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Bharatiya Janata Party – Haryana

2026-05-07T15:34:02Z

JamelSkidmore: Made Some Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Political party in north-west India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| president = [[Mohan Lal Badoli]]
| general_secretary = Phanindra Nath Sharma
| leader = [[Nayab Singh Saini]] ([[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]])
| ppchairman =
| headquarters = 30, H.U.D.A. Complex, [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#FF9933}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|5|hex=#FF9933}}
| state_seats_name = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|48|90|hex=#FF9933}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjpharyana.org/}}
| eci =
}}
'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Haryana''' (or '''BJP Haryana''') is a [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party|state unit]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Haryana]]. [[Nayab Singh Saini]] is the current president of the BJP, Haryana. [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] became the BJP's first Chief Minister of Haryana after his swearing-in ceremony on 26 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2014|title=Manohar Lal Khattar to be sworn in as Haryana CM on October 26|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manohar-lal-khattar-chief-minister-haryana-bjp-224072-2014-10-21|access-date=24 January 2022|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 27 October 2019, Khattar was sworn in as the chief minister for the second time, after making an alliance with [[Dushyant Chautala]]'s [[Jannayak Janta Party]] after the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manohar Lal Khattar takes oath as Haryana CM for second term, Dushyant Chautala as Dy CM|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-lal-khattar-takes-oath-as-haryana-cm-for-second-term-dushyant-chautala-to-be-dy-cm/videoshow/71784262.cms|access-date=24 January 2022|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

In the 2024 [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) secured another decisive victory, winning 48 seats<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Haryana Election Results 2024 Live Updates: BJP secures hat-trick victory in Haryana, crushes Congress’ comeback hopes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-vidhan-sabha-bjp-congress-aap-nayab-singh-saini-vinesh-phogat-date-time-election-commission/liveblog/114022603.cms |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and achieving a clear majority. This marks the party's third consecutive triumph in Haryana, led by Nayab Singh Saini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=BJP may retain Nayab Singh Saini as Haryana CM after stellar election result |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/bjp-may-retain-nayab-singh-saini-as-haryana-cm-after-stellar-election-result-449277-2024-10-09 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Bhajpa Ki Baat==
{{Infobox magazine
|image =
|caption =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| based = [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| language = Hindi English
| editor = Pawan Pandit
|website = {{URL|www.bhajpakibaat.org}}
}}
'''Bhajpa Ki Baat''' is a predominantly Indian political news website and magazine. It is the official magazine of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bhajpa Ki Baat is the official magazine of the Bharatiya Janata Party |work=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021005125559/https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm | url-status = live| archive-date = 5 October 2002 |date=5 October 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsroots18.com/2019/07/digital-bhajpakibaat.html|title=हरियाणा भाजपा के मुखपत्र "भाजपा की बात" की वेबसाइट लाँच|website=newsroots18|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130321/https://www.newsroots18.com/2019/07/digital-bhajpakibaat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rashtranews.com/bjp-launches-digital-version-of-haryana-mouthpiece-bhajpa-ki-baat/|title=BJP launches digital version of Haryana mouthpiece "Bhajpa Ki Baat"|website=Rashtra News|date=23 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> Its first edition was published on 1 October 2000 from the state unit office under the editorial board of [[Rattan Lal Kataria]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] & [[O. P. Dhankar]]. Pawan Pandit is currently serving as the editor-in-chief from 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhajpakibaat.org/pawan-pandit-biography/|title=About current editor of Bhajpa Ki Baat|website=Bhajpakibaat.org|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117181245/https://www.bhajpakibaat.org/pawan-pandit-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhajpakibaat.org/the-editorial-board/|title=About Editorial Team of Bhajpa Ki Baat|website=Bhajpakibaat.org|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722162743/https://www.bhajpakibaat.org/the-editorial-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = About Bhajpa Ki Baat | publisher = bjp.org | url = https://hr.bjp.org/en_us/bhajpa-ki-baat/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231106230628/https://hr.bjp.org/en_us/bhajpa-ki-baat/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 November 2023 }}</ref>

===First editorial board===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Name
!portrait

|-
| 2000–2003
|| [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
|[[File:Shri Rattan Lal Kataria taking charge as the Minister of State for Jal Shakti, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|-
| 2000–2010
| [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|[[File:Chief Minister of Haryana Shri Manohar Lal.jpg|75px]]
|-
| 2002–2003
|| [[O. P. Dhankar]]
|[[File:Om Prakash Dhankhar.jpg|75px]]
|}

== Electoral history ==
=== Lok Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
|Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
|Opposition
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
|Outside support to [[National Front (India)|National Front]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
|Opposition
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|4|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|Government, later Opposition
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|1|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|Government
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|5|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|Government
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|1|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|Opposition
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|Opposition
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|7|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|Government
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|10|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|Government
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|5|10|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|Government
|}

=== Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats contested
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome|-
! colspan="" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
! colspan="" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Composition bar|6|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|24
|{{increase}} 6
|7.67%
|{{increase}} 7.67%
|Opposition
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|{{Composition bar|16|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|20
|{{increase}} 10
|10.08%
|{{Increase}} 2.41%
|[[Second Devi Lal ministry|Government]]
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|2|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|89
|{{decrease}} 14
|9.43%
|{{Decrease}} 0.65%
|Opposition
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|11|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|25
|{{increase}} 9
|8.88%
|{{Decrease}} 0.55%
|Government
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Composition bar|6|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|29
|{{decrease}} 5
|8.94%
|{{Increase}} 0.06%
|Opposition
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Composition bar|2|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|90
|{{decrease}} 4
|10.36%
|{{Increase}} 1.42%
|Opposition
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|4|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|90
|{{increase}} 2
|9.04%
|{{Increase}} 1.32%
|Opposition
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|47|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|90
|{{increase}} 43
|33.20%
|{{Increase}} 24.16%
|[[First Khattar ministry|Government]]
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|40|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|90
|{{decrease}} 7
|36.49%
|{{Increase}} 3.29%
|[[Second Khattar ministry|Government]]
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|48|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|89
|{{increase}} 8
|39.94%
|{{increase}} 3.45%
|[[Second Saini ministry|Government]]
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Manohar Lal.jpg|112x112px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
|26 October 2014
|27 October 2019
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2014|10|26|2024|3|12|}}
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|-
|27 October 2019
|12 March 2024
| rowspan="2"|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Nayab Singh Saini.jpg|110x110px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|[[Karnal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
|12 March 2024
|17 October 2024
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|12 March 2024}}
|-
|[[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
|17 October 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP Haryana|url=https://www.bjpharyana.org/state-presidents.php|access-date=24 January 2022|website=www.bjpharyana.org}}</ref>
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Period
|-
|1
|
|[[Kamla Verma]]
|1980
|1983
|3 years
|-
|2
|[[File:Suraj Bhan in 2004.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Suraj Bhan]]
|1984
|1985
|1 year
|-
|3
|
|[[Mangal Sein]]
|1986
|1990
|4 years
|-
|4
|[[File:The Food Minister of Haryana, Shri Ram Bilas Sharma calling on the Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan, in New Delhi on April 15, 2015 (cropped).jpg|81x81px]]
|[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]]
|1990
|1993
|3 years
|-
|5
|
|Ramesh Joshi
|1994
|1998
|4 years
|-
|6
|
|Om Prakash Grover
|1998
|2000
|2 years
|-
|7
|[[File:Shri Rattan Lal Kataria taking charge as the Minister of State for Jal Shakti, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
|2000
|2003
|3 years
|-
|8<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031031/haryana.htm#2 |access-date= |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|[[File:Collage of Ratha Jatra and Head of States Governor and CM (cropped).jpg|115x115px]]
|[[Ganeshi Lal]]
|30 October 2003
|19 November 2006
|{{Ayd|30 October 2003|19 November 2006}}
|-
|9<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2006 |title=Manchanda is new Haryana BJP chief |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/19/manchanda-is-new-haryana-bjp-chief-1163946949.html |access-date= |website=www.oneindia.com |language=}}</ref>
|
|Atme Prakash Manchanda
|19 November 2006
|9 July 2009
|{{Ayd|19 November 2006|9 July 2009}}
|-
|10<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2021|title=KRISHAN PAL GURJAR|url=https://www.lawinsider.in/uncategorized/krishan-pal|access-date=24 January 2022|website=Law Insider India|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Krishan Pal Gurjar assuming office in 2014 (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|9 July 2009
|5 January 2013
|{{Ayd|9 July 2009|5 January 2013}}
|-
|(4)<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2013 |title=Ram Bilas Sharma new Haryana BJP chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-bilas-sharma-new-haryana-bjp-chief/articleshow/17902354.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|[[File:The Food Minister of Haryana, Shri Ram Bilas Sharma calling on the Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan, in New Delhi on April 15, 2015 (cropped).jpg|81x81px]]
|[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]]
|5 January 2013
|26 November 2014
|{{Ayd|5 January 2013|26 November 2014}}
|-
|11<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2014|title=MLA Subhash Barnala appointed Haryana BJP chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mla-subhash-barnala-appointed-haryana-bjp-chief-114112601465_1.html|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|
|[[Subhash Barala]]
|26 November 2014
|19 July 2020
|{{Ayd|26 November 2014|19 July 2020}}
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite news |title=O P Dhankar appointed president of Bharatiya Janata Party's Haryana unit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-p-dhankar-appointed-president-of-bharatiya-janata-partys-haryana-unit/articleshow/77049513.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|[[File:The Agriculture Minister, Haryana, Shri O.P. Dhankar calls on the Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on January 13, 2015 (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Om Prakash Dhankar]]
|19 July 2020
|28 October 2023
|{{Ayd|19 July 2020|28 October 2023}}
|-
|13
|
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|28 October 2023
|9 July 2024
|{{Ayd|28 October 2023|9 July 2024}}
|-
|14
|[[File:Mohan Lal Badoli.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Mohan Lal Badoli]]
|9 July 2024
|''Present''
|{{Ayd|9 July 2024}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], The youth wing of the BJP

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bhajpakibaat.org Bhajpa Ki Baat Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Haryana}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]

Indradev Singh

2026-05-06T12:14:01Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Short description|Bihar politician}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2026}}
{{sources exist|date=May 2026}}
}}
'''Indradev Singh Patel''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the Barharia constituency and is affiliated with the Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)).

== Political career ==
Indradev Singh Patel contested the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Barharia]] constituency as a candidate of the [[Janata Dal (United)]]. He won the election, defeating his nearest rival from the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/barharia-election-result-2025-live-bihar-assembly-vidhan-sabha-chunav-parinam-winner-mla-candidate-name/4234761/|title=Barharia Election Result|website=Jansatta}}</ref>

According to election data, he secured victory with a margin of over 12,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/barharia-assembly-elections-br-110/|title=Barharia Assembly Elections|website=Oneindia}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Indradev}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

First Biswal ministry

2026-05-02T10:27:28Z

JamelSkidmore: done

{{Short description|Government of Odisha (1989 {{ndash}} 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 21st
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]
| flag_border = true
| flag = File:Seal of Odisha.svg
| incumbent = 1989 {{ndash}} 1990
| image = File:Hemananda Biswal.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Hemananda Biswal]] [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| date_formed = 7 December 1989
| date_dissolved = 5 March 1990
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| deputy_government_head =
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]
| state_head = [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]] [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]]
| members_number = 25
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]] {{Composition bar|117|147|{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|per=1}}
| opposition_leader = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| opposition_party = [[Janata Party]]
| election = [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
| legislature_term = {{ayd|7 December 1989 |5 March 1990}}
| previous =
| successor = [[Second Biju Patnaik ministry]]
| predecessor = [[Second Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry]]
| cabinet_name = First Hemananda Biswal Patnaik ministry
| incoming_formation = [[9th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
}}

'''Hemananda Biswal''' was sworn in as the Chief minister of [[Odisha]] on 7th December 1989 for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-02-25 |title=Odisha's former Chief Minister Hemananda Biswal dies at age 82 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Feb/25/odishas-former-chief-minister-hemananda-biswal-dies-at-age-82-2423750.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2022-02-26 |title=Odisha’s former CM Hemananda Biswal dies at age 82 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-s-former-cm-hemananda-biswal-dies-at-age-82-1918053-2022-02-26 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Sandeep |date=2022-02-27 |title=Hemananda Biswal: Odisha Chief Minister Who Hated The Stop-Gap Tag |url=https://odishabytes.com/hemananda-biswal-odisha-cm-who-hated-the-stop-gap-tag/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=OdishaBytes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Rabi |date=26 Feb 2022 |title=Hemananda Biswal: An inspiration for tribal leaders of Odisha |url=https://odishachannel.com/index.php/9517/hemananda-biswal-an-inspiration-for-tribal-leaders-of-odisha/ |url-status=live |website=Odisha Channel}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
Riding on the sympathy wave, after the death of Indira Gandhi, Chief Minister [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|Janaki Patnaik]] was sworn in following Congress party win in [[1985 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]] and continued till 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250620201803/https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |archive-date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.journalofpoliticalscience.com}}</ref>

Following poor performance of Congress party in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha elections]], Shri Patnaik stepped down as CM taking moral responsibility.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, Shri Biswal along with 6 Cabinet Ministers, 15 Minister of State and 2 Deputy Minister were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Saiyid Nurul Hasan]].

Shri Biswal resigned on 5 March 1990 following Congress party's defeat in [[1990 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" />

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/357-397.pdf Source]
!Portfolio
!Portrait
!Name {{small|Constituency|List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha|'''Chief Minister''']]
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ General Administration]
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
* [https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing]
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Community Development & Rural Reconstruction]
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|[[File:Hemananda Biswal.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Hemananda Biswal]]''' {{small|MLA from [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport]
| [[File:Anupa Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|Anupa Singh Deo {{small|MLA from [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/ Revenue]
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
| [[File:Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]] {{small|MLA from [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan & Tribal Welfare]
| [[File:Damburu Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|Dambaru Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
* [https://law.odisha.gov.in/ Law]
|[[File:Gangadhar Mohapatra.jpg |100x100px]]
|Gangadhar Mohapatra {{small|MLA from [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
| [[File:Ras Behari Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ras Behari Behera {{small|MLA from [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ Education & Youth Services]
|[[File:Sk._Matlub_Ali.jpg|100x100px]]
|Sk. Matlub Ali {{small|MLA from [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]|}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State with Independent Charges'''
|-
|
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
|[[File:Amarnath Pradhan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Amarnath Pradhan]] {{small|MLA from [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Culture]
|
|Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj {{small|MLA from [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Irrigation & Power]
| [[File:Bhupinder Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]] {{small|MLA from [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Urban Development]
|
|Dolagobinda Pradhan {{small|MLA from [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing]
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
|[[File:Gajadhar Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]] {{small|MLA from [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Mines & Geology]
| [[File:Jayadev Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jayadev Jena]] {{small|MLA from [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Husbandry]
| [[File:Mohan Nag.jpg|100x100px]]
|Mohan Nag {{small|MLA from [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest & Environment]
| [[File:Netrananda Mallick.jpg|100x100px]]
|Netrananda Mallick {{small|MLA from [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
| [[File:Sitakanta Mohapatra.jpg|100x100px]]
|Sitakanta Mahapatra {{small|MLA from [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State'''
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Lift Irrigation]
| [[File:Amarnath Pradhan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Amarnath Pradhan]] {{small|MLA from [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
|
|Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardaraj {{small|MLA from [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ Education & Youth Services]
|[[File:Frida Topno.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Frida Topno]] {{small|MLA from [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
|[[File:Jagannath Rout.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jagannath Rout]] {{small|MLA from [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
|[[File:Jayadev Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jayadev Jena]] {{small|MLA from [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
|[[File:Kartika Prasad Taria.jpg|100x100px]]
|Kartika Prasad Taria {{small|MLA from [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
|[[File:Prakash Chandra Debata.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prakash Chandra Debata {{small|MLA from [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food & Civil Supplies]
| [[File:Raghab Parida.jpg|100x100px]]
|Raghab Parida {{small|MLA from [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Community Development & Rural Reconstruction]
|[[File:Saraswati Hembram.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Saraswati Hembram]] {{small|MLA from [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Deputy Minister'''
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
|[[File:Parama Pujari.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Parama Pujari]] {{small|MLA from [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan & Tribal Welfare]
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
|[[File:Judhisthir Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|Judisthir Jena {{small|MLA from [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]}}
|7 December 1989
|5 March 1990
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief ministers of Odisha}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1989|Biswal I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1990|Biswal I]]
[[Category:Odisha ministries|Biswal I]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]

Mahatma

2026-04-27T17:00:59Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Basic Data V1

{{Short description|Honorific term in India}}
{{Other uses|Mahatma (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

'''Mahatma''' (English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|t|m|ə|,_|m|ə|ˈ|h|æ|t|m|ə}}, {{langx|sa|महात्मा|translit=mahātmā}}, {{IPA|sa|mɐ.ɦɑːt.mɑː|IPA}}, {{Etymology|sa|महा (mahā)|great|5=आत्मा ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātmā]])|6=soul}}) is an [[honorific]] used in India. The term is commonly used for [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], who is often referred to simply as "Mahatma Gandhi" ({{literal translation|Venerable Gandhi}}). Albeit less frequently, this [[epithet]] has also been used with regard to such people as [[Swami Shraddhanand]] (1856–1926), [[Lalon|Lalon Shah]] (1772–1890), [[Ayyankali]] (1863–1941)

The term ''mahātmā'' has also been historically used for a class of religious scholars in [[Jainism]]; for the selected [[Religious leader|religious leaders]] in [[Theosophy]]; and for local religious teachers in the [[Divine Light Mission]] church.

=={{anchor|Theosophy}} In Theosophy==
[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lalon]]]]
The word, used in a technical sense, was popularized in [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophical]] literature in the late 19th century, when [[Helena Blavatsky]], one of the founders of the [[Theosophical Society]], claimed that her teachers were [[adept]]s (or Mahatmas) who reside in [[Asia]]. According to the Theosophical teachings, the Mahatmas are not disembodied beings, but highly evolved people involved in overseeing the spiritual growth of individuals and the development of civilizations. Blavatsky was the first person in modern times to claim contact with these Adepts, especially the "Masters" [[Koot Hoomi]] and [[Morya (Theosophy)|Morya]]. [[Alvin Boyd Kuhn]] wrote about mahātmās:<ref>Kuhn (1930), – p. 147.</ref>
<blockquote>
The Masters whom Theosophy presents to us are simply high-ranking students in life's school of experience. They are members of our own evolutionary group, not visitants from the celestial spheres. They are supermen only in that they have attained knowledge of the laws of life and mastery over its forces with which we are still struggling.
</blockquote>

After Blavatsky's death in 1891, numerous individuals have claimed to be in contact with her Adept Teachers. These individuals have stated that they are new "messengers" of the Masters and they have conveyed various esoteric teachings.<ref>[http://blavatskyarchives.com/latermessengers.htm Madame Blavatsky & the Latter-Day Messengers of the Masters].</ref> Currently, various Theosophical movements refer to them as [[Ascended Master]]s, although their character and teachings are in several respects different from those described by Blavatsky.<ref>Leadbeater, C. W. ''The Masters and the Path''. Adyar, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1929 (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 1997).</ref><ref>Partridge, Christopher ed. ''New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities'' Oxford University Press, USA 2004.</ref>

===Criticism===
There has been a great deal of controversy concerning the existence of adepts. Blavatsky's critics have doubted the existence of her Masters. See, for example, W. E. Coleman's exposes.

[[K. Paul Johnson]] in his books<ref>Johnson (1994), Johnson (1995) – p. 49.</ref> speculates that the "Masters" that Blavatsky wrote about and produced letters from were actually idealizations of people who were her [[mentor]]s. Aryel Sanat,<ref>"Aryel Sanat (Miguel Angel Sanabria) is currently Adjunct Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the American University in Washington, D.C." // [https://books.google.com/books?id=0dHP2f_6k4YC&q=editions:jYIKHxJulMgC About the author of ''The inner life of Krishnamurthy'' in 1999.]</ref> author of ''The inner life of Krishnamurti: private passion and perennial wisdom'', wrote that Johnson "claims in all of his books that there were no Masters at all in early Theosophical Society history, and that Helena Blavatsky invented them (as others had claimed she had invented her travels)". Sanat wrote that Johnson "deliberately ignores the main sources of evidence for their real physical existence".<ref>See [http://www.theos-talk.com/archives/200005/tt00087.html ''Theosophy World.'']</ref> What Sanat thought these were is not made quite clear.

== Gandhi ==
{{Main article|Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[File:Gandhi writing, 1942.jpg|thumb|[[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] in 1942]]
According to some authors, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is said to have used this title for Gandhi on 6 March 1915.<ref>Dutta, Krishna and Andrew Robinson, ''Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology'', p. 2</ref> Some claim that he was called Mahatma by the residents of Gurukul Kangadi in April 1915,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.inextlive.com/mahatma-gandhi-201210010040| title = और इस तरह गांधी महात्मा बन गए, 01-Oct-2012}}</ref> and he in turn called the founder Munshiram a Mahatma (who later became [[Swami Shraddhanand]]). However, a document honoring him with the title "Mahatma" on 21 January 1915, in [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], Gujarat, by [[Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta|Nautamlal Bhagvanji Mehta]] is preserved at the National Gandhi Museum in New Delhi, India.<ref>[http://gandhimuseum.org/site/sections/photo-section/ National Gandhi Museum, New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422085647/http://gandhimuseum.org/site/sections/photo-section/ |date=22 April 2019 }}; [http://www.kamdartree.com/index.php?id=57&stitle=Mahatma%20&%20Kamdars KamdarTree.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405204307/http://www.kamdartree.com/index.php?id=57&stitle=Mahatma%20&%20Kamdars |date=5 April 2019 }}</ref> A private letter from Gandhi's friend [[Pranjivan Mehta]] to [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in 1909 referred to Gandhi with the title and thus remains the earliest written record available to use the title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/a-lesser-known-friend-of-gandhi-who-gave-the-mahatma-a-lesson-in-european-etiquette/743491/|title = A lesser-known friend of Gandhi who gave the 'Mahatma' a lesson in European etiquette|date = 2 October 2021}}</ref> The use of the term Mahatma in [[Jainism]] to denote a class of lay priests, has been noted since the 17th century. A Mahatma is someone who practices [[Trikaranasuddhi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sankar R N|first1=Ajith|date=Jul–Dec 2012|title=Ascertaining Linkages between Trikaranasuddhi and 'Tapping Spirituality as the Context of Leadership'|journal=IPE Journal of Management|volume=1|issue=2|pages=81–105|ssrn=2212138}}</ref>

==In the Divine Light Mission==
The [[Divine Light Mission]] (DLM) was a [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements|Sant Mat]]-based movement begun in India in the 1930s by [[Hans Maharaj]] and formally incorporated in 1960. The DLM had as many as 2,000 Mahatmas, all from India or Tibet, who taught the DLM's secret meditation techniques called "Knowledge". The Mahatmas, called "realized souls",<ref name="Price, Maeve 1979 Page 279-296">Price, Maeve (1979): The Divine Light Mission as a social organization. (1) Sociological Review, 27, Page 279-296</ref> or "apostles", also served as local leaders.<ref>[[Saul V. Levine|Levine, Saul V.]] in {{cite book |author=Galanter, Marc |title=Cults and New Religious Movements: A Report of the American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub., Inc |year=1989 |isbn=0-89042-212-5 }}</ref> After Hans Ji's death in 1966 his youngest son, [[Prem Rawat]] (known then as Guru Maharaj Ji or Bagyogeshwar), succeeded him. The young guru appointed some new Mahatmas, including one from the United States. In one incident, a prominent Indian Mahatma nearly beat a man to death in Detroit for throwing a pie at the guru.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who's Who in Gurus|first=Dennis |last=Bartel|page= 55|work=Harper's|date=November 1983}}</ref> In the early 1980s, Prem Rawat replaced the Divine Light Mission organization with the Elan Vital and replaced the Mahatmas with initiators. The initiators did not have the revered status of the Mahatmas, and they were drawn mostly from Western followers.<ref name="Price, Maeve 1979 Page 279-296"/> In the 2000s, the initiators were replaced by a video in which Rawat teaches the techniques himself.

==In Jainism==
{{Further|Yati}}
[[File:MewarRamayanaP22MahatmaHirananda.jpg|thumb|Mewad Ramayana manuscript: the colophon in red: state text was written by the Mahatma Hirananda, was commissioned by Acarya Jasvant for the library of Maharana Jagat Singh I of Mewar. Finished on Friday 25 November 1650.]]
Among the [[Jain]]s the term Mahatma is used for the class for scholars who are householders.

===Mahatma Hirananda of Mewar===
The [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of the Mewar Ramayana, described as "one of the most beautiful manuscripts in the world",<ref>{{cite web| url = http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/indiaatlse/2014/06/13/mewar-ramayana/| title = The Mewar Ramayana at the British Library: How the complete digital version came to be| date = 13 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In pictures: Stunning Ramayana manuscript goes digital, BBC, 21 March 2014|work=BBC News|date=21 March 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26670449}}</ref> states that the text, commissioned by Acharya Jasvant for the library of Maharana Jagat Singh I of [[Mewar]], was written by one Mahatma Hirananda and finished on Friday 25 November 1650.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ramayana/accessible/pages21and22.html#content| title = Ramayana – Pages 21 and 22 (British Library Add MS 15296-15297 and IO San 3621)| access-date = 19 June 2014| archive-date = 5 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221005125414/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ramayana/accessible/pages21and22.html#content| url-status = dead}}</ref> Being a Jain scribe, Mahatma Hirananda incorporated traditional Jain scribal elements into the manuscript.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ramayana/accessible/pages3and4.html#content| title = Ramayana – Pages 3 and 4| access-date = 19 June 2014| archive-date = 5 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221005130736/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ramayana/accessible/pages3and4.html#content| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Jain Mahatmas in ''Dabestan-e Mazaheb''===
The ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]],'' written around 1655 CE, is a text that describes various religions and philosophies the author encountered.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cxJgAAAAMAAJ&dq=THE+DABIST%C3%81N%2C+OR+SCHOOL+OF+MANNERS&pg=PA1| title = The Dabistán: Or, School of Manners: The Religious Beliefs, Observances, Philosophic Opinions and Social Customs of the Nations of the East, Fani Muhsin, Translated by David Shea, Anthony Troyer, Publisher, M. Walter Dunne, 1901 p. 275-276| year = 1901}}</ref> Its Section 11 is dedicated to Jainism. It states: "Similar to the dervishes of both classes (Monk and [[Yati|Jatis]]) is a third sect, called Mahá-átma; group separated from the Oswal Jains, have the dress and appearance of Jatis; however, do not pluck their hair with tweezers, but cut it. They live the social life and spread the teaching of [[Mahavira|Mahavir]] and other Jain [[Tirthankara|Tirthankars]] in the society. They accumulate money, cook their meals in their houses, drink cold water, and take to them a wife."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cxJgAAAAMAAJ&dq=THE+DABIST%C3%81N%2C+OR+SCHOOL+OF+MANNERS&pg=PA1| title = The Dabistán: Or, School of Manners: The Religious Beliefs, Observances, Philosophic Opinions and Social Customs of the Nations of the East, Fani Muhsin, Translated by David Shea, Anthony Troyer, Publisher, M. Walter Dunne, 1901 p. 275| year = 1901}}</ref> The term Mahatma was thus used for priests/scholars who were not celibate.

== See also ==
* [[Ascended master]]
* [[Theosophy]]
* [[Alice Bailey]]
* [[Helena Blavatsky]]
* [[Helena Roerich]]
* [[Benjamin Creme]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography ==
* Caldwell, Daniel H. (ed.) [https://blavatskyarchives.com/caldwellencounterscomp.pdf''A Casebook of Encounters with the Theosophical Mahatmas.''], 2020
* French, Brendan James (2000) [[hdl:2123/7147|''The theosophical masters: an investigation into the conceptual domains of H.P. Blavatsky and C.W. Leadbeater.'']] Ph.D. thesis, [[University of Sydney]], Department of Religious Studies. Sydney.
* Johnson, K. Paul (1994) ''The Masters Revealed: Madam Blavatsky and Myth of the Great White Brotherhood.'' Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
* Johnson, K. Paul (1995) ''Initiates of Theosophical Masters.'' Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
* Kalnitsky, Arnold (2003) [[hdl:10500/2108|''The Theosophical Movement of the Nineteenth Century: The Legitimation of the Disputable and the Entrenchment of the Disreputable.'']] [[University of South Africa]]. Dissertation: 443 pp.
* Kuhn, Alvin Boyd (1930) [http://downloads.members.tripod.com/~pc93/tsphyraw.htm ''Theosophy: A Modern Revival of Ancient Wisdom.''] Ph.D. Thesis. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-56459-175-3}}.

== Further reading ==
* Dutta, Krishna, and Andrew Robinson. ''Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology.'' Picador/Macmillan: London, 1997.

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Mahātma}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041015033801/http://mahatmaletters.net/ The theosophical Mahatmas and Their Letters]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahatma}}
[[Category:Theosophy]]
[[Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]

Penamaluru Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T08:24:03Z

JamelSkidmore: New A Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Penamaluru
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (78- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of
Penamaluru Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bode Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 78
| electors = 267,751
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Penamaluru Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bode Prasad]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bode Prasad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 267,751 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==

The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kankipadu mandal|Kankipadu]]
|-
| [[Vuyyuru mandal|Vuyyuru]]
|-
| [[Penamaluru mandal|Penamaluru]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Bode Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bode Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penamaluru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bode Prasad]]
|votes = 1,44,912
|percentage = 61.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Jogi Ramesh]]
|votes = 84,997
|percentage = 35.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Elisala Subramanyam
|votes = 2,596
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,510
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,915
|percentage = 25.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,36,539
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penamaluru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
|votes = 1,01,485
|percentage = 47.43
|change = +9.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bode Prasad]]
|votes = 90,168
|percentage = 42.14
|change = -12.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = L.Karunakar Das
|votes = 15,388
|percentage = 7.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,317
|percentage = 5.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,929
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penamaluru<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=13 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bode Prasad]]
|votes = 1,02,330
|percentage = 54.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = V R Vidyasagar Kukkala
|votes = 70,882
|percentage = 38.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nerella Sobhan Babu
|votes = 3,336
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,448
|percentage = 16.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 186,128
|percentage = 80.19
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penamaluru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
|votes = 61,346
|percentage = 37.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Chalasani Venkateswara Rao
|votes = 61,169
|percentage = 37.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Dhanekula Murali Mohana Rao
|votes = 31,930
|percentage = 19.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 177
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163,851
|percentage = 80.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.46|80.72|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Reva Khetrapal

2026-04-24T20:53:28Z

JamelSkidmore: New Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Judge and Lokayukta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Reva Khetrapal
| office = [[Lokayukta]] of [[Delhi]]
| term_start = 18 December 2015
| nominator = [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|09|23|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice
| office2 = [[Judge]] of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator2 = [[K.G. Balakrishnan]]
| term_end2 = 22 September 2014
| term_start2 = 28 February 2006
}}
'''Reva Khetrapal''' (born 23 September 1952) is the current [[Lokayukta]] ([[ombudsman]]) for the [[National capital territory of Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], [[India]], and a former judge of the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ex-High Court Judge Reva Khetrapal Takes Oath As Delhi's Lokayukta|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/ex-high-court-judge-reva-khetrapal-takes-oath-as-delhis-lokayukta-1256243|access-date=2020-11-15|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Judges: Justice Reva Khetrapal|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/formerjudges.asp?currentPage=4|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Delhi High Court]]}}</ref>

== Life ==
Khetrapal was born in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and was educated in [[Delhi]]. She earned a B.A. in history from [[Miranda House]], and an LL.B. from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|University of Delhi's Faculty of Law]].<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Khetrapal enrolled with the Bar Council of Delhi in 1975, and practiced law until 1991. In addition to private clients, she represented the Delhi Government as a counsel. She was appointed to the judiciary in 1991, becoming an Additional District and Sessions Judge in Delhi.<ref name="Reva Ref1" /> In 1994, she was appointed as a Special Judge dealing with cases prosecuted under the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act]].<ref name="Reva Ref1" /> In 1994, she served as secretary to the [[Press Council of India]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Delhi High Court ===
Khetrapal was appointed to the [[Delhi High Court]] as an additional judge on 28 February 2006, and was later made a permanent judge. She retired from the court on 22 September 2014.<ref name=":1" />

During her career as a High Court judge, Khetrapal adjudicated in a number of significant cases. In 2008, she ruled that an Indian film, ''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors]],'' did not infringe on the copyright of the [[Harry Potter]] [[Harry Potter (film series)|film franchise]], holding that the differences between the two were evident.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chamberlain|first=Gethin|date=2008-09-27|title=Hari Puttar fails to conjure Harry Potter magic|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/28/india.hari.puttar|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hari Puttar: The boy who won - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hari-Puttar-The-boy-who-won/articleshow/3513257.cms|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Along with Judge M. K. Sharma, she also dismissed a plea by the Government of India to prevent the removal of illegal constructions in and around Ministers' residences, ordering them to be demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-01-16|title=Demolish illegal constructions in Arjun Singh's house: HC|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demolish-illegal-constructions-in-arjun-singh-s-house-hc-1145534|access-date=2020-11-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> In 2010, she became one of several judges from the High Courts in Delhi, [[Kerala]], and [[Madras]] to voluntarily disclose details of their assets on the website of the Delhi High Court, in a bid to improve transparency and fight corruption.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Delhi High Court Makes Public Assets of Its Judges|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/delhi-high-court-makes-public-assets-of-its-judges/674137|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Outlook India}}</ref> In 2012, Khetrapal adjudicated in a case concerning an extended strike by pilots of [[Air India]], India's flagship airline, urging both parties to arrive at an amicable resolution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=dna|date=2012-07-03|title=AI strike: Court says solve the dispute amicably|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ai-strike-court-says-solve-the-dispute-amicably-1709769|access-date=2020-11-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The strike was eventually declared illegal, and the pilots ordered to return to work.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=2012-07-04|title=Air India Pilots End Strike Over Plane Assignments (Published 2012)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/business/global/air-india-pilots-end-strike.html|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-07-03|title=Air India pilots 'to end strike'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18684802|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref>

In 2009, she granted bail to BJP politician [[Varun Gandhi]] in a case filed against him for making provocative speeches concerning religion, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] disassociated themselves with him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-21|title=Varun gets bail from Delhi High Court|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/varun-gets-bail-from-delhi-high-court/437141/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016, along with Judge [[Pratibha Rani]], she upheld the sentence of the death penalty to the four adult convicts in the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gangrape and murder]] case.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi High Court upholds death penalty of three youths for rape, murder of girl|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-high-court-upholds-death-penalty-of-three-youths-for-rape-murder-of-girl/articleshow/40917841.cms#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI:%20The%20Delhi%20High,who%20defiled%20the%20victim%27s%20body.|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref> Their order was affirmed by the Indian Supreme Court, and the convicts were executed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-05|title=India court upholds 2012 Delhi gang rapists' death penalty|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39814910|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-20|title=Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref>

While a High Court judge, Khetrapal was instrumental in establishing a scheme to provide financial aid for children whose parents are incarcerated. She also served as the Chairperson of the Delhi International Arbitration Center.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five things you should know about Delhi's new Lokayukta|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/12/17/five-things-you-should-know-about-delhis-new-lokayukta|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Newslaundry|date=17 December 2015 }}</ref>

=== Lokayukta ===
On 18 December 2015, Khetrapal was appointed as the Lokayukta ([[ombudsman]]) of Delhi,<ref name="Reva Ref1">{{cite news |title=Reva Khetrapal takes oath as Delhi's Lokayukta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/reva-khetrapal-takes-oath-as-delhis-lokayukta/articleshow/50223808.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 August 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=17 December 2015}}</ref> after being nominated for the position by a panel of judges from the [[Delhi High Court]], and then appointed by the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. Her term of office is for five years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-21|title=Delhi's new Lokayukta: Justice Reva Khetrapal who upheld death for Dec 16 convicts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/justice-reva-khetrapal-to-be-delhis-new-lokayukta/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Khetrapal, as Lokayukta, issued a notice to all members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly for failing to disclose their assets. In response, the Speaker of the Delhi Legislative Assembly stated that legislators are not legally required to make such disclosures.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nath|first=Damini|date=2019-01-18|title=Lokayukta, Delhi Assembly at loggerheads over notices to MLAs|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/lokayukta-delhi-assembly-at-loggerheads-over-notices-to-mlas/article26019592.ece|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is also conducting ongoing proceedings into a complaint regarding corruption, filed by Delhi [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] against [[Aam Aadmi Party]] ministers [[Manish Sisodia]] and [[Satyendra Kumar Jain|Satyender Jain]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Classroom 'scam': Lokayukta seeks proof of graft against Manish Sisodia, Satyendar Jain|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/sep/05/classroom-scam-lokayukta-seeks-proof-of-graft-against-manish-sisodia-satyendar-jain-2029173.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 September 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khetrapal, Reva}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

Naiba Konyak

2026-04-24T13:29:11Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Some Article More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Naiba Konyak
| caption = Sukhato A.Sema in 2023
| office = [[14th Nagaland Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 February 2023
| office1 = MLA from [[Tobu Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tobu, Nagaland]], India
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) ]]
}}
'''K.''' '''Naiba Konyak''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Naiba Konyak(Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)):Constituency- TOBU (ST)(MON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6949 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is a four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Tobu Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mon district|Mon District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas).

== Early life and education ==
Konyak is from [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]], Mon District, Nagaland. He is the son of late Keyiang. He completed his B.A. in 1991 at [[Kohima College]], which is affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Konyak won from Tobu Assembly constituency representing [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 10,622 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[N. Bongkhao Konyak]] of the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]], by a margin of 506 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] representing Naga People's Front and defeated A. Thongo Mukiano of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 593 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Nagaland 2003 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/nagaland/166/33 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He retained the seat in the [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Nagaland 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2008/nagaland/195/33 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> defeating Bongkhao of the Congress by 2,841 votes, and won for a third consecutive time in the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naiba Konyak in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/naiba-konyak-tobu-candidate-s17a055c001/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Assembly election. However, he lost the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Tobu Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno55-acno55.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> to [[N. Bongkhao Konyak]] of NDPP but regained it after shifting to LJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konyak, Naiba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mon district]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]

Tuni railway station, Andhra Pradesh

2026-04-24T07:05:33Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tuni railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tuni station board.jpg
| image_map_caption =
| address = [[Tuni]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.360934|N|82.542548|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|24|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2 [[side platform]]
| tracks = 3 {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| connections = Bus stand, Auto, Taxi stand
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| opened = 1899
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1980-1981
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TUNI
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| division = Vijayawada
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| classification = Non-Suburban Grade-3 (NSG-3)
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Tuni
| map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]##Location in India
}}
'''Tuni railway station''' (station code:TUNI)<ref>{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=Portal of Indian Railways|access-date=31 May 2017|page=46|format=PDF}}</ref> is an [[Indian Railways]] station in [[Tuni]] City of [[Kakinada district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It lies on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]. It is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]] (formerly [[South Central Railway zone]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |page=7 |format=PDF |date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the 38 stations in the division to be equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title=SCR introduces mobile paper ticketing facility in 38 stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SCR-introduces-mobile-paper-ticketing-facility-in-38-stations/article17099376.ece |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2017 }}</ref>

== History ==
Between 1893 and 1896, {{convert|1288|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[East Coast State Railway]], between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]] was opened for traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|last=|first=|publisher=South Eastern Railway|access-date=2013-01-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1|archive-date=2013-04-01|df=}}</ref> The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Tuni is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-3 (NSG-3)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–3 category station earns between {{₹|20}}–{{₹|50}} [[crore]] and handles {{Nowrap|3–10 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tuni railway station, Andhra Pradesh}}
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tuni-tuni/406]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=South Central Railway zone|left=Gullipadu|right=Hamsavaram|type=[[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}

{{South Central Railway zone|state=expanded}}
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]

Babaleshwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:32Z

JamelSkidmore: Made Initial Stub First Draft.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Babaleshwar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image = 29-Babaleshwar constituency.svg
| mla = [[M. B. Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = M B Patil Profile Photo.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:217491}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Babaleshwar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
It is in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[M. B. Patil]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[M. B. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Babaleshwar <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. B. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 93,923 |percentage = 52.42% |change = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar Vijayagouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,707 |percentage = 43.92% |change = {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Honawad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 611 |percentage = 0.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,216 |percentage = 8.49% |change = {{decrease}}8.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,488 |percentage = 82.53% |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,186}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,491 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Babaleshwar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. B. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 98,339 |percentage = 57.29% |change = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar Sidramgouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,624 |percentage = 39.98% |change = {{increase}}36.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,715 |percentage = 17.31% |change = {{increase}}14.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,688 |percentage = 81.07% |change = {{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,645}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,779 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Babaleshwar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. B. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,061 |percentage = 46.19% |change = {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vijugouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 57,706 |percentage = 42.95% |change = {{increase}}7.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Rudragoudara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,067 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa. S. Honawad |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,646 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shasappa Bhimaray Hanchanal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,215 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamanna Ganganalli |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashivappa Yamanappa Hadimani |party = Independent politician |votes = 924 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,355 |percentage = 3.24% |change = {{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,447 |percentage = 73.03% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,348}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Babaleshwar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. B. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,525 |percentage = 50.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijugouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,886 |percentage = 35.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Biradar Veeranagouda Nandabasappagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,291 |percentage = 7.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallu Kashiram Nagaragoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,871 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Saraswati Chimmalagi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,854 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Jalamatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 935 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malappa Shankar Hakke |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 725 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,639 |percentage = 15.25% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,108 |percentage = 67.20% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,087}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,357 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Bijapur district, Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|16.67|75.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

K D Singh Foundation

2026-04-16T04:34:41Z

JamelSkidmore: started some biography needs work - done

{{Short description|Private Indian organization}}
{{primary sources|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
|name= K D Singh Foundation
|logo=
|type=[[Private foundation]]
|founded=2013
|founder= [[K. D. Singh (politician)|K D Singh]]
|location=[[Gurgaon]], Haryana, India
|origins=
|key_people=
|region_served=Global
|focus= [[Women's empowerment]], [[Education]], and [[Health]]
|method=
|revenue=
|endowment=
|owner=
|former_name=
|website=[http://www.kdsinghfoundation.in]
}}
'''KD Singh Foundation''' is a private Indian foundation supporting [[women empowerment]], [[education]], and [[health]]. It was established in March 2013 by [[K. D. Singh (politician)|K. D. Singh]], Member of Parliament, [[Rajya Sabha]].

== Organization ==
The foundation is headquartered in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]].

It engages with survivors of sexual abuse to provide medical, legal and rehabilitation aid to enable them to seek justice and restore their life. The rape cell had provided aid to 113 rape victims across 17 districts in Haryana by November 2013.

The foundation is expanding its operations to include counselling for young men and women in rural Haryana, awareness workshops on maternal health, medical camps and other forms of educational and health related community initiatives.

== Projects ==

===Support Cell for Rape Victims===
The foundation established a Support Cell for Rape Victims that provides comprehensive support to rape survivors, including but not limited to Haryana. The foundation helps survivors legally, medically, financially and psychologically.

===Youth Counselling Center===
Falling levels of education coupled with no improvement in the number of dedicated centres for skill development leave many youth unemployed. The foundation offers youth counselling with an objective.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.kdsinghfoundation.in/youth-counselling-center/ |title=Youth Counselling Center |publisher=Kdsinghfoundation.in |date=29 October 2013 |accessdate=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113213403/http://www.kdsinghfoundation.in/youth-counselling-center/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The foundation collaborates with [[Khan Academy]] for providing easy and free education to underprivileged youth in Haryana.

===Scholarships===
{{update|date=March 2019}}
KD Singh Scholarships are available for women students at [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]]. This scholarships are for students from less privileged backgrounds pursuing women studies, development studies or peace studies. The scholarship covers tuition fees through completion of the students' degree requirements.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.kdsinghfoundation.in/panjab-university/ |title=Panjab University |publisher=Kdsinghfoundation.in |date=29 October 2013 |accessdate=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111120343/http://www.kdsinghfoundation.in/panjab-university/ |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2013]]

Leo Amery

2026-04-11T12:57:22Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Initial Article Initial Version

{{short description|British Conservative politician (1873–1955)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| image = Leopold Amery MP.png
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH}}
| office1 = [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]
| term_start1 = 31 October 1922
| term_end1 = 28 January 1924
| monarch1 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister1 = {{ubl|[[Bonar Law]]|[[Stanley Baldwin]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham|The Lord Lee of Fareham]]
| successor1 = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Lord Chelmsford]]
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| term_start2 = 6 November 1924
| term_end2 = 4 June 1929
| monarch2 = George V
| prime_minister2 = Stanley Baldwin
| predecessor2 = [[J. H. Thomas]]
| successor2 = [[Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield|The Lord Passfield]]
| office3 = [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]
| term_start3 = 13 May 1940
| term_end3 = 26 July 1945
| monarch3 = [[George VI]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Winston Churchill]]
| predecessor3 = [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|The Lord Zetland]]
| successor3 = [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|The Lord Pethick-Lawrence]]
| birth_name = Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery
| birth_date = {{birth date|1873|11|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[North-Western Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|9|16|1873|11|22|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| children = [[Julian Amery|Julian, Baron Amery]] [[John Amery]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| education = [[Harrow School]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Balliol College, Oxford]]|[[All Souls College, Oxford]]}}
| occupation = Politician and journalist
}}
'''Leopold Charles Maurice<ref>At some stage in his youth, Amery began using the name Maurice in place of his previous name Moritz. He did this so consistently that almost all sources give his name as Maurice. Rubinstein, p. 181.</ref> Stennett Amery''' (22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955), also known as '''L. S. Amery''', was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician and journalist. During his career, he was known for his interest in military preparedness, [[British Raj|British India]] and the [[British Empire]] and for his opposition to [[appeasement]]. He was Secretary of State for the Colonies (1924–29), opposed the National Government of the 1930s and served as Secretary of State for India during the Second World War (1940–45). He was also a prolific writer whose output included a multi-volume history of the [[Second Boer War]] and several volumes of memoirs and (posthumously published) diaries.

Nowadays he is best remembered for the remarks he made in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 7 May 1940 during the [[Norway Debate]], attacking the Prime Minister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], for incompetence in the fight against Hitler's Germany. Many of Amery's Parliamentary contemporaries pointed to this speech as one of the key drivers in the division of the House on the following day, 8 May, which led to Chamberlain being forced to resign and his replacement by [[Winston Churchill]].

==Early life and education==
Amery was born in [[Gorakhpur]], [[British Raj|British India]], to an English father and a mother of [[Hungarian Jewish]] descent. His father was Charles Frederick Amery (1833–1901), of [[Lustleigh]], [[Devon]], an officer in the [[Indian Forest Service#History|Indian Forestry Commission]].<ref name="ODNB">Deborah Lavin, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30401 Amery, Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (1873–1955)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011, accessed 2 June 2011.</ref> His mother Elisabeth Johanna Saphir (''c''. 1841–1908),<ref>Rubinstein, p. 177.For more accurate information of the life of Elisabeth Amery see Nebahat Avcioglu, 'Immigrant Narratives: The Ottoman Sultans' Portraits in Elisabeth Leitner's Family Photo Album of 1862–1873', ''Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World'', Brill, Vol. 36 (October 2018), pp. 193–228.</ref> who was the sister of the [[oriental studies|orientalist]] [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner]],<ref>Elisabeth and Gottlieb's father Leopold Saphir died when they were young, and their mother married Johann Moritz Leitner. ''Rubinstein'', p.177.</ref> had come to India from England, where her parents had settled and [[History of Jewish conversion to Christianity#Post-Enlightenment|converted to Protestantism]]. In 1877 his mother moved back to England from India, and in 1885 she divorced Charles.<ref name="ODNB" />

In 1887, Amery went to [[Harrow School]], where he competed in gymnastics, held the top position in examinations for a number of years, and won prizes and scholarships.<ref name="ODNB" /> [[Winston Churchill]] (born December 1874) was junior to him at Harrow, and on one occasion mistook Amery, who was very short in stature, for a younger boy and pushed him into Ducker, the school outdoor swimming pool. Churchill placated him by claiming that his father [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] was "a great man" but was also short, but neither man forgot the incident, and as late as June 1934 Amery would mention the incident in his diary while recording how he had humiliated Churchill in a debate over India.{{efn|see [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood#Secretary of State for India]]}}<ref>Olson 2007, p.117</ref>

After Harrow he went to [[Balliol College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], where he performed well. He gained a [[British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours|double first]] in [[Classical Moderations]] (classical languages) in 1894 and ''[[literae humaniores]]'' ("Greats", i.e. classical literature, history and philosophy) in 1896; he was ''[[wikt:proxime accessit|proxime accessit]]'' (runner-up) for the [[John Craven, 1st Baron Craven of Ryton#Craven scholarships|Craven scholarship]] in 1894 and Ouseley scholar in Turkish in 1896. He also won a [[Blue (university sport)|half-blue]] in cross-country running.<ref name="ODNB" />

He was elected a fellow of [[All Souls College]]. He could speak Hindi at the age of three years; Amery was born in India and would naturally have acquired the language of his [[Amah (occupation)|ayah]] (nanny). He could converse in French, German, Italian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Serbian and Hungarian. Amery was an active [[freemason]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://blackpool.westlancsfreemasons.org.uk/about-freemasonry/famous-masons/|title=Famous Freemasons|date= 10 December 2015|work= Blackpool Group of Lodges and Chapters}}</ref>

==Journalism==
During the [[Second Boer War]] Amery was a correspondent for ''[[The Times]]''. In 1901, in his articles on the conduct of the war, he attacked the British commander, Sir [[Redvers Buller]], which contributed to Buller's sacking. Amery was the only correspondent to visit Boer forces and was nearly captured with Churchill.<ref name="ODNB" /> Amery later edited and largely wrote ''The Times History of the South African War'' (7 vol., 1899–1909).

The Boer War had exposed deficiencies in the British Army and in 1903, Amery wrote ''The Problem of the Army'' and advocated its reorganisation. In ''The Times'' he penned articles attacking [[free trade]] using the pseudonym "Tariff Reformer" and in 1906, he wrote ''The Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade''. Amery described it as "a theoretical blast of economic heresy" because he argued that the total volume of British trade was less important than the question of whether British trade was making up for the nation's lack of [[raw materials]] and food by exporting its surplus manufactured goods, shipping, and financial acumen.<ref name="ODNB" />

He was a member of the [[Coefficients (dining club)|Coefficients dining club]] of social reformers, set up in 1902 by the [[Fabian Society|Fabian]] campaigners [[Sidney Webb|Sidney]] and [[Beatrice Webb]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Early political career==
Amery turned down the chance to be editor of ''[[The Observer]]'' in 1908 and of ''[[The Times]]'' in 1912 to concentrate on politics.<ref name="ODNB" />

Standing as a [[Liberal Unionist]] (a party, whose strength was by this time concentrated in and around the City of Birmingham and who were in an electoral alliance with the Conservatives) Amery narrowly failed to win the [[1908 Wolverhampton East by-election]], by eight votes. In 1911 Amery stood in the [[1911 Birmingham South by-election]] again as a Liberal Unionist, this time unopposed and became a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP). One reason that Amery agreed to stand there under the Liberal Unionist label (that party would fully merge with the Conservative Party the following year) was that he had been a long-time political admirer of [[Joseph Chamberlain]] and was an ardent supporter of [[tariff reform]] and imperial federation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spruyt|first=Hendrik|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhq4b|title=Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition|date=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4314-5|pages=52|jstor=10.7591/j.ctv1nhq4b}}</ref> According to [[A. J. P. Taylor]], Amery was a rare Conservative to promote protectionism "as merely the beginning of a planned economy".<ref>{{Cite book|title=English History 1914–1945|author=A. J. P. Taylor|year=1965|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|page=375}}</ref>

[[File:St John the Baptist's church, Lustleigh (1506).jpg|thumb|Plaque celebrating Leo Amery in the church of St John the Baptist in [[Lustleigh]], Devon]]
Amery was a noted sportsman, especially famous as a [[mountaineer]]. He continued to climb well into his sixties, especially in the [[Swiss Alps]] but also in [[Bavaria]], [[Austria]], [[Yugoslavia]], Italy and the [[Canadian Rockies]], where [[Mount Amery]] is named after him. He enjoyed [[skiing]] as well. He was a member of the [[Alpine Club (UK)|Alpine Club]] (serving as its president, 1943–1945) and of the [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum]] and [[Carlton Club|Carlton]] Clubs.

He was a Senior Knight Vice-President of the [[Society of Knights of the Round Table|Knights of the Round Table]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Manual of the Knights of the Round Table Club |year=1927}}</ref>

On 16 November 1910, Amery married Florence Greenwood (1885–1975), daughter of the Canadian barrister John Hamar Greenwood<ref>{{cite web|title=Leopold Stennett Amery; Lady Florence Amery (née Greenwood)|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw66412/Leopold-Stennett-Amery-Lady-Florence-Amery-ne-Greenwood?LinkID=mp63374&role=sit&rNo=0|publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]}}</ref> and younger sister of [[Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood]]. She was normally known by the forename Bryddie. They had two sons.

==First World War==
[[File:Imperial War Cabinet.jpg|thumb|Imperial War Cabinet, 22 Mar 1917. Amery is standing, top row, first on the left.]]
[[File:Leopold Stennett Amery.jpg|thumb|Amery in 1917]]
During the [[First World War]], Amery's knowledge of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] led to his employment as an intelligence officer in the [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Balkans campaign]]. Later, working for the war cabinet secretariat in [[Lloyd George]]'s coalition government, Amery was vested with parliamentary under-secretary like powers, and at the request of [[Lord Milner]], he redrafted the [[Balfour Declaration]].

Amery was greatly concerned with questions of grand strategy, and championed the idea of an "all-red route" to India, calling for Britain to control the sea-lanes to India not only via the Mediterranean–Suez Canal–Red Sea route, but also around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and for Britain to control the main land routes to India in the Middle East as well.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=72}} In 1917–1918, Amery advocated as war aims the British occupation of Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia, Arabia and the Caucasus.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=74}} Amery regarded Britain's [[Anglo-Russian Convention|alliance with Imperial Russia]] as only temporary, and expected the traditional Anglo-Russian rivalry to resume after the war.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=74}} However, the nation that Amery regarded as the most dangerous to the British Empire was Germany because the ''Reich'' had the world's second largest economy and its policy of ''Weltpolitik'' ("World Politics") was aimed at having Germany replace Britain as the world's dominant power.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=71}} Amery argued that German attempts to dominate Europe along with the Middle East were intended to serve as the basis to make the ''Reich'' the world's number one power.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=71}} In a memo written in April 1917, Amery traced the roots of German imperialism to Prussian imperialism in the 18th century.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=74-75}} Amery argued that the Ottoman Empire had fallen into the German sphere of influence, and German efforts to push the influence of the ''Reich'' to the Persian Gulf were a major threat.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} Amery expressed much concern about the possible defeat of Russia under the Provisional Government which had taken over after the ousting of the Tsar in the [[February Revolution]] (March 1917 by the western calendar), writing that German control of Eastern Europe would be a major step towards allowing Germany to achieve "world power status".{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} After the [[October Revolution]] (November 1917 by the western calendar) Amery came to regard the new Soviet regime in Russia as a main threat to Britain's position in Asia.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=74}}

Amery argued that under no circumstances should Britain and its allies return any of the German colonies in Africa and in the Pacific that had been captured by the Allies, arguing that the German colonial empire would allow the ''Reich'' to establish submarine bases that would threaten British shipping in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} Amery also warned that he foresaw the day when technological advances would allow submarines greater range, which led him to argue that a "mesh" of land, air, and naval bases would need to be established and led him to call for British annexation of German East Africa (modern Tanzania), German Southwest Africa (modern Namibia), the German colonies in the Pacific Ocean along with taking Mesopotamia and Palestine from the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} Amery argued that with the Ottoman Empire having fallen into the German sphere of influence "and with Germany installed at the gates of Egypt on one side and in East Africa on the other, the Prussian instinct would never rest till the two were linked together, and the great railroad empire became continuous from Hamburg to Lake Nyasa".{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} In Europe, Amery argued that Britain's chief aim was the liberation of Belgium.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} As for Britain's allies, he advocated that the French should annexe Syria and lesser Armenia from the Ottoman Empire while Russia should annexe greater Armenia and Constantinople (modern Istanbul).{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=75}} Amery took it for granted that both Germany and the Ottoman Empire would continue as major powers after the war, and advocated Britain seizing the Middle East in order to provide the best basis for maintaining British power in Asia after the war.{{sfn|Fisher|2003|p=76}}

The final draft of the Balfour Declaration issued on 1 November 1917 promising British support for a "Jewish national home" in Palestine was written by Amery.{{sfn|Rubinstein|2004|p=168}} Amery was commissioned by the Foreign Secretary [[Arthur Balfour]] to write a declaration promising the support of H.M. Government for Zionism while also taking into account the objections of the anti-Zionists in the cabinet such as [[Lord Curzon]] and [[Edwin Montagu]].{{sfn|Laqueur|2009|p=198}} Hence the Balfour Declaration as written by Amery only promised a "Jewish national home", not a Jewish state, and likewise stated "nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".{{sfn|Laqueur|2009|p=198}} He also encouraged [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] in the formation of the [[Jewish Legion]] for the British Army in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].

The Bolshevik coup in Russia in November 1917 followed by the decision by [[Vladimir Lenin]] to sign an armistice with Germany in December 1917 caused profound alarm for Amery who argued that the new regime in Russia threatened to change the course of the war as Germany could now redeploy millions of soldiers from the Eastern Front to the Western Front, and allowed Germany the opportunity to dominate the Middle East via its proxy of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Amery tended to be more concerned about the fate of the Middle East, writing that the Western front was a "sideshow" compared to the Near East.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Besides the possibility that the Ottomans under the command of [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] might retake Baghdad, which the British had taken in 1917, he also argued that Falkenhayn would take advantage of the Russian Revolution to advance Ottoman forces into the Caucasus, Persia and finally into Central Asia.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Amery expressed surprise that the Young Turk regime had not done more to achieve its pan-Turkish ambitions of uniting all the Turkic peoples into the Ottoman Empire, which he attributed to the backwardness of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Amery argued that now that Russia was defeated Britain should fund and arm whatever Armenians had survived the [[Armenian genocide]], along with Armenians who had served in the Imperial Russian Army, whom Amery believed would fight on as it was their only hope of survival.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Amery argueed that Britain had a vested interest in ensuring that former Russian weapons stayed with the Armenians who served in the Russian Army to prevent those weapons "from passing into the hands of Kurds and Tatars and be used either for massacring Armenians, or for arming pro-German gangs of brigands in Persia".{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156}} Amery also envisioned British officers taking command of the proposed Armenian army.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=156-157}} Amery was an "easterner" on questions of grand strategy, believing that the war was to be won in the Middle East and was opposed to "westerners" such as [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]] and [[Douglas Haig]] who believed that the war would be won on the Western Front.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=157}} Amery argued in late 1917-early 1918 that the Caucasus should be the prime British concern and that Britain needed to send more forces to Palestine and Mesopotamia to create an offensive line running from Alexandretta to the Caucasus "in order to drive the Turks out of the Arab and Armenian regions and bring about a collapse of their forces and a demand for peace".{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=157}} Besides the Middle East, Amery was deeply concerned about Russia, writing that if the Bolsheviks took control of Odessa and the Black Sea coast of Ukraine, it would allow Germany all of the immense resources of Ukraine, and hence undercut the British blockade of Germany.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=158}} He wrote that Britain needed to "knock out" the Ottomans before the Bolsheviks took control of South Russia, saying that it was critical to "get into touch with South Russia through the Dardanelles" in order to "keep our friends in Russia going" to tie down German forces on the Eastern Front.{{sfn|Fisher|1999|p=158}}

Amery was opposed to the Constitution of the [[League of Nations]] because he believed that the world was not equal and so the League, which granted all states equal voting rights, was absurd. He instead believed that the world was tending towards larger and larger states that made up a balanced world of inherently stable units. He contrasted that idea with what he called US President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s "facile slogan of [[self-determination]]".<ref>Amery, ''Volume Two'', pp. 162–163.</ref>

==First Lord of the Admiralty==
After the war, Amery was elected for the newly created seat of [[Birmingham Sparkbrook]] in the [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918 general election]]. From 1919 to 1921 he was Lord Milner's personal secretary at the Colonial Office. He was [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] (1922–1924) under [[Bonar Law]] and [[Stanley Baldwin]]. The [[Washington Naval Conference]] of 1921 to 1922 resulted in the 1922 [[Washington Naval Treaty]], which reduced the strength of the Royal Navy and the naval estimates from over £83,000,000 to £58,000,000. Amery defended the financing of the [[Singapore Naval Base]] against both Liberal and Labour attacks.<ref>Amery, ''Volume Two'', pp. 253–254.</ref>

The plans for a [[Singapore Strategy]] caused opposition from Australian prime minister [[Stanley Bruce]], who in a series of letters with Amery in 1923 made it clear that he much preferred that the main British naval base in the Asia-Pacific region be located in Sydney rather than Singapore.{{sfn|Grey|1990|p=126-127}} Amery in his replies to Bruce stressed that Hong Kong would serve as an "advance base" for the Royal Navy in the event of a war with Japan and that it was highly unlikely that the Japanese would attack Singapore on account of the distance between Japan and Southeast Asia. Amery argued that Sydney would serve as a secondary base, but could not serve as the main base as it was too far away from Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Grey|1990|p=126-127}} Amery convinced Bruce that the Singapore Strategy would serve to protect Australia and he dropped the demand for a naval base at Sydney.{{sfn|Grey|1990|p=1127}} The construction of the Singapore base, which was misleadingly presented to the public as a fortress, proceeded slowly throughout the 1920s, being cancelled by Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government of 1924, but revived by the Conservative government of Stanley Baldwin after he won the 1924 election; the Baldwin government however proceeded so slowly that the base was far from finished when Baldwin lost the 1929 election.{{sfn|Grey|1990|p=1127}}

==Colonial Secretary==
Amery was [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] in Baldwin's second government from 1924 to 1929. Amery expanded the role of the Commercial Adviser into the Economic and Financial Advisership under Sir [[George Ernest Schuster|George Schuster]]. He also created the post of Chief Medical Adviser, under Sir Thomas Stanton, and a range of advisers on education (Sir Hanns Visscher for Tropical Africa), agriculture ([[Frank Arthur Stockdale|Sir Frank Stockdale]]), a Veterinary Adviser, and a Fisheries Adviser.<ref>Amery, ''Volume Two'', p. 338.</ref> He also set up the [[Empire Marketing Board]].<ref>Amery, ''Volume Two'', p. 347.</ref>

A favourite scheme was to develop one or more colonies into white-ruled dominions, with special attention to Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe), Kenya, and Palestine. In Africa, he sought to create an East African Dominion composed of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=222-226}} The strong opposition by the overwhelming non-white populations in Africa, and by the Arabs in Palestine, destroyed his plans for Dominion status in those territories. The [[Permanent Mandates Commission]], which oversaw Tanganyika (a mandated territory), opposed Amery's plan.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=226-227}} Amery argued that his guiding principle in East Africa was the same "dual policy" applied in Kenya, namely the "protection" of the black population while also being responsible for "the fullest development of those territories" and "those in particular of our race who had undertaken the task of that development".{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} In effect, Amery was saying that the East African Dominion would be run in the interests of the British settlers in East Africa, especially in Kenya which had attracted a considerable number of such settlers.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} The model for the proposed East African Dominion was South Africa, a Dominion dominated politically by its white population.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=223}} Tanganyika had attracted a number of German settlers when it had been the colony of German East Africa, and Amery wanted to join link Tanganyika to Kenya both to give the proposed Dominion a larger white population and for economic reasons.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=223}} Uganda had not attracted many white settlers, but Amery wanted to include Uganda in the proposed Dominion as its rich soil made it highly productive for agriculture.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=223}}

Amery's East African federation plans ran into opposition because Tanganyikan sovereignty technically belonged not to Britain but to the League of Nations. Amery insisted that Britain ''did'' own Tanganyika, and could with it as it pleased, and that the League of Nations mandate only imposed certain standards on Britain.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} In a speech on 11 June 1926, Amery stated: "Our mandate in Tanganyika was in no sense a temporary tenure or lease from the League of Nations. It was rather what might be called in lawyer's language a "servitude", that is to say an obligation to observe certain rules of conduct with administration in that territory...We held Tanganyika under our obligations to the League of Nations, but we held in our right under the Treaty of Versailles. The foundations of the East Africa of the future were as sure and permanent in Tanganyika as they were in any other East African territory".{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}}

Amery's speech was vigorously rebutted by [[Heinrich Schnee]], the last governor of German East Africa, who in an article in the ''Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung'' newspaper on 19 June 1926 pointed out that under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany had transferred sovereignty over German East Africa to the League of Nations, appointed Britain as the administering power over what was now called Tanganyika.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} Schnee argued that Britain could not violate the Treaty of Versailles by changing the status of Tanganyika without first obtaining the approval of the League Council (the executive arm of the League of Nations).{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} From the German viewpoint, maintaining the Tanganyika mandate was crucial since it was always possible that the League Council (which Germany joined as a permanent veto-holding member in 1926) might restore Tanganyika to Germany.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=224}} Amery's plans for an East African Dominion met with much opposition from the Indian merchants who dominated business life in East Africa and from the black African populations who saw the plans for a federation as a way to permanently disenfranchise them.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}} A White Paper reflecting Amery's views stated that the claims of the white settlers in East Africa "to share progressively in the responsibilities of government could no longer be ignored" and "if clashes between these interests and those of the vast native populations are to be avoided, their [the white settlers] share in the trusteeship for the progress and welfare of the natives must be developed".{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}} The White Paper was taken as confirming Indian and African fears that the proposed "Closer Union" in East Africa was only for the benefit of the white settlers at their expense.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}} The Conservative Party, the British settlers in Kenya, and Sir [[Edward Grigg]], the governor of Kenya, all supported Amery's plans for a "Closer Union" in East Africa.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}} Opposed to Amery's plans in Britain were the Labour Party; Amery's own under-secretary at the Colonial Office, [[William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech|William Ormsby-Gore]] along with most of the civil servants of the Colonial Office; Sir [[Donald Charles Cameron (colonial administrator)|Donald Cameron]], the governor of Tanganyika; and various humanitarian groups who charged the federation would be run in the interests of the white settlers.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}}

A number of former and current Colonial Office officials such as [[Frederick Lugard]] and Ormsby-Gore opposed the proposed Dominion as they preferred, as a cost-saving measure, "indirect rule" via traditional African elites.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=225}} Despite what Amery claimed, the Treaty of Versailles had assigned sovereignty over Tanganyika to the League of Nations and to change the status of Tanganyika required the approval of the League Council.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=226}} The German Foreign Minister, [[Gustav Stresemann]], was very committed to regaining Germany's lost empire in Africa and made it clear to the British ambassador in Berlin that he would use the German veto at the League Council if Britain made an application to change the status of Tanganyika.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=227}}

The idea of having Southern Rhodesia join South Africa as a "fifth province" was frequently mooted in the 1920s, but the unwillingness of the British settlers in Rhodesia to join an Afrikaner-dominated state ensured that nothing came of it. In 1927, Amery toured Africa and concluded that Southern Rhodesia would only join South Africa on its own terms to preserve its "British character". Amery envisioned a future where the British settlers in Southern Rhodesia would build "an independent Central South African Dominion to check and counterbalance the parochial South African Union".{{sfn|Schwarz|2011|p=553}}

In India, the strong resistance of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress movement]] defeated his hopes for greater integration into the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Porter|title=The Lion's Share: A History of British Imperialism 1850–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVHJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA223|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|pages=223–42|isbn=9781317860396}}</ref> In the 1920s, the Palestine Mandate was seen as a backward, impoverished area and not the first choice for emigration of most European Jews. Amery carried out a policy of "constructive Zionism": building infrastructure such as paved roads, public sanitation and a hydroelectric grid, intended to encourage Jewish immigration.{{sfn|Rubinstein|2004|p=170}} In Malta Amery's name became associated with the Royal Commission which recommended self-government for the Maltese following the 1919 riots in which four locals and one servicemen were killed. One of the most prominent streets in the resort town of Sliema was named after him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:d95cfdc1-f062-36d4-b3f8-5abfee2c3606 | title=Adobe Acrobat }}</ref>

==Out of office==
Amery was not invited to join the [[UK National Government|National Government]] formed in 1931. He remained in Parliament but joined the boards of several prominent corporations. This was necessary as he had no independent means and had depleted his savings during the First World War and when he was a cabinet minister during the 1920s. Among his directorships were the boards of several German metal engineering companies (representing British capital invested in the companies), the British [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|Southern Railway]], the [[Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company|Gloucester Wagon Company]], [[Marks and Spencer]], the shipbuilding firm [[Cammell Laird]] and the Trust and Loan of Canada. He was also chairman of the Iraq Currency Board.

