||44||2109||231||31.47||5/6||162||8/52||32.32||8/2||33||0
|-
|31||[[Rusi Modi]]||1946||1952||10||736||112||46.00||1/6||0||-||-||0/0||3||0
|-
|32||[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]]||1946||1946 ||3{{efn|name=Pataudi|[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]] also played for [[English cricket team|England]]. Only his records for [[Indian cricket team|India]] are listed here.}}||55||22||11.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|33||[[Sadashiv Shinde]]||1946||1952||7||85||14||14.16||0/0||12||6/91||59.75||1/0||0||0
|-
|34||[[Chandu Sarwate]]||1946||1951||9||208||37||13.00||0/0||3||1/16||124.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|35||[[Ranga Sohoni]]||1946||1951||4||83||29*||16.60||0/0||2||1/16||101.00||0/0||2||0
|-
|36||[[Hemu Adhikari]]||1947||1959||21||872||114*||31.14||1/4||3||3/68||27.33||0/0||8||0
|-
|37||[[Jenni Irani]]||1947||1947||2||3||2*||3.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||1
|-
|38||[[Gogumal Kishenchand]]||1947||1952||5||89||44||8.90||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|39||[[Khandu Rangnekar]]||1947||1948||3||33||18||5.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|40||[[Amir Elahi]]||1947||1947||1{{efn|name=Pakistan}}||17||13||8.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|41||[[Dattu Phadkar]]||1947||1959||31||1229||123||32.34||2/8||62||7/159||36.85||3/0||21||0
|-
|42||[[Kanwar Rai Singh]]||1948||1948||1||26||24||13.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|43||[[Probir Sen]]||1948||1952||14||165||25||11.78||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||20||11
|-
|44||[[C. R. Rangachari]]||1948||1948||4||8||8*||2.66||0/0||9||5/107||54.77||1/0||0||0
|-
|45||[[Khanmohammad Ibrahim]]||1948||1949||4||169||85||21.12||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|46||[[Keki Tarapore]]||1948||1948||1||2||2||2.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|47||[[Polly Umrigar]]||1948||1962||59||3631||223||42.22||12/14||35||6/74||42.08||2/0||33||0
|-
|48||[[Montu Banerjee]]||1949||1949||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||5||4/120||36.20||0/0||3||0
|-
|49||[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]]||1949||1959||22||192||50||8.72||0/1||68||7/49||30.17||4/1||11||0
|-
|50||[[Nirode Chowdhury]]||1949||1951||2||3||3*||3.00||0/0||1||1/130||205.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|51||[[Madhusudan Rege]]||1949||1949||1||15||15||7.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|52||[[Shute Banerjee]]||1949||1949||1||13||8||6.50||0/0||5||4/54||25.40||0/0||0||0
|-
|53||[[Nana Joshi]]||1951||1960||12||207||52*||10.89||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||18||9
|-
|54||[[Pankaj Roy]]||1951||1960||43||2442||173||32.56||5/9||1||1/6||66.00||0/0||16||0
|-
|55||[[C. D. Gopinath]]||1951||1960||8||242||50*||22.00||0/1||1||1/11||11.00||0/0||2||0
|-
|56||[[Madhav Mantri]]||1951||1955||4||67||39||9.57||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||8||1
|-
|57||[[Buck Divecha]]||1952||1952||5||60||26||12.00||0/0||11||3/102||32.81||0/0||5||0
|-
|58||[[Subhash Gupte]]||1952||1961||36||183||21||6.31||0/0||149||9/102||29.55||12/1||14||0
|-
|59||[[Vijay Manjrekar]]||1952||1965||55||3208||189* ||39.12||7/15||1||1/16||44.00||0/0||19||2
|-
|60||[[Datta Gaekwad]]||1952||1961||11||350||52||18.42||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||5||0
|-
|61||[[Gulabrai Ramchand]]||1952||1960||33||1180||109||24.58||2/5||41||6/49||46.31||1/0||20||0
|-
|62||[[Hiralal Gaekwad]]||1952||1952||1||22||14||11.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|63||[[Shah Nyalchand]]||1952||1952||1||7||6*||7.00||0/0||3||3/97||32.33||0/0||0||0
|-
|64||[[Madhav Apte]]||1952||1953||7||542||163* ||49.27||1/3||0||-||-||0/0||2||0
|-
|65||[[Bal Dani]]||1952||1952||1||-||-||-||-/-||1||1/9||19.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|66||[[Vijay Rajindernath]]||1952||1952||1||-||-||-||-/-||-||-||-||-/-||0||4
|-
|67||[[Ebrahim Maka]]||1952||1953||2||2||2*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||1
|-
|68||[[Deepak Shodhan]]||1952||1953||3||181||110||60.33||1/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|69||[[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]]||1953||1955||6||129||50*||21.50||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||6||0
|-
|70||[[Jayasinghrao Ghorpade]]||1953||1959||8||229||41||15.26||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||4||0
|-
|71||[[Pananmal Punjabi]]||1955||1955||5||164||33||16.40||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||5||0
|-
|72||[[Naren Tamhane]]||1955||1961||21||225||54*||10.22||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||35||16
|-
|73||[[Prakash Bhandari]]||1955||1956||3||77||39||19.25||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|74||[[Jasu Patel]]||1955||1960||7||25||12||2.77||0/0||29||9/69||21.96||2/1||2||0
|-
|75||[[A. G. Kripal Singh]]||1955||1964||14||422||100*||28.13||1/2||10||3/43||58.40||0/0||4||0
|-
|76||[[Narain Swamy]]||1955||1955||1||-||-||-||-/-||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|77||[[Nari Contractor]]||1955||1962||31||1611||108||31.58||1/11||1||1/9||80.00||0/0||18||0
|-
|78||[[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]]||1955||1964||8||329||62||25.30||0/2||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|79||[[Sadashiv Patil]]||1955||1955||1||14||14*||-||0/0||2||1/15||25.50||0/0||1||0
|-
|80||[[Bapu Nadkarni]]||1955||1968||41||1414||122*||25.70||1/7||88||6/43||29.07||4/1||22||0
|-
|81||[[Gundibail Sunderam]]||1955||1956||2||3||3*||-||0/0||3||2/46||55.33||0/0||0||0
|-
|82||[[Chandrakant Patankar]]||1956||1956||1||14||13||14.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||3||1
|-
|83||[[Chandu Borde]]||1958||1969||55||3061||177*||35.59||5/18||52||5/88||46.48||1/0||37||0
|-
|84||[[Ghulam Guard]]||1958||1960||2||11||7||5.50||0/0||3||2/69||60.66||0/0||2||0
|-
|85||[[Manohar Hardikar]]||1958||1958||2||56||32*||18.66||0/0||1||1/9||55.00||0/0||3||0
|-
|86||[[Vasant Ranjane]]||1958||1964||7||40||16||6.66||0/0||19||4/72||34.15||0/0||1||0
|-
|87||[[Ramnath Kenny]]||1959||1960||5||245||62||27.22||0/3||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|88||[[Surendranath (cricketer)|Surendranath]]||1959||1961||11||136||27||10.46||0/0||26||5/75||40.50||2/0||4||0
|-
|89||[[Apoorva Sengupta]]||1959||1959||1||9||8||4.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|90||[[Ramakant Desai]]||1959||1968||28||418||85||13.48||0/1||74||6/56||37.31||2/0||9||0
|-
|91||[[M. L. Jaisimha]]||1959||1971||39||2056||129||30.68||3/12||9||2/54||92.11||0/0||17||0
|-
|92||[[Arvind Apte]]||1959||1959||1||15||8||7.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|93||[[Abbas Ali Baig]]||1959||1967||10||428||112||23.77||1/2||0||-||-||0/0||6||0
|-
|94||[[V. M. Muddiah]]||1959||1960||2||11||11||5.50||0/0||3||2/40||44.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|95||[[Salim Durani]]||1960||1973||29||1202||104||25.04||1/7||75||6/73||35.42||3/1||14||0
|-
|96||[[Budhi Kunderan]]||1960||1967||18||981||192||32.70||2/3||0||-||-||0/0||23||7
|-
|97||[[A. G. Milkha Singh]]||1960||1961||4||92||35||15.33||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||2||0
|-
|98||[[Man Sood]]||1960||1960||1||3||3||1.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|99||[[Rusi Surti]]||1960||1969||26||1263||99||28.70||0/9||42||5/74||46.71||1/0||26||0
|-
|100||[[Baloo Gupte]]||1961||1965||3||28||17*||28.00||0/0||3||1/54||116.33||0/0||0||0
|-
|101||[[Vaman Kumar]]||1961||1961||2||6||6||3.00||0/0||7||5/64||28.85||1/0||2||0
|-
|102||[[Farokh Engineer]]||1961||1975||46||2611||121||31.08||2/16||-||-||-||-/-||66||16
|-
|103||[[Dilip Sardesai]]||1961||1972||30||2001||212||39.23||5/9||0||-||-||0/0||4||0
|-
|104||[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]]||1961||1975||46||2793||203*||34.91||6/16||1||1/10||88.00||0/0||27||0
|-
|105||[[E. A. S. Prasanna]]||1962||1978||49||735||37||11.48||0/0||189||8/76||30.38||10/2||18||0
|-
|106||[[B. S. Chandrasekhar]]||1964||1979||58||167||22||4.07||0/0||242||8/79||29.74||16/2||25||0
|-
|107||[[Rajinder Pal]]||1964||1964||1||6||3*||6.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|108||[[Hanumant Singh]]||1964||1969||14||686||105||31.18||1/5||0||-||-||0/0||11||0
|-
|109||[[Kumar Indrajitsinhji]]||1964||1969||4||51||23||8.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||6||3
|-
|110||[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]]||1965||1983||57||748||64||11.68||0/2||156||8/72||36.11||3/1||44||0
|-
|111||[[Venkataraman Subramanya]]||1965||1968||9||263||75||18.78||0/2||3||2/32||67.00||0/0||9||0
|-
|112||[[Ajit Wadekar]]||1966||1974||37||2113||143||31.07||1/14||0||-||-||0/0||46||0
|-
|113||[[Bishan Singh Bedi]]||1967||1979||67||656||50*||8.98||0/1||266||7/98||28.71||14/1||26||0
|-
|114||[[Subrata Guha]]||1967||1969||4||17||6||3.40||0/0||3||2/55||103.66||0/0||2||0
|-
|115||[[Ramesh Saxena]]||1967||1967||1||25||16||12.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|116||[[Syed Abid Ali|Abid Ali]]||1967||1974||29||1018||81||20.36||0/6||47||6/55||42.12||1/0||32||0
|-
|117||[[Umesh Kulkarni (cricketer)|Umesh Kulkarni]]||1967||1968||4||13||7||4.33||0/0||5||2/37||47.60||0/0||0||0
|-
|118||[[Chetan Chauhan]]||1969||1981||40||2084||97||31.57||0/16||2||1/4||53.00||0/0||38||0
|-
|119||[[Ashok Mankad]]||1969||1978||22||991||97||25.41||0/6||0||-||-||0/0||12||0
|-
|120||[[Ajit Pai (cricketer)|Ajit Pai]]||1969||1969||1||10||9||5.00||0/0||2||2/29||15.50||0/0||0||0
|-
|121||[[Ambar Roy]]||1969||1969||4||91||48||13.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|122||[[Ashok Gandotra]]||1969||1969||2||54||18||13.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|123||[[Eknath Solkar]]||1969||1977||27||1068||102||25.42||1/6||18||3/28||59.44||0/0||53||0
|-
|124||[[Gundappa Viswanath]]||1969||1983||91||6080||222||41.93||14/35||1||1/11||46.00||0/0||63||0
|-
|125||[[Mohinder Amarnath]]||1969||1988||69||4378||138||42.50||11/24||32||4/63||55.68||0/0||47||0
|-
|126||[[Kenia Jayantilal]]||1971||1971||1||5||5||5.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|127||[[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]]||1971||1971||5||33||20||5.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||7||1
|-
|128||[[Sunil Gavaskar]]||1971||1987||125||10122||236*||51.12||34/45||1||1/34||206.00||0/0||108||0
|-
|129||[[Ramnath Parkar]]||1972||1973||2||80||35||20.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|130||[[Madan Lal]]||1974||1986||39||1042||74||22.65||0/5||71||5/23||40.08||4/0||15||0
|-
|131||[[Brijesh Patel]]||1974||1977||21||972||115*||29.45||1/5||-||-||-||-/-||17||0
|-
|132||[[Sudhir Naik]]||1974||1975||3||141||77||23.50||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|133||[[Hemant Kanitkar]]||1974||1974||2||111||65||27.75||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|134||[[Parthasarathy Sharma]]||1974||1977||5||187||54||18.70||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|135||[[Anshuman Gaekwad]]||1975||1985||40||1985||201||30.07||2/10||2||1/4||93.50||0/0||15||0
|-
|136||[[Karsan Ghavri]]||1975||1981||39||913||86||21.23||0/2||109||5/33||33.54||4/0||16||0
|-
|137||[[Surinder Amarnath]]||1976||1978||10||550||124||30.55||1/3||1||1/5||5.00||0/0||4||0
|-
|138||[[Syed Kirmani]]||1976||1986||88||2759||102||27.04||2/12||1||1/9||13.00||0/0||160||38
|-
|139||[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]||1976||1992||116||6868||166||42.13||17/35||0||-||-||0/0||78||0
|-
|140||[[Yajurvindra Singh]]||1977||1979||4||109||43*||18.16||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||11||0
|-
|141||[[Kapil Dev]]||1978||1994||131||5248||163||31.05||8/27||434||9/83||29.64||23/2||64||0
|-
|142||[[M. V. Narasimha Rao]]||1979||1979||4||46||20*||9.20||0/0||3||2/46||75.66||0/0||8||0
|-
|143||[[Dhiraj Parsana]]||1979||1979||2||1||1||0.50||0/0||1||1/32||50.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|144||[[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]]||1979||1979||4||38||21||9.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||9||2
|-
|145||[[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]]||1979||1983||37||1606||140||33.45||2/9||1||1/6||17.00||0/0||16||0
|-
|146||[[Dilip Doshi]]||1979||1983||33||129||20||4.60||0/0||114||6/102||30.71||6/0||10||0
|-
|147||[[Shivlal Yadav]]||1979||1987||35||403||43||14.39||0/0||102||5/76||35.09||3/0||10||0
|-
|148||[[Roger Binny]]||1979||1987||27||830||83*||23.05||0/5||47||6/56||32.63||2/0||11||0
|-
|149||[[Sandeep Patil]]||1980||1984||29||1588||174||36.93||4/7||9||2/28||26.66||0/0||12||0
|-
|150||[[Kirti Azad]]||1981||1983||7||135||24||11.25||0/0||3||2/84||124.33||0/0||3||0
|-
|151||[[Ravi Shastri]]||1981||1992||80||3830||206||35.79||11/12||151||5/75||40.96||2/0||36||0
|-
|152||[[Yograj Singh]]||1981||1981||1||10||6||5.00||0/0||1||1/63||63.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|153||[[T. E. Srinivasan]]||1981||1981||1||48||29||24.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|154||[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]||1981||1992||43||2062||123||29.88||2/12||0||-||-||0/0||40||0
|-
|155||[[Ashok Malhotra]]||1982||1985||7||226||72*||25.11||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||2||0
|-
|156||[[Pranab Roy]]||1982||1982||2||71||60*||35.50||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|157||[[Ghulam Parkar]]||1982||1982||1||7||6||3.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|158||[[Suru Nayak]]||1982||1982||2||19||11||9.50||0/0||1||1/16||132.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|159||[[Arun Lal]]||1982||1989||16||729||93||26.03||0/6||0||-||-||0/0||13||0
|-
|160||[[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|Rakesh Shukla]]||1982||1982||1||-||-||-||-/-||2||2/82||76.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|161||[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]||1982||1993||35||99||15||3.80||0/0||88||7/27||37.36||3/2||9||0
|-
|162||[[Balwinder Sandhu]]||1983||1983||8||214||71||30.57||0/2||10||3/87||55.70||0/0||1||0
|-
|163||[[T. A. Sekhar]]||1983||1983||2||0||0*||-||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|164||[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]]||1983||1986||9||130||25||16.25||0/0||26||6/64||44.03||3/1||9||0
|-
|165||[[Raghuram Bhat]]||1983||1983||2||6||6||3.00||0/0||4||2/65||37.75||0/0||0||0
|-
|166||[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]||1983||1999||51||3202||201||42.13||9/15||0||-||-||0/0||9||0
|-
|167||[[Chetan Sharma]]||1984||1989||23||396||54||22.00||0/1||61||6/58||35.45||4/1||7||0
|-
|168||[[Manoj Prabhakar]]||1984||1995||39||1600||120||32.65||1/9||96||6/132||37.30||3/0||20||0
|-
|169||[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]||1985||2000||99||6215||199||45.03||22/21||0||-||-||0/0||105||0
|-
|170||[[Gopal Sharma]]||1985||1990||5||11||10*||3.66||0/0||10||4/88||41.80||0/0||2||0
|-
|171||[[Lalchand Rajput]]||1985||1985||2||105||61||26.25||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|172||[[Sadanand Viswanath]]||1985||1985||3||31||20||6.20||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||11||0
|-
|173||[[Kiran More]]||1986||1993||49||1285||73||25.70||0/7||0||-||-||0/0||110||20
|-
|174||[[Chandrakant Pandit]]||1986||1992||5||171||39||24.42||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||14||2
|-
|175||[[Raju Kulkarni]]||1986||1987||3||2||2||1.00||0/0||5||3/85||45.40||0/0||1||0
|-
|176||[[Bharat Arun]]||1986||1987||2||4||2*||4.00||0/0||4||3/76||29.00||0/0||2||0
|-
|177||[[Raman Lamba]]||1986||1987||4||102||53||20.40||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||5||0
|-
|178||[[Arshad Ayub]]||1987||1989||13||257||57||17.13||0/1||41||5/50||35.07||3/0||2||0
|-
|179||[[Sanjay Manjrekar]]||1987||1996||37||2043||218||37.14||4/9||0||-||-||0/0||25||1
|-
|180||[[Narendra Hirwani]]||1988||1996||17||54||17||5.40||0/0||66||8/61||30.10||4/1||5||0
|-
|181||[[Woorkeri Raman]]||1988||1997||11||448||96||24.88||0/4||2||1/7||64.50||0/0||6||0
|-
|182||[[Ajay Sharma]]||1988||1988||1||53||30||26.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|183||[[Rashid Patel]]||1988||1988||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0
|-
|184||[[Sanjeev Sharma]]||1988||1990||2||56||38||28.00||0/0||6||3/37||41.16||0/0||1||0
|-
|185||[[M. Venkataramana]]||1989||1989||1||0||0*||-||0/0||1||1/10||58.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|186||[[Salil Ankola]]||1989||1989||1||6||6||6.00||0/0||2||1/35||64.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|187||[[Sachin Tendulkar]]||1989||2013||200||15921||248*||53.86||51/68||45||3/10||54.64||0/0||115||0
|-
|188||[[Vivek Razdan]]||1989||1989||2||6||6*||6.00||0/0||5||5/79||28.20||1/0||0||0
|-
|189||[[Venkatapathy Raju]]||1990||2001||28||240||31||10.00||0/0||93||6/12||30.72||5/1||6||0
|-
|190||[[Atul Wassan]]||1990||1990||4||94||53||23.50||0/1||10||4/108||50.40||0/0||1||0
|-
|191||[[Gursharan Singh]]||1990||1990||1||18||18||18.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||0
|-
|192||[[Anil Kumble]]||1990||2008||132||2506||110*||17.77||1/5||619||10/74||29.65||35/8||60||0
|-
|193||[[Javagal Srinath]]||1991||2002||67||1009||76||14.21||0/4||236||8/86||30.49||10/1||22||0
|-
|194||[[Subroto Banerjee]]||1992||1992||1||3||3||3.00||0/0||3||3/47||15.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|195||[[Pravin Amre]]||1992||1993||11||425||103||42.50||1/3||-||-||-||-/-||9||0
|-
|196||[[Ajay Jadeja]]||1992||2000||15||576||96||26.18||0/4||-||-||-||-/-||5||0
|-
|197||[[Rajesh Chauhan]]||1993||1998||21||98||23||7.00||0/0||47||4/48||39.51||0/0||12||0
|-
|198||[[Vinod Kambli]]||1993||1995||17||1084||227||54.20||4/3||-||-||-||-/-||7||0
|-
|199||[[Vijay Yadav (cricketer)|Vijay Yadav]]||1993||1993||1||30||30||30.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||2
|-
|200||[[Nayan Mongia]]||1994||2001||44||1442||152||24.03||1/6||-||-||-||-/-||99||8
|-
|201||[[Aashish Kapoor]]||1994||1996||4||97||42||19.40||0/0||6||2/19||42.50||0/0||1||0
|-
|202||[[Sunil Joshi]]||1996||2000||15||352||92||20.70||0/1||41||5/142||35.85||1/0||7||0
|-
|203||[[Paras Mhambrey]]||1996||1996||2||58||28||29.00||0/0||2||1/43||74.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|204||[[Venkatesh Prasad]]||1996||2001||33||203||30*||7.51||0/0||96||6/33||35.00||7/1||6||0
|-
|205||[[Vikram Rathour]]||1996||1997||6||131||44||13.10||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||12||0
|-
|206||[[Sourav Ganguly]]||1996||2008||113||7212||239||42.17||16/35||32||3/28||52.53||0/0||71||0
|-
|207||[[Rahul Dravid]]||1996||2012||163{{efn|name=WorldXI|[[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] also played for [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only their records for [[Indian cricket team|India]] are listed here.}}||13265||270||52.63||36/63||1||1/18||39.00||0/0||209||0
|-
|208||[[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]||1996||1996||2||8||5||4.00||0/0||3||2/52||47.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|209||[[V. V. S. Laxman]]||1996||2012||134||8781||281||45.97||17/56||2||1/2||63.00||0/0||135||0
|-
|210||[[Dodda Ganesh]]||1997||1997||4||25||8||6.25||0/0||5||2/28||57.40||0/0||0||0
|-
|211||[[Abey Kuruvilla]]||1997||1997||10||66||35*||6.60||0/0||25||5/68||35.68||1/0||0||0
|-
|212||[[Nilesh Kulkarni]]||1997||2001||3||5||4||5.00||0/0||2||1/70||166.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|213||[[Debashish Mohanty]]||1997||1997||2||0||0*||-||0/0||4||4/78||59.75||0/0||0||0
|-
|215||[[Harbhajan Singh]]||1998||2015||103||2224||115||18.22||2/9||417||8/84||32.46||25/5||42||0
|-
|214||[[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]]||1998||2001||3||6||6||2.00||0/0||4||2/62||46.25||0/0||0||0
|-
|216||[[Ajit Agarkar]]||1998||2006||26||571||109*||16.79||1/0||58||6/41||47.32||1/0||6||0
|-
|217||[[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]]||1998||1998||1||27||15||13.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||5||0
|-
|218||[[Robin Singh, Jr.]]||1999||1999||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||3||2/74||58.66||0/0||1||0
|-
|219||[[Sadagoppan Ramesh]]||1999||2001||19||1367||143||37.97||2/8||0||-||-||0/0||18||0
|-
|220||[[Ashish Nehra]]||1999||2004||17||77||19||5.50||0/0||44||4/72||42.40||0/0||5||0
|-
|221||[[Devang Gandhi]]||1999||1999||4||204||88||34.00||0/2||-||-||-||-/-||3||0
|-
|222||[[M. S. K. Prasad|MSK Prasad]]||1999||2000||6||106||19||11.77||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||15||0
|-
|223||[[Vijay Bharadwaj]]||1999||2000||3||28||22||9.33||0/0||1||1/26||107.00||0/0||3||0
|-
|224||[[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]||1999||2000||2||74||45||18.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|225||[[Wasim Jaffer]]||2000||2008||31||1944||212||34.10||5/11||2||2/18||9.00||0/0||27||0
|-
|226||[[Murali Kartik]]||2000||2004||8||88||43||9.77||0/0||24||4/44||34.16||0/0||2||0
|-
|227||[[Nikhil Chopra]]||2000||2000||1||7||4||3.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0
|-
|228||[[Mohammad Kaif]]||2000||2006||13||624||148*||32.84||1/3||0||-||-||0/0||14||0
|-
|229||[[Shiv Sunder Das]]||2000||2002||23||1326||110||34.89||2/9||0||-||-||0/0||34||0
|-
|230||[[Saba Karim]]||2000||2000||1||15||15||15.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0
|-
|231||[[Zaheer Khan]]||2000||2014||92||1231||75||11.95||0/3||311||7/87||32.94||10/1||19||0
|-
|232||[[Vijay Dahiya]]||2000||2000||2||2||2*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||6||0
|-
|233||[[Sarandeep Singh]]||2000||2002||3||43||39*||43.00||0/0||10||4/136||34.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|234||[[Rahul Sanghvi]]||2001||2001||1||2||2||1.00||0/0||2||2/67||39.00||0/0||0||0
|-
|235||[[Sairaj Bahutule]]||2001||2001||2||39||21*||13.00||0/0||3||1/32||67.66||0/0||1||0
|-
|236||[[Sameer Dighe]]||2001||2001||6||141||47||15.66||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||12||2
|-
|237||[[Hemang Badani]]||2001||2001||4||94||38||15.66||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||6||0
|-
|238||[[Deep Dasgupta]]||2001||2002||8||344||100||28.66||1/2||-||-||-||-/-||13||0
|-
|239||[[Virender Sehwag]]||2001||2013||103{{efn|name=WorldXI}}||8503||319||49.43||23/31||40||5/104||47.35||1/0||90||0
|-
|240||[[Sanjay Bangar]]||2001||2002||12||470||100*||29.37||1/3||7||2/23||49.00||0/0||4||0
|-
|241||[[Iqbal Siddiqui]]||2001||2001||1||29||24||29.00||0/0||1||1/32||48.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|242||[[Tinu Yohannan]]||2001||2002||3||13||8*||-||0/0||5||2/56||51.20||0/0||1||0
|-
|243||[[Ajay Ratra]]||2002||2002||6||163||115*||18.11||1/0||0||-||-||0/0||11||2
|-
|244||[[Parthiv Patel]]||2002||2018||25||934||71||31.13||0/6||-||-||-||-/-||62||10
|-
|245||[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]||2003||2005||8||51||31||5.66||0/0||27||5/76||37.18||1/0||1||0
|-
|246||[[Aakash Chopra]]||2003||2004||10||437||60||23.00||0/2||-||-||-||-/-||15||0
|-
|247||[[Yuvraj Singh]]||2003||2012||40||1900||169||33.92||3/11||9||2/9||60.77||0/0||31||0
|-
|248||[[Irfan Pathan]]||2003||2008||29||1105||102||31.57||1/6||100||7/59||32.26||7/2||8||0
|-
|249||[[Gautam Gambhir]]||2004||2016||58||4154||206||41.95||9/22||-||-||-||-/-||38||0
|-
|250||[[Dinesh Karthik]]||2004||2018||26||1025||129||25.00||1/7||-||-||-||-/-||57||6
|-
|251||[[MS Dhoni ]]||2005||2014||90||4876||224||38.09||6/33||0||-||- ||0/0||256||38
|-
|252||[[R. P. Singh]]||2006||2011||14||116||30||7.25||0/0||40||5/59||42.05||1/0||6||0
|-
|253||[[S. Sreesanth]]||2006||2011||27||281||35||10.40||0/0||87||5/40||37.59||3/0||5||0
|-
|254||[[Piyush Chawla]]||2006||2012||3||5||4||2.50||0/0||3||2/66||45.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|255||[[Munaf Patel]]||2006||2011||13||60||15*||7.50||0/0||35||4/25||38.54||0/0||6||0
|-
|256||[[V. R. V. Singh]]||2006||2007||5||47||29||11.75||0/0||8||3/48||53.37||0/0||1||0
|-
|257||[[Ramesh Powar]]||2007||2007||2||13||7||6.50||0/0||6||3/33||19.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|258||[[Ishant Sharma]]||2007||2021||105||785||57||8.26||0/1||311||7/74||32.40||11/1||23||0
|-
|259||[[Amit Mishra]]||2008||2016||22||648||84||21.60||0/4||76||5/71||35.72||1/0||8||0
|-
|260||[[Murali Vijay]]||2008||2018||61||3982||167||38.28||12/15||1||1/12||198.00||0/0||49||0
|-
|261||[[Pragyan Ojha]]||2009||2013||24||89||18*||17.80||0/0||113||6/47||30.27||7/1||10||0
|-
|262||[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]||2010||2010||2||63||56||21.00||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0
|-
|263||[[Wriddhiman Saha]]||2010||2021||40||1353||117||29.41||3/6||-||-||-||-/-||92||12
|-
|264||[[Abhimanyu Mithun]]||2010||2011||4||120||46||24.00||0/0||9||4/105||50.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|265||[[Suresh Raina]]||2010||2015||18||768||120||26.48||1/7||13||2/1||46.38||0/0||23||0
|-
|266||[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]||2010||2023||103||7195||206*||43.60||19/35||0||-||-||0/0||66||0
|-
|267||[[Jaydev Unadkat]]||2010||2023||4||36||14*||12.00||0/0||3||2/50||77.00||0/0||3||0
|-
|268{{efn|name=Kohli|[[Abhinav Mukund]], [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] all made their debut in the same match against the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011|West Indies in 2011]]. ESPNcricinfo lists their cap numbers alphabetically by surname, however their correct designated numbers are 268, 269 and 270, respectively.}}||[[Abhinav Mukund]]||2011||2017||7||320||81||22.85||0/2||-||-||-||0/0||6||0
|-
|269{{efn|name=Kohli}}||[[Virat Kohli]]||2011||2025||123||9230||254*||46.85||30/31||0||-||-||0/0||121||0
|-
|270{{efn|name=Kohli}}||[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]||2011||2011||6||149||40||14.90||0/0||27||5/106||25.81||1/0||2||0
|-
|271||[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]||2011||2024||106||3503||124||25.75||5/14||537||7/59||24.00||37/8||36||0
|-
|272||[[Umesh Yadav]]||2011||2023||57||460||31||11.21||0/0||170||6/88||30.95||3/1||19||0
|-
|273||[[Varun Aaron]]||2011||2015||9||35||9||3.88||0/0||18||3/97||52.61||0/0||1||0
|-
|274||[[Vinay Kumar]]||2012||2012||1||11||6||5.50||0/0||1||1/73||73||0/0||0||0
|-
|275||'''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]'''||2012||2025||89||4095||175*||38.27||6/28||348||7/42||25.11||15/3||49||0
|-
|276||[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]||2013||2018||21||552||63*||22.08||0/3||63||6/82||26.09||4/0||8||0
|-
|277||[[Shikhar Dhawan]]||2013||2018||34||2315||190||40.61||7/5||0||-||-||0/0||28||0
|-
|278||[[Ajinkya Rahane]]||2013||2023||85||5077||188||38.46||12/26||-||-||-||-/-||102||0
|-
|279||'''[[Mohammed Shami]]'''||2013||2023||64||750||56*||12.09||0/2||229||6/56||27.71||6/0||16||0
|-
|280||[[Rohit Sharma]]||2013||2024||67||4301||212||40.57||12/18||2||1/26||112.00||0/0||68||0
|-
|281||[[Stuart Binny]]||2014||2015||6||194||78||21.55||0/1||3||2/24||86.00||0/0||4||0
|-
|282||[[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]]||2014||2014||2||10||9||3.33||0/0||2||2/113||146.00||0/0||2||0
|-
|283||[[Karn Sharma]]||2014||2014||1||8||4*||8.00||0/0||4||2/95||59.50||0/0||0||0
|-
|284||'''[[KL Rahul]]'''||2014||2025||67||4053||199||35.86||11/20||-||-||-||-/-||85||0
|-
|285||[[Naman Ojha]]||2015||2015||1||56||35||28.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||4||1
|-
|286||[[Jayant Yadav]]||2016||2022||6||248||104||31.00||1/1||16||4/49||29.06||0/0||3||0
|-
|287||[[Karun Nair]]||2016||2025||10||579||303*||41.35||1/1||0||-||-||0/0||10||0
|-
|288||'''[[Kuldeep Yadav]]'''||2017||2025||17||225||40||11.84||0/0||76||5/40||22.42||4/0||5||0
|-
|289||[[Hardik Pandya]]||2017||2018||11||532||108||31.29||1/4||17||5/28||31.05||1/0||7||0
|-
|290||'''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]'''||2018||2025||52||348||34*||6.56||0/0||234||6/27||19.79||16/0||17||0
|-
|291||'''[[Rishabh Pant]]'''||2018||2025||49||3476||159*||42.91||8/18||-||-||-||-/-||160||16
|-
|292||[[Hanuma Vihari]]||2018||2022||16||839||111||33.56||1/5||5||3/37||36.00||0/0||4||0
|-
|293||[[Prithvi Shaw]]||2018||2020||5||339||134||42.37||1/2||-||-||-||-/-||2||0
|-
|294||[[Shardul Thakur]]||2018||2025||13||377||67||18.85||0/4||33||7/61||31.03||1/0||6||0
|-
|295||[[Mayank Agarwal]]||2018||2022||21||1488||243||41.33||4/6||-||-||-||-/-||14||0
|-
|296||[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]|| 2019||2021||2||1||1*||0.50||0/0||8||2/18||34.12||0/0||1||0
|-
|297||'''[[Shubman Gill]]'''|| 2020||2025||40||2843||269||43.07||10/8||0||-||-||-/-||30||0
|-
|298||'''[[Mohammed Siraj]]'''|| 2020||2025||45||154||16*||4.40||0/0||139||6/15||29.66||5/0||22||0
|-
|299||[[Navdeep Saini]]||2021||2021||2||8||5||4.00||0/0||4||2/54||43.00||0/0||1||0
|-
|300||[[T. Natarajan|Thangarasu Natarajan]]|| 2021||2021||1||1||1*||-||-/-||3||3/78||39.66||0/0||0||0
|-
|301||'''[[Washington Sundar]]'''|| 2021||2025||17||885||101*||42.14||1/5||36||7/59||32.97||1/1||6||0
|-
|302||'''[[Axar Patel]]'''|| 2021||2025||15||688||84||34.40||0/4||57||6/38||19.66||5/1||4||0
|-
|303||[[Shreyas Iyer]]|| 2021||2024||14||811||105||36.86||1/5||0||-||-||0/0||15||0
|-
|304||[[K.S. Bharat]]|| 2023||2024||7||221||44||20.09||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||18||1
|-
|305||[[Suryakumar Yadav]]|| 2023||2023||1||8||8||8.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||19||0
|-
|306||'''[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]'''|| 2023||2025||28||2511||214*||49.23||7/13||0||-||-||-/-||25||0
|-
|307||[[Ishan Kishan]]|| 2023||2023||2||78||52*||78.00||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||5||0
|-
|308||'''[[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]'''|| 2023||2024||3||0||0*||-||0/0||7||2/0||25.57||0/0||0||0
|-
|309||'''[[Prasidh Krishna]]'''|| 2023||2025||6||10||5*||2.00||0/0||22||4/62||34.36||0/0||0||0
|-
|310||[[Rajat Patidar]]||2024||2024||3||63||32||10.50||0/0||-||-||-||-||4||0
|-
|311||'''[[Sarfaraz_Khan_(cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]'''||2024||2024||6||371||150||37.10||0/3||-||-||-||-||3||0
|-
|312||'''[[Dhruv Jurel]]'''||2024||2025||9||459||125||35.30||1/1||-||-||-||-||17||2
|-
|313||'''[[Akash Deep]]'''||2024||2025||10||163||66||11.64||0/1||28||6/99||35.78||1/1||2||0
|-
|314||'''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]'''||2024||2024||2||90||65||30.00||0/1||-||-||-||-||2||0
|-
|315||'''[[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]'''||2024||2025||10||396||114||26.40||1/0||8||2/32||45.75||0/0||5||0
|-
|316||'''[[Harshit Rana]]'''||2024||2025||2||7||7||2.33||0/0||4||3/48||50.75||0/0||1||0
|-
|317||'''[[Sai Sudharsan]]'''||2025||2025||6||302||87||27.45||0/2||-||-||-||-/-||4||0
|-
|318||'''[[Anshul Kamboj]]'''||2025||2025||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||1||1/89||89.00||0/0||0||0
|}