In the course of his duties as a director of German metal engineering companies, Amery gained a good understanding of German military potential. [[Adolf Hitler]] became alarmed at the situation and ordered a halt to the appointment of non-German directors.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neville |first=Peter |url=https://www.inlibra.com/de/document/view/detail/uuid/aacd6466-46c2-3241-b432-b764e9b5902b |title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy |date=2013-03-22 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-8108-7173-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2025}} Amery spent a lot of time in Germany during the 1930s in connection with his work. He was not allowed to send his director's fees out of the country so he took his family on holiday in the [[Bavarian Alps]]. He had a lengthy meeting with Hitler on at least one occasion, and he met at length with Czech leader [[Edvard Beneš]], Austrian leaders [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] and [[Kurt von Schuschnigg]] and Italian leader [[Benito Mussolini]]{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}.

==Opposition to appeasement of Germany==
In the debates on the need for an increased effort to rearm British forces, Amery tended to focus on army affairs, with Churchill speaking more about air defence and [[Roger Keyes]] talking about naval affairs. [[Austen Chamberlain]] was, until his death, a member of the group as well. While there was no question that Churchill was the most prominent and effective, Amery's work was still significant. He was a driving force behind the creation of the [[Army League]], a pressure group designed to keep the needs of the [[British Army]] before the public. Like most Conservative MPs, Amery had little faith in the League of Nations saying in the House of Commons in 1935: "If we were victims of unprovoked aggression today we might as well call on the man in the street as make a direct appeal to the League".{{sfn|McDonough|2011|p=190}}

In the 1930s Amery, along with Churchill, was a bitter critic of the [[appeasement]] of Germany; they often openly attacked their own party. Being a former Colonial and Dominions Secretary, he was very aware of the views of the dominions and strongly opposed returning Germany's colonies, a proposal seriously considered by [[Neville Chamberlain]]. Amery's opposition to appeasement was initially based primarily on opposition to the repeated German that the former German colonies in Africa "go home to the ''Reich''".{{sfn|Seidman|2018|p=66}} Much of the Nazi claim to the former German African colonies was based on economic grounds as it was generally believed at the time that having African colonies to exploit was essential to the workings of European economies. The American [[Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act]] of 1930 had set off a global trade war with the world broken up into various economic zones as nations imposed record high tariffs, which in particular was used as an argument why Germany needed its former colonial empire. On 5 February 1936, Amery was involved in a heated debate on the floor of the House of Commons with the former prime minister David Lloyd George who suggested that Britain and the Dominions return the former German colonies, saying that it was crucial for the peace of the world.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=335}} Amery attacked Lloyd George, saying that the ''Reich'' lost its colonies as a result of a war that it had caused in 1914, and if Germany needed an "economic zone" to dominate, it should look to the "great markets of Central Europe", not Africa. Amery's statements indicated that he was open to Germany having Eastern Europe in its economic zone of influence.{{sfn|Pedersen|2015|p=335}}

At a conference of the Conservative and Unionist Party's local constituency associations in June 1936, Amery spoke very strongly against returning any of the German colonies currently held as League of Nations mandates by Great Britain or the Dominions.{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=164}} Referring to pre-1914 colonial deals, Amery stated that it had been a mistake to import the "German menace" into Africa and that it would be a mistake to do so again, adding that Britain must not "sell white men or black men into Nazi slavery".{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=164}} In a review of the book ''Germany's Claims to Colonies'' by Ferdinand Joelson, Amery wrote "For the moment, there can be no other attitude to the German demand than a purely negative one. The issue should not be treated as open to discussion".{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=162}} However, Amery tempered his opposition to returning the former German colonies by writing that if the German government was headed by somebody other than [[Adolf Hitler]], then perhaps "some positive solution to what underlies this demand may be found when the present ferment has worked itself out, and when a more normal outlook has regained ascendency over the great German nation".{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=162}} Amery conceded that the present was an age of "economic nationalism" with nations imposing high tariffs on each other, and that Hitler's claim that the global trade war was hurting the German economy was correct.{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=162}} Amery ended by writing that the system of Imperial preference tariffs, which had turned the British empire into one economic unit (the [[British Empire Economic Conference|Ottawa Agreement of 1932]]), was what allowed Britain to be a great power, and it was up to Hitler to negotiate a similar system to the Imperial preference tariffs with the states of Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Crozier|1988|p=162}}

On the rearmament question, Amery was consistent. He advocated a higher level of expenditure, but also a reappraisal of priorities through the creation of a top-level cabinet position to develop overall defence strategy so that the increased expenditures could be spent wisely. He thought that either he or Churchill should be given the post. When the post of [[Minister for Co-ordination of Defence]] was finally created and given to a political lightweight, Sir [[Thomas Inskip]], he regarded it as a joke.

Amery differed from Churchill in hoping throughout the 1930s to foster an alliance with fascist Italy to counter the rising strength of Nazi Germany. A united front of Britain, France, and Italy would, he felt, have prevented a German occupation of Austria, especially with Czechoslovakia's support. He thus favoured appeasing Italy by tacitly conceding its claims to Ethiopia. A start was made in the so-called [[Stresa Front]] of 1935, but he felt that Britain's decision to impose economic sanctions on Italy, for [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invading Ethiopia]] in 1936, drove Italy into the arms of Germany.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Amery later stated that feelings against the Soviet Union within the Conservative Party were running high in 1936 after the Soviet intervention in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side, but by 1937 the Soviet Union "hardly came into the picture" as the passions caused by Spain had cooled.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=76}} He noted that most Conservative MPs strongly disliked the Soviet Union because of the Russian debt repudiation of 1918 (the largest debt repudiation in history), which caused a number of financial problems for Britain, and also for the continuing Comintern propaganda.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=76}} During the Sudetenland crisis of 1938, Amery moved away somewhat from his anti-Soviet views as he stated it was a "fundamental mistake" by Chamberlain to treat the Soviet offer of help for Czechoslovakia as a joke, saying that it was a major blunder by the prime minister "to refuse to take Russia into his confidence".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=76}} Amery favoured Churchill's approach of creating a "grand alliance" of the Soviet Union, France and Britain to deter Germany from invading Czechoslovakia.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=78}} During two meetings both held on 26 September 1938, the first at the office of General [[Edward Spears]] and the second at Churchill's flat, Amery negotiated with Churchill, Spears, the Liberal leader [[Archibald Sinclair]] and the president of the League of Nations Union [[Viscount Cecil]] to find a way to create the "grand alliance".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=78}} Amery wrote in his diary that the main theme of the meetings was the importance of "bringing Russia into the picture" and that he was "all for pressing the government on this".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=78}} He wrote that "it was not only the Western powers that were concerned about Czechoslovakia. In Russian eyes it was an outpost and bastion of Slavdom...the key to the whole strategic picture in Central Europe, not to be lightly surrendered to a declared enemy".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=78}} Amery himself found advocating an alliance with the Soviet Union distasteful as he never concealed his dislike of the Communist regime, but felt in that 1938 it was the lesser evil.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=79}} However, Amery admitted that as a Conservative MP it was difficult to be a rebel against Chamberlain, a man who commanded the loyalty and respect of most of the Conservative MPs, writing that Churchill "wished for some public declaration by us, as Conservatives, that we stood for co-operation with Russia, to which I strongly objected".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=79}} Amery stated he could not make this declaration as it would be the effective end of his political career by rebelling against a popular leader in favour of an alliance with a state he hated.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=79}} Amery further noted that it was widely understood by military experts that the [[Great Purge|purge of senior officers]] in the ''Yezhovschina'' had wrecked the Red Army at least for the moment and that the Soviet Union had no border with Czechoslovakia, writing that if Germany invaded Czechoslovakia "Russia could not, indeed, have sent direct aid to Czechoslovakia, even by air, without Romanian or Hungarian consent".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=94}} However, he noted that the Soviet Union as an ally could "have threatened action against Poland and Hungary, to restrain them from falling on Czechoslovakia's rear".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=94}}

When Chamberlain announced [[Munich Agreement|his flight to Munich]] to the cheers of the House, Amery was one of only four members who remained seated (the others were Churchill, [[Anthony Eden]], and [[Harold Nicolson]]).<ref name="Faber2009">{{cite book|author=David Faber|title=Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OaRF5yLeuZoC&pg=PA461|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-4992-8|page=398}}</ref> In 1939, Amery joined Churchill, Lloyd George, [[Harold Macmillan]], [[Brendan Bracken]], [[Victor Cazalet]] and most of the Labour Party in voting against the White Paper introduced by the Colonial Secretary [[Malcolm MacDonald]] that sharply limited Jewish immigration to the Palestine Mandate.{{sfn|Rubinstein|2004|p=172}} When war came Amery, a lifelong [[anti-Communist]], opposed cooperation with the [[Soviet Union]] against Germany.

==Second World War==
Amery is famous for two moments of high drama in the House of Commons early in the Second World War. On 2 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain spoke in a Commons debate and strongly implied that he was not declaring war on Germany immediately even if it had invaded Poland. Amery was greatly angered, and Chamberlain was felt by many present to be out of touch with the temper of the British people. As [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leader [[Clement Attlee]] was absent, [[Arthur Greenwood]] stood up in his place and announced that he was speaking for Labour. Amery shouted, "Speak for England, Arthur!" That strongly implied that Chamberlain was not doing so (in fact the delay was caused by waiting for the French to promise to go to war also).<ref>Amery, ''Volume Three'', p. 324.</ref>

The second incident occurred during the [[Norway Debate]] in 1940. Following the failure of the [[Norwegian campaign]], Amery told the House of Commons: "If we had held [[Trondheim]], the isolated German force at [[Narvik]] would have been bound to surrender".{{sfn|Reynolds|2004|p=125}} After a string of military and naval disasters had been announced, Amery attacked Chamberlain's government in a devastating speech, finishing by quoting [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s words dismissing the [[Rump Parliament#Oliver Cromwell|Rump Parliament]]: "You have sat too long here for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. [[In the name of God, go]]!"<ref>Amery, ''Volume Three'', p. 365.</ref> Lloyd George afterwards told Amery that in fifty years, he had heard few speeches that matched his in sustained power and none with so dramatic a climax.<ref>Amery, ''Volume Three'', p. 365, n. 1.</ref> The debate led to 42 Conservative Members of Parliament voting against Chamberlain and 36 abstaining, leading to the downfall of the Conservative-dominated National Government and the formation of a new coalition government under Churchill. Amery himself noted in his diary that he believed that his speech was one of his best received in the House and that he had made a difference to the outcome of the debate.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Secretary of State for India and Burma==
During the [[Churchill war ministry]] Amery was [[Secretary of State for India]] despite the fact that Churchill and Amery had long disagreed on the fate of India. Amery was disappointed not to be made a member of the small War Cabinet, but he was determined to do all he could in the position he was offered. He was continually frustrated by Churchill's intransigence, and in his memoirs, he recorded that Churchill knew "as much of the Indian problem as [[George III]] did of the American colonies". Though committed to the British Empire, Amery thought Churchill's views towards India were unrealistic.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=109}} Amery was the only India Secretary to have been born in India and he was fluent in Sanskrit, giving him a closer commitment to India than previous India Secretaries.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=16}}

In the autumn of 1941 as war with Japan loomed, the Governor of Burma, [[Reginald Dorman-Smith]], had agreed that the Burmese prime minister, [[U Saw]], should go to London to discuss with Amery and Churchill Dominion status for Burma.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=102}} Amery was less than enthusiastic about meeting U Saw.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=103}} Churchill had no interest in Dominion status for Burma and agreed to see U Saw only once with the rest of the talks to be handled by Amery.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=103}} U Saw duly arrived in London in October 1941 for a series of inconclusive meetings with Amery, where he was told that the issue of Burmese independence was complex.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=103}} On the morning of 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the British Empire with Hong Kong and Malaya being bombed and invaded that day. U Saw who was in Lisbon on his way home to Burma stopped by at the Japanese embassy to offer his support for Burma joining the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=104}} As the British had broken the Japanese codes, Amery was well aware of what U Saw had done.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=104}} Amery sent a message to Dorman-Smith ordering that U Saw was to be arrested immediately upon his return to Burma for his "treacherous act".{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=104}}

On 2 February 1942, Amery told the cabinet that the recent British defeats in Asia had shattered the prestige of the [[British Raj]] at a time when Britain needed the support of the Indians the most, and that the government would have to change its policy and engage with Indian public opinion to win their support for the war.{{sfn|Lyman|2021|p=63}} Later in February 1942, the Chinese leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his charismatic English-speaking wife [[Soong Mei-ling]] visited India on a well received visit, offering the message that the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere was a sham and warning starkly that the when Japan invaded India the Imperial Japanese Army would treat the Indian people just as badly as it had treated the Chinese, repeating atrocities such as the [[Rape of Nanking]].{{sfn|Lyman|2021|p=63}} Chiang urged the British to promise India independence after the war, but also urged Indians to support the British war effort, saying that British rule was preferable to Japanese rule.{{sfn|Lyman|2021|p=63}} The favourable reception of Chiang's visit to India seemed to offer a way forward to win the war in Asia.

In March 1942, the cabinet dispatched [[Stafford Cripps]], a prominent left-wing politician (currently expelled from the Labour Party), on a mission to India to offer Dominion status for India after the war in exchange for Indian support for the British war effort, but with the additional condition that Britain would concede the demand of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s Muslim League for a separate nation for Indian Muslims to be called Pakistan.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=16}} Cripps landed in India on 22 March 1942.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=121}} Upon hearing of the Cripps mission, the Viceroy of India, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], asked Amery "Why?" Amery assured Linlithgow that the purpose of the Cripps mission was to "help" him rule India by ending the opposition of the Congress Party to the Raj.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=16}}

The American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had made it clear to Churchill that he believed that Britain should grant independence to India, and as the United Kingdom as [[Lend-Lease]] meant that Britain was being economically subsidised by the United States from 1941. It was difficult for Churchill to reject Roosevelt's advice outright, much as he wanted to. Amery seemed to regard the Cripps mission as only useful for its effect on American public opinion as he wrote to Linlithgow in March 1942 that American public opinion would be impressed by "us sending out someone who has always been an extreme Left-Winger and in close touch with Nehru". Amery believed that the Cripps would fail as the British offer of independence for India was also tied to a partition of India, a condition that both he and Churchill knew would be rejected by [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of the Congress Party who wanted independence without partition.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|pp=15–19}} There was a split within the Congress Party between Gandhi who took an absolute pacifistic position of opposing all wars on principle ''versus'' Nehru who took a more anti-fascist position and often suggested that he was prepared to support Britain provided independence was promised for India.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|pp=108−109}}

In one speech, Nehru had declared: "Hitler and Japan must go to hell! I shall fight them to the end and this is my policy. I shall also fight Mr. Subhas Bose and his party along with Japan if he comes to India."{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=109}} During his talks with Cripps, Nehru was quite willing to accept Cripps' offer of Congress Party support for the war in exchange for Dominion status after the war, saying it was imperative that the Axis powers be defeated, and that Japan would be a far worse colonial master for India than Britain. The Cripps-Nehru talks broke down on the Pakistan question as Nehru was unwilling to accept the partition of India, and told Cripps that this part of his offer was unacceptable.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=121}} Gandhi argued that the offer of independence tied to Pakistan as well as independence for the Princely States would lead to the "Balkanisation of India", and Nehru agreed with him.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=122}} Churchill argued to Roosevelt that Indian Muslims made up the majority of the Indian Army and that India had 100 million Muslims, making it the most populous Muslim community in the world, and Britain could not afford to anger Jinnah of the Muslim League who wanted independence with partition.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=17}}

On 6 April 1942, the Cripps mission entered in failure as Gandhi and Nehru rejected Cripps's offer of independence after the war in exchange for support for the British war effort; as a dejected Cripps prepared to return to London, the Japanese bombed Calcutta for the first time.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=245}} The Congress Party was deeply distrustful of the British and were angry about Amery having apparently given the Muslim League the right to create Pakistan as part of the deal.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=245}} For their part, Amery along with other British officials, believed that Gandhi was extremely naïve in thinking that peaceful "soul force" would be all that would be needed to stop the Japanese invasion, then apparently imminent.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|pp=245–246}} Despite the loss of Burma, Amery was corresponding with Dorman-Smith in August 1942 about not only how best to restore British rule in Burma after Japan was defeated, but also plans to annexe Thailand on the account of Thailand joining the war on the Axis side.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=241}}

In August 1942, Gandhi and Nehru launched the [[Quit India Movement]] protests, starting the largest demonstrations yet against the Raj, demanding that the British grant India independence immediately.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} Linlithgow in a report to Amery called the Quit India movement "the most serious [uprising] since [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|that of 1857]]".{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=123}} Officially, 1,028 Indians were killed during the protests, but the number may have actually as high as 25,000.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=123}} Linlithgow also complained that the protests were being well covered by the American media and wrote to Amery asking him "to arrest at least for a time this flow of well meaning sentimentalists".{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=124}} Despite the massive demonstrations along with associated sabotage, Churchill insisted that most Indians were still loyal to the Raj as Churchill believed the Muslims, Sikhs and Christian communities of India along with untouchable caste and all of the Indians living in the [[Princely States]] were all loyal and by his estimate 300 million of the 400 million Indians wanted the British to stay.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} Churchill tended to conflate volunteers for the Indian Army with support for the Raj, and he assumed that because the Indian Army were still meeting its recruiting targets that this reflected widespread public support for the Raj.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}}

Most of the Indians volunteering for the Indian Army in 1942 were Muslims, and notably the Indian Army had difficulty recruiting Hindus, the most numerous of India's many religious groups.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} Unlike the Congress Party, the Muslim League had declared its support for the war, and Jinnah and the other Muslim leaders encouraged Indian Muslims to enlist in the Indian Army.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=124}} Churchill expressed much anger at the Quit India movement, and Amery complained about Churchill's "Nazi-like" attitude towards Indians, especially Hindus, along with a belief that Churchill was wrong in believing that 300 million Indians supported the Raj.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} As too many Indians were taking part in the Quit India protests, it was impossible to jail all of them, leading the Raj to resort to corporal punishment with Indians being flogged for protesting.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=250}} After newspaper accounts of "dreadfulness" about the floggings, Amery assured the House of Commons that the police were not flogging people with [[Cat o' nine tails]] whips, but instead with "light rattan canes" to "deter hooligans".{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=250}}

Amery did not mention that being flogged with "light rattan canes" was immensely painful but he argued that mass floggings were necessary as there were far more "hooligans" taking part in the Quit India protests than were prisons for them.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=250}} Much to Amery's relief, the Indian Army, which was called out as an aid to civil power as the police forces were overwhelmed by the Quit India protests, stayed loyal to the Raj.{{sfn|Marston|2014|p=107}} Amery reported to the cabinet on 24 August 1942 that "the soldiers regard Congress as contemptible politicians".{{sfn|Marston|2014|p=107}} Amery stated that within the Indian Army the general feeling was that the prime danger facing India was a Japanese invasion, and most of the Indian soldiers felt that the timing of the Quit India movement was very wrong.{{sfn|Marston|2014|p=107}} As a result of the uprising, the Congress Party was banned while the Muslim League which was opposed to Quit India remained legal.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=124}}

In December 1942, Linlithgow reported to Amery of a "disastrous deterioration of supplies" and that a famine was imminent in the Bengal province.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} In January 1943, Amery reported to the cabinet that food shortages were becoming a major problem in India.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=251}} Before 1942, 15% of the rice consumed in India had come from Burma, and the Japanese conquest of Burma had cut India off from the Burmese rice crop.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=252}} Adding to the shortages were a series of cyclones that devastated the rice crop in Bengal province in the autumn of 1942, and by December 1942 children and old people in Bengal were starving to death as it was reported to London that India was short of one million tons of rice that were necessary to feed its people.{{sfn|Bayly|2004|p=252-253}} When Linlithgow decided to retire as Viceroy in 1943, Amery recommended to Churchill that he appoint either the Foreign Secretary [[Anthony Eden]] or the Deputy Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] as the next Viceroy.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=58}} Churchill refused on the grounds that he needed both Eden and Attlee in the cabinet.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=58}}

On 8 June 1943, Amery nominated himself as the next Viceroy, writing in a memo to the prime minister of: "...the very special difficulties which a new Viceroy will have to handle. The whole situation in India today depends upon the Viceroy's ability from the onset to manage and impose his personality upon a Council composed mainly of Indians, men of individual ability and goodwill, but easily ratted or turned sour by hesitant or clumsy handling. They are like an Indian elephant, who with a good mahout, will face a charging tiger; if the mahout is stupid, or loses his nerve for a second, nothing can stop the beast from stampeding in terror...a stampede that may wreck the whole fabric of government in India".{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=58-59}} Amery concluded that since the "very best men" such as Eden and Attlee could not be spared to serve as Viceroy, "as a last resort, I have already offered you myself".{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=59}} Churchill instead chose Field Marshal [[Archibald Wavell]] as the next Viceroy in the hope that Wavell would pursue a repressive policy towards Indian demands for independence.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=59}}

Contrary to Churchill's hopes, Wavell proved far more willing than Linlithgow to negotiate with the Indians as Wavell sought a political solution instead of the military solution that Churchill had hoped for.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=59}} Amery tended to support Wavell's efforts to reach a political solution and consistently spoke in defence of Wavell in cabinet meetings.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=70}} To replace Wavell who been promoted to Viceroy of India, Churchill wanted to appoint Air Chief Marshal Sir [[Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside|Sholto Douglas]] as the new Supreme Commander of South-East Asia Command, a choice vetoed by Roosevelt on the account of Douglas's anti-Americanism.{{sfn|Reynolds|2004|p=403}} Likewise Admiral [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]] declined the offer and at Amery's suggestion, Churchill appointed Admiral [[Louis Mountbatten]] as the Southeast Asia Supreme Commander.{{sfn|Reynolds|2004|p=403}}

In July 1943, the Raj reported that a famine had broken out in Bengal province and that it would necessary to ship 5,000,000 tons of grain from Australia to feed the starving people of Bengal.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Amery wrote in his diary that at a cabinet meeting on 4 August 1943 he made the case for the grain shipments "in as strong terms as I could", but was overruled by the cabinet.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} The War Secretary, [[James Grigg]], stated that there was more than enough grain in India to feed the Bengalis and that the famine had been caused by Indian merchants hoarding grain to speculate on higher prices, leading him to conclude that this was an Indian problem that the Indians could solve on their own.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} On 5 August 1943, Churchill promised Amery that if the famine continued to worsen, the matter would be discussed at the next cabinet meeting.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=29}} The same time, Churchill left for the [[First Quebec Conference]] with President Roosevelt, and no more cabinet meetings were held in the absence of the prime minister.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} During the famine, both Wavell and Amery consistently fought for food to be sent to Bengal.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=139}} In the autumn of 1943, following further lobbying by Amery, the cabinet agreed that 50,000 tons of Australian wheat would go to Bengal with the first shipment arriving in November 1943.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}}

Amery opposed holding an inquiry for the [[1943 Bengal famine]], fearing that the political consequences could be "disastrous". In 1944, the [[Famine Inquiry Commission]] was held against his advice.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2014|p=71}} The report by the inquiry ruled that Bengal famine was "avoidable" and was due to "mismanagement" by both the Raj and the Bengal government.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=139}} Unlike Churchill who had a marked dislike of Gandhi and the Congress Party and favoured Jinnah and the Muslim League, Amery had a strong dislike of Jinnah, to whom he referred as "the future emperor of Pakistan", charging that Jinnah was championing the idea of partition of India because creating Pakistan was the only way he ever hope to attain power, as the Muslim League as suggested by its name represented only Muslims, and thus could not hope to win an Indian general election.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=71}} Amery wrote that the concept of Pakistan was "essentially a negation" that would cause a bloodbath if the idea of partition of India was actually executed.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=71}} Likewise, Amery was opposed to Churchill's offer of Dominion status for India being tied to Dominion status for the all 565 [[Princely States]], which he called "princestan" and thought was unrealistic as most of the princely states were extremely small, being enclaves the size of a municipal borough.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=71}}

In 1944, the British cabinet learned of an unusual offer from the ''Reichsfūhrer SS'', [[Heinrich Himmler]], that he was willing to suspend the [[The Holocaust in Hungary|deportation of the Jews of Hungary]] to the [[Auschwitz death camp]] in exchange for 10,000 lorries for the Wehrmacht to be used on the Eastern Front. This was an obvious attempt to break up the "Big Three" alliance of the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom. Amery told the Zionist leader [[Chaim Weizmann]] about the "monstrous German blackmailing offer to release a million Jews in return for ten thousand lorries and other equipment, failing which bargain they proposed to exterminate them".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Amery expressed much sympathy writing that both he and Cripps were in favour of keeping the commitments made by the latter in 1942 while Churchill was not.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=62-63}} In May 1944, Wavell ordered the release of Gandhi who had been imprisoned since August 1942 on the grounds that if the Mahatma were to die in prison, it would set off massive riots.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=64}} Wavell reported to Amery that Gandhi and Jinnah were not planning to meet anytime soon and he expected no resolution in the "deadlock" between the Congress Party and the Muslim League.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}} Wavell added that both Gandhi and Jinnah were "intransigents" and neither had any willingness to compromise.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}}

Amery in his reply to Wavell stated that the Allies were finally advancing in Italy and that "we might be on the outskirts of Rome in a few days".{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}} Amery further noted that many of the soldiers in the British Eighth Army that was marching north in Italy were [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian]], and he hoped that the Indian newspapers were giving sufficient publicity to the achievements of the Indian "tiger soldiers' in Italy, which he wanted to be seen as a model of Anglo-Indian cooperation in a common cause.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}} In July 1944, Wavell reported to Amery that Gandhi might be willing to compromise by accepting the idea of Pakistan, but only with borders that would be so unfavourable that Pakistan would not be economically viable as Pakistan's only ports under Gandhi's plan would be [[Karachi]] and Dacca (modern [[Dhaka]]).{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}} Wavell added: "One can hardly blame Jinnah for thinking twice before swallowing this whole".{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=65}} Wavell along with other senior civil servants of the Raj warned that to attempt to partition the Punjab would cause a bloodbath as the Sikh and Muslim communities of the Punjab would tear each other apart, and it would be better to keep India together by making concessions to the Indian Muslim minority.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=72}}

To further complicate matters, many Sikhs were unhappy about having to choose between Muslim majority Pakistan vs. Hindu majority India, and wanted the Punjab to be independent, a demand rejected by both Jinnah and Gandhi.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=72}} Wavell reported to Amery that Gandhi was utterly incapable of understanding Jinnah's fears that the Muslim minority would be oppressed in Hindu majority India, and he was not willing to make any compromises that might persuade Jinnah to drop his demand for Pakistan.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=74}} Wavell himself favoured a compromise to avoid partition by making independent India into a federation with a weak central government and strong provincial governments,{{efn|this was similar to the proposals of the [[Government of India Act 1935]] which had set up elected provincial governments}} which he hoped might persuade Jinnah that the Indian Muslims would not be oppressed.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|pp=74–75}} Amery himself advanced a similar plan thought he felt Wavell's efforts along these lines were too crude and blunt reflecting his background as a soldier and that he as a politician he was better suited for this task.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=78}}

Amery became increasing frustrated with what he regarded as Churchill's obstinate and unrealistic views on India.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=29}} He felt that it was impossible for a liberal democratic state to repress the demands for independence from the better part of 400 million people without betraying its values, and that the best that could done in India was to make a deal with the moderate Indian nationalists for support for the British war effort in exchange for Dominion status after the war.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=29-30}} Amery often wrote in his diary that Churchill's belief that no political solution was possible nor desirable and that the Indians could simply be repressed into being docile subjects of the Raj was as impractical as it was amoral.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=29-30}} On 4 August 1944, Wavell reported that Gandhi had offered to end the Quit India protests and to support the British war effort in exchange for an immediate grant of Dominion status for India with no partition.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Wavell rejected Gandhi's offer, but himself offered to form a transitional government with a cabinet headed by Indians that would be granted Dominion status after the war in exchange for the Congress Party supporting the war effort.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}}

In the cabinet, Amery supported Wavell's offer, saying it was the best way to end the disorders in India and bring the majority of the Indians over to supporting the war; Churchill by contrast was completely opposed and expressed much regret that he ever appointed Wavell as Viceroy.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Churchill told the cabinet that Wavell should never negotiate at with Gandhi, a man whom Churchill called "a thoroughly evil force, hostile to us in every fibre, largely in the hands of native vested interest".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Churchill stated that Wavell was a disgrace as he was willing to talk to Gandhi, whom Churchill stated was "a traitor who ought to be put back into prison!"{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Amery wrote in his diary on 4 August 1944 that Churchill had attacked his patriotism and claimed that he supported the interests of "Indian moneylenders over Englishmen" in India.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Amery concluded in his diary: "Naturally, I lost patience, and I couldn't help telling him that I didn't see much difference between his outlook and Hitler's, which annoyed him no little. I am by no means certain whatever on the subject of India he is totally sane".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}}

The next day, Churchill drafted a reply to Gandhi's offer that demanded radical changes to the status of the [[Dalit|untouchables]] as a condition, which Amery criticised as negotiating in bad faith, noting that Churchill had never been much interested in improving the conditions of the untouchables before, and his demand about the untouchables was a [[wedge issue]] intended to divide the higher caste Hindus from the untouchables.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Churchill told him that he planned "after the war he was going to go back on all the shameful story of the last twenty years of surrender".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Churchill told Amery that he envisioned India as a British colony forever, that he would never grant independence to India under any conditions and that he planned to "carry out a great regeneration of India based on extinguishing landlords and oppressive industrialists and uplift the peasant and untouchable, probably by collectivisation on Russian lines. It might be necessary to get rid of wretched sentimentalists like Wavell and most of the present English officials in India, who were more Indian than the Indians, and send out new men".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28}} Amery's differing outlook towards India tended to push him towards the margins as he and Churchill had very different visions of the future of India.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=28-29}}

In a satire of Churchill's views, Amery wrote a mock memo entitled "The Regeneration of India: Memorandum by the Prime Minister", where pretending to be Churchill Amery wrote: "As the victorious end of this glorious struggle for human freedom draws near, the time is coming for a policy in relation to India more worthy of our true selves. We have had enough...of shameful pledges about Indian self-government, and of sickening surrenders to babu agitation. If we went even further two years ago in an open invitation to Indians to unite and kick us out of India that was only because we were in a hole. That peril is over and obviously a new situation has arisen of which we are fully entitled to take advantage".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=27}} Continuing on his theme, Amery as Churchill wrote about Wavell that he was a man who: "...would not only appear to have taken our pledges seriously, but to be imbued with a miserable sneaking sympathy for what are called Indian aspirations, not to speak of an inveterate and scandalous propensity to defend Indian interests as against those of their own country, and a readiness to see British workers sweat and toil for generations in order to swell even further the distended paunches of Hindu moneylenders".{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=27}}

Amery continued his satire by writing that the Raj should aim at the destruction of the Hindu caste system and making the untouchables the equal of the other castes, which might generate resistance, leading him to write that "it will also be necessary, following an excellent Russian precedent, to forbid any but trusted officials to leave India or to allow any visitors from outside except under the closest supervision by an official Intourist Agency." Amery as Churchill concluded that India would require a regime of martial law permanently to put an end to Indian demands for independence which would require a force of 1,600,000 British police officers and 8,000,000 Indian police officers along with the entire Indian Army and most of the British Army.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=27}} Amery intended his memo to be a parody meant to show how impractical Churchill's views were as the immense number of policemen and soldiers that would be needed to enforce permanent martial law in India would seriously strain the British budget at a time when Britain was financially dependent on the United States.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=27}}

The suggestion of the "excellent Russian precedent" was meant to show that Churchill would have to use methods similar to Joseph Stalin's in the Soviet Union to achieve his vision of India as a permanent British colony.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=27}} Amery's support for Indian independence was not based on any sense of sympathy for Indian nationalism, but rather as the best way of securing British influence in South Asia as he believed that India as a Dominion would be rather like other Dominions such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand who generally followed Britain's lead.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=194}} As late as 1947 in a letter to Churchill just after Attlee announced the end of the Raj Amery expressed the viewpoint that "we can only hope, that somehow or other, the Britannic orbit will remain a reality in this parlous world even if, to assume the worst, Indian politicians are unwise enough to break the formal link".{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=194}}

==Last years==
At the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]], Amery lost his seat to [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Percy Shurmer]]. He was offered a [[peerage]] but declined it, because it might, upon his death, have cut short his son [[Julian Amery|Julian]]'s political career in the House of Commons. However, he was made a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]. In February 1947, after Attlee announced that [[British Raj|British India]] would be granted independence and [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into the new nations of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], Amery wrote a letter to the last Viceroy, [[Lord Mountbatten]], promising that he would write a lengthy letter to ''The Times'' "to steady Conservative opinion here in case Winston proved factious".{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2007|p=200}} In retirement, Amery published a three-volume autobiography ''My Political Life'' (1953–1955).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Legacy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
{{Conservatism UK}}
Throughout his political career, Amery was an exponent of Imperial unity, as he saw the British Empire as a force for justice and progress in the world. He strongly supported the evolution of the dominions into independent nations bound to Britain by ties of kinship, trade, defence and a common pride in the Empire. He also supported the gradual evolution of the colonies, particularly India, to the same status, unlike Churchill, a free trader, who was less interested in the Empire as such and more in Britain itself as a [[great power]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} . Amery felt that Britain itself was too weak to maintain its great power position.

Amery was very active in imperial affairs during the 1920s and 1930s. He was in charge of colonial affairs and relations with the dominions from 1924 to 1929. In the 1930s, he was a member of the Empire Industries Association and a chief organiser of the huge rally celebrating the empire at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in 1936 marking the centenary of [[Joseph Chamberlain]]'s birth. Amery maintained a very busy speaking schedule, with almost 200 engagements between 1936 and 1938, many of them devoted to imperial topics, especially [[Imperial Preference]]. Amery distrusted the administration of US President Franklin Roosevelt. He resented American pressure on Canada to oppose imperial free trade. While that pressure was unsuccessful as long as Canadian [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] Prime Minister [[Richard Bedford Bennett]] was in power, after Bennett lost the 1935 election his [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] successor [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] adopted a more pro-American stance.

Amery wanted to keep the UK and the newly independent [[British Dominions]] united by trade behind a common tariff barrier and away from the United States. He viewed American intentions regarding the British Empire with increasingly grave suspicion. He hoped the Labour government elected in [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]] would resist promises of trade liberalisation made by Churchill to the United States during the Second World War. Amery's hopes were partially vindicated when the Attlee government, under intense American pressure, insisted upon the continuation of Imperial/Commonwealth Preference but conceded its more limited scope and promised against further expansion.

==Personal life==
Amery's elder son, [[John Amery]] (1912–1945), became a [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#United Kingdom|Nazi sympathiser]]. During the Second World War he made [[:Category:English broadcasters for Nazi Germany|propaganda broadcasts from Germany]], and induced a few British prisoners of war to join the German-controlled [[British Free Corps]]. After the war, he was tried for treason, pleaded guilty, and was hanged. His father amended his entry in ''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]]'' to read "one s[on]", with the editors' permission.<ref>[http://www.xreferplus.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=6124794 AMERY, Rt Hon. Leopold Stennett]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at ''Who Was Who 1997–2006'' online (accessed 11 January 2008)</ref><ref>[https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-234030 www.ukwhoswho.com] {{subscription required}}</ref> The playwright [[Ronald Harwood]], who explored the relationship between Leo and John Amery in his play ''An English Tragedy'' (2008), considered it significant to the son's story that the father had apparently concealed his partly-Jewish ancestry.

Amery's younger son, [[Julian Amery]] (1919–1996), served first in the Royal Air Force and then the British Army during World War Two, and later became a Conservative politician. He served in the cabinets of [[Harold Macmillan]] and [[Sir Alec Douglas-Home]] as Minister for Aviation (1962–1964) and also held junior ministerial office under [[Edward Heath]]. He married Macmillan's daughter Catherine. Amery is buried in [[Lustleigh#Church of St John the Baptist|the churchyard of St John the Baptist]] in his father's home village of [[Lustleigh]], and an ornate plaque in commemoration of him is inside the church.

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Milner-Viscount-Milner ''online edition'']
* L. S. Amery, ''My Political Life. Volume One: England Before the Storm. 1896–1914'' (London: Hutchinson, 1953)
* L. S. Amery, ''My Political Life. Volume Two: War and Peace. 1914–1929'' (London: Hutchinson, 1953)
* L. S. Amery, ''My Political Life. Volume Three: The Unforgiving Years. 1929–1940'' (London: Hutchinson, 1955)
* L. S. Amery, ''Days of Fresh Air, Being Reminiscences of Outdoor Life'' (London: Hutchinson Universal Book Club, 1940)
* {{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher Alan |title=Forgotten Armies The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945 |date=2004 |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780674017481}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crozier |first1=Andrew |title=Appeasement And Germany's Last Bid For Colonies |date=1988 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=9781349192557}}
* [[David Faber (schoolmaster)|David Faber]], [https://archive.org/details/speakingforengla0000fabe/page/n5/mode/2up?q=Milner ''Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery: The Tragedy of a Political Family''], (Free Press, 2005) {{ISBN|0-7432-5688-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=John |title=British Forward Defence in Asia During World War I |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=Winter 2003 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=70–102}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=John |title=Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916–19 |date=1999 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |isbn=9780714648750}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grey |first1=Jeffery |title=A Military History of Australia |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781139468282}}
* [[Deborah Lavin]], '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30401 Amery, Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (1873–1955)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011, accessed 2 June 2011
* {{cite book |last1=Laqueur |first1=Walter |title=A History of Zionism From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel |date=2009 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=9780307530851}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lyman |first1=Robert |title=A War of Empires Japan, India, Burma & Britain: 1941–45 |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=9781472847133}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marston |first1=Daniel |title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521899758}}
* {{cite book|last=McDonough|first=Frank|chapter=When Instinct Clouds Judgement: Neville Chamberlain and the Pursuit of Appeasement with Nazi Germany, 1937-1939|pages=186–204|title=The Origins of the Second World War|publisher=Continuum|location=London|date=2011}}
* {{cite journal | title=Bengal Famine of 1943: An Appraisal of the Famine Inquiry Commission | first=Madhusree |last=Mukerjee | journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2014 | volume=49 | number=11 |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/11/notes/bengal-famine-1943.html|pages=71–75|author-link=Madhusree Mukerjee}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mukerjee |first1=Madhusree |title=Winston Churchill's Plan for Post-war India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=7-13 August 2010 |volume=45 |issue=32 |pages=27–30}}
* [[Nigel Nicolson]] (ed.), ''The Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson. Volume II: The War Years, 1939–1945'' (New York: Atheneum, 1967)
* {{cite book |last1=Olson |first1=Lynn |title=Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England |date=2007 |publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|isbn=9780374179540}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pedersen |first1=Susan |title=The Guardians The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199570485}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=David |title=In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War |date=2004 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0679457437}}
* [[William Rubinstein]], 'The secret of Leopold Amery', ''[[Historical Research]]'', vol. 73, no. 181 (June 2000), pp. 175–196
* {{cite journal |last1= Rubinstein |first1=William |title=Winston Churchill and the Jews |journal=Jewish Historical Studies |date=Winter 2004 |volume=39 |pages=167–176}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schwarz |first1=William |title=The White Man's World |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191619953}}
* {{cite book |last1=Seidman |first1=Michael |title=Transatlantic Antifascisms From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781108417785}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Louise Grace |title=The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=9781135761271}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tunzelmann |first1=Alex von |title=Indian Summer The Secret History of the End of an Empire |date=2007 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=London |isbn=978-0-7710-8741-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley |title=Shameful Flight The Last Years of the British Empire in India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195393941}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Amery |first1=L. S. |title=The Empire and the century |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=174–198 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Imperial Defence and National Policy|Imperial Defence and National Policy]]}}
* John Barnes and [[David Nicholson (British politician)|David Nicholson]] (eds.), ''The Leo Amery Diaries. 1896–1929'' (London: Hutchinson, 1980)
* John Barnes and [[David Nicholson (British politician)|David Nicholson]] (eds.), ''The Empire at Bay. The Leo Amery Diaries. 1929–1945'' (London: Hutchinson, 1987)
* [[Stephen Constantine (historian)|Stephen Constantine]], ''The Making of British Colonial Development Policy'' (London: Routledge, 1984)
* David Goldsworthy, ''Colonial Issues in British Politics, 1945–1961'' (Oxford University Press, 1971)
* [[Wm Roger Louis]], ''In the name of God, go! Leo Amery and the British empire in the age of Churchill'' (W. W. Norton & Co., 1992) [https://archive.org/details/innameofgodgo00will online free]
* W. R. Louis, 'Leo Amery and the post-war world, 1945–55', ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'', 30 (2002), pp. 71–90
* [[Philip Williamson (historian)|Philip Williamson]], ''National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926–1932'' (Cambridge University Press, 1992)

==Publications==
{{refbegin}}
* Leo Amery, ''The Problem of the Army'' (1903) [https://archive.org/details/problemofarmy00amer/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade'' (1906) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcsOAAAAYAAJ Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol I)'' (1900) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa01ameruoft/page/n9/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol II)'' (1902) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa02amer/page/n5/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol III)'' (1905) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa03amer Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol IV)'' (1906) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa04amer Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol V)'' (1907) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209897 Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol VI)'' (1909) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa06ameriala Link].
* Leo Amery, '''The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol VII)'' (1909) [https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa07ameruoft/page/n5/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''The Great Question: Tariff Reform or Free Trade?'' (1909) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779172650 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''Union and Strength'' (1912) [https://archive.org/details/unionstrengthser00ameruoft Link].
* Leo Amery, ''The Empire in the New Era'' (1928) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163346403 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''Empire and Prosperity'' (1930) '''short work''' [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832814402 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''A Plan of Action'' (1932) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208824/page/n5/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''The Stranger of the Ulysses'' (1934) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/613201158 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The Forward View'' (1935) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216020/page/n5/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''The Odyssey: Presidential address delivered to the Classical association'' (1936) '''short work''' [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000909946 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The German Colonial Claim'' (1939) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2008669 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''Days of Fresh Air'' (1939) [https://archive.org/details/daysoffreshairbe0000amer Link].
* Leo Amery, ''India and Freedom'' (1942) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1404618 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The Framework for the Future'' (1944) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313871761 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The Washington Loan Agreements'' (1945) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500157116 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''In the Rain and the Sun'' (1946) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246194421 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''Thoughts on the Constitution'' (1947) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.504793/page/n1/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''The Elizabethan Spirit'' (1948) '''short work''' [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11626759 Link to library source]
* Leo Amery, ''The Awakening: Our Present Crisis and the Way Out'' (1948) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752400358 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''Thought and Language'' (1949) '''short work''' [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502491538 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''My Political Life, Volume I, England Before the Storm, 1896–1914'' (1953) [https://archive.org/details/mypoliticallife0001amer/page/n9/mode/2up Link].
* Leo Amery, ''My Political Life, Volume II, War and Peace, 1914–1929'' (1953) [https://archive.org/details/mypoliticallife0002amer Link].
* Leo Amery, ''My Political Life, Volume III, The Unforgiving Years, 1929–1940'' (1955) [https://archive.org/details/mypoliticallife0003amer Link].
* Leo Amery, ''A Balanced Economy'' (1954) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906159055 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The Leo Amery diaries 1896–1929 (Vol I)'' (1980) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59079528 Link to library source].
* Leo Amery, ''The Empire at bay: the Leo Amery diaries 1929–1945 (Vol II)'' (1988) [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315745242 Link to library source].
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Leo Amery}}
{{commons category|Leo Amery}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | lieut-colonel-leo-amery | Leo Amery }}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/000458}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Charles Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle|Viscount Morpeth]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Birmingham South (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham South]]
| years = [[1911 Birmingham South by-election|1911]]–[[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]}}
{{s-non| reason = Constituency abolished}}

{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Birmingham Sparkbrook]]
| years = [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]–[[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Percy Shurmer]]}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef| before = [[William Hewins]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| years = 1919–1921}}
{{s-aft| after = [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Edward Wood]]}}

{{s-bef| before = [[Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham|The Lord Lee of Fareham]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]
| years = 1922–1924}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Viscount Chelmsford]]}}

{{s-bef| before = [[James Henry Thomas]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| years = 1924–1929}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield|The Lord Passfield]]
| rows = 2}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]
| years = 1925–1929}}

{{s-bef| before = [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|The Marquess of Zetland]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]
| years = 1940–1945}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|The Lord Pethick-Lawrence]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs}}
{{First Lords of the Admiralty}}
{{Churchill Caretaker Ministry}}
{{Bonar Law Ministry}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amery, Leo}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Amery family|Leo]]
[[Category:British people of World War I]]
[[Category:British secretaries of state for Dominion affairs]]
[[Category:British Zionists]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:English people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:First Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:Foreign Office personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:Jewish British politicians]]
[[Category:Legion of Frontiersmen members]]
[[Category:Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for India]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for the colonies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1918–1922]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1922–1923]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1923–1924]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1929–1931]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1931–1935]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Classical Association]]

Sri Lanka bay owl

2026-04-08T02:57:08Z

JamelSkidmore: done...

{{Short description|Species of owl}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Sri Lanka bay owl
| image = SREELANKAN BAY OWL.jpg
| image2 = Owlcall.ogg
| image2_caption = Song of ''P. a. ripleyi'' alongside with ''[[Raochestes nerostagona]]''
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2024 |title=''Phodilus assimilis'' |article-number=e.T22725132A264136963 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22725132A264136963.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Phodilus
| species = assimilis
| authority = [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1877
| range_map = Sri Lanka Bay Owl (phodilus assimilis) distribution (reduced).svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map of Sri Lanka Bay Owl
}}

The '''Sri Lanka bay owl''' ('''''Phodilus assimilis''''') is a species of [[bay owl]] in the family [[Tytonidae]]. It is endemic to the island of [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Kerala]], South Western India. It was considered a subspecies of the [[Oriental bay owl]] (''Phodilus badius'') but is now treated as a full species due to its distinctive call, plumage and disjunct distribution.

Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s and subtropical or tropical high-altitude [[grassland]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

== Taxonomy ==
The Sri Lanka bay owl was [[Species description|described]] by the English politician and naturalist [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in 1873 but it was only in 1877 that he introduced the [[binomial name]] ''Phodilus assimilis''.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Hume | first= Allan Octavian | author-link= Allan Octavian Hume | year=1871 | title=Notes | journal=Stray Feathers | volume=5 | pages=137–138 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30121316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last= Hume | first= Allan Octavian | author-link= Allan Octavian Hume | year=1873 | title=''Phodilus badius'' | journal=Stray Feathers | volume=1 | page=429 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30007341 }}</ref> The genus name ''Phodilus'' is from the Ancient Greek ''phōs'' for "light" or "daylight" and ''deilos'' for "timid" or "cowardly". The specific epithet '' assimilis'' is the Latin for "similar" or "like".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=57, 303 }}</ref>

It was earlier considered a subspecies of the Oriental bay owl ''Phodilus badius'', but now treated as a separate species based on differences in call and plumage.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rasmussen, P.C.|title= Biogeographic and conservation implications of revised species limits and distributions of South Asian birds.| journal=Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden | volume=79 | year=2005 |pages=137–146 | url=http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/42176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2005 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume=2 | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | place=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-87334-66-5 | page=235 }}</ref>

Two subspecies are recognised:<ref name=hbw>{{cite web | last1=del Hoyo | first1=J. | last2=Collar | first2=N. | last3=Marks | first3=J.S. | year=2017 | title= Sri Lanka Bay-owl (''Phodilus assimilis'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url= https://www.hbw.com/node/467317 | access-date=23 December 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Owls | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/owls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref>
* ''P. a. ripleyi'' [[S. A. Hussain|Hussain]] & Reza Khan, 1978 - [[Western Ghats]]<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Hussain | first1=S.A. | last2=Khan | first2=M.A.R. | year=1978 | title=A new subspecies of Bay Owl (''Phodilus badius'') from Peninsular India | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=74 | pages=334–336 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48239103}}</ref>
* ''P. a. assimilis'' A. O. Hume, 1877 – Central & southern [[Sri Lanka]]

The Indian subspecies is found along the Western Ghats mostly south of Goa but as they are secretive, records are rare and their presence has often been detected only upon the discovery of injured individuals. The breeding season is in winter when the distinctive song consisting of multiple whistles with inflections can be heard.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Raman | first=T.R. Shankar | title= Observations on the Oriental Bay Owl ''Phodilus badius'' and range extension in the Western Ghats, India | journal=Forktail | volume=17 | year= 2001| pages=110–111 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Shankar-BayOwl.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Mudappa | first=Divya C. | year= 1998| title=Sight record of the Oriental Bay Owl (''Phodilus badius ripleyi'') in the Anaimalai Hills, southern Western Ghats, India | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=95 | page=343 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48604885 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Sri Lanka bay owl KMTR 19 June 1998 trsr.jpg|''Phodilus assimilis'' in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
File:Ceylon Bay Owl2 Abhilash Arjunan.jpg|Sri Lanka bay owl at Arippa forest, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
File:Sri Lanka Bay Owl (Phodilus assimilis), Topslip, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu 2.jpg|In Top Slip, Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ebird.org/ebird/map/srlbao1?neg=true&env.minX=&env.minY=&env.maxX=&env.maxY=&zh=false&gp=false&ev=Z&mr=1-12&bmo=1&emo=12&yr=all&byr=1900&eyr=2015 EBird Species Spot Maps]
*[http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Phodilus-assimilis Calls on Xeno-Canto]
*[http://www.hbw.com/species/sri-lanka-bay-owl-phodilus-assimilis Handbook of the Birds of the World]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2315214}}

[[Category:Phodilus|Sri Lanka bay owl]]
[[Category:Birds of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1877|Sri Lanka bay owl]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Allan Octavian Hume]]

{{strigiformes-stub}}

Vachaspati Sangrahālaya

2026-04-05T12:43:56Z

JamelSkidmore: stub...

{{Short description|Museum in Mithila region}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = Vachaspati Sangrahālaya
| native_name = वाचस्पति संग्रहालय
| native_name_lang = mai
| logo = Seal of Bihar.svg
| former_name =
| established = 1969
| location = Andhra Tharhi, Madhubani district, Mithila region, Bihar, India
| type = [[Archaeological museum]]
| key_holdings = Department of Culture and Youth, Bihar Government
| founder = Pandit Sahdev Jha
| curator = Pandit Haridev Jha
| owner = [[Government of Bihar]]
}}

'''Vachaspati Sangrahālaya''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: वाचस्पति संग्रहालय) is a museum of antiquities found in the region of the [[Andhra Tharhi]] block in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=अंधराठाढ़ी दो हजार साल पुराने संग्रहित हैं अवशेष - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-andhrathdi-are-stored-two-thousand-years-old-remains-18817510.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is located at Andhra Tharhi village in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]]. It was established in 1969. The museum was over taken by the [[Government of Bihar]] in the 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar news: मधुबनी में रोचक मामला, चोरी न हों मूर्तियां, इसलिए घर को बनाया संग्रहालय - Interesting case in Madhubani idols should not be stolen so the house was made a museum |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-interesting-case-in-madhubani-idols-should-not-be-stolen-so-the-house-was-made-a-museum-23209959.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बौद्ध सर्किट पस्टन मुसहरनिया डीह को सहेजने का आदेश फाइलों में है सिमटा |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-interesting-case-in-madhubani-idols-should-not-be-stolen-so-the-house-was-made-a-museum-23209959.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> The museum is named after the eminent Indian philosopher [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]].

== Description ==
The Vachaspati Sangrahālaya was established with the purpose of preserving archaeological antiquities found in the region of the Andhra Tharhi block in the Madhubani district.<ref name=":0" /> In the Andhra Tharhi block, lots of archaeological remains have been found from time to time. These archaeological items have been kept in the museum of Vachaspati Sangrahālaya. In the region, there are several archaeological sites like [[Musaharniya Dih]], [[Kamaladitya Sthan]] and [[Vachaspati Mishra Dih]], etc. From these archaeological sites, several antiquities and ancient idols, etc. are excavated or suddenly found in different times. Then these are kept at this museum for preservation.

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Bihar]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1969]]

Suman Mukherjee

2026-04-05T10:10:46Z

JamelSkidmore: made...

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suman Mukhopadhyay
| image = Suman Mukhopadhyay.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Mukhopadhyay at the Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director
| father = Arun Mukhopadhyay
| relatives = [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay (actor) | Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] (brother)
| spouse =
}}

'''Suman Mukhopadhyay''' ({{langx|bn|সুমন মুখোপাধ্যায়}}), or '''Suman Mukherjee''' (born 20 November 1966) is an Indian film director. His popular films are ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'', ''[[Kangal Malsat]]'', ''Shesher Kobita'' (2014).

==Career==
Suman was a George A. Miller Visiting Artist at [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] to work for Tagore Festival. In 2022 he was on a [[Fulbright Fellowship]] with [[Columbia University]], New York.

His first cinematic directorial debut film was ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' which was released in 2005 and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|National Award for Best Bengali film]]. His feature film "[[Nazarband]]" (2020) premiered at Busan International Film Festival. His earlier film "[[Asamapta]]"(Incomplete), premiered in IFFLA, USA. Before that "[[Shesher Kabita]]" (The Last Poem) with Rahul Bose and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] premiered at the Dubai International Film Festival and was released on 7 August 2015. "[[Kangal Malsat]]"(The War Cry of the Beggars) his 4th feature film released in August 2013. ''Mahanagar@Kolkata'' was completed in 2009. The film was screened in Munich, Kerala and New York film festivals. His second film ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]'', based on Tagore's novel, was completed in 2008 and premiered at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]]. Chaturanga was screened in 36 national and international festivals. The film received a Gran Prix award at Bridgefest, Sarajevo; the Best Director award at the Philadelphia Independent Film Festival and the Golden Palm at Mexico International Film Festival.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Recently Mukhopadhyay has done a Zee5 original feature film ''[[Posham Pa]]'' and directed five episodes of ''[[Parchhayee]]'' based on Ruskin Bond stories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahie Gill, Sayani Gupta team up for all-female thriller Posham Pa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/16/mahie-gill-sayani-gupta-team-up-for-all-female-thriller-posham-pa-13002.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=16 July 2019 |access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

Suman's latest theatre productions are "Tiner Tolowar" (Utpal Dutt), "Bechara B.B" (based on Brecht's works), "Aajker Sajahan" (Utpal Dutt) and an adaptation of Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya". In 2022, he directed "[[Shikhandi]]", a solo act, which opened in New Jersey. (June 2022).
Mukhopadhyay has done theatre productions ranging from European drama to major adaptations of Bengali works. He used to be a part of the Bengali theatre Group [[Chetana (theatre group)|Chetana]]. Among his many works some are ''[[The Cherry Orchard]]'' (Anton Chekhov) with National School of Drama, ''[[Raja Lear]]'' ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as King Lear) with Minerva Repertory Theatre, ''[[Sunyo Sudhu Sunyo Noy]]'', ''[[Bisarjan]]'' (Rabindranath Tagore), ''[[Teesta Paarer Brittanto]]'' and ''[[Samay Asamayer Brittanto]]'', adapted from the novels by [[Debesh Roy]] and ''[[Mephisto (play)|Mephisto]]'', based on [[Klaus Mann]]'s German novel. He has also staged [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''[[Raktakarabi (play)|Raktakarabi]]''; ''Falguni-Prelude'', Shakespeare/Brecht's ''[[Coriolanus (Brecht)|Coriolanus]]'' and [[Śūdraka]]'s ''[[Mṛcchakatika|The Little Clay Cart]]''. He directed ''The Man of the Heart'' (''Life and Times of Lalon Fokir'') at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Nagamandala'' at the Department of Theatre, [[Kalamazoo College]], [[Michigan]]. ''Man of the Heart'' was also invited to [[Barbican Centre]], London.

Suman Mukhopadhyay's feature film "[[Putulnacher Itikatha]]" (The Puppet's Tale), based on the novel by Manik Bandyopadhyay, was selected for the Big Screen Competition in the [[54th International Film Festival Rotterdam]], 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2025/films/the-puppets-tale |title=Big Screen Competition: The Puppet’s Tale |work=International Film Festival Rotterdam|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
*''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' (2005)
*''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]'' (2008)
*''[[Mahanagar@Kolkata]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kangal Malsat]]'' (2013)
*''Shesher Kobita'' (2014)
*''[[Asamapta]]'' (2017)
*''[[Posham Pa]]'' (2019) - Hindi
*''[[Nazarband]]'' (2020)
*''[[Putulnacher Itikatha (2025 film)|Putulnacher Itikatha]]'' (2025)

==Awards==
"Nazarband" - Audience Award at River to River Indian Film Festival, Florence

"Posham Pa" - Kali Film Award at Female Filmmakers Festival, Berlin

Recipient of MPA/APSA Script Development Award at Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Brisbane

*His film ''Chaturanga'' received the Gran Prix at Bridge Fest, [[Sarajevo]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners Bridge fest 2009|url=http://bridge-fest.com/index.php/press.html|publisher=Bridge Fest |access-date=19 January 2012 |date=15 May 2009}}</ref> Best Director at Philadelphia Independent Film Festival<ref>{{cite web |title=Philadelphia Independent Film Festival: Past Winners |url=http://www.philadelphiaindependentfilmfestival.com/press/past-festival-winners |publisher=Philadelphia Independent Film Festival |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310182920/http://www.philadelphiaindependentfilmfestival.com/press/past-festival-winners |archive-date=10 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the Golden Palm at Mexico International Film Festival.
*His film Herbert for Silver Lotus for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali, 2005.Audience Award at the Dhaka International Film Festival, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Palm Award Winners|url=http://www.mexicofilmfestival.com/Festival_2007/past_winners/2009_Golden_Palm_Winners.aspx|publisher=Mexico International Film Festival|access-date=19 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314192258/http://www.mexicofilmfestival.com/Festival_2007/past_winners/2009_Golden_Palm_Winners.aspx|archive-date=14 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Others ==
[[File:Suman_Mukhopadhyay_speaks_in_the_Rally_against_Kamduni_Case.jpg|thumb|Suman Mukhopadhyay in a rally of intellectuals against Kamduni Murder Case]]

Mukhopadhyay is a known face of [[Civil Society Movement]] in West Bengal from the tenure of Left Front Government. He also participated in rallies or talk shows against political violence by all the parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160416/jsp/calcutta/story_80386.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419233753/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160416/jsp/calcutta/story_80386.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2016|title=Divideand rule|date=16 April 2016|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> On 21 June he joined in a protest march in Metro Channel with other intellectuals of [[Kolkata]] led by poet [[Shankha Ghosh]] in protest against the growing crimes against women in the state and the [[2013 Kamduni gang rape and murder case]].<ref name="es20130622-2">{{cite news|url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=4574&boxid=323931|title=মহামিছিল বার্তা দিল মমতাকে|last1=Sarkar|first1=Koushik|date=22 June 2013|work=Ei Samay|access-date=23 June 2013|last2=Sengupta|first2=Manipushpak|location=Kolkata|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130622/jsp/calcutta/story_17034607.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174949/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130622/jsp/calcutta/story_17034607.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2017|title=Trinamul hunts for motive|date=22 June 2013|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sumanmukhopadhyay.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|id=2655736|name=Suman Mukherjee}}

{{Bengali theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Suman}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali film producers]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Film theorists]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]

Dharmachakra

2026-03-24T14:36:34Z

JamelSkidmore: reworked page after review to improve readability

{{Short description|Symbol in Dharmic religions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Ashoka Chakra Y.svg|thumb|The ancient Dharmachakra symbol used by Emperor [[Ashoka]].]]
{{Buddhism|terse=1}}
The '''dharmachakra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: धर्मचक्र, {{langx|pi|'''dhammacakka'''}}) or '''wheel of dharma''' is a [[symbol]] used in the [[Dharmic religions]]. It has a widespread use in [[Buddhism]].<ref name=":1">John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art,'' p. 524.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient-symbols.com/buddhist-symbols.html|title=Buddhist Symbols|website=Ancient-symbols.com|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the symbol is particularly used in places that underwent religious transformation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMC5zgEACAAJ |section=CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence - ''The Metaphysical Poets'' |section-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n83/mode/2up?view=theater |title=History of Oriya Literature |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=10 September 2021 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-1015025486 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Dr. Ganeswar |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper_15.pdf |title=History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D) |publisher=[[Shri Krushna Chandra Gajapati Autonomous College]] |location=Paralakhemundi |date=11 March 2014 |page=107 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Bijoy M.|editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA141 |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148923|pages=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Nabin Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GMEAAAAYAAJ |title=Buddhism in Orissa |section=Sailodbhavas, Bhaumakaras and Somavamśīs |section-url=https://archive.org/details/buddhism-in-orissa-1958/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Utkal University |year=1958 |location=Bhubaneshwar |oclc=1391872675 |page=x }}</ref> The symbol also finds its usage in modern India.

Historically, the dharmachakra was often used as a decoration in [[East Asian]] statues and [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]], beginning with the earliest period of [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia |East Asian culture]] to the present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharma And Ethics The Indian Ideal Of Human Perfection 1st Published|url=https://priscilla.work/download/4574591-dharma-and-ethics-the-indian-ideal-of-human-perfection-1st-published|access-date=2021-10-29|website=priscilla.work|language=EN|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029150304/https://priscilla.work/download/4574591-dharma-and-ethics-the-indian-ideal-of-human-perfection-1st-published|url-status=dead}}</ref> It remains a major symbol of the Buddhist religion today.

==Etymology==
The [[Sanskrit]] noun ''[[dharma]]'' ({{lang|sa|धर्म}}) is a derivation from the root ''dhṛ'' 'to hold, maintain, keep',<ref name="Monier Williams">[[Monier Williams]], ''A Sanskrit Dictionary'' (1899): "to hold, bear (also: bring forth), carry, maintain, preserve, keep, possess, have, use, employ, practise, undergo"</ref> and means 'what is established or firm'. The word derives from the [[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''n''-stem ''dharman-'' with the meaning "bearer, supporter". The [[historical Vedic religion]] apparently conceived of ''dharma'' as an aspect of [[Ṛta]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Day |first=Terence |date=2006 |orig-date=1982 |chapter=The Concept of Obligation |title=The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJtkDQAAQBAJ |series=Editions SR |volume=2 |location=Waterloo, Ontario |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |pages=42 |isbn=9780889208384 |access-date=5 March 2024 |quote=The importance of the conception of Dharma in early brāhmanic thought is so considerable that it has seemed either that it replaced Ṛta as the leading philosophical and religious conception or that the earlier concept was at some time absorbed into it. It is probably more true that Dharma was conceived as an aspect of Ṛta which became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas.}}</ref>

==History and usage==
[[File:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|left|thumb|Ten [[Indus script|Indus characters]] from the northern gate of [[Dholavira]], dubbed the [[Dholavira Signboard]].]]
Similar chakra (spoked-wheel) symbols are among the most ancient in all Indian history. Madhavan and Parpola note that a wheel symbol appears frequently in [[Indus Valley civilization]] artifacts, particularly on several [[Indus valley seals and scripts|seals]].<ref name="ReferenceA">The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
By Jane McIntosh. p. 377</ref>{{Efn|These symbols, however, are elongated and not circular. Spoked wheel vehicle are virtually absent in [[Harappan civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahane |first=Girish |date=2014-10-08 |title=What the absence of chariots in ancient Harappa means for Modi's Clean India plan |url=http://scroll.in/article/682712/what-the-absence-of-chariots-in-ancient-harappa-means-for-modis-clean-india-plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010234514/http://scroll.in/article/682712/what-the-absence-of-chariots-in-ancient-harappa-means-for-modis-clean-india-plan |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Therefore interpreting these symbols as spoked wheel is a matter of debate.|group=note}} Notably, it is present in a sequence of ten signs on the [[Dholavira Signboard]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}

Some historians associate the ancient chakra symbols with [[solar symbol]]ism.<ref>Issitt, Micah. Main, Carlyn. (2014). ''Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs,'' ABC-CLIO, p. 185.</ref> In the [[Vedas]], the god [[Surya]] is associated with the solar disc, which is said to be a chariot of one wheel (cakra). [[Mitra]], a form of Surya, is described as "the eye of the world", and thus the sun is conceived of as an eye (cakṣu) which illuminates and perceives the world.<ref name=":2">T. B. Karunaratne (1969), ''The Buddhist Wheel Symbol'', The Wheel Publication No. 137/138, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy • Sri Lanka. </ref> Such a wheel is also the main attribute of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}} Thus, a wheel symbol might also be associated with light and knowledge.