==Captains==

{{main|Indian national cricket captains}}

Statistics are correct as of 26 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=1;id=6;type=team|title=List of captains|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" width=5%| S.No.
! scope="col" width=20%| Name
! scope="col" width=15%| Year
! scope="col" width=12%| Played
! scope="col" width=12%| Won
! scope="col" width=12%| Lost
! scope="col" width=12%| Drawn
! scope="col" width=12%| Win %
|-
| 1
| scope="row"| [[C. K. Nayudu]]
| 1932–1933
| 4
| 0
| 3
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2
| scope="row"| [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]]
| 1936
| 3
| 0
| 2
| 1
| 0
|-
| 3
| scope="row"| [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi, Sr.]]
| 1946
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 0
|-
| 4
| [[Lala Amarnath]]
| 1947–1952
| 15
| 2
| 6
| 7
|13.33
|-
| 5
| scope="row"| [[Vijay Hazare]]
| 1951–1952
| 14
| 1
| 5
| 8
| 7.14
|-
| 6
| scope="row"| [[Vinoo Mankad]]
| 1954–1959
| 6
| 0
| 1
| 5
| 0
|-
| 7
| scope="row"| [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]]
| 1955–1958
| 3
| 0
| 2
| 1
| 0
|-
| 8
| scope="row"| [[Polly Umrigar]]
| 1955–1958
| 8
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 25.00
|-
| 9
| scope="row"| [[Hemu Adhikari]]
| 1958
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| 10
| scope="row"| [[Datta Gaekwad]]
| 1959
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
|-
| 11
| scope="row"| [[Pankaj Roy]]
| 1959
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| 12
| scope="row"| [[Gulabrai Ramchand]]
| 1959
| 5
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 20.00
|-
| 13
| scope="row"| [[Nari Contractor]]
| 1960–1961
| 12
| 2
| 2
| 8
| 16.66
|-
| 14
| scope="row"| [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi, Jr.]]
| 1961–1974
| 40
| 9
| 19
| 12
| 22.50
|-
| 15
| scope="row"| [[Chandu Borde]]
| 1967
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| 16
| scope="row"| [[Ajit Wadekar]]
| 1970–1974
| 16
| 4
| 4
| 8
| 25.00
|-
| 17
| scope="row"| [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]]
| 1974–1979
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 3
| 0
|-
| 18
| scope="row"| [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| 1975–1984
| 47
| 9
| 8
| 30
| 19.14
|-
| 19
| scope="row"| [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]
| 1975–1978
| 22
| 6
| 11
| 5
| 27.27
|-
| 20
| scope="row"| [[Gundappa Viswanath]]
| 1979
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| 21
| scope="row"| [[Kapil Dev]]
| 1982–1986
| 34
| 4
| 7
| 23<ref name='tied'>Includes one Tied Test Match</ref>
| 11.70
|-
| 22
| scope="row"| [[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
| 1987–1989
| 10
| 2
| 5
| 3
| 20.00
|-
| 23
| scope="row"| [[Ravi Shastri]]
| 1987
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|-
| 24
| scope="row"| [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]
| 1989
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 0
|-
| 25
| scope="row"| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| 1989–1998
| 47
| 14
| 14
| 19
| 29.78
|-
| 26
| scope="row"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| 1996–1999
| 25
| 4
| 9
| 12
| 16.00
|-
| 27
| scope="row"| [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| 2000–2005
| 49
| 21
| 13
| 15
| 42.85
|-
| 28
| scope="row"| [[Rahul Dravid]]
| 2003–2007
| 25
| 8
| 6
| 11
| 32.00
|-
| 29
| scope="row"| [[Virender Sehwag]]
| 2005–2012
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 50.00
|-
| 30
| scope="row"| [[Anil Kumble]]
| 2007–2008
| 14
| 3
| 5
| 6
| 21.42
|-
| 31
| scope="row"| [[M. S. Dhoni]]
| 2007–2014
| 60
| 27
| 18
| 15
| 45.76
|-
| 32
| scope="row"| [[Virat Kohli]]
| 2014–2022
| 68
| 40
| 17
| 11
| 58.82
|-
| 33
| scope="row"| [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
| 2017–2021
| 6
| 4
| 0
| 2
| 66.66
|-
| 34
| scope="row"| [[KL Rahul]]
| 2022
| 3
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 66.66
|-
| 35
| scope="row"| [[Rohit Sharma]]
| 2022–2024
| 24
| 12
| 9
| 3
| 50.00
|-
|36
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|2022–2025
| 3
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 33.33
|-
|37
| scope="row"| [[Shubman Gill]]
| 2025- present
| 8
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 50.00
|-
|38
| scope="row"| [[Rishabh Pant]]
| 2025- present
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0.00
|}

==Shirt number history==
Since the [[2019 Ashes series]], there has been an introduction of names and numbers on all Test players' shirts in an effort to engage new fans and help identify the players.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/test-whites-names-numbers-australia-a-tim-paine-ashes-test-championship/2019-07-08 | title=New look revealed for Test shirts | publisher=cricket.com.au | date=8 July 2019 | access-date=5 November 2019 | author=Ferris, Sam }}</ref> This forms part of the inaugural [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]], a league competition between the top nine Test nations spread over a two-year period, culminating in a Final between the top two teams.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21006055/test-odi-leagues-approved-icc-board | title=Test, ODI leagues approved by ICC Board | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=13 October 2017 | access-date=30 July 2019 | author=Brettig, Daniel }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable";"
|-
! S/N
! Current
! Past
|-
| 1|| [[KL Rahul]] |||
|-
| 3|| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ||
|-
|4
|[[T. Natarajan|T Natarajan]]
|
|-
| 5|| [[Washington Sundar]] |||
|-
| 6|| [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ||
|-
| 7|| ||[[MS Dhoni]] (2005-2014)
|-

| 8|| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] ||

|-

| 10|| ||[[Sachin Tendulkar]](1999-2013)

|-
| 11|| [[Mohammad Shami]] ||
|-
| 12|| || [[Yuvraj Singh]] (2003–2012)
|-
| 14|| [[K. S. Bharat]]|| [[Mayank Agarwal]] (2019–2020)
|-
| 15|| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] ||
|-
| 16|| [[Dhruv Jurel]] || [[Mayank Agarwal]] (2020-2022)
|-
| 17|| [[Rishabh Pant]] ||
|-
| 18|| ||[[Virat Kohli]] (2011-2025)
|-
| 19|| [[Umesh Yadav]] ||
|-
| 20|| [[Axar Patel]] ||
|-
| 22|| [[Harshit Rana]] || [[Jayant Yadav]] (2016-2022)
|-
|23
|[[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Prasidh Krishna]]
|
|-
| 25|| [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] ||
|-
| 32|| [[Ishan Kishan]] ||
|-
|37|| [[Devdutt Padikkal]] ||
|-
|41
|[[Akash Deep]]
|[[Shreyas Iyer]] (2019-2023)
|-
| 45|| ||[[Rohit Sharma]] (2013-2024)
|-
| 49|| [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] ||
|-
|54
|[[Shardul Thakur]]
|
|-
|63
|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
|-
|64
| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Mohammed Siraj]]
|
|-
|77
|[[Shubman Gill]]
|
|-
|87
|[[Rajat Patidar]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|
|-
|96
|[[Shreyas Iyer]]
|[[Navdeep Saini]] (2021)
|-
|97
|[[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
|[[Ishant Sharma]] (2019-2021)
|-
|99
| ||[[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (2011-2024)
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|India Test cricketers}}
* [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=1 ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat]

{{Indians with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{International cricketers}}

[[Category:India Test cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian international cricketers|Test]]
[[Category:Lists of Test cricketers|India]]

Top Singer (TV series)

2026-03-14T16:54:14Z

James: page edit

{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Flowerstopsinger.jpg
| image_alt = Flowers Top Singer
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] [[Talent contest]]
| creator = Sindhu Sreedhar
| director =
| presenter = {{Unbulleted_list|'''Season 1:''' [[Meenakshi Anoop]] [[Esther Anil]]|'''Season 2:''' [[Meenakshi Anoop]] [[Meenakshi Anoop]]|'''Season 3:''' 
[[Meenakshi Anoop]] Manjadi Joby|'''Season 4:''' 
[[Sreya Jayadeep]] Koushik S Vinod}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* '''Season 1:'''
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
* [[M. Jayachandran]]
* [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* [[Vidhu Prathap]]}}
{{plainlist|
* '''Season 2:'''
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
* [[M. Jayachandran]]
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
* Binni Krishnakumar}}
{{plainlist|
* '''Season 3:'''
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
* [[Sharreth]]
* [[Rahul Raj]]
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* Binni Krishnakumar
* '''Season 4:'''
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
* [[Sharreth]]
* [[Nithya Mammen]]
* '''Season 5:'''
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
* [[Rimi Tomy]]
* [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
* Binni Krishnakumar}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 1000+
| list_episodes = List of Top Singer episodes
| location = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 60–120 minutes
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|09|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
| music =
| network = [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
}}

'''''Top Singer''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[reality television]] singing competition show broadcast on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]], created and directed by Sindhu Sreedhar. The show features 22 contestants, all under the age of 15. [[Esther Anil]] hosted the show for the first 49 episodes. After co-hosting the 50th episode with [[Meenakshi Anoop]], Meenakshi took over as the sole host. [[Nithya Mammen]], [[M. Jayachandran]](Season 1 and 2) and [[Sharreth]](Season 3 and 4) form the permanent judging panel, with guest musicians, singers or composers. Top Band is the orchestra of the show.

Flowers Top Singer season 1 successfully completed 500 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tka961VPeSQ|title=Flowers Top Singer | Musical Reality Show | Ep#500 ( Part – A )|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> [[Seethalakshmi Prakash]] from Kottayam won the title of "Top Singer" Season 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N4vRcNWoz0|title=Flowers Top Singer Grand Finale | Flowers|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Vaishnavy Panicker the 2nd runner up among top 8.
Rituraj and Ananya Dinesh were elected by the viewers as the most popular contestants. The second season of the show started in September 2020. Second season ended on September 9, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Singer 2 winner: Sreenandh Vinod lifts the trophy; receives a flat worth Rs. 50 lakhs as prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/top-singer-2-winner-sreenandh-vinod-lifts-the-trophy-receives-a-flat-worth-rs-50-lakhs-as-prize/articleshow/94102987.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> with Sreenath Vinod winning the "Top Singer" title. Ann Benson won second, and Akshith placed third.

== Contestants ==

(in the order of appearance for Final Audition )

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Season 1''' !! ! colspan="3" |'''Season 2'''
|-
! Name !! Place !! Final Audition !! Name !! Place !! Final Audition
|-
| Sivani B Sanjeev || [[Thalassery]] || Selected || Sreedev. P || [[Malappuram]] || Selected
|-
| Vaishnavy Panicker || [[Hyderabad]] || Selected || Asna. N || [[Kollam|Karunagappally]] || Selected from Priority list
|-
| Theertha Sathyan Kottaykkal || [[Malappuram]] || Selected || Seba. M || [[Thrissur]] || Eliminated from Priority list
|-
| Asna || [[Karunagappalli]] || Eliminated from Standby || Meghna Sumesh || [[Bangalore]] || Selected
|-
| Aishwarya || [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] || Eliminated from Standby || Hanoona Azees || [[Kannur]] || Selected
|-
| Koushik S Vinod || [[Kuttiady]] || Selected || Sarangi LR || [[Kollam]] || Eliminated from priority list
|-
| Jennifer Alice || [[Vypin]] || Selected || Bevan Biju || [[Kottayam]] || Selected
|-
| P Anand Bhairav Sharma || [[Kollam]] || Selected and Quit || Devana Sriya || [[Kozhikode|Perambra]] || Selected from priority list
|-
| [[Seethalakshmi Prakash]] || [[Changanassery]] || Selected || Abhirami || [[Ernakulam]] || Eliminated
|-
| Sreebhuvan R || [[Alathur]] || Selected || Krishnasree M Biju || [[Kozhikode]] || Selected
|-
| Nehal V Ranjith || [[Edappal]] || Selected || Sreenanda J || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Selected
|-
| Gowri Krishna || [[Pattom]] || Eliminated || Akshith K Ajith || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Selected from Priority list
|-
| Adarsh P Harish || [[Tirur]] || Eliminated from standby || Jermi Jinu || [[Idukki]] || Eliminated
|-
| Krishnadiya Ajith || [[Bangalore]] || Selected || Nima Thajudheen || [[Thrissur]] || Selected
|-
| Trisha K Sajeev || [[Thrissur]] || Eliminated from Standby || Abhiram A || [[Kollam]] || Eliminated from priority list
|-
| PK Suryanarayanan || [[Karunagappalli]] || Selected || Vaiga S Nikesh || [[Kannur]] || Selected
|-
| MN Hana Fathim || [[Karunagappalli]] || Eliminated from Standby || Devananda M S || [[Kozhikode]] || Selected
|-
| Sneha Johnson || [[Thrissur]] || Selected || Mythili Shyam || [[Ernakulam]] || Eliminated from priority list
|-
| Soorya Mahadevan Pillai || [[Trivandrum]] || Selected || Devna C K || [[Kannur]] || Selected
|-
| Neha Chavra || [[Ernakulam]] || Eliminated from standby || Rihana || [[Coimbatore]] || Eliminated
|-
| Kishnasree || [[Kozhikode]] || Eliminated from standby || Sanjay || [[Kottayam]] || Eliminated
|-
| Sreehari PV || [[North Paravur]] || Selected || Sera Robin || [[Ernakulam]] || Eliminated from Priority
|-
| Vaishnavy KV || [[Chottanikkara]] || Selected || Amritha Varshini || [[Kozhikode]] || Selected
|-
| Jaiden Philip || [[Ettumanoor]] || Selected || Sreenand Vinod || [[Kozhikode|Payyoli]] || Selected
|-
| Alenia Sebastian || [[Pala, Kerala]] || Selected || Theertha Subash || [[Palakkad]] || Selected
|-
| Devika Sumesh || [[Thrissur]] || Selected || Vanditha Vaidyamadham || [[Palakkad]] || Selected
|-
| Avantika Pramod || [[Vattiyoorkavu]] || Eliminated || Vaiga Lakshmi || [[Alappuzha]] || Selected
|-
| Thejus K || [[Irikkur]] || Selected || Ann Benson || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Selected
|-
| Gowri KR || [[Thrissur]] || Eliminated || Vishnupriya || [[Kozhikode]] || Eliminated from priority list
|-
| Adithyan Pradeep || [[Karunagappalli]] || Selected || Hrithik Jayakish || [[Kannur]] || Quit
|-
| Niharika Prem || [[Ottapalam]] || Eliminated || Megha Eldhose || [[Ernakulam]] || Eliminated from priority list
|-
| Aavani P Hareesh || [[Thodupuzha]] || Selected || Miya Essa Mehak || [[Ernakulam]] || Selected
|-
| Jermy Jinu || [[Moolamattom]] || Eliminated from Standby || Krishnajith || [[Kasargode]] || Selected from Priority list
|-
| Arunima || [[Kanhangad]] || Eliminated || Krishnanunni || [[Thrissur]] || Eliminated from Priority list
|-
| Fidha Fathima || [[Vaikom]] || Eliminated from standby || Diya Rahman || [[Kollam]] || Selected
|-
| Rithu Raj || [[Cherukulam]] || Selected || Dhanika V S || [[Kollam]] || Eliminated from Priority list
|-
| Aditi Dinesh Nair || [[Bangalore]] || Selected || Navaneetha P || [[Kasargode]] || Eliminated from Priority list
|-
| Ananya Dinesh Nair || [[Bangalore]] || Wil️dcard Entry (Episode 13<ref>{{Cite episode | series=Top Singer | title=Episode 13 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3jCAae7KBQ&t=1350 }}</ref>) || Sreehari N.M || [[Palakkad]] || Selected
|}
Alensha P

Morayur

== Summaries Season 1 ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:92%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
! colspan="16" |Rounds
|-
!|Auditions!!Round 1!!Round 2!!Round 5!!Quarter Finals!!Semi Finals!!Finals 1!!Finals 2!!Grand Finale
|-
! 1
|Sivani||style="background:limegreen;"|Sreebhuvan||style="background:limegreen;"|Seethalakshmi||style="background:limegreen;"|Thejus||style="background:limegreen;"|Vaishnavi.P||Thejus|| Aditi Dinesh || Sneha ||Seethalakshmi
|-
! 2
|Vaishnavi.P||Adithyan||Vaishnavi.P||Seethalakshmi||Thejus||Nehal|| Rituraj||Thejus||Thejus
|-
! 3
|Theertha||Seethalakshmi||Rituraj||Nehal||Rituraj||Sneha||Thejus||Seethalakshmi||Vaishnavi P
|-
! 4
|Koushik||Aditi Dinesh||Nehal||Sooryamahadevan||Sneha||Rituraj||Seethalakshmi||Vaishnavi P||Aditi Dinesh
|-
!5
|Jennifer||Suryanarayanan||Aditi Dinesh||Rituraj||Nehal||Sreebhuvan||Nehal||Rituraj||Sneha
|-
! 6
|P. Anand
||Rituraj||Sooryamahadevan||Adithyan||Sreebhuvan||Seethalakshmi||Vaishnavi P||Nehal||Rituraj
|-
! 7
|Seethalakshmi||Vaishnavy KV||Vaishnavy KV||Vaishnavi.P||Sooryamahadevan||Vaishnavi P||Sreehari||Aditi Dinesh||Nehal
|-
! 8
|Sreebhuvan||Vaishnavi.P||Thejus||Ananya Dinesh||Seethalakshmi||Sooryamahadevan||Diya||Ananya Dinesh||Ananya Dinesh
|-
! 9
|Nehal||Sneha||Sreebhuvan||Koushik||Adithyan||Theertha||Sreebhuvan
|style="background:Tomato;"|Soorya Mahadevan || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 10
|Diya||Soorya Mahadevan||Ananya Dinesh||Sreebhuvan||Ananya Dinesh||Aditi Dinesh||Sooryamahadevan||style="background:Tomato;"|Sreebhuvan || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 11
|Suryanarayanan||Thejus K||Koushik||Vaishnavy KV||Theertha||Koushik||Ananya Dinesh
|style="background:Tomato;"|Diya || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 12
|Sneha||Ananya Dinesh||Sneha||Aditi Dinesh||Koushik||Suryanarayanan||Sneha
|style="background:Tomato;"|Sreehari || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 13
|Soorya Mahadevan||Koushik||Adithyan||Theertha||Diya||Ananya Dinesh||style="background:Tomato;"|Suryanarayanan || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 14
|Sreehari||Theertha||Suryanarayanan||Diya||Vaishnavy KV||Diya||style="background:Tomato;"|Adithyan || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 15
|Vaishnavy KV ||Alenia||Jaiden||Jaiden||Aditi Dinesh||Devika||style="background:Tomato;"|Vaishnavi KV || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 16
|Jaiden||Jaiden||Diya||Sneha||Suryanarayanan||Sreehari||style="background:Tomato;"|Sivani || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 17
|Alenia||Devika||Theertha||Sreehari||Jaiden||Sivani||style="background:Tomato;"|Devika || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 18
|Devika||Diya||Sreehari||Devika||Devika||Adithyan||style="background:Tomato;"|Koushik || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 19
||Rithuraj||Aavani||Aavani||Jennifer||Jennifer||Vaishnavi KV||style="background:Tomato;"|Jaiden || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 20
|Thejus||Jennifer||Devika||Suryanarayanan||Sreehari||Avani||style="background:Tomato;"|Theertha || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 21
|Adithyan||Sivani||Jennifer||Sivani||Sivani||Jaiden||style="background:Tomato;"|Avani || colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 22
|Aavani||Aavani||Sivani||Jennifer||Aavani||style="background:Red;"|Jennifer|| colspan="32" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 23
|Aditi Dinesh||style="background:pink;"|Nehal||style="background:red;"|Alenia|| colspan="24" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 24
|style="background:yellow;"|Ananya Dinesh||style=background:red;"|P.Anand|| colspan="25" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 25
|style="background:cyan;"|Asna||style="background:tomato;"|Asna|| colspan="26" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 26
|style="background:cyan;"|Aishwarya||style="background:tomato;"|Aishwarya|| colspan="27" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 27
|style="background:cyan;"|Adarsh||style="background:tomato;"|Adarsh|| colspan="28" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 28
|style="background:cyan;"|Trisha||style="background:tomato;"|Trisha|| colspan="29" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 29
|style="background:cyan;"|Hana||style="background:tomato;"|Hana|| colspan="30" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 30
|style="background:cyan;"|Neha||style="background:tomato;"|Neha|| colspan="31" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 31
|style="background:cyan;"|Kishnasree||style="background:tomato;"|Kishnasree|| colspan="32" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 32
|style="background:cyan;"|Jermy||style="background:tomato;"|Jermy|| colspan="33" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
! 33
|style="background:cyan;"|Fidha||style="background:tomato;"|Fidha|| colspan="34" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
!34
|style="background:tomato;"|Gowri K|| colspan="35" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
!35
|style="background:tomato;"|Avantika|| colspan="36" style="background:darkgray" |
|-
!37
| style="background:tomato;" |Gowri KR|| colspan="34" style="background:darkgray" |
|
|
|-
!36
|style="background:tomato;"|Arunima|| colspan="37" style="background:darkgray" |
|}
Alensha P
:{{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant received the highest score in a stage
:{{Color box|cyan|border=darkgray}} Contestants who was kept in Waiting list after final Auditions
:{{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} The contestant entered as a wildcard
:{{Color box|tomato|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated from the competition
:{{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} The contestant was actually eliminated but saved by the judges
:{{Color box|Red|border=darkgray}} Contestants who quit the show
* After the auditions, it was revealed that none of the Waiting list contestants had made it into the competition
* In stage 1, Nehal V was actually eliminated as she got very low marks but was saved by the judges
* All 22 contestants in group stage was qualified into Quarter Finals and Semi Finals
* 21 contestants are qualIfied

== Summaries Season 2 ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:92%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order
! colspan="16" |Rounds
|-
!|Auditions!!Round 1!! Round 2 !! Round 3
|-
! 1
| Sreedev ||style="background:limegreen;"|Sreenand (92.55%)||style="background:limegreen;"|Sreenand ||style="background:limegreen;"|Meghna (99.59%)
|-
! 2
| Asna ||Hrithik (92.08%)||Ann Benson ||Sreenand (99.02%)
|-
! 3
| Meghna ||Devananda (87.14%)||Bevan Biju ||Akshith (96.93%)
|-
! 4
| Hanoona ||Bevan Biju(86.76%)||Devananda ||Ann Benson (96.80%)
|-
! 5
| Bevan Biju ||Hanoona (85.23%)||Miya ||Krishnasree (96.61%)
|-
! 6
| Devana sriya ||Ann Benson (85%)||Hanoona ||Devanasreya (96.20%)
|-
! 7
| Krishnasree ||Miya (84.64%)||Meghna ||Miya (96.14%)
|-
! 8
| Sreenanda ||Meghna (84.1%)||Sreehari ||Bevan (95.73%)
|-
! 9
| Akshith ||Devana sriya (83.83%)||Devanasreya ||Hanoona (91.23%)
|-
! 10
| Nima ||Akshith (83.63%)||Akshith ||Sreehari (95.34%)
|-
! 11
| Vaiga S ||Sreehari (82.73%)||Krishnasree ||Devananda (95.32%)
|-
! 12
| Devananda ||Krishnasree (80.35%)||Amruthavarshini ||Vaigalakshmi (95.16%)
|-
! 13
| Devna CK ||Amruthavarshini (79.22%)||style="background:Red;"|Nima ||Amruthavarshini (94.75%)
|-
! 14
| Amruthavarshini ||Nima (78.86%)||Devna CK ||Krishnajith (94.61%)
|-
! 15
| Sreenand ||Devna CK (77.38%)||Krishnajith ||Devna CK (93.18%)
|-
! 16
| Theertha ||Vanditha (76.66%)||Vaigalekshmi ||Sreenanda (92.43%)
|-
! 17
| Vanditha ||Krishnajith (76.6%)||Sreedev ||Asna (91.89%)
|-
! 18
| Vaigalakshmi ||Sreenanda (75.41%)||Asna ||Sreedev (91.52%)
|-
! 19
| Ann Benson ||Theertha (75.29%)||style="background:Red;"|Theertha
|-
! 20
| Hrithik ||Sreedev (74.88%)||Sreenanda
|-
! 21
| Miya ||Asna (74.82%)||style="background:Red;"|Hrithik
|-
! 22
| Krishnajith ||Vaigalakshmi (74.44%)||style="background:Tomato;"|Vanditha
|-
! 23
| Diya ||Vaiga S (71.48%)||style="background:Tomato;"|Vaiga S
|-
! 24
| Sreehari ||Diya (72.67%)||style="background:Tomato;"|Diya

|}

:{{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant received the highest score in a stage
:{{Color box|Red|border=darkgray}} Contestants who quit the show
:{{Color box|tomato|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated from the competition

== Results ==
=== Main Set of Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! - !! Winner !! 1st Runner Up !! 2nd Runner Up !! 3rd Runner Up !! Popular Singer – Male !!Popular Singer – Female
|-
| Season 1 || '''Seethalakshmi Prakash''' || '''Thejus K''' || '''Vaishnavi Panicker''' || '''Aditi D. Nair''' || '''Rituraj''' || '''Ananya D. Nair'''
|-
|Season 2
|'''Sreenand Vinod'''
|'''Ann Benson'''
|'''Akshith K. Ajith'''
|'''N/A'''
|'''-'''
|'''Meghna Sumesh'''
|-
|season 3
|season 4
|Season 5
|-
|}

=== Special Jury Awards ===
====Season 1====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Contestant !! Award
|-
| Nehal V Ranjith|| Most consistent singer
|-
| Sneha Johnson || Gentle girl of Top singer
|-
| Sooryamahadevan || Gentleman of Top singer
|-
| Sreebhuvan R || Amazing Talent of Top singer
|-
| Krishnadiya Ajith || Enchanting Gulu
|-
| Sreehari P.V || Best Actor of Top singer
|-
| Devika Sumesh || Folk songs Queen of Top singer
|-
| Avani P Hareesh || Beauty Queen of Top singer
|-
| Suryanarayanan P.K || Bright Star of Top singer
|-
| Adithyan Pradeep || Amazing Natural Talent
|-
| Sivani B Sanjeev || Miss Innocence of Top singer
|-
| Vaishnavy K.V || Immini Valiya singer
|-
| Theertha Sathyan || Queen of Classical/Carnatic Music in Top singer
|-
| Jaiden Philip || Bhava Gayakan of Top singer
|-
| Koushik S Vinod || Rockstar of TOp singer
|}

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!season!! Host !! Co- Host !! Main Judging Panel!! Additional judges
|-
| 1||[[Esther Anil]] /[[Meenakshi Anoop]]
|{{NA}}
| [[M.G. Sreekumar]] [[M. Jayachandran]] [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]] / [[Anuradha Sriram]] [[Vidhu Prathap]] /[[Madhu Balakrishnan]] {444,447-48,450-51,453-54,456,462-63}
|
|-
|2||[[Meenakshi Anoop]]/ [[Sreya Jayadeep]] || Parvathy Babu (Backstage Anchor) [[Jewel Mary]] (Epi.1) Aiswarya (Katturumbu fame)
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]] [[M. Jayachandran]]
|[[Anuradha Sriram]], Binni Krishnakumar
|-
|3||[[Meenakshi Anoop]]
|Manjady Joby
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]] [[Rahul Raj]] Binni Krisnhnakumar
|[[Anuradha Sriram]] [[Sharreth]]
|-
|4||[[Meenakshi Anoop]]||Koushik S Vinod (left the show)|| [[M. G. Sreekumar]] [[Nithya Mammen]]/[[Mridula Warrier]]/Binni Krishnakumar/[[Anuradha Sriram]] [[Sharreth]]/[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]{181-192,194-230}||[[Sujatha Mohan]] [[Rimi Tomy]]
|-
|5||[[Meenakshi Anoop]]||[[Dain Davis]]||[[M. G. Sreekumar]] [[Rimi Tomy]] Binni Krisnhnakumar||[[Madhu Balakrishnan]] [[Sharreth]]
|}

=== Guest Judging Panel (season 1)===
* [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] (Episodes 30 – 32 )
* [[Mridula Warrier]] (Episodes 63 – 65, 88 – 90, 259 – 266, 345 – 349, 354, 359, 475, 476 )
* [[Stephen Devassy]] (Episodes 66 – 69 )
* [[Sudeep Kumar]]
* [[Biju Narayanan]] (Episodes 333 – 335, 337 – 340, 343 )
* [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] (Episodes 337, 339 – 344)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/singer-srinivas-is-all-praise-for-top-singer-kids/articleshow/71325189.cms|title=Singer Srinivas is all praise for Top Singer kids|date=27 September 2019|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[Shakthisree Gopalan]] (Episodes 350 – 353, 355 – 358 )
* [[Naresh Iyer]]
* [[Haricharan]]
* [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Alphons Joseph]]
* [[Afsal]]

=== Celebrity Guests (season 1)===
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] (Episodes 1 – 2 )
* [[Sreya Jayadeep]] (Child Singer)
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] (Episodes 7 – 8, 169 – 172 )
* [[Salim Kumar]] (Episodes 9 – 10, 18 – 20 )
* [[Urvashi (actress)]] (Episodes 11 – 17 )
* [[Seema (actress)]] (Episodes 21 – 29 )
* [[Nikki Galrani]] (Episodes 30 – 32 )
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] (Episodes 33 – 37,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ramesh-pisharody-enjoys-his-time-with-top-singer-kids/articleshow/66694378.cms|title=Ramesh Pisharody enjoys his time with Top Singer kids|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|first=Arya|last=UR}}</ref> 74 – 78, 329 )
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] (Episodes 38 – 40)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/miya-enjoys-her-time-with-top-singer-kids/articleshow/66810699.cms|title=Miya enjoys her time with Top Singer kids|date=26 November 2018|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|first=Arya|last=UR|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Jayaram]] (Episodes 50, 54 – 56 )
* [[Priya Raman]] (Episodes 88 – 89 )
* [[Mohanlal]] (Episodes 326 – 332)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mohanlal-mesmerises-the-kids-on-top-singer/articleshow/70979373.cms|title=Mohanlal will be the Onam guest of Top Singer kids|date=6 September 2019|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Mammootty]] (Episode 336 )<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mammootty-to-visit-the-top-singer-kids/articleshow/71221284.cms|title=Mammootty to visit the Top Singer kids|date=20 September 2019|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Tovino Thomas]] (Episode 344 )
* [[Aparna Balamurali]]
* Rani Johnson (wife of [[Johnson (composer)]])
* [[Latha Raju]] (Episodes 324 – 325 )
* [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
* [[P. Jayachandran]]
* [[Ouseppachan]]
* [[L. R. Eswari]]
* [[Dileep]] (Episode 420)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-TEt34z6wg|title=Flowers Top Singer | Musical Reality Show | Ep#420 ( Part – A )|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Jayasurya]] (Episode 421)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAzJY2Sf1O4|title=Flowers Top Singer | Musical Reality Show | Ep# 421 ( Part – A)|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Manju Warrier]]
* [[Namitha Pramod]]
* [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]
* [[Mohan Sithara]]
* Bharathi Thamburatti (wife of [[Vayalar Ramavarma]])
* [[Nanjiyamma]]
* [[B. Vasantha]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)]]
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] (Grand finale)

=== Guest Judging Panel (season 2)===
* Vaishnavy Kv
* Aparna Rajeev
* [[Theertha Sathyan]]
* [[Ahaana krishna]]
* [[Nehal]]
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
* [[Sneha Jhonson]]
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
* [[Madhusree narayan]]
* [[Anna reshma rajan]]

=== Celebrity guest(Season2) ===
* [[Innocent (Actor)]]
* [[Padmapriya]]
* [[Vidyadharan]]
* [[Mohan Sithara]]
* [[Vijay Yesudas]]
* [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
* [[Anna Rajan]]
* [[Mridula Warrier]]
* [[Afsal]]
* [[Siddique (director)]]
* [[Durga Krishna]]
* [[Remya Nambeesan]]
* [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Gopika]]
* [[Honey Rose]]
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
* [[Sibi Malayil]]
* [[Mia George]]
* [[Guinness Pakru]]
* [[Gayatri Arun]]
* [[Manju Warrier]]
* [[Unni Mukundan]]
* [[Thesni Khan]]
* [[Tini Tom]]
* [[I. M. Vijayan]]
* [[Daleema]]
*[[Meera Jasmin]]
*[[Veena Nandakumar]]
*[[Rajisha Vijayan]]
*[[Divya Pillai]]
*[[Noorin Shereef]]
*[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
*[[Ahaana Krishna]]
*[[Nimisha Sajayan]]

== Crew ==
* [[Television Presenter|Host]] : [[Meenakshi Anoop]] / Manjadi Joby
* [[Television Director|Director]] : Sindhu Sridhar
* Creative Head : Anil Ayiroor
* [[Cinematographer|Director of Photography (DOP)]] : Biju K Krishnan
* [[Post-production]]
** Manager : Rajeesh Sugunan
** Edit & Creative : Shijo Thaliyichira
* Edit : Harikrishnan, Amal Tom, Sergin Thomas, Joseph Shijo, Akhil Mohan, Binil RAj, Nayan Anand, Praveen Prakashan, Aravind Vasudev
* [[Audio Engineer]] : Tijo Manimala
* [[Audio Engineer|Assistant Sound Engineer]] : Tony Jacob, Jubin Joseph, Shyam Sajikumar
* Digital Head : Sreeraj CS
* Graphics : Nithil Besto, Sujesh AK, Vineeth Anchal, Yadhukrishnan PR
* Colorist : Anoop Antony, Priju Jose
* [[Cinematographer|Camera]] : Sunil Chovara, Aji Pushkar, Prashanth SS, Mithun, Shinu, Arun Ezhupunna, Anoop, Dhaneesh Pallippuram, Prashanth Kannan
* On-line Editor : Anoj Irinjalakuda, Ranjith Vettathu
* [[Screenwriter|Script]] : Sunil Valathungal, Rahul Madathil
* [[Choreography|Choreographer]] : Vishnu Raj, Shafeeq Sandra 'D Crew'
* Technical Head : Sharath Palakkadavath
* Technical Manager : Sreelal
* Technical Engineers : Sudarshanan, Harikrishnan
* [[Television Producer|Assistant Producers]] : Anul TR, Sanoop KV, Amal Kumar
* Art Direction : Bibin, Pramod

=== Top Band ===

The orchestra for the show is a group of highly talented artists (season 1).
* [[Keyboardist]] : Faisal Muhammad(kannan)
* [[Rhythm Programmer]] : Linu Lal (Linu Rishin Linu)
* [[Wind Instrument]]s (Flute / Saxophone) : Raghuthaman
* [[Lead Guitar]] : Jose Thomas
* [[Bassist|Bass Guitar]] : Denson Fernandez
* [[String Instrument|Strings]] : Francis Xavier, Francis Sebastian, Herald, Glibson (Cochin Strings )
* [[Tabla]] : Anand Cochin, Devadas
* [[Audio engineer|Sound Engineer]]: Tijo Manimala

Old top band is replaced by new one in December 2019

== Programme Structure ==

=== Rounds ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Stage
! Round 1
! Round 2
! Round 3
! Round 4
! Round 5
|-
||
Stage 1
||
{{unbulleted list
| [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]] Master Hits Round
| Performance Round
| Favorite Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] Hits Round
| Character Round
| Favorite Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] Master Round
| Family Round
| Favorite Round
}}
|-
||
Stage 2
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| [[Vayalar Ramavarma|Vayalar]] – [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]] Hits Round
| Performance Round
}}
||
||
|-
||
Stage 3
||
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| Evergreen Hits Round
| Family Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy|Dakshinamoorthy Swamy]] Hits Round
| Performance Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| [[P. Bhaskaran]] Hits Round
| Performance Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] Master Round
| Black & White Performance Round
}}
|-
||
Stage 4
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| Duet Round
| Performance Round
}}
||
{{unbulleted list
| Favorite Round
| [[Vayalar Ramavarma|Vayalar]] Round
| Performance Round
}}
|}

=== Grading System ===

Each contestant is awarded a grade for each song based on their performance, by the judges. Also audience can cast votes to their favourite contestants through the official website of [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flowerstv.in/voting/ |title=Vote for your favorite contestant - Flowers TV |website=www.flowerstv.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310220720/http://www.flowerstv.in/voting/ |archive-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grades !! First awarded to
|-
| style="background: Red" | Golden Crown || Nehal V Ranjith
|-
| style="background: Orange" | A Jackpot (special) || Vaishnavi Panicker
|-
| style="background: HotPink" | A Extreme || Sreebhuvan R
|-
| style="background: LightPink" | A Triple Wow || Nehal V Ranjith
|-
| style="background: BabyPink" | A Double Wow || Koushik S Vinod
|-
| style="background: Teal" | A Wow || Seethalakshmi Prakash
|-
| style="background: DarkTurquoise" | A Ultimate || Aditi Dinesh Nair
|-
| style="background: Cyan" | A Top || Aditi Dinesh Nair
|-
| style="background: Aquamarine" | A+ || Adithyan Pradeep
|-
| style="background: AliceBlue" | A || Krishnadiya Ajith
|-
| style="background: Grey" | B+ || -Alensha P
|}

== Episodes Season 1 ==
{{Main|List of Top Singer episodes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! !! No. of episodes !! Singers of the Day !! Grades !! Best Performer of the Day !! Audience Choice
|-
! Year !! Month || !! || !! ||
|-
| 2018 || 1 Oct || '''Epi 1''' || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-
! April || !! || !! || !!
|-
| 2019 || 31 April || '''Epi 193''' || Koushik, Aditi, Devika, Krishna Diya || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-

! May || !! || !! || !!
|-
| 2019 || 1 May || '''Epi 194''' || Avani, Theertha, Ananya, Surya Narayanan || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-
| 2019 || 24 May || '''Epi 217''' || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-

! June || !! || !! || !!
|-
| 2019 || 1 June || '''Epi 225''' || Aditi, Devika, Sreehari || N/A || Devika || Rithu Raj
|-
| 2019 || 2 June || '''Epi 226''' || Sneha, Jayden, Ananya || N/A || Ananya || Soorya Mahadevan
|-
| 2019 || 3 June || '''Epi 228''' || Sreebhuvan, Jennifer, Krishna Diya || N/A || Sreebhuvan || Theertha
|-
| 2019 || 11 June || '''Epi 235''' || Avani, Soorya Mahadevan, Nehal || N/A || Nehal || Vyshnavi Panicker
|-
| 2019 || 12 June || '''Epi 236''' || Shivani, Koushik, Soorya Narayanan || N/A || Koushik || Rithu Raj
|-
| 2019 || 13 June || '''Epi 237''' || Vyshnavi Panicker, Seetha Lakshmi, Jayden || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Ultimate || Vyshnavi Panicker || Jennifer
|-
| 2019 || 14 June || '''Epi 238''' || Thejus, Sreebhuvan, Jennifer || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Top || Thejas || Avani
|-
| 2019 || 15 June || '''Epi 239''' || Krishna Diya, Sneha, Aditi || A Ultimate, A Plus, A Top || Krishna Diya || Shivani
|-
! 2019 || 16 June || '''#Epi 250#''' '''20 Lakhs Scholar ship''' || colspan=4| 13 hours Live
|-
| 2019 || 17 June || '''Epi 240''' || Soorya Mahadevan, Jennifer, Theertha || A Wow, A Top, A Ultimate || Soorya Mahadevan || No
|-
| 2019 || 18 June || '''Epi 241''' || Devika, Avani, Thejus || A Ultimate, A Too, A Wow || Thejus || Sneha
|-
| 2019 || 19 June || '''Epi 242''' || Jayden, Soorya Narayanan, Ananya || A Ultimate, A Ultimate, A Wow || Ananya || Theertha
|-
| 2019 || 20 June || '''Epi 243''' || Koushik, Aditi, Sreehari || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Wow || Koushik || Jayden
|-
| 2019 || 21 June || '''Epi 244''' || Devika, Seetha Lakshmi, Jayden || A Ultimate, A Wow, A Ultimate || Seetha Lakshmi || No
|-
| 2019 || 22 June || '''Epi 245''' || Sneha, Adithyan, Vyshnavi Panicker || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Ultimate || Sneha || Ananya
|-
| 2019 || 23 June || '''Epi 246''' Chicken Biriyani treat by M Jaya chandran || Thejus K, Jennifer Alice, Ananya Nair || A Ultimate, A Ultimate, A Ultimate || Ananya || Vyshnavi Panicker
|-
| 2019 || 24 June || '''Epi 247''' New Grade Awarded to Sreebhuvan || Sreebhuvan, Shivani, Soorya Mahadevan || A Extreme, A Plus, No Grade || Sreebhuvan || Aditi Nair
|-
| 2019 || 25 June || '''Epi 248''' || Sreehari, Soorya Narayanan, Theertha || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Ultimate || Sreehari || Koushik
|-
| 2019 || 26 June || '''Epi 249''' || Vyshnavi KV, Sreebhuvan, Krishna Diya || A Ultimate, A Wow, A Wow ||Sreebhuvan || Adithyan
|-
| 2019 || 27 June || '''Epi 251''' || Soorya Mahadevan, Nehal, Rithu Raj || A Ultimate, A Wow, A Ultimate || Nehal || Vyshnavi KV
|-
| 2019 || 28 June || '''Epi 252''' || Thejus K, Koushik, Shivani || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Top || Thejus K || Sneha
|-
| 2019 || 29 June || '''Epi 253''' || Seetha Lakshmi, Soorya Mahadevan, Vyshnavi Panicker || A Top, A Wow, A Ultimate || Soorya Mahadevan || Koushik
|-
! July || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! ||
|-
| 2019 || 3 July || '''Epi 257''' || Aditi, Soorya Mahadevan, Krishna Diya || A Ultimate, A Ultimate, A Wow || Krishna Diya || Thejus K
|-

| 2019 || 4 July || '''Epi 258''' || Sneha, Avani, Rithu Raj || A Wow, A Top, A Extreme || Rithu Raj || Ananya
|-
| 2019 || 6 July || '''Epi 259''' || Adithyan, Jennifer, Sreehari || A Ultimate, A Top, A Ultimate || Sreehari || Sreebhuvan
|-
| 2019 || 7 July || '''Epi 260''' The 1st Girl who got A Extreme || Theertha, Devika, Ananya || 2nd Chance for Extreme, A Wow, A Extreme || Ananya || Nehal
|-
| 2019 || 8 July || '''Epi 261''' || Vyshnavi KV, Aditi, Rithu Raj || A Ultimate, A Ultimate, A Wow || Rithu Raj || Theertha
|-
| 2019 || 9 July || '''Epi 262''' || Jayden, Sreehari, Nehal || A Ultimate, A Ultimate, A Plus || Sreehari || Adithyan
|-
| 2019 || 11 July || '''Epi 264''' || Vyshnavi KV, Koushik, Vyshnavi Panicker || A Ultimate, A Extreme, A Wow || Koushik || Sneha Johnson
|-
| 2019 || 12 July || '''Epi 264''' || Jennifer, Thejus K, Adithyan || A Ultimate, A Wow, A Ultimate || Thejus K || Devika
|-
| 2019 || 13 July || '''Epi 265''' || Sreebhuvan, Seetha Lakshmi, Ananya || A Ultimate, A Wow, A Extreme || Ananya || Vyshnavi Panicker
|-
| 2019 || 14 July || '''Epi 266''' || Adithyan, Theertha, Krishna Diya || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Ultimate || Adithyan || Sneha
|-
| 2019 || 22 July || '''Epi 273''' || Seetha Lakshmi, Avani, Sreehari || A Extreme, A Top, A Ultimate || Seetha Lakshmi || Shivani
|-
| 2019 || 28 July || '''Epi 278''' || Thejus K, Rithu Raj, Nehal || A Extreme, A Ultimate, A Triple Wow || Thejus K || Vyshnavi Panicker
|-
| 2019 || 29 July || '''Epi 279''' || Vyshnavi KV, Jayden, Vyshnavi Panicker || A Ultimate, A Top, A Triple Wow || Vyshnavi Panicker || Jennifer
|-
| 2019 || 30 July || '''Epi 280''' || Aditi, Soorya Narayanan, Vyshnavi Panicker || A Wow, A Ultimate, A Top || Sneha || Ananya
|-
! August || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! ||
|-
| 2019 || 5 August || '''Epi 286''' || Krishna Diya, Adithyan, Theertha || A Wow, A Double Wow, A Top || Adithyan
|-
! December || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! ||
|-
| 2019 || 4 Dec || '''Epi 403 (A GOLDEN CROWN Award introduced for Nehal)''' || Shivani, Avani, Nehal, Sreehari || A Wow, A Triple Wow, Golden Crown, A Double Wow || Nehal || No
|-
|}

Episode created on May/24/2019

== Episodes Season 2 ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! !! No. of episodes !! Singers of the Day !! Grades !! Best Performer of the Day !! Audience Choice
|-
! Year !! Month || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! ||
|-
! September || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! || !! ||
|-
| 2020 || 20 Sep || '''Epi 1 Flowers Top Singer Season 2''' || Grand Opening || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

Edited by : Top Singer Team.
Episode created on September/20/2020

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]
[[Category:Singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]

Jamuni River

2026-03-13T23:02:39Z

James: new

{{Short description|River flowing in Mithila}}
{{Related|[[Dhouns River]]|[[Akharharghat]]}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Jamuni River
| country = India and Nepal
| state = Bihar (India) and Madhesh Pradesh (Nepal)
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| district = Madhubani, Mahottari and Dhanusha
| parent = Adhwara
| river_system = Perennial
| landmark = Jamuni Sangam, [[Akharharghat]]
| name_other = जमुनी नदी
}}
'''Jamuni river''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: जमुनी नदी) is a river that flows on the plains of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is the part of ''[[Adhwara]]'' group of rivers flowing through western part of the [[Madhubani district]]. It is a perennial river that originates in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan range]] of [[Nepal]] and merges with [[Dhouns River|Dhouns river]] at [[Akharharghat]] in the Indian states of [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=सूखने लगी भारत नेपाल सीमा पर बहने वाली पौराणिक जमुनी नदी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-drying-indian-nepal-river-the-mythological-river-yamuna-19301453.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=उत्तर बिहार में उफनायीं नदियां, बढ़ा बाढ़ का खतरा, इंडो नेपाल बॉर्डर स्थित जमुना नदी पर पुल का एप्रोच बहा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-flood-in-north-bihar-approach-road-washed-away-over-bridge-on-jamuna-river-at-indo-nepal-border-in-madhubani-3347819.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Description ==
According to legend, it is one of the ancient rivers in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] that is still existing. It is said that the existence of the river can be traced from the legends of [[Ramayana]]. It also defines the international border line between India and Nepal in some parts the Mithila region of the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=बेला घाट जमुनी नदी पर नेपाल की ओर से बनने वाले पुल को भारत के राजदूत जल्द दिलाएंगे स्वीकृति |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/approval-will-be-given-by-india39s-ambassador-to-the-bridge-that-will-be-built-on-behalf-of-nepal-on-bela-ghat-river-jamuna-072610-4324518.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

The river passes through the Mithila region of Nepal and flows through the border area of Haranian, Mahadevpatti, [[Umgaon]], [[Pipraun]], Rajghat, Dighiya, Bela Ghat, and merges at Akharharghat in the Dhouns river.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=डूबने की आशंका:जमुनी नदी क्रॉस करने के दौरान युवक लापता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/youth-missing-during-jamuni-river-crossing-127477141.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=इंडो-नेपाल बॉर्डर के पास दिघीया स्थित जमुनी नदी से लावारिस शव हुआ बरामद |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/unclaimed-body-found-in-jamuni-river-near-dighia-near-indo-nepal-border-073622-5688397.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Nepal}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nepal]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{Nepal-river-stub}}

Paththini (1997 film)

2026-03-11T23:14:56Z

James:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paththini
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = V. MATHANAGOPAL
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| cinematography = Ravinder
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Good Luck Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|9|26|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paththini''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film, written and directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], while [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Janagaraj]] portray supporting roles. It was released on 26 September 1997.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Jayaram]]
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Charle]]

== Production ==
After making several unsuccessful films during the mid-1990s, [[P. Vasu]] made a comeback with ''[[Vaimaye Vellum]]'' (1997) and the good performance of the film, fetched him an opportunity from Good Luck Films to make ''Paththini'', said to be loosely based on the Hollywood film, ''[[Sleeping with the Enemy]]'' (1991). The venture saw the team from the successful 1993 film ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]'' collaborate again with the producers, director, actor and actress returning to make ''Paththini''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=2015-11-18 |website=INDOlink}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathini |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pathini/v7p4Y3zbqWo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021419/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pathini/v7p4Y3zbqWo_ |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Aalapuzha" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Kalidasan || 04:32
|-
| "Anandham" || Mano || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:11
|-
| "Mellathan Solla" || [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 06:17
|-
| "O Thendrale" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Valampuri John]] || 05:23
|-
| "Sumaithangi" || K. S. Chithra || Kalidasan || 06:30
|-
| "Sugamana Paattu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:35
|}

== Release and reception ==
''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "''Pathini'', if not for its connotations, is a film full of overworked themes. Not really worth seeing at all".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 1999 |title=Pathini |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/0A189F1D971D3950652569400062A3E1?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609161603/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/0A189F1D971D3950652569400062A3E1?OpenDocument |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Ji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the director, who has tried to stand up due to series of failures, here he is at sitting level, until then its successful.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=5 October 1997 |title=பத்தினி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-10-05/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230524154814/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-10-05/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite not performing well at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of 1997 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119102008/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=2015-11-18 |website=INDOlink}}</ref> the film won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] — for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light|Best Film portraying Women in Good Light]] and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] for Khushbu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards For 1997 Announced: Best Film Award For "Arunachalam", "Surya Vamsam" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=2015-11-18 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hyperlink cinema

2026-03-11T07:52:09Z

James: expanded content

{{Short description|Multilinear filmmaking style}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}

'''Hyperlink cinema''' is a style of filmmaking characterized by complex or multilinear narrative structures with multiple characters under one unifying theme.<ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience">[https://movieweb.com/movies-where-several-stories-interconnect/ 10 Movies Where Several Stories Interconnect - MovieWeb]</ref> In spite of the name, these films are not actual [[hypermedia]] and do not have actual [[hyperlink]]s, but are multilinear in a more metaphorical sense.

==History==
The term was coined by author [[Alissa Quart]], who used the term in her review of the film ''[[Happy Endings (film)|Happy Endings]]'' (2005) for the film journal ''[[Film Comment]]'' in 2005.<ref name=quart>{{cite journal
|last=Quart
|first=Alissa
|author-link=Alissa Quart
|title=Networked
|journal=[[Film Comment]]
|volume=41
|issue=4
|pages=48–5
|date=Jul–Aug 2005
|url=http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/
|access-date=January 28, 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203214153/http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/
|archive-date=February 3, 2014
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref> Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] popularized the term when reviewing the film ''[[Syriana]]'' in 2005.<ref name="ebert-syriana">{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=December 9, 2005 |title=Syriana |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/syriana-2005 |access-date=July 25, 2007}}</ref>

In describing ''Happy Endings'', Quart considers captions acting as [[footnote]]s and [[Split screen (film)|split screen]] as elements of hyperlink cinema and notes the influence of the World Wide Web and [[Human multitasking|multitasking]].<ref name="quart"/> Playing with time and characters' personal history, [[plot twist]]s, interwoven storylines between multiple characters, jumping between the beginning and end ([[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] and [[flashforward]]) are also elements.<ref name="quart"/> Ebert further described hyperlink cinema as films where the characters or action reside in separate stories, but a connection or influence between those disparate stories is slowly revealed to the audience; illustrated in Mexican director [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Alejandro González Iñárritu's]] films ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003), and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006).<ref name="ebert-syriana"/><ref name="ebert-babel"/>

Quart suggests that director [[Robert Altman]] created the structure for the genre and demonstrated its usefulness for combining interlocking stories in his films ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975) and ''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993).<ref name="MovieYearbook2007">[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]] (2006). ''Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007''. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-7407-6157-9}}</ref> However, his work was predated by several films, including [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjunga]]'' (1962),<ref name="amc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha|title=Kanchenjungha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211105908/http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha |archive-date=2015-12-11|work=[[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]}}</ref> [[Federico Fellini]]'s ''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973),<ref name="tasteofcinema.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-great-examples-of-hyperlink-cinema-every-film-buff-must-watch/|title=20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch |website=Taste of Cinema |date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> and [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s ''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' (1973),<ref name=Ghatak>{{Cite book |last1=Ghatak |first1=Ritwik |year=2000 |title=Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema |publisher=Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books |isbn=81-7046-178-2 |pages=ix & 134–36}}</ref> all of which use a narrative structure based on multiple characters.

Quart also mentions the television series ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' and discusses [[Alan Rudolph]]'s film ''[[Welcome to L.A.]]'' (1976) as an early prototype.<ref name="quart"/> ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004) is an example of the genre,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willmore |first=Alison |date=February 23, 2009 |title="Crossing Over" and Hyperlink Cinema |url=https://www.ifc.com/2009/02/crossing-over-and-hyperlink-ci |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410023913/https://www.ifc.com/2009/02/crossing-over-and-hyperlink-ci |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 12, 2022 |website=[[IFC (American TV channel)|IFC]]}}</ref> as are [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'' (2000), [[Fernando Meirelles]]'s ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002), [[Stephen Gaghan]]'s ''[[Syriana]]'' (2005) and [[Rodrigo García (director)|Rodrigo Garcia]]'s ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005).

The style is also used in video games. French video game company [[Quantic Dream]] has produced games, such as ''[[Heavy Rain]]'' and ''[[Detroit: Become Human]]'', with hyperlink cinema style storytelling, and the style has also influenced role-playing games such as ''[[Suikoden III]]'' (2001) and ''[[Octopath Traveler]]'' (2018).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Analysis==
The hyperlink cinema narrative and story structure can be compared to social science's [[spatial analysis]]. As described by Edward Soja and [[Costis Hadjimichalis]] spatial analysis examines the "'horizontal experience' of human life, the spatial dimension of individual behavior and social relations, as opposed to the 'vertical experience' of history, tradition, and biography."<ref name="Soja-p59-67">{{cite journal |last1=Soja |first1=Edward W. |last2=Hadjimichalis |first2=Costis |year=1979 |title=Between Geographical Materialism and Spatial Fetishism: Some Observations on the Development of Marxist Spatial Analysis |journal=[[Antipode (journal)|Antipode]] |volume=17 |issue=2–3 |pages=59–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1985.tb00334.x }}</ref> English critic [[John Berger]] notes for the novel that "it is scarcely any longer possible to tell a straight story sequentially unfolding in time" for "we are too aware of what is continually traversing the story line laterally."<ref name="Soja-p59-67"/>

An academic analysis of hyperlink cinema appeared in the journal ''[[Critical Studies in Media Communication]]'', and referred to the films as Global Network Films. Narine's study examines the films ''Traffic'' (2000), ''Amores perros'' (2000), ''21 Grams'' (2003), ''Beyond Borders'' (2003), ''Crash'' (2004; released 2005), ''Syriana'' (2005), ''Babel'' (2006) and others, citing network theorist [[Manuel Castells]] and philosophers [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Slavoj Žižek]]. The study suggests that the films are network narratives that map the [[network society]] and the new connections citizens experience in the age of [[globalization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Narine |first=Neil |title=Global Trauma and the Cinematic Network Society |journal=[[Critical Studies in Media Communication]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1080/15295030903583556 |s2cid=143671583}}</ref>

[[Alberto Toscano]] and Jeff Kinkle have argued that one popular form of hyperlink cinema constitutes a contemporary form of [[it-narrative]], an 18th- and 19th-century genre of fiction written from the imagined perspective of objects as they move between owners and social environments.<ref name=toscano>{{cite book|first1=Alberto|last1=Toscano|author-link=Alberto Toscano|first2=Jeff|last2=Kinkle|title=Cartographies of the Absolute|publisher=[[Zero Books]]|year=2015|page=192}}</ref> In these films, they argue, "the narrative link is the characters' relation to the film's product of choice, whether it be guns, cocaine, oil, or Nile perch."<ref name=toscano/>