===Buddhist usage and significance===

[[File:Dharmachakra on Pillar - South Face - West Pillar - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4355.JPG|thumb|Worshipers and Dharmachakra, [[Sanchi Stupa]], South Face, West Pillar.]]
In Buddhism, the Dharma Chakra is widely used to represent the Buddha's [[Dharma]] ([[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s teaching and the universal moral order), [[Gautama Buddha]] himself and the walking of the path to [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]], since the time of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|Early Buddhism]].{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}<ref name=":1" />{{refn|group=note|name="Grunwedel"}} The symbol is also sometimes connected to the [[Four Noble Truths]], the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] and [[Pratītyasamutpāda|Dependent Origination.]]
The pre-Buddhist dharmachakra ([[Pali]]: ''dhammacakka'') is considered one of the [[ashtamangala]] (auspicious signs) in Hinduism and Buddhism and often used as a symbol of both faiths.{{sfn|Goetz|1964|p=52}}{{refn|group=note|Goetz: "dharmachakra, symbol of the Buddhist faith".{{sfn|Goetz|1964|p=52}}}} It is one of the oldest known Indian symbols found in [[Indian art]], appearing with the first surviving post-[[Indus Valley Civilisation]] Indian iconography in the time of the Buddhist king [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}{{refn|group=note|name="Grunwedel"|Grünwedel e.a.:"The wheel (''dharmachakra'') as already mentioned, was adopted by Buddha's disciples as the symbol of his doctrine, and combined with other symbols—a trident placed above it, etc.—stands for him on the sculptures of the Asoka period."{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}}}

The Buddha is said to have set the "wheel of dharma" in motion when he delivered his first sermon,{{sfn|Pal|1986|p=42}} which is described in the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]''. This "turning of the wheel" signifies a great and revolutionary change with universal consequences, brought about by an exceptional human being. Buddhism adopted the wheel as a symbol from the Indian mythical idea of the ideal king, called a [[chakravartin]] ("wheel-turner", or "universal monarch"),{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}{{sfn|Pal|1986|p=42}} who was said to possess several mythical objects, including the ''ratana cakka'' (the ideal wheel). The ''Mahā Sudassana Sutta'' of the [[Dīgha Nikāya|Digha Nikaya]] describes this wheel as having a nave (nābhi), a thousand spokes (sahassārāni) and a felly (nemi), all of which are perfect in every respect.<ref name=":2" /> [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] was said to have been a "mahapurisa" (great man) who could have chosen to become a wheel turning king, but instead became the spiritual counterpart to such a king, a wheel turning sage, that is, a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]].<ref name=":0">Ludowyk, E.F.C. (2013) ''The Footprint of the Buddha,'' Routledge, p. 22.</ref>

In his explanation of the term "turning the wheel of Dharma", the Theravada exegete [[Buddhaghosa]] explains that this "wheel" which the Buddha turned is primarily to be understood as wisdom, knowledge, and insight ([[Jnana|ñāṇa]]). This wisdom has two aspects, paṭivedha-ñāṇa, the wisdom of self-realisation of the Truth and desanā-ñāṇa, the wisdom of proclamation of the Truth.<ref name=":2" /> The dharmachakra symbol also points to the central Indian idea of "[[Dharma]]", a complex and multivalent term which refers to the eternal cosmic law, universal moral order and in Buddhism, the very teaching and path expounded by the Buddha.<ref>Issitt, Micah. Main, Carlyn. (2014). ''Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs,'' ABC-CLIO, p. 186.</ref>

In the [[Buddhist art|Buddhist Art]] at early sites such as [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]], the dharmachakra was often used as a symbol of Gautama Buddha himself.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The symbol is often paired with the [[triratna]] (triple jewel) or [[trishula]] (trident) symbolizing the [[Refuge (Buddhism)|triple gem]], umbrellas ([[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]]), symbols of [[sovereignty]] and royal power, gems and garlands. It is also sometimes depicted alongside animals such as lions,<ref name=":2" /> or deer.

There are different designs of the Buddhist dharmachakra with 8, 12, 24 or more [[spoke]]s. In different Buddhist traditions, the different number of spokes may represent different aspects of the Buddha's Dharma (teaching). In the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Indo-Tibetan Buddhist]] tradition for example, the 8 spoked wheel represents the [[Noble Eightfold Path|noble eightfold path]], and the hub, rim and spokes are also said to represent the three trainings ([[Buddhist ethics|sila]], [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajña]] and [[samadhi]]).<ref>''A Lamp Illuminating the Path to Liberation: An Explanation of Essential Topics for Dharma Students'' by Khenpo Gyaltsen (translated by Lhasey Lotsawa Translations, Nepal: 2014, pp. 247–248).</ref>

In Buddhism, the cyclical movement of a wheel is also used to symbolize the cyclical nature of life in the world (also referred to as the "wheel of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]]", ''samsara-chakra'' or the "wheel of becoming"'', bhava-cakra'').<ref name=":2" /> This wheel of suffering can be reversed or "turned" through the practice of the Buddhist path. The Buddhist terms for "suffering" ([[dukkha]]) and happiness ([[sukha]]) may also originally be related to the proper or improper fitting of wheels on a [[Chariot|chariot's]] [[axle]].<ref>Sargeant, Winthrop (2009), The Bhagavad Gita, SUNY Press, p. 303.</ref> The Indo-Tibetan tradition has developed elaborate depictions called [[Bhavacakra]]s which depict the many realms of [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] in [[Buddhist cosmology]].

The spokes of a wheel are also often used as symbols of the Buddhist doctrine of [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]]. According to the Theravada scholar [[Buddhaghosa]]:

<blockquote>“It is the beginningless round of rebirths that is called the ’Wheel of the round of rebirths’ (saṃsāracakka). Ignorance ([[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avijjā]]) is its hub (or nave) because it is its root. Ageing-and-death ([[Jarāmaraṇa|jarā-maraṇa]]) is its rim (or felly) because it terminates it. The remaining ten links [of Dependent Origination] are its spokes [i.e. [[saṅkhāra]] up to the process of becoming, [[bhava]]].”<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>
[[File:Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg|thumb|200px|The original [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], from Sarnath. It originally supported a large dharmachakra on the top (reconstitution).]]
The earliest Indian monument featuring dharmachakras are the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashokan Pillars]], such as the lion pillar at Sanchi, built at the behest of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]]. According to Benjamin Rowland:<ref name=":2" />

<blockquote>”The Sārnāth column may be interpreted, therefore, not only as a glorification of the Buddha’s preaching symbolised by the crowning wheel, but also through the [[Cosmology|cosmological]] implications of the whole pillar as a symbol of the universal extension of the power of the Buddha’s Law as typified by the sun that dominates all space and all time, and simultaneously an emblem of the universal extension of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] imperialism through the Dharma. The whole structure is then a translation of age-old Indian and Asiatic cosmology into artistic terms of essentially foreign origin and dedicated, like all Asoka’s monuments, to the glory of Buddhism and the [[List of Maurya emperors|royal house]].”</blockquote>

According to Harrison, the symbolism of "the wheel of the law" and the order of Nature is also visible in the Tibetan [[prayer wheel]]s. The moving wheels symbolize the movement of cosmic order (''[[ṛta]]'').{{sfn|Harrison|2010|p=526}}

===Buddha Dhamma and its modern Indian usage===
[[File:Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg|thumb|left|Wheel of the chariot of the sun, [[Konark Sun Temple]].]]
[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|thumb|200px|right|The [[State Emblem of India]] features the 24 spoke Dharmachakra from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]].]]
The dharmachakra is a symbol in the [[Śramaṇa|sramana]] religion of Buddha Dhamma.<ref>Asha Kalia, ''Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D.'' Abhinav Publications, 1982, chapter 16.</ref><ref>Sharma, Savita (1990). ''Early Indian Symbols: Numismatic Evidence,'' Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990 p. 51.</ref>

Wheel symbolism was also used in Indian temples in places that underwent a religious transformation from Buddhism,{{sfn|Misra|2007}}{{sfn|Sahu|1958}} such as [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]], whose deity is believed by some scholars to have a [[Jagannath#Buddhist_origins|Buddhist origin]].{{sfn|Nayak|2014}}{{sfn|Mansinha|2021}} It also finds use in other ancient temples of Odisha, the most famous of which is the [[Konark Sun Temple]].

The 24 spoke [[Ashoka Chakra|Ashoka dharmachakra]] is present in the modern [[flag of India]], representing the [[Indian religions|pan-Indian]] concept of [[Dharma]].<ref name="auto"/> The modern [[State Emblem of India]] is a depiction of the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] (Sanchi), which includes the dharmachakra. An integral part of the emblem is the [[motto]] inscribed in [[Devanagari]] script: ''[[Satyameva Jayate]]'' ({{langx|en|Truth Alone Triumphs}}).<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Kamal Dey v. Union of India and State of West Bengal|court=Calcutta High Court|date=2011-07-14|url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/WP-No.32027W.pdf|access-date=2012-04-16}}</ref> This is a quote from the ''[[Mundaka Upanishad]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/resume/193/scp.html.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Standing Committee On Home Affairs: 116th Report on The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Bill, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308060826/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/resume/193/scp.html.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> the concluding part of the [[Vedas]].

[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], the first Vice President of India, stated that the [[Ashoka Chakra]] of India represents the "wheel of the law of [[dharma]]", as well as "Truth or ''[[satya]]''", "Virtue" as well as "motion", as in the "dynamism of a peaceful change".<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/flag_code_of_india.pdf|title=The national flag code|website=Mahapolice.gov.in|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215055705/http://mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/flag_code_of_india.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other uses and similar symbols===
* The main attribute of [[Vishnu]] is a wheel like weapon called the [[Sudarshana Chakra|{{IAST|Sudarśanacakra}}]].{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}
* Similar wheel symbols were used as a solar symbol by the [[Ancient Egypt]]ians.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Adelaide S.|title=A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59605-593-3|page=56|publisher=Cosimo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcOmjiAWXAC}}</ref>
* Some Buddha statues also depict the related [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Mudrā|Dharmachakra Mudrā]], a hand sign depicting the turning of the Dharma wheel.
* A very similar wheel symbol also appears in the [[flag of the Romani people]], hinting to their [[Romani culture|nomadic]] history.
* In non-Buddhist cultural contexts, an eight-spoked wheel resembles a traditional [[ship's wheel]]. As a nautical emblem, this image is a common [[sailor tattoos|sailor tattoo]], which may be misidentified as a dharmachakra or vice versa.
* The ''[[Black Sun (symbol)|sonnenrad]]'' is a similar symbol used by [[Occult|occultists]] and [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazis]].
* [[Falun Gong]] uses the concept of [[Falun (symbol)|a similar wheel]] as a central concept.
* In the [[Unicode]] computer standard, the dharmachakra is called the "Wheel of [[Dharma]]" and found in the eight-spoked form. It is represented as U+2638 <big>(☸)</big>. As [[emoji]]: ☸️.

== Gallery ==
=== Historical and archeological examples ===
<gallery>
File:Sanchi Great Stupa Mauryan configuration.jpg|Reconstitution of approximate layout of Sanchi at the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], showing the pillar topped by a dharmachakra.
File:Worship of Chakra - Sandstone - ca 2nd Century BCE - Sunga Period - Bharhut - ACCN 305 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1563.JPG|Sandstone depiction, c. 2nd Century BCE, [[Bharhut]], Indian Museum – [[Kolkata]].
File:Bharhut pinnacles.jpg|Illustrated reconstruction of the pinnacles at [[Bharhut]] by [[Alexander Cunningham]]
File:Bharhut Eastern gateway.jpg|Eastern gateway of [[Bharhut]] stupa topped with a dharmachakra pinnacle
File:057 Buddha represented by Dharmacakra (33749746625).jpg|Buddha represented by Dharmacakra, [[Sanchi Stupa]] no. 3.
File:063 Dharmacakra on Pillar (33620519361).jpg|Dharmacakra on Pillar, Sanchi Stupa no. 3
File:Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg|Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa no. 3.
File:Sculptures at Sanchi Stupa Cultus of the Chakra, or Wheel of the Law.jpg|Illustration from Sanchi Stupa
File:31.1. Pilaster-Swing Chakra-2nd century CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra Pradesh-Sculpture Gallery-Indian Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg|Limestone Pilaster, 2nd century CE, [[Amaravathi]], Indian Museum, Kolkata.
File:Feet of Buddha at ASI Museum, Amaravathi.jpg|[[Buddha footprint|Buddha footprints]] with dharmachakras, [[Archaeological Museum, Amaravati]]
File:1st century Gandhara Buddha footprint with five swastikas on sole under each toe.jpg|1st century Gandhara [[Buddha footprint]]
File:Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara.Met.jpg|[[Gandhara|Gandharan]] Stele illustrating the first sermon at [[Sarnath]], 2nd century, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
File:Arte de Gandhara. Dahlem. 05.TIF|[[Stele]] from Gandhara
File:A sculpture depicting the Dharma chakra in the museum of Amaravathi.jpg|A sculpture depicting the Dharmachakra in the museum of [[Amaravathi]]
File:Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols.jpg|[[Taxila]] coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols
File:Tilia Tepe gold token. Kabub Museum.jpg|Coin found in [[Afghanistan]], 50 BCE – c. 30 CE, at the latest before 50 CE.
File:SAMA Triratna.jpg|Three Jewels, or Triratna. Eastern Afghanistan. [[Kushan period]]. 2–3 century.
File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath|Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]], 5th CE.
File:001 Dhammacakka, 7c, Dwaravati (35252600795).jpg|Dhammacakka, [[Bangkok National Museum|National Museum, Bangkok]], Thailand.
File:002 Dhammacakka, Dwaravati (35252600135).jpg|Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.
File:Khao Khlang Nai-004.jpg|Khao Klang Nai, [[Si Thep Historical Park]], Thailand.
File:113 Yakkha upholding the Dhammacakka (9206899756).jpg|Seal of [[Chai Nat Province]] (a garuda upholding the dhammacakka in front of the mountain and river), [[Wat Sri Suphan]], [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand.
File:Flickr - dalbera - La Roue de la Loi au musée Guimet.jpg|Mon dharmachakra, VII or IX century, Sandstone
File:Dharma wheel, Japan, Kamakura period, 1200s AD, bronze - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC09326.jpg|Dharma wheel, Japan, [[Kamakura period]], 1200s CE, bronze – [[Tokyo National Museum]].
File:Five disciples at Sarnath.jpg|Part of a Buddha-statue, showing the first five disciples of the Buddha at Sarnath and dharmachakra.
File:輪宝-Wheel of the Buddhist Law (Rinpō) MET DT352194.jpg|Japanese dharmachakra, late 13th century.
File:China, Ming dynasty - Mandala Base - 1987.58 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Mandala Base, China, Ming dynasty, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
File:Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736-1795 AD, famille rose with golden glaze - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04134.jpg|Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong period]], 1736–1795 CE.
File:China, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Jiaqing reign - Box with Ink Cakes- Yellow Ink Stick in Shape of a Buddhist "Wheel of th - 1942.206.e - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Box with Ink Cakes: Yellow Ink Stick, China, [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912).
File:Dharmachakra Pravartana - National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Dharmachakra Pravartana at [[National Museum of India|National Museum]], New Delhi
</gallery>

===Contemporary examples===
<gallery>
File:Shanti Stupa, Leh (2).JPG|[[Shanti Stupa, Ladakh|Shanti Stupa]], [[Leh]]
File:Jokhang dharma wheel-5447.jpg|[[Jokhang Monastery]]
File:003 Dhammacakka Wheel (9140985559).jpg|Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, [[Kelantan]]
File:Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Rai - 2017-06-27 (002).jpg|Entrance to [[Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Rai|Wat Phra Sing]]
File:Boudhanath 2016-04-15a.jpg|Dharmachakra at Boudanath
File:011 Dhammacakka on Main Gable (9204016689).jpg|Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, [[Lamphun]]
File:Pagoda Mumbai Entrance 01.jpg|Entrance to the [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]
File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg|Lok Sabha chamber of the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament building]], New Delhi
File:Dharmachakra with huge statue of Padmasambhava behind. Lake Rewalsar. HP, India.jpg|Dharmachakra in front of a statue of [[Padmasambhava]]. [[Lake Rewalsar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
</gallery>

===National flags and official symbolism===
<gallery>
File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|The [[Emblem of Mongolia]] includes the dharmachakra, a [[cintamani]], a [[Padma (attribute)|padma]], blue [[khata]] and the [[Soyombo symbol]]
File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|The [[Emblem of Sri Lanka]], featuring a blue dharmachakra as the [[crest (heraldry)|crest]]
File:Emblem of India.svg|The [[Emblem of India]], featuring the [[Ashoka Chakra]] on the base panel representing the Dharmachakra
File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|Emblem of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which shows the dharmachakra on top of the Lion Capital (as was originally found in the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]).
File:Flag of India.svg|The [[Flag of India]] has the [[Ashoka Chakra]] at its center representing the Dharmachakra.<ref name="auto"/>
File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|The [[Flag of Sikkim|flag]] of the [[Sikkim|former Kingdom of Sikkim]] featured a version of the Dharmachakra
File:Emblem of Tibet.svg|Emblem of [[Central Tibetan Administration]] with Tibetan Buddhist style Dharmachakra
File:Dharmacakra flag (Thailand).svg|The dhammacakka flag, the symbol of Buddhism in Thailand
File:Emblem of Thammasat University.svg|The seal of [[Thammasat University]] in Thailand consisting of a [[Constitution of Thailand|Constitution]] on [[Phan (tray)|phan]] with a twelve-spoked dhammacakka
File:Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand.svg|Colours of the [[National Scout Organization of Thailand]]
File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|Flag used by the Indian [[Dalit Buddhist Movement]]
File:USAF Religion Pin 3.svg|The insignia for Buddhist [[chaplain]]s in the [[United States Armed Forces]].
File:Ahimsa Jainism Gradient.jpg|Wheel in [[Jain]] ''[[Jain symbols#Symbol of Ahimsa|Symbol of Ahimsa]]'' represents dharmachakra
File:Ahinsa Parmo Dharm.jpg|Jain illustration with dharmachakra and the motto ''[[Ahiṃsā]] Paramo [[Dharma (Jainism)|Dharma]]'' (non-violence is the highest dharma).
File:Flag.for.abolition.of.meat.and.specism.jpg|Flag for [[Abolitionism (animal rights)|abolition]] of [[Psychology of eating meat|meat]] and [[speciesism]], modeled after the flag of the [[Republic of India]], with the [[Ashoka]]'s [[Wheel of Dharma]] in the center.
File:USVA headstone emb-02.svg|[[United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers|USVA]] headstone emblem 2
File:Flag of the Romani people.svg|[[Flag of the Romani people|Flag of the Romani People]]. It contains blue and red colour to represent the heaven and earth respectively, and uses a 16 spoke Dharmachakra to symbolise their tradition and to pay homage to their Indian origin.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
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* {{Citation | last =Inden | first =Ronald | year =1998 | title =Ritual, Authority, And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship. In: JF Richards, ed., "Kingship and Authority in South Asia" | place =New Delhi | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
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{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | author=Dorothy C. Donath | title=Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day | url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona | url-access=registration | publisher=Julian Press | year=1971 | isbn=0-07-017533-0}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm Buddhist Wheel Symbol (Dharmachakra)]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist symbols]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Romani culture]]
[[Category:Wheels in culture]]

Lok Bhavan, Shillong

2026-03-22T02:25:12Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Basic Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian governor's house in Medhalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Shillong
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|25|34|22|N|91|53|19|E|region:NP|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|current_tenants = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Meghalaya]]
|operator =
|references = [http://meggovernor.gov.in/ Website]
}}

''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Meghalaya|governor of Meghalaya]] CH Vijayashakar. It is located in the capital city of [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]].<ref name=":0">https://meggovernor.gov.in/</ref> The Government House was renamed as Raj Bhavan in 6 December 1951.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=Raj Bhavan: 118 Years of Grandeur - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/06/05/raj-bhavan-118-years-of-grandeur/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> CH Vijayashankar, the present governor stays at Raj Bhavan, Shillong.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2024, a second Raj Bhavan was opened in Tura, located in western Garo Hills region, by president [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya gets second Raj Bhavan, to host President Droupadi Murmu during her visit next week |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/meghalaya/meghalaya-gets-second-raj-bhavan-to-host-president-droupadi-murmu-during-her-visit-next-week-2846629 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Sir [[Henry Cotton (civil servant)|Henry Cotton]] approved the work on the reconstruction of a new government house after W Arundell, the executive engineer of the [[Assam Bengal Railway]], drew up a sketch plan in May 1898. The new building was earthquake proof and was built with wood unlike the earlier iron corrugated sheets. The work by PWD under the supervision of Walter Nightingale and GJ Perran cost Rs.187,713. The new building with many new modifications, resembling that of a country cottage in England, was completed in October 1903.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2005, the late former president APJ Abdul Kalam interacted with Shillong school children at Raj Bhavan and made them take a 10 point oath.<ref>https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam/speeches/interaction-shillong-school-children-raj-bhavan-shillong</ref>

On the Republic Day on 26 January 2025, the Raj Bhavan was opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Raj Bhavan to open to public {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/raj-bhavan-to-open-to-public/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

* [[List of governors of Meghalaya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[http://meggovernor.gov.in/ Website]
{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Mangru Ganu Uikey

2026-03-21T20:01:25Z

JamelSkidmore: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1901–1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Mangru Ganu Uikey''' (5 November 1901 – 5 May 1984) was an Indian politician and Social worker, who devoted his entire life working for the upliftment and welfare of tribal people. He served as a Member of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th [[Lok Sabha]] of the Govt of India. He was awarded with the honour of "[[Padma Shri Awards (1960-1969)|Padma Shri]]" in 1969 by the Government of India for his outstanding contribution in the field of social work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1083.htm|title=Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Mangru Ganu Uikey was born at Village Wadhona, District. [[Chandrapur district|Chanda]] Fort, [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He was the son of Shri Ganu Uikey. He spent his growing up years and completed his formal education at villages Wadhona and Bramhpuri (District Chanda).

He worked in Bengal Nagpur Railway from 1918 to 1943 as a Booking Clerk and Goods Clerk. He was married to Smt. Janakibai, and had three daughters and four sons. He later maintained his permanent residence at [[Nainpur]], District. [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Social work ==
Mangru Ganu Uikey was known to be the voice of the tribals, a determined social activist and an eminent political leader.

He served as the Secretary of (i) Akhil Gondwana Gond Mahasabha for ten years from 1934 to 1944 and (ii) Akhil Bharatiya Gond Mahasabha for sixteen years from 1934 to 1950.

He founded an Orphanage and several primary schools in [[Mandla district|Mandla]] and [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] in 1944. He worked for economic upliftment of Adimjati in Balaghat in 1946 and started several primary schools and banks.

He organised a Tribal Summit & Fest – "Provincial Adimjati Mahasabha Vanjati Anandotsava" at [[Nainpur]] District. Mandla in 1950 and six sessions of Akhil Bhartiya Gond Mahasabha.

He was the Founder and Director of a monthly magazine - "Sachitra Adimjati Sevak".

== Political career ==
He belonged to [[Indian National Congress]]. In the [[1951 Indian general election|1951 election]] he was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from the [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla Lok Sabha]] constituency of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]].

Member of Parliament - (i) [[1st Lok Sabha|First Lok Sabha]], 1952-57 (ii) [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second Lok Sabha]], 1957–62, (iii) [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third Lok Sabha]], 1962–67, (iv) [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth Lok Sabha]], 1967-70 and (v) [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth Lok Sabha]], 1971–77.

Member – (i) Parliamentary Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], 1952–67 and (ii) Estimates Committee, 1959–61.

== Administrative work ==
President, (i) South Eastern Railwaymen's Congress, Nainpur Branch since 1953, (ii) South Eastern Railway Ministerial Staff Association, Nainpur Branch since 1954;

Member, (i) Madhya Pradesh Tribal Advisory Council since 1950, (ii) All India Tribal Advisory Board and Scholarship Board, 1956–60, (iii) Adivasi Vikas Niti Nirdharan Ayog, M.P. State since 1968, (iv) Goodwill Team, Bastar, 1961, (v) Western Railway Zonal Consultative Committee, 1967, (vi) Food Situation Study Team, Bengal, (vii) Agricultural Labour Minimum Daily Wages Committee, Madhya Pradesh;

== Awards ==
Awards - Recipient of Award of "[[Padma Shri Awards (1960-1969)|Padma Shri]]" in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Publications - Report on the working of Akhil Gond Mahasabha from 1935 to 1945.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1083.htm Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile] [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sahba]] ([[Parliament of India]]).
* [http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html Lok Sabha Results 1951-52]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102132934/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok01/party/01ls01.htm Members of First Lok Sabha]
* [http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html Lok Sabha Results 1957]
* [http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1962-election-results.html Lok Sabha Results 1962]
* [http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html Lok Sabha Results 1967]
* [http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html Lok Sabha Results 1971]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf Padma Awards Directory 1954-2014] [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (India).

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Parliament of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uikey, Mangru Ganu}}
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:People from Mandla district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Madhya Pradesh]]

Trithuria

2026-03-20T14:10:32Z

JamelSkidmore: made...

{{Short description|Genus of aquatic plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Trithuria submersa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
|image_caption = Complete ''Trithuria submersa'' specimen
|taxon = Trithuria
|authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
|type_species = ''[[Trithuria submersa]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=j/>
|synonyms =
*''Hydatella'' Diels
*''Juncella'' F.Muell. ex Hieron.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Species and distribution|See here]]
}}

'''''Trithuria''''' is a [[genus]] of small ephemeral [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] that represent the only members of the family [[Hydatellaceae]] found in [[India]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=j>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=270876 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marques|first1=Isabel|last2=Montgomery|first2=Sean A.|last3=Barker|first3=Michael S.|last4=Macfarlane|first4=Terry D.|last5=Conran|first5=John G.|last6=Catalán|first6=Pilar|last7=Rieseberg|first7=Loren H.|last8=Rudall|first8=Paula J.|last9=Graham|first9=Sean W.|date=2016-04-01|title=Transcriptome-derived evidence supports recent polyploidization and a major phylogeographic division in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales)|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=210|issue=1|pages=310–323|doi=10.1111/nph.13755|pmid=26612464|issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016NewPh.210..310M }}</ref> Almost all described species of ''Trithuria'' are found in Australia, with the exception of ''T. inconspicua'' and ''T. konkanensis'', from New Zealand and India respectively.<ref name="sokoloff2008">Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, and Paula J. Rudall. 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula-Rudall/publication/233621193_Classification_of_the_early-divergent_angiosperm_family_Hydatellaceae_One_genus_instead_of_two_four_new_species_and_sexual_dimorphism_in_dioecious_taxa/links/0a85e5329b5e2171eb000000/Classification-of-the-early-divergent-angiosperm-family-Hydatellaceae-One-genus-instead-of-two-four-new-species-and-sexual-dimorphism-in-dioecious-taxa.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D "Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa".] ''Taxon'' '''57'''(1):179-200.</ref><ref name="Yadav">Yadav SR, Janarthanam MK. 1995 Trithuria konkanensis (Hydatellaceae), eine neue Art aus Indien. ''Aqua Planta'' '''20'''. (3): 91-97 (1995).</ref> Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of [[Triuridaceae]] (''Lacandonia schizmatica'' and ''L. braziliana'') in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=Inside-out flowers of Lacandonia brasiliana (Triuridaceae) provide new insights into fundamental aspects of floral patterning | last1= Rudall | first1= Paula J. | journal= PeerJ| date= February 4, 2016 | volume= 4| article-number= e1653| doi= 10.7717/peerj.1653| pmid= 26870611| pmc= 4748704 | doi-access= free }}</ref>

These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families [[Nymphaeaceae]] and [[Cabombaceae]].<ref>{{citation | title = Botany: New home for tiny aquatics | author = Else Marie Friis & Peter Crane | journal = Nature | volume = 446 | pages = 269–270 | date = 15 March 2007 | doi = 10.1038/446269a | pmid = 17361167 | issue = 7133 | bibcode = 2007Natur.446..269F | doi-access = free }}</ref> Together, these three families compose the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Nymphaeales]] in the [[APG III system]] of flowering plant classification. ''Trithuria'' (Hydatellaceae) diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its [[sister taxon]], although the [[crown clade]] evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene (~19 Ma;<ref name="Iles Lee Sokoloff Remizowa 2014 p=102">{{cite journal | last1=Iles | first1=William J D | last2=Lee | first2=Christopher | last3=Sokoloff | first3=Dmitry D | last4=Remizowa | first4=Margarita V | last5=Yadav | first5=Shrirang R | last6=Barrett | first6=Matthew D | last7=Barrett | first7=Russell L | last8=Macfarlane | first8=Terry D | last9=Rudall | first9=Paula J | last10=Graham | first10=Sean W | title=Reconstructing the age and historical biogeography of the ancient flowering-plant family Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=2014 | issn=1471-2148 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-102 | page=102| pmid=24884487 | pmc=4030046 | bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..102I | doi-access=free }}</ref>). The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except [[Amborellales]].

''Trithuria'' exhibits a remarkable similarity to ''[[Centrolepis]]'' and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus.<ref name = "Sokoloff et al., 2009">Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2009). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.0900074 "Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: the most remarkable range of variation in Poales."] American Journal of Botany, 96(11), 1925-1940.</ref>

The genus consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges (order [[Poales]]), but has been reassigned to the order [[Nymphaeales]] as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to [[monocots]], which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="Givnish Zuluaga Spalink Soto Gomez pp. 1888–1910">{{cite journal | last1=Givnish | first1=Thomas J. | last2=Zuluaga | first2=Alejandro | last3=Spalink | first3=Daniel | last4=Soto Gomez | first4=Marybel | last5=Lam | first5=Vivienne K. Y. | last6=Saarela | first6=Jeffrey M. | last7=Sass | first7=Chodon | last8=Iles | first8=William J. D. | last9=de Sousa | first9=Danilo José Lima | last10=Leebens-Mack | first10=James | last11=Chris Pires | first11=J. | last12=Zomlefer | first12=Wendy B. | last13=Gandolfo | first13=Maria A. | last14=Davis | first14=Jerrold I. | last15=Stevenson | first15=Dennis W. | last16=dePamphilis | first16=Claude | last17=Specht | first17=Chelsea D. | last18=Graham | first18=Sean W. | last19=Barrett | first19=Craig F. | last20=Ané | first20=Cécile|author20-link= Cécile Ané | title=Monocot plastid phylogenomics, timeline, net rates of species diversification, the power of multi-gene analyses, and a functional model for the origin of monocots | journal=American Journal of Botany | publisher=Wiley | volume=105 | issue=11 | date=2018-10-24 | issn=0002-9122 | doi=10.1002/ajb2.1178 | pmid=30368769 | pages=1888–1910| doi-access=free | hdl=2027.42/146610 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Flowering ''Trithuria submersa'']]
[[File:Trithuria inconspicua iNat2.jpg|thumb|right|''Trithuria inconspicua'']]
[[File:Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (1904) (20402793025).jpg|thumb|right|Botanical illustration of ''Trithuria australis'']]
Plants are submerged and emergent aquatic plants, rooted in the substrate below the water. They are tiny plants, just a few cm tall. Most species are ephemeral aquatics that flower in vernal pools when the water draws down, but several species are submerged perennials found in shallow lakes. The simple leaves are concentrated basally around a short stem. Individual species are cosexual (with several types of [[hermaphroditic]] conditions) or [[dioecious]], and are either [[Wind pollination|wind-pollinated]] (anemophilous) or self-pollinating ([[autogamy|autogamous]]). Two predominantly [[apomictic]] species are also known.<ref name="Smissen Ford Champion Heenan 2019 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Smissen | first1=Rob D. | last2=Ford | first2=Kerry A. | last3=Champion | first3=Paul D. | last4=Heenan | first4=Peter B. | title=Genetic variation in Trithuria inconspicua and T. filamentosa (Hydatellaceae): a new subspecies and a hypothesis of apomixis arising within a predominantly selfing lineage | journal=Australian Systematic Botany | publisher=CSIRO Publishing | year=2019 | issn=1030-1887 | doi=10.1071/sb18013 | s2cid=91261563 }}</ref> Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be [[pseudanthium|pseudanthia]]. The non-fleshy fruits are [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] or [[achene]]s.<ref name=FloraBase>{{cite web |editor1-first=T.D. |editor1-last=Macfarlane |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Watson |editor3-first=N.G. |editor3-last=Marchant |date=2000 |title=Hydatellaceae U Hamann |work=FloraBase: Flora of Western Australian |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a |access-date=2013-11-15 |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714142703/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a }}</ref> Hydatellaceae are unusual among angiosperms in allocating nutrients to the embryo before fertilization. In all other flowering plants, nutrient provisioning is known to occur only after fertilization. This trait is similar to [[gymnosperm]]s, although in gymnosperms the nutrients come from the [[gametophyte]] rather than maternal tissue.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354395/ Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies]</ref>

===Cytology===
The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria inconspicua'' subsp. ''inconspicua'' is 2n = c. 24.
The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria submersa'' is 2n = 56.<ref name = "Flora of New Zealand">Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | ''Trithuria''. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Trithuria.html</ref> The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species ''Trithuria konkanensis'' 2n = 40.<ref name = "Remizowa et al., 2008">Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00173130802184214 "Comparative pollen morphology in the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level."] Grana, 47(2), 81-100.</ref> The diploid chromosome count of ''Trithuria australis'' is 2n = 14.<ref name = "Sokoloff et al., 2019">Sokoloff, D. D., Marques, I., Macfarlane, T. D., Remizowa, M. V., Lam, V. K. Y., Pellicer, J., … Graham, S. W. (2019). Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data. TAXON, 68(1), 1–19. doi:10.1002/tax.12026</ref>

==Etymology==
The generic name ''Trithuria'' is derived from the Greek words τρεις ''treis'' meaning "three", and θυρις ''thyris'' meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the capsule fruit.<ref name = "Hooker, 1844">Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Fitch, W. H., & Reeve Brothers. (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross (Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 78-79). Reeve Brothers. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28467263</ref><ref name = "Seeds of South Australia">Department for Environment and Water. (n.d.). ''Trithuria submersa'' (Hydatellaceae) | Seeds of South Australia - Species information. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619</ref>

==Taxonomy==

The genus ''Trithuria'' {{small|Hook.f.}} was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858<ref name=sokoloff2008/><ref name = "POWO">{{cite POWO |id=6727-1 |title=''Trithuria'' Hook.f. |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> with the type species ''Trithuria submersa'' {{small|Hook.f.}}<ref name=sokoloff2008/> It has two synonyms: In 1888 the genus ''Juncella'' {{small|F.Muell. ex Hieron.}} was described<ref name=sokoloff2008/> without a type designation<ref name = "auNSL a">''Juncella'' F.Muell. ex Hieron. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/520743</ref> by [[Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus]] based on previous work by [[Ferdinand von Mueller]].<ref name=sokoloff2008/> Mueller had invalidly published the [[nom. inval.|nomen invalidum]] and [[nomen nudum]] ''Juncella tasmanica'' {{small|F.Muell.}} in 1854.<ref>''Juncella tasmanica'' | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/129787-3</ref><ref>''Juncella tasmanica'' F.Muell. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/96340/api/apni-format</ref> ''Juncella'' is a [[nomen illegitimum]].<ref name=sokoloff2008/> In 1904 the genus ''Hydatella'' {{small|Diels}} was described by [[Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels]]<ref name = "Hamann, 1976">Hamann, U. (1976). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.1976.10428894 Hydatellaceae—a new family of Monocotyledoneae.] New Zealand Journal of Botany, 14(2), 193-196.</ref> without a type designation,<ref name = "auNSL b">''Hydatella'' Diels. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/86441/api/apni-format</ref> but the [[lectotype]] ''Hydatella australis'' {{small|Diels.}} has been designated in 2008.<ref name=sokoloff2008/> The genus ''Hydatella'' was synonymised with ''Trithuria'' in 2008.<ref name=sokoloff2008/>

''Trithuria'' was initially placed in the family Centrolepidaceae {{small|Endl.}}<ref name = "Saarela et al., 2007">{{citation | title = Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree | author = Jeffery M. Saarela1 | journal = Nature | volume = 446 | pages = 312–315 | date = 15 March 2007 | doi = 10.1038/nature05612 | pmid = 17361182 | issue = 7133 | bibcode = 2007Natur.446..312S | s2cid = 4415881 |display-authors=etal| url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3652&context=biosci_pubs | url-access = subscription }}</ref> (now synonymous with [[Restionaceae]] {{small|R.Br.}}),<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77126761-1 |title=Restionaceae R.Br. |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> which is placed in the order [[Poales]] {{small|Small}}<ref name = "Linder & Rudall, 2005">Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula-Rudall/publication/201999057_Evolutionary_History_of_Poales/links/0c96052b3245664030000000/Evolutionary-History-of-Poales.pdf Evolutionary history of Poales.] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 36(1), 107-124.</ref> but it was separated as its own family Hydatellaceae {{small|U.Hamann}} by [[Ulrich Hamann]] in 1976<ref>Hamann, Ulrich | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/a/5-1</ref><ref name = "Hamann, 1976" /><ref>{{cite POWO |id=8-1 |title=Hydatellaceae U.Hamann |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref> with ''Hydatella'' {{small|Diels}} as the type genus. Upon its separation, Hamann stated the new families affinity or placement were still obscure.<ref name = "Hamann, 1976" /> The correct placement of the family became apparent in 2007, when it was identified as a basal angiosperm lineage.<ref name = "Saarela et al., 2007" /> The family Hydatellaceae is now placed in the order Nymphaeales {{small|Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl.}}.<ref name = "WFO, 2024">WFO (2024): Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000354. Accessed on: 17 Nov 2024</ref> Alternatively, it is placed in a separate order Hydatellales {{small|Cronquist ex Reveal & Doweld}} validly published by [[James L. Reveal|James Lauritz Reveal]] and [[Alexander Borissowitsch Doweld]] in 1999 based on previous work by [[Arthur Cronquist]] (see the [[Cronquist system]]).<ref name = "Doweld, 2022">Doweld A.B. 2022. [https://www.palaeobotanicalsociety.org/geophytology/vol52_2022/1.%20Doweld%2030.pdf New names of fossil Nymphaeaceae and allied forms.] Geophytology 52(1&2): 1–28.</ref><ref name = "Reveal & Doweld, 1999">Reveal, J. L., & Doweld, A. B. (1999). Validation of Some Suprageneric Names in Magnoliophyta. Novon, 9(4), 549–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392163</ref> This is however not widely accepted, as the order Hydatellales is mostly treated as a synonym of Nymphaeales.<ref name = "WFO, 2024" /><ref name = "NZFlora">Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-b). Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Nymphaeales.html</ref><ref name = "Reveal, 2012">Reveal, J. L. (2012). [https://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Magnoliidae.pdf An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants.] Phytoneuron, 37(1), 1-221.</ref><ref name = "Reveal & Chase, 2011">Reveal, J. L., & Chase, M. W. (2011). [https://plantnetwork.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2746/apg2fulltext.pdf APG III: Bibliographical information and synonymy of Magnoliidae.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227060710/https://plantnetwork.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2746/apg2fulltext.pdf |date=2021-12-27 }} Phytotaxa, 19, 71-134.</ref>

===Hydatellales===

'''Hydatellales''' is a [[botanical name]] for an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s. In the [[Cronquist system]], 1981, the name was used for an order placed in the subclass [[Commelinidae]] in class [[Liliopsida]] [=monocotyledons]. The order consisted of one family only: ''Hydatellaceae''

Similarly the [[Dahlgren system]] recognised this order (with the same circumscription and placed it in superorder [[Commelinanae]] in subclass [[Liliidae]] [=monocotyledons].

The [[APG II system]] assigned these plants to the order [[Poales]], close to the grasses and sedges. Recent study by Saarela ''et al.'',<ref>Saarela, Jeffery M., Hardeep S. Rai, James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress, Sarah Mathews, Adam D. Marchant, Barbara G. Briggs & Sean W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446:312-315.</ref> however, suggests a position out of the Poales; here, the Hydatellaceae link with the [[Nymphaeaceae|waterlilies]], the first time a plant has been ejected from the monocots. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]<ref>Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Nymphaeales. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006. Accessed 21 March 2007.</ref> had since updated the [[Nymphaeales]] page to include the family.

===Hydatellaceae===
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Hydatellaceae
| image = Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (1904) (20402793025).jpg
| image_caption = Botanical illustration of ''[[Trithuria australis]]'' from 1904
| authority = [[Ulrich Hamann|U.Hamann]]<ref name=APGIII /><ref name=FloraBase />
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''Trithuria'' Hook.f.
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = "POWO, 2023">{{cite POWO |id=8-1 |title=''Hydatellaceae'' U.Hamann |accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''Hydatellaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of small, aquatic [[flowering plant]]s that includes only the genus ''Trithuria'' Hook.f., which in 2008 was re-defined to include the genus ''Hydatella'' Diels. The type species is ''Trithuria submersa'' Hook.f.<ref name=SokoRemiMacfRuda08>{{cite journal |last1=Sokoloff |first1=Dmitry D. |last2=Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, Paula J. Rudall |first2=Margarita V. |last3=Macfarlane |first3=Terry D. |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |year=2008 |title=Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233621193 |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |pages=179–200 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

The family was for many years assumed to be a close relative of the [[Poales|grasses and sedges]] and was even sometimes lumped under the [[Poales|poalean]] family [[Centrolepidaceae]]. Even as recently as 2003, the [[APG II system]] assigned Hydatellaceae to the grass order Poales in the [[commelinid]] [[monocots]]. However, research based on DNA sequences and morphology by Saarela ''et al.'' indicates that Hydatellaceae is the living sister group of the water lilies ([[Nymphaeaceae]] and [[Cabombaceae]]) and thus represents one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants.<ref name=SaarRaiDoylEndr07>{{cite journal |last1=Saarela |first1=Jeffery M. |last2=Rai |first2=Hardeep S. |last3=Doyle |first3=James A. |last4=Endress |first4=Peter K. |last5=Mathews |first5=Sarah |last6=Marchant |first6=Adam D. |last7=Briggs |first7=Barbara G. |last8=Graham |first8=Sean W. |year=2007 |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=312–315 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=17361182|bibcode=2007Natur.446..312S |s2cid=4415881 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/2653 }}</ref> Developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants. As aquatic herbs, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to [[derived trait|derived characteristics]] that create a morphological similarity to the more distant taxon. Careful reanalysis of their morphological traits and comparisons with other so-called 'basal' angiosperms have supported this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment".<ref name=RudaSokoRemiConr07>{{cite journal |last1=Rudall |first1=Paula J. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Remizowa |first3=Margarita V. |last4=Conran |first4=John G. |last5=Davis |first5=Jerrold I. |last6=Macfarlane |first6=Terry D. |last7=Stevenson |first7=Dennis W. |year=2007 |title=Morphology of Hydatellaceae, an anomalous aquatic family recently recognized as an early-divergent angiosperm lineage |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=7 |pages=1073–1092 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.7.1073 |pmid=21636477|hdl=2440/44423 |s2cid=10405562 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=FriiCranPede11>{{cite book |last1=Friis |first1=Else Marie |author-link=Else Marie Friis |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |last3=Pederses |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |year=2011 |title=Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-12392-1 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> This realignment is now recognized in the [[APG III system|APG III]] and [[APG IV system]]s of classification.<ref name=APGIII>{{cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Species and distribution===

Trithuria has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.<ref name="Sokoloff Marques Macfarlane Remizowa p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Sokoloff | first1=Dmitry D. | last2=Marques | first2=Isabel | last3=Macfarlane | first3=Terry D. | last4=Remizowa | first4=Margarita V. | last5=Lam | first5=Vivienne K.Y. | last6=Pellicer | first6=Jaume | last7=Hidalgo | first7=Oriane | last8=Rudall | first8=Paula J. | last9=Graham | first9=Sean W. | title=Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data | journal=Taxon | volume=68 | pages=1–19 | publisher=Wiley | date=2019-04-14 | issue=1 | issn=0040-0262 | doi=10.1002/tax.12026 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2019Taxon..68....1S }}</ref>

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Trithuria''<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dmitry D. |last1=Sokoloff |first2=Margarita V. |last2=Remizowa |first3=Anton S. |last3=Beer |first4=Shrirang R. |last4=Yadav |first5=Terry D. |last5=Macfarlane |first6=Margaret M. |last6=Ramsay |first7=Paula J. |last7=Rudall |date=May 2013 |title=Impact of spatial constraints during seed germination on the evolution of angiosperm cotyledons: A case study from tropical Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=824–843 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1200620|pmid=23613353 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Will |last1=Iles |first2=Paula J. |last2=Rudall |first3=D. D. |last3=Sokoloff |first4=Sean W |last4=Graham |date=March 2012 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual-system homoplasy and a new sectional classification |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=663–676 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100524|pmid=22473977 |bibcode=2012AmJB...99..663I }}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Trithuria sect. Altoﬁnia|sect. ''Altofinia'']]
|1={{clade
|1=''T. cookeana''
|2=''T. cowieana''
}}
|label2=[[Trithuria sect. Hamannia|sect. ''Hamannia'']]
|2={{clade
|1=''T. polybracteata''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. konkanensis''
|2=''T. lanterna''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Trithuria sect. Trithuria|sect. ''Trithuria'']]
|1={{clade
|1=''T. occidentalis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. bibracteata''
|2=''T. submersa''
}}
}}
|label2=[[Trithuria sect. Hydatella|sect. ''Hydatella'']]
|2={{clade
|1=''T. austinensis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. australis''
|2={{clade
|1=''T. filamentosa''
|2=''T. inconspicua''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
# ''[[Trithuria austinensis]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria australis]]'' (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria bibracteata]]'' Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria cookeana]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia
# ''[[Trithuria cowieana]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory
# ''[[Trithuria filamentosa]]'' Rodway - Tasmania
# ''[[Trithuria fitzgeraldii]]'' D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria inconspicua]]'' Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand [[Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla|''Trithuria'' inconspicua subsp. ''brevistyla'']] K.A.Ford - endemic to South Island, New Zealand
# ''[[Trithuria konkanensis]]'' S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra
# ''[[Trithuria lanterna]]'' D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland
# ''[[Trithuria occidentalis]]'' Benth. - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria polybracteata]]'' D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
# ''[[Trithuria submersa]]'' Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania

==Conservation==
The [[IUCN]] conservation status of ''Trithuria lanterna'' is Least Concern (LC).<ref name = "Brummitt, 2013">Brummitt, N. 2013. ''Trithuria lanterna''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392948A44408157. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392948A44408157.en. Accessed on 13 December 2024.</ref> ''Trithuria inconspicua'' is critically endangered.<ref name = "Northland Regional Council">Critically endangered Northland lake plant voted NZ's favourite plant 2024. (2024, November 5). Northland Regional Council. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://www.nrc.govt.nz/news/2024/november/critically-endangered-northland-lake-plant-voted-nz-s-favourite-plant-2024/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
:* Hydatellaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).,''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 27 April 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060424062016/http://delta-intkey.com/
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818092938/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/03/hydatellaceae_1.php Hydatellaceae photographs]
:* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=178426&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7844293|from2=Q10298991|from3=Q131515}}

{{Angiosperm families}}
[[Category:Nymphaeales genera]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
[[Category:Nymphaeales]]

Administrative divisions of Hyderabad

2026-03-19T16:20:39Z

JamelSkidmore: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}''' Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards''' are divided by the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) for its planning and development in Hyderabad, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf | title=Delimination of Election Wards | publisher=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] | access-date=4 September 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110083915/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf | archivedate=10 November 2011 }}</ref> The city of Hyderabad is divided into six zones:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/GHMC_Circles.pdf|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Zones and Circles|publisher=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref> Charminar, L. B. Nagar, Serilingampally, Kukatpally, Secunderabad and Khairatabad. Each zone is further divided into circles, thirty in total. The circles are subdivided into 150 wards, each with around 36,000 people in 2007;<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/14/stories/2007081458790200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203121251/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/14/stories/2007081458790200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 December 2007 | title=BJP's plea to GHMC Commissioner | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | location=[[Chennai]] | date=14 August 2007 | access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> which later increased to 40,000 - 50,000 people in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-to-add-50-more-wards-act-to-be-amended/articleshow/74719087.cms|title=GHMC to add 50 more wards, Act to be amended}}</ref> After the 2025 delimitation, the number of wards were increased to 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-09 |title=State notifies GHMC ward strength at 300 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Dec/09/state-notifies-ghmc-ward-strength-at-300 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-08 |title=Expanded GHMC to have 300 wards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/expanded-ghmc-to-have-300-wards/article70373741.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History==
On April 16, 2007 , the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad was expanded into GHMC by merging 12 municipalities and eight grama panchayats surrounding the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/greater-hyderabad-formed-107041801041_1.html|title=Greater Hyderabad formed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-expansion-plan-likely-to-double-wards-of-civic-body-to-300/articleshow/125679581.cms|title=GHMC expansaion plan likely to double wards of civic body to 300}}</ref> The number of wards then had gone up from 100 to 150.<ref name="2007history"/> The number of zones increased to 6, number of circles expanded to 30.

=== 2007 List of wards ===
[[File:GHMC NEW ZONES,CIRCLE MAP.jpg|thumb|The old GHMC is divided into six municipal zones]]
[[File:Circles_in_hyderabad.svg|thumb|The five old zones are divided into 30 circles]]
[[File:Municipal Wards in Hyderabad.svg|thumb|The 150 old wards of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[File:Wards of Hyderabad 2011.pdf|thumb|]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Zone
! colspan="2" |Circle
! rowspan="2" | Ward
|-
!#
!Name
|-
! rowspan="30" | [[L. B. Nagar]]
| rowspan="6" |1
| rowspan="6" |[[Kapra]]
| 1. [[Kapra]]
|-
| 2. [[A. S. Rao Nagar|Dr AS Rao Nagar]]
|-
| 3. [[Cherlapally]]
|-
| 4. [[Moula-Ali#Sub-regions of Moula Ali|Meerpet HB Colony]]
|-
| 5. [[Mallapur]]
|-
| 6. [[Nacharam]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" |[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
| 7. [[Chilukanagar]]
|-
| 8. [[Habsiguda]]
|-
| 9. [[Ramanthapur]]
|-
| 10. [[Uppal Village|Uppal]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
| rowspan="4" |[[Hayathnagar]]
| 11. [[Nagole]]
|-
| 12. [[Mansoorabad, Hyderabad|Mansoorabad]]
|-
| 13. [[Hayathnagar|Hayaat nagar]]
|-
| 14. [[BN Reddy Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |4
| rowspan="4" |[[LB Nagar]]
| 15. [[Vanasthalipuram]]
|-
| 16. [[Hastinapuram]]
|-
| 17. [[Champapet]]
|-
| 18. [[Lingojiguda]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |5
| rowspan="5" |[[Saroornagar]]
| 19. [[Saroornagar]]
|-
| 20. [[Rama Krishna Puram, Hyderabad|Rama Krishna Puram]]
|-
| 21. [[Kothapet, Hyderabad|Kothapet]]
|-
| 22. [[Chaitanyapuri]]
|-
| 23. [[Gaddiannaram]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |–
|[[Dammaiguda]]
| rowspan="7" |–
|-
|[[Ghatkesar]]
|-
|[[Meerpet–Jillelguda]]
|-
|[[Pedda Amberpet]]
|-
|[[Peerzadiguda]]
|-
|[[Pocharam, Medak district|Pocharam]]
|-
|[[Tukkuguda]]
|-
! rowspan="41" | [[Charminar]]
| rowspan="7" |6
| rowspan="7" |[[Malakpet]]
| 24. [[Saidabad]]
|-
| 25. [[Moosrambagh]]
|-
| 26. [[Old Malakpet]]
|-
| 27. [[Akberbagh]]
|-
| 28. [[Azampura]]
|-
| 29. [[Chawani]]
|-
| 30. [[Dabeerpura]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |7
| rowspan="6" |[[Santoshnagar]]
| 31. [[Rein Bazar]]
|-
| 34. [[Talabchanchalam]]
|-
| 35. [[Gowlipura]]
|-
| 37. [[Kurmaguda]]
|-
| 38. [[IS SADAN]]
|-
| 39. [[Santosh Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |8
| rowspan="7" |[[Chandrayangutta]]
| 36. [[Lalithbagh]]
|-
| 40. [[Riyasath Nagar]]
|-
| 41. [[Kanchanbagh]]
|-
| 42. [[Badrachal, Hyderabad|Barkas]]
|-
| 43. [[Chandrayangutta]]
|-
| 44. [[Uppuguda]]
|-
| 45. [[Jangammet]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |9
| rowspan="5" |[[Charminar]]
| 32. [[Pathergatti]]
|-
| 33. [[Moghalpura]]
|-
| 48. [[Shalibanda]]
|-
| 49. [[Ghansi Bazar]]
|-
| 52. [[Puranapul]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |10
| rowspan="6" |[[Falaknuma]]
| 46. [[Falaknuma]]
|-
| 47. [[Nawab Saheb Kunta]]
|-
| 53. [[Doodbowli]]
|-
| 54. [[Jahanuma]]
|-
| 55. [[Ramnaspura]]
|-
| 56. [[Kishanbagh]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |11
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendra Nagar]]
| 60. [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendra Nagar]]
|-
| 61. [[Attapur]]
|-
| 57. [[Suleman Nagar]]
|-
| 58. [[Shastri puram]]
|-
| 59. [[Mylardevpally]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |–
|[[Adibatla]]
| rowspan="5" |–
|-
|[[Badangpet]]
|-
|[[Jalpally]]
|-
|[[Shamshabad]]
|-
|[[Turkayamjal]]
|-
! rowspan="27" | [[Khairatabad]]
| rowspan="7" |12
| rowspan="7" |[[Mehdipatnam]]
| 70. [[Mehdipatnam]]
|-
| 71. [[Gudimalkapur]]
|-
| 72. [[Asif Nagar]]
|-
| 73. [[Vijayanagar Colony]]
|-
| 74. [[Ahmed Nagar]]
|-
| 75. [[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]]
|-
| 76. [[Mallepally]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |13
| rowspan="6" |[[Karwan]]
| 62. [[Ziaguda]]
|-
| 65. [[Karwan]]
|-
| 66. Langer House
|-
| 67. [[Golconda]]
|-
| 68. [[Tolichowki]]
|-
| 69. [[Nanalnagar]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |14
| rowspan="6" |[[Goshamahal]]
| 50. [[Begum Bazar]]
|-
| 51. [[Gosha Mahal]]
|-
| 63. [[Manghalhat]]
|-
| 64. [[Dattathreyanagar]]
|-
| 77. [[Jambagh]](Nampally)
|-
| 78. [[Gunfoundry]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |17
| rowspan="4" |[[Khairatabad]]
| 91. [[Khairtabad]]
|-
| 97. [[Somajiguda]]
|-
| 98. [[Ameerpet]]
|-
| 100. [[Sanathnagar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |18
| rowspan="4" |[[Jubilee Hills]]
| 92. [[Venkateshwara Colony]]
|-
| 93. [[Banjara Hills]]
|-
| 94. [[Shaikpet Hyderabad|Shaikpet]]
|-
| 95. [[Jubilee Hills]]
|-
! rowspan="31" | [[Secunderabad]]
| rowspan="6" |16
| rowspan="6" |[[Amberpet]]
| 79. [[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayathnagar]]
|-
| 80. [[Kachiguda]] [[Barkatpura]]
|-
| 81. [[Nallakunta]]
|-
| 82. [[Golnaka]]
|-
| 83. [[Amberpet]]
|-
| 84. [[Bagh Amberpet]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |15
| rowspan="6" |[[Musheerabad]]
| 85. [[Adikmet]]
|-
| 86. [[Musheerabad]]
|-
| 87. [[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]]
|-
| 88. [[Bholakpur]]
|-
| 89. [[Gandhinagar, Hyderabad|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 90. [[Kavadiguda]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |28
| rowspan="6" |[[Malkajgiri]]
| 136 - [[Neredmet]]
|-
| 137 - [[Vinayak Nagar]]
|-
| 138 - [[Moula-Ali]]
|-
| 139 - [[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|-
| 140 - [[Malkajgiri]]
|-
| 141 - [[Gautham Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |29
| rowspan="5" |[[Secunderabad]]
| 142. [[Addagutta]]
|-
| 143. [[Tarnaka]]
|-
| 144. [[Mettuguda]]
|-
| 145. [[Sitaphalmandi]]
|-
| 146. [[Boudha Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |30
| rowspan="4" |[[Begumpet]]
| 147. [[Bansilalpet]]
|-
| 148 - [[Ramgopal Pet]]
|-
| 149 - [[Begumpet]]
|-
| 150 - [[Monda Market]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |–
|[[Boduppal]]
| rowspan="4" |–
|-
|[[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]]
|-
|[[Nagaram, Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Nagaram]]
|-
|[[Thumkunta]]
|-
! rowspan="21" | [[Serilingampally]]
| rowspan="5" |19
| rowspan="5" |[[Yousufguda]]
| 96. [[Yousufguda]]
|-
| 99. [[Vengalrao Nagar]]
|-
| 101. [[Erragadda]]
|-
| 102. [[Rahamath Nagar]]
|-
| 103. [[Borabanda]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |20
| rowspan="4" |[[Serilingampally]]
| 104. [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]]
|-
| 105. [[Gachibowli]]
|-
| 106. [[Serilingampally]]
|-
| 111(P). [[Bharathinagar(P)]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |21
| rowspan="4" |[[Chandanagar]]
| 107. [[Madhapur]]
|-
| 108. [[Miyapur]]
|-
| 109. [[Hafeezpet]]
|-
| 110. [[Chanda Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |22
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramachandrapuram, Telangana|Ramachandrapuram]] / [[Patancheru|Patancheruvu]]
| 111(P). [[Bharathinagar(P)]]
|-
| 112. [[Ramachandrapuram, Medak district|Ramachandrapuram]]
|-
| 113. [[Patancheruvu]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |–
|[[Ameenpur]]
| rowspan="5" |–
|-
|[[Bandlaguda Jagir]]
|-
|[[Manikonda]]
|-
|[[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]]
|-
|[[Tellapur]]
|-
! rowspan="28" | [[Kukatpally]]
| rowspan="5" |23
| rowspan="5" |[[Moosapet]]
| 114. [[KPHB Colony]]
|-
| 115. Balaji Nagar
|-
| 116. [[Allapur, Nalgandla|Allapur]]
|-
| 117. [[Moosapet]]
|-
| 118. [[Fathe Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |24
| rowspan="6" |[[Kukatpally]]
| 119. [[Old Bowenpally]]
|-
| 120. [[Balanagar, Medchal district|Balanagar]]
|-
| 121. [[Kukatpally]]
|-
| 122. [[Vivekananda Nagar Colony]]
|-
| 123. [[Hydernagar]]
|-
| 124. [[Allwyn Colony]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |25
| rowspan="4" |[[Quthbullapur]]
| 127. [[Rangareddy nagar]]
|-
| 130. [[Subhashnagar]]
|-
| 131. [[Qutbullapur]]
|-
| 132. [[Jeedimetla]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |26
| rowspan="4" |Gajula Ramaram
| 125. [[Gajula Ramaram]]
|-
| 126. [[Jagadgirigutta]]
|-
| 128. [[Chintal]]
|-
| 129. [[Suraram, Ranga Reddy district|Suraram]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |27
| rowspan="3" |[[Alwal]]
| 133. [[Macha Bollaram]]
|-
| 134. [[Alwal]]
|-
| 135. [[Venkatapuram, Hyderabad|Venkatapuram]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |–
|[[Bolarum]]
| rowspan="6" |–
|-
|[[Dundigal]]
|-
|[[Gundlapochampally]]
|-
|[[Kompally]]
|-
|[[Medchal]]
|-
|[[Nizampet]]
|}

=== 2025 Delimitation ===
The number of wards in GHMC increased from 150 to 300 as part of restructuring notified in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=GHMC gets flak for ‘unscientific’ ward boundaries; over 4,000 objections filed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-gets-flak-for-unscientific-ward-boundaries-over-4000-objections-filed/articleshow/126018253.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-27 |title=GHMC may be put under special officer’s rule as poll, rejig face delays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-may-be-put-under-special-officers-rule-as-poll-rejig-face-delays/articleshow/125597809.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The increase was result of merger of 27 surrounding urban local bodies, including 20 municipalities and seven corporations, into GHMC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/quicklinks/Delimitation%20of%20Greater%20Hyderabad%20Municipal%20Corporation.pdf|title=December 2025 notification}}</ref> In November 2025, it was announced that the 27 adjoining [[List of urban local bodies in Telangana|urban local bodies]] (7 municipal corporations: [[Badangpet]], [[Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation|Bandlaguda Jagir]], [[Meerpet–Jillelguda]], [[Boduppal]], [[Peerzadiguda]], [[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]], [[Nizampet]] and 20 municipalities: [[Pedda Amberpet]], [[Jalpally]], [[Shamshabad]], [[Turkayamjal]], [[Manikonda]], [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]], [[Adibatla]], [[Tukkuguda]], [[Medchal]], [[Dammaiguda]], [[Nagaram, Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Nagaram]], [[Pocharam, Medak district|Pocharam]], [[Ghatkesar]], [[Gundlapochampally]], [[Thumkunta]], [[Kompally]], [[Dundigal]], [[Bolarum]], [[Tellapur]], [[Ameenpur]]) will be merged into GHMC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-26 |title=Megapolis in making: Hyderabad set for major expansion as 27 ULBs join GHMC; 150 wards to get Rs 2cr each in massive development drive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/megapolis-in-making-hyderabad-set-for-major-expansion-as-27-ulbs-join-ghmc-150-wards-to-get-rs-2cr-each-in-massive-development-drive/articleshow/125578768.cms |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-26 |title=Telangana Cabinet approves GHMC expansion, underground power network, new DISCOM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Nov/26/telangana-cabinet-approves-ghmc-expansion-underground-power-network-new-discom |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-11-25 |title=Hyderabad to expand, Telangana Cabinet approves merging 27 urban local bodies with GHMC |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabad-to-expand-telangana-cabinet-approves-merging-27-urban-local-bodies-with-ghmc |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keval |first=Varun |date=2025-11-25 |title=Hyderabad: GHMC Becomes Bigger Than Ever: New Map, New Jurisdictions, New Rules |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-ghmc-becomes-bigger-than-ever-new-map-new-jurisdictions-new-rules-1026185 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]], delimitation has resulted in 70 to 80 wards, while in the outer areas — where populations touch 70,000 — GHMC has created just one ward. With this proposed delimitation, GHMC's jurisdiction has expanded from 650 sq km to 2,053 sq km, making it the largest municipal corporation in the country in terms of both area and population.<ref name="2007history">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/refixation-of-wards-doubles-ghmc-seats-to-300-from-150-101765308297657.html|title=Re-fixation of wards doubles GHMC seats to 300 from 150}}</ref> The ward boundaries had to be finalised by 31 December 2025, ahead of the [[2027 census of India|2026–27 Census]] — the first census since 2011. [[2027 census of India]] requires "frozen" boundaries for accurate data collection, freezing changes to districts, towns, and villages before the 1 April 2026, start of the House Listing phase.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Census 2027: Headcount to begin from April; to be held in two phases - all you need to know about exercise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/census-2027-headcount-to-begin-from-april-to-be-held-in-two-phases-all-you-need-to-know-about-exercise/articleshow/125932208.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 25 December 2025, GHMC announced the finalization of delimitation of 300 wards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/quicklinks/Notification%20on%20delimitation%20300%20wards%20in%20GHMC.pdf|title=Notification}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ghmc-announces-finalisation-of-delimitation-exercise/article70437769.ece|title=GHMC announces finalisation of delimitation exercise}}</ref> GHMC reorganization restructures Hyderabad into 12 zones and 60 circles.