== Notable examples ==


=== Films ===
{{main category|Hyperlink films}}

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]'' (1932)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/genre/Hyperlink+Film |title=Hyperlink Film |website=[[Flickchart]]}}</ref>
*''[[Dinner at Eight (1933 film)|Dinner at Eight]]'' (1933)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1930 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1930s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vAp1JNyyQkC&dq=rules+of+the+game+hyperlink+film&pg=PT282 |last=Newman |first=Michael Z. |year=2011 |title=Indie: An American Film Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231513524 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjunga]]'' (1962)<ref name="amc.com"/>
*''[[Is Paris Burning? (film)|Is Paris Burning?]]'' (1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1960 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1960s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' (1973)<ref name=Ghatak/>
*''[[The Phantom of Liberty]]'' (1974)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Zavallılar|Zavallilar]]'' (1974)<ref name="Ozguc">{{cite book|last=Özguc |first= Agah |title=Bütün Filmleriyle Yilmaz Güney |language=tr}}</ref>
*''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975)<ref name=ebert-syriana/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Welcome to L.A.]]'' (1976)<ref name="quart"/>
*''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]'' (1978)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganadevata |publisher=Upperstall.com |url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1978/ganadevata |access-date=2014-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201107/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1978/ganadevata |archive-date=26 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* ''[[Yol (film)|Yol]]'' (1982)<ref name="Ozguc"/>
*''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]'' (1986)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1980 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1980s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Mystery Train (film)|Mystery Train]]'' (1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aperfectprescription.com/blog/its-a-sad-and-beautiful-world-music-from-the-films-of-jim-jarmusch |title=It's a Sad and Beautiful World: Music From the Films of Jim Jarmusch |website=A Perfect Prescription |date=March 15, 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Grand Canyon (1991 film)|Grand Canyon]]'' (1991)<ref name=flick90s>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1990 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1990s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]'' (1991)<ref name=flick90s/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Dazed and Confused (film)|Dazed and Confused]]'' (1993)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993)<ref name=ebert-syriana/>
*''[[Three Colours: Red]]'' (1993)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]'' (1993)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Before the Rain (1994 film)|Before the Rain]]'' (1994)<ref>{{cite web|last=Kipp |first=Jeremiah |date=August 12, 2008 |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/before-the-rain/3718 |title=Before the Rain Film Review |website=[[Slant Magazine]] |access-date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Exotica (film)|Exotica]]'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=March 11, 2009 |title=Exotica |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/exotica-1994}}</ref>
*''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood">{{cite book|last=Booker |first=M. Keith |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC&pg=PA13 |title=Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group. |pages=12–21 |isbn=978-0-275-99900-1 |via=Google Books |access-date=October 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>[https://www.slashfilm.com/764836/how-quentin-tarantino-broke-the-mold-for-anthology-movies-with-pulp-fiction/ How Quentin Tarantino Broke The Mold For Anthology Movies With Pulp Fiction|/Film]</ref><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Gummo]]'' (1997)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' (1998)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood"/>
*''[[The Opposite of Sex]]'' (1998)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Happiness (1998 film)|Happiness]]'' (1998)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Playing by Heart]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite web|last=Holden |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Holden |date=January 22, 1999 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/012299heart-film-review.html |title='Playing By Heart': In a Cocktail of Romance, Different Flavors of Love |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Run Lola Run]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macfarlane |first1=Steve |title=Heavy Rotation: 'Run Lola Run' at 25 |url=https://mubi.com/en/notebook/posts/heavy-rotation-run-lola-run-at-25 |website=MUBI |access-date=31 August 2025 |date=10 June 2024}}</ref>
*''[[Go (1999 film)|Go]]'' (1999)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2018 |title=Top 10 Greatest Films of 'Hyperlink Cinema' |url=https://moviebabblereviews.com/2018/03/17/top-10-greatest-films-of-hyperlink-cinema/ |website=moviebabble.com}}</ref>
*''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com">{{cite web|url=https://the-artifice.com/hyperlink-cinema-stories/ |title=Hyperlink Cinema and the Prevalence of Intertwining Stories |date=January 17, 2017 |website=[[The Artifice (magazine)|The Artifice]]}}</ref>
*''[[Code Unknown]]'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CODE INCONNU |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5141/year/2000.html |website=Festival de Cannes}}</ref>
*''[[Timecode (film)|Timecode]]'' (2000)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000)<ref name=ebert-babel/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Snatch (film)|Snatch]]'' (2000)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood"/>
*''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'' (2000)<ref name=ebert-cape/>
*''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'' (2001)<ref name="ebert-lantana">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 18, 2002 |title=Lantana |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/lantana-2002 |access-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref>
*''[[Thirteen Conversations About One Thing]]'' (2001)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com"/>
*''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002)<ref name=ebert-cape/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[11:14]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cochran, Dechlan |title=11:14, an obscure gem of a movie (review) |url=http://www.devon-cornwall-film.co.uk/2012/04/12/1114-an-obscure-gem-of-a-movie-review/ |website=D&CFilm|date=April 12, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'' (2003)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |date=March 17, 2015 |title=Fragmentation games: the return of the portmanteau film |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/17/portmanteau-films-wild-tales-pulp-fiction-short-cuts}}</ref><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003)<ref name=ebert-babel/>
*''[[Cape of Good Hope (film)|Cape of Good Hope]]'' (2004)<ref name="ebert-cape">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 6, 2006 |title=Cape of Good Hope |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cape-of-good-hope-2006 |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Happy Endings (film)|Happy Endings]]'' (2005)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Syriana]]'' (2005)<ref name=ebert-syriana/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005)<ref name=ebert-syriana/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2019/the-15-best-glenn-close-movie-performances |date=March 8, 2019 |title=The 15 Best Glenn Close Movie Performances |website=Taste of Cinema}}</ref>
*''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite web|last=Page |first=Matt |date=June 20, 2005 |url=http://www.openheaven.org/news/243 |title=Film Review: ''Sin City'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031520/http://www.openheaven.org/news/243 |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |website=Open Heaven Church |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jerslev |first=Anne |title=The post-perspectival: Screens and time in David Lynch's Inland Empire |journal=Journal of Aesthetics and Culture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273009950 |date=March 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Look Both Ways (2005 film)|Look Both Ways]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Look Both Ways |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/look-both-ways-2006 |date=April 27, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006)<ref name="ebert-babel">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=September 22, 2007 |title=Babel |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/babel-2006 |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="the-artifice.com"/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[The Edge of Heaven (film)|The Edge of Heaven]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web|last=Skinner |first=Marjorie |date=September 4, 2008 |url=http://www.portlandmercury.com/film/the_celestial_prophecy/Content?oid=886902 |access-date=September 5, 2008 |title=The Celestial Prophecy : Living on The Edge of Heaven |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215075725/http://www.portlandmercury.com/film/the_celestial_prophecy/Content?oid=886902 |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |website=[[Portland Mercury]]}}</ref>
*''[[Rendition (film)|Rendition]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web |last=Gandert |first=Sean |date=October 18, 2007 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/5503/review/film/rendition |title=Rendition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064922/http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/5503/review/film/rendition |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[You, the Living]]'' (2007)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[The Air I Breathe]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite news|last=Holden |first=Stephen |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/movies/25brea.html |title=The Air I Breathe – Movie – Review |work=The New York Times |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Gomorra (film)|Gomorrah]]'' (2008)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Vantage Point (film)|Vantage Point]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Chang |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Chang |date=February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117936282?refcatid=31 |title=Vantage Point |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 3, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Ajami (film)|Ajami]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Snider |first=Eric D. |date=February 16, 2010 |url=http://www.cinematical.com/2010/02/16/portland-film-fest-review-ajami/ |title=Portland Film Fest Review: Ajami |website=Cinematical |access-date=March 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218124337/http://www.cinematical.com/2010/02/16/portland-film-fest-review-ajami/ |archive-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Powder Blue (film)|Powder Blue]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson |first=Melissa |date=May 8, 2009 |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/powder-blue-1200507170/ |title=Powder Blue Review |website=Variety |access-date=July 21, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Watchmen (2009 film)|Watchmen]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite news|last=Hiscock |first=John |date=February 25, 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/4804627/Watchmen-film-review.html |title=Watchmen: the 'unfilmable' on screen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perkis |first=Ed |date=May 17, 2016 |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/dvds/Watchmen-Director-Cut-Blu-ray-4038.html |title=Watchmen Director's Cut Blu-ray Review |website=CinemaBlend |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Hereafter (film)|Hereafter]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite news |title=REVIEW: Hereafter |work=Marshall and the Movies |url=http://marshallandthemovies.com/2010/11/04/hereafter/ |date=November 4, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Osenlund |first=R. Kurt |date=December 2, 2011 |title=Answers to Nothing |work=Slant Magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/answers-to-nothing/ |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
* '' [[Traffic (2011 film) | Traffic]]'' (2011) <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57917.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621080807/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57917.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2010|title='Traffic' to start this July|accessdate=18 June 2010|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
*''[[Contagion (2011 film)|Contagion]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wickman |first=Forrest |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Steven Soderbergh's Contagion |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2303397/ |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref>
*''[[Cloud Atlas (film)|Cloud Atlas]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite news|last=LaSalle |first=Mick |author-link=Mick LaSalle |date=October 25, 2012 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Cloud-Atlas-review-Baring-your-soul-3981566.php |title='Cloud Atlas' review: Baring your soul |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Disconnect (2012 film)|Disconnect]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hachard |first=Thomas |date=April 7, 2013 |title=Disconnect |work=Slant Magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/disconnect |access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref>
*''[[The Big Short (film)|The Big Short]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kermode |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Kermode |date=January 24, 2016 |title=The Big Short review – life with the Wall Street sharks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/24/the-big-short-review-crash-riveting-steve-carell-christian-bale |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
*''[[Masaan]]'' (2015)<ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com"/>
*''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/movies/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-review.html |title='Everything Everywhere All at Once' Review: It's Messy, and Glorious |website=NY Times |date=March 24, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Bullet Train (film)|Bullet Train]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenhub.blog/2022/08/11/bullet-train-spoiler-free-review-screenhub-review/|title='Bullet Train' Spoiler Free Review - ScrenHub Review - ScreenHub Entertainment|date=August 11, 2022 }}</ref>
*''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sila-nerangalil-sila-manidhargal/movie-review/89138704.cms|title='Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal' Review:A heartwarming tale about regret, remorse and realisation |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
*''[[Chow Chow Bath]]'' (2024)<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/exclusive-kannadas-first-hyperlink-romcom-chow-chow-bath-completes-50-days-article Exclusive! Kannada's First Hyper-Link Rom-Com, Chow Chow Bath, Completes 50 Days - Times Now]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kenja-chethan-kumar-on-his-kannada-film-chow-chow-bath-it-is-a-hyperlink-film/article67941865.ece Kenja Chethan Kumar on ‘Chow Chow Bath’: It is a hyperlink film - The Hindu]</ref>
*''[[Weapons]]'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slankard |first=Jacob |date=2025-08-13 |title=Zach Cregger's 'Weapons' Brilliantly Dodged This Clichéd Cinematic Trap |url=https://collider.com/weapons-narrative-structure-character-perspectives-rashomon/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Video games ===

* ''[[Suikoden III]]'' (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suikoden III in-depth review|url=https://www.ignboards.com/threads/suikoden-iii-in-depth-review.28745817/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=IGN Boards|date=October 11, 2002 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Fahrenheit (2005 video game)|Indigo Prophecy]]'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigo Prophecy Review|url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/indigo-prophecy-review/1900-6134083/|date=September 21, 2005|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=[[GameSpot]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Heavy Rain]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview: David Cage of Quantic Dream and Heavy Rain|url=https://www.engadget.com/2009-05-27-interview-david-cage-of-quantic-dream-and-heavy-rain.html|date=May 27, 2009|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=Engadget|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Resident Evil 6]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resident Evil 6 HD Remaster Review – Not Worth The Replay Value|url=https://gamingbolt.com/resident-evil-6-hd-remaster-review|date=April 4, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=gamingbolt.com}}</ref>
*''[[Until Dawn]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2015|title=Tips on how to save, or lose, all eight characters in Until Dawn|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/08/31/tips-on-how-to-save-or-lose-all-eight-characters-in-until-dawn-massive-spoilers/|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=[[VentureBeat]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Octopath Traveler]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/octopath-traveler-forgettable-stories/ |title='Octopath Traveler' tells eight stories, and they're all forgettable |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Detroit: Become Human]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Detroit: Become Human Story and Ending Explained - Here's What Happened|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/features/detroit-plot-story-ending-spoilers-ps4-detroit-become-human-1857515|date=May 28, 2018|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=[[NDTV|NDTV Gadgets 360]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Directors associated with hyperlink cinema===
*[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Satyajit Ray]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Prabandha Sangraha|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5040-553-6|location=Kolkata|pages=120–121}}</ref>
*[[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*[[Quentin Tarantino]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/><ref name="laweekly.com">{{cite web |title=20 Worst Hipster Movies of All Time |website=[[LA Weekly]] |date=July 17, 2014 |url=https://www.laweekly.com/20-worst-hipster-movies-of-all-time/}}</ref><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*[[Goutam Ghose]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Weight of the world|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/16/stories/2008031650130500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319232223/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/16/stories/2008031650130500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2008|date=16 March 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
*[[Tarun Majumdar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-29|title=Narrative of Tagore's songs used in Tarun Majumdar's Alo (2003)|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/narrative-tagores-songs-used-tarun-majumdars-alo-2003/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Silhouette Magazine}}</ref>
*[[Garry Marshall]]<ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*[[Robert Altman]]<ref name="ebert-syriana"/><ref name=flick90s/>
*[[The Wachowskis]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Tom Tykwer]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Steven Soderbergh]]<ref name="laweekly.com"/>
*[[Richard Linklater]]<ref name=flick90s/><ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>
*[[Paul Haggis]]<ref name="eccentriccinematicexperience"/>

== See also ==
* [[Anthology film]]
* [[Composite film]]
* [[Ensemble cast]]
* [[Nonlinear (arts)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kottke.org/06/02/syriana Jason Kottke's explanation of the origin of the term]

{{Film genres}}

[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Film styles]]
[[Category:Concepts in film theory]]
[[Category:History of film]]
[[Category:2000s neologisms]]
[[Category:2005 neologisms]]
[[Category:1930s in film]]
[[Category:1960s in film]]
[[Category:1970s in film]]
[[Category:1980s in film]]
[[Category:1990s in film]]
[[Category:2000s in film]]
[[Category:2010s in film]]
[[Category:2020s in film]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]

Sukhwinder Singh (football manager)

2026-03-06T10:59:20Z

James:

{{short description|Indian footballer and manager}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sukhwinder Singh
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1949|6|7}}
| birth_place = Fatehpur Khurd, [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| years1 = 1971–1973
| clubs1 = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1971–1981
| clubs2 = [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1974–1978
| clubs3 = [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 1978–1985
| clubs4 = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
|nationalyears1 = 1975–1977
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1 = 1995–2001
| manageryears2 = 1999–2001
| manageryears3 = 2002–2011
| manageryears4 = 2005
| manageryears5 = 2007–2011
| manageryears6 = 2011–2012
| manageryears7 = 2011–2012
| managerclubs1 = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| managerclubs2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| managerclubs3 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| managerclubs4 = [[India national football team|India]]
| managerclubs5 = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| managerclubs6 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| managerclubs7 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
}}

'''Sukhwinder Singh''' is an Indian football manager and a former international footballer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football: Part Four – Modern Era (1999—2011)|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=11 October 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041621/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/}}</ref> He was the coach of the [[India national under-23 football team|India U-23]] side and formerly of the [[Pailan Arrows]] of the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India National Football Team: The Tactical Dilemma |url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/india-national-football-team-the-tactical-dilemma/ |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |last=Sengupta |first=Somnath |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102203409/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/india-national-football-team-the-tactical-dilemma/ }}</ref>

After completing his coaching course from [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports|National Institute of Sports]] in Patiala, Singh was appointed chief coach of JCT on 1 July 1992.<ref name="JCT"/> He also served as deputy general manager and joint secretary of the Phagwara-based club.<ref name="JCT">{{cite web|url=http://www.jctfootball.com/team/playersProfile.aspx?ProfileCategoryID=11&ProfileID=6&FirstName=Sukhvinder&DateOfBirth=07-06-1949&OrderNumber=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070148/http://www.jctfootball.com/team/playersProfile.aspx?ProfileCategoryID=11&ProfileID=6&FirstName=Sukhvinder&DateOfBirth=07-06-1949&OrderNumber=11|title=Squad Management: Sukhwinder Singh|website=JCT Official Website|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/jct-football-club-the-pride-of-punjab/|title=JCT Football Club: The Pride Of Punjab|date=29 November 2010|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711085806/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/jct-football-club-the-pride-of-punjab/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, Singh became the third Indian to receive Major [[Dhyan Chand Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sandesh-jhingan-sukhwinder-singh-national-awards-aiff-6565874/lite/|title=Sandesh Jhingan, Sukhwinder Singh lauded for their national awards by AIFF|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|date=22 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115354/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sandesh-jhingan-sukhwinder-singh-national-awards-aiff-6565874/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/this-award-is-of-the-players-by-the-players-for-the-players-sukhwinder-singh/|title=This Award is of the players, by the players, for the players: Sukhwinder Singh|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|location=Mumbai|date=26 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2024|first1=Rounak|last1=Majumdar|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115458/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/this-award-is-of-the-players-by-the-players-for-the-players-sukhwinder-singh/}}</ref>

==Playing career==
In club football, Singh appeared with various Punjabi teams, and represented [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]] at the [[Asian Club Championship 1971|1971 edition]] of [[Asian Club Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Enda|last=Mulcahy|date=26 December 2000|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup71.html#cc|title=Asian Club Competitions 1971|website=RSSSF.com|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073033/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup71.html#cc|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In preliminary round (group allocation matches), they played against 1969–70 [[Kuwaiti Premier League]] champions [[Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait)|Al-Arabi]] on 22 March 1971, and lost 1–8. After being placed in Group B, they suffered defeats in all three games, 2–0 to [[Bangkok Bank F.C.|Bangkok Bank]], 4–1 to [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]], and 6–1 to [[Aliyat Al-Shorta SC|Aliyat Al-Shorta]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soham|last2= Easwar|first2=Nisanth V|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup?|date=1 April 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz}}</ref> He scored a goal in that tournament.

Singh later represented [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] at the [[Santosh Trophy]] and won first title in [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974–75 season]], when the team was managed by [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-jarnail-singh/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: Jarnail Singh|date=4 April 2011|access-date=7 October 2022|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107101542/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-jarnail-singh/|archive-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> They finished the tournament having scored 46 goals.

==Managerial career==
Singh managed the [[India national football team|Indian senior team]] from 1999 to 2001 alongside managing [[JCT FC]] from 1995 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19980202-with-over-rs-1-cr-as-prize-money-for-philips-league-local-clubs-sign-up-foreign-players-825596-1998-02-02|title=With over Rs 1 cr as prize money for Philips League, local clubs sign up foreign players|date=2 February 1998|access-date=1 February 2022|first=Binoo|last=K. John|website=www.indiatoday.in|publisher=[[India Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201101437/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19980202-with-over-rs-1-cr-as-prize-money-for-philips-league-local-clubs-sign-up-foreign-players-825596-1998-02-02|archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2021/09/22/was-inder-singh-indias-greatest-forward/|title=Was Inder Singh India's greatest forward?|website=theawayend.co|publisher=Kalpanthu's Vuvuzela|agency=The Away End|date=22 September 2021|access-date=28 October 2022|first=K. G.|last=Raghunandanan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127151014/https://theawayend.co/2021/09/22/was-inder-singh-indias-greatest-forward/|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> He joined JCT as head coach during the managership of [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]]. The club at that time became one of the most successful clubs in the country, winning [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] twice in 1995 and 1996,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|title=India – List of Federation Cup Winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=17 February 2014|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|title=From the history book, roll of honour|date=10 January 2015|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234522/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|archive-date=9 January 2015|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|url-status=dead}}</ref> inaugural [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/jct-mills.html|title=JCT Mills – JCT Mills Indian Football Club – JCT Mills Club Football India|publisher=iloveindia.com|access-date=2014-11-06|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718235905/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/jct-mills.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – NFL|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref> [[IFA Shield]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ }}</ref> He also guided them in continental tournament at the [[1996–97 Asian Club Championship|1996–97]] and reached second round.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukherjee, Soham; Easwar, Nisanth V|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup?|date=1 April 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz}}</ref>

His notable achievements include the SAFF Cup 1999 win with the Indian senior team, the [[2009 SAFF Championship|SAFF Cup 2009]] with the India U-23 team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2773/saff-cup/2009/12/16/1690072/2009-saff-cup-i-always-knew-we-could-win-sukhwinder-singh |title=2009 SAFF Cup: I Always Knew We Could Win - Sukhwinder Singh |date=16 December 2009 |website= goal.com|accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref> and the 1996–97 National Football League victory with [[JCT FC]]. He last managed [[I-League]] side [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sukhwinder-singh-resigns-as-churchill-brothers-technical-director|title=Sukhwinder Singh resigns as I-League champions Churchill Brothers Technical Director|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=16 October 2013|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221113048/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sukhwinder-singh-resigns-as-churchill-brothers-technical-director|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>

Sukhwinder Singh is best remembered for India's performance in [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round|2002 World Cup Qualifiers]], where they defeated teams like United Arab Emirates, [[Brunei national football team|Brunei]] and [[Yemen national football team|Yemen]]. India secured 11 points from 6 matches, same as Yemen, but finished behind them due to an inferior goal difference.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/2002worldcupq.html|access-date=18 January 2021|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819165359/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/2002worldcupq.html}}</ref> Only UAE qualified for the second round.

India started the campaign with solitary goal (by Jules Alberto) win over the mighty [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]] at [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. The men in blue defeated Brunei twice, one of which was a lopsided 5–0 win at home. They successfully held Yemen to draws in both the matches. They lost only one game in the entire qualifying phase, against the UAE in an away encounter.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ritabrata |last1=Banerjee |title=4 instances when India could have played in FIFA World Cup |date=12 March 2015 |website=sportskeeda.com |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/4-instances-india-could-played-fifa-world-cup |publisher=Sportskeeda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131224003/https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/4-instances-india-could-played-fifa-world-cup |archive-date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>

In July 2000, Sukhwinder Singh managed India during their historic England-tour, where they played three matches against [[Premier League|English Premier League]] sides [[Fulham FC|Fulham]], [[West Bromwich Albion]], and arch-rival [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/july-2000-when-team-india-came-on-a-historic-trip-to-england/|title=July 2000: When Team India came on a historic trip to England!|website=www.arunfoot.com|date=19 July 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031141711/https://www.arunfoot.com/july-2000-when-team-india-came-on-a-historic-trip-to-england/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/857704.stm|title=BBC SPORT {{!}} FOOTBALL Indian tour ends on high|website=news.bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=29 July 2000|access-date=26 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212203742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/857704.stm|archive-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>

Singh later went on to manage [[Pailan Arrows]], and also became technical director of the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football coach Desmond Bulpin sacked by AIFF|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/football/football-coach-desmond-bulpin-sacked-by-aiff_726015.html|work=Zee News|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190336/http://zeenews.india.com/news/football/football-coach-desmond-bulpin-sacked-by-aiff_726015.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 1–1 HAL – Hamza Wins A Point For The Away Side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69218/pailan-arrows-vs-hal-bangalore/report|work=goal.com|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214031937/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69218/pailan-arrows-vs-hal-bangalore/report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|date=19 October 2011|access-date=8 January 2023|title=Indian football: Suspects vs outsiders|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|website=livemint.com|publisher=LiveMint News|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601004022/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|archive-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> He guided the team in [[2011 Indian Federation Cup]], in which they finished second in group stages behind Salgaocar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar beat Pailan Arrows to enter Federation Cup semis|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Salgaocar-beat-Pailan-Arrows-to-enter-Federation-Cup-semis-/articleshow/10082752.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405030501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/top-stories/30189224_1_mumbai-fc-salgaocar-sc-federation-cup|url-status=live|archive-date=5 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=lahiri|first=Debjit|title=I-League: Pailan Arrows 1–3 Mohun Bagan AC – Odafa Okolie Hat-trick Powers A Second Half Bagan Rally|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69203/pailan-arrows-vs-mohun-bagan/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412134154/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69203/pailan-arrows-vs-mohun-bagan/report}}</ref> In February 2012, he parted ways with the club.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=I-League: Sukhwinder Singh resigns from Pailan Arrows|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/02/07/2890971/i-league-sukhwinder-singh-resigns-from-pailan-arrows|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426102437/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/02/07/2890971/i-league-sukhwinder-singh-resigns-from-pailan-arrows}}</ref>

In July 2018, then defending champions of [[I-League]] – [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]] roped in Singh as club's technical director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms|title=Minerva Punjab FC rope in Sukhwinder as technical director|date=17 July 2018|access-date=26 September 2023|location=Chandigarh|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718015832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms|archive-date=18 July 2018|first=Pratyush|last=Raj|url-status=live|agency=TNN}}</ref> He was replaced by Northern Irish manager [[Paul Munster]] for the post in August.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Paul Munster joins Indian champions | first = Steven | last = Crawford | website=newsletter.co.uk |publisher= The News Letter | date = 8 August 2018 | access-date = 17 August 2018 | url = https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/football/paul-munster-joins-indian-champions-1-8595180 | archive-date = 17 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161259/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/football/paul-munster-joins-indian-champions-1-8595180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fnx.network/interview-with-paul-munster/|title=Interview with Paul Munster|website=FNX.Network|date=6 December 2018|publisher=Shoot The Defence|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-12-07|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207163123/https://fnx.network/interview-with-paul-munster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/team/minerva-punjab-fc/|title=Minerva Punjab FC|website=Apollo Minerva Punjab FC|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-07|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606115335/https://minervapunjabfc.com/team/minerva-punjab-fc/}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Singh immigrated to Canada in 2021 to live with his son, who had already been settled there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |title=Legendary Football Coach Sukhwinder Singh Shifts to Canada for Good |publisher=News Click India |website=newsclick.in |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130095420/https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |archive-date=30 January 2023 }}</ref> He has many other relatives in Canada, including Indo-Canadian businessman Garry Sangha.

==Honours==
===Player===

'''India'''
*Afghanistan Republic Day Cup third place: 1976, 1977<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/jasson76.html|title=Afghanistan Republic Day Festival Cup (Kabul, Afghanistan): Palmares|website=rsssf.com|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002123509/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/jasson76.html|archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
*[[King's Cup (Thailand football tournament)|King's Cup]] third place: [[1977 King's Cup|1977]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senior National Team at 1977 Kings Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1977kingscup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819214653/http://indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1977kingscup.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Punjab'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974–75]], 1980–81

===Manager===
'''JCT'''
*[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Fairplay bonus for JCT |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970421012412/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |archive-date=21 April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|title=The League of foreign coaches|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|location=Margao|date=29 September 2008|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616070718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|archive-date=16 June 2024}}
</ref>
*[[Punjab State Super Football League]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Super League History|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2|website=Kolkata Football|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101022001/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2}}</ref> 1995; runners-up: 1999
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 1995, 1996
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1996
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1996
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1997<ref>[http://www.jctfootball.com/aboutUs/recordsAndStats/listofWinners/roversCupListOfWinners.aspx?a=2 JCT Mills FC in Rovers Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306102224/http://www.jctfootball.com/aboutUs/recordsAndStats/listofWinners/roversCupListOfWinners.aspx?a=2 |date=6 March 2021 }}. ''jctfootball.com''. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref>
*[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] runner-up: 1997<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super Cup |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925102945/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748 |archive-date=2011-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Gurdarshan Memorial Cup:<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gurdarshancup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Gurdarshan Memorial Football Tournament: Punjab|website=indianfootbal.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023054252/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gurdarshancup.html|archive-date=23 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1995, 2001<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|title=2002/03 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107085227/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]: 1995<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/saitnagjeetrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sait Nagjee Trophy|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=www.indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928211306/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/saitnagjeetrophy.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Scissors Cup: 1995<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/scissorscup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Scissors Cup: Kerala|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024223324/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/scissorscup.html|archive-date=24 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Memorial Trophy runner-up: 1998

'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999]]

'''India U23'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2009 SAFF Championship|2009]]

'''Awards and accolades'''
* [[Dhyan Chand Award]]: 2020<ref>{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced – Rohit Sharma, Mariyappan T., Manik Batra, Ms Vinesh and Ms Rani bag the Khel Ratna|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=21 August 2020|date=21 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822113113/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/national-sports-awards-aiff-lauds-award-winners/article32424053.ece/|title=National Sports Awards — AIFF lauds award winners|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi|date=24 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827205618/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/national-sports-awards-aiff-lauds-award-winners/article32424053.ece}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Association football|Biography}}
*[[History of the India national football team]]
* [[List of India national football team managers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070148/http://www.jctfootball.com/team/playersProfile.aspx?ProfileCategoryID=11&ProfileID=6&FirstName=Sukhvinder&DateOfBirth=07-06-1949&OrderNumber=11 Sukhwinder Singh profile] at JCT (archived on 19 September 2020)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100103161543/https://www.the-aiff.com/pages/team/players.php?plyrId=427 Sukhwinder Singh profile] at [[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]] (archived on 3 January 2010)

{{India national football team managers}}
{{Indian Arrows managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sukhvinder}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:India national football team managers]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows managers]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC managers]]
[[Category:I-League managers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Hoshiarpur]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]

Ranghar

2026-03-05T03:08:25Z

James: starting stub!

{{Short description|Community of Muslim Rajputs and agriculturists}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ranghar
| total = Unknown
| popplace = {{hlist|India|Pakistan}}
| langs = {{hlist| [[Haryanvi]] ([[Ranghari]]) | [[Khari Boli]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}
| rels = Islam
}}

'''Ranghar''' are a community of [[Muslim Rajputs]] in the Indian states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Delhi]];<ref name=ranghar>{{cite book|title=Psychological implications in Industrial Performance|author=Ashok Pratap Singh and Pratija Kumari|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=ranghar+Community&pg=PA694|pages=694–696|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=9788182202009}}</ref> and in [[Sindh]] ([[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]]s) and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=S. | author2=Haryana (India). Gazetteers Organisation | title=Haryana State Gazetteer: Lacks special title | publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department | series=Gazetteer of India | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYsMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

== History and origin ==
The Ranghar were classified as an "agricultural tribe" by the [[British Raj]] administration. This was often taken to be synonymous with the classification of [[martial race]], and some Ranghars were recruited to the [[British Indian Army]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC |title=The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab |first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder |page=105 |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7824-059-6}}</ref> especially in [[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)|Skinner's Horse]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125 |title= Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |year= 2021 |author= Sumit Walia |page= 125|publisher= Lancer Publishers |isbn= 9788170623311 }}</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:The 4th Irregular Cavalry.jpg|2nd Regiment of Skinner's Horse
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Garha]]
* [[Ranghad (term)]]
* [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar (Rajput Clan)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Ranghar| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]

Baa Bega Chandamama

2026-03-04T07:28:52Z

James: Creating the pg w/ infobox!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baa Bega Chandamama
| image = Baa Bega Chandamama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Murali
| writer = Manju Mandavya (dialogues)
| screenplay = Murali
| story = Murali
| based_on = 
| producer = G. Kumaraswamy
| starring = Deepak [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mathew Rajan
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| music = Murali
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|10|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Baa Bega Chandamama''''' ({{Translation|Come fast moon!}}) is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by Murali (brother of [[Sudha Rani]]) in his directorial debut and starring Deepak and [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]. The story is based on ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''. The film's title is based on a line from the song "Amara Madhura Prema" in ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/music-maestro-t-g-lingappa-who-shined-in-sandalwood-113491|title=ಚಂದನವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚಿ ಮರೆಯಾದ ಸಂಗೀತ ಮಾಂತ್ರಿಕ ಟಿ.ಜಿ.ಲಿಂಗಪ್ಪ|last=Uppar|first=Ananth|date=20 January 2023|work=[[Zee News]]|language=kn|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083007/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/music-maestro-t-g-lingappa-who-shined-in-sandalwood-113491|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/packing-in-a-punch/articleshow/22219571.cms|title=Packing in a punch|date=11 February 2009|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217115611/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/packing-in-a-punch/articleshow/22219571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Deepak as Deepu
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] as Preethi
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Poonacha
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Prakash
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by Murali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/good-gesture-kannada-news-37921|title=Good gesture|work=Indiaglitz|date=15 April 2008|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217115431/https://www.indiaglitz.com/good-gesture-kannada-news-37921|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Baa+Bega+Chandamama.html|title=Baa Bega Chandamama Songs|work=mymazaa|date=May 2008 |access-date=2023-02-17|archive-date=2023-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217115429/https://mymazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Baa+Bega+Chandamama.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ellindalo Tangali
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Nannede Goodali
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth Kumar]], Supriya Acharya
| length2 = 1:04
| title3 = O Preethiye
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length3 = 4:36
| title4 = Nannalli Nooru Aase (Bit)
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Sangaati Naa Ninna
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Anuradha Bhat
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Hey Maamu
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], H. G. Murali
| length6 = 4:01
| title7 = Iniyane Baaro
| extra7 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length7 = 4:02
| total_length = 26:25
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Uninspired performances, unintelligent placement of songs and the unnecessary length of the film tests one’s patience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/baa-bega-chandamama-never-mind/articleshow/22388606.cms|title=Baa Bega Chandamama: Never mind|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=11 October 2008|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212004437/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/baa-bega-chandamama-never-mind/articleshow/22388606.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "All in all, ''Baa Bega Chandamama'' is a no show".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/13ssb.htm|title=Avoid Baa Bega Chandamama|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 October 2008|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707215842/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/13ssb.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Baa Bega Chandamama'' is an illogical film which lacks excitement in narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5724/kannada/baa-bega-chandamama/1864/review.htm|title=Baa Bega Chandamama Kannada Movie Review|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=13 October 2008|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195725/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5724/kannada/baa-bega-chandamama/1864/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12206076}}

{{The Comedy of Errors}}

[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Makane Ninakku Vendi

2026-03-03T21:12:38Z

James: typo fix

{{short description|Indian film by E.N. Balakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Makane Ninakku Vendi
| image =
| caption =
| director = E. N. Balakrishnan
| producer =
| writer = Parappurathu
| screenplay = Parappurathu
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = G. V. Ramani
| editing =
| studio = Premier Pictures
| distributor = Premier Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1971|1|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Makane Ninakku Vendi''''' is a 1971 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by E. N. Balakrishnan. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]]. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=369|title=Makane Ninakku Vendi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2629|title=Makane Ninakku Vendi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/makane-ninakku-vendi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032925/http://spicyonion.com/title/makane-ninakku-vendi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Makane Ninakku Vendi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Sam, Thomachan (double role)
*[[Sheela]] as Chinnamma
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Thomachan's mother
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Kuruvilla Ashaan
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Mammachan
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] as Saramma
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Peelippochan
*[[Aarathi]] as Sophia
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] as Kalyani
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as Mathachan
*[[Philomina]] as Achamma
*[[Ushanandini]] as Mary
*[[TR Omana]] as Eali
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Martha
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Pappachan
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Chandikunju
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Mariakutty
*[[Shobha]] as Young Sophia
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Baavaakkum Puthranum" || [[P. Susheela]], [[Renuka]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Irunooru Pournami" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Maalaakhamaar" || P. Susheela || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Ponmaane" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Sneham Virunnu Vilichu" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257893|Makane Ninakku Vendi}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sambaram