For GHMC, reservations were notified for all 300 wards in January 2026. Of these, 5 divisions have been reserved for STs, 23 for SCs, 122 for BCs, 76 for General Women and 74 have been kept unreserved under the General category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-finalises-local-body-reservations-ahead-of-upcoming-local-body-polls|title=Telangana finalises local body reservations ahead of upcoming local body polls}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2026/Jan/15/telangana-finalises-ward-reservations-for-ghmc-nine-municipal-corporations-ahead-of-upcoming-elections|title=Telangana finalises ward reservations for GHMC, nine municipal corporations ahead of upcoming elections}}</ref>

===GHMC split (2026-present)===
On 11 February 2026, The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) was divided into three corporations: GHMC, MMC, and CMC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-officers-transfers-feb-2026-new-commissioners-appointed-for-malkajgiri-and-cyberabad-municipal-corporations/article70618109.ece|title=New Commissioners appointed for Malkajgiri and Cyberabad municipal corporations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cyberabad-municipal-corporation-set-to-become-richest-civic-body-in-telangana/articleshow/128221834.cms|title=Cyberabad Municipal Corporation set to become richest civic body in Telangana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/newly-formed-malkajgiri-cyberabad-civic-corporations-in-hyderabad-stare-at-groundwater-depletion/articleshow/128572504.cms|title=Newly formed Malkajgiri, Cyberabad civic corporations in Hyderabad stare at groundwater depletion}}</ref> Following the end of the local body term on 9 February 2026, the Government of Telangana appointed special commissioners until the next local body elections are held.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=GHMC set for trifurcation: Hyderabad, Cyberabad and Malkajgiri corporations to be formed
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/ghmc-set-for-trifurcation-hyderabad-cyberabad-and-malkajgiri-corporations-to-be-formed-1935541
|website=Deccan Chronicle
|access-date=10 February 2026
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last=Murthy |first=Sistla Dakshina |title=GHMC bifurcated: Cyberabad, Malkajgiri to have separate municipal corporations |url=https://newsmeter.in/regional/telangana/ghmc-bifurcated-cyberabad-malkajgiri-to-have-separate-municipal-corporations-762883 |website=NewsMeter |date=11 February 2026 |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> All the three corporations are governed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-the-three-corporations-to-be-governed-by-the-ghmc-act-1955/article70620480.ece|title=All the three corporations to be governed by the GHMC Act, 1955}}</ref> The reorganised GHMC covers approximately 689 &nbsp;km2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/six-zones-with-30-circles-in-reorganised-ghmc/article70618646.ece|title=Six zones with 30 Circles in reorganised GHMC}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Present Corporation
! Future Corporation
! Area of Jurisdiction (in &nbsp;km2)
! Zone
! Wards
! Total
! Special Commissioners
! Special Chief Secretary
|-
| rowspan="12" | '''[[GHMC]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''MMC - [[Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''727'''
| [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
| 24
| rowspan="3" | 74
| rowspan="3" | {{plainlist|
* T. Vinay Krishna Reddy
}}
| rowspan="12" | {{plainlist|
* Jayesh Ranjan}}
|-
| [[L. B. Nagar]]
| 24
|-
| [[Malkajgiri]]
| 26
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''CMC - [[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="3" | '''637'''
| [[Kukatpally]]
| 23
| rowspan="3" | 76
| rowspan="3" | {{plainlist|
* G. Srijana
}}
|-
| [[Quthbullapur]]
| 27
|-
| [[Serilingampally]]
| 26
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''GHMC - [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]'''
| rowspan="6" | '''689'''
| [[Secunderabad]]
| 28
| rowspan="6" | 150
| rowspan="6" | {{plainlist|
* R.V. Karnan
}}
|-
| [[Khairatabad]]
| 25
|-
| [[Golconda]]
| 26
|-
| [[Charminar]]
| 25
|-
| [[Rajendranagar]]
| 29
|-
| [[Shamshabad]]
| 17
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Total'''
! '''2053'''
! —
! '''300'''
! '''300'''
! —
! —
|}

== List of wards in CURE zone==
[[File:GHMC ZONES,CIRCLES,WARDS MAP DEC 2025.jpg|thumb|The CURE zone is divided into 12 municipal zones]]
There a total of 12 zones which are divided into 60 circles, which are further divided into 300 wards in Core Urban Region Economy (CURE) zone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |date=2025-12-26 |title=GHMC expands its Jurisdiction, 12 zones, 60 circles, 300 wards announced |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/ghmc-expands-its-jurisdiction-12-zones-60-circles-300-wards-announced-1033921 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-12-26 |title=Gazette notification on 300 GHMC wards issued |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gazette-notification-on-300-ghmc-wards-issued |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Zone
! colspan="2" |Circle
! colspan="2" |Ward
|-
!#
!Name
!#
!Name
|-
! rowspan="26" |[[Malkajgiri]]
| rowspan="6" |1
| rowspan="6" |[[Keesara]]
|1
|[[Keesara]]
|-
|2
|Chandrapuri Colony
|-
|3
|[[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]]
|-
|4
|[[Dammaiguda]]
|-
|189
|[[Yapral]]
|-
|300
|[[Shamirpet]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2
| rowspan="6" |[[Alwal]]
|190
|[[Turakapally]]
|-
|191
|[[Macha Bollaram]]
|-
|192
|[[Alwal]]
|-
|193
|Venkatapuram
|-
|194
|Bhudevi Nagar
|-
|195
|Kanajiguda
|-
| rowspan="5" |3
| rowspan="5" |[[Bowenpally]]
|196
|[[Monda Market]]
|-
|260
|[[Fateh Nagar, Hyderabad|Fateh Nagar]]
|-
|261
|Prakash Nagar
|-
|262
|[[Old Bowenpally]]
|-
|264
|[[Hasmathpet]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |4
| rowspan="5" |[[Moula Ali]]
|184
|Balram Nagar
|-
|185
|[[Vinayak Nagar]]
|-
|186
|[[Moula Ali]]
|-
|187
|[[Kakatiya Nagar]]
|-
|188
|[[Neredmet]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
| rowspan="4" |[[Malkajgiri]]
|180
|[[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|-
|181
|Mirjalguda
|-
|182
|[[Gautham Nagar]]
|-
|183
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|-
! rowspan="24" |[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
| rowspan="4" |6
| rowspan="4" |[[Ghatkesar]]
|5
|[[Nagaram, Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Nagaram]]
|-
|6
|[[Ghatkesar]]
|-
|7
|[[Edulabad]]
|-
|8
|[[Pocharam, Medak district|Pocharam]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |7
| rowspan="5" |[[Kapra]]
|13
|Vampuguda
|-
|14
|[[Kapra]]
|-
|15
|[[A. S. Rao Nagar]]
|-
|16
|[[Kushaiguda]]
|-
|17
|[[Cherlapally]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |8
| rowspan="5" |[[Nacharam]]
|18
|Shakthi Sai Nagar
|-
|19
|H. B. Colony
|-
|20
|[[Mallapur]]
|-
|21
|[[Nacharam]]
|-
|22
|HMT Nagar
|-
| rowspan="6" |9
| rowspan="6" |[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
|23
|Chilkanagar
|-
|24
|Beerappagadda
|-
|25
|[[Habsiguda]]
|-
|26
|[[Ramanthapur]]
|-
|27
|Venkat Reddy Nagar
|-
|28
|[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |10
| rowspan="4" |[[Boduppal]]
|9
|[[Medipally, Telangana|Medipally]]
|-
|10
|[[Peerzadiguda]]
|-
|11
|[[Boduppal]]
|-
|12
|[[Chengicherla]]
|-
! rowspan="24" |[[L. B. Nagar]]
| rowspan="6" |11
| rowspan="6" |[[Nagole]]
|29
|[[Nagole]]
|-
|45
|Mansoorabad
|-
|46
|[[Geological Survey of India]]
|-
|47
|Lecturers Colony
|-
|51
|[[Kuntloor]]
|-
|52
|[[Pedda Amberpet]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |12
| rowspan="7" |[[Saroornagar]]
|30
|[[Kothapet, Rangareddy|Kothapet]]
|-
|31
|Chaitanyapuri
|-
|32
|[[Gaddiannaram]]
|-
|33
|[[Saroornagar]]
|-
|34
|Doctors Colony
|-
|35
|Rama Krishna Puram
|-
|36
|NTR Nagar
|-
| rowspan="5" |13
| rowspan="5" |[[L. B. Nagar]]
|37
|[[Lingojiguda]]
|-
|38
|[[Champapet]]
|-
|39
|[[Karmanghat]]
|-
|40
|Bairamalguda
|-
|41
|[[Hastinapuram]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |14
| rowspan="6" |[[Hayathnagar]]
|42
| BN Reddy Nagar
|-
|43
| [[Vanasthalipuram]]
|-
|44
| [[Chintalakunta]]
|-
|48
| High Court Colony
|-
|49
| Sahebnagar
|-
|50
| [[Hayathnagar]]
|-
! rowspan="17" |[[Shamshabad]]
| rowspan="4" |15
| rowspan="4" |[[Adibatla]]
|53
|[[Thorrur, Ranga Reddy district|Thorrur]]
|-
|54
|[[Kongara Kalan]]
|-
|55
|[[Adibatla]]
|-
|56
|[[Turkayamjal]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |16
| rowspan="6" |[[Badangpet]]
|57
|[[Nadergul]]
|-
|58
|Prasanthi Hills
|-
|59
|[[Meerpet–Jillelguda|Jillelguda]]
|-
|60
|[[Meerpet–Jillelguda|Meerpet]]
|-
|61
|[[Badangpet]]
|-
|62
|[[Balapur, Ranga Reddy district|Balapur]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |17
| rowspan="3" |[[Jalpally]]
|63
|Shaheen Nagar
|-
|64
|[[Pahari Sharif]]
|-
|65
|[[Jalpally]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |18
| rowspan="4" |[[Shamshabad]]
|66
|[[Tukkuguda]]
|-
|67
|[[Mankhal]]
|-
|118
|[[Shamshabad]]
|-
|119
|[[Kothwalguda]]
|-
! rowspan="29" |[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]]
| rowspan="4" |19
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]]
|120
|[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]]
|-
|121
|[[Bandlaguda Jagir]]
|-
|122
|[[Kismatpur]]
|-
|123
|Hydershahkote
|-
| rowspan="6" |20
| rowspan="6" |[[Attapur]]
|112
|[[Attapur]]
|-
|113
|Hyderguda
|-
|114
|Suleman Nagar
|-
|115
|Shastripuram
|-
|116
|Katedan
|-
|117
|Mailardevpally
|-
| rowspan="5" |21
| rowspan="5" |Bahadurpura
|103
|Doodh Bowli
|-
|108
|Teegal Kunta
|-
|109
|Chandu Lal Baradari
|-
|110
|Ramnasthpura
|-
|111
|Kishanbagh
|-
| rowspan="4" |22
| rowspan="4" |Falaknuma
|104
|[[Shah-Ali-Banda]]
|-
|105
|Falaknuma
|-
|106
|[[Jahanuma]]
|-
|107
|[[Nawab Saheb Kunta]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |23
| rowspan="5" |[[Chandrayan Gutta]]
|68
|Bandlaguda
|-
|69
|Noori Nagar
|-
|70
|[[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]
|-
|71
|Kanchanbagh
|-
|72
|[[Chandrayan Gutta]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |24
| rowspan="5" |Jangammet
|73
|Riyasat Nagar
|-
|74
|Lalitha Bagh
|-
|75
|Jangammet
|-
|76
|Phool Bagh
|-
|77
|Quadri Chaman
|-
! rowspan="25" |[[Charminar]]
| rowspan="4" |25
| rowspan="4" |[[Santoshnagar]]
|84
|Bhanu Nagar
|-
|85
|[[Santoshnagar]]
|-
|86
|IS SADAN
|-
|87
|Saraswathi Nagar
|-
| rowspan="6" |26
| rowspan="6" |[[Yakutpura]]
|78
|Gowlipura
|-
|79
|Talab Chanchalam
|-
|80
|[[Yakutpura]]
|-
|81
|[[Dabirpura]]
|-
|82
|[[Rein Bazar]]
|-
|83
|Madannapet
|-
| rowspan="4" |27
| rowspan="4" |[[Malakpet]]
|88
|[[Saidabad mandal|Saidabad]]
|-
|89
|Asmangadh
|-
|93
|Akberbagh
|-
|94
|Chawani
|-
| rowspan="6" |28
| rowspan="6" |[[Charminar]]
|97
|[[Purani Haveli]]
|-
|98
|[[Pathargatti]]
|-
|99
|Hari Bowli
|-
|100
|Qazipura
|-
|101
|Ghansi Bazar
|-
|102
|[[Purana pul|Purana Pul]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |29
| rowspan="5" |[[Moosarambagh]]
|90
|[[Moosarambagh]]
|-
|91
|[[Malakpet|Old Malakpet]]
|-
|92
|MCH Colony
|-
|95
|Kala Dera
|-
|96
|[[Azampura]]
|-
! rowspan="26" |[[Golconda]]
| rowspan="6" |30
| rowspan="6" |[[Goshamahal]]
|148
|Dattatreya Nagar
|-
|149
|Manghalhat
|-
|150
|[[Goshamahal]]
|-
|151
|[[Begum Bazaar]]
|-
|152
|Jambagh
|-
|153
|Exhibition Grounds
|-
| rowspan="5" |31
| rowspan="5" |[[Karwan]]
|134
|[[Langar Houz]]
|-
|135
|[[Gudimalkapur]]
|-
|136
|[[Karwan]]
|-
|137
|Tappachabutra
|-
|138
|Jiyaguda
|-
| rowspan="7" |32
| rowspan="7" |[[Golconda]]
|129
|Nizam Colony
|-
|130
|[[Nanalnagar]]
|-
|131
|[[Tolichowki]]
|-
|132
|[[Golconda]]
|-
|133
|Ibrahimbagh
|-
|223
|[[Shaikpet]]
|-
|224
|OU Colony
|-
| rowspan="4" |33
| rowspan="4" |[[Mehdipatnam]]
|139
|[[Asif Nagar]]
|-
|140
|Padmanabha Nagar
|-
|141
|[[Mehdipatnam]]
|-
|142
|Syed Nagar
|-
| rowspan="4" |34
| rowspan="4" |[[Masab Tank]]
|143
|Vijayanagar Colony
|-
|144
|Ahmed Nagar
|-
|145
|Shanthi Nagar
|-
|147
|[[Mallepally]]
|-
! rowspan="25" |[[Khairatabad]]
| rowspan="6" |35
| rowspan="6" |[[Khairatabad]]
|146
|[[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]]
|-
|154
|[[Gunfoundry]]
|-
|217
|[[Errum Manzil|Irrum Manzil]]
|-
|218
|[[Somajiguda]]
|-
|219
|[[Khairatabad]]
|-
|220
|[[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayatnagar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |36
| rowspan="4" |[[Jubilee Hills]]
|215
|[[Jubilee Hills]]
|-
|216
|Venkateswara Colony
|-
|221
|[[Banjara Hills]]
|-
|222
|[[Film Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |37
| rowspan="5" |[[Borabanda]]
|210
|[[Krishna Nagar, Hyderabad|Krishna Nagar]]
|-
|211
|Rahmath Nagar
|-
|212
|Karmika Nagar
|-
|213
|Rajeev Nagar
|-
|214
|[[Borabanda]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |38
| rowspan="5" |[[Yousufguda]]
|205
|[[Erragadda]]
|-
|206
|Vengal Rao Nagar
|-
|207
|[[Srinagar Colony]]
|-
|208
|[[Yousufguda]]
|-
|209
|AG Colony
|-
| rowspan="5" |39
| rowspan="5" |[[Ameerpet]]
|200
|[[Begumpet]]
|-
|201
|[[Ameerpet]]
|-
|202
|[[S. R. Nagar]]
|-
|203
|BK Guda
|-
|204
|[[Sanathnagar]]
|-
! rowspan="28" |[[Secunderabad]]
| rowspan="7" |40
| rowspan="7" |[[Kavadiguda]]
|165
|Gandhi Nagar
|-
|166
|[[Kavadiguda]]
|-
|167
|Bakaram
|-
|168
|Bholakpur
|-
|197
|[[Padmarao Nagar]]
|-
|198
|[[Bansilalpet Stepwell|Bansilalpet]]
|-
|199
|Ramgopalpet
|-
| rowspan="5" |41
| rowspan="5" |[[Musheerabad]]
|163
|[[Adikmet]]
|-
|164
|[[Bagh Lingampally]]
|-
|169
|[[Musheerabad]]
|-
|170
|[[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]]
|-
|171
|Bapuji Nagar
|-
| rowspan="8" |42
| rowspan="8" |[[Amberpet]]
|155
|[[Barkatpura]]
|-
|156
|[[Kachiguda]]
|-
|157
|[[Golnaka]]
|-
|158
|Patel Nagar
|-
|159
|[[Amberpet]]
|-
|160
|Bagh Amberpet
|-
|161
|Tilak Nagar
|-
|162
|[[Nallakunta]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |43
| rowspan="4" |[[Tarnaka]]
|172
|Boudha Nagar
|-
|173
|[[Tarnaka]]
|-
|174
|[[Sitaphalmandi]]
|-
|175
|[[Chilkalguda]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |44
| rowspan="4" |[[Mettuguda]]
|176
|[[Mettuguda]]
|-
|177
|[[Lalapet]]
|-
|178
|[[Lallaguda|North Lallaguda]]
|-
|179
|Addagutta
|-
! rowspan="26" |[[Serilingampally]]
| rowspan="5" |45
| rowspan="5" |[[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]]
|124
|[[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]]
|-
|125
|[[Kokapet]]
|-
|126
|[[Gandipet]]
|-
|127
|[[Manikonda]]
|-
|128
|[[Neknampur]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |46
| rowspan="4" |[[Patancheru|Patancheruvu]]
|263
|[[Tellapur]]
|-
|265
|Muthangi
|-
|266
|[[Patancheru|Patancheruvu]]
|-
|267
|JP Colony
|-
| rowspan="5" |47
| rowspan="5" |[[Ameenpur]]
|268
|[[Ramachandrapuram (BHEL Township)|Ramachandrapuram]]
|-
|269
|Bharathi Nagar
|-
|270
|[[Beeramguda]]
|-
|271
|[[Ameenpur]]
|-
|272
|[[IDA Bollaram]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |48
| rowspan="6" |[[Miyapur]]
|236
|[[Hafeezpet]]
|-
|237
|[[Madeenaguda]]
|-
|238
|[[Chanda Nagar]]
|-
|239
|Deepthisri Nagar
|-
|240
|[[Miyapur]]
|-
|241
|[[Maktha Mahabubpet]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |49
| rowspan="6" |[[Serilingampally]]
|225
|[[Gachibowli]]
|-
|226
|[[Nallagandla]]
|-
|227
|[[Serilingampally]]
|-
|228
|Masjid Banda
|-
|229
|Sri Ram Nagar
|-
|234
|[[Kondapur]]
|-
! rowspan="23" |[[Kukatpally]]
| rowspan="6" |50
| rowspan="6" |[[Madhapur]]
|230
|Anjaiah Nagar
|-
|231
|[[HITEC City]]
|-
|232
|[[Madhapur]]
|-
|233
|[[Izzat Nagar]]
|-
|235
|[[Matrusri Nagar, Miyapur, Hyderabad|Matrusri Nagar]]
|-
|242
|Mayuri Nagar
|-
| rowspan="6" |51
| rowspan="6" |[[Allwyn Colony]]
|243
|Hyder Nagar
|-
|244
|Bhagya Nagar Colony
|-
|245
|Shamshiguda
|-
|246
|[[Allwyn Colony]]
|-
|247
|Vivekananda Nagar Colony
|-
|248
|Venkateswara Nagar
|-
| rowspan="6" |52
| rowspan="6" |[[Kukatpally]]
|249
|[[Kukatpally]]
|-
|250
|Balaji Nagar
|-
|251
|Vasanth Nagar
|-
|252
|KPHB Colony
|-
|253
|Kaithalapur
|-
|254
|Gayatri Nagar
|-
| rowspan="5" |53
| rowspan="5" |[[Moosapet]]
|255
|Allapur
|-
|256
|[[Moti Nagar, Hyderabad|Moti Nagar]]
|-
|257
|[[Moosapet]]
|-
|258
|Prashanth Nagar
|-
|259
|[[Balanagar, Medchal district|Balanagar]]
|-
! rowspan="27" |[[Quthbullapur]]
| rowspan="5" |54
| rowspan="5" |[[Chintalakunta|Chintal]]
|279
|Rodamestri Nagar
|-
|280
|[[Jagathgiri Gutta]]
|-
|281
|Ranga Reddy Nagar
|-
|282
|[[Chintalakunta|Chintal]]
|-
|283
|Giri Nagar
|-
| rowspan="4" |55
| rowspan="4" |[[Jeedimetla]]
|284
|Ganesh Nagar
|-
|285
|Padma Nagar
|-
|286
|[[Quthbullapur]]
|-
|287
|[[Pet Basheerabad]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |56
| rowspan="4" |[[Kompally]]
|288
|[[Kompally]]
|-
|289
|[[Dulapally]]
|-
|290
|Subhash Nagar
|-
|292
|Saibaba Nagar
|-
| rowspan="4" |57
| rowspan="4" |Gajularamaram
|277
|Mahadevpuram
|-
|278
|Gajularamaram
|-
|291
|Shapur Nagar
|-
|293
|[[Suraram, Hyderabad|Suraram]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |58
| rowspan="4" |[[Nizampet]]
|273
|[[Nizampet]]
|-
|274
|[[Bachupally]]
|-
|275
|Bandari Layout
|-
|276
|[[Pragathi Nagar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |59
| rowspan="3" |[[Dundigal]]
|294
|[[Bahadurpally]]
|-
|295
|[[Bowrampet]]
|-
|296
|[[Dundigal]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |60
| rowspan="3" |[[Medchal]]
|297
|[[Medchal]]
|-
|298
|Pudur{{En dash}}Kistapur
|-
|299
|[[Gundlapochampally]]
|}

==References==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Corporation wards}}
[[Category:Hyderabad, India-related lists|Wards]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India by city]]
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Wards]]

Timeline of Tamil sexual minorities

2026-03-14T09:34:49Z

JamelSkidmore: minor edit

{{Short description|Events impacting the welfare of Tamil sexual minorities}}
The following list is a partially completed compilation of events considered to have a profound effect on the welfare or image of [[Tamil Sexual Minorities|Tamil sexual minorities]]. The use of bold typeface indicates that the event is widely considered to be landmark:

== Timeline ==
'''3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD'''
* [[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] refers to relationships between two men and explores the lives of [[trans women]] in the [[Aravani|Aravan]] cult in [[Koovagam]] village in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=A. | last=Shrikumar | title=No more under siege | date=2013-10-18}}</ref>

=== 1800s ===
* 1862: The colonial law criminalizing homosexual sex is implemented by Lord [[Thomas Macaulay]] through the [[Indian Penal Code]] in British India and the [[Straits Settlements]].

=== 1990s ===
* 1986: Screening of ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'' at [[British Council]] where same-sex love is depicted on the big screen for the first time in [[Chennai]].
* 1990: [[Tamil Nadu]] government forcibly tested several hundred sex workers and then locked up 800 infected women for several months.
* 1993: Publication of Robert Oostvogels and Sunil Menon's mimeograph ''Men Who Have Sex With Men-Assessment of situation in Madras was'' prepared for the government of Tamil Nadu
* 1993: Sekar Balasubramaniam, a volunteer for Community AIDS Network (CAN), comes out as gay and HIV-positive.
* 1998: Sahodaran, first group for sexual minorities formed in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://menofindia.net/salute/|title=We salute you! - Men of India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>
*1999: Mailing list gaychennai started on yahoogroups.com as the first list for the Chennai gay community.
* 1999: The essay 'Queer Madras of the mid-80s'<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/queer-madras-of-the-mid-1980s/|title=Queer Madras of the mid-1980s, and sundry musings on sexuality|first=Sridhar|last=Rangayan|date=2013-08-21|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> circulated on Indian LGBT lists.

=== 2000s ===
* 2003: Movenpick group formed, later renamed [[Orinam]], and mailing list started.
* 2004: First Chennai LGBT film festival,<ref name="saathii.org">{{Cite web|url=http://saathii.org/gensex/chennai/|title=SAATHII:: Gender & Sexuality > Chennai|website=saathii.org|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> [[Alliance Française|Alliance-Francaise]] and SAATHII, with volunteer support from Orinam.
* 2005: The Many Colours of Love: LGBT documentary festival,<ref name="saathii.org"/> Alliance Francaise and SAATHII, with volunteer support from Orinam.
* 2006: Conference on third gender organized by Nalamdana.
* 2006: The website Orinam.net is launched.
* 2006: March for transgender rights while legislative assembly is in session in Tamil Nadu, organized by Sangama, THAA, SWAM, and other groups. Catalyzed Tamil Nadu government initiatives for transgender welfare.
* 2006: Suicide by self-immolation of transgender teenager Pandiammal/Pandian, sexually abused by Chennai police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/probe-ordered-into-abuse-of-transgender-teen/article3051260.ece|title=Probe ordered into abuse of transgender teen|date=2006-11-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2007: [[Madras High Court]] ruling in Jayalakshmi vs. State of Tamil Nadu by AP Shah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1373799/|title=Jayalakshmi vs The State Of Tamil Nadu on 10 July, 2007|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>
* 2007: Sangama establishes Chennai chapter.
* 2007: Police advocacy on sexuality issues initiated by Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society, implemented by community groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iasociety.org/Abstracts/A200719804.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140709204451/http://www.iasociety.org/Abstracts/A200719804.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-09|title=International AIDS Society - Abstract - 200719804|date=2014-07-09|website=archive.is|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>
* 2007: Shakti Resource Centre formed and organizes film series - ''Desire and Sexuality''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciqff.net/2013/05/lgbt-film-festivals-in-chennai-brief.html|title=Reel Desires CIQFF 2014: LGBT film festivals in Chennai: a brief history|date=2014-07-14|access-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174719/http://www.ciqff.net/2013/05/lgbt-film-festivals-in-chennai-brief.html|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> at the LV Prasad Film and TV Academy.
* 2008: [[Rose Venkatesan]] becomes the first transgender woman talk show host on Chennai television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/20/world/asia/20chennai.html|title=Tackling a Society's Boundaries, on TV and in a Family|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|date=2008-02-20|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* 2008: Double-suicide of Christy and Rukmini.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Harassed-lesbian-couple-ends-life/articleshow/3049896.cms|title=Harassed lesbian couple ends life |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13|date=18 May 2008 }}</ref>
* 2008: Peer-counseling preparatory workshop (4 sessions: June 8, June 15, June 22, July 6) of Shakthi Resource Centre in collaboration with Sahayatrika, Sahodaran, Orinam/MP, and Lotus Sangam.
* 2008: Aravani (Transgender) Welfare Board constituted by state government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://infochangeindia.org/human-rights/the-body-politic/interrogating-aravani-activism-in-tamil-nadu.html |title=Interrogating aravani activism in Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213071729/http://infochangeindia.org/human-rights/the-body-politic/interrogating-aravani-activism-in-tamil-nadu.html |archive-date=2014-02-13 |access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

==== 2009 ====
* A same-sex wedding is held in South Africa according to Hindu rites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gay-wedding-irks-south-african-hindus-393330|title=Gay wedding irks South African Hindus|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref>
* Thirunangai.net, the world's first matrimonial website for trans women, is launched by [[Kalki Subramaniam]] of the Sahodari Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Portal-to-bliss/article12063437.ece|title=Portal to bliss|last=Frederick|first=Prince|date=2009-09-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Peer-counseling multi-weekend course of Shakthi Resource Centre and Center for Counseling.
* Public screening of [[Milk (2008 American film)|''Milk'']], organized by the U.S. Consulate at Film Chamber, as part of the Oscars film festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Festival-with-Hollywood-flavours/article16583373.ece|title=Festival with Hollywood flavours|date=2009-06-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''The High Court of Delhi suspends the colonial-era law banning homosexuality'''.
* The Hindu Council of Britain announces that Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm|title='Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality' - Rediff.com India News|website=news.rediff.com|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref>
*[[The Hindu (newspaper)|The Hindu]], national newspaper published from Chennai, features editorial in support of LGBT rights post-Naz decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Homosexuality-medicine-and-psychiatry/article16562362.ece|title=Homosexuality, medicine and psychiatry|date=2009-07-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* First Chennai Rainbow Pride March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Rainbow-over-the-Marina/article15916739.ece|title=Rainbow over the Marina|date=2009-06-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Campaign for Open Minds launched.
* Chennai Rainbow Coalition started.
* First meet for parents of LGBT people in Chennai organised by Center for Counseling.<ref>[http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/2009_chennailgbt_highlights_2.pdf First Meet of LGBT Parents]</ref>
* Reverend George Zachariah delivers inspiring sermon at Gurukul Chapel calling on Christians to be inclusive of LGBT people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/resources-for/religion-and-faith/christian-perspectives-on-lgbt-issues/|title=Christianity|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
* Transgender woman, [[Narthaki Nataraj]], conferred Nrityachoodamani title by Krishna Gana Sabha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nritya Choodamani Awardees Gallery |url=http://www.krishnaganasabha.org/nrityachoo.html |website=krishnaganasabha Org |publisher=krishnaganasabha |accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101060211/http://www.krishnaganasabha.org/nrityachoo.html |archive-date=2013-01-01 }}</ref>

=== 2010s ===

==== 2010 ====
* First edition of 'Our Children'/'Nam Kuzhanthaigal' booklet for parents of LGBT children released by Orinam.
* Chennai Dost formed.
* Launch of Tamil edition of the ''Love That Dare Speak Its Name'' post-377 anthology by Sangama Chennai.
*RIOV, a social group for lesbians and bisexual women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/jun/27/at-last-lesbians-in-the-city-find-their-space-266742.html|title=At last lesbians in the city find their space|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
*September: Skandaraj Navaratnam is murdered by former partner and serial killer [[2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides|Bruce McArthur]] in Toronto, Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-the-eight-lives-taken-from-torontos-gay-village/|title=The eight lives taken from Toronto's Gay Village|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
*[[Srishti Madurai]] formed as India's first student volunteer LGBTQIA educational research foundation.<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2015|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Maatruveli (மாற்றுவெளி), a Tamil academic journal brings out a special issue on sexuality, guest edited by Ponni and Aniruddhan Vasudevan.
* Chennai Dost website launched.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://chennaidost.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621021416/http://www.chennaidost.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 21, 2012|title=Chennai Dost|website=Chennai Dost|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
*Chemistry Club campus groups launched by Chennai Dost.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Clubs-for-gays-spring-up-on-Chennai-campuses/articleshow/9352983.cms|title=Clubs for gays spring up on Chennai campuses|first=R.|last=Vasundara |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13|date=25 July 2011 }}</ref>
* Public protests against homophobic remarks made by Union Health Minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/chennai-rainbow-coalition-protests-health-minister-azads-msm-remarks/|title=Chennai protests Health Minister Azad's homophobic remarks, July 5, 2011|date=2011-07-05|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
*Srishti Madurai launches India's first helpline for [[Genderqueer]], LGBTQIA at Madurai.

==== 2012 ====
* Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] pride parade and [[Alan Turing]] centenary celebrations commenced at [[Madurai]] in July 2012.<ref>D. Karthikeyan, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-comes-out-of-the-closet/article3702689.ece "Madurai comes out of the closet"], ''The Hindu'', July 30, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-and-Transgender-community-seeks-to-increase-support-base/articleshow/15247326.cms "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender community seeks to increase support base"], ''The Times of India'', July 29, 2012.</ref>
* Reading group called ''Orinam's Quilt'' is launched.
* First LGBT education fest for school students launched by Srishti Madurai at Madurai. It was attended by 600 school students.<ref>[[Gopi Shankar Madurai]], [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-themselves-heard/article3605820.ece "Making themselves heard"], ''The Hindu'', 5 July 2012.</ref>
* [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] of Srishti Madurai becomes the youngest panelist to share a chair at the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]'s sponsored seminars on gender and sexuality that have been taking place in Tamil Nadu since 2012–2014.<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other"/>

==== 2013 ====
*First officially sponsored LGBT sensitization event at IIT-Madras.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIT-Madras-to-give-ear-to-homosexuality-issues/articleshow/18651745.cms|title=IIT-Madras: IIT-Madras to give ear to homosexuality issues |first=M.|last=Ramya |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13|date=24 February 2013 }}</ref>
* Chennai Rainbow Film Festival organized by Chennai Dost and Alliance Francaise.
* LGBTQ helpline launched by Srishti Madurai begins 24-hour service with tagline "Just having someone understanding to talk to can save a life".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/24-hour-helpline-launched-for-LGBTs-in-Madurai/articleshow/20994000.cms?referral=PM "24-hour helpline launched for LGBTs in Madurai"], ''Times of India'', July 10, 2015.</ref>
*[[Chennai International Queer Film Festival]] is organized by a collective of groups - Orinam, Goethe-Institut, RIOV, Nirangal, SAATHII, East-West Center for Counselling, Shakthi Resource Centre, and Oye!Chennai.
*[[The American College in Madurai]] undergraduate English department includes [[Funny Boy (novel)|Funny Boy]] by [[Shyam Selvadurai]] as part of syllabus under gay literature and ''The Truth about me: A Hijra Life story'' by [[A. Revathi]] under Third Gender literature marginalized studies.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-gender-flexible/article6527959.ece|title=Making gender flexible|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 October 2014|last1=Shrikumar|first1=A.}}</ref>
* Nirangal registered as an NGO (formerly Sangama Chennai).
* The Supreme Court of India rules that constitutional law relating to a ban on gay sex should be required to be subject to a constitutional reform procedures unless superseded by higher law, and restores the colonial era law banning gay sex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/indias-supreme-court-upholds-colonial-era-anti-gay-sex-law/|title=India's Supreme Court upholds colonial-era anti-gay sex law|date=2013-12-11|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-12-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Orinam launches '''377archives'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/377|title=Orinam Section 377 - Hues may vary but humanity does not - Bharathiyar|website=Orinam Section 377|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

==== 2014 ====
* First book on [[genderqueer]] in Tamil and first Tamil book on LGBTQIA from Srishti Madurai released by BJP's state general secretary [[Vanathi Srinivasan]] at the Hindu spiritual service foundation's sixth service fair, Chennai.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Its-a-great-honour-to-be-awarded-for-book-on-gender-variants-Gopi-Shankar/articleshow/38769130.cms "It's a great honour to be awarded for book on gender variants: Gopi Shankar"], ''The Times of India'', July 21, 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.asianage.com/india/bjp-supports-tn-leader-book-lgbt-157 | title=BJP supports TN leader book on LGBT | publisher=[[The Asian Age]] | date=2014-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041550/http://www.asianage.com/india/bjp-supports-tn-leader-book-lgbt-157 | archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref><ref>Gladwin Emmanuel,[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms "BJP Leader Launches LGBT Rights Book in TN"], ''Mumbai Mirror'', 11 July 2014.</ref>
* Orinam launches '''377letters''', an online archive of letters to the [[Chief Justice of India]] opposing the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tPnP4x32aT7Br0eJ74kmEO/The-Love-Issue--Sealed-with-a-kiss.html|title=The Love Issue {{!}} Sealed with a kiss|last=Chowdhry|first=Seema|date=2014-02-08|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
*First homophobic rally in Chennai by Christians Against Homosexuality collective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/homophobic-christian-rally-jan-5-2014/|title=Homophobic Christian Rally: Chennai, Jan 5 2014|date=2014-01-05|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
*''Christians Against Homophobia'' started in response to the Christians Against Homosexuality collective. Mailing list goes national.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/christians-against-homophobia-group-formed-in-chennai/|title='Christians Against Homophobia' Group Formed In Chennai|last=Bharadwaj|first=Anirudh|date=2014-01-09|website=Gaylaxy Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
* Madras High Court ruling on 17 April in ''Jackuline Mary vs. The Superintendent of Police, Karur'' cites NALSA to grant recognition to a police constable's right to self-identify as a woman and condemns physical/medical testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/ftm-is-inclusion-nalsa-jackuline-mary-vs-superintendent-police-karur/|title=FTM and Intersex inclusion in NALSA? Jackuline Mary vs. The Superintendent of Police, Karur|date=2014-05-06|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
* Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition formed.
* Nir, a queer feminist collective, formed.
*''Vannam'', [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] queer collective formed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/paving-the-path-to-an-equal-society/article6568362.ece|title=Paving the path to an equal society|last=Sreevatsan|first=Ajai|date=2014-11-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* A month long celebration commences in October to celebrate ''LGBT History Month'' at [[The American College in Madurai]] with a lecture on gender and sexual minorities organised by Srishti Madurai.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== 2015 ====
* Tamil movie "[[I (2015 film)|I]]" by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] released with transphobic depictions leading to community protests throughout state.
* Thirunangai (trans woman) Bhavana sexually assaulted by Pulianthope police after detention for an alleged crime.
* Chennai Rainbow Film Festival 2015 is organized by Chennai Dost on June 26–28.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-Film-Fest-Returns-to-Town/2015/06/13/article2863214.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213095955/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-Film-Fest-Returns-to-Town/2015/06/13/article2863214.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2015|title=Rainbow Film Fest Returns to Town|accessdate=2015-09-06}}</ref>
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi, starts offering "Others" option in the gender column of the application form due to the efforts of [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] of Srishti Madurai and the student community at JNU.<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other"/>
* Srishti Madurai urges [[Lok Sabha]] MP's to include [[intersex]] people in a bill to protect the rights of trans people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/List-Intersex-in-Transgender-Bill-Urges-NGO/2015/08/29/article2998899.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830104857/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/List-Intersex-in-Transgender-Bill-Urges-NGO/2015/08/29/article2998899.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 30, 2015|title=List Intersex in Transgender Bill, Urges NGO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/08/29/india-urged-to-include-intersex-people-in-bill-protecting-trans-rights/|title=India urged to include intersex people in bill protecting trans rights|date=29 August 2015}}</ref>
* Tamil Nadu LGBTIQ community organizes online campaign for HIV Awareness.

==== 2016 ====
* Activist [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] makes a bid to contest as one of the youngest candidates in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Assembly]] election and also the first openly [[Intersex]] and [[Genderqueer]] person to do so. He secured 14th place out of 21 candidates by securing 1% vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/intersex-person-to-contest-from-madurai-north/article8539185.ece |title=Intersex person to contest from Madurai North - TAMIL NADU |work=The Hindu |date=2016-04-30 |accessdate=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Priya Menon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/3rd-gender-gets-a-new-champion-in-Tamil-Nadu-poll-ring/articleshow/51935940.cms |title=3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Priya Menon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Intersex-candidate-alleges-harassment/articleshow/52197962.cms |title=Intersex candidate alleges harassment - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-05-10 |accessdate=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103 |title=This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities |publisher=The News Minute |date=2016-04-24 |accessdate=2016-05-22}}</ref>
* Madras High Court questions the Centre on abysmal state of [[LGBT rights in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shouldnt-LGBT-peoples-rights-and-privacy-be-protected-Madras-HC-asks-Centre/articleshow/50795376.cms|title=Shouldn't LGBT people's rights and privacy be protected, Madras HC asks Centre|first=A.|last=Subramani |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14|date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>
* Community gathering, [[candlelight vigil]], and press meet leading up to Supreme Court decision on [[Curative petition|Curative Petition]] on 31 January.
*[[Srishti Madurai]]'s new website is launched by Dalit activist and Ambedkarite Ma. Venkatesan from BJP in the presence of Central Minister [[Pon Radhakrishnan]], [[Vanathi Srinivasan]], [[Aravindan Neelakandan]], [[Joe D'Cruz]], and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] volunteers at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/rss-flip-flop-on-homosexuality-indicates-gay-men-in-india-remain-in-exile-writes-ashok-row-kavi-2685296.html|title = RSS flip-flop on homosexuality indicates gay men in India remain in exile, writes Ashok Row Kavi| work=Firstpost |date = 19 March 2016}}</ref>
* Community gathering and press meet for trans inclusion in political parties campaigning in state elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110316/transgenders-to-take-poll-plunge.html|title=Transgenders to take poll plunge|last=Vannan|first=Gokul|date=2016-03-11|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
*Queer and Allies Art Festival (QAAF) performances in Chennai, organized by MIST.
* LGBT activists hold candlelight vigil in Chennai for Orlando victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadulgbtiq.in/2016/06/lgbt-activists-hold-candlelight-vigil.html|title=LGBT activists hold candlelight vigil in Chennai for Orlando victims|website=www.tamilnadulgbtiq.in|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>
* Panel discussion exploring the intersections between violence against women and violence targeting LGBTIQA+ communities at the fourth edition of Reel Desires, [[Chennai International Queer Film Festival]] 2016.
* Srishti Madurai, along with [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]] in Madurai, a conglomerate of the [[Church of South India]], and the [[Lutheran Church]] organize an introductory seminar for church pastors on LGBT issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/awesome-tamil-nadu-seminary-teaching-pastors-accept-lgbt-community-46577|title = Awesome! This Tamil Nadu seminary is teaching pastors to accept the LGBT community|date = 15 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] of Srishti Madurai shortlisted for The Commonwealth Youth Worker Award as regional finalist for Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Gender-rights-activist-shortlisted-for-international-award/articleshow/54968127.cms|title = Gender rights activist shortlisted for international award | Madurai News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=21 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/finalists-2016-commonwealth-youth-worker-awards-announced|title = Finalists of 2016 Commonwealth Youth Worker Awards announced| work=The Commonwealth |date = 27 October 2016}}</ref>

==== 2017 ====
*''LGBT Workplace: Expanding the Dialogue in India,'' an event that brought together employers, employees, and activists to address challenges faced by the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lgbt-community-symposium-seeks-a-level-playing-field-at-workplace/articleshow/58791981.cms|title=LGBT community symposium seeks a level playing field at workplace|author=Kamini Mathail|date=23 May 2017|publisher=TOI|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/symposium-spotlights-lgbt-workplace-inclusion-in-india|title=Symposium spotlights LGBT workplace inclusion in India|author=Michiel Kolman|work=Elsevier Connect |date=13 June 2017|publisher=Elsevier|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref>
*''The Gabrielle Show'' – Chennai's first drag show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/17/aint-nothing-wrong-with-being-a-drag-1605556.html|title=Ain't nothing wrong with being a drag!|author=Abinaya Kalyanasundaram|date=17 May 2017|publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
* Community gathering and discussion on online safety and harassment<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hidden-pockets.com/chennai-prides-guide-to-handle-online-harassment-for-lgbtqia/|title=Chennai Pride's guide to handle online harassment for the LGBTQIA+ -|date=2017-06-16|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref> held as part of [[Chennai Rainbow Pride]] month.
* First-of-its-kind Tamil Lesbian Anthem as part of a documentary titled, ''Ladies And Gentle Women''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-lesbian-anthem-sings-a-tune-of-change/articleshow/57918205.cms|title=This Lesbian Anthem sings a tune of change|author=M Suganth|date=31 March 2017|publisher=TOI|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref>
* The [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka]] proclaims that it would be inappropriate to impose custodial sentences in a situation where two parties have consensual sex even when criminalized by law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/SL-committed-to-non-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-Nerin-Pulle/108-140616|title=SL committed to non-discrimination based on sexual orientation: Nerin Pulle|website=www.dailymirror.lk|language=English|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

==== 2019 ====
* The [[Madras High Court]] (Madurai Bench) passes a landmark judgment upholding the marriage rights of transgender and intersex women under Hindu Marriage Law<ref name="Live Law.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]|date=23 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-24}}</ref> and issues direction to ban sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants based on the works of [[Gopi Shankar Madurai|Gopi Shankar]].<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565|title="Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute|date=23 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-24}}</ref> The Court took note of the rampant practice of compulsory sex reassignment surgeries performed on intersex infants and children. The court expressed its gratitude to Shankar, noting that his work has been a "humbling and enlightening experience for the Court."<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ruling-on-intersex-infants-madurai-activist-comes-in-for-praise-by-hc/articleshow/69016201.cms|title=Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2019 |accessdate=2019-04-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Sexuality in Asia]]
[[Category:Tamil history]]

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

2026-03-13T07:57:48Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Short description|Indian government program}}
{{Cleanup translation|Punjabi|type=check|listed=nolist}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox project
| native_name =
| logo = File:Logo of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna.svg
| image=
| alt =
| caption =
| slogan =
| launch_place = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| ministry = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|2015|07|16|df=y}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.pmkvyofficial.org/}}
| current_status = Active

}}

'''Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana''' ('''PMKVY''') or otherwise known as '''Pradhan Mantri Youth Training Program''' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmkvyofficial.org/App_Documents/News/PMKVY_Scheme-Document_v1.1.pdf |title=Scheme Document of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana |work=Pmkvyofficial.org |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824082842/http://pmkvyofficial.org/App_Documents/News/PMKVY_Scheme-Document_v1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmkvyofficial.org/ResourceEventsNews.aspx |title=Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) |work=Pmkvyofficial.org |date=2015-12-04 |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122180810/http://pmkvyofficial.org/ResourceEventsNews.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a skill development initiative scheme of the [[Government of India]] for recognition and standardisation of skills.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishna|first1=Prabodh|title=Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: Boon Or Bane|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-Pradhan-Mantri-Kaushal-Vikas-Yojana-Boon-Or-Bane/07-07-2017-121649/|publisher=[[Businessworld]]|date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

Demanding a thorough investigation into “betrayal of youth”, Congress on Monday claimed that the CAG has exposed a “massive scam” in the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) which runs into thousands of crores with alleged fake beneficiaries and absentee trainers.
Congress leader and former IAS officer Kannan Gopinathan said the recent CAG report on PMKVY from 2015 to 2022 found that the govt distributed Rs 10,000 crore in the seven years, but 94.5% of beneficiaries’ bank accounts turned out to be fake, 96% had fake mobile numbers, and 97% had fraud assessor details. He said information about 61 lakh trainers under the scheme was incomplete.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cag-has-exposed-massive-scam-in-kaushal-vikas-yojana-congress/articleshow/126488127.cms

The aim of the PMKVY scheme is to encourage aptitude towards employable skills and to increase working efficiency of probable and existing daily wage earners, by giving monetary awards and rewards and by providing quality training to them. Average award amount per person has been kept as {{INRConvert|8|k}}. Those wage earners already possessing a standard level of skill will be given recognition as per scheme and average award amount for them is ₹2000 to ₹2500. In the initial year, a target to distribute {{INRConvert|15|b}} has been laid down for the scheme. Training programmes have been worked out on the basis of [[National Occupational Standards]] (NOS) and qualification packs specifically developed in various sectors of skills. For this qualification plans and quality plans have been developed by various [[Sector skills council|Sector Skill Councils]] (SSC) created with participation of Industries. [[National Skill Development Council]] (NSDC) has been made coordinating and driving agency for the same.<ref name=bs0716/> The training given to the youth under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana is free.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Empowering Youth: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Offers Free Training Opportunities |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/business/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-third-phase-launch-from-15th-january-2021-get-registration-get-desired-training-and-employment-rjh |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref>

An outlay of {{INRConvert|120|b}} has been approved by the cabinet for this project.<ref name=fe0716>{{citation |title=PM Modi-led Cabinet approves key decisions – from skilling 1 crore youth to NBCC disinvestment |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/pm-modi-led-cabinet-approves-key-decisions-skilling-1-crore-youth-disinvestment/315487 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=13 July 2016 }}</ref> The scheme has a target to train 1 [[crore]] Indian youth from 2016-20.<ref name=fe0716/> As of 18 July 2016, 17.93 [[lakh]] candidates were trained out of 18 lakh who enrolled for the scheme.<ref name=bs0716>{{citation |title=17.93 lakh candidates trained under PMKVY as on July 18 |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/17-93-lakh-candidates-trained-under-pmkvy-as-on-july-18-116072100579_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 July 2016 }}</ref>

PMKVY’s emphasis on industry-aligned skills and public-private partnerships inspired states to establish training programs tailored to regional economic needs. States adopted PMKVY’s model of short-term courses and placement support to address local unemployment challenges. In Andhra Pradesh, the [[YSR Congress Party]] government introduced skill training through village secretariats under schemes like ''[https://en.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/schemesall/state-specific-schemes/welfare-schemes-of-andhra-pradesh/ysr-cheyutha-scheme YSR Cheyutha]'' and ''[https://www.myscheme.gov.in/schemes/jt Jagananna Thodu]'', offering courses in IT and hospitality in Vijayawada and Guntur. Tamil Nadu’s ''Naan Mudhalvan'' scheme trains youth in Chennai for technology and corporate roles. Karnataka’s ''Yuva Nidhi'' initiative in Bengaluru provides skill-based training for manufacturing industries. Uttar Pradesh’s ''Skill Development Mission'' offers vocational training in Lucknow, focusing on trades like welding. Maharashtra’s ''Maharashtra State Skill Development Society'' in Mumbai supports youth with training in retail and logistics. These programs adapt PMKVY’s model to regional employment needs.

== See also ==
*[[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]
*[[National Education Policy 2020]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.pmkvyofficial.org/}}
*https://www.skillindiadigital.gov.in/home
*https://nsdcindia.org/
*

[[Category:Skills]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Kulothunga II

2026-03-11T04:39:12Z

JamelSkidmore: started initial details w/ refs - done

{{Short description| Chola Emperor from 1133 to 1150}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kulothunga II
| title = Rajakesarivarman Tirunirru Chola
| image = The stonescupture.jpg
| alt = Kulthunga Chola II
| caption = Sculpture of Kulothunga II at Airavatesvara Temple{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| succession = [[Chola]] Emperor
| reign = {{circa|1133 CE|1150 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Vikrama Chola]]
| successor = [[Rajaraja II]]
| spouse = Tyaagavalli Mukkokilan
| spouse-type = Empress
| issue = [[Rajaraja Chola II]]
| house = [[Chalukya Cholas]]
| father = [[Vikrama Chola]]
| mother = Mukkōkilānadigal
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 1150 CE
| death_place = [[Chidambaram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Kulothunga II''' (died 1150 CE) was a [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] Emperor from 1133 CE to 1150 CE. He succeeded [[Vikrama Chola]] to the throne in 1135 CE. Vikrama Chola made Kulothunga his [[heir apparent]] and [[coregent]] in 1133 CE, so the inscriptions of Kulothunga II count his reign from 1133 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 2003 - 206 pages|page=15}}</ref> According to historians [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|Nilakanta Sastri]] and T.N Subramanian, Kulottunga Chola II was not the son of Vikrama Chola and they have suggested that there was a break in the line of succession.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|author=Rajeshwari Ghose|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1996|pages=323–324}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==

Kulothunga II preferred to live in [[Chidambaram]] rather than the royal capital at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]. Of the various titles he had, Anapaaya was perhaps his favourite. It is found in his inscriptions as well in the poetic tribute ''Kulothunga Cholan Ula''.<ref name=anapaya/> He was also called ''Tirunirruchola''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints|author=Vidya Dehejia|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988 - Art - 206 pages|page=19}}</ref>

Kulothunga II was succeeded by [[Rajaraja Chola II]] in 1150 CE.

== Extent of Empire ==
[[File:Kulo2 territories.png|thumb|Chola territories c. 1150 CE]]
The extent of empire as inherited from his predecessor [[Vikrama Chola]] was well maintained. The [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya]] kingdom was overthrown by the Yadava chiefs of Devagiri and [[Hoysalas]] of Dwarasamudra during this period. Kulottunga II took advantage of the internal skirmishes and rebellions in the Kannada and Chalukya country to establish his hold over Vengi and Eastern Chalukya territories. Gonka II of the Velanadu Choda family who ruled over northern part of Vengi acknowledged his supremacy. Similarly the Kadapa-Nellore chief, Madurantaka Pottapi Choda, son of Betta I and Buddhavarman III of the Kondavidu branch and his son Mandaya II also acknowledged the king's authority in the Andhra country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938|author=Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1942 - Nellore (India : District) - 378 pages|page=43}}</ref>

==Patron of Chidambaram==

[[Chidambaram]] is one of those five places where Chola princes were invested with the crown. Kulothunga was a great devotee of the [[Chidambaram Temple]] to Lord [[Shiva]] in that city, and he celebrated his coronation there. An inscription of the emperor from Tirumanikuli hails this event and states that the emperor celebrated his coronation so as to add lustre to the city of ''Tillai'' ([[Chidambaram]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author1=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|author2=B. Natarajan|author3=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979 - Architecture - 470 pages|page=102}}</ref>

He also financed an elaborate renovation of the temple as described in the poem ''Kulothunga Cholan Ula''. It is possible that this renovation work was a continuation of work started by Vikrama Chola. Kulottunga II is credited with gilding the ''Perambalam'' of the [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]] with gold. He is also said to have constructed its gopurams and the Thousand Pillared Hall.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume 27, Volumes 13-14 of [Reports]: New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey|author=Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1985|page=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1|author=Madras (India : State)|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press, 1962|page=55}}</ref>
[[Image:14Chidambaram.jpg|left|thumb|200 px|Chidambaram Temple as seen in 1913.]]

== Literature ==

Kulottunga Chola II's reign was marked by literary activity as evidenced by the works of [[Sekkizhar]] and [[Ottakoothar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages|page=486}}</ref> Sekkizhar composed the [[Periyapuranam]], a religious treatise on [[Shaivism]] during his reign.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss|publisher=Oxford University Press, 06-Jan-2000 - Religion - 288 pages|page=117}}</ref> The ''Kulottunga Cholan Ula'' and the ''Kulottunga Cholan Pillai Tamil'', a work dealing with the emperor's childhood were authored by Ottakoothar in honor of the emperor.<ref>{{cite book|title=South India heritage: an introduction|author1=Prema Kasturi|author2=Chithra Madhavan|publisher=East West Books (Madras), 2007 - History - 616 pages|page=294}}</ref>

== Persecution of Vaishnavas ==

Some scholars identify Kulothunga II with Krimikanta Chola or worm-necked Chola so called as he is said to have suffered from cancer of the throat or neck. The latter finds mention in the [[vaishnavite|Vaishnava]] Guruparampara and is said to have been a strong opponent of the Vaishnavas. The work ''Parpannamritam'' (17th century) refers to the Chola king called Krimikanta who is said to have removed the Govindaraja idol from the Chidambaram [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja temple]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tillai and Nataraja|author1=B. Natarajan|author2=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1994 - Chidambaram (India) - 632 pages|page=108}}</ref> The ''Kulothunga Cholan Ula'' states that during the reign of Kulottunga II, God Vishnu was sent back to his original abode, that is the sea (i.e the Govindaraja idol was thrown into the sea).<ref>{{cite book|title=Three great Acharyas: Sankara, Ramanuja, and Madhwa: critical sketches of their life and times: an exposition of their philosophical systems|publisher=G. A. Natesan, 1947|page=126}}</ref> However, according to "Koil Olugu" (temple records) of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]] temple, Kulottunga Chola was the son of Krimikanta Chola. The former, unlike his father, is said to have been a repentant son who supported Vaishnavism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kōil Ol̤ugu: The Chronicle of the Srirangam Temple with Historical Notes|author=V. N. Hari Rao|publisher=Rochouse, 1961|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|author=Mu Kōvintacāmi|publisher=Annamalai University, 1977|page=161}}</ref>

== Inscriptions ==

The Tyagarajaswami temple in Tiruvarur contains an inscription of the emperor in which he styles himself as Anapaaya and a bee at the lotus feet of [[Nataraja|Natesa]] at [[Chidambaram]].<ref name=anapaya>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1982 - Hindu shrines - 638 pages|page=216}}</ref> As per the ''Muchukundasahasranamam'', ''Anapaaya Mahipaala'' is another name of the deity [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja]] of [[Thiruvarur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|author=Rajeshwari Ghose|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1996|page=331}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the film [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008), actor [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] plays the role of Kulothunga Chola II.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Vikrama Chola]]|after=[[Rajaraja Chola II]] |years=1133–1150 CE}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chola emperors]]

Harini (singer)

2026-03-03T19:37:30Z

JamelSkidmore: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1979)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harini
| birth_name = Harini Srikaran
| image = Singer harini pic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|4|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]|2002}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1995–present
| children = 2, including [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
}}

'''Harini''' (born 30 April 1979) is an Indian [[playback singing|film playback]] and [[Indian classical music|classical]] singer born and raised in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/about-harini-who-is-harini.asp|title=About Harini / Harini Biography - Celebrity Horoscope|website=Astrosage.com}}</ref> She sings predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, besides other language films such as [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] films. She was first noticed by music director [[A. R. Rahman]] at a school competition where she was one among the winners.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110142303/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/11/stories/2008101152560500.htm My first break – Harini]</ref> Eventually, she was signed in to record the song "Nila Kaigiradhu" for the film ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'' (1995) when she was 15. The song went on to become one of the popular songs of the year and Harini began to get singing offers from other leading film composers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923203450/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750120100.htm Star fall on Friday night]</ref>

Harini has won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] award twice at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for the songs "Manam Virumbuthey" (''[[Nerukku Ner]]'', 1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |accessdate=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archivedate=1 January 2008 }}</ref> and "Aalanguyil Koovum Rayil" (''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'', 2003).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/13/stories/2006021312680100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703222112/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/13/stories/2006021312680100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-07-03 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title='Autograph,' 'Eera Nilam' bag awards | date=2006-02-13}}</ref> The latter song won her [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award]] for the year 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |title=Y! India Movies - Kakka Kakka receives eight ITFA awards |accessdate=2012-07-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419222046/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |archivedate=2005-04-19 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born on 30 April 1979 to a Tamil family, Harini learnt [[Carnatic music]] from Gowri and [[Radha Viswanathan]] from the age of four. She used to participate in school competitions and in one such competition which she won, [[A. R. Rahman]] who distributed the prizes invited the winners to his studio to record their voices. Subsequently, she was called by [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] to sing "Nila Kaigirathu" for her first film ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''. Her first song, "Nila Kaigirathu", was recorded at the age of 15. Since then, she has received offers from various music directors across South India. Within a career spanning a decade, she sang over 3500 songs four south Indian languages in which 35 devotional albums in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.

==Personal life==
Harini is married to singer [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]. A strong believer and follower of [[Sathya Sai Baba]], Tippu married Harini in [[Puttaparthi]] when they both were 22 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/life-as-a-duet/article3476745.ece|title=Life as a duet|website=The Hindu|date=31 May 2012}}</ref> They have a daughter named Sai Smriti and son, [[Sai Abhyankkar]], who made his singing debut with the single "Katchi Sera" in 2024.

== Discography ==
=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film name
!Song title
!Composer
!Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="1" |1995
|''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''
|"Nila Kaaigiradhu"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
|"Telephone Manipol"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|''[[Gnanapazham]]''
|“Onnum Onnum”
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|K. Bhagyaraj
|-
| rowspan="9" |1997
|''[[Iruvar]]''
|"Hello Mr. Edhirkatchi"
|A. R. Rahman
|Rajagopal
|-
|''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]''
|"Azhagu Puyalaa"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Nerukku Ner]]''
|"Manam Virumbuthey"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|''[[Ratchagan]]''
|"Soniya Soniya"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ullaasam]]''
|"Cho Larey"
| rowspan="3" |[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|-
|"Konjum Manjal"
|Hariharan
|-
|"Veesum Kaatrukku"
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Vallal]]''
|“Thala Thalakira”
|Deva
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|''[[Arasiyal]]''
|"Varai En Thozhiyae"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[S. P. Charan]], [[Shubha Mudgal]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |1998
|''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''
|"Chandaa O Chandaa"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|"Vaarayo Thozhi"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]]
|-
|''[[Natpukkaga]]''
|"Adikkira Kai"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Ulavuthurai]]''
|"Love Love"
|Shah
|[[Annupamaa]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kangalin Vaarthaigal]]''
|"Alli Sundaravalli"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Arunmozhi]]
|-
|"Muthu Muthu"
|Mano
|-
|''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]''
|"Kichu Kichu Thambulam"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Sandhippoma]]''
|"Naanthaan"
|
|-
|''[[Nilaave Vaa]]''
|"Chandira Mandalathai"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], S. P. Charan
|-
|''[[Unnudan]]''
|"Kandupidi"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|''[[En Uyir Neethaane]]''
|"Symphony"
|Unnikrishnan
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]''
|"Nothing Nothing"
| rowspan="3" |Vidyasagar
|
|-
|"Poovukellam Siragu"
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
|"Vannakili SolKonda"
|Gopal Rao
|-
|''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]''
|"Thirunelveli Halwa"
|[[Soundaryan]]
|[[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], Krishnaraj
|-
| rowspan="18" |1999
|''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]''
|"Kadhal Niagara"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Palakkad Sreeram]], Annupamaa
|-
|''[[Minsara Kanna]]''
|"Oodha Oodha"
|Deva
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Mudhalvan]]''
|"Azhagana Ratchasiye"
|A. R. Rahman
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]''
|"Poonguyil Paatu"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|Arunmozhi
|-
|''[[Rajakumarudu|Kadhal Vennila]]''
|"Karkandu Kannam"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Mano
|-
|''[[Padayappa]]''
|"Sutthi Sutthi"
|A. R. Rahman
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''
|"April Maadhathil"
|Deva
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Suriya Paarvai]]''
|"Ganapathi Thatha"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]''
|"Chinna Vennilave"
|Siva
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Nenjinile]]''
|"Prime Minister"
|Deva
|[[S. N. Surendar]]
|-
|''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]''
|"Thikki Thavikkiren"
|Vidyasagar
|Murali
|-
|''[[Jayam (1999 film)|Jayam]]''
|"Nilavukku Ennadi"
|Pradeep Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]''
|“Ooty Malai”
| rowspan="4" |Deva
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Pudhu Kudithanam]]''
|"Nilavukku Ennadi"
|[[Unni Menon]]
|-
|''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]''
|"Unaal Thokkam Illai"
|Krishnaraj
|-
|''[[Azhagarsamy]]''
|"Kaalmellaam" (female)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Paattali]]''
|"Srirangam Petru Thandha"
| rowspan="2" |S. A. Rajkumar
|Hariharan
|-
|"Ulaga Azhagiya"
|[[Anuradha Sriram]], Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="23" |2000
|''[[Mugavaree]]''
|"Keechu Kiliye"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
|"Alaipayuthey Kanna"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Kalyani Menon]], Neyveli Ramalaxmi
|-
|''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]''
|"Megham Karukuthu"
| rowspan="3" |Deva
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]''
|"Ninaithhal Nenjukkulle"
|Hariharan
|-
|"Yeno Yeno"
|[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Hariharan
|-
|''[[Priyamaanavale]]''
|"June July Maadhathil"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Parthen Rasithen]]''
|"Enakkena Erkanavae"
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Sandhitha Velai]]''
|"Vaa Vaa En Thalaiva"
|Deva
|Unnikrishnan, [[Shobana Vignesh|'Mahanadi' Shobana]]
|-
|''[[Athey Manithan]]''
|"Thazhal Madal" (solo)
|[[Adithyan]]
|
|-
|''[[Magalirkkaga]]''
|"Pudhu Rosapoo"
|Varshan
|
|-
|''[[Ennamma Kannu]]''
|"Thalaiva"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]''
|"Adi Kadhal"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Krodham 2]]''
|“Baba Baba”
|Deva
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|''[[Puratchikkaaran]]''
|"Ottrai Paarvaiyila"
|Vidyasagar
|Srinivas
|-
|''[[Uyirile Kalanthathu]]''
|"Deva Deva Devathaiye"
| rowspan="3" |Deva
| rowspan="2" |Hariharan
|-
|''[[Vaanavil]]''
|"Velinattu Kaatru"
|-
|''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]''
|"Kuchalaambaal"
|Unni Menon
|-
| ''[[Jayam Manadera|Sathyaseelan]]''
| "Mathuvoottum Vinveli Poove"
| Vandemataram Srinivas
| Krishnaraj
|-
|''[[En Sakhiye]]''
|"Ponnana Bhoomi"
|Pradeep Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Pottu Amman]]''
|"Vennilave Vennilave"
|S. D. Shanthakumar
|S. P. Charan, Theni Kunjarammal, [[Swarnalatha]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aval Paavam]]''
|"Kuyile Poonkuyile"
| rowspan="2" |Pradeep Ravi
| rowspan="2" |Prasanna
|-
|"Collegeile Teenageile"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nee Enthan Vaanam]]''
|"Yeah Machakaalai" (duet)
| rowspan="2" |Sangeetha Rajan
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|"Yeah Machakaalai" (female)
|
|-
| rowspan="26" |2001
|''[[Minnale]]''
|"Ivan Yaaro"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
| rowspan="3" |Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Aanandham]]''
|"Pallangkuzhiyin"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|-
|''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]''
|"Thirumba Thirumba"
|[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|-
|''[[Dheena]]''
|"Kadhal Website Ondru"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
|"Suttrum Bhoomi"
| rowspan="2" |Karthik Raja
|
|-
|"Athan Varuvaaga"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]]
|-
|''[[Maayan (film)|Maayan]]''
|"Maayavane"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
|"Ada Moondrezhuthu"
|A. R. Rahman
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
|"Muthamida Vendum"
| rowspan="2" |Karthik Raja
|Srinivas
|-
|''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]''
|"Anjala Anjala"
|[[Devan Ekambaram]]
|-
|''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''
|"Raathiri Nadu Raathiri"
|[[Sirpy]]
|S. P. Charan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]''
|"En Success Theriyadha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhina]]
|
|-
|"Hamma Hamma"
|Srinivas
|-
|''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]''
|"O Nadha"
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|Chandrabose
|-
|''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]''
|“Australia Desam”
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]''
|"I Na Sabai"
|Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]''
|"Egipthu Raani"
| rowspan="2" |Mani Sharma
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|"Mandela Mandela"
|Kalpana
|-
|''[[Super Kudumbam]]''
|"Yenthen Selaiyum"
|Adithyan
|Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]''
|"Konjum Kuyil Pattu"
| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|"Rasathi Rasathi"
|Anuradha Sriram, Arunmozhi
|-
|''[[Samudhiram]]''
|"Azhagana Chinna Devathai"
|[[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh-Murali]]
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]''
|"Thom Thom"
|Vidyasagar
|Hariharan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Aandan Adimai]]''
|"Enna Enna Paada"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|''[[Ponnana Neram]]''
|"Hello Hai Mamo"
|Pradeep Ravi
|Prasanna
|-
|''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''
|"Paithiyamaanene"
|Deva
| rowspan="2" |Unnikrishnan
|-
| rowspan="15" |2002
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|"Sonnalum Ketpadhillai"
|A. R. Rahman
|-
|''[[Panchathantiram]]''
|"Ennodu Kaadhal"
|Deva
|Mano
|-
|''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]''
|"Kalakkuthu Karagaatam"
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|[[Silambarasan]]
|-
|''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]''
|"Aagaya Suriyanai"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]''
|"Sagiyae Sagiyae"
|Mani Sharma
|Hariharan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
|"Kannadi Selai Katti"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|Krishnaraj, Swarnalatha, Karthik
|-
|"Shansha Shalpashaa"
|Tippu
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''
|"Vayadhu Vaa Vaa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Srinivas
|-
|"Kaatrukku Kaatrukku"
|Harish Raghavendra, Febi Mani, Sunder Rajan
|-
|''[[Nettru Varai Nee Yaaro]]''
|"Naalai Ettu Manikku"
|Deva
|Srinivas
|-
|''[[Ezhumalai]]''
|"Un Punnagai"
|Mani Sharma
|Mallikarjun
|-
|''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]''
|"Pallikoodam Sellum Megamei"
|Sabesh–Murali
|Unnikrishnan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Samasthanam]]''
|"Oru Kuringi Poo"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|Krishnaraj, Anuradha Sriram, Srinivas
|-
|"Penne Penne"
|Unnikrishnan, Tippu, [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
|-
|''[[Mutham]]''
|"La La La"
|Bharani
|Tippu
|-
| rowspan="10" |2003
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
|"Aalanguyil Koovum Rayil"
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]
|-
|''[[Thithikudhe]]''
|"Mainave Mainave - Reprise"
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|''[[Military (film)|Military]]''
|"Chittu Kuruvi"
|Deva
|Krishnaraj
|-
|''[[Punnagai Poove]]''
|"Venus Venus Pennae"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Devan Ekambaram
|-
|''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
|"Kavithayae Theriyuma"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Manikka Vinayagam]], R.P. Patnaik
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]''
|"Eleloa Elelo"
| rowspan="2" |Adithyan
|
|-
|"Ola Kudisaiyiley"
| rowspan="2" |Mano
|-
|''[[Thayumanavan]]''
|"Poonguyile"
|Vaigundavasaan
|-
|''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''
|"Vennila Vennila"
|Mani Sharma
|Udit Narayan
|-
|''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]''
|"Oh My Lover"
|Deva
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
| rowspan="11" |2004
| rowspan="2" |''[[Arasatchi]]''
|"Iruvadhu Vayasu"
| rowspan="2" |Harris Jayaraj
|Febi Mani
|-
|"O Muhalai Muhalai"
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
|''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]''
|"Thee Kuruviyai"
| rowspan="2" |A. R. Rahman
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
|''[[New (film)|New]]''
|"Thottal Poo Malarum"
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Thendral (film)|Thendral]]''
|"Pachai Kili"
|Vidyasagar
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]''
|"Megame Megame"
|Mahesh Mahadevan
|
|-
|''[[Sema Ragalai]]''
|"Agravin Aarambamae"
|Simmam Kumar
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
|''[[Sullan]]''
|"Adho Varaa"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
|-
|''[[Sound Party]]''
|"Raasathi"
|Deva
|Tippu
|-
|''[[Arivumani]]''
|"Poopol"
|Janakiraj
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Maha Nadigan]]''
|"Vayase Vayase"
|Deva
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2005
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Anniyan]]''
|"Kumaari"
| rowspan="2" |Harris Jayaraj
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|"Iyengaaru Veetu Azhage"
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]''
|"Nee Yaaro Nee Yaaro"
|Deva
|Tippu
|-
|''[[Majaa]]''
|"Chi Chi Chi"
|Vidyasagar
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|''[[Mazhai]]''
|"Thappe Illai"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|''[[Thotti Jaya]]''
|"Yaaridamum"
| rowspan="2" |Harris Jayaraj
|[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
|-
|''[[Ullam Ketkume]]''
|"Mazhai Mazhai"
| rowspan="2" |Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]''
|"Sudum Nilavu"
|Vidyasagar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]''
|"Aalakala Visham"
| rowspan="2" |Dhina
|
|-
|"Hormone Surrakuthu"
|KK
|-
|''[[Rightaa Thappaa]]''
|"Yaaridam Solven"
|Karthik Raja
|
|-
|''[[Sevvel]]''
|"Kalla Parvai"
|Aasan
| rowspan="2" |Harish Raghavendra
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]''
|"Ragasiyamanathu Kaadhal"
| rowspan="2" |Sirpy
|-
|"Ragasiyamanathu Kaadhal" (Solo)
|
|-
|''[[Saravana]]''
|"Saa Poo Three Pottu"
|Srikanth Deva
|Karthik, Anuradha Sriram, Baby Vaishali
|-
|''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|"Oru Unmai Sollava"
|[[D. Imman]]
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Uyir]]''
|"Kanne Kadhal Nilame"
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|Pradeep
|-
|''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]''
|"Iyakkunare"
|Vidyasagar
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2007
|''[[Unnale Unnale]]''
|"Unnale Unnale"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Karthik, Krish
|-
|''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''
|"Adadaa Adadaa"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Anoop Sankar]]
|-
|''[[Manikanda]]''
|"Pondicherry"
|Deva
|Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|''[[Nee Naan Nila]]''
|"Unnai Sandhithaen"
|Dhina
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
|''[[En Uyirinum Melana]]''
|"Oru Nimidam Poru"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
|''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]''
|"Unnai Paartha"
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Vegam (2007 film)|Vegam]]''
|"Kya Bole"
|[[Rajhesh Vaidhya]]
|Tippu
|-
|''[[Thavam]]''
|"Meenu Meenukutty"
|D. Imman
|Adarsh
|-
| rowspan="9" |2008
|''[[Bheema]]''
|"Siru Paarvayalae"
|Harris Jayaraj
| rowspan="2" |Karthik
|-
|''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]''
|"Medhuvaa Medhuvaa"
| rowspan="2" |Vidyasagar
|-
|''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''
|"Ippave Ippave"
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
|''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''
|"Maaman Engirukka"
|[[S. S. Kumaran]]
|Karthik, Tippu, Master Rohith
|-
|''[[Valluvan Vasuki]]''
|"Sollaama" (I)
|S. A. Rajkumar
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]''
|"Kurai Ondrum Illai"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|''[[Kasimedu Govindan]]''
|"Mottu Vediththadhu"
|Soundaryan
|
|-
|''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]''
|"Mettu Mettu"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Nadigai]]''
|"Enda Munuswamy"
|[[Babu Ganesh]]
|Babu Ganesh
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
|"Kadavulum Kadhalum"
|Mani Sharma
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Aadhavan]]''
|"Hasili Fisili"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Karthik, Dr. Burn, Maya
|-
|''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]''
|"Mudhal Murai"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|Tippu, Haricharan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Balam (2009 film)|Balam]]''
|"Kanavula Paathen"
| rowspan="2" |[[Yugendran]]
|Balram
|-
|"Devathaiye"
|Yugendran
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
|''[[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]''
|"Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam"
|A. R. Rahman
|Various
|-
|''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
|"Pookal Pookum"
| rowspan="2" |[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Roopkumar Rathod]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]''
|"Nenjam Nenjam"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar, Sulabha
|-
|''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]''
|"Semmozhiye Semmozhiye" (I)
|Dhina
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
|"Aathaa Adikayilae"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Narthagi]]''
|"Poovin Manam"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
| rowspan="2" |Tippu
|-
|''[[Venghai]]''
|"Orey Oru"
|Devi Sri Prasad
|-
|''[[Aravaan]]''
|"Nila Nila Poguthae"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
|''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]''
|"Man Vaasam Veesum" (female)
|Kavi Periyathambi
|
|-
|''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]''
|"Vizhiyum"
|Vidyasagar
|Madhu Balakrishnan
|-
|''[[Mouna Guru]]''
|"Anaamika"
|[[Thaman S|S. Thaman]]
|Karthik
|-
| rowspan="10" |2012
|''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
|"Moongil Thottam"
|A. R. Rahman
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
|''[[Vettai]]''
|"Thaiyya Thakka"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Saindhavi]]
|-
|''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)|Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]''
|"Adam Evaal"
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
|''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]''
|"Azhaipaya"
|S. Thaman
|Karthik
|-
|''[[Kollaikaran]]''
|"Oorae Sonnanga"
|Johan Shevanesh
|[[Rahul Nambiar]], Tippu
|-
|''[[Vinmeengal]]''
|"Un Paarvai"
| rowspan="3" |Jubin
|Hariharan
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pollangu]]''
|"Kadhalay Un"
| rowspan="2" |Naresh Iyer
|-
|"Kadhalay Un" (remix)
|-
|''[[Ammavin Kaipesi]]''
|"Nenjil Eno Indru" (female)
|Rohit Kulkarni
|
|-
|''[[Neerparavai]]''
|"Meenuku"
|N. R. Raghunanthan
|Vijay Prakash
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|''[[Desingu Raja]]''
|"Nelavattam Nethiyile"
|D. Imman
|Unnikrishnan
|-
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|"Vaan Engum Nee Minna"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Aalap Raju]], Devan Ekambaram, Praveen
|-
|''[[Pathayeram Kodi]]''
|"Azhagana Poigal"
|K. S. Manoj & G. D. Prasad
|Prasanna
|-
|''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''
|"Oru Poo Pookiradhu"
|[[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
|''[[Kan Pesum Vaarthaigal]]''
|"Peyar Illa Mozhiyilae"
|Shamanth
|Vijay Yesudas
|-
|''[[Apple Penne]]''
|"Thoongatha Boologam"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]''
|"Modern Kalyanam"
|Arrora
|[[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]''
|"Anbe Anbe"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Harish Raghavendra
|-
|''[[Aranmanai]]''
|"Sonnathu Sonnathu"
|Bharadwaj
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|''[[Pappali]]''
|"Ethethi"
|[[Vijay Ebenezer]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
|''[[Sooran (film)|Sooran]]''
|"Ayyanar Kuthirayilla"
|P. B. Balaji
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]''
|"Un Vizhigalil"
| rowspan="2" |G. V. Prakash Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]''
|"Irukkirai"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]''
|"Azhaga Aanazhaga"
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]''
|"Yedhedho Penne"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|[[Ajesh|Ajeesh]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|''[[Vanamagan]]''
|"Pachchai Uduthiya"
|Harris Jayaraj
|Abhay Jodhpurkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Solli Vidava]]''
|"Uyire Uyire"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jassie Gift]]
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|"Sollividava"
|D. Sathyaprakash
|-
|''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''
|"Vellai Kanavu"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Hariharan
|-
|''[[Kadhal Kasakuthaiya|Kadhal Kasukuthaiya]]''
|"Hello Arjun"
|[[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]]
|
|-
|''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
|"Aali Aali"
|Harris Jayaraj
|[[Brijesh Shandilya]], [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha Upadrashta]]
|-
|2019
|''[[100% Kadhal]]''
|"Thiru Thiru Ganatha"
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Nishabdham|Silence]]''
|"Pudhu Unarve"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|Karthik
|-
|2022
|''Pottu Vaiththaan'' (album song)
|"Pottu Vaiththaan"
|Maha
|Tippu
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II|Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|"Veera Raja Veera"
| rowspan="2" |A. R. Rahman
|K. S. Chithra, Shankar Mahadevan
|-
|"Aazhi Mazhai Kanna"
|
|-
|''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]''
|"Ulagai Vella Pogiraal"
| S. Thaman
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Note(s)
|-
| 1995
|''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''
|"Laali Laali Anu"(Female)
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|1996
|[[Indian (1996 film)|''Bharatheeyudu'']]
|"Telephone Dwanila"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1997
|''[[Iruvar|Iddaru]]''
|"Hello Mister"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ullaasam]]''
|"Chalore Choo"
| rowspan="3" |[[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
|"Kondamalli Puvve"
|
|-
|"Veeche Gaalu"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nerrukku Ner|''Mukha Mukhi'']]
|"Akhila Akhila"
| rowspan="3" |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|"Manavi Alakin"(Female)
|
|-
|"Mathi Poyene"
|
|-
|''[[Rakshakudu]]''
|"Soniya Soniya"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|''Aahaa'']]
|"Ahwanamandhi Andham"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|"Raave Naa Cheliya"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]''
|"Kanna Nee Kanulaku"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Padayappa|Narasimha]]''
|"Chuttu Chutti"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)|''Iddaru Mitrulu'']]
|"Chang Chang"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Krishna Babu (1999 film)|''Krishna Babu'']]
|"Hello Miss"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
|''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''
|"April Masamlo"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]''
|"Nandha Nandhaanaa"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[En Swasa Kaatre|Premante Pranamistha]]
|"Allukummadhi Jallumannadhi"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|''[[Oke Okkadu]]''
|"Andhala Rakshashive"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2000
|''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]''
|"Himaseemallo"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]''
|"Okkari Kosam"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Alai Payuthey|Sakhi]]''
|"Alaipongeraa"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2000|Bagunnaara]]''
|"O Priyathama"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2000|Manasichanu]]''
|"Venditherakee"
|Sathya
|
|-
|''[[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]]''
|"Allade Allade"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Sakutumba Saparivaara Sametam]]''
|"Love Is The Feeling"
|[[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="27" |2001
|''[[Narasimha Naidu]]''
|"Lux Paapa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Murari (2001 film)|''Murari'']]
|"Ekkada Ekkada"
|
|-
|''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]''
|"Nachhenuraa"
|[[Shiva Shankar]]
|
|-
|''[[Minnale|Cheli]]''
|"Ningiki Jabili"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Deevinchandi]]''
|"Sandhya Raagaamlo"
| rowspan="2" |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Akka Bavekkada'']]
|"Vammo Entha Speedo"
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Orey Thammudu'']]
|"Maridee Maa Lakshmi"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]''
|"Cheliya Cheliya"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Prematho Raa]]''
|"Emaindho Emo"
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Pandanti Samsaram'']]
|"Hello Na Cheli"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''
|"Emayyindho Emogani"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bava Nachadu]]''
|"Akka Baava"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|"Chandamama"
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2001|Subhakaryam]]''
|"Manasu Dochi"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''
|"Vennello Aadapillaa"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Cheppalani Vundhi'']]
|"Ku Ku Ku"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]''
|"Gopala Kriahnudamma"
| rowspan="2" |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''
|"Unna Maata Cheppaneevu"
|
|-
|[[Chiranjeevulu (2001 film)|''Chiranjeevulu'']]
|"Kanne Vedi Pilla"
|AB Murali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
|"Atagadosthada"
| rowspan="2" |[[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
|"Hattiti Bittri"
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Idhe Naa Modati Prema Lekha'']]
|"Maadhamaasa Velaa"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Ammaye Navvithe]]''
|"Kokkoo Kodi Petta"
|[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|
|-
|''[[Paarthale Paravasam|Paravasam]]''
|"Akasharaalu Rendaina"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aalavandhan|Abhay]]''
|"Navvu Navvu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|
|-
|"Nuvvu Evaro"
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Andham'']]
|"Manasuloni"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2002
|''[[Premaku Swagatam]]''
|"Rangula Rekka"
|[[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2002|''Neethone Vuntanu'']]
|"Valapula Malle"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Kalusukovalani]]''
|"Tala Talamani"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''
|"Kalalo Kalane Kannaanu"
|Valisha Sandeep
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2002|Hai]]''
|"Manasurukode"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
|''[[Adrustam]]''
|"Moraakko"
|[[Dhina]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2002|Manamiddaram]]''
|"Bhale Matthga Vundhi"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[List of Telugu films of 2002|''Rendu Gundela Chappudu'']]
|"Kallalona Kallu"
| rowspan="2" |Aaksah
|
|-
|"Oka Sari Moda"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''[[Toli Choopulone]]''
|"Pagadala Pedala Paina"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
|[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|''Abhimanyu'']]
|"TV Lantidhira"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Villain (2003 film)|''Villain'']]
|"Hello Hello Maahashaya"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|-
|''Swamy IPS''
|"Edhalona Edha"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
|''[[Naani]]''
|"Vastha Nee Venuka"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|''[[Gharshana]]''
|"Andhagaada"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]''
|"Premannadhi"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''
|"Madhura Madhurathara"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''
|"Emantaaro"
|
|-
|''[[Arasatchi|Judgement]]''
|"Iruvadi Vayasu"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Sullan|Mourya]]''
|"Addirabbanna"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2005
|''[[Oka Oorilo]]''
|"Guduu Guduu Guncham"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aparichithudu]]''
|"O Sukumaari"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|"Jiyyangari Inti"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2005|''Kanchanamala Cable TV'']]
|"Kallo Kaveri Raagam"
|[[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2005|''Premikulu'']]
|"Nuvvu Choose Choopu"
|Sajan Madhav
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2005|''Andhari Kosam'']]
|"Omkaarama"
|Pramod Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Majaa]]''
|"Chi Chi Chi"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2005|Whistles]]''
|"Vaddantaana Ninne"
|Ramana Ogeti
|
|-
|''[[News (film)|News]]''
|"Monalisa Monaalishaa"
|[[Gurukiran]]
|
|-
|[[Ullam Ketkumae|''Preminchi Choodu'']]
|Sodhinchuko"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anandabhadram|''Shivapuram'']]
|"Minnagu Vanti"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
|
|-
|"Pachani Thota"
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2006
|''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]''
|"Kalanainaa"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
|''Naidu LLB''
|"Nuvve Nuvve"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Iddaru Attala Muddula Alludu]]''
|"Tik Tik Tik"
|Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu|Maha]]''
|"Akurale Kalam"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
|''[[10th Class]]''
|"O Premaa"
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Vivah|''Parinayam'']]
|"Parichayam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravindra Jain]]
|
|-
|"Manaasune"
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2006|Gaana]]''
|"Chilaka Gorink"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|''[[Sainikudu]]''
|"Oorughalluke Pilla"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| ''Musical Waves''
|"Oka Maata Cheppana"
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Neevalle Neevalle]]''
|"Neevalle Nee"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2007|Veduka]]''
|"Navve Navve"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2008
|''[[Bheemaa|Bheema]]''
|"Kanu Chupula"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2008|''Ardham Chesukoru'']]
|"Iruvuri Manasulo"
|Ravi Mulakalapalli
|
|-
|''[[Brahmanandam Drama Company]]''
|"Mellagaa"
|[[Sai Karthik]]
|
|-
|''[[Hare Ram]]''
|"Laalijo"
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|
|-
|''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]''
|"Naa Prema"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2008|''Kalyanam'']]
|"Ninnu Choosthe"
|Kanakesh Rathod
|
|-
|[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?|''Nenu Meeku Telusa'']]
|"Yenno Yenno"
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|
|-
|''[[Yuvatha]]''
|"Yevarunnarani Neekaina"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[List of Telugu films of 2008|Ankusam]]''
|"Chi Chi Pora"
|Mariya Manohar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]''
|"Em Roopura Ori Naayana"
| rowspan="2" |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
|"Adhire Adharama"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Baava]]''
|"Mila Mila"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
|[[Puli (2010 film)|''Puli'']]
|"Nammakam Iyyara Swamy"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|[[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']]
|"Thiru Thiru Gananaadha"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Engaeyum Eppothum|''Journey'']]
|"Chitti Chitti Pulakintha"
|[[C. Sathya]]
|
|-
|''[[Nagaram Nidrapotunna Vela]]''
|"Ekkadi Dakka"
|Yasho Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
|[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|''Bodyguard'']]
|"Jiyajaley"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
|''[[Maattrraan|Brothers]]''
|"Rani Nanne"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Damarukam]]''
|"Nesthama Nesthama"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Aravaan|''Eka Veera'']]
|"Yelo Yelo Vennela"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|
|-
|''[[Ko Antey Koti]]''
|"Bangaru Konda"
|Shakthikanth Karthik
|
|-
|''[[Nippu]]''
|"Oy Pilla"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadali]]''
|"Pachchani Thota"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Alludu Seenu]]''
|"Neeli Neeli"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|''Geethanjali'']]
|"Naa Manasuni Thaakey"
|Praveen Lakkaraju
|
|-
|[[Legend (2014 film)|''Legend'']]
|"Thanjavuru"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal|''Seenugaadi Love Story'']]
|"Nuvve Nuvve"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Anegan|Anekudu]]''
|"Ee Sinni Sinnaari"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
|"O Kala"
|[[Radhan]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
|"Haali Haali"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''
| "Samayama" || [[Prashanth R Vihari]] ||
|-
|2020
|''[[Nishabdham]]''
|"Madhuramithe"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
|2022
|''Kothala Rayudu''
|"O Thalapai"
|[[Sunil Kashyap]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|"Ramachandhrude"
|[[Radhan]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|}
Harini rendered a series of devotional songs in 2012 on Lord Amman, Ganesha, Perumal among others, titled Om Nava Sakthi Jaya Jaya Sakthi, Vindhaigal Purindhai Nee En Vazhville, and Uchi Pillaiyare Charanam along with ace singer [[P. Unni Krishnan]]. The music was composed and produced by ''Manachanallur Giridharan''.<ref>[https://music.apple.com/us/album/uchi-pillaiyare-charanam/569854141 Devotional albums by Harini]</ref>

=== Hindi/Malayalam/Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Language
!Composer
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|1995
|''[[Indira (film)|Priyanka]]''
|"Khili Chandne Hame"
|Hindi
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Mister Butler]]''
|"Muthaaram Muthunde"
|Malayalam
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
|2000
|''Mr. Kokila''
|"Jee Jinke Jigiyo Jinke"
| rowspan="6" |Kannada
|Iyer Selvam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bahala Chennagide]]''
|"Kanda Odane"
| rowspan="2" |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Chori Chori
|[[Devan Ekambaram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| rowspan="2" |''Sundara Kaanda''
|"Maina Maina"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|"Are Jumma Jummalakka"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|2004
|''[[Nalla]]''
|"Gup Shup"
|Venkat-Narayan
|[[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Aparichit]]''
|"Iyengar Ghar Ki Sajni"
|Hindi
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''Sainika''
|"Male Bille Male Bille"
| rowspan="6" |Kannada
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|''[[Preethigaagi]]''
|"Preethiyalli Aralide"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Auto''
|"Doora Doorake"
|Vijayakrishna
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]''
|"Pachhegili Henne"
|Emil
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]''
|"Ondondu Storygu"
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|[[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Suchitra]]
|-
|''Preethi Nee Shashwathana''
|"Nooru Nooru Premigalalli"
|[[K. Kalyan]]
|Udit Narayan
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Parole''
|"Yaako Yeno Nanage"
|Balaji K. Mithran
|Harish Raghavendra, Tippu
|-
|''Nirdoshi''
|"Ee Dina"
|Govardhan
|Tippu
|-
|2013
|''[[Pattam Pole]]''
|"Antha Naalil"
|Malayalam
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
|2016
|''Kolar''
|"Ele Eleya Manase"
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|B. R. Hemanth Kumar
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Prema Baraha]]''
|"Manase Manase"
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|M. M. Keeravani
|}

==Television songs==
*Punnagai - 1997
*[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]] - 2003
*Hello Shyamala- 2018

==Awards and recognitions==
Harini has been the recipient of several popular awards in the singing category. Some of her awards are as listed below:{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
* 2003 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for ''Aalanguyil'' (''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''){{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 1997 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for ''Manam Virumbuthe'' (''[[Nerukku Ner]]''){{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 2004 – [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award]]{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 2000 – Silver Screen MGR Award (in Singapore){{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 1999 – Pace Award{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 1998 – Roja Award{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* 1997 – Madras Cultural Academy Awards{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0363050|name=Harini}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harini}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Joint Venture Protective Carbine

2026-03-02T20:38:54Z

JamelSkidmore: started the info more to come

{{short description|Indian submachine gun}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Joint Venture Protective Carbine Modern Submachine Carbine
| origin = India
| type = [[Carbine]]
| image = File:DRDOJVPC.png
| image_size = 300
| caption = MSMC submachine gun
| is_ranged = yes
| service = 
| used_by = See [[#Operators|operators]]
| wars = 
| designer = 
| design_date = 2005
| manufacturer =
* [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
* [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = Since 2005
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|2.98|kg|lb|abbr=on}} empty
| length = {{convert|552|mm|in|abbr=on}} closed stock {{convert|745|mm|in|abbr=on}} open stock<ref name=":0" />
| part_length = {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| cartridge = [[5.56×30mm MINSAS]]<ref name="ofb">{{Cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/joint-venture-protective-carbine-jvpc--5-56-mm |title=JVPC-5.56 mm |website=[[Ordnance Factory Board]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202163717/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/joint-venture-protective-carbine-jvpc--5-56-mm |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber = {{convert|5.56|mm|abbr=on}}
| action = [[Gas operated]], long stroke piston [[rotating bolt]]
| rate = 800–900 round/min<ref name=b /><ref name="ofb"/>
| velocity =
| range = {{convert|200|-|300|m|yd|abbr=on}}<ref name="MF">{{cite web|author=Max Popenker|year=2010|title=MSMC|url=http://world.guns.ru/smg/india/msmc-e.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304073753/http://world.guns.ru/smg/india/msmc-e.html|archive-date=4 March 2011|access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref>
| max_range =
| feed = 30 round [[box magazine]]<ref name="ofb"/>
| sights = Iron sights, reflex sights, IR sights, laser sights<ref name="ofb"/>
}}

The '''Joint Venture Protective Carbine''' ('''JVPC'''),<ref name=DRDO1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/joint-venture-protective-carbine-jvpc|title=Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC)|website=DRDO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204024101/https://www.drdo.gov.in/joint-venture-protective-carbine-jvpc|archive-date=4 December 2019|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> also known as '''Modern Sub Machine Carbine''' ('''MSMC''') until 2014,<ref name="aka">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-made-automatic-rifle-production-stuck-in-red-tape-115011100435_1.html|title=India-made automatic rifle production stuck in red tape|author=IANS|date=11 January 2015|work=business-standard.com|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221073054/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-made-automatic-rifle-production-stuck-in-red-tape-115011100435_1.html|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[Gas-operated reloading|gas-operated]], [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]]-fed, [[Selective fire|select fire]] [[carbine]] designed to chamber the [[5.56×30mm MINSAS]] cartridge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-25|title=DRDO's new carbine clears Army's final trials, ready for use|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdos-new-carbine-clears-armys-final-trials-ready-for-use-7119746/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It was designed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]],<ref name=DRDO1 /> and manufactured by [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]<ref name=":1"/> and by Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2022/07/07/pune-based-kalyani-group-showcases-the-extensive-portfolio-at-east-tech-2022/ | title=Pune based Kalyani Group showcases the extensive portfolio at East Tech 2022 - NE India Broadcast | date=7 July 2022 }}</ref> It was intended as a replacement for the 9mm [[Sterling submachine gun]] in service with the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=":1" />

The development of the JVPC began in 2010, being an offshoot of the [[INSAS]] small arms program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ammoland.com/2009/08/indian-army-to-unveils-new-machine-gun/#axzz3nbevcAKm|title=Indian Army to unveil machine gun|work=AmmoLand.com Shooting Sports News|date=21 August 2009 |access-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005075820/http://www.ammoland.com/2009/08/indian-army-to-unveils-new-machine-gun/#axzz3nbevcAKm|archive-date=5 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Its trials were commenced in 2016 and completed in 2021. The JVPC cleared the final phase of user trials by the Indian Army.<ref name=":1" /> The weapon's accuracy and reliability were tested in extreme hot weather and high-altitude winter conditions, by the Army's user trials.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-12-10|title=Indian Army to get 'Made in India' carbines designed by DRDO|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-to-get-made-in-india-carbines-designed-by-drdo/2147446/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

The JVPC already cleared user trials conducted by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and is currently being procured for the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF) and [[State Police Services|State Police Forces]] in the country.<ref name=":2" />

==History==
The development of a carbine was one of the objectives of the Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) programme, which developed the [[INSAS rifle|INSAS assault rifle]].<ref name="IE" /> An [[INSAS]] based carbine said to have been developed in early 2000s, but was rejected.<ref name="IE" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan|date=2010-08-20|title=The Ghost Guns|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20100830-the-ghost-guns-743860-2010-08-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018094126/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20100830-the-ghost-guns-743860-2010-08-21|archive-date=18 October 2019|access-date=2011-03-20|publisher=India Today}}</ref> The INSAS based carbine was designed to chamber the same [[5.56×45mm NATO]] cartridge used in the INSAS assault rifle and the LMG, hence it had a higher recoil than a carbine of its size should normally have.<ref name="IE" /> In 2002, the [[Indian Army]] has issued a General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) for a new submachine carbine with revised specification.<ref name="IE" /> In response to the new GSQR, both OFB and ARDE independently developed two carbines – [[Amogh carbine]] and MSMC respectively.<ref name=":3" />

Both carbines were designed to chamber much lighter [[5.56×30mm MINSAS]] cartridge.<ref name="IE" /> The prototypes underwent a series of trials – first in 2006, then in late 2007 and finally in early 2009.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|author=Anand|first=Oinam|date=2009-08-21|title=City institute ready with new gun for Army|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/city-institute-ready-with-new-gun-for-army/504904/0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018094124/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/city-institute-ready-with-new-gun-for-army/504904/0|archive-date=18 October 2019|access-date=2011-03-20|website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Both of the carbines failed to meet the requirement set by the Army.<ref name=":3" /> In 2010, DRDO's ARDE lab and OFB collaborated to iron out the problems with the MSMC design.<ref name=":3" /> The redesigned MSMC was now redesignated as ''Joint Venture Protective Carbine'' or ''JVPC.'' The prototypes of JVPC was offered to the Army for user trials in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2015-01-11|title=India-made automatic rifle production stuck in red tape|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-made-automatic-rifle-production-stuck-in-red-tape-115011100435_1.html|access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> Also in this time period an exigency for a carbine has arisen.<ref name=":1" />

The user trials by Indian Army commenced in 2016 and completed by 2021. The JVPC was subjected to accuracy and reliability test at extreme temperature conditions of India. The final user trials were conducted at the sub-zero cold desert of [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The JVPC was earlier cleared user trials by CAPF. In 2017, the then-[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] ceremonially accepted a JVPC from the then-[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], marking its service induction into the CAPF, Paramilitary forces and Police forces under the Ministry of Home affairs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/07/nirmala-sitharaman-takes-charge-as-countrys-first-woman-defence-minister-1653667.html|title=Nirmala Sitharaman takes charge as country's first woman Defence Minister|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908111121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/07/nirmala-sitharaman-takes-charge-as-countrys-first-woman-defence-minister-1653667.html|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The JVPC is currently being procured for the CAPF.<ref name=":2" />

The AWEIL-made JVPC was displayed in public at the DSEI 2023 convention in the UK.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sadefensejournal.com/show-report-dsei-2023-announcements-from-kac-pgz-and-more/ | title=Show Report: DSEi 2023 Announcements from KAC, PGZ, and more – Small Arms Defense Journal }}</ref>

According to the Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited 2021–2022 Annual Report, around 6,000 JVPCs were supplied.<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719043833/https://aweil.in/download/Annual%20Report%202021-22%20Handbook.pdf | title=Annual Report 2021-22 - Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited | website=aweil.in | url=https://aweil.in/download/Annual%20Report%202021-22%20Handbook.pdf | archive-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:JVPC carbine.jpg|thumb|MSMC/JVPC equipped with [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] ''Trinetra'' reflex sight]]
The MSMC or JVPC is a highly compact weapon that is less than 22 inches long with the stock collapsed,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Popenker|first1=Maxim|title=Sub-Machine Gun: The Development of Sub-Machine Guns and their Ammunition from World War 1 to the Present Day|last2=Williams|first2=Anthony G.|publisher=The Crowood Press UK|date=15 January 2012|isbn=978-1847972934|language=en}}{{page number needed|date=October 2023}}</ref> making it ideal for personal defence, close quarter battle and counter insurgency/counter terrorism operations.<ref name=":1" /> Like machine pistols such as the Uzi, the JVPC has a pistol grip with a magazine well. A 30-round MSMC magazine is inserted through this pistol grip.<ref name=":4" />

The JVPC's ergonomic pistol grip design, low recoil and compact size allows the user to fire it like a pistol.<ref name=":1" /> It has a retractable stock and ambidextrous fire selector located above the trigger.<ref name=":4" /> The upper receiver of the prototypes were made of stamped metal sheet,<ref name=":4" /> while production models are manufactured using metal injection molding technique.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=October 2021|title=Small Arms and Ammunition - JVPC|journal=Technology Focus|volume=29|issue=5|pages=7–8|issn=0971-4413}}</ref> It has multiple MIL-STD-1913 [[picatinny rail]] system<ref name=":2" /> – one on the upper receiver for mounting modern optics and sights and one on the lower for mounting forward hand grip.<ref name=":4" /> The lower receiver is mostly made of polymer.<ref name=":4" />

The JVPC has an overall length of 745 mm when stock is extended and 552 mm when stock is collapsed, making it a highly compact weapon.<ref name=":0" /> It has a barrel length of 300 mm<ref name=":0" /> and an effective range of 200 to 300 metre.<ref name=":4" /> JVPC has provision to equip barrel attachments such as suppressor and bayonet.<ref name=":0" /> The JVPC is designed to fire [[5.56×30mm MINSAS]] round and have a muzzle velocity of 650 meters per second.<ref name=":0" /> The 5.56×30mm ammunition used in JVPC is said to be superior to both [[FN 5.7×28mm]] and [[HK 4.6×30mm]] cartridges.<ref name=":0" />

The JVPC has a gas operated rotating bolt mechanism and features two modes of fire – single and full auto, which fires at a rate of 800<ref name=":0" /> to 900 round/min.<ref name="b" />

==Operators==

[[File:JVPC final trials by Indian Army.jpg|thumb|Final trials by Indian Army was successfully completed in Dec 2020]]
'''{{IND}}'''

* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/Monthly%20Summary%20.pdf|title=Monthly Summary for the Cabinet for the month of August 2019|date=August 2019|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Department of Defence Production]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202153303/https://ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/Monthly%20Summary%20.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/676052019.pdf|title=ANNUAL PROCUREMENT PLAN 2019–20 LIST OF ITEMS TO BE CENTRALLY PROCURED|website=[[Central Reserve Police Force]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202171658/https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/676052019.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>
* [[Chhattisgarh Police]]<ref name="b">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20170918-modern-sub-machine-carbine-drdo-indian-army-1039903-2017-09-08|title=This Made in India gun, with a cult following among gamers, soon to join Army's arsenal|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|date=8 September 2017|work=India Today|access-date=2019-12-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523133418/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20170918-modern-sub-machine-carbine-drdo-indian-army-1039903-2017-09-08|archive-date=2019-05-23|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Delhi Police]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC02_04April2022.pdf|title=Newspapers Clippings|volume=47|issue=64|date=4 April 2022|publisher=Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814231307/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC02_04April2022.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Uttar Pradesh Police to get JVPC Carbine Know specialty of Joint Venture Protective Carbine SPUP {{!}} UP पुलिस का नया 'हथियार': रुकने-फंसने का लफड़ा नहीं, एक मिनट में चलेंगी 800 गोलियां, जानें JVPC की खासियत {{!}} Hindi News, Uttar Pradesh | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-police-to-get-jvpc-carbine-know-specialty-of-joint-venture-protective-carbine-spup/995844 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928145852/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-police-to-get-jvpc-carbine-know-specialty-of-joint-venture-protective-carbine-spup/995844 | access-date=2026-02-21 | archive-date=2021-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Special Protection Group]] - In 2019 December 2 issue of the ''Mail Today,'' journalist Sandeep Unnithan reported that JVPC has cleared user trials by Special Protection Group and likely to get an order from the aforementioned unit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=2 December 2019|title=SPG opt for desi JVPC|journal=[[Mail Today]]|pages=11}}</ref>
* [[Indian Army]] - JVPC cleared the General Staff Qualitative Requirement set by the Indian Army, with the final trial in December 2020. This paves the way for JVPCs induction into the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Indian Army to get 'Made in India' carbines designed by DRDO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indian-army-to-get-made-in-india-carbines-designed-by-drdo-2147446/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-30 |title=Why the successful trials of a desi carbine is such a big deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-successful-trials-of-a-desi-carbine-is-such-a-big-deal-1754618-2020-12-30 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
The Modern Sub Machine Carbine first appeared in [[Call of Duty: Black Ops II|''Call of Duty: Black Ops 2'']].<ref name="b" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053525/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/joint-venture-protective-carbine-jvpc--5-56-mm|title=JVPC-5.56 mm|date=11 December 2020}}

{{commons category|Joint Venture Protective Carbine}}{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Personal defense weapons}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Carbines]]
[[Category:Submachine guns of India]]
[[Category:Machine pistols]]
[[Category:Telescoping bolt submachine guns]]
[[Category:5.56 mm firearms]]

Adalaj Stepwell

2026-02-28T06:04:06Z

JamelSkidmore: reworked layout per standard format per standard format

{{Short description|Stepwell in Gujarat, India}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Adalaj Stepwell
| image = Adalaj ki Vav Gujarat 240A1370 72.jpg
| caption = Interior
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-shape-fill-opacity = 0.2
| mapframe-stroke-width = 2
| mapframe-zoom = 16
| mapframe-marker = water
| coordinates = {{coord|23.16691|72.58024|region:IN-GJ|display=inline}}
| location_town = [[Gandhinagar]]
| location_country = India
| architect = Local
| client =
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = 1499
| completion_date = 16 January 1499<ref name="i866">{{cite web | title=A History Of Gujarat Vol I | first=Khan | last=Bahadur | website=Internet Archive | date=1938 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81300/ | access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| architectural_style = [[Hindu]] and [[architecture]]
| size = Five storied deep well
}}
'''Adalaj Stepwell''' or '''Rudabai Stepwell''' is a [[stepwell]] located in the small town of [[Adalaj]], close to [[Gandhinagar]] capital of [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] [[Gujarat]]. It was built in 1498 in the memory of Rana Veer Singh of the [[Vaghela dynasty]].

==Stepwell==
While in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marwari language]], the stepwell is called a ''vav'' (leading down to the level of water), in other Hindi-speaking regions of [[North India]], it is known as a ''[[baoli]]'' (also spelt, 'bawdi', 'bawri' and 'bavadi').<ref name =define>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121114804/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 November 2003|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent: A Glossary|work=Stepwell|accessdate=19 November 2009|publisher=Indo-Arch.org}}</ref>

Stepwells like the one in Adalaj were once integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat, as they provided water for drinking, washing, and bathing. These wells were also venues for colorful festivals and sacred rituals.<ref name=news>{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf|title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj|access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref><ref name=adalaj>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=142&webpartid=962 |title=The Adlaj Stepwell |accessdate=17 November 2009 |publisher=Gujarat Tourism |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103171542/http://gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=142&webpartid=962 |archivedate=3 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name=detail>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papress.com/html/book.details.page.tpl?cart=12579320109896&isbn=9781568983240|title= Ancient Step-wells of India|accessdate=18 November 2009}}</ref><ref name=culture>{{Cite web|url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adlaj-vav.html|title=Adlaj Vav - An Architectural Marvel|accessdate=17 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520182141/http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adlaj-vav.html|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Stepwells, also called stepped ponds, built between the 5th and 19th centuries, are common in [[Western India]]; over 120 such wells are reported in the semi-arid region of Gujarat alone, of which the well at [[Adalaj]] is one of the most popular. Stepwells are also found in more arid regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], extending into [[Pakistan]] to collect rainwater during seasonal monsoons. While many such structures are utilitarian in construction, they sometimes include significant architectural embellishments, as in the Adalaj stepwell, which attracts many tourists. In the past, these stepwells were frequented by travelers and caravans as stopovers along trade routes.<ref name=news/><ref name=detail/><ref name=culture/><ref name=ahmed>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/ahmedabad/adalajindex.htm|title=Adlaj Vav Step Well (built 1499)|accessdate=17 November 2009|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture}}</ref>

India's first rock-cut stepwells are dated from 200–400 AD. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550–625) and construction of stepped ponds at [[Bhinmal]] (850–950) took place.<ref>Livingston p.xxiii and p.211</ref>

The city of [[Mohenjo-daro]] has wells, which may be the predecessor of the step well; as many as 700 wells have been discovered in just one section of the city, leading scholars to believe that cylindrical [[brick lined wells]] were invented by the people of the [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref name=news/><ref name=detail/><ref>Livingston p. 19</ref> Between third and second millennium BC, at the "Great Bath", at the site of [[Mohenjodaro]] of the [[Harappan civilization]], filling of water was achieved from a large well located in one of the rooms in front of the open courtyard of the building–complex.<ref name=hooja>{{Cite web|url= http://www.infinityfoundation.com/hooja_book.htm|title= Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective|accessdate= 19 November 2009|publisher= Infinity foundation|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100903160914/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/hooja_book.htm|archive-date= 3 September 2010|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

While early stepwells were made of stone, later step wells were made of mortar, stucco, rubble, and laminar stones. The well cylinder was the basic form used to deepen the wells. It is also inferred that the Stepwells in Gujarat have survived so long because of the builder's knowledge of the soil conditions and the earthquake proneness of the region.<ref>Livingston p.51-52</ref>

The well size recommended, based on considerations of stability, was of four to thirteen ''[[Hasta (unit)|hasta]]'' ('hasta' a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word, which means "forearm" of size varying from {{convert|12|-|24|in|mm}}), A size of eight ''hasta'' was considered ideal, and a 13 ''hasta'' well was considered dangerous. However, the well thickness from top to bottom remained generally uniform.<ref>Livingston p.52-53</ref> By the 11th century, the stepwell planning and design acquired architectural excellence and the Hindu Stepwells were standardized.<ref>Livingston p.54-55</ref>

==History==
The Adalaj stepwell or 'Vav', as it is called in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], is intricately carved and is five stories deep. It was built in 1498. An inscription in Sanskrit establishes the history of the Adalaj stepwell found on a marble slab positioned in a recess on the first floor, from the eastern entry to the well. It is in the typical style of the Gujarat sultanate, built in 1499 in the reign of [[Mahmud Begada]].<ref name="culture"/><ref name=rich>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architecturecaribbean.com/adalaj_step_well.php|title=Stepping into A Rich History|accessdate=18 November 2009|publisher=Architecture Caribbean|archive-date=11 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711163107/http://www.architecturecaribbean.com/adalaj_step_well.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mona>{{Cite web|url=http://monadarling.com/lifestyle/step-wells-of-gujarat-and-rajasthan.html|title=Step-wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan|accessdate=17 November 2009|archive-date=26 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826205751/http://www.monadarling.com/lifestyle/step-wells-of-gujarat-and-rajasthan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |title=Sultanate Ahmadabad and its Monuments |date=2023 |publisher=Primus}}</ref>

The Sanskrit inscription in the stepwell describes:<ref name="Burgess1874">{{cite book|last1=Burgess|last2=Murray|title=Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/photographsofarc00murr#page/n17/mode/2up|accessdate=23 July 2016|year=1874|publisher=Bourne and Shepherd|page=17|chapter=The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"Samvat 1555 (1498 AD), month of Magha. 
"Salutation to Vinayaka ([[Ganesha]]) to whose race belonged King Mokala, chief of the country of Dandahi. From him was born Karna, . Mahipa, and Virsinh and Naisha were the sons of Mahipa. Virsinh's queen, whose name is Rooda, has constructed this well. 
"It is dedicated at this time – when the sun is in the north, the month is Magha, the bright half (Shukla Paksha), the 5th day, the day of the week, Wednesday, the lunar mansion – Uttara, Karana-Bava, the yoga – Siddhi."}}

Then follows a glowing description of the well, after which the queen, or rather lady of the chief, is praised in a few verses; the expense is stated at 5,00,111 tankas or over five lakhs, and the whole ends with a repetition of the date as given above.<ref name="Burgess1874"/>

The inscription on the stepwell reads:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Jas. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Revised_Lists_of_Antiquarian_Remains_in/H2ZBAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Revised List of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency |last2=Cousens |first2=Henry |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1897 |series=Archæological Survey of India: New Imperial Series |volume=VIII |location=Bombay |pages=310–312}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"On the fifth day of the month of Māgha in the Saṁvat year 1555 the king Pādasāha Śrī Mahimūda. 
"Oṁ. Salutation to Vināyaka: Salutation! In whose family was Mokalasiṁha the sovereign king of Daṇḍāhideśa, a Vāghela, equal to Indra in power, who protected the assembly of Bhāgavatas; 
... 
"Hail! While the year 1555 of the era of the king Vikrama and 1420 of the Śaka was current, in the Āṣāḍha month and Śiśara season of the Uttarāyana, on Wednesday the fifth of the light fortnight of Māgha in the nakṣatra of Uttarābhādrapadā in the Yoga called Siddhi and in the Karaṇa named Bava, the moon being in the Mīnarāśī (Pisces), in the victorious reign of Pātasāha Śrī Mahamūda, the queen Rūḍābāī, the faithful wife of Virasiṁha – Mahīpa's son, the lord of the country of Daṇḍāhi, a Vāghela, the crest-gem of all kings – made a well at Aḍālij for the benefit of all. The overseer was Mahaṁ, the son of Bhīma of the Śrīmālī caste. The money spent in building the well was 500,111 or in round figures 5 lākhs only. May his continue firm during the existence of the Sun and Moon!"}}

The cultural and architectural depiction in the deep wells at various levels are a tribute to the history of step wells, built by Hindus.<ref name=detail/>

==Legend==
As per legend, in the 15th century, Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty, a Hindu ruler, reigned over this territory known as Dandai Desh. His kingdom was a small one. It was subject to water shortage and was highly dependent on the rains. To alleviate the misery of his people, the Rana began the construction of a large and deep stepwell.

Before this project could be completed, his kingdom was attacked by Mohammed Begda, the Muslim ruler of a neighboring kingdom. The Rana king was killed in battle, and Mohammed Begda occupied his territory. Rana Veer Singh's widow, a beautiful lady, known as Rani Roopba (or Roodabai), wanted to commit suicide and join her husband in the afterlife. However, Begada prevented her from giving up her own life and proposed marriage with the dowager.

She agreed to a marriage proposal on the condition that he would first complete the building of the stepwell. The Muslim king, who was deeply enamored of the queen's beauty, agreed to the proposal and built the well in record time. Once the well was completed, Begda reminded the queen of her promise to marry him. Instead, the queen who had achieved her objective of completing the stepwell started by her husband decided to end her life. She circumambulated the stepwell with prayers and jumped into the well, ending the saga of building the well in tragedy.<ref name=culture/><ref name=mona/>

One version, which is narrated in the 200 years old scriptures of the Swaminarayan sect, suggests that before she died, Rani Roopba requested religious saints to take a bath in this stepwell so that the water in the stepwell gets purified by these saints, thereby delivering her from her sins.

Another is linked to the tombs found near the well. The graves of six masons who built the well are seen near the ''Vav''. Begda asked the Masons if they could make another similar well, and when they agreed, Begda sentenced them to death instead. Begda was so impressed by the architectural excellence of the stepwell that he did not want a replica to be built.<ref name=culture/>

==Structure==
[[File:Adalaj Stepwell first floor.jpg|thumb|Adalaj Stepwell first floor]]
[[File:Adalaj Stepwell - Upper Level - 2.jpg|thumb|Upper storey.]]
[[File:2T1A1747.jpg|thumb|The step well is five stories deep.]]
[[File:Schacht Adalaj Stepwell.jpg|right|thumb|Looking up the well.]]
Built-in [[sandstone]] in the Solanki architectural style, the Adalaj stepwell is five stories deep. It is octagonal in a plan at the top, built on an intricately carved large number of pillars. Each floor is spacious enough to provide for people to congregate.<ref name=culture/> It was dug deep to access groundwater at that level, accounting for seasonal fluctuations in water level due to rainfall over the years. The air and light vents in the roofs at various floors and the landing level are in the form of large openings. From the first story level, three staircases lead to the bottom water level of the well, which is considered a unique feature. Built along a north-south axis, the entrance is from the south, and the three staircases are from the south, west, and east directions leading to the landing, which is on the northern side of the well. Four small rooms with [[Oriel window|oriel]] windows decorated with minutely carved brackets are provided at the landing level, at the four corners. The structural system is typically Indian with traditional [[Trabeated|trabeate]] with horizontal beams and lintels. At the bottom of the well is a square stepped floor in the shape of a funnel extending to the lowest plane. This is chiseled into a circular well. Above the square floor, columns, beams, walls, and arched openings spiral around, a feature that continues to the top. However, the top part of the well is a vertical space open to the sky. The four corners of the square are strengthened with stone beams, set at 45 degrees angle.<ref name=news/>

The motifs of flowers and graphics of architecture blend very well with the symbols of Hindu and [[Jain]] gods carved at various levels of the well. The dominant carvings on the upper floors are of elephants ({{convert|3|in|mm}} in size, each of a different design). The walls are carved with women performing daily chores such as churning of buttermilk, adorning themselves, scenes of the performance of dancers and musicians, and the King overlooking all these activities.<ref name=adalaj/><ref name=culture/><ref name=ahmed/><ref name=rich/><ref name=mona/>
[[File:Details of stone carving at Adalaj Stepwell IV, Adalaj, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|Intricate carving in the well structure]]

An interesting depiction carved from a single block of stone is of the ''Ami Khumbor'' (symbolic pot of the water of life) and the ''Kalp Vriksha'' (a tree of life). Also seen is a fresco of [[navagraha]] or nine planets. These depictions are said to attract villagers for worship during marriage and other ritualistic ceremonies.<ref name=adalaj/><ref name=culture/>

The temperature inside the well is about five degrees lower than the outside hot summer temperatures. This encouraged the women who came to fetch water to spend more time in the cool climes here. They stayed to worship the gods and goddesses and gossip.<ref name=adalaj/><ref name=culture/>

A tribute paid to the rich underground structures, which are intricately decorated with sculptures, is that they are said to resemble palaces.<ref name=define/>

==Access==
The Adalaj stepwell is a popular tourist attraction of the [[Gandhinagar]] city and is situated {{convert|18|km|mi}} north of Ahmedabad city.<ref name=ahmed/> It is {{convert|5|km|mi}} from Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat.<ref name=culture/>

Gandhinagar is the railway station closest to the stepwell.<ref name=adalaj/>

<gallery widths="160px" heights="190px" perrow="4">
File:Wav or well at Adalaj, Ahmedabad, retouched.jpg|Women bringing water in the 1870s
File:Adalaj Stepwell VI.jpg
File:Adalaj Stepwell II.jpg
File:Another window-like sculpture carved on the wall..jpg
File:Adalaj Stepwell - 1.jpg|Upper storey of the stepwell.
File:Adalaj stepwell01.JPG|Adalaj stepwell
File:Adalaj ki vav Gujarat 240A1573.jpg|Ceiling on the well
File:ADALAJ STEP WELL.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Dada Harir Stepwell]]
* [[Mata Bhavani's Stepwell]]
* [[Amritavarshini Vav]]
* [[Jethabhai's Stepwell]]
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Rani ki Vav]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to water: the ancient stepwells of India, p211, Princeton Architecture Press, {{ISBN|1-56898-324-7}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56898-324-0}}.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://jatinchhabra.com/adalaj-vav-stepwell-gujarat/ Adalaj Vav – A beautiful stepwell with a tragic tale]
*[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/india/ahmedabad/adalaj.php Photo gallery]
*[http://www.architecturecaribbean.com/adalaj_step_well.php A Pictorial narration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711163107/http://www.architecturecaribbean.com/adalaj_step_well.php |date=11 July 2009 }}
* [http://www.trodly.com/destination/4509/adalaj-stepwell Adalaj Stepwell and around]
* {{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Adalaj Ni Vav – Information about Adalaj Stepwell |url=https://ashaval.com/adalajnivav-011099/ |access-date= |website=Ashaval.com |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404165959/https://ashaval.com/adalajnivav-011099/ |url-status=dead }}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1499]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

Shiv Sunder Das

2026-02-21T19:12:11Z

JamelSkidmore: improved page for consistency

{{Short description|Indian cricketer and coach (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shiv Sunder Das
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|5 November 1977}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightcm =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Batsman
| website =
| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 2000–2002
| testdebutdate = 10 November
| testdebutyear = 2000
| testdebutagainst = Bangladesh
| testcap = 229
| lasttestdate = 18 May
| lasttestyear = 2002
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| odidebutdate = 5 October
| odidebutyear = 2001
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 138
| lastodidate = 26 December
| lastodiyear = 2002
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt =
| club1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| year1 = 1993/94–2010/11
| club2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| year2 = 2011/12–2012/13

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 23
| runs1 = 1,326
| bat avg1 = 34.89
| 100s/50s1 = 2/9
| top score1 = 110
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 34/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 4
| runs2 = 39
| bat avg2 = 13.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 30
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 180
| runs3 = 10,908
| bat avg3 = 38.68
| 100s/50s3 = 24/52
| top score3 = 300*
| deliveries3 = 382
| wickets3 = 4
| bowl avg3 = 48.50
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/0
| catches/stumpings3 = 159/–

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 81
| runs4 = 2,421
| bat avg4 = 32.71
| 100s/50s4 = 4/13
| top score4 = 133*
| deliveries4 = 190
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 22/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28010.html Cricinfo
| date = 23 January
| year = 2019
}}

'''Shiv Sunder Das''' {{audio|Shiv Sunder Das.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 5 November 1977) is an Indian cricket coach and former [[cricket]]er. He is currently part of the senior men's national cricket team Selection Committee. He is the third player from [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] to represent [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/crickets-lost-talents-shiv-sunder-das-3rd-player-from-orissa-to-play-for-india/1324077|title=Cricket's Lost Talents! Shiv Sunder Das: 3rd player from Orissa to play for India|date=2018-07-29|website=Freepressjournal : Latest Indian news,Live updates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> He is a right-handed opening batsman. In [[first-class cricket]] he played for [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]. Das was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the [[National Cricket Academy]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news| first = Partab| last = Ramchand| title = First list of NCA trainees| url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/first-list-of-nca-trainees-84401| publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]| date = 2000-04-15| accessdate = 10 May 2024}}</ref> He proceeded to make his Test debut later that year.

== International career ==
Considered the answer to India's search for a genuine [[Test cricket|Test]] opener, Das was selected for the 2002 tour of [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] but after failing to score a fifty during the tour, he was dropped from the Test XI in the subsequent tour of [[England cricket team|England]], and has not played for India since.<ref name="OTD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149204.html |title=India's golden boy |accessdate=7 November 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 November 2006 }}</ref>
Das represented India in 23 Test matches and scored 1,326 runs at an average of 34.89, hitting two centuries – both of them against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="OTD"/> He was awarded the Man of the Series award during this tour to Zimbabwe, in 2001. Das then hit 250 in a first-class match against [[Essex CCC|Essex]] during India's tour to England in 2002. In [[first class cricket]], Das now retired in domestic competitions and currently batting coach of India national women cricket team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/shiv-sunder-das-story-of-a-promising-test-opener-1-786366.html|title=शिव सुंदर दासः एक होनहार सलामी बल्लेबाज की कहानी|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=5 November 2014 |language=hi|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shiv-sunder-das-happy-with-my-career-and-have-no-regrets/article22763073.ece|title=Shiv Sunder Das: 'Happy with my career and have no regrets'|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|website=Sportstar|date=15 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

== Coaching career ==
Back in 2016, he was training the boys in the U-16 & U-19 camp in Dimapur and Shillong Before taking coach role for a senior side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/domestic-interview/13496/happy-to-be-part-of-coaching-camp-for-ne-boys-shiv-sunder-das|title=Happy to be part of coaching camp for NE boys: Shiv Sunder Das – News – BCCI.tv|website=bcci.tv|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107151129/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/domestic-interview/13496/happy-to-be-part-of-coaching-camp-for-ne-boys-shiv-sunder-das|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Das was appointed as the coach of the [[Odisha cricket team]] by the [[Odisha Cricket Association]] in 2017.He replaced the former India cricketer [[Debashish Mohanty|Debasish Mohanty]] as the coach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/shiv-sundar-das-appointed-as-the-coach-of-odisha-ranji-team/|title=Shiv Sundar Das appointed as the coach of Odisha Ranji Team|date=2017-08-24|website=CricTracker|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
In August 2018, he was appointed as the coach of [[Manipur cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/shiv-sunder-das-to-coach-manipur-during-ranji-trophy-2018/|title=Shiv Sunder Das to Coach Manipur During Ranji Trophy 2018|date=2018-08-29|website=cricketaddictor|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> He was ruled out as National Selector due to the 'Retirement date' criteria because his retirement from all formats was not completed 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ss-das-selector-india-retirement-date-criteria-ruled-out-bcci-3047112/|title=SS Das was to be India selector, but 'retirement date' criteria ruled him out|date=2016-09-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/retirement-criteria-ruled-shiv-sunder-das-out-reckoning-national-selector/|title=Retirement criteria ruled Shiv Sunder Das out of reckoning as national selector|date=2016-09-24|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/shiv-sundar-das-this-is-a-challenge-for-me/article19567088.ece|title=Shiv Sundar Das: This is a challenge for me|last=Acharya|first=Shayan|website=Sportstar|date=26 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> In 2021, he was named as the batting coach of the [[India women's national cricket team|Indian women's team]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Test opener Shiv Sunder Das was named India Women batting coach|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-test-opener-shiv-sunder-das-named-india-women-batting-coach-1263330|access-date=2021-05-17|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> till 2023 when he was replaced by Amol Muzumdar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=28010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shiv Sundar}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Odisha cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bhubaneswar]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Ashiesh Roy

2026-02-17T18:32:10Z

JamelSkidmore: Made Basic Info And Citations.

{{Short description|Indian actor (1965–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashiesh Roy
| image = Ashiesh Roy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1965|05|18}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|24|1965|5|18|df=y}}<ref name="mumlive">{{cite web |title=Popular actor Ashiesh Roy passes away |url=https://mumlive.co/B2Szwxc |website=Mumbai Live |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]] [[Voice actor]]
| years_active = 1996–2017
}}

'''Ashiesh Roy''' (18 May 1965 – 24 November 2020)<ref name="mumlive" /> was an Indian [[television]] and film actor.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140117084201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-08/tv/27923371_1_ashiesh-roy-small-screen-big-screen Ashiesh on love, life and marriage]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140117084151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-28/tv/27775670_1_ashiesh-roy-comedy-bahu-aur-baby Meet the 'bad' boy of 'comedy']</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]] (Episode: Veni Sanhar)'' || Makrand ||[[DD National]] || credited as Ashish Roy ||<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/C0KFS1_7hjU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315014438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0KFS1_7hjU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0KFS1_7hjU| title = Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#31 - Veni Sanhar | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|1997-98
|[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]
|Girdhari
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|
|-
|1997–99
|''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''
|Abhishek
|[[DD National]]
|by DJ's A Creative Unit
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Ashiesh-set-to-play-Ravan-/articleshow/5123671.cms Ashiesh set to play Ravan]</ref>
|-
| 1998-1999 || ''[[Dam Dama Dam]]'' || Various characters || [[Zee TV]] || ||
|-
| 1998–99 || ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]]'' || || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] || ||
|-
| 1998–99 || ''Daayre'' || || || by Anjum Rizvi ||
|-
| 1999–2000 || ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'' || Tanveer || [[SAB TV]] || ||
|-
| 2002-2004 || ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]'' || Partho's Father || [[Star Plus]] || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' || Mr. Choudhary || [[STAR One]] || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]'' || Tutun || [[DD National]] || by Anil Choudhary ||
|-
| 2006–08 || ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein'' || Saurabh Ghosh || rowspan="2"|[[Star Plus]] || || <ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aek-chabi-pays-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-1111989 'Aek Chabi' pays tribute to Satyajit Ray]</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Baa Bahu Aur Baby]]'' || || by Hats Off Productions ||
|-
| 2007–08 || ''Chaldi Da Naam Gaddi'' || Das Gupta || [[Zee TV]] || by Hats Off Productions || <ref>[https://archive.today/20140117084205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-31/tv/27973291_1_villain-new-avatar-comedy 'The entire cast and crew laugh at me']</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]]'' || Mansukh Popat || [[Star Plus]] || by Hats Off Productions || <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ashish-Roy-collapses/articleshow/4471845.cms Ashish Roy collapses]</ref>
|-
| 2010–11 || ''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]'' || Anna || [[SAB TV]] || || <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ashiesh-Roys-forced-holiday/articleshow/4829579.cms Ashiesh Roy's forced holiday]</ref>
|-
| 2011–12 || ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' || Suryendra Daddoji Bharadwaj || [[Colors TV]] || by Rashmi Sharma || <ref>[https://archive.today/20140117084145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-18/tv/30410701_1_ashiesh-roy-oshiwara-mira-road Give it a rest, Ashiesh Roy told!]</ref>
|-
| 2012–14 || ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' || Chatur Ganguli || rowspan="2"|[[SAB TV]] || ||<ref>[https://archive.today/20140117084121/http://www.movieplus.com/news/tv-news/ashiesh-roy-harsh-khuranas-verbal-spat-on-jeannie-aur-jujus-sets-59431/ Ashiesh Roy-Harsh Khurana's verbal spat on Jeannie Aur Juju's sets]</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai'' || Various Characters || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Goldie Ahuja Matric Pass]]'' || Professor Ganguly || [[Disney Channel India]] || by Bad Company ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]'' || Ashok || [[Star Plus]] || by Sphere Origins ||
|-
| 2016-17 || ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'' || Shankar Mandal || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] || by [[Inspire Films]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aarambh: Kahaani Devsena Ki|Aarambh]]'' || Maaran Dev || [[Star Plus]] || by Rose Audio Visuals ||
|}

===Movies ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' || Spy Police 2 || by Shyam Benegal
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Home Delivery]]'' || Mr. Boltu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[MP3: Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar]]'' || Chief Official at Indian Embassy ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Raja Natwarlal]]'' || Kashi ||
|-
| ''[[Barkhaa]]'' || Anna || by Shadaab Mirza
|}

==Dubbing career==
Ashiesh Roy was also a [[voice actor]] who has been [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] for foreign films.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ashiesh-translates-die-hard-in-hindi-1106933 Ashiesh translates 'Die Hard' in Hindi]</ref>

==Dubbing roles==
===Live action films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
| [[Superman Returns]] || [[Kevin Spacey]] || [[Lex Luthor]] || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 || Performed with [[Damandeep Singh Baggan]] who voiced [[Brandon Routh]] as [[Superman|Clark Kent / Superman]] in Hindi.
|-
| [[The Dark Knight]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-tribute-to-heath-ledger-1176829 |title=A tribute to Heath Ledger |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=2008-06-10 |accessdate=2014-04-11}}</ref> || [[Heath Ledger]] || [[Joker (character)|The Joker]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| [[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]] || [[Michael Shannon]] || [[General Zod]] || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 || Performed with [[Urvi Ashar]] who voiced [[Amy Adams]] as [[Lois Lane]], [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] who voiced [[Russell Crowe]] as [[Jor-El]] in Hindi.
|-
| [[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]] || [[Bradley Cooper]] || [[Rocket Raccoon|Rocket]] (voice) || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 || [[Ninad Kamat]] dubbed this role in next movies.
|-
| [[RoboCop (2014 film)|RoboCop]] || [[Gary Oldman]] || Dr. Dennett Norton || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 || Performed alongside [[Aaditya Raj Sharma]] who voiced [[Joel Kinnaman]] as [[RoboCop (character)|Alex Murphy / Robocop]], [[Samay Raj Thakkar]] who voiced [[Michael Keaton]] as Raymond Sellers, [[Vinod Kulkarni]] who voiced Patrick Garrow as Antoine Vallon, [[Mayur Vyas]] who voiced [[Michael K. Williams]] as Jack Lewis, Manoj Pandey who voiced [[Jackie Earle Haley]] as Rick Mattox and Amar Babaria who voiced [[K.C. Collins]] as Andre Daniels in Hindi.
|-
| [[The Legend of Tarzan (film)|The Legend of Tarzan]] || [[Christoph Waltz]] || [[Léon Rom|Captain Léon Rom]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 || Performed along with Sanket Mhatre who voiced [[Alexander Skarsgård]] as [[Tarzan]] / John Clayton III, Lord Greystoke in Hindi.
|-
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Original Voice !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
| [[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]
|| [[James Lipton]] || The Director || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|}

== Death ==
Ashiesh Roy died on November 24, 2020, due to [[kidney failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/actor-ashiesh-roy-passes-away-7063437/|title = Sasural Simar Ka actor Ashiesh Roy passes away|date = 24 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Ashiesh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh

2026-02-16T03:29:36Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Basic Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Primary sources|date=August 2022}}
The following is a list of the [[urban local bodies]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Development, Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=urbandevelopment.up.nic.in}}</ref>