2026-03-03T18:12:07Z

James: Made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sambaram
| image = Sambaram.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kondapalli Dasaradh Kumar|Dasaradh]]
| writer = Dasaradh
| producer = [[Teja (director)|Teja]]
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Nikitha]]
| cinematography = Prasad
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| distributor = Chitram Movies
| released = {{Film date|2003|07|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 129 mins.
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Sambaram''''' (English Translation: ''Celebration'') is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] starring [[Nithiin]] and [[Nikitha]] in lead roles and directed by [[Kondapalli Dasaradh Kumar|Dasaradh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-a-hat-trick/article28443996.ece|title=On a hat-trick|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 July 2003|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129195639/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-a-hat-trick/article28443996.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ravi ([[Nithiin]]) and Geeta ([[Nikitha]]) are childhood friends. Ravi is a carefree guy who roams around with friends without concentrating on studies. Geeta is a sincere student who passes engineering studies. Ravi has feelings for her and everybody in the town is aware of it except for Geeta. When she is asked by Nitin's sister-in-law [[Seetha (actress)|Seeta]] when she is planning to marry Ravi, she expresses her surprise and says that they are just friends and she has no feelings for him. She shows her materialistic attitude by saying that she wants her husband to be financially and academically stronger than her. Ravi is devastated after listening to her logic. He realizes the importance of being a responsible family member and work as a mechanic to earn money. He becomes proficient in his work and finally gets the visa to work in Dubai. He wants to leave for Dubai as it gives him an opportunity to prove his money-earning ability despite being away from Geeta. Meanwhile, Geeta's father dies and she starts realizing that it takes more than academics and finances to make a man qualified to be a husband. And by that time Ravi is already at the airport. When Geeta learns about Ravi going to Dubai for a job, she realizes her love for him and rushes to the airport to stop him. Finally, Geeta proposes to Ravi and they happily get married.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Nithiin]] as Ravi (Voice-over by [[Sivaji]])
*[[Nikitha]] as Geeta (Voice-over by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seeta]] as Satya, Ravi's sister-in-law
*[[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] as Lecturer
*[[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Ravi's father
*[[Giri Babu]] as Geeta's father, Rama Chandra Murthy
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Parvathi, Geeta's mother
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Rajyalakshmi, Ravi's mother
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Banerjee, Ravi's brother
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Duvvasi
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Narayana
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh, Ravi's foster friend
*[[Suman Shetty]] as Suman
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Anjibabu, Ravi's friend-in-law
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Krishna Rao
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu, Ravi's friend-in-law
*[[Nikhil Siddharth]] as Car driver (uncredited)
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28444460.ece|title=Chords & Notes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 August 2003|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129195642/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28444460.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Sambaram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 34:16
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = R. P. Patnaik
| prev_title = [[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Nijam]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:16
| title1 = Devudichina
| lyrics1 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Endhukuley Ila
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Erra Gulabhi
| lyrics3 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra3 = Ravi Varma, Malli
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Madhuram Madhuram
| lyrics4 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Nakka Thoka
| lyrics5 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra5 = Ravi Varma, Sriram, Balaji
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = Nee Sneham
| lyrics6 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik
| length6 = 1:51
| title7 = Pattudhalatho
| lyrics7 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra7 = [[Mallikarjun]]
| length7 = 3:39
| title8 = Pitta Nadum
| lyrics8 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra8 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Usha (singer)|Usha]]
| length8 = 4:12
| title9 = Premanu Premincha
| lyrics9 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra9 = R. P. Patnaik
| length9 = 4:25
| title10 = Sambaram Theme
| extra10 = [[Instrumental]]
| length10 = 1:10
}}

== Reception ==
''The Hindu'' opined that the director "fails to deliver a happy, engrossing subject".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fails-to-sustain-interest/article28444452.ece|title=Fails to sustain interest|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 August 2003|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129195640/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fails-to-sustain-interest/article28444452.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sambaram.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Sambaram - Nitin, Nikita - Dasarath - RP Patnaik - Chitram Movies | access-date=21 December 2022 | archive-date=21 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221092127/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sambaram.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0377132|title=Sambaram}}
{{K.Dasaradh}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

Powai Lake

2026-03-02T00:02:48Z

James: updated details

{{Short description|Lake in Mumbai, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Powai Lake
| image =Powai Lake Summer.JPG
| caption =
| alt = View of Powai lake
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Powai lake within Mumbai
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| coords = {{Coord|19.13|72.91|type:waterbody_region:IN-MH}}
| lake_type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = {{Convert|6.61|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth = {{Convert|12|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{Convert|58.5|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities = [[Powai]]
}}

[[File:JVLR and Powai Lake View from Emerald Isle 1.jpg|thumb|500px|The JVLR & Powai Lake as seen from the top of Emerald Isle, Powai]]
[[File:PowaiLake Stitch Panorama from Shimmering Heights 16th Floor Window.jpg|thumb|Powai Lake]]
'''Powai Lake''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[pəʋəiː]]]) is an [[artificial lake]], situated in [[Mumbai]], India, in the [[Powai]] valley, where a [[Powai]] village with a cluster of huts existed. The city suburb called [[Powai]] shares its name with the lake.
[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], one of the premier institutions of science and technology in India, is located to the east of the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://powaidevelopments.weebly.com/ |title=Powai lake |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041214/http://powaidevelopments.weebly.com/ |archive-date=2014-09-24 }}</ref> Another famous institution, the [[IIM Mumbai]] erstwhile known as [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE), is also located close to the lake. Housing complexes and plush hotels are developed all around the lake periphery. Population around the lake has thus substantially increased over the years.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
[[File:River-Geography-Mumbai.png|thumb|left|200px|Powai Lake is located downstream of the [[Vihar Lake]] on the [[Mithi River]]]]
When it was built, the lake had an area of about {{convert|2.1|km2|acre}} and the depth varied from about {{convert|3|m|ft}} (at the periphery) to {{convert|12|m|ft}} at its deepest.<ref name="A Brief History of Powai Lake">{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/MSAAPowai/history.htm |title=History Of Powai Lake |publisher=Members.tripod.com |access-date=2013-10-24}}</ref>

The Powai Lake has gone through many stages of water quality degradation. The lake water which used to supply drinking water for Mumbai has been declared unfit to drink. The lake remains a [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombay-mumbai-hotels.com/tourist-attractions/powai-lake.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510093347/http://www.bombay-mumbai-hotels.com/tourist-attractions/powai-lake.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 May 2007 |title=Mumbai Hotels: Mumbai Tourist Attractions: Powai Lake |publisher=Bombay-mumbai-hotels.com |access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref>

==History==
Before the lake was built by the [[British people|British]], in 1799 [[AD]], the estate where the lake is now was leased on a yearly rent to Dr. Scott. After his death in 1816, the government took control of the estate in 1826 and leased it to Framaji Kavasji, then the vice-president of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Western India<ref name="GAZ">{{cite web|date=1987|title=Greater Bombay Places - Powai Lake|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html#45|access-date=7 March 2012|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers}}</ref> after whom the lake was named when it was built in 1891.

=== Construction and early history of Powai Lake ===
A stream tributary of the [[Mithi River]], which served the Powai village's water needs, was dammed in 1891, during the British period. It was initially to augment water supply to Bombay city (now called Mumbai), by constructing two dams of 10 m to store the rain water flowing from the lower slopes of the Western Ghats and streams from the eastern and northeastern slopes of hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satellite-sightseer.com/id/6583 |title=Powai Lake One of the lakes supplying water to Mumbai |location=19.126923;72.90287 |publisher=Satellite-sightseer.com |access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref> It was planned as an antiwater famine measure, to the southeast of [[Vihar Lake]] (a much larger lake) also for water supply to Mumbai city.<ref name="grassrootsresearch1">{{cite web |url=http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |title=A design for echo sustainability: lessons from a stressed environment in Mumbai |publisher=Grassrootsresearch.org |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216191628/http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-16 }}</ref> The scheme was taken in hand in 1889. Though it was completed within a year at an initial cost of more than Rs. 6,50,000 and started providing two million gallons of water per day, it had to be abandoned due to the hue and cry against the quality of the water. Five lakhs of rupees more were spent on the scheme in 1919 in an attempt to restore the supply at least for the suburbs but this, too, was given up with the development of the Tansa works.<ref name="GAZ" />

=== Shift from water supply to angling and conservation efforts ===
After the drinking water supply objective was abandoned in the early 1890s, in view of poor quality of the water due to pollution, [[water hyacinth]] and [[weed]]s, untreated sewage and large silt deposit, the lake was leased to the Western India Fishing Association, a [[Government-owned corporation|quasi government organisation]], who used it for fish culture and [[angling]]. Later, the Bombay Presidency Angling Association was formed in 1936. In 1955, under the Societies Registration Act 1860, it was registered as the Maharashtra State Angling Association (MSAA) and the lake is now under their control. Realising the gravity of the environmental pollution, the MSAA has revised its constitution "to actively care for, clean, develop, maintain, and beautify the Environment at Powai Lake."

MSAA is now involved with
* removal of water hyacinth infestation
* supporting research with Fisheries Department for conservation of the Indian [[Mahseer|mahaseer]]
* water quality analysis
* augmenting security.<ref name="A Brief History of Powai Lake"/>

[[File:Powai Lake Panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Panorama of Powai Lake, seen from the campus of [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in December 2012]]

== Location and accessibility ==
The lake is about {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[Mumbai]]'s downtown by road and is approached via [[Kurla]] or through [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]] and [[Andheri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/powailake.htm |title=Powai Lake |publisher=Mumbainet.com |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216034701/http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/powailake.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16 }}</ref> [[Kanjurmarg]] on the [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] is the nearest railway station to the lake. The airport is also nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hiranandani.com/Hiranandani_Gardens.aspx|title=Hiranandani Gardens – 1 BHK and 2 BHK Flats / Apartments | Residential Project in Powai, Mumbai}}</ref>

== Hydrology, catchment, and current water quality ==
[[File:Lake just trying to overflow.JPG|thumb|right|250px| Powai Lake Mumbai overflowing after rains of 26 and 27 July 2005]]
It is reported that the average rainfall at Powai is about {{convert|2540|mm|in}}, and the lake overflows for about sixty days each year. The overflow from the lake flows into the [[Mithi River]]. Silt studies conducted in 1995 estimates in that 4500 lakh cubic metres of silt has been deposited in the lake since its construction.<ref name="A Brief History of Powai Lake"/> It supplied two million gallons of water to Bombay (now Mumbai) when it was built. Following the construction of the [[Tansa dam]] and creation of the reservoir, in 1892, Powai waters were used for irrigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/powai-lake |title=Powai Lake: Information from Answers.com |website=[[Answers.com]] |access-date=2013-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828111143/http://www.answers.com/topic/powai-lake |archive-date=28 August 2014 }}</ref> The lake drains a catchment of 6.61 km2 (part of the Powai-Kanheri hill ranges which also drain into the adjoining [[Vihar Lake]] and [[Tulsi Lake]]). The dam, built in stone masonry has a height varying from 3 m to 6m with top level of the dam kept at E.L. 58.5 m (with Town hall datum).<ref name="maharashtra1">{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |title=Envis |publisher=Envis.maharashtra.gov |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref> Government of [[Maharashtra]] reports that due to [[eutrophication]] of the lake water from untreated sewage and garbage from nearby residential and slum colonies, the lake water is unfit for drinking water use. Hence, the lake is now used for recreation, gardening, cattle washing and fishing. The water of the lake is also supplied to [[Aarey]] colony and [[Larsen & Toubro]] for non domestic uses. [[Dissolved Oxygen]] (DO) level at the bottom of the lake is reported to be 0.71 mg/litre and at surface 4.11 mg/litre, average value of pH is 7.2 and COD is 42.70 mg/litre on the surface and 119 mg/litre at the bottom of the lake.<ref name="maharashtra1"/>

== Revitalization efforts by IIT Bombay alumni ==
Appreciating the problem of silting, growth of water hyacinth, weed, and eutrophication of the lake, the IIT Bombay's Class of 1980 launched a "Revitalization of Powai Lake" with the objective of restoring the lake to its original pristine and sustainable form by adopting Eco-friendly designs and materials for the restoration works.<ref>[http://www.iitbombay.org/iitbfund/opportunities/powai.html] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071211032632/http://www.iitbombay.org/iitbfund/opportunities/powai.html|date=11 December 2007}}</ref>

== Decline in water depth and desilting plans ==
The Lake's water depth is reported to have reduced to as little as {{convert|0.33|m|ft}} at some locations, on account of the large inflow of sewage, domestic waste water and silt from surrounding residential and industrial areas.<ref name="grassrootsresearch1"/>

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has therefore plans to desilt the Powai Lake at a cost of US$9 million.<ref>[https://www.processregister.com/Powai_Lake_Desilting/Project/pid17904.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111232704/https://www.processregister.com/Powai_Lake_Desilting/Project/pid17904.htm|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

==Fauna==
The lake is home to at least 18 [[Mugger crocodile|Indian marsh crocodiles]], as per a 2022 BMC census.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70182] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430125915/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70182|date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora-Desai |first=Prayag |date=21 July 2022 |title=Powai Lake home to at least 18 crocodiles: BMC’s first ever census |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/powai-lake-home-to-at-least-18-crocodiles-bmc-s-first-ever-census-101658341944686.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322064245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/powai-lake-home-to-at-least-18-crocodiles-bmc-s-first-ever-census-101658341944686.html |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Powai-Lake.jpg|Powai Lake
File:Powai Lake Summer.JPG
File:Powai Lake, before rain.jpg|Powai Lake - Before Heavy Showers of Rain
File:Powai Lake, after rain.jpg|Powai Lake - After Heavy Showers of Rain
</gallery>

<gallery widths="600px" heights="265px" caption="">
File:Powai Lake in night.JPG|Powai lake in night. Picture take from JVLR side
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.planetpowai.com Community Newspaper of Powai]
*[https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=19.128566,72.904651&spn=0.014556,0.020127&t=k&q=Mumbai Powai Lake Satellite image] in Google Maps
*[http://www.powaitemple.com Powai Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716184000/http://www.powaitemple.com/ |date=16 July 2015 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208131444/http://www.powai.info/ All Info on powai categorized]}}

{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Lakes of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Maharashtra]]

The Village (2023 TV series)

2026-02-26T18:52:54Z

James: Made place

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Village (2023 TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| director = Milind Rau
| writer = {{ubl|
* Deepthi Govindarajan
* Milind Rau
* Deeraj Vaidy
}}
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
* [[Divya Pillai]]
* Baby Aazhiya
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Sivakumar Vijayan]]
| editor = [[Lawrence Kishore]]
| runtime = 30-35 minutes
| company = Studio Shakthi Productions
| producer = B. S. Radhakrishnan
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|24|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''The Village''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Horror fiction|horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created and directed by [[Milind Rau]], for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It was produced by B. S. Radhakrishnan, under Studio Shakthi Productions.

The story was initially based on Asvin Srivatsangam and Shamik Dasgupta's graphic horror novel of the same name, initially published by [[Yali Dream Creations]]. The principal characters of the series include [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Divya Pillai]], Baby Aazhiya, [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[George Maryan]], Vettai Muthukumar, [[John Kokken]], and [[Pooja Ramachandran]]. It premiered on 24 November 2023 and consisted of six episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arya's horror series 'The Village' to stream on Prime Video on this date|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aryas-horror-series-the-village-to-stream-on-prime-video-on-this-date-2460881-2023-11-09|access-date=9 November 2023|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=9 November 2023 |language=en|archive-date=2023-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109125858/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aryas-horror-series-the-village-to-stream-on-prime-video-on-this-date-2460881-2023-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=South First Desk|title=Actor Arya's 'The Village' web series to release on 24 November|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/actor-aryas-web-series-the-village-to-release-on-24-november/|access-date=9 November 2023|website=thesouthfirst.com|date=9 November 2023 |language=en|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109110518/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/actor-aryas-web-series-the-village-to-release-on-24-november/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Dr. Gautham Subramanian
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Neha Subramanian, Gautham's wife
* Baby Aazhiya as Maya Subramanian, Gautham's daughter
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Sakthivel
* [[George Maryan]] as Peter Pandiyan
* Vettai Muthukumar as Karunagam
* [[John Kokken]] as Farhan Hameed
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Happy
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as GSR
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Jagan
* [[Arjun Chidambaram]] as Prakash
* [[Kalairani]] as Subhadra
* Sunny PN as Sairaj
* [[Ashwin Kkumar]] as Devraj
* A. Seemon as Lucky
* [[Kabali Vishwanth]] as Sethu
* Abishek Kumar as Arul
* [[Anand Sami]] as Tejas
* Naveen George Thomas as Sanjeev
* Aadhira Pandilakshmi as Revathi
* Aathma Patrick as Vettaiyan
* Gokulan as Pillai
* [[Neelan K. Sekar]] as Ponraj
* Magalakshmi Sudarsanan as Pavazhakodi
* Vignesh Kumar as Hazmat Suit Scientist
* Shriram as Prakash's Doctor
* Mullai Arasi as Pavazhakodi Friend
* Mano as Quarry Man
* Anand as Exogenyx Lab Scientist
* Tharani Suresh as Mala Sethu
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 28 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon Prime Video announces its slate of upcoming Tamil web shows!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/amazon-prime-video-tamil-upcoming-web-series-shows-announcement-pipelin-tamil-news-313129#google_vignette|access-date=28 April 2022|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=28 April 2022 |language=en|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428163934/https://www.indiaglitz.com/amazon-prime-video-tamil-upcoming-web-series-shows-announcement-pipelin-tamil-news-313129#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref> Actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] will next be seen in a Horror series titled The Village, which is based on Asvin Srivatsangam and Shamik Dasgupta's graphic horror novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Village Aryas OTT horror series is Based on a graphic Novel|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30386/the-village-aryas-ott-horror-series-is-based-on-a-graphic-novel|access-date=18 April 2023|website=www.moviecrow.com|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117144604/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30386/the-village-aryas-ott-horror-series-is-based-on-a-graphic-novel|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series is produced by BS Radhakrishnan under the Studio Shakthi Productions. Milind Rau of [[Netrikann]] (2021) fame, has directed and written the series.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

=== Casting ===
Actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] plays the young doctor Gautham Subramanian. This is his debut role in a limited series.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bhavana Sharma|title=Arya's OTT Debut with Horror Thriller Web Series The Village|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/101123/aryas-ott-debut-with-horror-thriller-web-series-the-village.html|access-date=7 November 2023|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111125003/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/101123/aryas-ott-debut-with-horror-thriller-web-series-the-village.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Divya Pillai]] was cast as Gautham's wife Neha, Baby Aazhiya was cast as Neha and Gautham's daughter Maya.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==Release==
===Streaming===
It was announced on 17 November 2023 that the series will be released on 24 November 2023<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arya's horror series 'The Village' gets a release date|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aryas-horror-series-the-village-gets-a-release-date/article67516104.ece|access-date=9 November 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 November 2023 |language=en|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110020254/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aryas-horror-series-the-village-gets-a-release-date/article67516104.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in Tamil, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]], languages on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=m9|title=Trailer Out For Tamil Horror Series The Village|url=https://www.m9.news/what-to-watch-on-ott/trailer-out-for-tamil-horror-series-the-village/|access-date=17 November 2023|website=www.m9.news|date=17 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Manoj Kumar R|title=The Village OTT release date: When, where to watch Arya's horror series|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-village-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-aryas-horror-series/c0fc56c26d45|access-date=9 November 2023|website=www.ottplay.com|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117144603/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-village-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-aryas-horror-series/c0fc56c26d45|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=21882650}}

{{Amazon Video original series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Village}}
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian comics]]
[[Category:Live-action television shows based on comics]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]

Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve

2026-02-25T03:32:18Z

James: rework lead for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Tiruppadaimarathur Conservation Reserve
| iucn_category = V
| iucn_ref =

| image = Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)- Breeding plumage- in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7671.jpg
| image_caption = Little egret
| location = Thiruppudaimaruthur
| nearest_city = Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| nearest_town =
| coordinates = {{coord|8|43|38|N|77|29|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =

| length =
| length_mi =
| length_km =
| width =
| width_mi =
| width_km =
| area_km2 = 0.0284
| area_ref =
| elevation =
| elevation_avg =
| elevation_min =
| elevation_max =
| dimensions =
| designation =

| authorized =
| created =
| designated =
| established = 14 February 2005
| named_for =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body = Tamil Nadu Forest Department
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =

| website = {{URL|http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/cr_tcr.html}}
| module =
}}'''Tiruppadaimarathur Conservation Reserve''' is an [[World Commission on Protected Areas#V - Protected Landscape.2FSeascape|IUCN Category V]] [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected]] bird nesting area in the {{convert|2.84|ha|acre}} compound of [[Shiva|Siva]] temple<ref>http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/mahatiru.html {{fv|date=August 2020}}</ref> in [[Thiruppudaimarudur]] village, [[Tirunelveli District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]]. It was declared 14 February 2005 and is the first [[Conservation reserves and community reserves of India|Conservation Reserve]] to be established in [[India]]. The reserve is {{convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Forest Department (2007) Wild Biodiversity, retrieved 9/9/2007 [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/cr_tcr.html Tiruppadaimarathur Conservation Reserve]</ref>

==Management==
The village community and [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] manage the area. Community participation and public support is crucial for any [[wildlife conservation|conservation]] effort to succeed. Amendments to the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wild life Protection Act]] in 2003, provided a mechanism to provide recognition and legal backing to community initiated efforts in wildlife protection. It provides for a flexible system wherein wildlife conservation is achieved without compromising community needs. Tiruppadaimarathur Conservation Reserve is the result of the village community coming forward to protect the birds nesting in their village and acting for declaration of a conservation reserve. This reserve was declared by Government of Tamil Nadu G.O.Ms. No.17 Environment and Forests Dept.<ref name="WII">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/cr.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20051215194816/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/cr.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-12-15 |title=Tiruppadai-Maradur |year=2008 |work=Conservation Reserves |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |accessdate=2009-03-15 }}</ref>

==Fauna and flora==
{{stack|[[File:Mycteria leucocephala -walking-8.jpg|thumb|Painted stork]]}}
Over 400 [[little egret]]s, [[Indian pond heron|pond heron]] and [[near threatened]] [[painted stork]] nest in this grove of 20 huge, century-old [[Terminalia arjuna|maruthu]], [[Bassia latifolia|mahwa]], [[neem]] and [[Madhuca indica|illuppai]] trees and feed in the many agricultural fields, a few ponds and the [[Thamirabarani River]] adjacent to it. Pond heron and egrets also nesting in backyards of few village houses, while painted storks are only around the temple. [[Spot-billed pelican]]s also come for refuge but are not nesting.<ref name="WII"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Bird Sanctuaries}}

[[Category:IUCN Category V]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2005]]

District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan

2026-02-21T08:10:32Z

James: Starting a location!

{{Infobox school
| name = District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan
| native_name = जिला शिक्षा एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान, सिवान
| logo = File:Diet-siwan.png
| logo_size = 150
| logo_alt = Official Logo of DIET, Siwan
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official Logo of DIET, Siwan
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location = Malviya Chowk, Mahadeva, [[Siwan, Bihar]], [[India]]
| postal_code = 841227
| coordinates = {{Coord | 26.2326585|84.3578244|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us - District Institute of Education & Training, DIET Siwan |url=https://www.dietsiwan.ac.in/about-us/visit-us/ |website=www.dietsiwan.ac.in |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
| pushpin_map =
| type = [[Government Degree Colleges, India|Government Training College]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1958}}
| founder = 
| sister_school = All DIET of Bihar
| nickname = DIET Siwan
| affiliations = [[National Council for Teacher Education]] [[Education in Bihar|Education Department]], [[Government of Bihar]]
| category = Government Institute
| principal = Dr. Shishu Pal Singh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scert.bihar.gov.in/list-diet |title=Name of Principal - List of D.I.E.T.|publisher=[[State Council of Educational Research and Training]], [[Bihar]] |website=scert.bihar.gov.in|accessdate=2025-07-04}}</ref>
| language = [[Hindi]]
| website = {{URL|https://dietsiwan.ac.in}}
| footnotes = Source: Affiliation Letter<ref name="Affiliation">{{cite web |title=Affiliation Letter of College |url=https://www.dietsiwan.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/download-111.pdf |website=dietsiwan.ac.in |publisher=Eastern Regional Committee, NCTE |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
| lastupdate = 04 July 2025
}}

'''District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan''' or '''DIET Siwan'''<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Educational Institutions - States & UTs Websites {{!}} शिक्षा मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |url=https://dsel.education.gov.in/hi/node/468 |website=dsel.education.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)]] |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> formerly known as Women’s Primary Teacher Education College, is a government educational institution under the nodal agency [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]] & [[Education in Bihar|Education Department]], [[Government of Bihar]], which provides academic and research support to elementary education in the [[Siwan district]]. DIET serves as pre service and in service training institute for teachers in the district. Established in 1958,<ref>{{cite web |title=District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan Courses & Fees Structure 2024-25 Details |url=https://www.studyclap.com/college/district-institute-of-education-and-training-siwan-dc9f6229c6 |website=www.studyclap.com |publisher=studyclap |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> DIET aims to improve the Basic Education System and competence of teachers through regular training programs, projects, seminars, workshops and other academic programmes.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of DIET College in Bihar:SCERT |url=https://scert.bihar.gov.in/list-diet |website=scert.bihar.gov.in |publisher=State Council of Education Research & Training |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Affiliation ==
DIETs are district-level bodies that support Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE). It approved by the [[National Council for Teacher Education]] (NCTE)<ref>{{cite web |title=Approved Institutions List - NCTE |url=https://ncte.gov.in/ncte_new/page-regional-committee-institution-lists/71/bihar?page=10 |website=ncte.gov.in |publisher=[[National Council for Teacher Education]] |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> and affiliated with the [[Bihar School Examination Board]] (BSEB).<ref name="Affiliation" /><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Colleges - Approved by NCTE |url=https://secondary.biharboardonline.com/pdf/D.El.Ed.%20College%20List%20-Session%202024-26.pdf |website=biharboardonline.com |publisher=[[Bihar School Examination Board]] |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

== Courses ==
DIET Siwan offers a D.Ed ([[Diploma of Education]]) course in the stream of [[Diploma in Education and Training|Teaching & Education]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Courses - District Institute of Education and Training, Siwan |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/district-institute-of-education-and-training-siwan-93335/courses |website=www.shiksha.com |access-date=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[National Council for Teacher Education]]
* [[NCERT]]
* [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://dietsiwan.ac.in|Official website of DIET, Siwan}}

{{Siwan}}
{{Portal bar|Education|India}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Siwan district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

Humane Sagar

2026-02-16T00:31:12Z

James: refine layout to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (1990–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Humane Sagar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1990|11|25}}
| birth_place = [[Titlagarh]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]], Odisha, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|11|17|1990|11|25}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India
| spouse = Shriya Mishra
| origin =
| genre = [[Indian pop]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[Classical music|classic]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 2012–2025
| label = {{Flatlist|
* Mahak Music
* Aarman Music
* Sarthak Music
* [[Tarang Music]]
* Venus
}}
}}
'''Humane Sagar''' (25 November 1990 – 17 November 2025) was an Indian [[playback singer]] who worked mostly in [[Ollywood|Ollywood Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/ollywood-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjd/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045519/https://odishasuntimes.com/ollywood-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjd/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2019|title=Ollywood singer Humane Sagar joins BJD {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/noted-odisha-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjdnoted-odisha-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjd/|title=Noted Odisha singer Humane Sagar joins BJD|date=3 March 2019|website=KalingaTV|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/soulful-musichumane-sagar-captivates-audience-with-odia-tracks/|title=Soulful Music:Humane Sagar captivates audience with Odia tracks|date=7 January 2019|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> He won the second season of reality singing competition ''Voice of Odisha'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://enewsodia.com/human-sagar-playback-singer-ollywood-industry/ |title=Human Sagar – A Playback Singer Of Ollywood Industry - EnewsOdia.Com |language=en-US |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913115542/http://enewsodia.com/human-sagar-playback-singer-ollywood-industry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sagar's family had a musical background. His father and mother were singers, and his grandfather was a composer for private albums. He competed in a reality television show called "Voice of Odisha" on Tarang TV in 2012 and won the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enewsodia.com/human-sagar-playback-singer-ollywood-industry/|title=You don't know these things about Humane Sagar|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913115542/http://enewsodia.com/human-sagar-playback-singer-ollywood-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Sagar got his break through Tarang Cine Productions in the feature film ''[[Ishq Tu Hi Tu]]'' where he sang the title track composed by [[Abhijit Majumdar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishasuntimes.com/if-in-love-you-need-to-hear-radio-choklates-odia-romantic-track-tu-hi-tu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407032853/http://odishasuntimes.com/if-in-love-you-need-to-hear-radio-choklates-odia-romantic-track-tu-hi-tu/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 April 2018 |title=If in love, you need to hear Radio Choklate's Odia romantic track 'Tu Hi Tu' |last=Flora |language=en-US |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> which became a hit. After that he sang thousands of Odia movie songs. He also made a Hindi Album ''Mera Yeh Jahan''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pragativadi.com/mera-yeh-jajan-hindi-album-complete-odia-endeavour/ |title='Mera Yeh Jahan'- A Hindi album with complete Odia Endeavour |date=17 February 2017 |website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly |language=en-US |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mera Yeh Jahan - Single by Humane Sagar & Sonam Dash|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mera-yeh-jahan-single/1208906455|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306064817/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mera-yeh-jahan-single/1208906455|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2019|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> He worked on various Odia music albums like ''Tuma Otha Tale'', ''Niswasa'', ''Bekhudee'', and ''Chehera'' in 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bekhudee - Single by Humane Sagar|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bekhudee-single/1331467698|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044627/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bekhudee-single/1331467698|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2019|language=en-us|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Tuma Otha Tale - Biswaswarup Mohapatra - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=24 November 2017 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tuma-otha-tale/i8rm0AT4Jss_|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/soulful-musichumane-sagar-captivates-audience-with-odia-tracks/|title=Humane Sagar originates a charm to the festival|date=7 January 2019|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sagar joined politics for [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janata Dal (BJD)]], a political party of the Indian state of Odisha on 3 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://updateodisha.com/2019/03/03/ollywood-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjd-62141/|title=Ollywood singer Humane Sagar joins BJD|date=3 March 2019|website=Update Odisha|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/famous-ollywood-singer-humane-sagar-joins-bjd/|title=Famous Ollywood Singer Humane Sagar joins BJD|date=4 March 2019|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Sagar was born in Titlagarh from a musical family. His father Ravi Chandra Sagar was a singer and musician while mother Sefali Suna was also a singer and teacher. Sagar married Shriya Mishra in 2017, his fellow participant in the show ''Voice of Odisha Season 2''. They have a daughter.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=July 2020}}

Humane died of [[pneumonia]] and multiple organ failure at [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], in [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India on 17 November 2025, at the age of 34.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/popular-odia-singer-humane-sagar-passes-away-at-34-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-and-naveen-patnaik-mourn-his-loss/articleshow/125393267.cms|title=Popular Odia singer Humane Sagar passes away at 34, CM Mohan Charan Majhi and Naveen Patnaik mourn his loss|date=18 November 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Album===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%";" background: #00FFFF; textcolor:#f9f9f9;"
! width=5% |Year
! width=15%|Album
! width=30%|Track
! width=10%|Co-artist
! width=10%|Composer(s)
! width=5%|Language
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2017
|scope="row" rowspan="1" | ''Mera Yeh desh''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mera Yeh Jahan|url=https://gaana.com/song/mera-yeh-jahan|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Mera Yeh Jahan (Full Song) - Humane Sagar, Sonam Dash - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/mera-yeh-jahan/Jzg8AEwAbgo|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606081530/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/mera-yeh-jahan/Jzg8AEwAbgo|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|"Title Track"
| Sonam Dash
| Sudeep Jena
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Hindi]]
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="1" | ''Niswasa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/niswasa-to-bina-mora-chalena-video/|title=Niswasa To Bina Mora Chalena new Odia song feat. Subhasish and Anisha|date=2 June 2017|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
|"Niswasa To Bina Mora Chalena"
| Namita Agrawal
| Baidyanath Dash
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="1" | ''Bekhudee''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhasijiba Khushi|url=https://gaana.com/song/bhasijiba-khushi|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
|"Bhasijiba Khushi Tora"
|
| Sushil Dalai
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="1" | ''Chehera''
|"To Premare Pagala Mu Aji"
|
| [[Prem Anand]]
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
| scope="row" | ''Tuma Otha Tale''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tuma Otha Tale (From "Tuma Otha Tale") - Single by Humane Sagar|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tuma-otha-tale-from-tuma-otha-tale-single/1317247552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050015/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tuma-otha-tale-from-tuma-otha-tale-single/1317247552|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2019|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
| "Title Track"
| [[Tapu Mishra]]
|scope="row"| Baidyanath Dash
|style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%";" background: #00FFFF; textcolor:#f9f9f9;"
! width=5% |Year
! width=40%|Track
! width=25%|Composer(s)
! width=20%|Language
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="1" | 2017
|scope="row" | "E Mana Mo Mana"
|Japani
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2018
|scope="row" | "To Manare Thila Jadi Au Lo Kehi"
|Manas Kumar
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
| scope="row" | "Kemiti Bhulibi Se Abhula Dina (Hrudaya Hina)"
| Manas Kumar & OdiaNews24 Team
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2020
| scope="row" | "To Ghara Age Karibi Mu Dhamaka"
|
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Odia language|Odia]]
|}