# Nagar Nigam - 17
# Nagar Palika Parishad - 200
# Nagar Panchayat - 541

== List of Municipal Corporations (Nagar Nigams) in Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Main|Municipal corporation (India)|}}There are currently 17 Municipal Corporations in Uttar Pradesh with 1360 wards. Shahjahanpur Nagar Nigam is the youngest Municipal Corporation in the state.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=http://sec.up.nic.in/site/summary.aspx |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=sec.up.nic.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |City
! align="Centre" |District
! align="Centre" |Corporation Name
! align="Centre" |Voters (2017)
! align="Centre" |Year of Formation
! align="Centre" |No. of Wards
!Last Election<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=http://sec.up.nic.in/eleclive/ULBResult.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=sec.up.nic.in}}</ref>
!Mayor
!Party
|-
!1
|[[Agra]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|[[Agra Municipal Corporation]]
|1,267,581
|1994
|100
|2023
|Hemalata Diwakar
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Aligarh]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|[[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
|612,237
|1997
|70
|2023
|Prashant Singhal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|[[Ayodhya]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|198,905
|1994
|60
|2023
|Girishpati Tripathi
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!4
|[[Bareilly]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|Bareilly Municipal Corporation
|761,889
|1994
|80
|2023
|[[Umesh Gautam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Firozabad]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation]]
|503,518
|2014
|70
|2023
|Surendra Singh Rathore
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Ghaziabad]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
|1,359,145
|1994
|100
|2023
|Sunita Dayal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!7
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|[[Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation]]
|865,302
|1994
|80
|2023
|Dr. Manglesh Srivastava
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!8
|[[Jhansi]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation]]
|418,545
|2002
|60
|2023
|Biharilal Verma
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!9
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|2,135,072
|1959
|110
|2023
|[[Pramila Pandey]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!10
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|[[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
|2,327,920
|1959
|110
|2023
|Sushma Kharkwal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!11
|[[Meerut]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|1,123,015
|1994
|90
|2023
|[[Harikant Ahluwalia]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!12
|[[Moradabad]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|Moradabad Municipal Corporation
|623,160
|1994
|70
|2023
|Vinod Agrawal
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!13
|[[Prayagraj]]
|[[Allahabad district|Prayagraj]]
|[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
|1,074,588
|1994
|80
|2023
|Ganesh Kesarwani
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!14
|[[Saharanpur]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|Saharanpur Municipal Corporation
|540,724
|2009
|70
|2023
|Dr. Ajay Kumar
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!15
|[[Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|Shahjahanpur Municipal Corporation
|246,079
|2018
|60
|2023
|Archana Verma
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!16
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|[[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
|1,085,300
|1982
|90
|2023
|Ashok Tiwari
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!17
|[[Mathura]] -[[Vrindavan]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|Mathura-Vrindavan Municipal Corporation
|620,339
|2017
|70
|2023
|Vinod Sharma
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== List of Nagar Palika Parishads (Municipalities) in Uttar Pradesh ==
{{main|Municipal council (India)}}There are 200 Nagar Palika Parishads (NPP) in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |City
! align="Centre" |District
! align="Centre" |Voters (2017)
! align="Centre" |No. of Wards
!Ruling Party
|-
!1
|[[Achhnera]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|19,252
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!2
|[[Afzalgarh]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|22,975
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!3
|[[Ahraura]]
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|18,810
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!4
|[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|83,655
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!5
|[[Aliganj]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|23,696
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!6
|[[Amroha]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|1,44,363
|34
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!7
|[[Anupshahr]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|23,001
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!8
|[[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|46,501
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!9
|[[Atarra]]
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|33,559
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!10
|[[Atrauli]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|44,672
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!11
|[[Auraiya]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|64,369
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!12
|[[Awagarh]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|23,458
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!12
|[[Azamgarh]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|86,861
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!13
|[[Bachhraon]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|22,607
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!14
|[[Baghpat]]
|[[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]
|37,100
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!15
|[[Bah]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|14,239
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!16
|[[Baheri]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|52,690
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!17
|[https://npbewar.in/ Bahjoi]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|29,336
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!18
|[[Bahraich]]
|[[Bahraich]]
|1,61,700
|34
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!19
|[[Ballia]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|89,144
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!20
|[[Balrampur]]
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|63,957
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!21
|[[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|1,24,409
|31
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!22
|[[Bangarmau]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|30,540
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!23
|[[Bansi]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|31,800
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!24
|[[Baraut]]
|[[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]
|81,812
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!25
|[[Barua Sagar]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|19,495
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!26
|[[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|1,07,583
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!27
|[[Bela Pratapgarh]]
|[[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|57,916
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!28
|[[Bhadohi]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|75,787
|28
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!29
|[[Bharthana]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|39,061
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!30
|[[Bharwari]]
|[[Kaushambi District|Kaushambi]]
|'''Newly formed'''
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!31
|[[Bhinga]]
|[[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]
|31,810
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!32
|[[Bijnor]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|71,394
|32
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!33
|[[Bilari]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|34,694
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!34
|[[Bilariaganj]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|'''Newly formed'''
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!35
|[[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|34,053
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!36
|[[Bilgram]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|22,268
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!37
|[[Bilhaur]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|15,838
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!38
|[[Bilsi]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|16,820
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!39
|[[Bindki]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|28,874
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!40
|[[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|59,781
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!41
|[[Bisauli]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|24,265
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!42
|[[Biswan]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|45,865
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!43
|[[Budaun]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|1,30,118
|29
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!44
|[[Bulandshahr]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|1,60,237
|37
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!45
|[[Chandausi]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|93,582
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!46
|[[Chandpur Assembly constituency|Chandpur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|62,864
|25
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!47
|[[Charkhari]]
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|20,353
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!48
|[[Chhibramau]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|49,168
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!49
|[[Chirgaon]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|12,841
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!50
|[[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot Dham Karwi]]
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|45,175
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!51
|[[Chunar]]
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|30,481
|25
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!52
|[[Colonelganj]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|21,341
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!53
|[[Dadri]]
|[[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
|80,294
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!54
|[[Dataganj]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|21,083
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!55
|[[Deoband]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|75,335
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!56
|[[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|1,12,238
|33
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!57
|[[Dhampur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|39,061
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!58
|[[Dhanaura]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|23,965
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!59
|[[Dibai]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|32,099
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!60
|[[Etah]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|1,05,843
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!61
|[[Etawah]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|1,99,185
|40
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!62
|[[Etmadpur]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|18,561
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!63
|[[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|60,240
|25
||[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!64
|[[Farrukhabad]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|2,11,578
|42
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!65
|[[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|1,60,335
|34
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!66
|[[Fatehpur Sikri]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|26,674
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!67
|[[Gajraula]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|42,902
|28
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!68
|[[Gangaghat]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|1,07,792
|28
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!69
|[[Gangoh]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|48,461
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!70
|[[Ganj Dundawara]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|37,086
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!71
|[[Garhmukteshwar]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|36,648
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!72
|[[Gaura Barhaj]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|26,531
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!73
|[[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]]
|[[Amethi]]
|21,705
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!74
|[[Ghatampur]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|32,174
|25
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
!75
|[[Ghazipur]]
|[[Ghazipur]]
|88,894
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!76
|[[Gola Gokarannath]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|51,959
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!77
|[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|94,716
|27
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!78
|[[Gopiganj]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|25,338
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!79
|[[Gulaothi]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|38,018
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!80
|[[Gursahaiganj]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|33,829
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!81
|[[Gursarai]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|21,299
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!82
|[[Haldaur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|15,470
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!83
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|37,447
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!84
|[[Hapur]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|2,02,010
|41
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!85
|[[Hardoi]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|1,00,536
|26
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!86
|[[Hasanpur]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|50,895
|28
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!87
|[[Hata, India|Hata]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|76,319
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!88
|[[Hathras]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|1,06,698
|35
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!89
|[[Jahangirabad]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|44,567
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!90
|[[Jais]]
|[[Amethi]]
|21,359
|25
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!91
|[[Jalalabad, Shahjahanpur|Jalalabad]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|28,831
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!92
|[[Jalalpur]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|24,073
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!93
|[[Jalaun]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|44,685
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!94
|[[Jalesar]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|28,994
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!95
|[[Jaswantnagar]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|25,136
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!96
|[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|1,90,294
|39
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!97
|[[Jhinjhak]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|19,357
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!98
|[[Kaimganj]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|26,550
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!99
|[[Kairana]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|65,094
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!100
|[[Kakrala]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|26,771
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!101
|[[Kalpi]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|42,259
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!102
|[[Kandhla]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|32,218
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!103
|[[Kannauj]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|60,169
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!104
|[[Kasganj]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|79,051
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!105
|[[Khair]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|28,571
|25
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
!106
|[[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|37,903
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!107
|[[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|34,248
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!108
|[[Khatauli]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|54,164
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!109
|[[Khekada]]
|[[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]
|32,349
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!110
|Khoda-Makanpur
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|1,55,880
|34
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!111
|[[Khurja]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|80,170
|31
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!112
|[[Kiratpur, Bijnor|Kiratpur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|46,872
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!113
|[[Konch]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|43,134
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!114
|[[Kosi Kalan]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|44,159
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!115
|[[Kushinagar]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|98,671
|27
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!116
|[[Laharpur]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|49,666
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!117
|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|1,38,482
|30
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!118
|[[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
|[[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
|1,17,421
|26
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!119
|[[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|4,09,183
|55
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!120
|[[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|26,816
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!121
|[[Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency|Mahmoodabad]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|38,126
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!122
|[[Mahoba]]
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|65,855
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!123
|[[Mainpuri]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|1,40,451
|32
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!124
|[[Mallawan]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|27,433
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!125
|[[Manjhanpur]]
|[[Kaushambi District|Kaushambi]]
|'''Newly formed'''
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!126
|[[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|15,868
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!127
|[[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|2,18,629
|45
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!128
|[[Maudaha]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|37,515
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!129
|[[Mauranipur]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|47,185
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!130
|[[Mawana]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|65,448
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!131
|[[Milak]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|22,992
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!132
|[[Mirzapur]]
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|1,90,341
|38
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!133
|[[Misrikh Neemsar]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|14,771
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!134
|[[Modinagar]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|1,11,078
|34
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!135
|[[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]
|[[Ghazipur]]
|29,211
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!136
|[[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|33,741
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!137
|[[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|70,778
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!138
|[[Mungra Badshahpur]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|13,965
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!139
|[[Muradnagar]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|73,334
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!140
|[[Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|2,59,927
|55
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!141
|[[Nagina]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|57,858
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!142
|[[Najibabad]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|69,322
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!143
|[[Nakur]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|18,025
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!144
|[[Nanpara]]
|[[Bahraich]]
|38,271
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!145
|[[Nautanwa]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|25,644
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!146
|[[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|29,620
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!147
|[[Nawabganj, Gonda|Nawabganj]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|13,328
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!148
|[[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|1,46,577
|29
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!149
|[[Nehtaur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|38,238
|25
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
!150
|[[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|32,850
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!151
|[[Orai]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|1,41,849
|34
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!152
|[[Padrauna]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|39,327
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!153
|[[Palia Kalan|Paliya Kalan]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|33,856
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!154
|[[Pihani]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|26,908
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!155
|[[Pilibhit]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|99,958
|27
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!156
|[[Pilkhuwa]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|68,013
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!157
|[[Powayan]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|21,868
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!158
|[[Mughalsarai|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar]]
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|75,754
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!159
|[[Pukhrayan]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|17,419
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!160
|[[Puranpur]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|30,225
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!161
|[[Raebareli]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|1,63,924
|34
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!162
|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|2,56,160
|43
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
!163
|[[Rasara Assembly constituency|Rasara]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|25,150
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!164
|[[Rath, Uttar Pradesh|Rath]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|50,998
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!165
|[[Robertsganj]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|34,151
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!166
|[[Rudauli]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|33,038
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!167
|[[Sahaswan]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|50,386
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!168
|[[Sambhal]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|1,72,070
|37
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
!169
|[[Samthar]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|16,968
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!170
|[[Sandi, Uttar Pradesh|Sandi]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|19,571
|25
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!171
|[[Sandila]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|49,355
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!172
|[[Sardhana]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|48,599
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!173
|[[Sarsawa]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|15,046
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!174
|[[Seohara]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|35,681
|25
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
!175
|[[Shahabad, Hardoi|Shahabad]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|60,190
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!176
|[[Shahganj]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|21,047
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!177
|[[Shamli]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|91,580
|28
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!178
|[[Shamsabad, Agra|Shamsabad]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|23,757
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!179
|[[Sherkot]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|47,355
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!180
|[[Shikarpur, Bulandshahr|Shikarpur]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|29,291
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!181
|[[Shikohabad]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|90,762
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!182
|[[Siddharthnagar|Siddharthanagar]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|22,967
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!183
|[[Sikandra Rao]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|35,733
|25
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
!184
|[[Sikandrabad]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|77,583
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!185
|[[Sirsaganj]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|26,448
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!186
|[[Siswa Bazar]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|'''Newly formed'''
|25
|'''TBD'''
|-
!187
|[[Sitapur]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|1,46,104
|30
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!188
|[[Soron]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|21,632
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!189
|[[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|26,033
|25
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
|-
!190
|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|80,079
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!191
|[[Syana Tehsil|Syana]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|37,605
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!192
|[[Tanda, Rampur|Tanda]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|33,463
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!193
|[[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|70,052
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!194
|[[Thakurdwara]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|33,948
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!195
|[[Tilhar]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|45,192
|25
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!196
|[[Tundla]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|44,227
|25
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!197
|[[Ujhani]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|45,866
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!198
|[[Unnao]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|1,22,013
|32
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!199
|[[Utraula]]
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|25,880
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!200
|[[Zamania]]
|[[Ghazipur]]
|25,767
|25
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

== List of Nagar Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh ==
{{main|Nagar panchayat}}There are 541 Nagar Paachayats in Uttar Pradesh currently.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |City
! align="Centre" |District
! align="Centre" |Voters (2017)
! align="Centre" |No. of Wards
!Ruling Party
|-
!1
|Achalganj
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!2
|[[Achhalda]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|7,082
|10
|
|-
!3
|[[Adari]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|10,438
|11
|
|-
!4
|[[Agwanpur]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|20,129
|15
|
|-
!5
|[[Ailam]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|10,667
|12
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!6
|[[Ait, Uttar Pradesh|Ait]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!7
|[[Ajhuwa]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|11,845
|12
|
|-
!8
|[[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|32,874
|19
|
|-
!9
|[[Alapur, Budaun(U.P)|Alapur]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|18,052
|15
|
|-
!10
|[[Allahganj]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|10,721
|11
|
|-
!11
|[[Amanpur]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|8,304
|10
|
|-
!12
|[[Ambehta|Ambehata Peer]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|12,215
|12
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!13
|[[Amethi]]
|[[Amethi district|Amethi]]
|11,032
|12
|
|-
!14
|[[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|11,147
|11
|
|-
!15
|[[Amila, Uttar Pradesh|Amila]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|4,170
|10
|
|-
!16
|[[Aminagar Sarai]]
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|7,465
|11
|
|-
!17
|[[Amraudha]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|7,474
|10
|
|-
!18
|[[Anandnagar|Anand Nagar]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|8,074
|11
|
|-
!19
|Anpara
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!20
|[[Antu, India|Antu]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|6,132
|10
|
|-
!21
|[[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|19,590
|17
|
|-
!22
|Asothar
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!23
|[[Atasu, Uttar Pradesh|Atasu]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|8,191
|11
|
|-
!24
|[[Atraulia]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|6,746
|11
|
|-
!25
|[[Aurangabad, Bulandshahr|Aurangabad]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|20,906
|15
|
|-
!26
|[[Auras, Uttar Pradesh|Auras]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,607
|10
|
|-
!27
|
|-
!28
|[[Azmatgarh]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|8,256
|11
|
|-
!29
|[[Babarpur Ajitmal]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|20,454
|15
|
|-
!30
|[[Baberu]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|10,425
|12
|
|-
!31
|[[Babhnan railway station|Babhnan Bazar]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|11,226
|11
|
|-
!32
|[[Babrala]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|14,840
|12
|
|-
!33
|[[Babugarh]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|4,270
|10
|
|-
!34
|[[Bachhrawan]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|9,605
|11
|
|-
!35
|[[Bada Gaon]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|7,107
|10
|
|-
!36
|[[Badlapur, Jaunpur|Badlapur]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|14,377
|15
|
|-
!37
|Baghnagar
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!38
|[[Bahadurganj, Ghazipur|Bahadurganj]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|14,027
|13
|
|-
!39
|[[Bahsuma]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|9,941
|11
|
|-
!40
|[[Bahuwa]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|8,885
|10
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!41
|[[Bairia]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|21,819
|16
|
|-
!42
|Baitalpur
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!43
|[[Bajna, India|Bajna]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|6,530
|10
|
|-
!44
|[[Bakewar]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|10,853
|12
|
|-
!45
|[[Bakshi Ka Talab]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|45,702
|19
|
|-
!46
|[[Baldev Assembly constituency|Baldev]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|9,717
|10
|
|-
!47
|[[Banat, Uttar Pradesh|Banat]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|14,088
|14
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!48
|Banda
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!49
|Bankati
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|16,791
|15
|
|-
!50
|[[Banki, Uttar Pradesh|Banki]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|18,863
|13
|
|-
!51
|[[Bansdih]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|17,802
|15
|
|-
!52
|[[Bansgaon]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|14,229
|12
|
|-
!53
|[[Banthra Sikandarpur|Banthra]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!54
|[[Barauli Rao|Barauli]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!55
|[[Bardar, Raebareli|Bardar]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|10,398
|11
|
|-
!56
|[[Barhalganj]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|16,391
|14
|
|-
!57
|[[Barhani Bazar]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|11,063
|11
|
|-
!58
|Barhni Chafa
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!59
|[[Barhapur Assembly constituency|Barhapur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|18,046
|15
|
|-
!60
|Bariyarpur
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|12,005
|13
|
|-
!61
|[[Barkhera]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|10,358
|10
|
|-
!62
|Barnahal
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!63
|[[Barsana]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|8,535
|10
|
|-
!64
|[[Behat]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|15,294
|13
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!65
|Belahra
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|13,557
|15
|
|-
!66
|Belhar Kalan
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!67
|Belsar
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!68
|[[Belthara Road]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|16,235
|13
|
|-
!69
|[[Beniganj]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|7,843
|10
|
|-
!70
|[[Beswan]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|4,636
|10
|
|-
!71
|Bewar
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|17,359
|15
|
|-
!72
|[[Bhagwant Nagar]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,619
|10
|
|-
!73
|Bhaluani
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!74
|Bhanpur
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!75
|Bharat Bhari
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!76
|[[Bharatganj]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|14,932
|13
|
|-
!77
|[[Bhadarsa|Bharatkund Bhadarsa]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|9,418
|11
|
|-
!78
|[[Bhargain]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|19,174
|14
|
|-
!79
|[[Bhatni Bazar|Bhatni]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|11,886
|12
|
|-
!80
|[[Bhatpar Rani]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|11,497
|12
|
|-
!81
|[[Bhawan Bahadur Nagar]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|7,854
|10
|
|-
!82
|[[Bhira Kheri|Bhira]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!83
|[[Bhogaon]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|24,563
|16
|
|-
!84
|[[Bhojpur Dharampur]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|23,572
|15
|
|-
!85
|[[Bhokarhedi]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|14,141
|13
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!86
|[[Bidhuna]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|22,146
|15
|
|-
!87
|[[Bighapur]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,708
|10
|
|-
!88
|[[Bikapur]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|10,637
|11
|
|-
!89
|[[Bilaspur, Gautam Buddh Nagar|Bilaspur]]
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|7,558
|10
|
|-
!90
|[[Bilram]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|9,734
|11
|
|-
!91
|[[Bilsanda]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|13,121
|12
|
|-
!92
|[[Bisanda Buzurg|Bisanda]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|8,931
|11
|
|-
!93
|[[Bisharatganj]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|12,387
|12
|
|-
!94
|[[Biskohar (Siddharth Nagar)|Biskohar]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!95
|[[Bithoor]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|8,550
|10
|
|-
!96
|[[Bridgmanganj|Brijmanganj]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!97
|[[Budhana]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|28,651
|17
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!98
|[[Budanpur|Budhanpur]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!99
|[[Bugrasi]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|11,711
|12
|
|-
!100
|[[Campierganj]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!101
|[[Chail, Uttar Pradesh|Chail]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|7,307
|10
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!102
|[[Chakia, Uttar Pradesh|Chakia]]
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|11,797
|12
|
|-
!103
|[[Chandauli]]
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|17,040
|15
|
|-
!104
|[[Chandaus]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!105
|[[Charthaval|Charthawal]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|16,845
|14
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!106
|Charwa
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!107
|[[Chaumuhan]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|10,908
|10
|
|-
!108
|[[Chhaprauli]]
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|15,508
|14
|
|-
!109
|[[Chharra Assembly constituency|Chharra]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|18,323
|15
|
|-
!110
|[[Chhata]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|19,125
|15
|
|-
!111
|[[Chhatari]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|8,173
|11
|
|-
!112
|[[Chhitauni]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!113
|[[Chhutmalpur]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!114
|[[Chilkana Sultanpur]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|13,719
|13
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!115
|[[Chiraiyakot]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|16,526
|15
|
|-
!116
|[[Chitbara Gaon]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|17,244
|15
|
|-
!117
|[[Chopan]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|11,909
|11
|
|-
!118
|Chowk
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!119
|[[Churk Ghurma]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|5,493
|10
|
|-
!120
|Dadhiyal
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!121
|[[Dahgawan]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!122
|Dala Bazar
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!123
|[[Dalmau]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|7,287
|10
|
|-
!124
|[[Dankaur]]
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|10,665
|11
|
|-
!125
|[[Daraganj|Daraganj alias Karadham]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!126
|[[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|14,268
|13
|
|-
!127
|[[Dasna]]
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|28,581
|15
|
|-
!128
|[[Daurala]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|15,827
|14
|
|-
!129
|[[Dayalbagh]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|2,416
|10
|
|-
!130
|[[Deoranian]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|15,850
|13
|
|-
!131
|[[Derapur]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|5,735
|10
|
|-
!132
|[[Dewa, India|Dewa]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|12,285
|12
|
|-
!133
|Dhakia
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|15,217
|15
|
|-
!134
|Dhakwa
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!135
|Dhanepur
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!136
|[[Dharamsinghwa]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!137
|[[Dhaura Tanda]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|17,098
|15
|
|-
!138
|[[Dhaurahra, Raebareli|Dhaurahra]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|18,572
|14
|
|-
!139
|[[Dibiyapur]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|18,904
|15
|
|-
!140
|[[Dildarnagar, Ghazipur|Dildarnagar]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|9,949
|11
|
|-
!141
|[[Doghat]]
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|11,999
|12
|
|-
!142
|[[Dohrighat]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|8,770
|11
|
|-
!143
|[[Domariaganj]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|24,252
|17
|
|-
!144
|[[Dostpur]]
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|10,197
|11
|
|-
!145
|[[Dudahi Bazar|Dudahi]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!146
|[[Dudhi|Duddhi]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|9,643
|11
|
|-
!147
|[[Eka, Firozabad|Eka]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|18,640
|15
|
|-
!148
|[[Ekdil]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|8,934
|10
|
|-
!149
|[[Erich, Uttar Pradesh|Erich]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|7,235
|10
|
|-
!150
|[[Faizganj]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|8,901
|11
|
|-
!151
|[[Farah, Uttar Pradesh|Farah]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|7,773
|10
|
|-
!152
|[[Faridnagar]]
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|9,564
|11
|
|-
!153
|[[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|5,891
|10
|
|-
!154
|[[Fariha]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|5,607
|10
|
|-
!155
|[[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehabad]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|19,448
|14
|
|-
!156
|[[Fatehganj Pashchimi]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|20,798
|15
|
|-
!157
|[[Fatehganj Purvi]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|9,560
|10
|
|-
!158
|[[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|30,272
|16
|
|-
!159
|[[Fatehpur Chaurasi]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,530
|10
|
|-
!160
|[[Fazilnagar]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!161
|[[Gabhana]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!162
|[[Gainsari]]
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!163
|Ganeshpur
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!164
|[[Gangapur, Varanasi|Gangapur]]
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| 5,948
|10
|
|-
!165
|[[Ganj Muradabad]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|7,605
|10
|
|-
!166
|[[Garautha]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|8,297
|10
|
|-
!167
|[[Garhi Pukhta]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|9,842
|11
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!168
|Garwara Bazar
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!169
|Gaurabadshahpur
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!170
|[[Gauri Bazar]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|7,399
|11
|
|-
!171
|[[Gawan]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|7,793
|10
|
|-
!172
|Gayghat
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!173
|Ghaghsara Bazar
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!174
|[[Ghiraur]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|10,242
|11
|
|-
!175
|[[Ghorawal]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|5,649
|10
|
|-
!176
|[[Ghosi]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|31,042
|18
|
|-
!177
|[[Ghosia Bazar|Ghosia]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|16,205
|13
|
|-
!178
|[[Ghughali]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|8,152
|11
|
|-
!179
|[[Gohand]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|5,482
|10
|
|-
!180
|[[Gokul]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|3,514
|10
|
|-
!181
|[[Gola Bazar, Uttar Pradesh|Gola Bazar]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|10,331
|11
|
|-
!182
|[[Gopamau]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|10,819
|12
|
|-
!183
|[[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|7,798
|10
|
|-
!184
|[[Goshainganj]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|10,055
|12
|
|-
!185
|[[Govardhan]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|21,261
|14
|
|-
!186
|[[Gularia Bhindara]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|4,144
|10
|
|-
!187
|[[Gulariya, Uttar Pradesh|Gulariya]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|4,353
|10
|
|-
!188
|[[Gunnaur]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|18,992
|14
|
|-
!189
|[[Gyanpur]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|10,079
|11
|
|-
!190
|[[Haidergarh]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|14,490
|12
|
|-
!191
|[[Dhanghata|Hainsar Bazar Dhanghata]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!192
|[[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|18,334
|13
|
|-
!193
|[[Harduaganj]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|11,421
|11
|
|-
!194
|[[Hargaon]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|17,226
|14
|
|-
!195
|[[Hariharpur, Sant Kabir Nagar|Hariharpur]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|7,979
|10
|
|-
!196
|[[Harra, Uttar Pradesh|Harra]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|12,445
|15
|
|-
!197
|[[Harraiya]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|6,943
|10
|
|-
!198
|[[Hasayan]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|4,610
|10
|
|-
!199
|[[Hastinapur]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|21,983
|15
|
|-
!200
|Hathgaon
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|8,567
|13
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!
|Hetimpur
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!201
|Hirapur Bazar
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!202
|[[Hyderabad, Uttar Pradesh|Hyderabad]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|5,487
|10
|
|-
!203
|[[Iglas]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|11,595
|11
|
|-
!204
|[[Ikauna]]
|[[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]
|11,163
|12
|
|-
!205
|[[Iltifatganj]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|9,655
|11
|
|-
!206
|[[Islamnagar, Badaun|Islamnagar]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|22,728
|16
|
|-
!207
|[[Itaunja]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|5,542
|10
|
|-
!208
|[[Itwa (Siddharth Nagar)|Itwa]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!209
|[[Jafarabad, Uttar Pradesh|Jafarabad]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|8,577
|10
|
|-
!210
|[[Jagner]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|9,499
|10
|
|-
!211
|[[Jahanabad, Pilibhit|Jahanabad]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| 10,982
|11
|
|-
!212
|Jahanaganj Bazar
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!213
|[[Jahangirganj]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!214
|[[Jahangirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jahangirpur]]
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|8,487
|10
|
|-
!215
|[[Jaithara]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|9,300
|11
|
|-
!216
|[[Jalalabad, Bijnor|Jalalabad]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|15,635
|13
|
|-
!217
|[[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|20,392
|15
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!218
|[[Jalali, Uttar Pradesh|Jalali]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|15,421
|13
|
|-
!219
|[[Jangipur, Ghazipur|Jangipur]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|10,080
|11
|
|-
!220
|[[Jansath]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|15,724
|14
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!221
|[[Jarwal]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
|13,622
|13
|
|-
!222
|[[Jasrana]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|9,711
|11
|
|-
!223
|[[Jattari]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|13,201
|13
|
|-
!224
|[[Jawan Sikandarpur]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!225
|[[Jewar]]
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|24,517
|16
|
|-
!226
|[[Jhalu]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|16,083
|14
|
|-
!227
|[[Jhinjhana]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|14,437
|14
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!228
|[[Jhusi]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|17,716
|17
|
|-
!229
|[[Jiyanpur]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|7,679
|11
|
|-
!230
|[[Joya, Uttar Pradesh|Joya]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|13,894
|12
|
|-
!231
|[[Jyoti Khuria]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|4,274
|10
|
|-
!232
|[[Kabrai]]
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|18,853
|15
|
|-
!233
|[[Kachhauna Patseni]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|11,613
|12
|
|-
!234
|[[Kachhla]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|6,707
|10
|
|-
!235
|[[Kachhwa]]
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|12,411
|12
|
|-
!236
|[[Kadaura]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|11,565
|12
|
|-
!237
|[[Kadipur]]
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|5,845
|10
|
|-
!238
|[[Kaiserganj Assembly constituency|Kaiserganj]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!239
|Kajgaon
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!240
|[[Kakod]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|7,431
|10
|
|-
!241
|[[Kakori]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|15,959
|13
|
|-
!242
|Kalan
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!243
|[[Kalinagar]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|7,862
|10
|
|-
!244
|[[Kamalganj]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|10,828
|12
|
|-
!245
|[[Kampil]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|7,921
|10
|
|-
!246
|[[Kanchausi]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!247
|[[Kant, Shahjahanpur|Kant]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|21,847
|15
|
|-
!248
|[[Kanth, Moradabad|Kanth]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|24,538
|17
|
|-
!249
|[[Kapilvastu Assembly constituency|Kapilvastu]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!250
|[[Kaptanganj Assembly constituency|Kaptanganj]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!251
|[[Kaptanganj, India|Kaptanganj]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|17,535
|17
|
|-
!252
|[[Karari]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|12,374
|12
|
|-
!253
|[[Karhal]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|21,719
|15
|
|-
!254
|[[Karnawal, Meerut|Karnawal]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|9,603
|12
|
|-
!255
|Karikan Dhata
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!256
|Kasba Sangrampur Unwal
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|15,993
|14
|
|-
!257
|[[Katghar Lalganj]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|10,127
|11
|
|-
!258
|[[Kathera]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|5,882
|10
|
|-
!259
|[[Katra, Gonda|Katra]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|5,643
|10
|
|-
!260
|[[Katra, Shahjahanpur|Katra]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|26,076
|16
|
|-
!261
|[[Katra Gulab Singh]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!262
|[[Katra Medniganj]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|6,175
|10
|
|-
!263
|[[Kauriaganj]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|9,879
|11
|
|-
!264
|[[Kemri]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|21,032
|15
|
|-
!265
|[[Kerakat]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|11,239
|11
|
|-
!266
|[[Khadda]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|12,572
|12
|
|-
!267
|[[Khaga]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|29,047
|18
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!268
|Khakhreru
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!269
|[[Khamaria]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|18,467
|15
|
|-
!270
|[[Khanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Khanpur]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|13,339
|12
|
|-
!271
|[[Kharela]]
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|10,356
|12
|
|-
!272
|[[Khargupur]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|7,419
|10
|
|-
!273
|[[Kharkhoda, Meerut|Kharkhauda]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|10,867
|12
|
|-
!274
|[[Kheragarh]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|17,393
|14
|
|-
!275
|[[Kheri]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|27,651
|16
|
|-
!276
|[[Kheta Sarai]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|15,078
|13
|
|-
!277
|Khimseypur
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!278
|Khirauni Suchittaganj
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!279
|[[Khiwai]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|15,410
|15
|
|-
!280
|[[Khudaganj]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|12,503
|11
|
|-
!281
|[[Khutar]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|13,549
|12
|
|-
!282
|[[Kishni]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|8,678
|10
|
|-
!283
|[[Kishunpur]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|5,548
|10
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!284
|[[Kithaur]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|20,191
|15
|
|-
!285
|[[Koeripur]]
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|6,515
|10
|
|-
!286
|Kohdaur
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!287
|[[Kopaganj]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|24,245
|17
|
|-
!288
|[[Kora Jahanabad]]
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|20,318
|15
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!289
|[[Koraon]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|10,958
|11
|
|-
!290
|[[Kotra, Uttar Pradesh|Kotra]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|6,559
|10
|
|-
!291
|[[Kulpahar]]
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|15,683
|13
|
|-
!292
|[[Kumarganj, Faizabad|Kumarganj]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!293
|[[Kunda, Uttar Pradesh|Kunda]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|20,356
|15
|
|-
!294
|[[Kundarki]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|23,690
|15
|
|-
!295
|[[Kunwargaon]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|5,974
|10
|
|-
!296
|[[Kuraoli]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|19,005
|14
|
|-
!297
|[[Kuraoli]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|18,643
|15
|
|-

!298
|[[Kurara]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|10,353
|11
|
|-
!299
|[[Kursath, Hardoi|Kursath]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|4,392
|10
|
|-
!300
|[[Kursath, Unnao|Kursath]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,633
|10
|
|-
!301
|[[Kurthi Jafarpur]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!302
|[[Kusmara]]
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|8,620
|10
|
|-
!303
|[[Lakhna]]
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|7,819
|11
|
|-
!304
|[[Lal Gopalganj Nindaura|Lal Gopalganj]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|23,828
|15
|
|-
!305
|[[Lalganj Ajhara|Lalganj]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|15,885
|16
|
|-
!306
|[[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|19,283
|15
|
|-
!307
|[[Lambhua]]
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!308
|[[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|23,533
|16
|
|-
!309
|[[Lawar]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|17,820
|14
|
|-
!
|Maa Kamakhya
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!310
|[[Machhlishahr]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|19,941
|15
|
|-
!311
|Madanpur
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!312
|[[Madhoganj]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|8,232
|10
|
|-
!313
|[[Madhogarh]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|10,500
|11
|
|-
!314
|[[Madhuban, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|16,903
|15
|
|-
!315
|Madrak
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!316
|[[Maghar, India|Maghar]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|13,234
|13
|
|-
!317
|[[Mahaban]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|7,769
|10
|
|-
!318
|[[Mahrajganj, Azamgarh|Maharajganj]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|5,293
|10
|
|-
!319
|[[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|5,082
|10
|
|-
!320
|[[Maholi]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|17,621
|14
|
|-
!321
|[[Mahona]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|5,983
|10
|
|-
!322
|[[Mahroni]]
|[[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]
|12,186
|10
|
|-
!323
|Mahul
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|7,573
|11
|
|-
!324
|[[Mailani]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|10,861
|12
|
|-
!325
|[[Majhauli Raj]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|15,776
|13
|
|-
!326
|Makkhanpur
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!327
|[[Malihabad]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|15,094
|13
|
|-
!328
|[[Mandawar, Uttar Pradesh|Mandawar]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|17,435
|14
|
|-
!329
|[[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]]
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|13,348
|12
|
|-
!330
|[[Manikpur, Pratapgarh|Manikpur]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|10,908
|12
|
|-
!331
|[[Maniyar]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|16,393
|14
|
|-
!332
|[[Mankapur]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|6,641
|10
|
|-
!333
|[[Mariahu|Mariyahu]]
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|17,873
|15
|
|-
!334
|[[Martingani|Martinganj]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!335
|[[Maswasi]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|13,442
|13
|
|-
!336
|[[Mataundh]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|6,715
|10
|
|-
!
|Mathauli
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!337
|Mau
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!338
|[[Mau Aima]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|14,550
|14
|
|-
!339
|[[Maurawan]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|11,030
|12
|
|-
!340
|Mehmoodpur Maafi
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!341
|[[Mehnagar]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|10,856
|12
|
|-
!342
|[[Mendu]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|10,694
|11
|
|-
!343
|[[Menhdawal]]
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|20,592
|15
|
|-
!344
|Mihinpurwa
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|24800
|15
|[[BJP]]
|-
!345
|[[Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh|Miranpur]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|21,514
|16
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!346
|Mirehachi
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!347
|[[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh|Mirganj]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|16,417
|12
|
|-
!348
|[[Mohammadabad, Farrukhabad|Mohammadabad]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|18,606
|15
|
|-
!349
|[[Muhammadabad-Gohna Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad Gohna]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|31,233
|18
|
|-
!350
|[[Mohan, Uttar Pradesh|Mohan]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|10,582
|12
|
|-
!351
|[[Mohanlalganj]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!352
|[[Mohanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Mohanpur]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|4,043
|10
|
|-
!353
|[[Moth, Uttar Pradesh|Moth]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|10,215
|12
|
|-
!354
|Mudiya
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|5,124
|10
|
|-
!355
|[[Mundera Bazar]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|8,735
|11
|
|-
!356
|Munderwa
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!357
|[[Mursan]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|10,355
|11
|
|-
!358
|[[Musafirkhana]]
|[[Amethi district|Amethi]]
|6,016
|10
|
|-
!359
|[[Musanagar]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!360
|[[Nadigaon]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|6,467
|10
|
|-
!360
|Nagar Bazar
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!361
|[[Nagra, Uttar Pradesh|Nagra]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!362
|[[Nagram]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|8,737
|10
|
|-
!363
|[[Nai Bazar]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|10,783
|11
|
|-
!364
|[[Nanauta]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|18,144
|13
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!365
|[[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|9,873
|10
|
|-
!366
|[[Naraini]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|9,940
|12
|
|-
!367
|[[Narauli]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|13,884
|13
|
|-
!368
|[[Narora]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|19,482
|15
|
|-
!369
|Narpatnagar Dundawala
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!370
|[[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|8,579
|15
|
|-
!371
|[[Naugawan Sadat]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|24,616
|16
|
|-
!372
|Nawabganj
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!373
|[[Nawabganj, Unnao|Nawabganj]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|8,074
|10
|
|-
!374
|[[Nichlaul]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|14,333
|13
|
|-
!375
|[[Nidhauli Kalan]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|6,947
|10
|
|-
!376
|[[Nighasan Assembly constituency|Nighasan]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!377
|Nigohi
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!378
|[[Niwari, Uttar Pradesh|Niwari]]
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|7,568
|10
|
|-
!379
|[[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|10,276
|11
|
|-
!380
|[[Nyoria Husainpur]]
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|16,776
|14
|
|-
!381
|[[Nyotini]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|5,314
|10
|
|-
!382
|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|32,646
|18
|
|-
!383
|[[Oel Dhakwa]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|9,624
|11
|
|-
!384
|[[Oran, Uttar Pradesh|Oran]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|5,133
|10
|
|-
!385
|[[Pachperwa]]
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|13,648
|12
|
|-
!386
|[[Pahasu]]
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|15,765
|13
|
|-
!387
|Pakariya Naugawan
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!388
|Pakbara
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|28,505
|18
|
|-
!389
|[[Pali, Hardoi|Pali]]
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|13,768
|13
|
|-
!390
|[[Pali, Lalitpur|Pali]]
|[[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]
|7,391
|10
|
|-
!391
|[[Paniyara Assembly constituency|Paniyara]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!392
|[[Paraspur]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|11,923
|15
|
|-
!393
|[[Parikshitgarh]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|15,975
|13
|
|-
!394
|[[Parsadepur]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|8,897
|10
|
|-
!395
|Partawal
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!396
|[[Patala, Uttar Pradesh|Patala]]
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|7,755
|10
|
|-
!397
|[[Patepur]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|9,918
|11
|
|-
!398
|[[Pathardeva Assembly constituency|Pathardeva]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!399
|[[Patiyali]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|11,547
|11
|
|-
!400
|[[Patti, Uttar Pradesh|Patti]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|7,671
|10
|
|-
!401
|[[Payagpur]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!402
|[[Phalauda]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|15,712
|13
|
|-
!403
|[[Phaphund]]
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|13,344
|13
|
|-
!404
|[[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|6,397
|10
|
|-
!405
|[[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|21,163
|15
|
|-
!406
|[[Pilkhana, Uttar Pradesh|Pilkhana]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|8,578
|10
|
|-
!407
|[[Pinahat]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|14,934
|13
|
|-
!408
|[[Pipiganj]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|11,033
|11
|
|-
!409
|[[Pipraich]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|13,062
|12
|
|-
!410
|[[Pipri]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|10,182
|12
|
|-
!411
|Pisawa
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!412
|[[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh City]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|10,870
|11
|
|-
!413
|Prithviganj
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!414
|[[Purdilnagar]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|16,025
|13
|
|-
!415
|Purab-Pashchim Sharira
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!416
|[[Purkazi]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|19,222
|15
|[[Indian National Congress|IND]]
|-
!417
|[[Purwa]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|19,440
|17
|
|-
!418
|[[Rabupura]]
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|12,715
|12
|
|-
!419
|[[Radha Kund]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|6,278
|10
|
|-
!420
|[[Raja Ka Rampur|Raja ka Rampur]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|9,263
|11
|
|-
!421
|[[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rajapur]]
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|10,760
|12
|
|-
!422
|[[Rajesultanpur]]
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|21,965
|15
|[[BJP]]
|-
!423
|[[Rajpur, Kanpur Dehat|Rajpur]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!424
|Ramganj
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!425
|[[Ramkola]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|10,319
|12
|
|-
!426
|[[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ramnagar]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|10,623
|11
|
|-
!427
|Rampur
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!428
|[[Rampur Karkhana]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|7,939
|10
|
|-
!429
|[[Rampur Maniharan]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|21,214
|15
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!430
|[[Rampura, Jalaun|Rampura]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|10,748
|11
|
|-
!431
|[[Ram Sanehi Ghat]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!432
|Rania
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!433
|[[Raniganj, Pratapgarh|Raniganj]]
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|14,650
|15
|
|-
!434
|[[Ranipur, Uttar Pradesh|Ranipur]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|14,183
|14
|
|-
!435
|[[Rasulabad, Kanpur Dehat|Rasulabad]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|16,629
|13
|
|-
!436
|Rasulabad
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|5,335
|10
|
|-
!437
|[[Rataul]]
|[[Bagpat district|Baghpat]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!438
|[[Rathaura]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|12,118
|12
|
|-
!439
|Ratsar Kalan
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!440
|[[Raya, Uttar Pradesh|Raya]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|18,002
|14
|
|-
!441
|[[Renukoot]]
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|8,467
|11
|
|-
!442
|[[Reoti]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|20,488
|15
|
|-
!443
|[[Richha]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|15,437
|14
|
|-
!444
|[[Risia Bazar|Risia]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
|10,310
|11
|
|-
!445
|[[Railway Settlement Roza|Roza]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|9,207
|11
|
|-
!446
|[[Rudayan, Budaun|Rudayan]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|6,226
|10
|
|-
!447
|[[Rudhauli|Rudhauli Bazar]]
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|16,419
|15
|
|-
!448
|[[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|24,804
|16
|
|-
!449
|[[Rupaidiha]]
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!450
|[[Rura]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|12,857
|12
|
|-
!451
|[[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|27,471
|17
|
|-
!452
|[[Sadat, Uttar Pradesh|Sadat]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|9,252
|11
|
|-
!453
|[[Safipur]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|17,957
|15
|
|-
!454
|[[Sahanpur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|16,080
|14
|
|-
!455
|[[Sahaspur]]
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|18,189
|15
|
|-
!456
|[[Sahatwar]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|16,678
|14
|
|-
!457
|[[Sahawar]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|18,332
|15
|
|-
!458
|[[Sahjanwan]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|27,632
|16
|
|-
!459
|[[Sahpau]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|6,076
|10
|
|-
!460
|Saidangali
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!461
|[[Saidpur, Badaun|Saidpur]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|12,584
|12
|
|-
!462
|[[Saidpur, Ghazipur|Saidpur]]
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|18,367
|15
|
|-
!463
|Saifni
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!464
|[[Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh|Sainthal]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|11,692
|12
|
|-
!465
|[[Saiyad Raja]]
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|13,458
|13
|
|-
!466
|[[Sakhanu]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|7,633
|10
|
|-
!467
|[[Sakit]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|6,319
|10
|
|-
!468
|[[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|17,995
|13
|
|-
!469
|[[Salon, India|Salon]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|11,765
|12
|
|-
!470
|[[Samdhan]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|21,793
|16
|
|-
!
|Sankisa Basantpur
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!471
|[[Sarai Aquil]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|14,328
|13
|
|-
!472
|[[Sarai Mir]]
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|15,449
|13
|
|-
!473
|[[Sarila]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|6,858
|10
|
|-
!474
|[[Sasni]]
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|8,806
|12
|
|-
!475
|[[Satrikh]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|9,959
|11
|
|-
!476
|[[Saunkh]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|7,757
|10
|
|-
!477
|[[Saurikh]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|10,176
|11
|
|-
!478
|[[Sewalkhas]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|17,046
|14
|
|-
!479
|[[Sewarhi]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|16,949
|14
|
|-
!480
|[[Shahabad, Rampur|Shahabad]]
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|30,276
|17
|
|-
!481
|[[Shahi, Uttar Pradesh|Shahi]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|11,805
|12
|
|-
!482
|[[Shahjahanpur, Meerut|Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|12,381
|13
|
|-
!483
|[[Shahpur, Uttar Pradesh|Shahpur]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|16,329
|13
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!484
|[[Shamsabad, Farrukhabad|Shamsabad]]
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|28,580
|19
|
|-
!485
|[[Shankargarh]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|12,818
|12
|
|-
!486
|[[Shergarh, Uttar Pradesh|Shergarh]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|11,565
|12
|
|-
!487
|[[Shishgarh]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|18,831
|15
|
|-
!488
|[[Shivgarh]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!489
|[[Shivli]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|6,296
|10
|
|-
!490
|[[Shivrajpur]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|8,609
|11
|
|-
!491
|[[Shohratgarh]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|7,189
|10
|
|-
!492
|[[Siddhaur]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|9,691
|11
|
|-
!493
|[[Sidhauli]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|21,185
|14
|
|-
!494
|[[Sidhpura]]
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|12,433
|12
|
|-
!495
|[[Sikandara]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|10,584
|11
|
|-
!496
|[[Sikanderpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sikandarpur]]
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|18,430
|15
|
|-
!497
|[[Sikanderpur, Kannauj|Sikanderpur]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|7,199
|10
|
|-
!498
|[[Singahi Bhiraura]]
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|13,466
|13
|
|-
!499
|[[Sirathu]]
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|10,646
|11
|
|-
!500
|[[Sirauli]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|17,912
|14
|
|-
!501
|[[Sirsa, Uttar Pradesh|Sirsa]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|9,621
|11
|
|-
!502
|[[Sirsi, Uttar Pradesh|Sirsi]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|21,694
|15
|
|-
!503
|[[Sisauli]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|11,596
|13
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!504
|[[Sonauli]]
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|14,366
|14
|
|-
!505
|Subeha
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|10,642
|11
|
|-
!506
|Sukrauli
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!507
|[[Sumerpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sumerpur]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|29,825
|18
|
|-
!508
|[[Suriyawan]]
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|14,074
|13
|
|-
!509
|Suwansa Bazar
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!510
|[[Swamibagh]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|1,585
|10
|
|-
!511
|[[Talbehat]]
|[[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]
|10,869
|12
|
|-
!512
|[[Talgram]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|9,129
|11
|
|-
!513
|[[Tambaur Ahmadabad]]
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|19,010
|14
|
|-
!514
|[[Tamkuhi Raj Assembly constituency|Tamkuhi Raj]]
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!515
|[[Tappal]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!516
|[[Tarabganj Assembly constituency|Tarabganj]]
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!517
|Tarkulwa
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!518
|Tatiri
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|11,326
|11
|
|-
!519
|[[Thana Bhawan]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|30,042
|17
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!520
|[[Thiriya Nizamat Khan]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|17,935
|14
|
|-
!521
|[[Tikait Nagar]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|6,649
|10
|
|-
!522
|[[Tikri, Uttar Pradesh|Tikri]]
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|11,666
|12
|
|-
!523
|[[Tindwari]]
|[[Banda District, India|Banda]]
|7,926
|10
|
|-
!524
|[[Tirwaganj]]
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|18,910
|15
|
|-
!525
|[[Titron]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|8,518
|11
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
!526
|[[Tondi Fatehpur]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|8,777
|11
|
|-
!527
|[[Tulsipur]]
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|19,084
|15
|
|-
!528
|[[Ugu]]
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|4,234
|10
|
|-
!529
|[[Ujhari]]
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|17,190
|14
|
|-
!530
|[[Umri, Jalaun|Umri]]
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|7,263
|10
|
|-
!531
|[[Umri Kalan]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|12,807
|13
|
|-
!532
|[[Un, Uttar Pradesh|Un]]
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|13,294
|12
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
!533
|[[Unchahar]]
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|9,372
|10
|
|-
!534
|Uruwa Bazar
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Newly Formed'''
|-
!535
|[[Usawan]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|10,437
|11
|
|-
!536
|[[Usehat]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|12,899
|11
|
|-
!537
|[[Uska, Uttar Pradesh|Uska Bazar]]
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|20,075
|15
|
|-
!538
|[[Vijaigarh]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|5,703
|10
|
|-
!539
|[[Walidpur]]
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|19,215
|16
|
|-
!540
|[[Wazirganj]]
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|17,165
|13
|
|-
!541
|[[Zaidpur]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|27,535
|17
|
|}

== Overview (district wise list) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Sr. no.
!District
!Nagar Nigam
!Nagar Palika Parishad
!Nagar Panchayat
|-
!1
|[[Agra District|Agra]]
|
* [[Agra]]
|
# [[Achhnera]]
# [[Bah]]
# [[Etmadpur]]
# [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
# [[Shamsabad, Agra|Shamsabad]]
|
# [[Dayalbagh]]
# [[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehabad]]
# [[Jagner]]
# [[Kheragarh]]
# [[Kuraoli]]
# [[Pinahat]]
# [[Swamibagh]]
|-
!2
|[[Aligarh District|Aligarh]]
|
* [[Aligarh]]
|
# [[Atrauli]]
# [[Khair]]
|
# [[Barauli Rao|Barauli]]
# [[Beswan]]
# [[Chandaus]]
# [[Chharra Assembly constituency|Chharra]]
# [[Gabhana]]
# [[Harduaganj]]
# [[Iglas]]
# [[Jalali, Uttar Pradesh|Jalali]]
# [[Jattari]]
# [[Jawan Sikandarpur]]
# [[Kauriaganj]]
# Madrak
# [[Pilkhana, Uttar Pradesh|Pilkhana]]
# Pisawa
# [[Tappal]]
# [[Vijaigarh]]
|-
!3
|[[Ambedkar Nagar District|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
# [[Jalalpur]]
# [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]]
|
# [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]]
# [[Iltifatganj]]
# [[Jahangirganj]]
# [[Rajesultanpur]]
|-
!4
|[[Amethi district|Amethi]]
|NA
|
# [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]]
# [[Jais]]
|
# [[Amethi]]
# [[Musafirkhana]]
|-
!5
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|NA
|
# [[Amroha]]
# [[Bachhraon]]
# [[Dhanaura]]
# [[Gajraula]]
# [[Hasanpur]]
|
# [[Joya, Uttar Pradesh|Joya]]
# [[Naugawan Sadat]]
# Saidangali
# [[Ujhari]]
|-
!6
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|NA
|
# [[Auraiya]]
|
# [[Achhalda]]
# [[Atasu, Uttar Pradesh|Atasu]]
# [[Babarpur Ajitmal]]
# [[Bidhuna]]
# [[Dibiyapur]]
# [[Phaphund]]
|-
!7
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|
* [[Ayodhya]]
|
# [[Rudauli]]
|
# [[ Bhadarsa]]
# [[Bikapur]]
# [[Goshainganj]]
# Khirauni Suchittaganj
# [[Kumarganj, Faizabad|Kumarganj]]
# Maa Kamakhya
|-
!8
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|NA
|
# [[Azamgarh]]
# [[Bilariaganj]]
# [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]]
|
# [[Atraulia]]
# [[Azmatgarh]]
# [[Budanpur|Budhanpur]]
# Jahanaganj Bazar
# [[Jiyanpur]]
# [[Katghar Lalganj]]
# [[Mahrajganj, Azamgarh|Maharajganj]]
# Mahul
# [[Martingani|Martinganj]]
# [[Mehnagar]]
# [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
# [[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]]
# [[Sarai Mir]]
|-
!9
|[[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
|NA
|
# [[Baghpat ]]
# [[Baraut]]
# [[Khekada]]
|
# [[Aminagar Sarai]]
# [[Chhaprauli]]
# [[Doghat]]
# [[Rataul]]
# Tatiri
# [[Tikri, Uttar Pradesh|Tikri]]
|-
!10
|[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
|NA
|
# [[Bahraich ]]
# [[Nanpara]]
|
# [[Jarwal]]
# [[Kaiserganj Assembly constituency|Kaiserganj]]
# Mihipurwa
# [[Payagpur]]
# [[Risia Bazar|Risia]]
# [[Rupaidiha]]
|-
!11
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|NA
|
# [[Ballia]]
# [[Rasara Assembly constituency|Rasara]]
|
# [[Bairia]]
# [[Bansdih]]
# [[Belthara Road]]
# [[Chitbara Gaon]]
# [[Maniyar]]
# [[Nagra, Uttar Pradesh|Nagra]]
# Ratsar Kalan
# [[Reoti]]
# [[Sahatwar]]
# [[Sikanderpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sikanderpur]]
|-
!12
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|NA
|
# [[Balrampur]]
# [[Utraula]]
|
# [[Gainsari]]
# [[Pachperwa]]
# [[Tulsipur]]
|-
!13
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|NA
|
# [[Atarra]]
# [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|
# [[Baberu]]
# [[Bisanda Buzurg|Bisanda]]
# [[Mataundh]]
# [[Naraini]]
# [[Oran, Uttar Pradesh|Oran]]
# [[Tindwari]]
|-
!14
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|NA
|
# [[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]]
|
# [[Banki, Uttar Pradesh|Banki]]
# Belahra
# [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]]
# [[Dewa, India|Dewa]]
# [[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]]
# [[Haidergarh]]
# [[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ramnagar]]
# [[Ram Sanehi Ghat]]
# [[Satrikh]]
# [[Siddhaur]]
# Subeha
# [[Tikait Nagar]]
# [[Zaidpur]]
|-
!15
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|
* [[Bareilly]]
|
# [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]]
# [[Baheri]]
# [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur ]]
# [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]]
|
# [[Bisharatganj]]
# [[Deoranian]]
# [[Dhaura Tanda]]
# [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]]
# [[Fatehganj Pashchimi]]
# [[Fatehganj Purvi]]
# [[Mirganj, Uttar Pradesh|Mirganj]]
# [[Rathaura]]
# [[Richha]]
# [[Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh|Sainthal]]
# [[Shahi, Uttar Pradesh|Shahi]]
# [[Shergarh, Uttar Pradesh|Shergarh]]
# [[Shishgarh]]
# [[Sirauli]]
# [[Thiriya Nizamat Khan]]
|-
!16
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|NA
|
# [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
|
# [[Babhnan railway station|Babhnan Bazar]]
# Bankati
# Bhanpur
# Ganeshpur
# Gayghat
# [[Harraiya]]
# [[Kaptanganj Assembly constituency|Kaptanganj]]
# Munderwa
# Nagar Bazar
# [[Rudhauli|Rudhauli Bazar]]
|-
!17
|[[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
|NA
|
# [[Bhadohi]]
# [[Gopiganj]]
|
# [[Ghosia Bazar|Ghosia]]
# [[Gyanpur]]
# [[Khamaria]]
# [[Nai Bazar]]
# [[Suriyawan]]
|-
!18
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|NA
|
# [[Afzalgarh]]
# [[Bijnor]]
# [[Chandpur Assembly constituency|Chandpur]]
# [[Dhampur]]
# [[Haldaur]]
# [[Kiratpur, Bijnor|Kiratpur]]
# [[Nagina]]
# [[Najibabad]]
# [[Nehtaur]]
# [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]]
# [[Seohara]]
# [[Sherkot]]
|
# [[Barhapur Assembly constituency|Barhapur]]
# [[Jalalabad, Bijnor|Jalalabad]]
# [[Jhalu]]
# [[Mandawar, Uttar Pradesh|Mandawar]]
# [[Sahanpur]]
# [[Sahaspur]]
|-
!19
|[[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|NA
|
# [[Bilsi]]
# [[Bisauli]]
# [[Budaun]]
# [[Dataganj]]
# [[Kakrala]]
# [[Sahaswan]]
# [[Ujhani]]
|
# [[Alapur, Budaun(U.P)|Alapur]]
# [[Dahgawan]]
# [[Faizganj]]
# [[Gulariya, Uttar Pradesh|Gulariya]]
# [[Islamnagar, Badaun|Islamnagar]]
# [[Kachhla]]
# [[Kunwargaon]]
# Mudiya
# [[Rudayan, Budaun|Rudayan]]
# [[Saidpur, Badaun|Saidpur]]
# [[Sakhanu]]
# [[Usawan]]
# [[Usehat]]
# [[Wazirganj]]
|-
!20
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|NA
|
# [[Anupshahr]]
# [[Bulandshahr]]
# [[Dibai]]
# [[Gulaothi]]
# [[Jahangirabad]]
# [[Khurja]]
# [[Shikarpur, Bulandshahr|Shikarpur]]
# [[Sikandrabad]]
# [[Syana Tehsil|Syana]]
|
# [[Aurangabad, Bulandshahr|Aurangabad]]
# [[Bhawan Bahadur Nagar]]
# [[Bugrasi]]
# [[Chhatari]]
# [[Kakod]]
# [[Khanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Khanpur]]
# [[Narora]]
# [[Pahasu]]
|-
!21
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|NA
|
# [[Mughalsarai|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Nagar]]
|
# [[Chakia, Uttar Pradesh|Chakia]]
# [[Chandauli]]
# [[Saiyad Raja]]
|-
!22
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|NA
|
# [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)]]
|
# [[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]]
# Mau
# [[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rajapur]]
|-
!23
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|NA
|
# [[Gaura Barhaj]]
# [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
|
# Baitalpur
# Bariyarpur
# Bhaluani
# [[Bhatni Bazar|Bhatni]]
# [[Bhatpar Rani]]
# [[Gauri Bazar]]
# Hetimpur
# [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]]
# Madanpur
# [[Majhauli Raj]]
# [[Pathardeva Assembly constituency|Pathardeva]]
# [[Rampur Karkhana]]
# [[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]]
# [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh| Salempur]]
# Tarkulwa
|-
!24
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|NA
|
# [[Aliganj]]
# [[Etah]]
# [[Jalesar]]
# [[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]]
|
# [[Awagarh]]
# [[Jaithara]]
# Mirehachi
# [[Nidhauli Kalan]]
# [[Raja Ka Rampur]]
# [[Sakit]]
|-
!25
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|NA
|
# [[Bharthana]]
# [[Etawah]]
# [[Jaswantnagar]]
|
# [[Bakewar]]
# [[Ekdil]]
# [[Lakhna]]
|-
!26
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|NA
|
# [[Farrukhabad]]
# [[Kaimganj]]
|
# [[Kamalganj]]
# [[Kampil]]
# Khimsepur
# [[Mohammadabad, Farrukhabad|Mohammadabad]]
# Nawabganj
# Sankisa Basantpur
# [[Shamsabad, Farrukhabad|Shamsabad]]
|-
!27
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Bindki]]
# [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]
|
# Asothar
# [[Bahuwa]]
# Hathgaon
# Karikan Dhata
# [[Khaga]]
# Khakhreru
# [[Kishunpur]]
# [[Kora Jahanabad]]
|-
!28
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|
* [[Firozabad]]
|
# [[Shikohabad ]]
# [[Sirsaganj]]
# [[Tundla]]
|
# [[Eka, Firozabad|Eka]]
# [[Fariha]]
# [[Jasrana]]
# Makkhanpur
|-
!29
|[[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Dadri]]
|
# [[Bilaspur, Gautam Buddh Nagar|Bilaspur]]
# [[Dankaur]]
# [[Jahangirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jahangirpur]]
# [[Jewar]]
# [[Rabupura]]
|-
!30
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|
* [[Ghaziabad]]
|
# Khoda-Makanpur
# [[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]]
# [[Modinagar]]
# [[Muradnagar]]
|
# [[Dasna]]
# [[Faridnagar]]
# [[Niwari, Uttar Pradesh|Niwari]]
# [[Patala, Uttar Pradesh|Patala]]
|-
!31
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|NA
|
# [[Ghazipur]]
# [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]
# [[Zamania]]
|
# [[Bahadurganj, Ghazipur|Bahadurganj]]
# [[Dildarnagar, Ghazipur|Dildarnagar]]
# [[Jangipur, Ghazipur|Jangipur]]
# [[Sadat, Uttar Pradesh|Sadat]]
# [[Saidpur, Ghazipur|Saidpur]]
|-
!32
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|NA
|
# [[Colonelganj]]
# [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
# [[Nawabganj, Gonda|Nawabganj]]
|
# Belsar
# Dhanepur
# [[Katra, Gonda|Katra]]
# [[Khargupur]]
# [[Mankapur]]
# [[Paraspur]]
# [[Tarabganj Assembly constituency|Tarabganj]]
|-
!33
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|
* [[Gorakhpur]]
|
NA
|
# [[Bansgaon]]
# [[Barhalganj]]
# [[Campierganj]]
# Ghaghsara Bazar
# [[Gola Bazar, Uttar Pradesh|Gola Bazar]]
# Kasba Sangrampur Unwal
# [[Mundera Bazar]]
# [[Pipiganj]]
# [[Pipraich]]
# [[Sahjanwan]]
# Uruwa Bazar
|-
!34
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur ]]
# [[Maudaha]]
# [[Rath, India|Rath]]
|
# [[Gohand]]
# [[Kurara]]
# [[Sarila]]
# [[Sumerpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sumerpur]]
|-
!35
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|NA
|
# [[Garhmukteshwar]]
# [[Hapur]]
# [[Pilkhuwa]]
|
# [[Babugarh]]
|-
!36
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|NA
|
# [[Bilgram]]
# [[Hardoi]]
# [[Mallawan]]
# [[Pihani]]
# [[Sandi, Uttar Pradesh|Sandi]]
# [[Sandila]]
# [[Shahabad, Hardoi|Shahabad]]
|
# [[Beniganj]]
# [[Gopamau]]
# [[Kachhauna Patseni]]
# [[Kursath, Hardoi|Kursath]]
# [[Madhoganj]]
# [[Pali, Hardoi|Pali]]
|-
!37
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|NA
|
# [[Hathras]]
# [[Sikandra Rao]]
|
# [[Hasayan]]
# [[Mendu]]
# [[Mursan]]
# [[Purdilnagar]]
# [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]]
# [[Sahpau]]
# [[Sasni]]
|-
!38
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|NA
|
# [[Jalaun]]
# [[Kalpi]]
# [[Konch]]
# [[Orai]]
|
# [[Ait, Uttar Pradesh|Ait]]
# [[Kadaura]]
# [[Kotra, Uttar Pradesh|Kotra]]
# [[Madhogarh]]
# [[Nadigaon]]
# [[Rampura, Jalaun|Rampura]]
# [[Umri, Jalaun|Umri]]
|-
!39
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
# [[Mungra Badshahpur]]
# [[Shahganj]]
|
# [[Badlapur, Jaunpur|Badlapur]]
# Gaurabadshahpur
# [[Jafarabad, Uttar Pradesh|Jafarabad]]
# Kajgaon
# [[Kerakat]]
# [[Kheta Sarai]]
# [[Machhlishahr]]
# [[Mariahu]]
# Rampur
|-
!40
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|
* [[Jhansi]]
|
# [[Barua Sagar]]
# [[Chirgaon]]
# [[Gursarai]]
# [[Mauranipur]]
# [[Samthar]]
|
# [[Bada Gaon]]
# [[Erich, Uttar Pradesh|Erich]]
# [[Garautha]]
# [[Kathera]]
# [[Moth, Uttar Pradesh|Moth]]
# [[Ranipur, Uttar Pradesh|Ranipur]]
# [[Tondi Fatehpur]]
|-
!41
|[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
|NA
|
# [[Chhibramau]]
# [[Gursahaiganj]]
# [[Kannauj]]
|
# [[Samdhan]]
# [[Saurikh]]
# [[Sikanderpur, Kannauj|Sikanderpur]]
# [[Talgram]]
# [[Tirwaganj]]
|-
!42
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|NA
|
# [[Jhinjhak]]
# [[Pukhrayan]]
|
# [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]
# [[Amraudha]]
# [[Derapur]]
# [[Kanchausi]]
# [[Musanagar]]
# [[Rajpur, Kanpur Dehat|Rajpur]]
# Rania
# [[Rasulabad, Kanpur Dehat|Rasulabad]]
# [[Rura]]
# [[Shivli]]
# [[Sikandara]]
|-
!43
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|
* [[Kanpur]]
|
# [[Bilhaur]]
# [[Ghatampur]]
|
# [[Bithoor]]
# [[Shivrajpur]]
|-
!44
|[[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|NA
|
# [[Ganj Dundawara]]
# [[Kasganj]]
# [[Soron]]
|
# [[Amanpur]]
# [[Bhargain]]
# [[Bilram]]
# [[Mohanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Mohanpur]]
# [[Patiyali]]
# [[Sahawar]]
# [[Sidhpura]]
|-
!45
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|NA
|
# [[Bharwari]]
# [[Manjhanpur]]
|
# [[Ajhuwa]]
# [[Chail, Uttar Pradesh|Chail]]
# Charwa
# [[Daraganj|Daraganj alias Karadham]]
# [[Karari]]
# Purab-Pashchim Sharira
# [[Sarai Aquil]]
# [[Sirathu]]
|-
!46
|[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Hata, India|Hata]]
# [[Kushinagar]]
# [[Padrauna]]
|
# [[Chhitauni]]
# [[Dudahi Bazar|Dudahi]]
# [[Kaptanganj, India|Kaptanganj]]
# [[Khadda]]
# [[Fazilnagar]]
# Mathauli
# [[Ramkola]]
# [[Sewarhi]]
# Sukrauli
# [[Tamkuhi Raj Assembly constituency|Tamkuhi Raj]]
|-
!47
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|NA
|
# [[Gola Gokarannath]]
# [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
# [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]]
# [[Palia Kalan]]
|
# [[Bardar, Raebareli|Bardar]]
# [[Bhira Kheri|Bhira]]
# [[Dhaurahra, Raebareli|Dhaurahra]]
# [[Kheri]]
# [[Mailani]]
# [[Nighasan Assembly constituency|Nighasan]]
# [[Oel Dhakwa]]
# [[Singahi Bhiraura]]
|-
!48
|[[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
|
# [[Mahroni]]
# [[Pali, Lalitpur|Pali]]
# [[Talbehat]]
|-
!49
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|
* [[Lucknow]]
|NA
|
# [[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]]
# [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]
# [[Banthra Sikandarpur|Banthra]]
# [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]]
# [[Itaunja]]
# [[Kakori]]
# [[Mahona]]
# [[Malihabad]]
# [[Mohanlalganj]]
# [[Nagram]]
|-
!50
|[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|NA
|
# [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
# [[Nautanwa]]
# [[Siswa Bazar]]
|
# [[Anandnagar]]
# [[Bridgmanganj|Brijmanganj]]
# Chowk
# [[Ghughali]]
# [[Nichlaul]]
# [[Paniyara Assembly constituency|Paniyara]]
# Partawal
# [[Sonauli]]
|-
!51
|[[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|NA
|
# [[Charkhari]]
# [[Mahoba]]
|
# [[Kabrai]]
# [[Kharela]]
# [[Kulpahar]]
|-
!52
|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|NA
|
# [[Mainpuri]]
|
# Barnahal
# Bewar
# [[Bhogaon]]
# [[Ghiraur]]
# [[Jyoti Khuria]]
# [[Karhal]]
# [[Kishni]]
# [[Kuraoli]]
# [[Kusmara]]
|-
!53
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|
* [[Mathura]]-[[Vrindavan]]
|
# [[Kosi Kalan]]
|
# [[Bajna, India|Bajna]]
# [[Baldev Assembly constituency|Baldev]]
# [[Barsana]]
# [[Chaumuhan]]
# [[Chhata]]
# [[Farah, Uttar Pradesh|Farah]]
# [[Gokul]]
# [[Goverdhan]]
# [[Mahaban]]
# [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]]
# [[Radha Kund]]
# [[Raya, Uttar Pradesh|Raya]]
# [[Saunkh]]
|-
!54
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|NA
|
# [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]]
|
# [[Adari]]
# [[Amila, Uttar Pradesh|Amila]]
# [[Chiraiyakot]]
# [[Dohrighat]]
# [[Ghosi]]
# [[Kopaganj]]
# [[Kurthi Jafarpur]]
# [[Madhuban, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
# [[Muhammadabad-Gohna Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad Gohna]]
# [[Walidpur]]
|-
!55
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|
* [[Meerut]]
|
# [[Mawana]]
# [[Sardhana]]
|
# [[Bahsuma]]
# [[Daurala]]
# [[Harra, Uttar Pradesh|Harra]]
# [[Hastinapur]]
# [[Karnawal, Meerut|Karnawal]]
# [[Kharkhoda, Meerut|Kharkhauda]]
# [[Khiwai]]
# [[Kithaur]]
# [[Lawar]]
# [[Parikshitgarh]]
# [[Phalauda]]
# [[Sewalkhas]]
# [[Shahjahanpur, Meerut|Shahjahanpur]]
|-
!56
|[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|NA
|
# [[Ahraura]]
# [[Chunar]]
# [[Mirzapur]]
|
# [[Kachhwa]]
|-
!57
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|
* [[Moradabad]]
|
# [[Bilari]]
# [[Thakurdwara]]
|
# [[Agwanpur]]
# [[Bhojpur Dharampur]]
# Dhakia
# [[Kanth, Moradabad|Kanth]]
# [[Kundarki]]
# Mehmoodpur Maafi
# Pakbara
# [[Umri Kalan]]
|-
!58
|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Khatauli]]
# [[Muzaffarnagar]]
|
# [[Bhokarhedi]]
# [[Budhana]]
# [[Charthaval]]
# [[Jansath]]
# [[Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh|Miranpur]]
# [[Purkazi]]
# [[Shahpur, Uttar Pradesh|Shahpur]]
# [[Sisauli]]
|-
!59
|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|NA
|
# [[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]]
# [[Pilibhit]]
# [[Puranpur]]
|
# [[Barkhera]]
# [[Bilsanda]]
# [[Gularia Bhindara]]
# [[Jahanabad, Pilibhit|Jahanabad]]
# [[Kalinagar]]
# [[Nyoria Husainpur]]
# Pakariya Naugawan
|-
!60
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|NA
|
# [[Bela Pratapgarh]]
|
# [[Antu, India|Antu]]
# Dhakwa
# Garwara Bazar
# Hiraganj Bazar
# [[Katra Gulab Singh]]
# [[Katra Medniganj]]
# Kohdaur
# [[Kunda, Uttar Pradesh|Kunda]]
# [[Lalganj Ajhara]]
# [[Manikpur, Pratapgarh|Manikpur]]
# [[Patti, Uttar Pradesh|Patti]]
# [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh City]]
# Prithviganj
# Ramganj
# [[Raniganj, Pratapgarh|Raniganj]]
# Suwansa Bazar
|-
!61
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|
* [[Prayagraj]]
|NA
|
# [[Bharatganj]]
# [[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]]
# [[Jhusi]]
# [[Koraon]]
# [[Lal Gopalganj Nindaura|Lal Gopalganj]]
# [[Mau Aima]]
# [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]
# [[Shankargarh]]
# [[Sirsa, Uttar Pradesh|Sirsa]]
|-
!62
|[[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|NA
|
# [[Raebareli]]
|
# [[Bachhrawan]]
# [[Dalmau]]
# [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]]
# [[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]]
# [[Nasirabad, Raebareli|Nasirabad]]
# [[Parsadepur]]
# [[Salon, India|Salon]]
# [[Shivgarh]]
# [[Unchahar]]
|-
!63
|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|NA
|
# [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
# [[Milak]]
# [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
# [[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]]
# [[Tanda, Rampur|Tanda]]
|
# Dadhiyal
# [[Kemri]]
# [[Maswasi]]
# Narpatnagar Dundawala
# Saifni
# [[Shahabad, Rampur|Shahabad]]
|-
!64
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|
* [[Saharanpur]]
|
# [[Deoband]]
# [[Gangoh]]
# [[Nakur]]
# [[Sarsawa]]
|
# [[Ambehta]]
# [[Behat]]
# [[Chhutmalpur]]
# [[Chilkana Sultanpur]]
# [[Nanauta]]
# [[Rampur Maniharan]]
# [[Titron]]
|-
!65
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|NA
|
# [[Bahjoi]]
# [[Chandausi]]
# [[Sambhal]]
|
# [[Babrala]]
# [[Gawan]]
# [[Gunnaur]]
# [[Narauli]]
# [[Sirsi, Uttar Pradesh|Sirsi]]
|-
!66
| rowspan="1" |[[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]]
|
# Baghnagar
# Belhar Kalan
# [[Dhanghata|Hainsar Bazar Dhanghata]]
# Dharmsinghwa
# [[Hariharpur, Sant Kabir Nagar|Hariharpur]]
# [[Maghar, India|Maghar]]
# [[Menhdawal]]
|-
!67
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|
* [[Shahjahanpur]]
|
# [[Jalalabad, Shahjahanpur|Jalalabad]]
# [[Powayan]]
# [[Tilhar]]
|
# [[Allahganj]]
# Banda
# Kalan
# [[Kant, Shahjahanpur|Kant]]
# [[Katra, Shahjahanpur|Katra]]
# [[Khudaganj]]
# [[Khutar]]
# Nigohi
# [[Railway Settlement Roza|Roza]]
|-
!68
|[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|NA
|
# [[Kairana]]
# [[Kandhla]]
# [[Shamli]]
|
# [[Ailam]]
# [[Banat, Uttar Pradesh|Banat]]
# [[Garhi Pukhta]]
# [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]]
# [[Jhinjhana]]
# [[Thana Bhawan]]
# [[Un, Uttar Pradesh|Un]]
|-
!69
|[[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]
|NA
|
# [[Bhinga]]
|
# [[Ikauna]]
|-
!70
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthanagar]]
|NA
|
# [[Bansi]]
# [[Siddharthnagar|Siddharthanagar]]
|
# [[Barhani Bazar]]
# Barhni Chafa
# Bharat Bhari
# [[Biskohar (Siddharth Nagar)|Biskohar]]
# [[Domariaganj]]
# [[Itwa (Siddharth Nagar)|Itwa]]
# [[Kapilvastu Assembly constituency|Kapilvastu]]
# [[Shohratgarh]]
# [[Uska, Uttar Pradesh|Uska Bazar]]
|-
!71
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|NA
|
# [[Biswan]]
# [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]]
# [[Laharpur]]
# [[Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency|Mahmoodabad]]
# [[Misrikh Neemsar]]
# [[Sitapur]]
|
# [[Hargaon]]
# [[Maholi]]
# [[Patepur]]
# [[Sidhauli]]
# [[Tambaur Ahmadabad]]
|-
!72
|[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|NA
|
# [[Robertsganj]]
|
# [[Anpara]]
# [[Chopan]]
# [[Churk Ghurma]]
# Dala Bazar
# [[Dudhi|Duddhi]]
# [[Ghorawal]]
# [[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]]
# [[Pipri]]
# [[Renukoot]]
|-
!73
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|
# [[Dostpur]]
# [[Kadipur]]
# [[Koeripur]]
# [[Lambhua]]
|-
!74
|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|NA
|
# [[Bangarmau]]
# [[Gangaghat]]
# [[Unnao]]
|
# Achalganj
# [[Auras, Uttar Pradesh|Auras]]
# [[Bhagwant Nagar]]
# [[Bighapur]]
# [[Fatehpur Chaurasi]]
# [[Ganj Muradabad]]
# [[Hyderabad, Uttar Pradesh|Hyderabad]]
# [[Kursath, Unnao|Kursath]]
# [[Maurawan]]
# [[Mohan, Uttar Pradesh|Mohan]]
# [[Nawabganj, Unnao|Nawabganj]]
# [[Nyotini]]
# [[Purwa]]
# Rasulabad
# [[Safipur]]
# [[Ugu]]
|-
!75
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|
* [[Varanasi]]
|NA
|
# [[Gangapur, Varanasi|Gangapur]]
|}

==Elections==
{{Main|Elections in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission}}
Elections to the urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh are held once in five years, are conducted by [[Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission]]. Last elections was held in 2017 & next elections for urban local bodies are to be held in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|November -December 2022]].