=== As playback singer ===
( Humane Sagar all odia film songs playlist - Click [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCPgrYI2f5F5LK5aDzkgBVhQWlfRlBisR '''HERE'''] )
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color: #FFFF00; color: black;"
!! width="5%" | Year
!! style="text-align: center;" width="25%" | Film
!Sl.
! width="40%" ! | Song
!! width="10%" | Co-artist
!! style="text-align: center;" width="20%" | Composer(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |2014
! ''[[Something Something 2|Something something 2]]''
! align="right" |1
| "Prema Hei Jae Re"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! ''Mental''
! align="right" |2
| "Baby Tu Sanjibani"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 2015
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Ishq Tu Hi Tu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tarangmusic.in/tracks/ishq-tu-hi-tu/ |title=Tarang Music |language=en-US |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |3
| "Ishq Tu Hi Tu (Title Track)"
| rowspan="3" | [[Tapu Mishra]]
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center " | [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |4
| "Ishq Phulara"
|-
! align="right" |5
| "Ishq Tu Hi Tu (Sad Version)"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Rockstar''
! align="right" |6
| "Rockstar (Title Track)"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Chandrakant Sutar
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Love You Hamesha''
! align="right" |7
| "Chaati Tale Rahi Galu"
|Ira Mohanty
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[Gapa Hele Bi Sata (2015 film)|''Gapa Hele Bi Sata'']]
! align="right" |8
| "Tate Gaaidele Tu Gita Hei jau"
|
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |9
| "Gote Sua Gote Sari"
|[[Sohini Mishra]]
|-
! align="right" |10
| "Hae Re Mita"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Pilata Bigidigala|''Pilata Bigidigala'']]
! align="right" |11
| "Nisha Nisha"
| [[Sohini Mishra]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Aashiq''
! align="right" |12
| "Tate Mu Kahin Ete Bhala Pae Janena"
| Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Kalki''
! align="right" |13
| "Mo Manare Chanchala Tu"
| [[Tapu Mishra]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Bibhuti Bhusan Gadnayak
|-
! rowspan="18" |2016
! style="text-align: center;" |''Gote Sua Gote Sari''
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shazam |url=https://www.shazam.com/track/326402822/na-re-na-re-m-from-gote-suaa-gote-sari |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Shazam}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Humane Sagar Special by Humane Sagar |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/humane-sagar-special/1229028728 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042750/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/humane-sagar-special/1229028728 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en-us}}</ref>
! align="right" |14
| "Na Re Na Re "
|
! style="text-align: center;" | [[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | ''Hela Mate Prema Jara''
! align="right" |15
| "Hrudayara Dhadkan"
| Ira Mohanty
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! ''Chup Chup Chori Chori''
! align="right" |16
| "Bhala Pae Boli"
|
! style="text-align: center;" | Manmath Mishra
|-
! ''Jabardast Premika''
! align="right" |17
| "Mana Khali Tate Chahe"
|
! style="text-align: center;" | [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Agastya (film)|Agastya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Agastya|url=https://gaana.com/album/agastya|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Agastya - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=2 April 2016 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/agastya/06JsO6ORVm8_|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |18
| "Agastya (Title Track)"
| Sricharana Mohanty
Satyajeet Pradhan
Sangram Mohanty
Bishnu Mohan Kabi
Ashutosh Mohanty
Tarikh Aziz
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center " |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |19
| "Dhire Dhire Bhala Pai Gali"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |20
| "Rama Rama E Jhia Ta"
| Pragnya Patra
Aryan Das
Asutosh Mohanty
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Jhiata Bigidigala''
! align="right" |21
| "Malka Malka"
| Prangya Hota
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |22
|"Smart City Jhia"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Bhaina Kana Kala Se''
! align="right" |23
|"Luha Aei Luha"
|
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |24
|"Tu Mora Life Re Asila Pare"
|[[Sohini Mishra]]
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align: center;" | ''[[Baby (2016 film)|Baby]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Baby|url=https://gaana.com/song/baby-title-track|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Baby - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=26 September 2016 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baby/T9F5DEU8qVU_|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Title Track (From "Baby") - Single by Prem Anand, Humane Sagar & Chunmoon|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/title-track-from-baby-single/1158990757|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050022/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/title-track-from-baby-single/1158990757|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2019|language=en-us|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |25
| "Baby Title Song"
| Chunmoon
! rowspan="4" | [[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |26
| "Sun Zara"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |27
| "Na Re Na"
|
|-
! align="right" |28
| "Baby Title Song (Sad)"
|
|-
! ''Love Pain Kuch Bhi Karega''
! align="right" |29
| "Shehzadi"
|
! |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''[[Tora Dine Ku Mora Dine]]''
! align="right" |30
| "To Niriha Niriha Akhire"
| Nibedita
! Malaya Mishra
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Premara Nisha Niara Niara''
! align="right" |31
| "Mo Nidara Tu Sapana"
| Aseema Panda
! Saumitri Palai
Shailendra
|-
! rowspan="45" |2017
! rowspan="3" | ''Nijhum Ratira Sathi''
! align="right" |32
| "Alo Lo Lo Lo Lo"
| rowspan="2" |Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="3" | Malay Mishra
|-
! align="right" |33
| "Jebe Ichha Dekhi Paru"
|-
! align="right" |34
| "Kete Bhala Paye"
|
|-
! ''Tamaku Dekhila Pare''
! align="right" |35
| "Aa Kahile Janha Phere"
| Ira Mohanty
! Malaya Mishra
|-
!''Dil Diwana Heigala''
! align="right" |36
|"Dil Diwana Heigala (Title Song)"
| Nibedita
! A. S. Kumar
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Dil Ka Raja''
! align="right" |37
| "Aa Re Arey Arey"
| [[Tapu Mishra]]
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! align="right" |38
|"Mo Bhala Paibara Rutu Re (Ae Banara Chhai)"
|Antara Chakraborty
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Katha Deli Matha Chhuin''
! align="right" |39
|"Emiti Ae Samaya"
|
! rowspan="3" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |40
|"Pabana Juade Jaau"
|Diptirekha
|-
! align="right" |41
|"Tame Baha Heicha"
|
|-
!''The End''
! align="right" |42
|"Tu Mo Manra Mita"
|
! S. Chandrakant
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Sita Rama nka Bahaghara Kali Jugare''
! align="right" |43
| "Chumma Fotaka"
| Sanju Mohanty
! rowspan="2" |Kishan Kavadiya
|-
! align="right" |44
| "Kahiki Manepadu Ete"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Tu Mo Love Story]]''
! align="right" |45
|"Jadi Ae Jibanare"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |46
|"Tu Mo Love Story (Title Song)"
|-
! align="right" |47
|"Tike Tike Achinha Tu"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
!''Tike Khara Tike Chhai''
! align="right" |48
|"Ei Mo Akhire"
|Jasaswini Nayak
!Biswaswarup
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Mitha Mitha''
! align="right" |49
|"License De"
| rowspan="2" |Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! align="right" |50
|"Prathama Prathama"
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" ' |''[[Abhaya (film)|Abhaya]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Abhaya|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/abhaya/26967812/|language=en|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140158/https://www.hungama.com/album/abhaya/26967812/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tarangmusic.in/albums/abhay/|title=Tarang Music|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |51
| "Priya Mo Priya (Tote Mu Jhuruchi)"
| [[Lopamudra]]
! rowspan="4" | [[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |52
| "Rabba Rabba"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |53
| "Gajal Gajal"
| [[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! align="right" |54
| "Abhaya (Title song)"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Romeo Juliet''
! align="right" |55
|"Tu Kahibu Ta"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |56
|"To Sathire Gaputhile"
|-
! ''Love Formula''
! align="right" |57
| "Khaali To Baate"
| Nicky
! Prem Darshan
|-
!''Just Mohabbat''
! align="right" |58
| "Priya Basanti"
| [[Tapu Mishra]]
! [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''Mu Khanti Odia Jhia''<ref>{{Citation |title=Mu Khanti Odia Jhia (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Bidyanath Dash, Gopal Biswal & Manas Kumar |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mu-khanti-odia-jhia-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1265027017 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306064828/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mu-khanti-odia-jhia-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1265027017 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mu Khanti Odia Jhia |url=https://gaana.com/album/mu-khanti-odia-jhia |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |59
| "Dil Janiye"
| [[Tapu Mishra]]
! Baidyanath Dash
|-
! Emiti Bi Heipare
! align="right" |60
| "Pagala Na Mu Deewana (Ranjhana Ranjhana)"
|Anjali Dutta
! Baidyanath Das
|-
!''Hero No. 1''
! align="right" |61
|"DJ Wala Dance"
|Antara Chakrabarty
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''Shiva - Not Out''
! align="right" |62
| "Prema Re Jane"
| Lopamudra
! [[Prem Anand]]
|-
!''[[Kabula Barabula]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Prem Anand |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila-original-motion-picture/1279742575 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130134/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila-original-motion-picture/1279742575 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila |url=https://gaana.com/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Array |title=Kabula Barabula Searching Laila - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=7 September 2017 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kabula-barabula-searching-laila/a8r4y5j96Ts_ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>'
! align="right" |63
|"Zalima O Zalima"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
! [[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''[[Tu Mo Hero]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Mo Hero (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Baidyanath Das|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-mo-hero-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1295660888|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306054631/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-mo-hero-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1295660888|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2019|language=en-gb|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Mo Hero|url=https://gaana.com/album/tu-mo-hero|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shazam.com/track/378933834/tu-mo-hero-title|title=Shazam|website=Shazam|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Tu Mo Hero|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/tu-mo-hero/36698528/|language=en|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
! align="right" |64
| "Tu mo Hero(Tiltle)"
| Aseema Panda
! rowspan="3" | Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |65
| "Aashiqana"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |66
| "Ye Ki Prema"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''Bajrangi''
! align="right" |67
| "Dhima DHima Aakhi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |68
|"Mo Life Re Tu"
|-
! align="right" |69
|"Chinha Chinha Aakhi Re"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''To Premare Padila Pare''
! align="right" |70
|"Dil Kahuchi Aaji (Come On Baby)"
| rowspan="2" |[[Tapu Mishra]]
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |71
|"To Premare Padila Pare (Title)"
|-
! ''Tike Anadi Pura Khiladi''
! align="right" |72
| "Phula Ra Barasa To Pain"
|
! Agniraj Kishore
|-
! rowspan="4" | ''Laila O Laila''
! align="right" |73
| "First Time Gote Jhia"
| Nibedita
! rowspan="4" | Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |74
| Aadhaar Card Re Sukuti Sahu
|
|-
! align="right" |75
| Laila O Laila (Title)
| Aseema Panda
|-
! align="right" |76
|Ye Ki Pagalami
|
|-
! rowspan="37" |2018
! rowspan="2" | ''Only Pyar''
! align="right" |77
| "Silly Silly Only Pyar (Title)"
| Pragnya Hota
! rowspan="2" | [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |78
| "Aaste Aaste"
| [[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! ''[[Happy Lucky]]''
! align="right" |79
| "Prema Tora Badmas"
| [[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! [[Prem Anand]]
|-
!''Manara Manasi''
! align="right" |80
|"Manara Manasi (Title)"
|Antara Chakraborty
!Sushil Dalai
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Dipu - The Dance Boy''
! align="right" |81
|"Prema Pruthibi Re"
|
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |82
|"Lovely Lovely"
|[[Sohini Mishra]]
|-
!''Ajatashatru''
! align="right" |83
|"Ore Priya Mo Priya Re"
|
!Biswa Bhusan Mohapatra
|-
!''Deewana Heli To Pain''
! align="right" |84
|"Tuku Musi"
|Pamela Jain
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''Jogi''
! align="right" |85
|"Dhuan Dhuan"
|
!Deepak Kumar
|-
!''Shakti - The Lion Heart''
! align="right" |86
|"Hata Dhari Mora Chali Sikheila"
|
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Love Promise''
! align="right" |87
|"Hai Mora Heartbeat - Tik Tik"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |88
|"Love Promise (Title)"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
!''[[Sundergarh Ra Salman Khan]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Sundergarh Ra Salman Khan |url=https://gaana.com/album/sundargarh-ra-salman-khan |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043258/https://gaana.com/album/sundargarh-ra-salman-khan |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hungama |title=Sundergarh Ra Salman Khan |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/sundergarh-ra-salman-khan/36111698/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042722/https://www.hungama.com/album/sundergarh-ra-salman-khan/36111698/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref>
! align="right" |89
|"Pyar wala Hichki"
| style="text-align: center;" |
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[4 Idiots]]''
! align="right" |90
|"Aji Tharu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |91
|"Aji Tharu (Sad Version)"
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Tokata Fasigala''<ref>{{Citation |title=Tokata Fasigala (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Baidyanath Dash |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tokata-fasigala-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1454420433 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306054655/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tokata-fasigala-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1454420433 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Array |title=Tokata Fasigala - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=13 June 2018 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tokata-fasigala/fc7wGdGvVfI_ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
! align="right" |92
|"Janu Superstar (Honey Honey)"
|Nibedita
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |93
|"Tokata Fasigala Title (Single Wife)"
|Sourin Bhatt
|-
!''Excuse Me''
! align="right" |94
|"Kemiti Kemiti"
|
!Sarat Nayak
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Local Toka Love Chokha''
! align="right" |95
|"Local Toka Love Chokha (Title)"
|
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! align="right" |96
|"Deidele Sarijibaki"
|
|-
!''Blackmail''
! align="right" |97
|"Bhabiba Agaru"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Ishq Puni Thare''
! align="right" |98
|"Dhire Dhire"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |99
|"Mora Hosa Nahi"
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Bhaijaan''
! align="right" |100
|"Deli Re Deli Tate A Mana"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |101
|"Sarmili Manchali Chanchali"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
!''Premi Diwana''
! align="right" |102
|"Chahun Chahun"
|Antara Chakraborty
!Sarat Chandra Bardhan
|-
!''Mana Khali Tate Chanhe''
! align="right" |103
|"Mana Khali Tate Chanhe"
|Pragnya Hota
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''[[Sriman Surdas]]''<ref>{{Citation |last=Hungama |title=Sriman Surdas |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/sriman-surdas/40318666/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111315/https://www.hungama.com/album/sriman-surdas/40318666/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sriman Surdas |url=https://gaana.com/album/sriman-surdas |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120833/https://gaana.com/album/sriman-surdas |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! align="right" |104
|"Chipudi Delu DIl Ta"
|
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Prem Kumar: Salesman of the Year]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Prem Kumar |url=https://gaana.com/album/prem-kumar |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130430/https://gaana.com/album/prem-kumar |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! align="right" |105
|"Sunjaara Sunjaara"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |106
|"To Sathire Jebe Dekhahue"
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Pyar Alaga Prakar''
! align="right" |107
|"Pyaar Alga Prakar (Title)"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="3" |Amarendra Mohanty
|-
! align="right" |108
|"Bhala Paithili"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |109
|"Papuli Re Mora"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
!''Sathi Tu Pheria''
! align="right" |110
|"Jibana"
|
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Love Express (2018 film)|Love Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2018 |title='Love Express' to hit the theatres on December 28 |url=https://kalingatv.com/entertainment/love-express-to-hit-the-theatres-on-december-28/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Love Express |url=https://gaana.com/album/love-express-odia |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hungama |title=Love Express |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/love-express/20645075/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042944/https://www.hungama.com/album/love-express/20645075/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref>
! align="right" |111
|"Goal Keeper Thile Kan Goal Hueni"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="3" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! align="right" |112
|"Gadilare Love Express"
| rowspan="2" |Nibedita
|-
! align="right" |113
|"Awara Dil Mo Kahe"
|-
! rowspan="42" |2019
! style="text-align: center;" |''[[Chal Tike Dusta Heba|Chal Tike Dushta Heba]]''
! align="right" |114
|"Sun Saheba Sun"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Ajab Sanjura Gajab Love''
! align="right" |115
|"Aa Lagei De Daga"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |116
|"Jhia Mane Sabu Pabana"
|
|-
!''[[Nimki (film)|Nimki - Neempur Ru Naveen Nivas]]''
! align="right" |117
|"Ethi Sapanara Bhida"
|
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Tu Mo Suna Chadhei''
! align="right" |118
| "Tu Mo Suna Chadhei (Title Song)"
| Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |119
| "O Sathi"
| [[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
!''Prema Pain Mahabharata''
! align="right" |120
|"Ishq Sufiana"
| Jagruti Mishra
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''Premare Rakhichi 100 Ru 100''
! align="right" |121
|"Tadap Tadap Kari"
|
!Malay Mishra
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Twist Wala Love Story''
! align="right" |122
|"Tori Niswasa"
|
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |123
|"Sabu Dekha Thu Alagaa"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
!'''''Rangeela Bohu'''''
!124
|"Tate Tike Dekhibaku Bahana Khoje"
|
!Debitosh Acharya
|-
!''Champion''
! align="right" |125
|"Heigala Ishq Re"
|Pragyan Hota
!Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Biju Babu]]''
! align="right" |126
|"Hai Re Mu Galini Mari"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |127
|"Batabana Aaji Jauthi"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Tu Mo Love Story 2''
! align="right" |128
|"To Dhadkan Ra Dhun Mo Chatire"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |129
|"Holi Re Prema Chhita"
|Lopamudra Dash
|-
! align="right" |130
|"Feel Karuchhi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! align="right" |131
|"Tike Tike Friendship"
|-
!''Golmal Love''
! align="right" |132
|"Surgical Strike"
|
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''To Bina Mun Kichi Chanhe Na''
! align="right" |133
|"To Bina Mu Kichhi Chanhe Na (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
!Sudhansu Himansu
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Selfish Dil''
! align="right" |134
|"Prema Heigala"
|Pragnya Hota
! rowspan="3" |Saumitri Palai
|-
! align="right" |135
|"Selfish Dil (Tite)"
|
|-
! align="right" |136
|"Darling Premare Falling"
|Aseema Panda
|-
!''Abhiman''
! align="right" |137
|"To Prema Mate Kala Badmash"
|Nibedita
!Bikash Das
|-
!''Prema Tora Naughty Naughty''
! align="right" |138
|"Aare Ajnabi"
|Jagruti Mishra
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Nayakara Na Devdas''
! align="right" |139
|"Toh Sathire"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! align="right" |140
|"Re Uparwala"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Tu Kahide I Love You''
! align="right" |141
|"Tu Kahide I Love You (Title)"
|Amrita Nayak
! rowspan="2" |Durga
Nabs
Saroj
|-
! align="right" |142
|"Aei Mo Jibana Re"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Chhabirani''
! align="right" |143
|"Tame Mora Dilrooba"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |144
|"Mitha Mitha Base Deha"
|Lopamudra
|-
! align="right" |145
|"Jali Jali Jae (Sad version)"
|
|-
!''Jor Ka Jhatka''
! align="right" |146
|"Madhuri"
|
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''[[Dekha Hela Prema Hela]]''
! align="right" |147
|"Dekha Hela Prema Hela (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
!S Chandrakant Sutar
|-
! rowspan="2" |''This Is Maya Re Baya''
! align="right" |148
|"Aaji Tharu Tu Mora"
|
! rowspan="2" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! align="right" |149
|"Tate Tike Chahin Dele"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
!''Baala''
! align="right" |150
|"Hai Hai Mo Dil"
|
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''From Me To You''
! align="right" |151
|"From Me To You (Title)"
|
! rowspan="3" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |152
|"Kichhi Kichhi Hei Jaye"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |153
|"I Wanna Die Darling"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Mal Mahu Jiban Mati''
! align="right" |154
|"Malika Chal Jiba Chilika"
|Sonali Nanda
! rowspan="2" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |155
|"Mal Mahu Jiban Mati"
|
|-
! rowspan="12" |2020
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Mu Paradesi Chadhei''
! align="right" |156
|"Mana Tu Pheri Aa"
|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! align="right" |157
|"Tofa Chandini re"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |''Queen''
! align="right" |158
|"Queen (Title)"
|
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! align="right" |159
|"Sabu Sahi Jae"
|
|-
! align="right" |160
|"To Spandan Mo Spandan"
| rowspan="2" |Ira Mohanty
|-
! align="right" |161
|"Tora Mora Love Story"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Adrushyam''
! align="right" |162
|"Mun Nahi Aau Mun Hei"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Biswaswarup
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Golmaal''
! align="right" |163
|"Golmaa (Title)"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Moosha Mora Rajanikant''
! align="right" |164
|"Premi Premi"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Tike Love Tike Twist''
! align="right" |165
|"Sayoni Sayoni"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |166
|"Flower Flower"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Love You Priya''
! align="right" |167
|"To Akhiru Luha Na Jharu"
|Subhadra
! style="text-align: center;" |Ashesh Das
|-
! rowspan="33" |2021
! style="text-align: center;" |''Paapa''
! align="right" |168
|"Jaha Pain"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Romeo Raja''
! align="right" |169
|"To Let Board"
|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |170
|"Mahire Mahi"
|Gitishree Jena
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Srikhetra''
! align="right" |171
|"Dhima Dhima Pabana Re"
|Antara Chakraborty
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! align="right" |172
|"Huye Ta Mana Chori"
|Lipsa Mahapatra
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Tu Bhari Beautiful''
! align="right" |173
|"Tu Bhari Beautiful (Title)"
| rowspan="2" |Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! align="right" |174
|"Gote Janama Nuhen"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Super Boy''
! align="right" |175
|"Ramani Mani Tu (Prema Gadi)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Tandav''
! align="right" |176
|"O Janiya"
|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Agniraj Kishore
|-
! align="right" |177
|"Akhi Tumara"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Chumki My Darling''
! align="right" |178
|"Chumki My Darling (Title)"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Tume Mo Sankha Tume Mo Sindura''
! align="right" |179
|"Tume Mo Sankha Tume Mo Sindura (Title)"
|Rinki
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Indrajala''
! align="right" |180
|"Cham Cham Payalia"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Ea Bi Gote Love Story''
! align="right" |181
|"Aama Chhota Chhota Dustami"
|Amrita Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
!''Sahid Raghu Sardar''
! align="right" |182
|"To Bina"
|Aseema Panda
!Bikash Shukla
|-
!''Maa Ra Mamata''
! align="right" |183
|"Mu Megha Hei Na Jharile"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
![[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''To Pain Feribi Basudha Chiri''
! align="right" |184
|"To Pain Feribi Basudha Chiri (Title Track)"
| rowspan="2" |Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! align="right" |185
|"Sahere Tapila Kanta"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Paro Hates Devdas''
! align="right" |186
|"You Are My Right Choice Baby"
|Lipsa Mohapatra
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Rangeela Bohu 2''
! align="right" |187
|"Jebe Jebe Bhabi Diye"
|Lipsa Mohapatra
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Mane Mane Mana Khojuthila''
! align="right" |188
|"Mane Mane Mana Khojuthila (Title)"
|Ananya Acharya
! style="text-align: center;" |G. Ashok Kumar
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Mana Mo Neigalu Re''
! align="right" |189
|"Mana Mo Neigalu Re (Title)"
|Jyotirmayee Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
!''Chal Tike Prema Kariba''
! align="right" |190
|"O Jane Jaa (Title Track)"
|[[Tapu Mishra]]
!Bibhuti Bhusan Gadnayak
|-
!''Bijayinee Bijayi Bhava''
! align="right" |191
|"Bijayinee (Title Track)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Cuttack weds Sambalpur''
! align="right" |192
|"Ken Raiju Aaichu Tui Kaha (Pagal Premi)"
| style="text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Dash
Kamalesh Chakraborty
|-
! align="right" |193
|"Tate Ete Bhala Paibi Mu"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Ardhangini''
! align="right" |194
|"Mu Ardhangini"
|Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
!195
|"Gote Khali Swapna Mora"
|Lipsa Mahapatra
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Pal Pal Tate Chahen''
! align="right" |196
|"Pal Pal Tate Chahen (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |197
|"Ore Meheruba"
|
|-
!''Akhi Bujidele Tu''
! align="right" |198
|"Akhi Buji Dele Tu (Title)"
|Antara Chakraborty
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Herogiri''
! align="right" |199
|"Herogiri (Title)"
|
! rowspan="2" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |200
|"Tiding Tiding"
|Pamela Jain
|-
! rowspan="42" |2022
! style="text-align: center;" |''Hau Hau Heigala Re''
! align="right" |201
|"Hau Hau Heigala Re (Title)"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |Bimugdha Das
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Mr. Kanheya''
! align="right" |202
|"Sakuntala"
|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |203
|"God Promise"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Krazzy 4''
! align="right" |204
|"Hulchul Hulchul"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |S. Chandrakant
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Mana Mora Kagaz Gudi''
! align="right" |205
|"Chori Chori Chandini Ku Rajanandini"
|Jyotirmayee Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |Japani Bhai
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Jatha Rabanasya Mandodari''
! align="right" |206
|"Mu Pushpa Hele Srivalli Tu"
|Smrutimayee Mohapatra
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Aau Gote Love Story''
! align="right" |207
|"Lekhiba Aa Lekhiba"
|Lipi Mishra
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Prema ATM''
! align="right" |208
|"Madhubala"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Dil Mora Manena''
! align="right" |209
|"Dil Moro Manena (Title)"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Biswanath''
! align="right" |210
|"Jeebana Ta Lage"
|[[Sohini Mishra]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |211
|"Ore Gho Gho Re"
|Jagruti Mishra
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Eka Tu Eka Mu''
! align="right" |212
|"Mana Mora Garden Garden"
|Nibedita
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Manmath Mishra
|-
! align="right" |213
|"Eka Eka Mun"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Bidyarana''
! align="right" |214
|"Jaan Neigalu Jaan"
|Lipsa Mahapatra
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Lage Prema Najar''
! align="right" |215
|"Lage Prema Najar"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
!''Astika Nastika''
! align="right" |216
|"E Dil Ta To Diwana"
|Aseema Panda
![[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Dil Re Achi Tori Naa''
! align="right" |217
|"Dil Re Achi Tori Naa (Title)"
|Amrita Nayak, Antara Chakrabarty
! rowspan="2" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! align="right" |218
|"Dil Bejuban"
|Anuradha Panigrahi
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Kahibini Tate I Love You''
! align="right" |219
|"Pagala Ete Agaru"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
!Tubun Sen
|-
! align="right" |220
|"First Time Aji Kain Mana"
|
! rowspan="3" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |221
|"Saga Pakhala"
|Arpita Choudhury
|-
! align="right" |222
|"Ete Khusi Jadi"
|-
!''Sesharaati''
! align="right" |223
|"Prema Aauthare Hei Gala"
|
| style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
!''Kichhi Kahibara Achhi''
! align="right" |224
|"Aji Kali Pabana"
|Nibedita
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
!''Ai Rakhi To Rakshya Kabacha''
! align="right" |225
|"Prema Au Prema Ra Asara"
|Neha Niharika
| style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
!''Mahabahu''
! align="right" |226
|"Kie Sei Manara Manisa"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
!''Chumki''
! align="right" |227
|"Jibana Tu"
|Antara Chakrabarty
| style="text-align: center;" |Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Bali - The Saviour''
! align="right" |228
|"Haire Hai Mo Anarakali"
|Aseema Panda
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Sanjay - Situ
|-
! align="right" |229
|"Palaka Padena"
|Shreya Mishra
|-
!''Prema Re Risk Hela Mote Ishq''
! align="right" |230
|"Tate Pai Mu"
|Arpita Choudhury
!Sanjay Patra
Situ Rath
|-
!''Oye Anjali''
! align="right" |231
|"Maribaku De"
| style="text-align: center;" |
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
!''Rudrani''
! align="right" |232
|"Feel My Dil"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''Tu Mora OK''
! align="right" |233
|"Saware Saware"
|Shriya Mishra
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! align="right" |234
|"Tu Mora OK (Title)"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! align="right" |235
|"Tu Kie Mora"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Sahari Bagha''
! align="right" |236
|"Jami Gala Ethara Ama Jodi"
| rowspan="2" |Amrita Nayak
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Bombay Bhole
|-
! align="right" |237
|"Dheere Dheere Ei Manaku"
|-
!''[[Pratikshya]]''
! align="right" |238
|"Kaha Re Akasha (Album Version)"
|
!Ankesh-Ashish
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Life Re Kichhi Bi Heipare''
! align="right" |239
|"Bhala Lage Chalibaku (Title Track)"
| rowspan="2" |Nibedita
! rowspan="2" |Bikash Das
|-
! align="right" |240
|"Tu Mora Gita Hele"
|-
!''Prasthanam''
! align="right" |241
|"To Nisha Nisha Akhire"
|Neha Niharika Kar
!Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Dear Love''
! align="right" |242
|"To Chhabi Bahi"
|Jyotirmayee Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |Japani Bhai
|-
! rowspan="45" |2023
! style="text-align: center;" |''Tora Mora Katti''
! align="right" |243
|"Mu Tate Bhala Paye Ki"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Udanta Thalire Asichi Priya''
! align="right" |244
|"Padigali Mun To Prema Re"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Bohu Ama Bichhuati''
! align="right" |245
|"Kebethu Asila Mo Jibanare"
|Neha Niharika
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Bajiba Lo Sahanai''
! align="right" |246
|"Mahire Mahire"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Tapas Das Amrutanshu Patnayak
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Prem For Sale''
! align="right" |247
|"Satarangi Re Satarangi"
|Amrita Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Sagara Puraru Asichi Priya''
! align="right" |248
|"Saragapura Ru"
|Neha Niharika
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Delivery Boy''
! align="right" |249
|"Tu Dele Thare Chimuti"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |250
|"Bachan Bhai LLB"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Dho Re Babu Dho''
! align="right" |251
|"Hata Dhara Nahin"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Shayari Shayari''
! align="right" |252
|"Shayari Shayari (Title)"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Padigali To Premare''
! align="right" |253
|"Padigali To Premare"
|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Shoubhagya Samal
|-
! align="right" |254
|"I love You I Love You"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Love in London''
! align="right" |255
|"Mate Laguchi Se Tora Heigalani"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Guddu Gangster''
! align="right" |256
|"Prema Khanjani"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! align="right" |257
|"Suneli Chamka"
|Antara Chakraborty
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''Pakhe Pakhe Thibi Harpal''
! align="right" |258
|"Katha Tora Painkiller"
|Neha Niharika
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |259
|"Kete Wait Mate Kareibu"
|Arpita Choudhury
|-
! align="right" |260
|"Khoji Khoji Kalira Prema"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''To Pain Feribi Rahila Rana''
! align="right" |261
|"To Pain Feribi Rahila Rana (Title)"
|Neha Niharika
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Das
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Priye Tu Mo Siye''
! align="right" |262
|"Bhala Pauchhi Kete"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |263
|"Chhati Tale Hastakhyara"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Paglu''
! align="right" |264
|"Ore Mahi"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Adhura Prema Kahani''
! align="right" |265
|"Tu Tike Hot Boli"
|Arpita Choudhury
! rowspan="2" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |266
|"Adhura Prema Kahani (Track)"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Janha Ratira Sathi''
! align="right" |267
|"Abhimani Tu Abhisarika"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! align="right" |268
|"Saware"
|Lipsa Mahapatra
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Love Impossible''
! align="right" |269
|"Premara A Ki Pagalami"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Tu Sei Nilanayana''
! align="right" |270
|"Tu Sei Nilanayana (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Tuma Bina''
! align="right" |271
|"Tuma Bina (Title)"
|Lipsa Mohapatra
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Monalisa''
! align="right" |272
|"Monalisa (Title)"
|Lipsa Mohapatra
![[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Kartavya''
! align="right" |273
|"Khuda Ka Shukriya"
|Tina Kumari
! style="text-align: center;" |P. Kumar
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Kasturi''
! align="right" |274
|"Chanhili Jete Mu Chahinbi Nahin"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Sibu Jena
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Kahide Thare I Love You''
! align="right" |275
|"Kahide Thare I Love You (Title)"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Sankar''
! align="right" |276
|"Mo Bhitare Mu Au Nahi"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''Kaincha Mali''
! align="right" |277
|"Kaincha mali (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |278
|"To Prema Thila Mo Bhagyare"
|Sital Kabi
|-
! align="right" |279
|"Kaincha mali (Sad Version)"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Dotpen''
! align="right" |280
|"Aai Mana Ghara"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Somesh Sathpathy
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Malyagiri''
! align="right" |281
|"Baa"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Gaurav Anand
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Katak'' ''- Sesha Ru Arambha''
! align="right" |282
|"Tame Jadi Gadhidia Balighara"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''RAM''
! align="right" |283
|"Pungi"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Pratha''
! align="right" |284
|"Aparupa Apsari"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Tu Mo Subhadra Mu To Jaga''
! align="right" |285
|"Tu Mo Hrudaya Sathi"
|Neha Niharika
! style="text-align: center;" |Biraja Prasad
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Om Swaaha''
! align="right" |286
|"Anyamanaska"
|Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Malay Mishra
|-
! align="right" |287
|"Om Swaaha (Title)"
|
|-
! rowspan="34" |2024
! style="text-align: center;" |''Kemiti Bhulibi Mun''
! align="right" |288
|"Besahara Mana"
|Pragyan Hota
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Samaya Kahiba Kie Kahara''
! align="right" |289
|"Preyasi"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Shantiraj Khosla
|-
! align="right" |290
|"Tu Mo Rehenuma"
|Antara Chakraborty
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Aei Ama Prema Kahani''
! align="right" |291
|"Aei Ama Prema Kahani (Title)"
| rowspan="2" |Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Chandan Kumar
|-
! align="right" |292
|"Tu Aau Kahara Nuhan"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Shanti Appartment''
! align="right" |293
|"Kalakaar"
|Arpita Choudhury
! style="text-align: center;" |Sandeep Panda
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Ashiq Surrender Hela''
! align="right" |294
|"Ashiq Surrender Hela"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |295
|"Jibanathu Tu Mora Bhari Jaruri"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Mo Kahanire Tori Naa''
! align="right" |296
|"Mo Kahanire Tori Naa (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Shriman Shrimati''
! align="right" |297
|"Mo Room Sara To Deha Basna"
|Nibedita
![[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Vote''
! align="right" |298
|"Mana Thila Baanara Pabana"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Bikash Das
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Jayveer''
! align="right" |299
|"Prema Hastakshyara"
|Jyotirmayee Nayak
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Japani
|-
! align="right" |300
|"Dhana Mora Dhana"
|Rupali
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Operation 12/17''
! align="right" |301
|"Mu Khojibathu Paigali Besi"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''Tate Sohala Ku Mate Satara''
! align="right" |302
|"Tate Sohala Ku Mate Satara (Title)"
|Pragyan Hota
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |303
|"Di Taa Pilara Mummy"
|Aseema Panda
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Tike Tike Achihna Tu''
! align="right" |304
|"Lambi Lambi Jaantaki Rasta"
|[[Sohini Mishra]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |305
|"Pahili Raja"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''Dancing Star''
! align="right" |306
|"Srabanara Bunda Bunda"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''[[Kuhudi]]''
! align="right" |307
|"Bhabuthili Jemiti"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Somesh Satpathy
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Bohu Amara Matric Fail'''''
! align="right" |308
|"Dhire Dhire Prema Gala Badhi"
|Sital Kabi
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Sita – Sangharsa Ra Kahani'''''
! align="right" |309
|"Sita Lo"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Japani
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''I Love You 2'''''
! align="right" |310
|"I Love You 2 (Title)"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Atithi – The Unwanted Guest'''''
! align="right" |311
|"Ajana Atithi"
|Arpita Choudhury
! style="text-align: center;" |Ajana Atithi
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Sanam Tu Suhana'''''
! align="right" |312
|"Sanam Tu Suhana (Title)"
|Ira Mohanty
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Malaya Mishra
Bijay Kumar
|-
! align="right" |313
|"Tu Mora Tu Mora"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Khoka Bhai Tama Pain: A Song Epic'''''
! align="right" |314
|"Gori Gori"
|Pragyan Hota
! style="text-align: center;" |Bhubaneswar Mishra
Mitrabhanu Mohanty
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''''[[Karma (2024 film)|KARMA – When Destiny Strikes Back]]'''''
! align="right" |315
|"Chiring Chiring"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Ashish Pradhan
|-
! align="right" |316
|"To Pain Chale Spandana"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Inspector Chulbul Pandey'''''
! align="right" |317
|"Haran Pa Pa Pa"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Abhijit Majumdar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Tu Mo Kamzori'''''
! align="right" |318
|"Tu Mo Kamzori (Title)"
| rowspan="2" |[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! align="right" |319
|"Narangi Narangi"
|-
! align="right" |320
|"Tu Mo Kamzori (Sad Version)"
|
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Sapana Tie – A Dream'''''
! align="right" |321
|"Sapana Tie (Title)"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |[[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="31" |2025
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Wife'''''
! align="right" |322
|"Wife (Title)"
|Ira Mohanty
! style="text-align: center;" |Malaya Mishra
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Bhai – The Opening Part'''''
! align="right" |323
|"Tu Mora Bhai"
|Amrita Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |Nabs and Saroj
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Kabadi'''''
! align="right" |324
|"A Prema"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Abhaya Mishra
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Valentine – The Memorable Day'''''
! align="right" |325
|"Odda Odda Mana Mora"
|Pragyan Hota
! style="text-align: center;" |Gobind Senapati
|-
!'''''Racket'''''
! align="right" |326
|"To Dehara Basna"
|[[Diptirekha Padhi]]
![[Prem Anand]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''''First Love'''''
! align="right" |327
|"Jay Jay King Khan"
|Antara Chakraborty
! rowspan="2" |Somesh Satpathy
|-
! align="right" |328
|"Sata Thila Na Sarta"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Jwain Puara Jibana Bima'''''
! align="right" |329
|"Kemiti Je Kahibi"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Goodly Rath]]
|-
! align="right" |330
|"Samarpana"
|Lipsa Mahapatra
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Chi Re Nani'''''
! align="right" |331
|"Jedebele Dekhli"
|Aseema Panda
! style="text-align: center;" |Asad Nizam
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Delivery Boy 2'''''
! align="right" |332
|"Local Madhuri"
|Aseema Panda
Chiragdeep Panda
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |333
|"Prema Heijae"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|-
! align="right" |334
|"To Bina Mu Adha"
| rowspan="2" |Antara Chakraborty
|-
! align="right" |335
|"To Bina Mu Adha (Sad Version)"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |''[[Charidham - A Journey Within]]''
! align="right" |336
|"Kerkeraa"
|Pamela Jain
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Challenge'''''
! align="right" |337
|"Makhamali Misiri"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Gaurav Anand
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Tora Mora Prema'''''
! align="right" |338
|"Tora Mora Prema (Title)"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |Saroj Samal
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Vaastav'''''
! align="right" |339
|"Vaastav (Title)"
|
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! align="right" |340
|"Tana Tana Tora Akhi"
|
|-
!341
|"Tu Juade Mu Siade"
|Antarikshyaa Nayak
|-
!342
|"Pakhe Thile Bhala Lage"
|
!Gyana Behera
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Shambhu'''''
!343
|"Sona Sona"
|Amrita Nayak
! style="text-align: center;" |Deepak Kumar
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''''Darpana (The Mirror)'''''
!344
|"Jhare Jhara Sefali"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Tunu Pattnayak
|-
!345
|"Ye Dil"
|Antara Chakraborty
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Namaste Kamala Mago 3'''''
!346
|"Tame Hin Mora Prathama Prema"
|
! style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
! rowspan="3" |'''''Miss Call Friend'''''
!347
|"Aji Tharu Tu Mora"
|Shreya Mishra
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |Baidyanath Dash
|-
!348
|"Teka Mari Janha Jhadei Delu"
|Jagruti Mishra
|-
!349
|"Samparka Emiti Bandhana Tie"
|
|-
!'''''Motorcycle'''''
!350
|"Premare Khele Kiti Kiti"
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
! style="text-align: center;" |Somesh Satpathy
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''''Haran'''''
!351
|"Maliphula"
|Aseema Panda
! rowspan="2" |Asad Nizam
|-
!352
|"Chehera Tora"
|
|-
!2026
! style="text-align: center;" |'''''Mantra Muugdha'''''
!
|"Jalsa"
|Antara Chakraborty
! style="text-align: center;" |Ashish Pradhan
|}
( Humane Sagar all odia film songs playlist - Click [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCPgrYI2f5F5LK5aDzkgBVhQWlfRlBisR '''HERE'''] )

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 7521924}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Humane}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]

Snehalata Reddy

2026-02-12T02:47:48Z

James: updated references for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actress, producer and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Snehalatha Reddy
| image = Snehalatha Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1932
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1977|01|20|1932}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Samskara (film)|Samskara]], Imprisonment during Emergency
| relatives = [[Ramana Reddy]] [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| spouse = [[Pattabhirama Reddy Tikkavarapu]]
| children = Nandana Reddy,
Konarak Reddy
| alma mater =
| occupation = Actress, Writer, Producer, Director, Social Activist
}}
'''Snehalatha Reddy''' (1932 – 20 January 1977) was an Indian actress, producer and social activist known for her works in [[Kannada cinema]], Kannada theatre, [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Telugu theatre]]. She was arrested over her involvement in the [[Baroda dynamite case]] and imprisoned for over 8 months during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] in India. She was the co-founder of the [[Madras Players]] in the 1960s, the amateur group that staged memorable productions like [[Ibsen]]'s ''[[Peer Gynt]]'', directed by Douglas Alger, besides ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' and Tennessee William's ''[[Night of the Iguana]]'', directed by Peter Coe. She also acted in, directed, or produced plays such as ''A View from the Bridge'' and ''The House of Bernarda Alba''.<ref name=h/> In 2003, her husband [[Pattabhirama Reddy Tikkavarapu|Pattabhirama Reddy]] presented ''In the Hour of God'', a play based on [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s classic ''[[Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol|Savitri]]'', inspired by the mythical woman who defied death for love, which he dedicated to Snehalata Reddy.<ref name=h/>

==Personal life==
Snehalatha was born in 1932 to second generation [[Christian]] converts from the state of Andhra Pradesh. She strongly opposed the Colonial Rule and her initial years were immersed in the freedom struggle. She resented the British to such an extent that she reverted to her Indian name and wore only Indian clothes. Snehalatha was married to poet and film director [[Pattabhi Rama Reddy]]. The couple was devoted to the cause of renowned freedom fighter and activist [[Ram Manohar Lohia|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia]]. Snehalata came under national spotlight for her role in the [[Kannada film]] ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'', written by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] and directed by her husband. The film went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Award]] in 1970. Her last film ''Sone Kansari'' was released in 1977, after her death.<ref name=h>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120101800200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331135415/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120101800200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2004 |title=A Savitri for Sneha |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2003 |access-date=2 July 2016 |author=Aditi De}}</ref><ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0714779/bio |title=Snehalata Reddy |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20031208-in-the-hour-of-god-play-in-tribute-to-snehalata-reddy-at-chowdaiah-memorial-hall-bangalore-791469-2003-12-07 |title=In the Hour of God: Play in tribute to Snehalata Reddy at Chowdaiah Memorial Hall, Bangalore|date=8 December 2003 }}</ref> Her daughter Nandana Reddy is a human rights, social and political activist. She is the founder and director of [[Concerned for Working Children|CWC (Concerned for Working Children)]], a Bangalore-based [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] that was nominated for 2012 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3842-bangalore-ngo-cwc-nomination-nobel-peace-prize-3842 |title=Bangalore NGO among nominees for Nobel peace prize {{!}} |date=19 February 2012 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> Nandana has written various memoirs of her mother's ordeals at imprisonment during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/nandana-reddy-on-mother-snehalata-reddys-incarceration-during-emergency/article7360753.ece |title=A daughter remembers |last=Reddy |first=Nandana |date=27 June 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her son Konarak Reddy is a musical artist.

==Filmography==
*''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'' (1970)
*Chanda Marutha (1977)
*''Sone Kansari'' (1977)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|714779}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Snehalata}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social workers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Himachal Pradesh Council of Ministers

2026-01-29T12:57:38Z

James: done...

{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}{{Short description|Executive branch of the government of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
The '''Himachal Pradesh Council of Ministers''' is the executive wing of [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] and headed by [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], who is the head of government and leader of the state cabinet. The term of every executive wing is for 5 years. The council of ministers are assisted by department secretaries attached to each ministry who are from [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Himachal Pradesh Cadre]]. The chief executive officer responsible for issuing orders on behalf of government is [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the state government.

== Constitutional requirement ==

=== For the Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor ===
According to [https://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06163.html Article 163] of the [[Indian Constitution]],
{{cquote|
# There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his function, except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
# If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion.
# The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any court.
}}

This means that the Ministers serve under the pleasure of the Governor and he/she may remove them, on the advice of the Chief Minister, whenever they want.

=== For other provisions as to Ministers ===
According to [https://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06164.html Article 164] of the [[Indian Constitution]],
{{cquote|
# The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor: Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work.
# The Council of Minister shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.
# Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
# A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.
# The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall be a specified in the Second Schedule.
}}

==Council of Ministers==
{{main|Sukhu ministry}}

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|'''Chief Minister''']] Finance General Administration Home Planning Personnel All other departments not allotted to any other Minister
| minister1 = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 December 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']] Jal Shakti Transport Language, Arts & Culture
| minister1 = [[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 December 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health & Family Welfare Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment Minister of Labour & Employment
| minister1 = [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Animal Husbandry
| minister1 = [[Chander Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industries Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Harshwardhan Chauhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue Minister of Horticulture Minister of Tribal Development
| minister1 = [[Jagat Singh Negi]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Higher Education & Elementary Education
| minister1 = [[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
| minister1 = [[Anirudh Singh (politician)|Anirudh Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Minister of Urban Development
| minister1 = [[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 January 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Technical Education Minister of Vocational & Industrial Training
| minister1 = [[Rajesh Dharmani]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Ayush Minister of Youth Services & Sports
| minister1 = [[Yadvinder Goma]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
|}

== Oath as the state chief minister/minister ==

{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister/Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:State council of ministers of India|H]]

Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy

2026-01-24T12:03:00Z

James: further refined references as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Forestry training institute in India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
| native_name = इंदिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय वन अकादमी
| native_name_lang = hin
| image_name = Indra Gandhi National Forest Academy.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| former_name = Indian Forest College
| motto = "अरण्यः ते पृथ्वी स्योनमस्तु"([[Sanskrit]]) (Aranyam Te Prithivi Syo Namastu)
| motto_lang = san
| mottoeng = "The Forest is Earth's delight"
| established = * 1938 as Indian Forest College 
* 1987 as IGNFA
| type = Forest Service Training Institute
| budget = {{INRConvert|83.80|c}} (2025{{ndash}}26)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 28, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe28.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| Executive Director =
| director = Bharati, IFS
| city = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Dehradun]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.ignfa.gov.in/}}
| mapframe = Yes
| logo =
| parent = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
| affiliations = [[Government of India]]
}}
'''Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy''' ('''IGNFA''') is a forest service training institute under the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of India, which was originally called as Indian Forest College, established in 1938 for training of senior forest officers. The institute trains [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS) officers before they are sent to their respective state cadres to carry out their duties.It is situated in the New Forest campus of [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI), [[Dehradun]].

The primary mandate of the academy is to impart knowledge and skills to the professional foresters and help them to develop competence for managing the country's forest and wildlife resources on a sustainable basis. In the academy training is provided at different levels of seniority in the Indian Forest Service besides training the new entrants to the service.

==History==
The academy was constituted in the year 1987 by renaming the Indian Forest College, which was established in 1938 for training senior forest officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=IGNFA |title=IGNFA History |url=https://www.ignfa.gov.in/document/ignfa-history.pdf}}</ref> On 25 May 1987, Indian Forest College upgraded to National Forest Academy through a resolution and given a formal name "Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=history |first=IGNFA |title=IGNFA History |url=https://www.ignfa.gov.in/document/ignfa-history.pdf}}</ref> The Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA) stands as a prestigious institution in India, dedicated to the training and professional development of forestry officers and other stakeholders in forest management.

==Training programmes==

# Professional Forestry training for IFS Probationers through a series of class room sessions, tours, excursions and specialized modules. It nurtures young foresters capable of making difference in the management of ecological assets of our country besides inculcating human values and professional ethics amongst them. After completion of 4 months of foundation course at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), OTs (Officer Trainees) come for 13 months of professional training in the academy (Phase 1). After completion of 4 months of ON-job-training in respective cadres, training of 3 months is given (Phase 2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Training |first=IFS |title=IFS probationers Training rules 2023 |url=https://ifs.nic.in/AddLink/getIMG/15309}}</ref>
# Skill Upgradation Programme for State Forest Service (SFS) officers inducted into IFS to sensitize and orient them to the ethos and functioning of All India Services and to keep them abreast with the rapidly changing scenario of forest management, development and administration.
# Mid Career Training (MCT) programme for IFS officers in three phases of the service viz III, IV and V meant for the seniority 7 to 9, 16 to 18 and 26 to 28 years respectively. It aims to provide best training opportunities to the officers by roping in some of the leading training institutions in the country and abroad. The officers get a chance to interact with the experts of respective fields and also get exposure to best management practices of natural resources in the foreign countries.
# Training programmes and workshops for the three All India Services, members of Higher Judiciary, exposure to Officer Trainees of other services with an endeavour to provide a platform for sharing experiences and new learnings in the field of forest management.

==Location==
It is situated in the New Forest campus of [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI) on Chakrata Road (NH-72), five kilometers from [[Dehradun]] town. The 1100 acres campus is bounded by the river Tons in the north and Chakrata road on the south. Large parts of the campus are still covered with natural forest and dense experimental plantations. The campus is situated at an altitude of 670 m. above mean sea level and receives over 200 cm of rainfall annually. It can be best approached from Dehradun city through Chakrata road.

The hostels, guest house, auditorium and playgrounds of the academy are also located in the campus, whereas the housing colony for the faculty and staff is located on Chakrata road opposite the New Forest campus.

==See also==

*[[Forest Research Institute (India)]]
*[[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra|Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)]]-Forest Science Centres
* [[Indian Forest Service]]
* [[Head of Forest Forces]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ignfa.gov.in/ Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025228/http://www.civilservices.gov.in/lbsnaa/index.jsp Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]

{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{Dehradun}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forestry education in India]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1938]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1938]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]

Archdiocese of Madurai

2026-01-24T09:23:21Z

James: Creating new article initial version

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Metropolitan Archdiocese
|name = Madurai
|latin = Archidioecesis Metropolitae Madhuraiensis
|local = மதுரை உயர்மறைமாவட்டம்
|image = St. Mary's Cathedral Madurai.jpg
|image_size = 230px
|caption = Cathedral of St Mary in [[Madurai]]
|province = Madurai
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of Our Lady of Dolours (St. Mary's Cathedral) in [[Madurai]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[John de Brito|St John de Brito]]
|parishes = 67
|area_km2 = 8,910
|population = 2,068,000
|population_as_of = 2014
|catholics = 145,000
|catholics_percent= 7
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = [[Antonysamy Savarimuthu]]
|coadjutor =
|vicar_general = Jeyaraj J.
|episcopal_vicar = John Diraviam M.
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = {{official|http://www.archdioceseofmadurai.com}}
|emeritus_bishops=[[Anthony Pappusamy]]}}

The '''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madurai''' ({{langx|la|Madhuraien(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or [[archdiocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. Its [[episcopal see]] is located in the city of [[Madurai]], [[India]].

==History==
* 8 January 1938: Established as the Diocese of Madura from the [[Diocese of Trichinopoly]]
* 21 October 1950: Renamed as Diocese of Madurai
* 9 September 1953: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madurai

==Leadership==
* Metropolitan Archbishops of Madurai
**[[Antonysamy Savarimuthu]]
Apostolic Administrator:

(04 November 2024 - 05 July 2025)

Archbishop:
( 02 August 2025 – present)
**Archbishop [[Antony Pappusamy]]
(24 August 2014 – 04 November 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/other-pontifical-acts-538 |title=Pontifical Acts - 26 July |accessdate=2014-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205725/http://www.news.va/en/news/other-pontifical-acts-538 |archivedate=2014-08-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Archbishop Antony Pappusamy|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpappu.html|website=Catholic Hierarchy|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="ucan">{{cite web|title=Archbishop Pappusamy|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/archbishop-pappusamy/765|website=Archdiocese of Madurai|publisher=UCAN Directory|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref>
** Archbishop [[Peter Fernando]]
(24 April 2003 – 24 August 2014)
** Archbishop [[Marianus Arockiasamy]]
(28 August 1987 - 24 April 2003)

Msgr. T.A. Soosai
Archdoicesean Administrator:
( 25 March 1987 - 28 August 1987)
** Archbishop [[Casimir Gnanadhikkam]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
( 16 June 1985 - 25 March 1987)
** Archbishop [[Justin Diraviam]]
(06 July 1967 - 16 June 1985)
** Archbishop [[John Peter Leonard SJ ]]
(08 January 1938 - 06 July 1967)

==Suffragan dioceses==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dindigul|Dindigul]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar|Kottar]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Kuzhithurai]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Palayamkottai|Palayamkottai]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai|Sivagangai]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli|Tiruchirapalli]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|Tuticorin]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL FRONT VIEW.jpg|Front view of St Mary's Cathedral
File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL SIDE VIEW.jpg|Side view
File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL INSIDE VIEW.jpg|Inside view
File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL MAIN ALTAR VIEW.jpg|Main altar view
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/madu0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmadu.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|9.9136|N|78.1257|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madurai}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1938]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

Kritina Devi Thounaojam

2026-01-09T17:00:20Z

James:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Western name order|Thounaojam Kritina Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Thounaojam|Kritina|Devi}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kritina Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Kritina Devi Thounaojam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|02|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Haokha Mamang, [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 2
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Indian Arrows
| years1 =
| clubs1 = The Young Welfare Club
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2021–22
| clubs2 = [[Indian Arrows|Indian Arrows Women]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–
| clubs3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps3 = 42
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 9 January 2026
| nationalteam-update = 9 February 2024
}}
'''Kritina Devi Thounaojam''' ({{langx|mni|Thounaojam Kritina Devi}}, born 10 February 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]], who plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thounaojam Kritina Devi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75579 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> She has also represented [[India women's national football team|India]] at the youth level.

== Early life ==
Kritina hails from Haokha Mamang village in Thoubal district, Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2020 |title=Manipur's Kritina eyes women's FIFA U-17 WC glory after cousins' appearance in men's event |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/manipurs-kritina-eyes-womens-fifa-u-17-wc-glory-after-cousins-appearance-in-mens-event/articleshow/78165646.cms |access-date=15 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her father, Thounaojam Rajen Singh, is a farmer while her mother is a home maker. Initially, her father was reluctant to send his only daughter to play football but Devi's uncle Deben Singh persuaded him that it would be good for the girl. Deben Singh's son, [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam Amarjit Singh]] (former Under-17 India captain) and another cousin [[Jeakson Singh|Thounaojam Jeakson Singh]], both played for India team in the Under-17 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=All in the family: Manipur's Kritina eyes women's FIFA U-17 WC glory after cousins' appearance in men's event |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/all-in-the-family-manipurs-kritina-eyes-womens-fifa-u-17-wc-glory-after-cousins-appearance-in-mens-event-888851.html |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> All three families stay close by in the same colony.

== Career ==

* While Kritina was in Class 6, she took part in a grassroots talent hunt in 2014 and she got hooked to the game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=17 September 2020 |title=Kritina eyes women's FIFA U-17 WC glory after cousins' appearance in men's event |url=https://thebridge.in/football/kritina-eyes-womens-fifa-u-17-wc-glory-cousins-appearance-mens-event/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2019 she played a key role in the three-nation tournament with Thailand and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Manipur's Thounaojam Kritina Devi all set to be part of the FIFA U-17 World Cup - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipurs-thounaojam-kritina-devi-all-set-to-be-part-of-the-fifa-u-17-world-cup-502016 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In July 2020, she was named in the probables for the Under-17 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2020 |title=Two Goans among probables for U-17 Women's World Cup |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/goas-daisy-lisa-crasto-and-karen-estrocio-among-probables-for-u-17-womens-world-cup/articleshow/76914586.cms |access-date=15 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* In February 2021, she was one of the six players from Manipur selected for the Indian team for the international friendly matches in Alanya, Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight women players from Manipur feature in Indian squad for international friendlies in Turkey |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/5612/eight-women-players-from-manipur-feature-in-indian-squad-for-international-friendlies-in-turkey |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>
* In November 2021, she was called for the U-19 National camp in preparation for the SAFF Women's Championship 2021 to be held in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF calls up seven State girls for U-19 Natl coaching camp |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/10/IMPHAL-Nov-9The-All-India-Football-Federation-has-called-up-seven-U-19-girls-from-Manipur-for-the.amp.html |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75579 Thounaojam Kritina Devi] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kritina Devi, Thounaojam}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

2026-01-08T17:49:22Z

James: Creating new entry more to come!

{{Short description|Indian consumer quasi-judicial body}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| native_name =
| established = 1986
| location = A.P. State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission,1st Floor, Sai Towers, Beside SIRIS Company, Ashok Nagar, Kanuru,
Vijayawada – 520 007<ref name="apsd ref1">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission |url=https://scdrc.ap.nic.in/ |website=Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>
| jurisdiction = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| website = https://scdrc.ap.nic.in/
| chiefjudgetitle = President, Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| chiefjudgename = THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE T. SUNIL CHOWDARY
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission''' is an [[autonomous]], [[statutory]] and [[constitution]]al institution formed as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi judicial]] body for the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] under Section 24-B of the [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986]] to protect the rights of [[consumer]]s. It is a system of [[Alternative dispute resolution|alternate dispute resolution]] between conflicting parties during the process of [[trade]]. The president of the Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is appointed by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] in consultation with the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of state [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].

== History and objective ==

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed to promote and protect the rights of consumers as per the Consumer Protection Act 1986.<ref name="apsd ref2" /><ref name="scd ref15">{{cite news |title=Consumer commission vacancies: SC warns of imposing exemplary costs on state govts for non-compliance {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/consumer-commission-vacancies-sc-warns-of-imposing-exemplary-costs-on-state-govts-for-non-compliance/articleshow/87631508.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref17">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Meaning and Key Features |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/meaning-and-features-of-consumer-protection-act-2019-1578557665-1 |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Jagranjosh |date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref8">{{cite news |title=No chambers or even staff washrooms — bleak state of India's consumer courts reaches SC |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/no-chambers-or-even-staff-washrooms-bleak-state-of-indias-consumer-courts-reaches-sc/780705/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=14 December 2021}}</ref> It was formed under Consumer Protection Act 2019.<ref name="scd ref5">{{cite news |title=Consumer cases in district levels drop 26% in 2020 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/consumer-cases-in-district-levels-drop-26-in-2020/article37902841.ece |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was divided into two after formation of new state of [[Telangana]] in year 2014.<ref name="apsd ref2">{{cite news |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed |title=State consumer panel has a backlog of 46% |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/state-consumer-panel-has-a-backlog-of-46/article29480045.ece |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="apsd ref4">{{cite news |title=Bifurcation woes hit consumer disputes redressal bodies of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/may/01/bifurcation-woes-hit-consumer-disputes-redressal-bodies-of-telangana-andhra-pradesh-1808639.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is formed as committee with following members:<ref name="apsd ref3">{{cite news |title=Only 4 consumer fora working in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/130821/only-4-consumer-fora-working-in-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref3">{{cite news |title=The Role Of Consumer Dispute Redressal Agencies - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/consumer-dispute-redrsal-agencies/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawctopus.com |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="scd ref9">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act and Medical Profession - Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies |url=https://www.medindia.net/indian_health_act/consumer_protection_act_and_medical_profession_consumer_disputes_redressal_agencies.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=medindia.net}}</ref>

# President and
# Not less than two members and not more than that prescribed in State Act.

President will be appointed by state Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of state High Court. The eligibility for president is that he should be serving or served as Judge in any High Court. Members should be of 1. Not less than 35 years of age and 2. recognised university bachelor's degree 3. With good ability, integrity and standing and with proficient experience of 10 years and expertise knowledge in subjects of [[accountancy]], [[law]], [[commerce]], [[economics]], industry, administration and public affairs and problem solving ability in same.

Also not more than fifty percent of members of committee should be from judicial background.

Hon'ble Sri Justice T. Sunil Chowdary is the president of Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.

== Levels and jurisdiction ==

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed for promoting and protecting the rights of consumers through three levels with the below mentioned jurisdiction:<ref name="scd ref2">{{cite news |title=Government notifies new rules for consumer commissions; national body's jurisdiction enhanced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/government-notifies-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-national-bodys-jurisdiction-enhanced/articleshow/88596171.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref1">{{cite news |title=District Consumer Forum is now District Commission; will hear cases of value up to ₹1 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/district-consumer-forum-is-now-district-commission-will-hear-cases-of-value-up-to-1-crore/story-13pfET9A7TCnpHPkchnZ1O.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref6">{{cite news |title=NCDRC's ambit widened for faster disposal of plaints {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncdrcs-ambit-widened-for-faster-disposal-of-plaints/articleshow/88603193.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref10">{{cite news |title=Central govt notifies new rules for enhancing consumer protection |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/central-govt-notifies-new-rules-for-enhancing-consumer-protection-121123100116_1.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''District Commission''' (earlier referred to as '''District Forum''')<ref name="apsd ref3" /> can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is up to ₹1 crore (Earlier limit was ₹20 lakh).
* '''State Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than ₹1 crore but less than ₹10 crores ( earlier limit was between ₹20 lakh and ₹1 crore).<ref name="apsd ref5">{{cite news |title=File complaint over seed quality |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/246482/file-complaint-over-seed-quality.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=2 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''National Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than 10 crores.

== Filing complaints ==
{{main|E-Daakhil}}
Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission<ref name="apsd ref3" /> follows below process for filing and resolving complaints:<ref name="scd ref11">{{cite news |title=New rules for consumer commissions: Government issues notification - All you need to know |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-government-issues-notification-all-you-need-to-know-174930 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Zee Business |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref4">{{cite news |title=The State Commission, Under Consumer Protection Act |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/stco.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref name="scd ref14">{{cite news |title=Be it defective saree or tawa, consumers getting speedy justice via e-Daakhil: CCPA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/be-it-defective-saree-or-tawa-consumers-getting-speedy-justice-via-e-daakhil-ccpa/articleshow/87926927.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

Complaints can be filed electronically and examination of disputing parties is done through video-conferencing, which includes hearing and/or examination through any other mode. The time period for resolving dispute in case the complaint does not require analysis and testing of product quality is 3 months from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party. However, if the complaint requires analysis or testing of product quality the time limit for resolving dispute is within 5 months. Complaints can be filed using [[E-Daakhil]] portal.

== Penalties and imprisonment ==
* Manufacturers and Service providers are made punishable as a criminal offence for giving misleading information or for wrong advertisement of product.
* Punishment may include fine of Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for 2 years or both.

== Investigative agency ==
* Violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices is investigated by the Investigation wing headed by Director-General level position in [[Central Consumer Protection Authority]] (CCPA).

==Important terms==

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has below terminology for consumer:<ref name="scd ref7">{{cite news |title=Changes in India's Consumer Protection Act 2019 |url=https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2020/01/changes-in-indias-consumer-protection-act-2019/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Lawyer Monthly {{!}} Legal News Magazine |date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref13">{{cite news |title=State Commission Under Consumer Protection Act - Composition and Powers {{!}} Law column |url=https://www.lawcolumn.in/state-commission-under-consumer-protection-act-composition-and-powers/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawcolumn.in |date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref16">{{cite news |title=National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission - NCDRC |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/calendars-causelists/NCDRC.htm |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>
* As per the act "Goods" means anything purchased by consumers either in retail or wholesale from retailers or wholesalers. They can either be produced or manufactured.
* As per the act "services" means those which are in the form of "[[transport]], [[telephone]], [[electricity]], [[housing]], [[banking]], [[insurance]], [[medical treatment]] etc".
* As per the act consumer means " any person who buys any goods or hires or avails any services for a consideration which has already been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised or under any system of deferred payment".
* Person includes anyone buying goods, either through online system or direct or offline, by way of teleshopping, or through mode of electronic includes direct selling or in a [[multi-level marketing]].
* Consumer does not include person buying or availing goods or services for resale or for any other commercial purpose.
* For the purpose of commission the terms are referred in [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019|Consumer Protection Act'2019]].