== See also ==
* [[Local government in India]]
* [[Municipal governance in India]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Cities of India}}{{Uttar Pradesh topics}}{{Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Local government in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh-related lists|Urban local bodies]]
[[Category:India government-related lists|Uttar Pradesh, urban local bodies]]

D. Y. Patil

2026-02-13T12:06:37Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil
| honorific-prefix = [[Padma Shri]]
| office = [[Governor of West Bengal]] {{small|'''(Additional charge)'''}}
| image = Shri D.Y. Patil (cropped, 3x4).jpg
| predecessor = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| successor = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| term_start = 3 July 2014
| term_end = 17 July 2014
| office1 = [[List of Governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Devanand Konwar]]
| successor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] ''(additional charge)''
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (2018–present) [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2018)
| office2 = [[List of Governors of Tripura|Governor of Tripura]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kamla Beniwal]]
| successor2 = [[Devanand Konwar]]
| birth_name = Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1935|10|22}}
| birth_place = Ambap, [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| spouse = 3 (including Shantadevi, Pushpalata)
| children = 9 ([[Vijay D. Patil]], [[Dr. Ajeenkya D Y Patil]], [[Satej Patil]], [[Dr Nandita P. Palshetkar|Nandita Palshetkar]], [[Dr. Priya Patil Cholera]] and Dr. Sanjay D.Y. Patil)
|relatives = [[Ruturaj Patil]] (Grandson)
| alma_mater = Alphonso School, [[Kolhapur]]
| blank1 = Awards
| data1 = [[Padma Shri]]
| website = [https://www.dypatil.com/ Official Website]
| religion =
| term_start1 = 22 March 2013<ref name="D.Y Patil sworn in as Governor of Bihar">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=D.Y Patil sworn in as Governor of Bihar |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dy-patil-sworn-in-as-governor-of-bihar/article23098847.ece |accessdate=25 July 2022 |work= |date=22 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725052408/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dy-patil-sworn-in-as-governor-of-bihar/article23098847.ece |archivedate=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 26 November 2014
| term_start2 = 27 November 2009
| term_end2 = 21 March 2013
}}

'''Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil''' (born 22 October 1935) is a former Indian [[politician]], who served as the [[Governor]] of [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]. He was a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dr-d-y-patil-appointed-west-bengals-acting-governor/articleshow/37718348.cms | title=Dr D Y Patil appointed West Bengal's acting Governor | date=3 July 2014 | newspaper=The Economic Times | author=PTI | access-date=28 August 2018 }}</ref> He received the [[Padma Shri]] award in 1991 for social work.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> On 24 December 2018, he joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-24 |title=Congress loyalist D Y Patil joins NCP, kin embarrassed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/congress-loyalist-d-y-patil-joins-ncp-kin-embarrassed/articleshow/67222932.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== Early life ==
He was born at Ambap village in the present-day [[Kolhapur district]], [[Bombay]] state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dypatil.in/grouplinkdetails.asp?groupid=33 |title=Biography of Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil |publisher=Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University website |access-date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213223912/http://www.dypatil.in/grouplinkdetails.asp?groupid=33 |archive-date=13 December 2009 }}</ref>

== Educational institutions founded ==
A number of educational institutions were founded by him, which include:
* D. Y. Patil Institute of Master of Computer Applications and Management, Akurdi, Pune
* [[Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune]]
* Padmashree D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Navi Mumbai
* Dr. D. Y. Patil Law college Pune
* Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Navi Mumbai
* D. Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur
* Dr. D. Y. Patil Sports Academy
* Dr. D. Y. Patil Knowledge City in Pune
* Dr. D. Y Patil International School, Mumbai
* D. Y. Patil International School, Nagpur
* Dr DY Patil International School, Kangra (Himachal Pradesh)
* [[D. Y. Patil college of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur]]
* D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur
* [[Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune]]
* [[D Y Patil Hospital]], Mumbai
* D. Y. Patil International School, Belgium
* Dr D.Y. Patil Junior College, Pune
* DYPDC Center for Automotive Research and Studies
* Dr DY Patil Pushpalata Patil International School, Patna
* Dr DY Patil B-school, Pune
* Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Pune
* D Y Patil International University, Akurdi, Pune
The D Y Patil Medical College conducts the most costliest [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] course in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-15 |title=Navi Mumbai DY Patil’s Rs 1.4cr medical degree India’s costliest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/navi-mumbai-dy-patils-rs-1-4cr-medical-degree-indias-costliest/articleshow/102735844.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political and public service career ==
Patil was elected to the Kolhapur Municipal Council as a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in 1957 and remained in office until 1962. He was the member of the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] from 1967-78. In both the 1967 and 1972 elections, he was elected from [[Panhala]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1967 to the Legilsative Assembly of Maharashtra|page=10|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|title=Key Highights of General Election 1972 to the Legilsative Assembly of Maharashtra|page=10|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> He was appointed the [[Governor of Tripura]] state on 21 November 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr211109.html|title=President Appoints Governors|date=21 November 2010|publisher=[[The President of India]] website|access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> and took the oath of office and secrecy on 27 November 2009. He was appointed the [[Governor of Bihar]] on 9 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/tripura/DY-Patil-to-be-new-governor-of-Tripura/Article1-479697.aspx |title=DY Patil to be new governor of Tripura |date=24 November 2009 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606120231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/tripura/DY-Patil-to-be-new-governor-of-Tripura/Article1-479697.aspx |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.samaylive.com/news/dy-patil-takes-oath-as-tripura-governor/669175.html|title=D.Y. Patil takes oath as Tripura governor|date=27 November 2009|publisher=Samay Live|access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.dypatil.com/ Official Website of Dr. D. Y. Patil Group]
*[https://dypatiluniversitypune.edu.in/ D Y Patil University, Pune Ambi]
*[https://dpu.edu.in/ Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune]
*[https://www.dypiu.ac.in/ D Y Patil International University, Akrudi, Pune]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Governors of West Bengal}}
{{Governors of Tripura}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, D. Y.}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Governors of Tripura]]
[[Category:Governors of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

Sarangpur tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:23Z

JamelSkidmore: new...

{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarangpur tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.57|N|76.47|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 465697
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
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| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
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| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sarangpur tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2022-08-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Burhan Wani

2026-02-01T18:14:53Z

JamelSkidmore: brief reworked lead per standard format and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Kashmiri Islamist militant (1994–2016)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
| image = Burhan Wani.jpg
| birth_date = 1994<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/burhan-wani-incident-shows-that-homegrown-militancy-is-back-after-a-prolonged-hiatus/articleshow/53242360.cms|title=Burhan Wani incident shows that homegrown militancy is back after a prolonged hiatus|work=The Economic Times|date=2 August 2016|access-date=14 March 2017 |first1=Hakeem |last1=Irfan}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|07|08|1994|09|29|df=yes}}<ref name="DC">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140716/kashmir-violence-mob-sets-ablaze-house-in-which-burhan-wani-was-killed.html|title=Kashmir: Mob sets ablaze house in which Burhan Wani was killed|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> or 22<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-hizbul-mujahideen-commander-burhan-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-police-sources-1429462|title=Curfew in Srinagar, Amarnath Yatra Suspended After Hizbul's Wani Killed|work=NDTV|date=9 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016 |first1=Barkha |last1=Dutt |first2=Nazir |last2=Masoodi |first3=Surabhi |last3=Pandey}}</ref>)
| birth_place = [[Dadasara]], [[Tral]], [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_place = Bumdoora, [[Kokernag]], [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| placeofburial = Tral, Jammu and Kashmir
| placeofburial_coordinates = {{coord|33.904|N|75.085|W|display=inline,title}}
| allegiance = [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]<ref name="deccan top">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080716/encounter-breaks-out-in-anantnag-district-of-jammu-and-kashmir.html|title=J&K: Top Hizbul terrorist killed in encounter with security forces|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="express poster">{{citation|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/burhan-muzaffar-wani-hizbul-mujahideen-dead-killed-death-jk-2902044/|title=Hizbul Mujahideen 'poster boy' Burhan Wani killed in joint encounter|date=8 July 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924215633/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/burhan-muzaffar-wani-hizbul-mujahideen-dead-killed-death-jk-2902044/|archive-date=24 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="monitor wani">{{citation |url=http://www.kashmirmonitor.in/Details/106523/burhan-wani-killed|title=Burhan Wani killed|work=The Kashmir Monitor |access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719000659/http://www.kashmirmonitor.in/Details/106523/burhan-wani-killed|archive-date=19 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| serviceyears = 2010–2016
| battles = [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]{{KIA}}
| serviceyears_label = Active
}}

'''Burhan Wani''' (19 September 1994 – 8 July 2016) was the leader of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], an [[Islamism|Islamist]] militant organization of the [[Kashmir conflict]].{{efn|Hizbul Mujahideen was designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|designated as a terrorist group]] by the [[United States]], [[European Union]], [[India]] and [[Canada]].<ref name="Most-wanted">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/burhan-wani-kashmir-valleys-most-wanted-militant-commander-killed/article8824756.ece|title=Burhan Wani, Hizbul poster boy, killed in encounter|date=9 July 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=US Designates Hizbul Mujahideen as a Foreign Terrorist Group|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/us-designates-hizbul-mujahideen-as-a-foreign-terrorist-group/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=thediplomat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nisar|first=Naqshab|date=2021-02-04|title=After US and EU, Canada designates Hizbul Mujahideen as terrorist group|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-us-eu-canada-designates-hizbul-mujaheedin-terrorist-group-832825|access-date=2021-05-04|website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>}} He had become a popular figure amongst the local [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] populace, having done so primarily through a strong [[social media]] presence, and was responsible for moulding the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] into a youth-oriented movement. Wani was a militant leader and had reportedly recruited numerous foot-soldiers through his personal efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36762043|title=Why the death of militant Burhan Wani has Kashmiris up in arms|first=Shujaat|last=Bukhari|publisher=BBC|date=11 July 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>

As a militant leader, Wani was actively sought by [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian security forces]], who had imposed a bounty for his capture. He was located in a remote village in the [[Anantnag district]] of Jammu and Kashmir and subsequently killed in a firefight with Indian forces on 8 July 2016. Wani's killing sparked [[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest|massive protests]] across the entire [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name="Most-wanted" /><ref>{{cite news|title=This militant was a folk hero on social media. Now his death has roiled Indian Kashmir.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/11/this-violent-militant-was-a-folk-hero-on-social-media-now-his-death-has-roiled-indian-kashmir/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=19 August 2017|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arya |first=Divya |title=Postbox kashmir : Two Lives in Letters |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |others=Inc OverDrive |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-5492-049-3 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh |oclc=1290491980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Doctors stage protest in J-K against civilian deaths in Kashmir unrest|access-date=17 August 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jammu-and-kashmir-burhan-wani-doctors-stage-protest-in-j-k-against-civilian-deaths-in-kashmir-unrest-2966015/|work=The Indian Express|quote=Kashmir Valley is on the boil since July 9, a day after Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani was killed in an encounter with security forces in Anantnag district of south Kashmir. The widespread protests claimed the lives of 55 people and left over 6000 injured, with hundreds hit by pellets in their eyes as a result of which, doctors say, a number of youths have lost their eyesight.}}</ref> in what became the worst span of unrest in the region since the [[2010 Kashmir unrest|2010 unrest]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Modi lashes out at Pakistan, Pakistan hits back|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-anniversary-idUKKCN10Q0FG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815074421/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-anniversary-idUKKCN10Q0FG|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2016|access-date=17 August 2016|work=Reuters|date=15 August 2016|quote=Modi met national party leaders on Friday to seek ways to end the worst unrest in Kashmir since 2010.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Five civilians killed, 31 injured in fresh firing in Kashmir; toll reaches 65|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-civilians-killed-in-firing-in-jammu-and-kashmir-s-budgam-district/story-N8ZhElghzojEGN94KNylCL.html|access-date=17 August 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 August 2016|quote=The worst violence since 2010 – when the Valley was rocked by similar protests leaving scores dead and injured – has sparked a verbal spat between India and Pakistan, both blaming each other for the flare-up.}}</ref> As a result, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was placed under 53 consecutive days of curfew, which was fully lifted by 31 August 2016.<ref name="DH">{{cite news|title=Curfew lifted from Valley, one killed in clash in Sopore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/567874/curfew-lifted-valley-one-killed.html|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|title=One killed, 100 injured in Valle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/authorities-lift-curfew-in-kashmir-valley-as-clashes-erupt-in-some-places/article9054322.ece|author=Peerzada Ashiq|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 August 2016|date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="GKCurfew">{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/227253.html|title=Curfew lifted from entire Kashmir valley, says Div Com|work=Greater Kashmir|date=31 August 2016|access-date=31 August 2016|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321142159/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/227253.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The protests that followed Wani's killing resulted in the deaths of more than 96 people<ref>
*{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/235512.html|title=2016 Unrest: Not even one probe into killings completed|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=27 January 2017|ref=While 96 civilians were killed in security forces' action post the killing of Hizb-ul-Mujahideen commander BurhanWani, the Government ordered magisterial inquiries into only five such killings.}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/day-85-toll-92-hit-by-pellets-on-sep-15-budgam-youth-succumbs-at-skims/229856.html|title=Day 85 Toll 92: Hit by pellets on Sep 15, Budgam youth succumbs at SKIMS|date=1 October 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=27 January 2017}}
*{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/international/24-Jan-2017/indian-troops-kill-three-suspected-separatists-in-kashmir|title=Indian troops kill three suspected separatists in Kashmir|date=24 January 2017|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=27 January 2017|agency=Agence France-Presse|ref=The incident sparked months of anti-India unrest which left more than 90 civilians dead.}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|date=2 January 2017|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}
*{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Geeta |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=14 November 2016 |title=Kashmir Is Paralyzed by an 'Adored' Band of Militants |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan-militants.html |access-date=4 January 2017 |ref=Seventy-six people have been killed in the violence, the police in Kashmir say, while local activists put the toll at closer to 100.}}</ref> and injuries to over 15,000 civilians and 4,000 Indian security personnel.<ref name="15000injuries">{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|title=After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns|last1=Akmali|first1=Mukeet|date=23 January 2017|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126190856/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI11000">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-fomenting-trouble-but-Modi-will-solve-Kashmir-issue-Mehbooba-Mufti/articleshow/53886822.cms|title=Pakistan fomenting trouble, but Modi will solve Kashmir issue: Mehbooba Mufti|date=29 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Wani was born in 1994 in [[Dadasara]], a village situated on the outskirts of the town of [[Tral]] in the [[Pulwama district]] of [[India]] Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to Muzaffar Ahmad Wani, the principal of a public higher-secondary school, and Maimoona Muzaffar, a postgraduate of science who taught [[Quran|Qur'an]] classes in her village.<ref name="TIE" /> Muzaffar was affiliated with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] organization and had expressed sentiments of Kashmiri separatism early on, also taking pride in having taught to students who would later become [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service|Kashmir Administrative Service]] and Kashmir Police Service officers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Neil Krishan |title=Militant Leadership: Person-Centered Studies from Kashmir |date=2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-764041-8 |series=Oxford scholarship online Psychology |location=New York, NY |pages=41}}</ref> Burhan had four siblings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/violence-breaks-out-in-tral-after-youth-killed-in-gun-battle-with-army/article7102391.ece|title=Violence breaks out in Tral after youth killed in 'gun battle' with Army|date=15 April 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kashmir-edge-after-hizbul-mujahideen-militant-burhan-wanis-killing-686048|title=Kashmir tense after Hizbul Mujahideen militant Burhan Wani's killing|work= [[International Business Times]]|date=10 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="TIE">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/big-picture-guns-n-poses/|title=Guns 'n' poses: The new crop of militants in Kashmir|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="HP">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/burhan-wani/who-was-burhan-wani-and-why-is-kashmir-mourning-him/|title=Who Was Burhan Wani And Why Is Kashmir Mourning Him?|first=Piyasree|last=Gupta|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=11 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> The town of TraI has been a perpetual militant hotbed of hardline separatism.<ref name=theweek18Oct15>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/terrorist-burhan-muzaffar-wani-made-militancy-look-glamorous-in-kashmir.html|title=Groups of wrath|last=Bhat|first=Tariq|date=18 October 2015|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715190453/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/terrorist-burhan-muzaffar-wani-made-militancy-look-glamorous-in-kashmir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Militancy career ==
Wani planned to be a doctor and had obtained more than 90% marks in his Class 8 exam<ref name=hindustantimes19Aug15>{{citation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/burhan-wani-the-new-face-of-kashmiri-militancy-in-virtual-world/story-gV6cBYVcdisOhzrlDcTncL.html|title=Burhan Wani: The new face of Kashmiri militancy in virtual world|date=19 August 2015|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 January 2020 |first1=Toufiq |last1=Rashid}}</ref> but left his home on 16 October 2010, ten days before his secondary exam and enrolled for the militant cause at about an age of 15, joining Hizbul Mujahideen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/hizbul-commander-burhan-wani-killed-in-encounter-in-kashmir-1267434.html|title=Hizbul Commander Burhan Wani Killed in Encounter in Kashmir|date=8 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016|publisher=[[News18.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Most-wanted" /> His family claims that the root of his disillusion with Indian state apparatus laid in an incident in the last summer, whence state police allegedly beat him up, along with his brother Khalid and a friend for no fault of theirs, after asking them to purchase cigarettes for them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/burhan-wani-father-remembers-sons-life|title=A Year After Burhan Wani's Death, His Father Remembers His Life|last=Maqbool|first=Majid|website=The Caravan|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref name=theweek18Oct15 /><ref name="TIE" /> Burhan's cousins were already involved with the militant movement since about 2008, and had joined Hizbul Mujahideen in 2010.<ref name=theweek18Oct15 />

Burhan Wani used social-media, leveraging "a clever mix of ideology, religion and a deep sense of persecution"<ref name=theweek18Oct15 /> in chaste Kashmiri to romanticize the militant movement and wielded unforeseen influence in the local populace as a poster-boy, attracting numerous young adults into the cause.<ref name=theweek18Oct15 /><ref name=ndtv17Aug15>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-lakhs-offer-to-find-burhan-21-who-is-all-over-social-media-1208235|title=Rs 10 Lakhs Offer to Find Burhan, 21, Who is All Over Social Media|author=Nazir Masoodi|date=17 August 2015|access-date=26 December 2015|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes26Aug15/> He oft-elaborated about the idea of India being entirely incompatible with Islam thus mandating a destruction at any cost, and aimed of unfurling the flag of Islam on Delhi's Red Fort.<ref name=hindustantimes19Aug15 /> In 2013 Burhan's notability as a ''mujahid'' was further boosted, after he was erroneously described as being killed, across social media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/08/kashmir-whatsapp-warriors-frontline-conflict-india|title=WhatsApp warriors on the new frontline of Kashmir's conflict|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=8 July 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=10 July 2017|quote=Among militants, the digital pioneer was a young Hizbul mujahideen commander called Burhan Wani. His rise to be the most-followed militant in Kashmir started by accident, local journalists say. Early in 2013, supporters thought the teenage Wani had been killed in a gunfight with security forces. As was traditional, pictures of the deceased militant flooded social media. Wani had actually survived the encounter, but was suddenly the best-known fighter in Kashmir.}}</ref>

There was a remarkable increase in the anti-India rhetoric of Burhan's speeches, after his brother Khalid was killed by the Indian Army on 13 April 2015 when he went to meet him (Burhan), along with three friends. The army claimed that Khalid was a militant sympathizer who had taken his friends to get them recruited and was subsequently killed in an encounter. The family of Khalid however alleged that he [[Death in custody|died in custody]], claiming that his body showed no bullet wounds but clinical signs of physical torture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article7102391.ece?m=dtp|title=Violence breaks out in Tral after youth killed in 'gun battle' with Army|date=15 April 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=theweek18Oct15 /><ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-my-son-was-killed-in-encounter-why-his-body-didnt-bear-a-bullet-wound/|title='If my son was killed in encounter why his body didn't bear a bullet wound?'|date=14 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> The three friends of Khalid meanwhile escaped but ran into an army cordon, where they alleged being tortured before being rescued by the state police.<ref name=theweek18Oct15 />

In August 2015, the state government imposed a bounty of [[Indian rupee|₹]]10,00,000 on Burhan's head.<ref name=ndtv17Aug15 /> In another report, [[The Diplomat (magazine)|''The Diplomat'']] claimed that Burhan had $1500 bounty on him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Fahad |date=14 July 2016 |title=Burhan Wani's Killing Brings Kashmir to a Crossroads |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/burhan-wanis-killing-brings-kashmir-to-a-crossroads/}}</ref> A Facebook post about a month back showing Burhan along with 10 other militants in militant attire with heavy arms had gone viral in Kashmir.<ref name="TIE" /> The videos however continued, with him urging people to take up arms against the state and to refuse to collaborate with Indian elements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Kashmir : History, Politics, Representation |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=240 |oclc=995355501}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes26Aug15>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-new-video-j-k-militant-burhan-wani-asks-youth-to-join-him/article1-1384504.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828235923/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-new-video-j-k-militant-burhan-wani-asks-youth-to-join-him/article1-1384504.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2015|title=In new video, J-K militant Burhan Wani asks youth to join him|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 August 2015 |first1=Toufiq |last1=Rashid |access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Police have often approached the judiciary, for enacting bans on social networking pages that disseminated Burhan's messages.<ref name=hindustantimes19Aug15 /> In a video released in June 2016, he assured the [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] pilgrims of a safe passage<ref name="DNA" /> but had threatened to attack proposed resettlement colonies for [[Kashmiri Pandits]], in opposition to an [[Israel]]-like solution, and colonies for armed forces. He also urged the state-police to stay out of their way, threatening to attack all security forces.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-most-wanted-terror-leader-assures-safe-amarnath-yatra-2221068|title=Most-wanted terror leader assures safe Amarnath yatra|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=8 June 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> Although no attack has ever been traced back to him, he is believed to have masterminded several of them.<ref name="HP" />

== Death ==
Burhan Wani was killed in an anti-insurgency operation on 8 July 2016 along with two other militants, later identified as Sartaj Ahmad Sheikh and Pervaiz Ahmad Lashkari. He and his companions were killed in Bumdoora village in [[Kokernag]] area by a joint team of the special operations group of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] and 19 [[Rashtriya Rifles]].<ref name=TOI /><ref name="IndianExpress" /><ref name="OmarAbdullah" /> Security forces later stated that the operation had actually begun on 7 June when Burhan, along with his companions, had come to Kokernag in order to procure weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hizb-commander-burhani-wani-wanted-more-weapons-in-his-final-hours-2232869|title=Hizbul Commander Burhani Wani wanted more weapons in his final hours|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|first=Azaan|last=Javaid|date=10 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Some army and police officials later said that the security forces had received intelligence regarding the presence of Sheikh but did not know Wani too was present along with him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/burhan-wani-s-death-op-wasn-t-for-him-had-targeted-another-militant/story-HubnEfc93OmNLvVf0WtAKM.html|title=Burhan Wani's death: Op wasn't for him, had targeted another militant|first=Harinder|last=Baweja|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 July 2016|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> The state's Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]] and the Deputy Chief Minister [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]] also stated that the security forces were unaware of his presence and would have given him a chance had they known about his presence there.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/if-forces-knew-it-was-burhan-forces-would-have-him-a-chance-mehbooba/story-lJ8nP8Z76Z6OuMMIBBOWNO.html|title=If forces knew it was Burhan, they would have given him a chance: Mehbooba|first=Toufiq|last=Rashid|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 July 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Burhan-Wanis-encounter-was-an-accident-JK-Deputy-CM-Nirmal-Singh/articleshow/53467760.cms|title=We did not know about Burhan Wani's presence at encounter site: J&K Deputy CM Nirmal Singh|first=Ankita|last=Rajeshwari|work=The Times of India|date=30 July 2016|access-date=31 July 2016}}</ref>

According to police officials, the security forces faced resistance from locals who resorted to stone-pelting. The encounter began at 16:30 and ended at 18:15. The militants were hiding in a house during the operation and started firing on the troops conducting search operations. All three were killed in the ensuing encounter. Jammu and Kashmir Police's [[Director General of Police|Director General]] K. Rajendra confirmed that Wani was killed in an exchange of fire between security personnel and the militants.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hizbul-Mujahideen-terrorist-Burhan-Wani-killed-in-JK-encounter/articleshow/53121685.cms?from=mdr|title=Hizbul Mujahideen terrorist Burhan Wani killed in J&K encounter|work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jk-valley-on-boil-after-face-of-new-militancy-burhan-wani-is-shot-dead-hizbul-mujahideen-2902395|title=Kashmir on boil after face of new militancy, Burhan Wani, is shot dead|work=The Indian Express|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016 |first1=Mir |last1=Ehsan}}</ref><ref name="OmarAbdullah">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/burhan-muzaffar-wani-killed-jammu-kashmir-omar-abdullah/1/710825.html|title=No militancy related incident attributed to Burhan Wani, says Omar Abdullah|work=India Today|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016|first1=Naseer |last1=Ganai}}</ref>

The local residents denied awareness of Wani's presence in the village. According to them, the police arrived around noon and said that they were combing the area in preparation for an inauguration by the Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]]. They cordoned off the area by 16:00 and took positions around the house where Burhan and his associates were present. When the militants tried to come out and escape, they were shot down. After their death, hundreds of villagers came out mourning the death and clashed with the police, CRPF and attacked army camps in the area.<ref name=AlJazeera>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/07/journey-heart-kashmir-crisis-160715115636351.html A journey into the heart of Kashmir's crisis], Al Jazeera, 15 July 2016.</ref> He is believed to have been succeeded by [[Sabzar Bhat]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/burhan-wani-s-father-attends-funeral-of-hizbul-militant-sabzar-bhat/story-Ek79Xexmo6OQL4pvRKRcnK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=Hizbul Mujahideen militant Sabzar Ahmad Bhat was buried in his village in Pulwama on Sunday morning, a day after the 27-year-old was killed in a gun fight with security forces in south Kashmir. |title=Burhan Wani's father attends funeral of Hizbul militant Sabzar Bhat |first=Toufiq |last=Rashid |date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40068927 |title=Kashmir conflict: Top militant Sabzar Bhat killed, police say |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref> who was also killed by Indian security forces shortly afterwards.

=== Reaction ===
{{Main|2016 Kashmir unrest}}

A large crowd attended his funeral on 9 July. The crowd was estimated to number 200,000 and was described by reporters as the largest ever gathering.<ref name="ITlakhs">{{cite news|url=https://indiatoday.in/lstory/with-burhan-death-militant-icon-born-lakhs-participate-his-funeral/1/711112.html|title=With Burhan's death, militant icon is born; lakhs participate in his funeral|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=crossroads>{{cite news |author=Fahad Shah |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/burhan-wanis-killing-brings-kashmir-to-a-crossroads/ |title=Burhan Wani's killing brings Kashmir to a crossroads |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=onfire>{{cite news |author=Baba Umar |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/kashmir-on-fire/ |title=Kashmir on fire |work=The Diplomat |date=13 July 2016}}</ref> The last rite prayers were also performed in absentia in all major towns of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |author=Praveen Swami |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-protests-terrorist-burhan-wani-death-hizbul-mujahideen-commander-indian-army-2935784/ |title=Decoding Burhan Wani's death: As rage gets younger, new hotspots emerge in Valley's islands of calm |work=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2016}}</ref> His body wrapped in the [[flag of Pakistan]] was buried next to that of his brother Khalid in Tral.<ref name="IBT" /> Militants were also present at his funeral and offered him a [[three-volley salute]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Praveen Swami |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/militants-offer-three-volley-salute-to-hizb-commander-burhan-wani/222502.html |title=Militants offer three-volley salute to Hizb commander Burhan Wani |work=Greater Kashmir |date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

After the news of his death spread, violent protests erupted in some areas of Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/social-media-outrages-over-alleged-blocking-of-pro-kashmir-activists-facebook-account-2887058.html|title=Social media outrages over alleged blocking of pro-Kashmir activist's Facebook account|publisher=Firstpost|date=11 July 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Separatist leaders called for shutdown in Kashmir which was repeatedly extended before being called off in February 2017.<ref name="IndianExpress" /><ref name="IndianExpress1">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.in/story/jammu-and-kashmir-mobile-internet-train-services-suspended-following-death-of-hizbul-commander/1/710909.html|title=Burhan Wani encounter:12 civilians killed, 200 injured, 6 companies of CRPF rushed into Kashmir|work=India Today|date=9 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Police stations and security forces were attacked by mobs. Stone pelting was reported from many parts in Kashmir,<ref name=ndtv09Jul16>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/acted-with-restraint-say-police-on-kashmir-clashes-after-wanis-killing-1429694/|title=Don't Want To Kill Our Own, Say Police on Kashmir Clashes After Burhan Wani's Killing|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/jammu-and-kashmir/story/shutdown-shivratri-kashmir-separatists-strike-friday-961591-2017-02-20|title=Srinagar: Separatists call off strike on Friday due to Shivaratri|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 February 2017|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> including upon transit camps of [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s. Internet services along with train services were suspended and the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|national highway]] was shut down. The Amarnath pilgrimage was repeatedly resumed and suspended due to the unrest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatimes.com/news/india/everything-you-need-to-know-about-burhan-wani-the-hizbul-mujahideen-posterboy-killed-in-an-encounter-in-kashmir-258077.html|title=Everything You Need To Know About Burhan Wani – The Hizbul Mujahideen Posterboy Killed in an Encounter in Kashmir|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/burhan-wani-kashmir-protests-amarnath-pilgrims-stranded-after-vehicular-traffic-suspended-along-the-jammu-srinagar-highway-2903700/|title=Amarnath pilgrims stranded after vehicular traffic suspended along Jammu-Srinagar highway|work=The Indian Express|date=9 July 2016|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-violence-burhan-wani-killing-amarnath-yatra-resumes-after-three-days-heavy-security-for-pilgrims-2907305/|title=Amarnath Yatra resumes after three days, heavy security for pilgrims|work=The Indian Express|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=11 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-burhan-wani-death-amarnath-yatra-suspened-again-over-fresh-disturbances-2234223|title=Burhan Wani death: Amarnath Yatra suspended again over fresh disturbances|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=13 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amarnath-yatra-resumes-from-Jammu/articleshow/53240918.cms|title=Amarnath yatra resumes from Jammu|work=The Times of India|date=16 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> More than 200 Kashmiri Pandit employees fled the transit camps during night time on 12 July due to the attacks by protesters on the camps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/pandits-leave-valley-threaten-not-to-join-jobs-in-kashmir/946544|title=Pandits Leave Valley, Threaten Not to Join Jobs in Kashmir|work=Outlook|date=13 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmiri-pandits-hold-protest-for-second-day_1907841.html|title=Kashmiri pandits hold protest for second day|publisher=Zee News|date=15 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> The house where Burhan was killed was set ablaze by a mob on suspicion that its residents had tipped-off the security forces about Burhan.<ref name="DC" /> Curfew was imposed in all districts of Kashmir on 15 July and mobile phone networks were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/burhan-wani-killing-authorities-impose-curfew-across-kashmir-valley-today-143164|title=Burhan Wani Killing: Authorities Impose Curfew Across Kashmir Valley Today|publisher=NDTV|date=15 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The curfew was lifted from all parts on 31 August 2016.<ref name="DH" /><ref name="TH" /><ref name="GKCurfew" /> More than 90 people died in the unrest<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/235512.html|title=2016 Unrest: Not even one probe into killings completed|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=27 January 2017|ref=While 96 civilians were killed in security forces' action post the killing of Hizb-ul-Mujahideen commander BurhanWani, the Government ordered magisterial inquiries into only five such killings.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/day-85-toll-92-hit-by-pellets-on-sep-15-budgam-youth-succumbs-at-skims/229856.html|title=Day 85 Toll 92: Hit by pellets on Sep 15, Budgam youth succumbs at SKIMS|date=1 October 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/international/24-Jan-2017/indian-troops-kill-three-suspected-separatists-in-kashmir|title=Indian troops kill three suspected separatists in Kashmir|date=24 January 2017|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=27 January 2017|agency=Agence France-Presse|ref=The incident sparked months of anti-India unrest which left more than 90 civilians dead.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|date=2 January 2017|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> and over 15,000 civilians were injured.<ref name=15000injuries/> Indian security forces reportedly used [[assault rifles]] to open fire on protestors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests intensify in Indian Kashmir, security forces kill five|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-idUSKCN10R0VQ|access-date=17 August 2016|work=Reuters|date=16 August 2016|quote=The latest casualties came as security forces opened fire with automatic rifles, a step up from their earlier use of shotguns, whose pellets are meant to incapacitate but not kill.}}</ref> Over 4,000 security personnel were also injured during the unrest.<ref name="TOI11000" />

[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]] leader [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] alleged that the [[standard operating procedure]] had not been followed during the encounter involving Wani and his accomplices. Baig demanded that a commission be appointed to probe Wani's killing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-leader-demands-probe-into-burhan-wanis-killing-says-rules-violated-1431605|title=PDP Leader Demands Probe into Burhan Wani's Killing, Says Rules Violated|first=Nazir|last=Masoodi|publisher=NDTV|date=14 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Deputy Chief Minister [[Nirmal Kumar Singh|Nirmal Singh]] refused, stating that it was an anti-terrorist operation and there was no need for an inquiry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/jammu-kashmir/community/nirmal-rebuffs-baig-says-no-to-inquiry-into-burhan-s-killing/266551.html|title=Nirmal rebuffs Baig, says no to inquiry into Burhan's killing|work=The Tribune|date=15 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>

A day after Wani's death [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|former Chief Minister of state]] [[Omar Abdullah]] said that his killing had made him the new icon of the disaffected section of the Kashmiri society and further warned that more Kashmiris will join the militancy after his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/burhan-wani-more-dangerous-in-death-than-in-life-says-omar-abdullah-1429592|title=Burhan Wani More Dangerous in Death Than in Life, Says Omar Abdullah|publisher=NDTV|date=9 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> On 12 July, [[Pakistan]]'s [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] in a statement expressed "shock" over the killing of Burhan Wani<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nawaz-sharif-expresses-shock-over-killing-of-burhan-wani-2907159/|title=Nawaz Sharif expresses shock over killing of Burhan Wani|work=The Indian Express|date=11 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> which was criticised by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pakistan-burhan-wani-kashmir-violence-terrorism-govt-india/|title=Pakistan's view on Burhan Wani reflects its association with terrorism: Govt|work=The Indian Express|date=12 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> Sharif called Wani a "[[martyr]]" on 15 July. The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] in response criticized Pakistan for "glorifying" terrorists belonging to proscribed terrorist organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sharif-calls-burhan-a-martyr-sparks-another-india-pak-war-of-words-2916744/|title=Sharif calls Burhan a martyr, sparks another India-Pak war of words|work=The Indian Express|date=15 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] criticised the media alleging it was portraying the slain Wani as a hero.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-unhappy-over-media-coverage-of-terrorist-burhan-wani-being-portrayed-as-hero_1906560.html|title=PM Narendra Modi 'unhappy' over media coverage of terrorist Burhan Wani being portrayed as 'hero'?|publisher=Zee News|date=13 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Maleeha Lodhi]] during meeting with UN officials raised the killing of Wani describing it as an "assassination of a Kashmiri youth leader".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pakistan-raises-kashmir-issue-with-un-officials-2925247/|title=Pakistan raises Kashmir issue with UN officials|work=The Indian Express|date=21 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> During his speech at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on 21 September, Sharif described Burhan Wani as a "young leader" who had emerged as a symbol of the latest "Kashmiri Intifada".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/At-UN-Sharif-talks-of-Intifada-in-JK-India-says-Pak-in-complete-denial/articleshow/54455415.cms|title=At UN, Sharif talks of 'Intifada' in J&K, India says Pak 'in complete denial'|first=Chidanand|last=Rajghatta|work=The Times of India|date=22 September 2016|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

His family was allowed to be given ex-gratia compensation of ₹4,00,000 by the Jammu and Kashmir government in December 2016 for the controversial killing of his older brother Khalid. This led to protest by opposition parties<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/20-months-after-his-killing-ex-gratia-for-family-of-burhan-wanis-brother-1637562|title=At Row Over Compensation For Terrorist Burhan Wani's Brother|first=Nazir|last=Masoodi|publisher=NDTV|date=15 December 2016|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> as well as [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-government-bjp-burhan-family-compensation-4426020/|title=J&K Govt names Burhan brother in compensation list, ally BJP protests|first1=Bashaarat|last1=Masood|first2=Arun|last2=Sharma|work=The Indian Express|date=14 December 2016|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> Chief Minister Mufti denied on 18 January 2017 that any compensation had been paid.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/no-compensation-provided-to-burhan-wanis-family-mehbooba-mufti-1337611.html |title=No Compensation Provided to Burhan Wani's Family: Mehbooba Mufti |work=[[News18 India]] |date=18 January 2018 |first1=Ashutosh |last1=Tripathi |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== India ===
India arrested journalist [[Asif Sultan]] in August 2019, after he wrote a piece titled "The Rise of Burhan Wani".<ref name="theprint">{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/jailed-kashmiri-journalist-who-won-us-media-award-was-arrested-after-burhan-wani-profile/281597/|publisher=theprint.in|author=Azaan Javid|title=Jailed Kashmiri journalist who won US media award was arrested after Burhan Wani profile|date=24 August 2019|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

Wani became the face of the [[Kashmir independence movement]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Geeta |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=14 November 2016 |title=Kashmir Is Paralyzed by an 'Adored' Band of Militants |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan-militants.html |access-date=4 January 2017 |ref=Seventy-six people have been killed in the violence, the police in Kashmir say, while local activists put the toll at closer to 100.}}</ref> and was also compared with the revolutionary [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Why Rajdeep Sardesai, Rahul Kanwal & Barkha Dutt are under attack? |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/why-rajdeep-sardesairahul-kanwal-barkha-dutt-are-under-attack-65235.html |access-date=2 July 2020| date=14 July 2016 |author=Ruhail Amin |work=Exchange4Media, Adsert Web Solutions Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Separatist Mirwaiz Farooq to India Today: Like Bhagat Singh, Burhan Wani was a freedom fighter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/separatist-mirwaiz-farooq-bhagat-singh-burhan-wani-freedom-fighter-19291-2016-07-13 |access-date=12 July 2020| date=13 July 2016 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/The-new-abnormal-in-Kashmir/article16695599.ece |title=The new abnormal in Kashmir |first1=Jean |last1=Drèze |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 25 November 2016 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

Wani had released a group photo on 1 July 2015 of himself seated with ten other militants, all armed and dressed in army fatigues, which went viral. The militants in the photo were [[Sabzar Bhat|Sabzar Ahmad Bhat]], Waseem Malla, Naseer Ahmad Pandit, Ishfaq Hameed, Tariq Ahmad Pandit, Afaaquallah Bhat, Adil Ahmad Khanday, Saddam Padder, Waseem Ahmad Shah and Anees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-remember-burhan-wani-s-viral-group-photo-a-year-on-security-forces-have-neutralised-all-but-one-2552790|title=Remember Burhan Wani's viral group photo? 2 years on, security forces have neutralised all but one|last=Pandey|first=Surabhi|date=14 October 2017  |work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> They have all since been killed, apart from Tariq, who surrendered<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/last-of-burhan-s-boys-killed-marking-end-of-the-11-who-posed-in-viral-pic/story-Bn8f0IsDixrM4JvECFFhgN.html |title=Last of Burhan Wani's boys killed, marking end of the 11 who posed in photo that went viral |first1=Ashiq |last1=Hussain |date=7 May 2016 |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> in May 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hizbul-commander-burhan-wani-s-close-aide-surrenders/story-LGTgb4kP4F1jiEK4QRdRXK.html |title=Hizbul commander Burhan Wani's close aide, Tariq Pandit, arrested |date=29 May 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In 2021, Muzaffar Wani, the father of Burhan Wani, was photographed unfurling the Indian national flag at a government school in Tral during an Independence Day event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorist Burhan Wani's Father Hoists National Flag In J&K's Pulwama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/terrorist-burhan-wanis-father-hoists-national-flag-in-j-ks-pulwama-2510853 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Several separatist and terrorist organizations were accused of inciting unrest in Jammu and Kashmir following the killing of Burhan Wani, allegedly acting under instructions from Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) according to Indian sources. In 2024, six such groups—including four factions of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples League and two factions of the Muslim Conference—were banned under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA). The Centre stated that these groups organized violent protests and issued hartal calls that led to 86 civilian deaths and injuries to thousands. Despite multiple opportunities, including public hearings in Srinagar, none of the organizations challenged the bans, and the tribunal upheld the government's decision after reviewing the evidence, interpreting their silence as an acceptance of the charges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naya J&K? 6 Separatist Groups Behind Unrest Over Burhan Wani Death Didn't Even Contest Govt Ban In UAPA Tribunal |url=https://www.news18.com/india/naya-jk-6-separatist-groups-behind-unrest-over-burhan-wani-death-didnt-even-contest-govt-ban-in-uapa-tribunal-9047955.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In July 2017, ''[[Pakistan Today]]'' praised Wani and compared his death to the death of [[Che Guevara]], stating "History repeats itself".<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Burhan Wani: A man to remember |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/07/07/burhan-wani-a-man-to-remember/ |access-date=19 August 2017 |website=[[Pakistan Today]]}}</ref>

On the [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistani independence day]] in August 2017, Wani was featured on a special train named ''Azadi Train'' which was organised by [[Pakistan Railways]] in the memory of the country's national heroes.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2017 |title=Pakistan's 'Azadi Train' depicts Hizb militant Burhan Wani as national hero |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-s-azadi-train-depicts-hizb-militant-burhan-wani-as-national-hero/story-wCIQLCkJ0pQPHwBiG967FM.html |access-date=19 August 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
In 2020, Pakistan-based authors released sympathetic biographies of Wani: Zulkaif Riaz in English with ''Burhan Muzaffar Wani,''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zulkaif riaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13AHzgEACAAJ |title=Burhan Muzaffar Wani free ebook – Google books |date=22 September 2020 | publisher=Independently Published |isbn=9798688329599 |access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref> and Bashir Sadozai in Urdu with ''Burhan Wani Shaheed''.

== In popular culture ==
* Burhan Wani's killing was depicted in [[Hindi]]-language movie ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deb Roy |first=Lachmi |title=Yami Gautam's Article 370 movie: Who was Burhan Wani; the Kashmiri terrorist? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-priyamanis-article-370-movie-who-was-burhan-wani-the-kashmiri-terrorist-13741094.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=23 February 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pant |first=Asmita |title=Review {{!}} Article 370: A cinematic dive into the Kashmir conundrum backed with powerful performances |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/review-article-370-a-cinematic-dive-into-the-kashmir-conundrum-backed-with-powerful-performances-19116141.htm |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=23 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kashmir conflict]], ongoing territorial conflict between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1962
*[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], an ongoing militant uprising against the Indian administration in Jammu and Kashmir
*[[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|Mediation of the Kashmir dispute by the United Nations]], international mediation of the India–Pakistan dispute
*[[2009 Shopian rape and murder case]], incident in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir
*[[2010 Kashmir unrest]], series of protests and riots in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir
*[[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest]], series of protests following the killing of Burhan Wani in July 2016

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.today/20130201042830/http://uk.reuters.com/news/video/story?videoId=156716720&videoChannel=75 Video:Kashmir unrest prompts new curfew], [[Reuters]]

{{Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Burhan Muzaffar}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Islamists]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Madhavaram Milk Colony metro station

2026-02-01T10:04:52Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up Initial Details Added Tags

{{Short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's underground interchange metro station}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Madhavaram Milk Colony
| style = Chennai Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 3|line2 = 5}}
| image =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1497|80.2415|display=inline,title}}
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 and 2 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|SIPCOT Siruseri}} Platform-3 and 4 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur}}
| tracks = 2
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Under Construction
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|December 2027}}
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=purple|right1=Madhavaram High Road|to-right1=SIPCOT Siruseri|line2=red|right2=Madhavaram Depot|to-right2=Sholinganallur}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Purple Line Route}} {{Chennai Metro Red Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Madhavaram Milk Colony metro station''' is an upcoming underground-interchange metro station on the [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]] and [[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 28 underground stations of Corridor III and 6 underground stations of Corridor V of the Chennai Metro. This station is slated to be operational by 2027, making it a key metro rail terminal hub of [[North Chennai]].<ref name="AB">{{Cite news|date=2024-10-10 |title=Madhavaram's transformation from tranquil farmland to vibrant metropolitan hub|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madhavarams-transformation-from-tranquil-farmland-to-vibrant-metropolitan-hub/articleshow/114096330.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Under construction Chennai metro near Madhavaram botanical garden.jpg|thumb|left|Construction of Madhavaram Milk Colony underground station as part of the second phase]]

In May 2022, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) awarded the bid for building six stations between Madhavaram Milk Colony and Perambur, to '''DRA Infracon–Soma JV'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-08 |title=DRA Infracon-led JV emerges as lowest bidder for Chennai Metro Phase 2|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/dra-infracon-led-jv-emerges-as-lowest-bidder-for-chennai-metro-phase-2/40690 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Construction World}}</ref> Tunnelling work at the station began in October 2022,<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-10-14|title=Chennai Metro's phase II tunnelling work gets under way at Madhavaram|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metros-phase-ii-tunnelling-work-gets-under-way-at-madhavaram/article66005369.ece|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-14 |title=Chennai Metro Rail starts tunnelling for Phase-II|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Oct/14/chennai-metro-railstarts-tunnelling-for-phase-ii-2507956.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and in August 2023, tunnel boring machine Nilgiris completed a 1.4 km stretch to [[Madhavaram High Road metro station]], of [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-07 |title=Chennai Metro Rail's 'Nilgiris' reaches Madhavaram High Road after tunnelling for 1.4 km|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metros-nilgiris-reaches-madhavaram-high-road-after-tunneling-for-14-km/article67168753.ece |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> By mid-2026, completion of construction work from Madhavaram Milk Colony to [[Retteri metro station|Retteri]] stretch of [[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Red line]] has been planned.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 June 2023|title=Madhavaram to Retteri metro line will be ready by mid-2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madhavaram-retteri-metro-line-will-be-ready-by-mid-2026/articleshow/100979514.cms|access-date=17 December 2025|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Madhavaram Milk Colony track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Purple}};background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Purple}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Purple}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Red}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Red}});
| title-color=white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = CONTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Depot}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ Train terminates here **
ENDEe\ENDEe
ENDEa\ENDEa
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ Train terminates here **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram High Road}} **
HSTg\CONTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform #''' '''Northwest bound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Depot}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |''Train terminates here''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |''Train terminates here''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|SIPCOT Siruseri}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram High Road}}
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 3=yes|line 5=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Rao Suja

2026-01-30T01:36:50Z

JamelSkidmore: New A Bio - done

{{Short description|Rao of Marwar from 1492 to 1515}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Suja
| title = [[Ruler|Rao]] of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| image = Rao Suja.gif
| caption =
| succession = [[King|Rao]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|13 March 1492 – 2 October 1515}}
| coronation =
| full name = {{ubl|{{langx|mwr|सुजदेव राठौर}} | Sujadeva Rathore }}
| predecessor = Rao [[Satal Rathore of Marwar]]
| successor = [[Ganga Rathore of Marwar|Rao Ganga]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1439|08|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1515|10|2|1439|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mehrangarh]], Marwar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| spouse = {{ubli|Rani Sarangde Bai Bhatiyani of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] | Rani Chauhanji | Rani Mangliyani Sarvandeji | Rani Sahodharam Bai Sankhla}}
| issue = {{ubli|Shekha | Bagha (father of [[Rao Ganga]]; b. 1457) | Nara | [[Rao Devidas]] |Uda (b. 1462) | Pirag | Sanga | Prithiraj | Napo | Rani Khetubai Rathore of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]}}
| father = Rao [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]]
| mother = Rani Jasmade Bai Hada of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]|
}}

'''Rao Suja Rathore''' (2 August 1439<ref name="l112">{{cite web | title=Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660, Volumes 1–2 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-41862/page/15/mode/1up?q=1439 | access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> – 2 October 1515) was a [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] ruler of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Archibald|last=Adams|title=The Western Rajputana States: A Medico-topographical and General Account of Marwar, Sirohi, Jaisalmir|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4973|place=London|publisher=Junior Army & Navy Stores|year=1899}}</ref> He was a son of [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]], brother of [[Satal Rathore of Marwar|Satal]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Mahendra Pratap|last=Singh|url=http://therathore.com/udeka/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=45|title=Marwar: Land of Death|website=The Rathore|accessdate=6 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082942/http://therathore.com/udeka/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=45|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On his death, there was a short struggle for the throne between his grandsons [[Biram Singh Rathore of Marwar|Biram Singh]] and [[Ganga Rathore of Marwar|Ganga]], which the latter won.

== Family ==
Suja's consorts were:<ref name="mertiyo">{{cite book |editor-last1=Saran |editor-first1=Richard |editor-last2=Ziegler |editor-first2=Norman P. |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/41862 |others=Translated and annotated by Richard Saran and Norman P. Ziegler|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660 |series= [In two volumes] |date=2001 |volume=II |pages=21–233, 262, 386–388 |doi=10.3998/mpub.19305 |isbn=9780472901739 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, MI (US)}}{{open access}}</ref>{{rp|21–23}}
* Rani Bhatiyani Sarangdeji (née Likhmibai), daughter of [[Bhati]] Kalikaran. She was a granddaughter of Raval Kehar of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] and sister of Bhati Jeso, founder of Jeso Sakh of Marwar Bhati.
* Rani Chauhanji, daughter of Rao Pithamrav Chauhan of Sacor, [[Bamra State|Bamra]].
* Rani Mangliyani Sarvandeji, daughter of Mangliyo [[Gahlot]] Rana Patu.
* Rani Sankhli Sahodharamji

=== Issue ===
Suja's sons were:<ref name="mertiyo" />{{rp|21–23}}
* Shekha (with the daughter of Rao Pithamrav) — Eldest son of Rao Suja. He was hostile towards Rao Ganga and Rao Maldeo. His descendants are the Shekhavat Rathors.
* Bagha (7 December 1457{{snd}}3 September 1514; with Sarangdeji) — He was elected successor by Rao Suja but died during Suja's lifetime. His daughter, Dhan Kanwar, married [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar State|Mewar]]. His son, [[Ganga Rathore of Marwar|Ganga]] became the Rao of Marwar.<ref name="mertiyo"/>{{rp|262}}
* Nara (with Sarangdeji) — He founded Naravat sakh of Marwar Rathors.
* Devidas [[Rao Devidas]] (with daughter of Rao Pithamrav) – Rao Devidas' sons were Rao Harraj and Rao Panchayan. Thikanas descended from him are: Jhadpiplya, Bisoniya, Madapura, Gagorni, Aanda, Bawadikheda, Aagriya, Bilwa. TPresent-day descendants are: Thakur Vikram Singh; Rathore of Thikana Jhadpiplya; Thakur Aalok Kumar Singh; Rathore of Thikana Bisoniya; Thakur Narayan Singh, Rathore of Thikana Bawadikhera (Dongargaon).
* Uda (16 November 1462{{snd}}12 May 1511; with Sarvandeji) — He conquered [[Jaitaran]] and had a fort built there. His descendants are the Udavat Rathors.<ref name="mertiyo" />{{rp|386–388}}
* Pirag (with Sarvandeji)
* Sanga (with Sarvandeji)
* Prithiraj (with Sahodramji)
* Napo (with Sahodramji)
His daughter was:<ref name="mertiyo" />
* Khetubai – She was married to Hada [[Rao Narayandas]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] and mother of [[Rao Surajmal]] of Bundi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suja Rathore of Marwar}}
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:1515 deaths]]
[[Category:1439 births]]

Dewanhat railway station

2026-01-26T21:21:02Z

JamelSkidmore: done

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Dewanhat Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Dewan Hatmoamari, Nababganj, Dist - Coochbehar 736134
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2437|89.4863|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|40.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DHH
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Dewanhat Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Dewanhat Railway Station'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from DWT/Dewanhat (2 PFs)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/dewan-hat-dwt/7544|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> serves the area of [[Dewanhat]] which lies on [[Cooch Behar district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station is on [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]] under [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone. Local, DEMU trains along with some major trains like [[Uttar Banga Express|Sealdah-Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sealdah Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-uttar-banga-express-13147/1185/325/551|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> [[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> are available from this station.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Ajit Gulabchand

2026-01-16T14:00:56Z

JamelSkidmore: added references

{{Short description|Indian industrialist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajit Gulabchand
| image = Ajit Gulabchand - World Economic Forum on East Asia 2011.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ajit Gulabchand at the World Economic Forum on East Asia in Jakarta, 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| known_for =
| father = [[Gulabchand Hirachand]]}}

'''Ajit Gulabchand''' (born 1948)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/ajit-gulabchand-hcc-interview/1/186619.html|title=We create entrepreneurship against odds: HCC chief Ajit Gulabchand|date=2012-08-19|publisher=Business Today}}</ref> is an Indian [[industrialist]]. Gulabchand is the [[chairman]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the HCC website |url=https://www.hccindia.com/about-hcc/management |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.hccindia.com}}</ref> of [[Hindustan Construction Company]] (HCC). He had served as the Chairman and Managing Director of HCC for the past four decades till 2023. He is also a founder member of the Construction Federation of India (CFI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction Federation of India -CFI (cfiindia.com) About Us I Founder Members |url=https://www.cfiindia.com/about/founder-members |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204030855/https://www.cfiindia.com/about/founder-members |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.cfiindia.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Gulabchand serves as chairman of the board of governance at [[National Institute of Construction Management and Research|National Institute of Construction Management & Research (NICMAR)]] and as chairman of [[Walchand College of Engineering]], [[Sangli]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Web forum biography| url=http://www.weforum.org/contributors/ajit-gulabchand?fo=1}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Gulabchand was born to a [[Digambara|Digambar Jain]] trading family, originally belonging to [[Wankaner]] in the [[Kathiawar]] region of [[Gujarat]], which had settled by the early 20th century in [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news| title=Wine and wondering with Ajit Gulabchand| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-leisure-lounge/wine-and-wondering-with-ajit-gulabchand-of-hindustan-construction/articleshow/3173736.cms | work=The Times Of India | first1=Krishna| last1=Gopalan}}</ref> He is the son of [[Gulabchand Hirachand]] (1896-1967), one of the four brothers who founded the [[Walchand group]], a business conglomerate which flourished in the first half of the 20th century. Ajit has eight brothers and sisters, and his eldest sibling is twenty-eight years older than him. He was nineteen years old when his father died in 1967. The surname of the family is "Doshi," but this is rarely used. Art historian [[Saryu Doshi]] was a relative of Ajit Gulabchand through her husband, Vinod Doshi.

Ajit Gulabchand is married to Meera Gulabchand, daughter of film-maker [[Vasant Joglekar]] and actress Sumati Gupte Joglekar. They have a daughter named Shalaka Gulabchand Dhawan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/filings/public-issues/jul-2014/lavasa-corporation-limited_27248.html |title=SEBI | Lavasa Corporation Limited }}</ref>

==Career==
Gulabchand joined Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) in 1983 as Managing Director and became Chairman in 1994. Under his leadership, HCC evolved into a diversified infrastructure conglomerate with global operations with turnover exceeding 10,670 crore (~1.23 Bn USD) with a workforce of over 13,000 employees. Gulabchand has been a director of Indian Hume Pipe since 1993. He has served as director of HCC Infotech, Hincon Technoconsult, Ucchar Investments, Hincon Realty, LAVASA Corporation, Motorsports Association of India, Steiner,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-03-16 |title=Der Bauunternehmer Steiner wird indisch |url=https://www.nzz.ch/der_bauunternehmer_steiner_wird_indisch-ld.1231280 |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829}}</ref> Constructmall.com, and as an independent, non-executive director of [[Bajaj Electricals]].

He continues to serve as a Director in Hincon Finance, Hincon Holdings, Western Securities, Champali Garden, Shalaka Investment, and Gulabchand Foundation.

He is a founding member of the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Disaster Resource Network and a member of the National Council of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). He was a promoter of the [[Lavasa]] township, which was intended to be India's first new hill station since [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_when-scribes-got-ajit-gulabchands-goat_1497514|title=When scribes got Ajit Gulabchand's goat|date=2011-01-22|publisher=DNA India}}</ref>

==Achievements and Recognitions==
Ajit Gulabchand received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 9th ET NOW Infra Focus Summit and Awards 2024. He has also served as -

* Founder‑member and past President of the Construction Federation of India (CFI).
* Served on the CII National Council and chaired PPP and urbanization committees.
* First Asian to chair the Steering Board for Engineering & Construction at WEF (2011); Co-chaired India Economic Summit (2010).
* Founded the Disaster Resource Network with WEF and UN in 1999 and heads Indian chapter.
* First Indian signatory to UN CEO Water Mandate, advocating water sustainability.
* Member of TERI’s Business Council, IFAWPCA President (2011–12), and WEF Climate Leaders group.

== Education ==
Gulabchand graduated from [[Sydenham College]], [[Mumbai University]], with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[commerce]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-ajit-gulabchand-109070300075_1.html|title=Newsmaker: Ajit Gulabchand|date=2009-07-03|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Hindustan Construction Company]]. [http://www.hccindia.com/media_pack/CMDs_Executive_Biography_August_2009.pdf Executive Biography: Ajit Gulabchand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813083650/http://www.hccindia.com/media_pack/CMDs_Executive_Biography_August_2009.pdf |date=13 August 2011 }}

{{Walchand Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulabchand, Ajit}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in construction]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Walchand family]]
[[Category:Construction industry in India]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

Gadarmal Devi Temple

2026-01-11T07:28:24Z

JamelSkidmore: biography

{{Short description|Hindu Yogini temple in India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gadarmal temple
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Gadarmal Temple Badoh.jpg
| alt = Gadarmal temple
| location = [[Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9182813|N|78.2224866|E|region:IN|display=inline,title|name=Gadarmal Devi Temple}}
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| deity = Gadarmal devi, [[Krishna]]<ref name=":1"/>
| festivals =
| temple_quantity = 1
| established = 7th to 8th century <ref name=":1" />
| completed = 9th century
| creator = [[Gadaria people|Gadaria Caste]] <ref name=":1" />
| architecture_style = [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]], [[Māru-Gurjara]]
}}

'''Gadarmal Devi temple''' is a Hindu and Jain temple at Badoh village of [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=Sulochana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C&dq=%22temple%22+++%22gadaria%22&pg=PA10 |title=Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-002-4 |page=10 |quote=The Gadarmal temple is the most important monument in the twin villages. The temple is not preserved in its original form. ... ["According to a popular legend current in the locality, the temple is said to have been built by a shepherd (gadaria) and hence its name Gadarmal."]}}</ref> Also called Gadarmal Temple of the Mothers, it is one of India's [[yogini temples]]. It has 42 niches for yogini statues, unusually arranged in a rectangle; it must originally have been [[hypaethral]].