== Challenges ==

Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission faces below challenges.<ref name="scd ref12">{{cite news |title=4 of 28 state consumer bodies at full strength, SC told, court says 'completely unacceptable' |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/only-4-of-28-state-consumer-bodies-at-full-strength-sc-says-completely-unacceptable/714835/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5" />
* The district, state and national level commissions face challenges of understaffing or non fulfillment of vacancies in time<ref name="apsd ref2" />
* The report prepared by senior advocate on the directions of [[Supreme Court of India]] found out many shortcomings in the offices of district and state consumer redressal bodies in many states of India. These include absence of storage rooms for case files, lack of member chambers for convenience of members hearing complaints, non availability of court rooms and washrooms in selective cases.<ref name="scd ref8" />

== See also ==
* [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scdrc.ap.nic.in/ Addresses of States Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum]


[[Category:Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions of India]]

Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award

2025-12-21T12:56:19Z

James: minor cleanup

{{Short description|India cinema award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Honorary Award''' given by the ''Tamil Nadu State Government'' as part of its annual [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema personalities who contributed in developing the [[Tamil cinema]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=‘Film News'|first=Anandan|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|page=738}}</ref>

==[[C. N. Annadurai|Arignar Anna Award]]==
* 1990 - [[Manivannan]], [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[K. Balachander]]
* 1991 - A. S. Prakasam, [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
* 1992 - [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Krishnan–Panju|Krishnan]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 1993 - [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* 1994 - Harur Das
* 1995 - [[T. Rajendar]]
* 1996 - Liakath Ali Khan
* 1997 - [[C. V. Sridhar]]
* 1998 - [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], K. Swarnam
* 1999 - [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
* 2000 - [[Anjali Devi]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[Bharathiraja]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2006 - [[Rama Narayanan]]<ref name=2006a>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|title=Tamilnadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal|publisher=cinesouth.com|date=2007-09-07|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|archivedate=2007-09-11}}</ref>

==Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar Award==
* 1999 - [[S. S. Rajendran]]
* 2000 - [[M. N. Rajam]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[Vyjayanthimala]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[G. Sakunthala]]<ref name="2002a"/>
*2004- [https://www.indiaglitz.com/state-film-awards-announced-tamil-news-20363 P Leela]
* 2006 - [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<ref name=2006a/>

==Kalaivanar Award==
* 1989 - [[K. A. Thangavelu]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940929&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=K. A. Thangavelu dead |date=29 September 1994 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |page=1}}</ref>
* 1992 - [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 1996 - [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
* 1999 - [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
* 2000 - [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[Raja Sulochana]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[P. B. Sreenivas]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2006 - [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<ref name=2006a/>

==[[Kannadasan|Kannadasan Award]]==
* 1999 - Kavingnar Kamakodiyan
* 2000 - [[S. Varalakshmi]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[Vanisri]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2006 - [[Pa. Vijay]]<ref name=2006a/>

==[[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] Award==
* 1989 - [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
* 1990 - [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* 1991 - [[R. S. Manohar]], [[Pandari Bai]]
* 1992 - [[Srividya]], [[T. R. Ramanna]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 1993 - [[B. Sarojadevi]]
* 1994 - [[Vijayakanth]]
* 1995 - [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Sathyaraj]]
* 1998 - [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]
* 1999 - [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Bhagyaraj]]
* 2000 - [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[B. S. Saroja]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[E. V. Saroja]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2003 - [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031002950300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625131437/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031002950300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-06-25|title=Star then, a stoic now|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-05-10|accessdate=2010-11-22}}</ref>
* 2004 - [[Rajasree]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700100200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113060952/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031700100200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-11-13|title=Away from the arc lights |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|author=Malathi Rnagarajan|date=2006-03-17|accessdate=2012-02-24}}</ref>
* 2005 - [[Prashanth]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram Kennedy]]
* 2006 - [[Ajith Kumar]]<ref name=2006a/>

==[[P. K. Raja Sandow|Raja Sando Award]]==

* 1992 - [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[A. Vincent]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 1999 - [[S. Shankar]]
* 2000 - [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2001 - [[K. Balaji]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2002 - [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]<ref name="2002a">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=2004-10-01|accessdate=2010-11-13}}</ref>
* 2006 - [[Thangar Bachan]]<ref name=2006a/>

==[[Sivaji Ganesan|Sivaji Ganesan Award]]==

* 1999 - [[Kamal Haasan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards −1995|publisher=[[Dinakaran]]|accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010210034542/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archivedate = 2001-02-10}}</ref>
* 2002 - [[M. Saroja]]<ref name="2002a"/>
* 2006 - [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<ref name="2006a"/>

==Paavender Bharathidasan Award==
* 1992 - [[Jikki]], [[S. Janaki]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 2006 - [[Thamarai]]

==[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] Award==
* 1992 - [[P. Vasu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]<ref name="award 92" />
* 1993 - [[K. Balaji]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="award 92">{{Cite news |date=19 January 1994 |title=Film city to be ready soon: Jaya |page=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940119&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>

</references>

{{Tamil Nadu State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]

Chachoura

2025-12-15T16:30:48Z

James: Starting entry

{{Short description| Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chachoura
| other_name = चाचौड़ा
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|54|N|77|00|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Guna district|Guna]]
| subdivision_type4 = Lok sabha constituency
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| subdivision_type5 = Vidhansabha Constituency
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chachoura Assembly constituency|Chachoura]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[list of tehsils of Madhya Pradesh|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Chachaura tehsil|Chachaura]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
| postal_code = 473118
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 07546
| geocode =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP08]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
}}

'''Chachoura''' is a town in [[Chachaura tehsil]] of [[Guna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It's the administrative and revenue headquarter of Chachaura tehsil and subdivision.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil |url=https://guna.nic.in/en/tehsil_eng/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blocks |url=https://guna.nic.in/en/blocks/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
Chachoura is situated at coordinate {{coord|24|10|54|N|77|00|29|E|}}, It has an average elevation {{Convert|475|m}}.
==Location==
Chachoura is around {{Convert|65|km}} from [[Guna, India|Guna]], towards South and around {{Convert|282|km}} from [[Gwalior]], in same direction. [[Indore]] is around {{Convert|226|km}} from Chachoura, towards the south.

[[Jhalawar]] and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] are {{convert|112|km}} & {{convert|202|km}} respectively from Chachoura, towards the west. [[Bhopal]] is around {{convert|155|km}} kilometres from Chachoura, towards the southeast.

==Nearest towns==
*[[Manohar Thana]] - {{convert|24|km}}
*[[Kumbhraj]] - {{convert|29|km}}
*[[Biaora]] - {{convert|37|km}}
*[[Raghogarh-Vijaypur|Raghogarh]] - {{convert|40|km}}
*[[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]] - {{convert|61|km}}

==See also ==
* [[Champavati Fort]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Guna district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Reshma of Kashmir

2025-10-18T12:17:12Z

James: starting entry

{{Short description|Singer and transgender activist from Kashmir}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Reshma''' (1950 - November 2022), popularly known as '''Reshma of Kashmir''', was a [[transgender]] singer and activist from [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Mateen |first1=Zoya |last2=Mohammad |first2=Moazum |date=17 November 2022 |title=Reshma: The Kashmir trans icon who fought pain to bring joy to people |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63539236 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manhotra |first=Dinesh |date=6 November 2022 |title=Who was singer Abdul Rashid; "Reshma of Kashmir" singer passes away [details] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-was-singer-abdul-rashid-reshma-kashmiri-singer-passes-away-details-853849 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> She attained celebrity status and videos of her singing have garnered thousands of views on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A glimpse into the lives of transgender people in Kashmir |url=https://gal-dem.com/lives-of-transgender-people-in-kashmir/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=gal-dem.com |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615200718/https://gal-dem.com/lives-of-transgender-people-in-kashmir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Reshma was born in Srinagar. She had two sisters and six brothers.<ref name=":0" /> At age 11 she realised her talent and love for singing and dancing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=6 November 2022 |title=Reshma: The story of resilience |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/reshma-the-story-of-resilience/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=The Kashmir Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> As a child, she was bullied for her feminine clothing choices and style of speaking. She dropped out of school after fifth standard as a result, and began working as a tailor under the supervision of her uncle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
At the age of 22, Reshma was asked to sing by a tailoring client after she came by their home in [[Lal Bazar]] to drop off some clothes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The head of the client's family gave her a chit with the word "reshma" on it, which Reshma subsequently adopted as her name.<ref name=":0" /> Her mother reacted negatively when Reshma told her of the interaction, so she decided not to pursue singing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

She changed her mind in 2001, after she began caring for her brother's four children after he died in an accident. Working as a wedding singer became a viable option for income in order to support her family.<ref name=":0" />

== Activism ==
Reshma was at the forefront of transgender community's struggle for dignity in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handa |first=Aakriti |date=29 November 2022 |title=Remembering Reshma: The Voice of Transgender People in Kashmir |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/kashmir-reshma-abdul-rashid-transgender-singer-dead-viral-song |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Reshma, along with other transgender activists, approached the state's social welfare department to initiate an 'Intervention Plan', aimed at rehabilitating transgender persons in the Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zargar |first=Haris |date=28 February 2020 |title=Kashmir's invisible LGBTQIA+ community |url=https://www.newframe.com/kashmirs-invisible-lgbtqia-community/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Frame}}</ref>

== In media ==
Reshma was included in a 2022 documentary on transgender Kashmiri people, entitled ''Trans Kashmir''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 June 2022 |title='Reshma, Babloo, Shabnum': Film on Kashmir's trans-genders premiers at International Queer Festival - The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/reshma-babloo-shabnum-film-on-kashmirs-trans-genders-premiers-at-international-queer-festival/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, she was profiled by writer-activist [[Aditya Tiwari]] in the anthology ''Over the Rainbow: India’s Queer Heroes'', published by [[Juggernaut Books|Juggernaut]], alongside figures such as [[Madhu Kinnar]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Saleem Kidwai]], and [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Rush |date=2023-10-25 |title=Pride in diverse colours: Remembering India’s LGBTQ icons |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/aditya-tiwari-new-book-honour-queer-icons-lgbtq-community-111698203206188.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Reshma died from [[cancer]] in November 2022 at the age of 70, leaving behind a lasting legacy through her songs and tireless work for the transgender community in India-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=WATCH: Kashmir remembers a trans icon |url=https://www.himalmag.com/kashmir-remembers-reshma-transgender-singer-icon/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reshma of Kashmir}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Transgender women musicians]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Indian transgender musicians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ women singers]]
[[Category:Transgender women singers]]

Sarojini (2025 TV series)

2025-10-09T09:29:59Z

James: Made details - done

{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = Family [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Khushbu Sundar
| creative_director = Khushbu Sundar
| director =
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Khushbu Sundar]]
*Niyaz Musaliyar
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 100
| producer = [[Khushbu Sundar]]
| company = [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| channel = [[DD Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|04|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|9|2}}
}}

'''''Sarojini''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language]] television drama series that premiered on 14 April 2025 on [[DD Tamil]] and streams digitally on waves OTT. The series tells the importance of a middle-aged housewife, Sarojini, has dedicated her life to her husband and three children (Vinaiya, Vinoth and Ramya) and follows Sarojini's journey to keep the family.<ref name="Sarojini">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sarojini-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-gripping-family-drama-starring-khushbu-sundar-and-arvind-kathare/articleshow/123385235.cms|title=Sarojini: All you need to know about the gripping family drama starring Khushbu Sundar and Niyaz Musaliyar|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>

The show Screenplay and Produced by [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]] under [[Khushbu Sundar]] and starring Khushbu Sundar and Niyaz Musaliyar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-khushbu-sundar-returns-to-small-screen-with-sarojini/article69535556.ece|title=Actor Khushbu Sundar returns to small screen with Sarojini|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 May 2025 | access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> The show Stopped on 2 September 2025 due to Low Trp rating.

== Plot ==
Sarojini is a middle-aged, resilient and determined housewife who works extremely hard for her family. She, despite her parents’ opposition, marries her beloved Vasudevan, who works as a customs officer. Her journey is marked by struggles to balance her role as a dutiful wife, mother and the challenges faced by girls in this modern world.<ref name="Sarojini" />

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] as Sarojini Vasudevan
* Niyaz Musaliyar as Vasudevan(dead)

=== Recurring ===
* Arvind Kathare
* Kavya Bellu as Vinaiya
* Koushik Shivanand as Vinoth
* ... as Ramya
* Banu Mathy / Nisha as Roopa
* Sheela as Saradha

== Productions ==
=== Development ===
After [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] and [[Vikatan Televistas]] moved to [[DD Tamil]], On December 2024 Kushboo also confirmed she would be produced by [[Khushbu Sundar]] under [[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]] and also as a screenplay writer by Kushboo Sundar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-kushbu-to-act-in-a-new-serial-called-sarojini-663129.html|title=புதிய சீரியலில் கமிட்டாகியுள்ள குஷ்பு! எந்த சேனலுடையது தெரியுமா? யாரெல்லாம் நடிக்கிறார்கள்?|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=15 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Casting of the series started in March 2025, with Khushbu Sundar being cast as the protagonist Sarojini, returning to television after three years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kushboo-sundar-set-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-sarojini/articleshow/120095701.cms|title=Kushboo Sundar set to make her TV comeback with 'Sarojini'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2025 | access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> Newcomer Malayalam Television actor Niyaz Musaliyar was cast as male lead. Arvind Kathare,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/kushboo-teams-up-with-baakiyalakshmi-actor-in-new-serial-sarojini-694357.html|title=குஷ்பூவுடன் நடிக்கும் பாக்கியலட்சுமி சீரியல் நடிகர்.. புதிய கதையுடன் புது சீரியல் தொடக்கம்|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=9 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> Kavya Bellu, Koushik Shivanand and Banu Mathy were also cast.<ref name="Sarojini" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/khushbu-starts-new-serial-sarojini-1740942447|title=மீண்டும் சீரியல் நடிக்கும் குஷ்பு.. எந்த சேனல் பாருங்க|website=cineulagam.com|date=|language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Podhigai TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Avni Telemedia]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Andaman Nicobar Environment Team

2025-09-29T14:14:23Z

James: redirect

{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
The '''Andaman Nicobar Environment Team''' ('''ANET''') field station is a multidisciplinary research and intervention facility focusing on [[environmental sustainability]], located at North [[Wandoor]], [[South Andaman Island|South Andaman]], and the only research base of its kind in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. With its mission to develop effective conservation strategies and community wellbeing based on a sound understanding of the islands' diverse social-ecological systems, ANET aims to contribute to resolving environmental and societal challenges in the islands through independent interventions, inter-organisational collaborations and the facilitation of engagements by organisations with similar visions and goals. ANET is owned and operated by Dakshin Foundation, Bangalore.<ref name="anetindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/ |title=Andaman Nicobar Environment Team - Home |publisher=Anetindia.org |date= |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> [[File:The ANET field station at Wandoor.jpg|thumb|The ANET field station at Wandoor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anetindia.org/history-of-anet.html|title=History of ANET}}</ref>]]

==History==
The idea of ANET was born out of a series of pioneering herpetological surveys carried out in the mid-1970s by [https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/scholarly-magazines/whitaker-zai-zahida-futehali Zahida (Zai) Whitaker] and [[Romulus Whitaker|Romulus (Rom) Whitaker]], and other members of the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|Madras Crocodile Bank]]. Although these surveys primarily targeted king cobras, sea turtles and crocodiles, the team also observed and documented a number of rising threats including unregulated hunting, logging and other forms of resource extraction in these islands. During their travels, they were also introduced to members of the [[Karen people in the Andaman Islands|Karen]] community, an ethnolinguistic minority from erstwhile Burma who were settled in the Webi village of [[Middle Andaman Island|Middle Andaman]]. The Karen became an integral part of ANET's field operations over the next few decades.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/history-of-anet.html|title = History of ANET}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, Rom and Zai Whitaker and Alok Mallick set up a research base in North Wandoor for herpetological and other ecological studies on islands. In 1990, the Andaman Nicobar Environment Team (ANET) was constituted, and with grants from Conservation International and the Royal Netherlands Embassy, 5 acres of land was purchased in 1993 at Wandoor on the southwestern tip of the South Andaman Island. With further grants, a base for conservation, research, and education was established and ANET began to host researchers from a number of ecological and social research institutions from the Indian mainland. Surveys and research studies were carried out on a wide range of topics in both the Andaman and Nicobar island groups.<ref name="history" />

The team grew under the leadership of Harry Andrews who brought together environmental researchers, educators, Karen and Ranchi community members. The field base itself was reforested with the foresight of ANET's initial architects such as Alok Mallick (who established the first local species nursery) and the able assistance of many employees including [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=3jx2Q8EAAAAJ Manish Chandi], Saw John Aung Thong<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/management-and-administration.html|title=Management and Administration}}</ref> and Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik (Montu),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/field-support-and-logistics.html|title = Field Support and Logistics}}</ref> who continue their associations with the base.<ref name="history" />

Following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], ANET's efforts were also directed at appropriate interventions such as donating locally manufactured dugouts (dungis), refabricating indigenous tools to carve traditional canoes, rebuilding houses based on traditional designs, etc. while slowly rebuilding its own research programmes. Post-2010, under the leadership of Tasneem Khan, ANET expanded its capacity to in-water research using SCUBA, including training and education.[[File:Dhungi.jpg|thumb|Surveys in the islands]]

In 2017, the MCBT entered a formal partnership with the Dakshin Foundation to manage ANET and to take forward its mission to contribute to conservation and sustainability in the islands. In July 2019, with financial support from Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies,<ref name="donors">{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/donors.html|title = Donors}}</ref> Dakshin purchased ANET from MCBT. Currently, ANET functions under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of Dakshin Foundation, and is also guided by various advisory bodies on governance, research priorities and ethics.<ref name="history" />

==Research and operations==
ANET proposes to address environmental challenges in the islands through independent research<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/research.html|title=Research}}</ref> and intervention projects,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/interventions.html|title = Interventions}}</ref> inter-organisational collaborations and the facilitation of engagements by organisations with similar visions and goals.

As an interdisciplinary research centre, ANET carries out primary research that aims to fill data gaps and contribute knowledge pertinent to these islands that is vital for environmental preservation, sustainable development and conservation decision-making. Over the years, researchers employed by and based at ANET have carried out or facilitated a large number of surveys and ecological studies on various ecosystems including rainforests, coral reefs and seagrass beds, mangroves and intertidal systems; and species including herpetofauna such as [[saltwater crocodile]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrascrocbank.blogspot.com/2010/05/saltwater-crocodiles-crocodylus-porosus.html|title = Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Andaman Islands}}</ref> snakes, marine turtles, etc.; mammals such as [[dugong]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258062430 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076181|doi-access=free |title=Long-Term Occupancy Trends in a Data-Poor Dugong Population in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago |year=2013 |last1=d'Souza |first1=Elrika |last2=Patankar |first2=Vardhan |last3=Arthur |first3=Rohan |last4=Alcoverro |first4=Teresa |last5=Kelkar |first5=Nachiket |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |article-number=e76181 |pmid=24143180 |pmc=3797053 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876181D }}</ref> crab-eating macaques, bats and treeshrews; and species of fisheries significance such as groupers, sharks and rays. Currently, ANET's longest-running research project is Dakshin's leatherback turtle monitoring project in [[Little Andaman|Little Andaman Island]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swaminathan |first=Adhith |last2=Namboothri |first2=Naveen |last3=Shanker |first3=Kartik |title=Tracking leatherback turtles from Little Andaman Island |url=https://www.iotn.org/iotn29-03-tracking-leatherback-turtles-from-little-andaman-island/ |journal=Indian Ocean Turtle Newsletter |issue=29}}</ref> funded by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|US Fish and Wildlife Service]]; this was originally initiated by MCBT in Great Nicobar Island in 1999. ANET serves as the host institution for the [https://lteo.iisc.ac.in/ Long-Term Ecological Monitoring (LTEO) Project] of the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], Bangalore and as the Andaman field station for the [https://www.dakshin.org/long-term-ecological-observatories-lteo/ Long-Term Ecological Observatory Project] of the [https://moef.gov.in/en/ MoEFCC] and the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dakshin.org/long-term-ecological-observatories-lteo/|title = Long-Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO)}}</ref> [[File:Underwater research-Ray.jpg|thumb|Underwater research-Ray]]

Working with local communities and government departments across the islands, ANET spearheads a number of on-the-ground interventions that are focused on the preservation of biodiversity, improving local livelihoods, place-based and experiential education, training and support for environmental stewardship, waste management and policy support.<ref name="anetindia" /> Intervention work carried out by ANET includes a Learning Lab focusing on foundational literacy and numeracy, supported by [[Wipro|WIPRO]] and several new initiatives on health and sports supported by [[Blue Ventures]] and [https://schooloflife.org.in/ SOL Foundation] respectively. ANET/Dakshin Foundation also supports the Andaman Karen Crafts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anetindia.org/livelihoods.html|title=Livelihoods}}</ref> a cooperative initiative for strengthening socio-economic, cultural and ecological connections among the Karen of Middle Andaman. ANET is currently in the process of initiating its first community centre in Wandoor with funding from [[Seacology|SEACOLOGY]].<ref name="donors" />

While initial institutional agendas were focused primarily on environmental themes, as a civil society entity working in marginal land and seascapes in the islands, ANET has been faced with a number of practical and ethical dilemmas that call for introspection about the institution's positioning and effectiveness in relation to other sectors. Hence, in the long run, the aim is to venture beyond the narrowly defined conservation-focused or environmental education-centred interventions to build synergies with institutions involved with other key social goals such as health, nutrition, and poverty alleviation. Moreover, as an institution that has its roots in conducting pioneering research and exploration surveys in these far-flung islands, ANET continues to focus on natural history, wildlife biology and the study of human engagements with nature.

==Post-tsunami assessment==
The ANET also undertook the post-[[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami|tsunami]] impact assessment and evaluation of requirements for the people of [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]] island and worked in the relief and rehabilitation process in the worst affected areas within central Nicobar, which includes the construction of 400 semi-permanent houses at Katchal at a cost of {{INR}} 8.976 million.<ref>[http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1020219.cms Post-tsunami Impact assessment and evaluation of requirements for the people of Nicobar island] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123173407/http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1020219.cms |date=January 23, 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.anetindia.org/index.html Official website]
*[https://madrascrocodilebank.org/ Official website of Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]
*[https://www.dakshin.org/ Dakshin Foundation]
[[Category:Zoology organizations]]
[[Category:Herpetology organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

Amarendra Sharan

2025-09-23T02:29:10Z

James: Creating basic entry w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (1949–2019)}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Amarendra Sharan''' (1949–2019) was [[Additional Solicitor General of India]] from 2004 to 2009 and a designated senior attorney at the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]]. He appeared in a number of prominent cases including [[Indian coal allocation scam|coal allocation]] and [[2G spectrum case|2G scam cases]] on behalf of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], the [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]] case, and the re-investigation of [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's murder]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==

Amarendra Sharan was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] on 23 October 1949. His father was an [[Income Tax Department|income tax commissioner]] and his mother a [[housewife]]. He graduated from [[Patna Law College]] in 1975 and started his practice in [[Patna High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Former Additional Solicitor General Amarendra Sharan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-additional-solicitor-general-amarendra-sharan-passes-away/article29017119.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203122438/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-additional-solicitor-general-amarendra-sharan-passes-away/article29017119.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

Sharan moved to [[Delhi]] to practice in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1981. He was designated a [[Senior counsel|Senior Attorney]] by the Supreme Court of India in 2000. In 2003, he was appointed as a member of the Mashelkar Committee (named after its chairman, [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar|R.A. Mashelkar]], former director-general of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), constituted to examine the problem of spurious/substandard drugs in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Sachidanand |title=Spurious drugs: Tougher norms on the anvil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Spurious-drugs-Tougher-norms-on-the-anvil/articleshow/37806904.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=18 Feb 2013 |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303091332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Spurious-drugs-Tougher-norms-on-the-anvil/articleshow/37806904.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
As Additional Solicitor General, he argued the [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]] case and defended [[Reservation in India|reservation]] under the constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=31 October 2006|title=Priyadarshini's killer deserves death|work=Time of India|publisher=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Priyadarshinis-killer-deserves-death-HC/articleshow/243527.cms|access-date=}}</ref> In 2008, Sharan received an award for Outstanding Contribution for the Development of Scientific Jurisprudence on National Law Day.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Former Additional Solicitor General Amarendra Sharan dies at 70|url=https://scroll.in/latest/933580/former-additional-solicitor-general-amarendra-sharan-dies-at-70|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204212847/https://scroll.in/latest/933580/former-additional-solicitor-general-amarendra-sharan-dies-at-70|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, he was appointed by the [[All India Football Federation]] to arbitrate a case between [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] and owner of [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] owner, whereby he granted interim relief to Bhutia to play as a [[free agent]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Interim relief for Bhutia, can play for any club|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/sep/26/interim-relief-for-bhutia-can-play-for-any-club-89726.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303091314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/sep/26/interim-relief-for-bhutia-can-play-for-any-club-89726.html|archive-date=2021-03-03|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

In 2017, he was appointed [[amicus curiae]] (friend of the court) in the re-investigation of [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's murder]], where he argued that there was no reason to re-investigate the case and the case was closed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=SC appoints Amarendra Sharan as amicus curiae on plea seeking re-probe of Mahatma Gandhi murder|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sc-appoints-amarendra-sharan-as-amicus-curiae-on-plea-seeking-re-probe-of-mahatma-gandhi-murder-2550902|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204195451/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sc-appoints-amarendra-sharan-as-amicus-curiae-on-plea-seeking-re-probe-of-mahatma-gandhi-murder-2550902}}</ref> He was also appointed amicus curiae in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]], where he advocated that Section 18 of the Act, which did not allow [[anticipatory bail]], was unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=SC/ST act: Govt told apex court to keep anticipatory bail clause, says amicus curiae|work=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-st-act-govt-told-apex-court-to-keep-anticipatory-bail-clause-says-amicus-curiae-5122435/|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=2021-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205080537/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-st-act-govt-told-apex-court-to-keep-anticipatory-bail-clause-says-amicus-curiae-5122435/}}</ref>

In 2018 and 2019, Sharan argued several prominent cases including representing CBI in [[Indian coal allocation scam|coal block allocation case]], and the CBI v. CBI case.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Coalgate: Ex-ASG Amarendra Sharan appointed as new CBI counsel|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/coalgate-ex-asg-amarendra-sharan-appointed-as-new-cbi-counsel/story-ua7CXkFbC8cMjSWNG6fVnO.html|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204144431/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/coalgate-ex-asg-amarendra-sharan-appointed-as-new-cbi-counsel/story-ua7CXkFbC8cMjSWNG6fVnO.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=CBI versus CBI: No arrest for Rakesh Asthana till Monday{{!}} 10 points|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-versus-cbi-no-arrest-for-rakesh-asthana-till-monday-10-points-1374034-2018-10-23|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=2021-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303091341/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-versus-cbi-no-arrest-for-rakesh-asthana-till-monday-10-points-1374034-2018-10-23}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[Medical Council of India]], and successfully argued for instituting a common national entrance exam for all public medical colleges in India ([[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]]), and later argued for removing the upper age limit for NEET exams.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=One medical entrance test from this year supreme-court|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-one-medical-entrance-test-from-this-year-supreme-court-1517027|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204181058/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-one-medical-entrance-test-from-this-year-supreme-court-1517027}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=SC allows candidates above 25 years to appear in NEET 2019 for under graduate courses|url=http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=356042|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234608/http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=356042|archive-date=2021-02-03|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Sharan was a senior leader in the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and served as its spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NCP not to raise foreign origin issue in LS elections|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/ncp-not-to-raise-foreign-origin-issue-in-ls-elections/206484|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175813/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/ncp-not-to-raise-foreign-origin-issue-in-ls-elections/206484|archive-date=2021-02-05|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharan, Amarendra}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:Additional solicitors general of India]]
[[Category:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research people]]
[[Category:Drug policy of India]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India]]

Dijo Jose Antony

2025-09-21T07:16:11Z

James: Starting a info

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Indian name|Dijo|Jose Antony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dijo Jose Antony
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|25 August 1988}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar]] and [[Federal Institute of Science and Technology]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| yearsactive = 2018{{Endash}}present
| spouse = Pratibha Susan Thomas
| parents = Jose Antony and Deena Jose
| relatives =
}}

'''Dijo Jose Antony''' (born 25 August 1988) is a [[musician]], [[Indian people|Indian]] [[film director]] and [[Commercial director|ad film maker]], who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Dijo is popularly known for his second directorial, ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'', an investigative crime thriller that was lauded by Indian movie lovers across the globe for its engaging courtroom drama. He debuted as a film director with the film ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' (2018) featuring newcomers. His third directorial titled [[Malayalee From India]] released in 2024. Dijo is also famous for conceptualizing many ad films including the Kairali TMT's viral advertisement starring [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/11/mohanlal-new-ad-trending.html|title=Uber-cool Mohanlal rocks in latest ad|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dijo Jose Antony was born in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]] on 25 August 1988 to Jose Antony and Deena Jose. He has two siblings, Deepu Jose and Deepti Jose. Dijo was educated in [[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar]] and graduated in Electrical Engineering from the [[Federal Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Angamaly]]. Dijo began his media career in 2010 with a Malayalam musical album titled "La Cochin". In 2018, he debuted as a film director with the film ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' which featured many debutant artists and crew members. Dijo is also an ad filmmaker, making ads for various brands and corporates under the brand name La Cochin.<ref name="Dijo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/040118/heres-queens-man.html|title=Here's Queen's man|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2010, Dijo composed music and directed the musical album "La Cochin" which featured songs by renowned singers [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Vidhu Prathap]] and [[Franco Simon]]. Later, Dijo ventured into making short films while managing his full time IT job. His short films won various accolades. In 2017, Dijo quit his IT career and joined the Malayalam film industry as a filmmaker.

Dijo's first film ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]''<ref name="Dijo"/> became a super-hit and a much-discussed film of the year 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/12/31/hit-malayalam-movies-in-2018.html |last=ലേഖിക |first=മനോരമ |date=31 December 2018 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=ml |script-title=ml:നിരാശയില്ല; കയ്യടിച്ച ഹിറ്റുകളുടെ 2018 |trans-title=No disappointment; well received hits of 2018}}</ref> It spoke about social injustice towards young girls and the atrocities they face on their day-to-day life.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2018/01/12/queen-malayalam-movie-review.html |last=തെക്കേമഠം |first=കാ‍ർത്തിക്ക് |date=12 January 2018 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=ml |script-title=ml:ക്വീൻ ഇൗസ് കിങ് |trans-title=Queen is King}}</ref>

Dijo's second feature film ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-prithviraj-team-up-again-in-dijo-jose-antonys-jana-gana-mana/articleshow/78654281.cms|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu, Prithviraj team up again in Dijo Jose Antony's Jana Gana Mana|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in the lead opened to mostly positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/04/28/jana-gana-mana-suraj-venjaramoodu-steals-show.html|title='Jana Gana Mana' review: Suraj Venjaramoodu steals the show in a thought-provoking political thriller?|work=TheWeek|access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> Another project with [[Tovino Thomas]] titled ''Pallichattambi'' has also been announced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-roped-in-for-dijo-jose-antonys-pallichattambi/articleshow/69875159.cms|title=Tovino Thomas roped in for Dijo Jose Antony's 'Pallichattambi'|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/20/tovino-thomas-announces-pallichattambi-1992525.html|title=Tovino Thomas announces Pallichattambi|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> His debut film, ''Queen'', has been remade into Tamil as ''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]'', starring cricketer [[Harbhajan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2021/sep/19/harbhajan-singhi-have-been-facing-cameras-all-my-life-26733.html|title=Harbhajan Singh: I have been facing cameras all my life|work=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>

In December 2023, the official YouTube Channel of Magic Frames film production company released the official promo of Dijo's next directorial titled [[Malayalee From India]]. The promo garnered wide acceptance among South Indians across the world. The promo featured Dijo, [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], and [[Anaswara Rajan]]. The movie released on 1 May 2024.

== Personal life ==
He is married to Pratibha Susan Thomas and the couple has a son named David Joseph Dijo.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' || [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Dhruvan]], Ashwin Jose || Debut film as director<ref name="direction"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Mamta Mohandas]] ||<ref name="direction"/>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Malayalee From India]]'' || [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Manju Pillai]] || Also actor<ref name="direction">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-20 |title=Nivin Pauly's Malayalee From India gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/20/nivin-paulys-malayalee-from-india-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Pallichattambi]]'' || [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Kayadu Lohar]], [[Vijayaraghavan]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2025-06-24 |title=Tovino Thomas steps into the 1950s with ‘Pallichattambi’; Kayadu Lohar joins; movie starts rolling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-steps-into-the-1950s-with-pallichattambi-kayadu-lohar-joins-movie-starts-rolling/articleshow/122038728.cms |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Times Of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8920189}}
* {{facebook|dijo.j.antony}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]