== Description ==

Gadarmal Devi temple dates back to the 7 - 8th century, it was built by the [[Gadaria people|Gadaria caste]]<ref name=":1" />. The architecture of this [[yogini temples|yogini temple]] is a fusion of [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] and Parmara styles. It is built similar to [[Teli ka Mandir]] in [[Gwalior fort]]. This temple houses both Hindu and Jain idols.{{sfn|ASI|Gadarmal Temple}} The temple is made of sandstone with seven small shrines surrounding the main shrine.{{sfn|Mitra|2012|p=26}}

It is a 42-niche [[Yogini temples|yogini temple]]. 18 broken images of the goddesses that once fitted into grooves in the temple platform are preserved from the waist down. It is composed of a rectangular shrine and a tall and massive [[Shikhara]]. [[Vidya Dehejia]] writes that as a yogini temple, it must once have been [[hypaethral]], open to the sky.{{sfn|Dehejia|1986|pp=141–145}} The temple was supposedly built by shepherds (''gadariya''), and is therefore called Gadarmal Devi Temple among locals.<ref name=":0"/>

The archaeologist [[Joseph David Beglar]] photographed a colossal [[bas-relief]] sculpture of a mother and child inside the temple in 1871–2. He called it a figure of [[Maya Devi]] and the infant [[Buddha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Beglar |first=Joseph David |author-link=Joseph David Beglar |title=Report of a tour in Bundelkhand and Malwa, 1871-72 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |volume=VII |location=Calcutta |year=1878 |page=70}}</ref>

<gallery mode=nolines heights=180px widths=180px class="center">
File:Gadarmal-devi-temple5.png|Idol of [[Vishnu]]
File:Gadarmal-devi-temple3.png|A ceiling with Idols of Hindu goddesses
File:Gadarmal-devi-temple4.png|Doorway decorated with Hindu deities and human figures
</gallery>

==See also==
[[Gadaria people|Gadaria Caste.]]
* [[Vidisha Jain temples]]
* [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]
* [[Nachna Hindu temples]]
* [[Siddhachal Caves]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Dehejia |first=Vidya |author-link=Vidya Dehejia |title=Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition |publisher=National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi |year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/YoginiCultAndTemplesVidyaDehejia}}
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THW_OkoTuE4C |title=Temples of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-9-3802-6249-9 |edition=1 |year=2012}}
* {{cite web |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/vidisha_badoh_gadarmaltemple.html |title=Gadarmal Temple |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |ref={{SfnRef|ASI|Gadarmal Temple}} }}

==External links==
* [https://www.teamgsquare.com/2017/03/mp-diaries-badoh-pathari-ruined-twin.html Photo-reportage of the temples on the site]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Yoginis}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Yogini temples]]

Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway

2026-01-08T10:54:05Z

JamelSkidmore: started new data initial version

{{Short description|Proposed greenfield highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox road
|header_type=UC
| country = IND
| name = Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway
| translation= കൊച്ചി–തേനി ഗ്രീൻഫീൽഡ് ഹൈവേ
| lang=ml
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_notes =
| length_km =151
| established =
| districts = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Theni district|Theni]]
| history =
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Kundannoor]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| terminus_b = [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| cities = [[Kochi]]
| photo =
| photo_notes =
| junction =
| formed =
}}

The '''Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway''' is a 151 kilometre-long planned [[Controlled-access highway|greenfield controlled-access highway]] in India, connecting [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]] with [[Theni]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Robin |title=കൊച്ചി– தேனி പാത: ഭൂമി ഏറ്റെടുക്കാൻ നടപടി തുടങ്ങി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/06/20/kochi-theni-national-highway-land-acquisition.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> The new six lane highway is part of the Kochi - [[Tuticorin]] economic corridor which aims at connecting these two major ports enabling smooth movement of cargo between the two. The highway, which will pass through the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Idukki district]], will begin from [[Kundannoor]] in Kochi and reach Theni almost 67 kilometres lesser than the existing [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH 85]] alignment and is expected to decongest the 121-km Kochi–[[Munnar]] NH 85 stretch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-07 |title=NHAI yet to finalise alignment for Kochi-Theni greenfield NH 85 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nhai-yet-to-finalise-alignment-for-kochi-theni-greenfield-nh-85/article66592563.ece |access-date=2023-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Overview==
The new six lane highway will begin from the south side of [[Kundannoor]] in [[Ernakulam district]]. From here, it will pass through the [[Muvattupuzha|Muvatupuzha]] and [[Nedumkandam]] regions, passing through the proposed [[Angamaly–Kundannoor Bypass]], turning east near [[Puthencruz|Puthankurish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHAI mulls three trumpet flyovers in Kochi to curb congestion - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Mar/07/nhai-mulls-three-trumpet-flyovers-in-kochi-to-curb-congestion-2553787.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> With the completion of this new highway, it is expected that the traffic on [[National Highway 85 (India)|National Highway 85]] through [[Munnar]] will reduce significantly. The cargo movement between [[Cochin Port]] and Tamil Nadu is also expected to become more easier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചുരം കടക്കാൻ കൂറ്റൻ തൂണുകൾ; കൊച്ചിയിൽ നിന്ന് ഇടുക്കി വഴി ആറുവരി ഗ്രീൻഫീൽഡ് ഹൈവേ; അലൈൻമെൻ്റ് ഉടൻ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/nhai-may-publish-the-alignment-of-kochi-theni-greenfield-highway-through-idukki-soon/articleshow/98562857.cms |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

The highway will be constructed by avoiding residential areas and congested towns as much as possible with minimum curves and climbs. The distance between Kochi and Theni will be reduced by 70-90 km than the existing NH 85 route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചി നഗരത്തിനു പുറത്ത് മൂന്ന് ഗ്രീൻഫീൽഡ് പാതകൾ; നഗരം കിഴക്കോട്ടു വളരും, ജില്ലയുടെ എല്ലാ കോണിലേയ്ക്കും നാലുവരി ഹൈവേ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/district-to-get-a-boost-as-three-greenfiled-nh-projects-around-kochi-are-in-pipeline/articleshow/98751358.cms |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Highway 85 (India)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Roads in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]

Dilip Pandey

2025-11-25T05:54:40Z

JamelSkidmore: small added structure per sources and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Pandey
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Dilip Pandey.jpg
| caption = Charcoal on paper drawing of Dilip Pandey by [[ Amitabh Mitra]]
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| smallimage_alt =
| alt = Dilip Pandey.jpg
 
| constituency = [[Timarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Timarpur]] 
| office =[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]

| majority =
| term_start = [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|12 February 2020]]
| term_end = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|8 February 2025]] 
| predecessor = [[Pankaj Pushkar]] 
| successor = [[Surya Prakash Khatri]] 
| prior_term =


| office1 = Spokesperson of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| status1 = 
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 
| alongside1 = 
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =

| office2 = Covenor [[Aam Aadmi Party]], Delhi
| status = 
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2017
| alongside2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Ashutosh (politician)|Ashutosh]]
| successor2 =

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Zamania [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| otherparty = 
| height = 
| spouse = Priyanka Pandey
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 2
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| residence = Delhi
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Activist]], [[politician]], [[novelist]]
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/dilipkpandey/ Official website]

| module =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dilip Pandey''' (born 1 October 1980) is an Indian politician and has represented [[Timarpur]] as a Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from 2020 to 2025.<ref name="AAP Leader Dilip Pandey Leaves Electoral Politics Ahead Of Delhi Assembly Elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=AAP Leader Dilip Pandey Leaves Electoral Politics Ahead Of Delhi Assembly Elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/aap-leader-dilip-pandey-leaves-electoral-politics-ahead-of-delhi-assembly-elections-enn24120602635 |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209161212/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/aap-leader-dilip-pandey-leaves-electoral-politics-ahead-of-delhi-assembly-elections-enn24120602635 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was the Convenor of the [[Delhi]] Unit of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) between July 2014 and April 2017.<ref name="Who is Dilip Pandey">{{cite news |title=Who is Dilip Pandey |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-dilip-pandey |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=Business Standard |date=2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209160927/https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-dilip-pandey |archive-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Pandey left his software job in 2013 to join the AAP.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.tehelka.com/the-incorruptibles/?singlepage=1|title=Aam Aadmi Party: The Incorruptibles?|publisher=Tehelka Portal|date=28 September 2013}}</ref>
Prior to this, Pandey worked for the Indian IT Major Tata Consultancy Services as a business consultant until FY 2011 and was posted at their Bangalore office.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Political career==
Pandey participated in the [[Anna Hazare]] Movement. He is a spokesperson<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons|title=Official Spokespersons|publisher=Aam Aadmi Party official Portal}}</ref> and member of the screening committee of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.aamaadmiparty.org/news/candidate-selection-process-delhi-elections-2013-english-version|title=Candidate Selection Process - Delhi Elections 2013|publisher=Aam Aadmi Party Portal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/kejriwals-party-to-continue-protest-at-jantar-mantar-160350-2013-04-27|title=Sheila Dikshit was forced to bow down to the people, it is aam aadmi's victory: Kejriwal|publisher=India Today Portal|date=28 April 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, Pandey was appointed secretary for AAP political activities in the national capital.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29252434.cms|title=Aam Aadmi Party forms Delhi state unit|publisher=Economic Times Portal|date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

He took over as the convenor of the [[Delhi]] unit in July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dilip-pandey-aaps-man-for-delhi|title = Dilip Pandey AAP's man for Delhi|date = 6 May 2015}}</ref> Under his co-convenorship, the AAP won 67 out of 70 seats in 2015 Delhi assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-men-who-worked-behind-the-scenes-for-aap-s-success/story-OQqGusrhPDuwdsLs8VPW0N.html|title=Meet the men who worked behind the scenes for AAP's success|date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Pandey later submitted his resignation in April 2017 after the AAP failed to get the majority in the [[2017 Municipal Corporation of Delhi election|2017 MCD elections]].<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/mcd-election-results-2017-aaps-dilip-pandey-quits-over-loss-asks-arvind-kejriwal-to-pick-new-man-1686374 MCD Election Results 2017: AAP's Dilip Pandey Quits Over Loss, Asks Arvind Kejriwal To Pick New Man]</ref>

He served as the official Spokesperson of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] from 2014 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons |title=Official Spokespersons | Aam Aadmi Party |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329165256/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons |archive-date=29 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AAP Leader Dilip Pandey Leaves Electoral Politics Ahead Of Delhi Assembly Elections" />

Dilip has been nominated as the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]’s in-charge for Delhi's North East [[Lok Sabha]] constituency for the 2019 General Elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-aam-aadmi-party-appoints-lok-sabha-in-charges-for-five-seats-2621250|title = Amidst speculation of alliance with Congress, AAP appoints Lok Sabha in-charges for five Delhi seats|date = 2 June 2018}}</ref>

He defeated [[BJP]]'s Surinder Pal Singh (Bittoo) in the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] to win the [[Timarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="Timarpur Delhi Election Result 2020: Dilip Pandey of AAP wins">{{cite news |title=Timarpur Delhi Election Result 2020: Dilip Pandey of AAP wins |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/timarpur-election-result-2020-latest-news-live-updates-for-delhi-assembly-poll/story-tW0jKvghF9wGp4q6OUnl4K.html |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209162058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/timarpur-election-result-2020-latest-news-live-updates-for-delhi-assembly-poll/story-tW0jKvghF9wGp4q6OUnl4K.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Election Results 2025: Full list of winners by constituency">{{cite news |title=Delhi Election Results 2025: Full list of winners by constituency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/delhi-election-results-2025-full-list-of-winners-and-losers-constituency-wise-stmp-2676691-2025-02-08?utm_source=articlepage&utm_medium=mustread&utm_campaign=recommendation |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209162121/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/timarpur-assembly-seat-election-results-vote-counting-2020-1645232-2020-02-11 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

MLA Dilip Pandey was appointed [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s chief whip in the [[Delhi Assembly]] in March 2020.<ref name="Dilip Pandey Appointed AAP Chief Whip In Delhi Assembly">{{cite news |title=Dilip Pandey Appointed AAP Chief Whip In Delhi Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dilip-pandey-appointed-aam-aadmi-partys-chief-whip-in-delhi-assembly-2193410 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209161716/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dilip-pandey-appointed-aam-aadmi-partys-chief-whip-in-delhi-assembly-2193410 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Timarpur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Timarpur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dilip |date=2014 |title=Dahleez Par Dil 'दहलीज़ पर दिल' |location=Delhi |publisher= Penguin |isbn= 9780143422969}}
*{{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dilip |date=2016 |title=Khulti Girhein 'खुलती गिरहें' |url=http://rajkamalprakashan.com/default/khulti-girhein |location=Delhi |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=9788126728480 |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108042056/http://rajkamalprakashan.com/default/khulti-girhein |archive-date=8 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}
== References ==

{{Reflist|40em}}

{{commons category}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-ppo-aap}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Ashutosh (politician)|Ashutosh]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Aam Aadmi Party|State Convener of AAP, Delhi]] | years = 2015 – 2017 }}
{{s-inc}}

{{s-new | party}}
{{s-ttl | title = Spokesperson of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] | years = ? – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Timarpur
| before= [[Pankaj Pushkar]]
| after=
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– }}
{{s-end}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Dilip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]

T. Subbarami Reddy

2025-11-16T01:19:26Z

JamelSkidmore: typo fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = T.Subbarami Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|df=y|17 September 1943}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| residence =[[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] Industrialist Producer Philanthropist
| spouse =
| children =Sandeep Reddy & Pinky Reddy
| relatives ={{unbulleted list|[[Ramana Reddy|T. Ramana Reddy]]|(uncle)||[[T. Pattabhirama Reddy]] (cousin)}}
| awards =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 10 April 2002
| term_end1 = 09 April 2020
| constituency1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State for Mines]] [[Government of India]]
| term_start = 7 February 2006
| term_end = 6 April 2008
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| term_start2 = 10 May 1996
| term_end2 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor2 = [[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
| successor2 = [[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
}}
'''Thikkavarapu Subbarami Reddy''' (born 17 September 1943) is an Indian industrialist, politician, [[Telugu cinema|film producer]], and a philanthropist. In 1993 he produced the Sanskrit film ''[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]]'', which garnered the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the [[40th National Film Awards]].<ref name="40thaward">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx |title=40th National Film Awards |publisher=[[India International Film Festival]] |accessdate=2 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602174839/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx |archivedate=2 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |title=40th National Film Awards (PDF) |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |accessdate=2 March 2012}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]] and [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house since 1996. He was elected to 11th and 12th [[Lok Sabha]] twice in 1996 and 1998 from [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] constituency. He was elected as [[Rajya Sabha]] member in 2002 and continued in the position for the third term.

He was member of various parliamentary committees. He was also Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] between 2006 and 2008. On 15 June 2012, he lost the election for Nellore constituency to [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/-rs-100-crore-club-of-india-s-richest-politicians-7727.html?page=4 |publisher= India TV News |title=Jagan's YSR Congress wins Nellore Lok Sabha, 14 assembly seats |accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was born to T. Babu Reddy and Rukmini Amma at [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He did B.Sc. in physics from [[Nizam College]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. His uncle is [[Ramana Reddy|T. Ramana Reddy]]. He is also related to filmmaker [[T. Pattabhirama Reddy]].

His wife T. Indira Subbarami Reddy is the chairperson of Gayatri Projects Ltd, the company founded by him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gayatri.co.in/board-of-directors.html |publisher=Gayatri Projects website |title=Board of Directors |accessdate=22 April 2014 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141555/https://www.gayatri.co.in/board-of-directors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Industrialist==
He received a gold medal by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]], for his contribution in the construction of the then world's biggest dam [[Nagarjuna Sagar]] Project in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1967. Reddy was the [[mud]] contractor for this dam.

He was Chairman of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]] Board (T.T.D.) since 2004, National Panorama Festival Committee in 1992, National Film Award Jury in 1994 and 1997, Andhra Pradesh Cultural Federation in 1994 and Member of Central Film Censor Board, 1983–85.

==Selected filmography==
He has produced a handful of films in Hindi and Telugu languages.
;Sanskrit
*[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|''Bhagavad Gita'']] (1993)

;Hindi
*''[[Dilwaala]]'' (1986)
*''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989)
*''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991)
*''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1998)

;Telugu
*''[[Jeevana Poratam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Trimurtulu]]'' (1988)
*''[[State Rowdy]]'' (1989)
*''[[Surya IPS]]'' (1991)
*[[Gangmaster (film)|''Gangmaster'']] (1994)
*''[[Velugu Needalu (1999 film)|Velugu Needalu]]'' (1999)
*''[[Vamshoddharakudu]]'' (2000)

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] (producer) - ''[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]]'' (1993)<ref name="40thaward"/><ref name="40thawardPDF"/>

;Other honors
*Kala Samrat by [[Maharashtra]] Government in 1988
*Kala Ratna by Lt. Governor, Delhi in 1989
*Kala tapaswi by Telugu Academy in 1993
*[[Honorary doctorate]] by [[Mangalore University]] in recognition of social work
*Life Time Achievement Award by ''American Telugu Association'' in 2002

;Awards in his honor
*T. Subbarami Reddy Award for contribution to [[Telugu cinema]]

== See also ==
* [[Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091018042839/http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1872 Biographic details]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, T. Subbarami}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in construction]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]

2025 Chennai Open – Doubles

2025-11-05T20:55:43Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Tennis events|2025|Chennai Open|s
| champ = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]
| runner = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]]
| score = 7–5, 6–4
| draw = 15
| seeds = 4
| type = Singles Doubles
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
| before_year = 2022
}}

{{main|2025 Chennai Open}}
[[Aldila Sutjiadi]] and [[Janice Tjen]] defeated [[Storm Hunter]] and [[Monica Niculescu]] in the final, 7–5, 6–4 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Chennai Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4395119/tjen-makes-recent-history-with-chennai-title-sweep|title=Tjen makes recent history with Chennai title sweep|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|accessdate=2 November 2025}}</ref> Tjen was the first player in tournament history to win both the singles and doubles titles in the same year.

[[Gabriela Dabrowski]] and [[Luisa Stefani]] were the reigning champions from when the tournament was last held in [[2022 Chennai Open – Doubles|2022]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2796334/czech-teen-linda-fruhvirtova-claims-first-wta-title-in-chennai|title=Czech teen Linda Fruhvirtova claims first WTA title in Chennai|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|accessdate=20 November 2024}}</ref> but they did not participate this year.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] / {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Aldila Sutjiadi]] / {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] / {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Nika Radišić]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}
===Draw===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshmi Arunkumar|L Arunkumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Diya Ramesh|D Ramesh]]
| RD1-score03-1=3
| RD1-score03-2='''7'''
| RD1-score03-3=[8]
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina|E Yashina]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2=5
| RD1-score04-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed05=4
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare|P Thombare]]
| RD1-score05-1=3
| RD1-score05-2=62
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroko Kuwata|H Kuwata]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo|T Naklo]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''77'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akiko Omae|A Omae]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''77'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD1-score08-1=62
| RD1-score08-2=2
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]] {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Maria Timofeeva|M Timofeeva]]'''
| RD1-score09-1=3
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|GER}} [[Carolina Werner|C Werner]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2=3
| RD1-score10-3=[7]

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia|R Bhatia]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=3
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]] {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Nika Radišić|N Radišić]]
| RD1-score12-1=2
| RD1-score12-2=2
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=WC
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2=1
| RD1-score13-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba|A Anshba]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Eden Silva|E Silva]]
| RD1-score14-1=2
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=[7]

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|}} [[Sofya Lansere|S Lansere]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho|P Nugroho]]
| RD1-score15-1='''6'''
| RD1-score15-2=3
| RD1-score15-3=[10]
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi|A Sutjiadi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD1-score16-1=2
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3='''[12]'''

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu|M Niculescu]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina|E Yashina]]
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2=1
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03= 
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroko Kuwata|H Kuwata]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo|T Naklo]]
| RD2-score03-1=62
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akiko Omae|A Omae]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''77'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05= 
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]] {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Maria Timofeeva|M Timofeeva]]
| RD2-score05-1=
| RD2-score05-2=
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia|R Bhatia]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]'''
| RD2-score06-1=w/o
| RD2-score06-2=
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]
| RD2-score07-1=2
| RD2-score07-2=1
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi|A Sutjiadi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu|M Niculescu]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''77'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02= 
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akiko Omae|A Omae]]
| RD3-score02-1=63
| RD3-score02-2=4
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03= 
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia|R Bhatia]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]
| RD3-score03-1='''7'''
| RD3-score03-2=0
| RD3-score03-3=[5]
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi|A Sutjiadi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD3-score04-1=5
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3='''[10]'''

| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu|M Niculescu]]
| RD4-score01-1=5
| RD4-score01-2=4
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi|A Sutjiadi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''7'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2025/1148/MDD.pdf Main draw]

{{2025 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 Chennai Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2025 WTA Tour|Chennai Open - Doubles]]

Pinus ravii

2025-11-01T16:13:10Z

JamelSkidmore: New Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Pinus
| display_parents = 3
| parent = Pinus subsect. Strobus
| species = ravii
| authority = R.C.Srivastava, 2013
| synonyms = * ''Pinus wallichiana var. parva'' K.C.Sahni
}}

'''''Pinus ravii''''' is a rare, [[Controversy|disputed]] species of large-sized [[conifer]] in the family [[Pinaceae]], closely similar to ''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'' and possibly [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pinus ravii R.C.Srivast. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126399-1 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinus ravii R.C.Srivast. |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001335434 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Botanical Survey of India {{!}} Flora of India |url=https://efloraindia.bsi.gov.in/eFlora/speciesDesc_PCL.action?species_id=42058 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=efloraindia.bsi.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

It is [[Native species|native]] to the [[Arunachal Pradesh]] of [[North India|northern India]], where it grows in a [[temperate climate]] within the [[Himalayas|Himalayan Mountain Range]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Pinus ravii'' is also reported to have a greyish-white [[bark (botany)|bark]] with an abnormal structure compared to ''Pinus wallichiana'' (which it was originally listed as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinus ravii R.C.Srivast. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8434842 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{taxonbar|from= Q93205167|from2= Q28112444}}

[[Category:Pinus|ravii]]
[[Category:Trees of India]]
[[Category:Flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2013]]

Abdul Wahid Qureshi

2025-10-28T18:33:55Z

JamelSkidmore: Made The Post First Draft.

{{Short description|Indian economist, academic administrator (1946–2023)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Prof.Abdul Wahid Qureshi
| image = Prof Abdul Wahid Qureshi.jpg
| birth_date = 1946
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|11|17|1946}}
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| discipline = [[Economics]]
| sub_discipline = [[Public finance]], [[fiscal policy]]
| era = 20th century
| workplaces = [[University of Kashmir]], [[Central University of Kashmir]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor=
| known_for =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| awards =
}}

'''Abdul Wahid Qureshi''' (1946 – 17 November 2024) was an Indian economist and academic administrator from [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He served as the [[List of vice chancellors of the University of Kashmir|16th]] vice-chancellor of the [[University of Kashmir]] from 2004 to 2008 and the 1st [[vice-chancellor]] of the [[Central University of Kashmir]] from 2009 to 2014.<ref name="n947"/> He specialized in [[public finance]], [[fiscal policy]], and [[regional development]], with a particular focus on the [[economic issue]]s of mountainous and conflict-affected regions in South Asia.<ref name="n969">{{cite web | last=Haseeb | first=Haider | title=He was a Torchbearer | website=Greater Kashmir | date=2025-05-11 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/he-was-a-torchbearer/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Qureshi was born in 1946 in Kandi village, [[Karnah]], in the [[Kupwara district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="n947">{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=Prof Abdul Wahid Qureshi (1946 – 2024) | website=Kashmir Life | date=2024-11-26 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/prof-abdul-wahid-qureshi-1946-2024-vol-16-issue-35-373820/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref><ref name="w513"/> His father, Qazi Ghulam Nabi Qureshi, worked as a mathematics teacher.<ref name="n947"/>

He obtained his early schooling at the Government Higher Secondary School Kandi Karnah, later completed his matriculation in 1961 and obtained a [[bachelor of arts]] degree in 1965 from [[Sri Pratap College|SP College]], [[Srinagar]], with subjects including Economics, Political Science, Persian, and English. In 1967, he earned a master's degree in Economics from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), graduating first in his class.<ref name="n947"/>

In 1975, he received a PhD in Economics from the same university through a distance programme, with a specialization in [[public finance]] and [[statistics]].<ref name="n947"/>

== Career ==
Qureshi began teaching in 1968 as a lecturer in Economics at the [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar|Regional Engineering College]], Srinagar (now NIT Srinagar). Later the same year, he joined the University of Kashmir as a lecturer in Economics and later as an assistant professor. He was promoted to professor of Economics in 1981.<ref name="w513">{{cite web | title=Former KU VC Prof Abdul Wahid Qureshi passes away | website=Greater Kashmir | date=2024-11-17 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-top-news/former-ku-vc-prof-abdul-wahid-qureshi-passes-away/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref><ref name="n947"/>

During his career, he supervised [[postgraduate]] and doctoral research and held several administrative positions, including head of the Department of Economics, [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the Faculty of Social Sciences, dean of Academic Affairs, and coordinator of the Audio-Visual Research Centre.<ref name="n947"/>

In 2004, he was appointed vice-chancellor of the University of Kashmir and served until 2008. After one year in 2009, he became the first vice-chancellor of the Central University of Kashmir, where he served until 2014. He oversaw the establishment of academic and administrative structures during the university's initial phase.<ref name="n947"/>
=== Other roles ===
Qureshi was associated with recruitment boards, including the [[Jammu and Kashmir Bank]], and provided expert input on state budgetary planning.<ref name="n947"/>

== Personal life ==
Qureshi was married with three children. He died on 17 November 2024 at the [[Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SKIMS), Srinagar, following a [[cardiac arrest]]. He was buried in his native village, Kandi, Karnah.<ref name="n947"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
<ref>{{cite web
| title = File:Prof Abdul Wahid Qureshi.jpg
| url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prof_Abdul_Wahid_Qureshi.jpg
| author = Hajra Qureshi
| website = Wikimedia Commons
| access-date = 28 October 2025
}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />

The Better Man (novel)

2025-10-01T14:07:43Z

JamelSkidmore: slightly corrected formatting per sources further and cleaned formatting after review

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|Novel by Anita Nair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}

'''''The Better Man''''' is a 2000 [[novel]] by [[Anita Nair]].<ref name="author site">{{cite web|url=http://www.anitanair.net/novels/tbm/index.htm|title=The Better Man- A Novel by Anita Nair|last=Nair|first=Anita|work=Anita Nair web site|accessdate=6 March 2010|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731173330/http://www.anitanair.net/novels/tbm/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is set in the northern part of [[Kerala]], [[India]], a region known as [[Malabar district|Malabar]] under the [[British Raj]].

==Plot==
Mukundan, retired from government service, returns to the village of Kaikurussi where he was born. He is upset, viewing his life as a failure. He meets "One-screw-loose-Bhasi", a local eccentric, a housepainter and an inventor of an odd system of alternative medicine. He helps Mukundan transform himself.<ref name="author site" />

Then Power House Ramakrishnan, a locally important man, decides to build a Community hall, and selects Bhasi's land. He threatens to destroy Bhasi's business if he refuses to sell the land. Mukundan intends to save Bhasi's land but is flattered into accepting membership on the project committee.<ref name="author site" />

Then Mukundan's father dies, and he undergoes a deeper transformation.<ref name="author site" />

==Critical reaction==
Dhanyasree M, writing in ''OneIndia'', says "A tone of wistful melancholy and incidents with a touch of keenly observed comedy makes the characterization in this novel more special. Her vivid knowledge on the pulse of Kerala can be well observed in this novel. This novel is a must read for anyone who wants to know the true pulse of Indian life."<ref name="oneindia1">{{cite news|url=http://living.oneindia.in/home-n-garden/reviews/2008/the-better-man-book-review-240408.html|last=Dhanyasree M|title=The Better Man: Review On Anita Nair's Novel|date=May 2008|work=OneIndia|accessdate=6 March 2010|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115221552/http://living.oneindia.in/home-n-garden/reviews/2008/the-better-man-book-review-240408.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kit Reed, writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', says "A genial, meandering tale filled with false alarms and diversions, ''The Better Man'' is slowed by loops in the story, by abandoned threads of plot. Charming as it is, the novel gathers momentum only at the end, when Bhasi and Mukundan find themselves at odds just in time for the drama of conflict and resolution."<ref name="nyt-fh">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/13/reviews/000813.13reedlt.html|title=Faith Healer|last=Reed|first=Kit|date=13 August 2000|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' writes, "Nair's prose can tend to the purple; her strength lies in gentle, keenly observed comedy rather than tearful melodrama," and describes the work as "Overall, a warmly affecting novel whose depiction of small-town life strikes a universal chord."<ref name="Kirkus 2000">{{cite news |title=THE BETTER MAN |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/anita-nair/the-better-man/ |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=April 15, 2000}}</ref>

The Literary Review column of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "''The Better Man'' had all the right ingredients according to the critics. Today, with her second book ''Ladies Coupe'', one would imagine ANITA NAIR would have achieved the same results. Critics have opined otherwise..."<ref name="th-oneself">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/lr/2001/12/02/stories/2001120200180300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021175330/http://www.hinduonnet.com/lr/2001/12/02/stories/2001120200180300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2002|title=Writing for oneself|date=2 December 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref>

Another review in ''The Hindu'' said "Anita Nair's first book, The Better Man, was a finely structured novel set in a small Kerala village. Mukundan, her hero, returns to the village, hoping to exorcise bitter memories. Anita Nair not only has a wonderful knowledge of life in the village, but shows an almost Dostoevskian feeling for the undercurrents of consciousness, as Mukundan seeks and finds redemption."<ref name="th-travellers">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/17/stories/1317017k.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020314040458/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/17/stories/1317017k.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 March 2002|title=Fellow Travellers|date=17 June 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.anitanair.net/novels/tbm/index.htm author's page on the book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731173330/http://www.anitanair.net/novels/tbm/index.htm |date=31 July 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050429033900/http://sawnet.org/books/reviews.php?The+Better+Man review]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Better Man}}
[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]
[[Category:2000 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]

Jungle Mahal Zoological Park

2025-09-22T22:02:14Z

JamelSkidmore: started new post more to come - done

{{Infobox zoo
| name = Junglemahal Zoological Park
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image = File:Junglemahal Zoological Park.jpg
| image_caption = Junglemahal Zoological Park
| slogan =
| date_opened = 1980
| date_opening =
| date_closed =
| location = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.448897|87.020327|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{Convert|22.98|ha|abbr=on}}
| floorspace =
| num_animals = 334
| num_species = 51
| largest_tank_vol =
| total_tank_vol =
| annual_visitors = 1,36,556
| members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]],<ref name="cza_list">{{cite web |url=https://cza.nic.in/information-about-zoos/en/page/50 |title=INFORMATION ABOUT ZOOS |access-date= 26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726160816/https://cza.nic.in/information-about-zoos/en/page/50 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |quote=Jungle Mahal Zoological Park}}</ref> [http://wbza.co.in/ WBZA]
| exhibits =
| owner =
| director =
| management =
| publictransit =
| website = 
| date_established =
| module =
}}

The '''Junglemahal Zoological Park''' (also informally called as '''Jhargram Zoological Park or Jhargram Mini Zoo''') is a [[zoological park]] and a big tourist attraction in [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Goutam |year=2020 |title=Know Your State West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSUhEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Arihant Publication India Limited |isbn=9789325292222 |page=156}}</ref>

Junglemahal Zoological Park is a recognized 'Medium' category Zoo by the [[Central Zoo Authority]] of India (CZAI). The CZA evaluates Zoos on periodic basis and stipulates conditions for their improvement.

== History ==
Junglemahal Zoological Park was established in 1980 as a deer park. It was accredited as a mini zoo in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jhargrameshani.com/jhargram_zoologycal_park.html |title=Jangalmahal Zoologycal Park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727003007/https://www.jhargrameshani.com/jhargram_zoologycal_park.html |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |quote=...was recognised as Jhargram Zoo (Small Category Zoo) on 9th September 2005 by Central Zoo Authority...}}</ref> In 2014 it was changed to a major zoo and given the name Junglemahal Zoological Park by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. It was designated a medium zoo by the [[Central Zoo Authority]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/darjeeling-zoo-adjudged-best-zoo-among-all-categories-492898 |title=Darjeeling Zoo adjudged best zoo among all categories |last=Banerjee |first=Amitava |date=14 September 2022 |quote=Junglemahal zoo Jhargram has been ranked 4th amongst medium zoos.}}</ref>

== Attractions ==
[[File:Ilovejmzp.jpg|thumb| Selfie point at JMZP|center]]

In 2021–22, the zoo was home to 187 mammals, 84 birds and 63 reptiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_junglemahal_2122.pdf |title=Junglemahal Zoological Park Jhargram Division:Annual Report for the year 2021-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727011640/https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_junglemahal_2122.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2024 |pages=16–18}}</ref>

=== Mammals ===

* [[Sloth bear]]
* [[Fishing cat]]
* [[Jungle cat]]
* [[Asian palm civet]]
* [[Indian elephant]]
* [[Indian fox]]
* [[Golden jackal]]
* [[Languor]]
* [[Rhesus macaque]]
* [[Indian pangolin]]
* [[Brush-tailed porcupine]]
* [[Rhesus macaque]]
* [[Bengal tiger]]
* [[Sambar deer]]
* [[Barking deer]]
* [[chital]]
* [[Nilgai]]
* [[Striped hyena]]

=== Birds ===
* [[Peafowl]]
* [[Hawk]]
* [[Common hill myna]]
* [[Hornbill]]
* [[Kalij pheasant]]
* [[White-rumped vulture]]
* [[Red junglefowl]]
* [[Cockatiel]]
* [[Finches]]
* [[Monk parakeet]]
* [[Golden pheasant]]
* [[Red junglefowl]]
* [[Chestnut munia|Black headed munia]]
* [[Alexandrine parakeet]]
* [[Red-breasted parakeet]]
* [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]
* [[Greater adjutant]]
* [[Emu]]

=== Reptiles ===
* [[Marsh crocodile]]
* [[Indian cobra|Indian spectacled cobra]]
* [[Gharial]]
* [[Mugger crocodile]]
* [[Red-eared slider]]
* [[Indian star tortoise]]

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = Jungle Mahal Zoological Park
| align = center
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:Leopard1 - JMZP.jpg
| Leopard
| alt1=leopard
| File:Monitor Lizard - JMZP.jpg
| Monitor Lizard
| alt2=monitor lizard

| File:Sloth bear - JMZP.jpg
| Sloth Bear
| alt3=
| File:Peacock - JMZP.jpg
| Peacock
| alt4=peacock
| File:Nilgai - JMZP.jpg
| Nilgai
| alt5=nilgai
| File:Red breasted parrot - JMZP.jpg
|Red Breasted Parrot
| alt6=red breasted parrot
| File:Hawk - JMZP.jpg
| Hawk
| alt7=hawk
| File:Black pound turtle- JMZP.jpg
| Black Pound Turtle
| alt8=black pound turtle

| File:Common langur - JMZP.jpg
| Common Langur
| alt9=common langur
| File:Emu - JMZP.jpg
| Emu
| alt10=emu
| File:Wild cat - JMZP.jpg
| Wild Cat
| alt11=wild cat
| File:Vulture - JMZP.jpg
| Vulture
| alt12=vulture
}}

== See also ==
* [[Zoological Garden, Alipore]]
* [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Junglemahal Zoological Park}}
* [http://www.cza.nic.in/ Official website of "Central Zoo Authority of India" (CZA), Government of India]

{{Zoos of India}}

[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Zoos in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jhargram district]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]

{{zoo-stub}}
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Ranjan Singh Salam

2025-08-07T02:28:10Z

JamelSkidmore: New A Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1995)}}
{{Western name order|Salam Ranjan Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Salam|Ranjan|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ranjan Singh
| image = Salam Ranjan Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Ranjan Singh Salam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kha-Potshangbam, [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.85}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| youthyears1 = 2011–2013
| youthclubs1 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| years1 = 2013–2016
| clubs1 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| caps1 = 16
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2015–2016
| clubs2 = → [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2016
| clubs3 = → [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (loan)
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2017
| clubs4 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2017–2019
| clubs5 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps5 = 21
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2019–2020
| clubs6 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| caps6 = 4
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2020–2021
| clubs7 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| caps7 = 1
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2021–2023
| clubs8 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps8 = 3
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2023
| clubs9 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps9 = 7
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2023–2025
| clubs10 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps10 = 29
| goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2018–2019
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 11
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 21:22, 3 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 19:00, 24 January 2019 (UTC)
}}

'''Ranjan Singh Salam''' ({{langx|mni|Salam Ranjan Singh}}, born 4 December 1995) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|defender]].

==Career==
Born in Kha-Potshangbam, [[Manipur]], Singh started playing football as a striker, before being converted into a central defender by his coach, Shiband Sir.<ref name="Pune FC Profile">{{cite web|title=Salam Ranjan Singh|url=http://punefc.com/?player=s-ranjan-singh|website=Pune Football Club|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228095007/http://punefc.com/?player=s-ranjan-singh|archivedate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2010, during an All-Manipur Inter District tournament, Singh impressed Maniratnam, a coach who worked with the Directorate of Youth and Sports Affairs. Through Maniratnam, Singh attended trials for [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]'s [[Pune F.C. Academy|academy]] in 2011 and made it into the team.<ref name="Pune FC Profile"/> While with the academy, Singh was part of the under-19 side which won back-to-back [[I-League U19]] titles.<ref name="Pune FC Profile"/> He was also selected to be part of the [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]] side which participated in the [[2013 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: 5 former & current Pune FC players in State squad|url=http://punefc.com/santosh-trophy-5-former-current-pune-fc-players-in-state-squad/|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Pune Football Club|date=6 February 2013}}</ref> At the end of the 2012–13 season, Singh was awarded the "Best-Disciplined Under-19 Player" award by the club.<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Sa|first1=Edwin|title=Defender Anas first Indian player to bag 'Pune FC Player of the Year' award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Defender-Anas-first-Indian-player-to-bag-Pune-FC-Player-of-the-Year-award/articleshow/20032250.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Times of India|date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

Prior to the [[2013–14 I-League]] season, Pune head coach [[Mike Snoei]] gave Singh a place in the first-team squad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Young Pune FC all set for the 2013-14 season|url=http://punefc.com/young-pune-fc-all-set-for-the-2013-14-season/|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Pune Football Club|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> He appeared for the first-team squad for the first time during Pune's opening [[I-League]] match of the season against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. He started and remained on the bench for the entirety of the match as Pune won 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan 1-3 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/pune-fc/1585277/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Singh eventually made his competitive debut for Pune in the I-League on 2 November 2013 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] at [[Duler Stadium]]. He came on as a 21st-minute substitute for the injured [[Calum Angus]] as Pune lost 2–0.<ref>{{cite news|title=I-League Rnd 8 – Sporting Clube de Goa 2-0 Pune FC|url=http://punefc.com/i-league-rnd-8-sporting-clube-de-goa-2-0-pune-fc/|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Pune Football Club|date=2 November 2013}}</ref>

On 26 February 2014, Singh made his competitive international club tournament debut for Pune in the [[AFC Cup]] against [[Nay Pyi Taw F.C.|Nay Pyi Taw]]. He started and played the full match as Pune drew 2–2 against the side from [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 2-2 Nay Pyi Taw|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/02/26/asia/afc-cup/pune-fc/nay-pyi-taw-fc/1641552/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Bengaluru FC (loan)===

On 23 October 2015, after [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] announced they would withdraw from the [[I-League]], Singh signed on loan with fellow I-League side [[Bengaluru FC]] for the [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC sign defender Salam Ranjan Singh|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/bengaluru-fc-sign-defender-salam-ranjan-singh-pune-fc|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=SportsKeeda|date=23 October 2015}}</ref> He made his debut for the side in an away match against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] on 30 January 2016. He came on as a 94th-minute substitute as Bengaluru FC won 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 0-1 Bengaluru FC|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/30/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/bengaluru/2176890/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

On 5 November 2016, Singh came on as a late substitute for Bengaluru in their [[2016 AFC Cup final]] match against [[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya]]. He came on as an 83rd-minute substitute for [[Álvaro Rubio]] but could not prevent Bengaluru FC from falling 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-Quwa 1-0 Bengaluru FC|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/11/05/asia/afc-cup/al-quwa-al-jawiya/bengaluru/2239027/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===NorthEast United===
On 7 September 2016, after spending the season with [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]], Singh signed with [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United sign Manipur defender Salam Ranjan Singh|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/football/isl-northeast-united-sign-manipur-defender-salam-ranjan-singh-2202806.html|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=OneIndia|date=7 September 2016}}</ref> Despite signing for the team before the season, due to [[AFC Cup]] commitments with Bengaluru FC, Singh missed the beginning of the ISL season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=Vishnu|title=BFC gain is ISL's pain: Blues create history as franchises lament big misses|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2016/sep/22/bfc-gain-is-isls-pain-blues-create-history-as-franchises-lament-big-misses-1522252.html|access-date=20 February 2017|work=New Indian Express|date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

Singh did eventually make his debut for NorthEast United on 22 November 2016 against [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]. He started and played the full match as NorthEast United won 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 1-0 Pune City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/11/22/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/pune-city/2348823/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Bengaluru===
After the [[Indian Super League]] season, it was confirmed that Singh would re-join [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] for the [[2016–17 I-League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Injury-hit Bengaluru FC embark on title defence against Shillong Lajong|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-injury-depleted-bengaluru-fc-embark-on-title-defence-against-shillong-lajong-3192814.html|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=FirstPost|date=7 January 2017}}</ref> He made his season debut for the club on 5 February 2017 against [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]. He started the match and scored the 90th-minute equalizer for Bengaluru FC as the club came out with a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=DSK Shivajians 2-2 Bengaluru FC|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/05/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/bengaluru/2383766/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

=== East Bengal ===
In June 2017, Singh signed for Kolkatan club [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bebgal sign Salam Ranjan Singh and Gabriel Fernandez, retain Luis Barreto|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-sign-salam-ranjan-singh-and-gabriel/1iq962jfkbt2e1vxq6onf03o07|publisher=Goal|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>

=== ATK ===
In August 2019, [[ATK Mohun Bagan]] signed Singh on a three-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATK sign Salam Ranjan Singh from East Bengal|date=4 August 2019 |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/atk-sign-salam-ranjan-singh-from-east-bengal/|publisher=arunfoot|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Chennaiyin FC ===
On 2 July 2021, Salam Ranjan Singh was signed by [[Chennaiyin FC]] on a multi-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Chennaiyin FC signs central defender Salam Ranjan Singh|url=https://iftwc.com/chennaiyin-fc-signs-defender-salam-ranjan-singh/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=IFTWC-Indian Football Team for World Cup|language=en}}</ref>
=== Gokulam Kerala ===
On July 13, 2023, Singh signed with Gokulam Kerala on a Two-year deal until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web | title=GokulamKerala FC Bolsters Defense with the Signing of Salam Ranjan Singh from Manipur - Gokulam Kerala FC | url=https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulamkerala-fc-bolsters-defense-with-the-signing-of-salam-ranjan-singh-from-manipur/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714114158/https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulamkerala-fc-bolsters-defense-with-the-signing-of-salam-ranjan-singh-from-manipur/ | access-date=2024-12-28 | archive-date=2023-07-14}}</ref>

==International==
On 6 February 2017 it was announced that Singh would be part of the [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] side that would take part in the [[2016 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das Sharma|first1=Amitabha|title=Young Indian team keen to regain gold|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/12th-south-asian-games-2016-young-indian-team-keen-to-regain-gold/article8199365.ece|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=The Hindu|date=6 February 2016}}</ref> He made his international debut for the side on the same day in their opening match against [[Sri Lanka national under-23 football team|Sri Lanka]]. He started the match but could not prevent India from falling 1–0 to the Sri Lankans.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Asian Games 2016: India U-23 national team go down against Sri Lanka|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2016/02/06/20058622/south-asian-games-2016-india-u-23-national-team-go-down|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2016}}</ref>

===International statistics===
{{updated|14 January 2019}}<ref>{{NFT player|id=69156|name=Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[India national football team|India]]
|2017||1||0
|-
|2018||9||0
|-
|2019||1||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total !!11!!0
|}

==Career statistics==
{{updated|03 March 2025}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|salam-ranjan-singh/314888}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|13||0||0||0||0||0||5||0||18||0
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|3||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|3||0||2||0||0||0||6||0||11||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (loan)
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|2||0||—||—||0||0||—||—||2||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|rowspan="3" |I-League
|11||1||5||0||0||0||4||0||20||1
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|16||0||4||0||0||0||0||0||20||0
|-
|[[2018-19 I-League|2018–19]]
|5||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
|rowspan="4" |Indian Super League
|4||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|3||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|rowspan="3" |I-League
|7||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|18||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||0||0||21||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2024–25]]
|12||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!98!!1!!12!!0!!4!!0!!15!!0!!129!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]] runner-up: [[2018 SAFF Championship|2018]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]]

'''India U23'''
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Silver medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

'''Bengaluru'''<ref name="soccerway"/>
*[[I-League]]: [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bengalurufc.com/player/salam-ranjan-singh/ Bengaluru FC Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220171955/http://www.bengalurufc.com/player/salam-ranjan-singh/ |date=20 February 2017 }}.
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/squad/defender-3999-salam-ranjan-singh-playerprofile Indian Super League Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220195314/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/squad/defender-3999-salam-ranjan-singh-playerprofile |date=20 February 2017 }}.

{{Gokulam Kerala FC squad}}
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Salam Ranjan}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Pune FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football central defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:ATK (football club) players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Maharashtra football team players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]

Qutb Shahi architecture

2025-07-25T09:33:19Z

JamelSkidmore: New New Article

{{short description|Indo-Islamic architectural style}}
'''Qutb Shahi architecture''' is the distinct style of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] developed during the reign of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], also known as the Golconda Sultanate.

Qutb Shahi buildings are seen in the city of [[Hyderabad]] and its surroundings. The [[Golconda Fort]], which predates the founding of the city is the earliest example. The style reached its zenith during the reign of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], who founded the city of Hyderabad and constructed the [[Charminar]] as its centerpiece.

The style is similar to that of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and other [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], whose monuments can be seen in [[Gulbarga]], [[Bijapur]], and [[Bidar]]. It is heavily influenced by Persian architecture.

Several buildings in the style were put by [[UNESCO]] on its "tentative list" to become a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2014, with others in the region, under the name [[Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate]] (despite there being a number of different sultanates).<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/ UNESCO "tentative list"]</ref>

== Features ==
The Qutb Shahi buildings consist of:

* Expansive mosques and palaces built out of granite
* Inscriptions including Persian poetry and verses from the [[Quran]]
* Heavy [[stucco]] ornamental work and [[jali]] latticed screens

=== Parapet ===
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambourn |first=Elizabeth |authorlink= Elizabeth Lambourn |title=A Self-conscious Art? – Seeing Micro-Architecture in Sultanate South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/380515}}</ref>

== Mosques ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Golconda, tombe qutb shahi, moschea grande 02.jpg
| caption1 = Mosque at the Qutb Shahi tombs
| image2 = Toli Masjid in Hyderabad.jpg
| caption2 = [[Toli Masjid]]
| total_width = 600
| footer = The Qutb Shahi mosque would have five arched entranceways. The facade would be flanked with two galleried minarets. Elaborate stucco work would be used to embellish the facade
| caption_align = center
| footer_align = center
| image3 = Mecca Masjid Hyderabad.JPG
| caption3 = [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]]
| align = center
}}
The number of arches on the facade would be either five, symbolizing the [[Ahl al-Kisa|Panjtan]], or three, symbolizing God, Muhammad, and Ali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jayyusi |first1=Salma K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC&q=chowk |title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2 |last2=Holod |first2=Renata |last3=Petruccioli |first3=Attilio |last4=Raymond |first4=Andre |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16240-2 |pages=611–613 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=H. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg9wDQEACAAJ |title=History of the Quṭb Shāhī Dynasty |date=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0339-6 |language=en}}</ref> The mosques would be set within caravanserais or shops nearby would be endowed to the mosque in order to ensure funding.

In some Hyderabad mosques, the entire facade has been decorated with low-relief work. The most used motifs are medallions above the arches, and a flower resting on the point of the arch.<ref name=":1" />

=== Dome ===
The importance of the dome decreased in Golconda mosques, and in later mosques it is altogether eliminated. Shallow domes, which would not be visible from the outside, would be used to support the roof. The [[Toli Masjid]] represents the final phase.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mate |first=M. S. |date=1963 |title=Islamic Architecture of the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930820 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=22 |pages=1–91 |jstor=42930820 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Minarets ===
[[File:Hayat_Bakshi_Mosque_12.jpg|thumb|Minaret]]
Golconda mosques generally have two minarets, flanking the mosque facade. Two, smaller minarets are provided at the rear in some mosques. However, the rear minarets are uncommon.<ref name=":2" />

They constitute the dominant feature of the mosque, as domes are reduced in importance, especially in later mosques. Instead of an open balcony, as seen in Bahmani structures, the balconies are covered and projecting outward in the form of galleries. Consequently, the minarets are heavy-looking. The towers generally taper upwards, and each upper balcony is smaller than its lower counterparts.<ref name=":1" />

=== Interior ===
The use of black basalt to decorate the qibla wall is typically seen.<ref name=":2" />

== Tombs ==
There is some variety in the design of the Qutb Shahi tomb. The most common type is square, highly influenced by the [[Bahmani Tombs|Bahmani]] and [[Barid Shahi tombs|Barid Shahi]] tombs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H.k. Sherwani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153598/page/n301/mode/2up |title=History Of Medieval Deccan |date=1974}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Golconda Fort ===
[[File:Golconda_Fort_008.jpg|thumb|[[Golconda Fort]]]]
[[File:Tomb_of_Sultan_Quli_Qutb_Shah_03.jpg|thumb|[[Qutb Shahi tombs]]]]
[[File:Taramati-Baradari.jpg|thumb|[[Taramati Baradari]]]]
The [[Golconda Fort]] is the earliest example of the style.

=== Later architecture ===

==== Qutb Shahi tombs ====
The [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] are the necropolis of the Qutb Shahi rulers, set in a vast garden on the outskirts of the Golconda Fort.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/restoring-the-charm-of-qutb-shahi-tombs/article24919658.ece|title=Restoring the charm of Qutb Shahi tombs|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2018-09-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Sfn|Haig|1907|p=59}} The tombs share a common features: an [[onion dome]] atop a cube surrounded by an arcade with rich ornamental details, with small minarets featuring floral motifs.{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=70}}

==== Charminar ====
The [[Charminar]] is one of the most recognizable examples of Qutb Shahi architecture.{{Sfn|Haig|1907|p=210}} It was built by [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] in 1591 as a centerpiece for the newly built capital city of Hyderabad. The Charminar is a large building, square in plan, having an arch in each of its faces and a lofty decagonal minaret at each of its angles. To the south of the Charminar is the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]], which is one of the largest mosques of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/archaeology-dept-puts-its-all-into-restoring-mecca-masjid/article26425148.ece|title=Archaeology dept. puts its all into restoring Hyderabad's Mecca Masjid|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2019-03-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

To the north of the Charminar is the [[Gulzar Houz]] fountain, which is surrounded by four arches called the [[Char Kaman]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/after-years-of-neglect-charkaman-set-to-regain-glory/article21382371.ece|title=After years of neglect, Charkaman set to regain glory|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2017-12-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The arches are simple and do not have many embellishments. There used to be other Qutb Shahi palaces, as well as a rose garden in the vicinity, but they were probably destroyed during the [[Siege of Golconda]].

==== Other monuments ====
Another early structure was the [[Purana pul|Purana Pul]], built in 1578{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=10-12}} across the Musi River.{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=17}} The [[Tomb of Abdul Qadir Amin Khan]] at Patancheru is also from this period.

The Qutb Shahi rulers built elaborate [[caravanserai]]s, or resthouses, including the [[Shaikpet Sarai]] and [[Taramati Baradari]]. The former had had 30 rooms, stables for horses and camels, a mosque and a tomb of an unknown [[Sufism|sufi]] saint.

Other mosques built during this time include the [[Khairtabad Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/archaeology-dept-turns-its-focus-on-khairatabad-masjid/article25195183.ece|title=Archaeology Dept. turns its focus on Khairatabad Masjid|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2018-10-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]], [[Musheerabad Masjid]],{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=52}} and [[Kulsum Begum Masjid|Kulsum Begum Mosque]].

The Qutb Shahi rulers also made considerable additions to the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]].

== Revival ==
Later structures built by the Asaf Jahi rulers, such as the [[Afzal Gunj Masjid]], were built in a revival Qutb Shahi style.<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| captionstyle =
| File:Jali wall and Minarets on the facade of Toli Masjid.jpg
| Stucco work on the facade of the [[Toli Masjid]]
| alt1=
| File:Golconda, tomba di Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah IV, m. 1611, 03.jpg
| Tomb of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
| alt2=
|File:Gandikota Jumma Masjid.jpg
|Mosque at the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]]
| alt3=
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

*{{Cite book|title=Landmarks of the Deccan|last=Bilgrami|first=Syed Ali Asgar|publisher=Government Central Press, Hyderabad|year=1927}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan|title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|last=Haig|first=Wolseley|year=1907|location=The Pioneer Press, Allahabad}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India|last=Khalidi|first=Omar|year=2009|author-link=Omar Khalidi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925143941/https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|archive-date=2019-09-25|url-status=live}}

{{Qutb Shahi Monuments}}{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture| ]]

Bowenpally

2025-01-23T03:04:57Z

JamelSkidmore: brief refine article for clarity and added references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bowenpally
| native_name = Bhuvanapalli
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Secunderabad
| image_skyline = Park view main road.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Park View Enclave
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.476111|N|78.482778|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Merto
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 10th century
| founder =
| named_for = Trailokya Malla Bhuvanesvara
| government_type =
| governing_body =*[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500011
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kukatpally]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 =
[[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bowenpally''' (Spelled as Bow-en-palli) is a locality in [[Secunderabad]] in the City of [[Hyderabad]], India. It is predominantly an upper middle class area. It has some of the best residential colonies. It is located on the northwest fringe of secunderabad city.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080701174305/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/14/stories/2008061458660300.htm] Fish market proposed at Bowenpally -Source-[[The Hindu]]</ref> Bowenpally is part of the secunderabad area, where the British held sway for several years. The old village of Bowenpally with its people-friendly streets still exist. One among the few old structures left is an old shrine with some rough sculptures of a bull with distinct Kakatiyan design, near the Bowenpally Police Station. It is a juncture connecting different parts of the city.

The [[Begumpet Airport|Hyderabad airport]] has a single 0927 (east–west) runway. Bowenpally is just north of this unmistakable landmark. It is also the meeting point of two national highways: [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] (marked as "[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] Road" on the map) and [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] (marked as "[[Pune]] Road" on the map). It serves as the gateway to the city from these two highways. Bowenpally is known for its peace and communal harmony with masjids, gurdwaras and temples galore. The community is richly diverse with people of various ethnicities.

==History==
{{Disputed section|date=July 2024}}
In early days, Secunderabad was a small town with three major villages, namely [[Trimulgherry|Tirumalagiri]], Bowenpally and [[Karkhana, Secunderabad|Karkhana]]. The name "Bowenpally" derives from ''Bhuvanapalli''. It is named after the King of [[Chalukya]], Trailokya Malla Bhuvanesvara, from the 10th century. The State Archeology Department found an inscription on a pillar dating from the [[Chalukya]] times, thus confirming the name. [[demographics of India|Indian]]

Legendary [[Photographer]], [[Lala Deen Dayal]] lived here in '''Plassey lines''' area of Bowenpally.

==Transport==
[[TSRTC]] runs many buses that connect it to different parts of the city like 26,26N,26M,26S, 26M/229, ply from Secunderabd Station to Old-Bowenpally and other special buses such as 26/8C,26B/7K, 49M/26 8N/26 26M/229 etc. ply during the office hours. Also, 24E/31H plies through bowenpally. Another bus numbered 26G plies from the station to Greenfields via [[Hasmathpet]].

The closest [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS Train station]] is at Fatehnagar.

The traffic is high throughout the day, and many buses (226, 229, 230A) and other vehicles ply to Secunderabad city via New Bowenpally.

There is a new plan to add a traffic light at the Center Point and Diamond Point Irani hotels to ease congestion. In addition the Cantonment has plans to widen the road to ease growing traffic.

==Sub-regions==

Bowenpally has two major sub-regions, '''Old Bowenpally''' and '''New Bowenpally'''. There are a lot of [[gated community|gated communities]] in the area.

===Old Bowenpally===
Bowenpally is an amalgamation of Old Bowenpally and New Bowenpally. Old-bowenpally is close to Trimulghery and 4 km from Paradise. Major Transit locations like Rathifile Bus stop and Secunderabad Railway Station are near the Old Bowenpally. Old Bowenpally is a landmark of Education with more than 30 schools and about 10 colleges. Numerous apartments, flats and individual houses have been constructed every year to mark as one of the business centres. There are various Temples, Masjids and Churches built.

===New Bowenpally===
New Bowenpally is modern and very close to the city, although there are good colonies in both Old and New Bowenpally. New Bowenpally has two areas, ''Pedda Thokatta'' and ''Chinna Thokatta''.

New Bowenpally comes under [[Cantonment Board|cantonment area]], along with other surrounding areas surrounding, such as Tadbund, [[Trimulgherry|Tirumalagiri]] and [[Alwal]]. The cantonment has their own administration and tax departments, including facilities such as water and construction approvals.

New Bowenpally connects to both NH7 highway towards [[Medchal]] and NH9 highway towards [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy district|Balanagar]] industrial area. There is an Old Airport road and a [[burial ground]]s and Mount Carmel School in this area, also called Old Bombay Highway.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

S. B. Rao

2025-01-19T19:32:14Z

JamelSkidmore:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1943)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Siddani Bhaskara Rao
| image =
| birth_date = 1943
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| occupation = Professor of Mathematics
| salary =
| spouse =
| field = [[Graph Theory]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[University of Mumbai]], [[Kings College, Aberdeen]], [[Ohio State University]]
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
[[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[C. R. Rao]]<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=48999}}</ref>
| known_for = [[Frequency partition]], [[Line graphs of hypergraphs|Line graphs]], [[Degree sequence]]s
| prizes =
| website =
}}
'''Siddani Bhaskara Rao''' is a graph theorist, [[Professor Emeritus]], and director of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) in [[Calcutta]]. Rao is the first director of the [[CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science]].<ref>[http://www.crraoaimscs.org/director_message.html S. B. Rao the director of C. R. Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, India]</ref> S. B. Rao is known for his work on [[Line graphs of hypergraphs|line graphs]], [[frequency partition]]s and [[degree sequence]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crraoaimscs.org/faculty/sb-rao/|title=Dr. S.B. Rao {{!}} crrao|website=www.crraoaimscs.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

Rao hails from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and completed his M.A. (1965) in mathematics from [[Andhra University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crraoaimscs.org/faculty/sb-rao/|title=Dr. S.B. Rao {{!}} crrao|website=www.crraoaimscs.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> He received his Ph.D. (1971) from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Calcutta]] under the supervision of renowned Statistician [[CR Rao]]. After completing his Ph.D., he moved to the [[University of Mumbai]] to work with [[S. S. Shrikhande]]. At the same time, he visited [[King's College, Aberdeen]] to work with [[Crispin St. J. A. Nash-Williams]]. From the University of Mumbai, Rao went back to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI). While at ISI, he visited [[Ohio State University]]. Rao has guided students for their Ph.D.s in graph theory. He was the director of ISI Calcutta from 1995 to 2000. After retirement from ISI, he went to [[University of Hyderabad]] to work as the first director of the C. R. Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/49988972_SB_Rao|title=S.B. Rao's research works {{!}} University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad (UoH) and other places|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, S. B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Graph theorists]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian combinatorialists]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

List of villages in Udupi district

2025-01-05T17:10:53Z

JamelSkidmore: Put Up A Place Basic Info

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

This is a list of villages in [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]] state, India, organized by [[taluk]] {{As of|2011|alt=as of}} the [[2011 Census of India]]. At that time, the district had three taluks, [[Karkal taluk|Karkal]], Kundapura and Udupi. Since then, four more taluks have been created, Byndoor, Brahmavara, Kaup, and Hebri.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-02-18|title=Hebri taluk inaugurated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hebri-taluk-inaugurated/article22787036.ece|access-date=2021-10-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[2021 census of India]] has been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], so these new taluks are not yet reflected in the census.

== Karkal taluka ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ajekar]]
* [[Andaru]]
* [[Attur, Udupi|Attur]]
* [[Bailoor]]
* [[Bajagoli]]
* [[Belenje]]
* [[Belman, Karkal|Belman]]
* [[Bola, Karkal|Bola]]
* [[Chara, Karkal|Chara]]
* [[Durga, Karkal|Durga]]
* [[Eedu]]
* [[Hebri]]
* [[Hermunde]]
* [[Hirgana]]
* [[Inna, Karkal|Inna]]
* [[Irvathuru]]
* [[Jarkala]]
* [[Kabbinale]]
* [[Kadthala]]
* [[Kallya]]
* [[Kanajaru]]
* [[Kanthavara]]
* [[Kedinje]]
* [[Kerebettu]]
* [[Kervashe]]
* [[Kodange]]
* [[Kowdoor]]
* [[Kuchchur]]
* [[Kukkuje]]
* [[Kukkundoor]]
* [[Mala, Karkal|Mala]]
* [[Marne, Karkal|Marne]]
* [[Miyar]]
* [[Mudar, Karkal|Mudar]]
* [[Mudrady]]
* [[Mulladka]]
* [[Mundkuru]]
* [[Nadpalu]]
* [[Nallur, Karkal|Nallur]]
* [[Nandalike]]
* [[Neere]]
* [[Ninjoor]]
* [[Nitte]]
* [[Nooralbettu]]
* [[Padukudoor]]
* [[Palli, Karkal|Palli]]
* [[Parappady]]
* [[Renjala]]
* [[Shirlal]]
* [[Shivapura, Karkal|Shivapura]]
* [[Sooda]]
* [[Varanga]]
* [[Yellare]]
* [[Yennehole]]
* [[Yerlapady]]
{{div col end}}

== Kundapura taluka ==

{{div col begin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ajri, India|Ajri]]
* [[Albadi]]
* [[Aloor, Kundapura|Aloor]]
* [[Amasebailu]]
* [[Ampar, Karnataka|Ampar]]
* [[Anagalli]]
* [[Asodu]]
* [[Badakere]]
* [[Balkur]]
* [[Basrur]]
* [[Beejadi]]
* [[Bellal]]
* [[Beloor]]
* [[Belve]]
* [[Bijoor]]
* [[Byndoor]]
* [[Chittoor, Kundapura|Chittoor]]
* [[Devalkunda]]
* [[Edmoge]]
* [[Gangolli]]
* [[Gantihole]]
* [[Gavali, Udupi|Gavali]]
* [[Golihole]]
* [[Gopadi]]
* [[Gujjadi]]
* [[Gulvadi]]
* [[Hadavu]]
* [[Hakladi]]
* [[Halady]]
* [[Hallady-Harkadi]]
* [[Hallihole]]
* [[Halnad]]
* [[Hangaloor]]
* [[Harady]]
* [[Hardally-Mandally]]
* [[Harkoor]]
* [[Hattiangadi]]
* [[Hemmadi]]
* [[Hengavalli]]
* [[Heranjal]]
* [[Heroor, Kundapura|Heroor]]
* [[Heskathoor]]
* [[Hombady-Mandadi]]
* [[Hoovinakere]]
* [[Hosadu]]
* [[Hosangadi]]
* [[Hosoor]]
* [[Idurkunhadi]]
* [[Jadkal]]
* [[Japthi]]
* [[Kalavara, Kundapura|Kalavara]]
* [[Kalthodu]]
* [[Kamalashile]]
* [[Kambadakone]]
* [[Kandavara, Kundapura|Kandavara]]
* [[Kanyana, Kundapura|Kanyana]]
* [[Karkunje]]
* [[Kattabelthoor]]
* [[Kavrady]]
* [[Kedoor]]
* [[Kemmannu]]
* [[Kenchanoor]]
* [[Keradi]]
* [[Kergal]]
* [[Kirimanjeshwar]]
* [[Kodladi]]
* [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]
* [[Koni, Kundapura|Koni]]
* [[Korgi, Kundapura|Korgi]]
* [[Kulanje]]
* [[Kumbashi]]
* [[Kundabarandadi]]
* [[Machattu]]
* [[Madammakki]]
* [[Maravanthe]]
* [[Molahalli]]
* [[Mudoor]]
* [[Nada, Kundapura|Nada]]
* [[Nagodi]]
* [[Nandanavana]]
* [[Navunda]]
* [[Noojadi]]
* [[Paduvari]]
* [[Rattadi]]
* [[Senapur]]
* [[Shankaranarayana]]
* [[Shedimane]]
* [[Shiroor]]
* [[Siddapura, Udupi|Siddapur]]
* [[Tallur]]
* [[Thagarasi]]
* [[Thekkatte]]
* [[Thombattu]]
* [[Trashi]]
* [[Ulloor 74]]
* [[Ulloor 11|Ulloor [11]]]
* [[Ulthoor]]
* [[Uppinakudru]]
* [[Uppunda]]
* [[Vakwadi]]
* [[Vandse]]
* [[Yedthare]]
* [[Yedyadi-Mathyadi]]
* [[Yeljith]]
{{div col end}}

== Udupi taluka ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[108 Kalthur]]
* [[33 Shiroor]]
* [[34 Kudi]]
* [[38 Kalthur]]
* [[41 Shiroor]]
* [[92 Heroor]]
* [[Achalady]]
* [[Adamaru]]
* [[Anjaru, Udupi|Anjaru]]
* [[Aroor, Udupi|Aroor]]
* [[Athradi]]
* [[Avarse]]
* [[Badanidiyur]]
* [[Baikady]]
* [[Bairampalli]]
* [[Balkudru]]
* [[Bankerkatta]]
* [[Bannady]]
* [[Bellampalli, Upudi|Bellampalli]]
* [[Bellarpadi]]
* [[Belle, Udupi|Belle]]
* [[Belpu]]
* [[Billadi]]
* [[Bommarabettu]]
* [[Brahmavar]]
* [[Chanthar]]
* [[Cherkady]]
* [[Giliyar]]
* [[Haluvalli, Udupi|Haluvalli]]
* [[Handady]]
* [[Hanehalli]]
* [[Haradi]]
* [[Havanje]]
* [[Heggunje]]
* [[Hejamadi]]
* [[Herga]]
* [[Herady]]
* [[Hiliyana]]
* [[Hirebettu]]
* [[Hiriadka]]
* [[Hosala]]
* [[Hosoor]]
* [[Innanje]]
* [[Irody]]
* [[Kachur, Udupi|Kachur]]
* [[Kadur, Udupi|Kadur]]
* [[Kakkunje]]
* [[Kallianpur]]
* [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]]
* [[Katapady]]
* [[Kattingere]]
* [[Kavadi, Udupi|Kavadi]]
* [[Kemundel]]
* [[Kenjoor]]
* [[Kodi, India|Kodi]]
* [[Kodibettu]]
* [[Kotathattu]]
* [[Kote, Karnataka|Kote]]
* [[Kudi, Udupi|Kudi]]
* [[Kukkehalli]]
* [[Kukkikatte]]
* [[Kumragod]]
* [[Kunjarugiri]]
* [[Kurkalu]]
* [[Kuthpady]]
* [[Kuthyar]]
* [[Majoor, Udupi|Majoor]]
* [[Manoor, Karnataka|Manoor]]
* [[Marne, Udupi|Marne]]
* [[Matpady]]
* [[Mattu, Karnataka|Mattu]]
* [[Moodahadu]]
* [[Mudarangadi]]
* [[Muloor]]
* [[Nadur, Udupi|Nadur]]
* [[Nalkur]]
* [[Nanchar]]
* [[Nandicoor]]
* [[Neelavar]]
* [[Padebettu]]
* [[Padoor, Karnataka|Padoor]]
* [[Padu, Udupi|Padu]]
* [[Pajaka]]
* [[Palimar]]
* [[Pandeshwara]]
* [[Pangala]]
* [[Pejamangoor]]
* [[Perdoor]]
* [[Pernankila]]
* [[Pilar, Udupi|Pilar]]
* [[Santhoor]]
* [[Shankarapura]]
* [[Shiriyara]]
* [[Shirva, India|Shirva]]
* [[Tenka, Udupi|Tenka]]
* [[Thopanangadi]]
* [[Tonse West]]
* [[Uchila, Udupi district|Uchila]]
* [[Uliargoli]]
* [[Uppoor]]
* [[Vaddarse]]
* [[Vandar, Udupi|Vandar]]
* [[Yedthady]]
* [[Yellur, Udupi|Yellur]]
* [[Yermal]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Udupi]]

S. R. Balasubramoniyan

2024-11-28T14:11:25Z

JamelSkidmore: correct citations for accuracy to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[S. R. Balasubramaniam]]