https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JaishinkBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-03T14:48:06ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rehman_Dheri&diff=530228Rehman Dheri2026-05-06T00:33:57Z<p>Jaishink: new!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ancient settlement in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
| name = Rehman Dheri<br>{{nq|رحمان ڈھیری}}<br />
| native_name = <br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| image = Rahman dheri 5.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The site in 2016<br />
| map_type = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| location = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
| relief = 2<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|31.945870|70.885090|display=inline,title}}<br />
| type = Settlement<br />
| part_of = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| area = <br />
| height = <br />
| builder = <br />
| material = <br />
| built = {{circa|3300 BC}}<br />
| abandoned = {{circa|1900 BC}}<br />
| epochs = <br />
| cultures = <br />
| dependency_of = <br />
| occupants = <br />
| event = <br />
| excavations = <br />
| archaeologists = <br />
| condition = <br />
| ownership = <br />
| management = <br />
| public_access = <br />
| website = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rehman Dheri''' or sometime '''Rahman Dheri''' ({{Langx|ur|رحمان ڈھیری}}) is a [[Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-Harappan]] Archaeological Site situated near [[Dera Ismail Khan]] in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. This is one of the oldest urbanised centres found to date in [[South Asia]]. Dated (c. 3300 - c. 1900 BC), the site is situated {{convert|22|km|mi}} north of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]. It is on the Tentative List for future World Heritage Sites in Pakistan.<ref name=un1>[[UNESCO]] [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1877/ Karez System Cultural Landscape]</ref><br />
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==Location ==<br />
[[File:Rahman dheri 9.png|thumb|A well with descending steps in Rehman Dher]]<br />
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The site is located on the [[Gomal River]] Plain, which is part of the [[Indus River]] watershed. It is close to where the [[Zhob River]] flows into the Gomal River. Since the earliest occupation, except for the extension outside the city in the south, the entire habitation area was enclosed by a massive wall, built from dressed blocks made from clay slabs.<br />
<ref>Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2005) Historical Forts in [[Pakistan]], National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, [[Quaid-i-Azam University]], [[Islamabad]]. {{ISBN|969-415-069-8}}</ref> The low rectangular mound is covering about 22 hectares and standing 4.5 meters above the surrounding field.<br />
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Near Rehman Dheri, there's an unexcavated Harappan site of Hisham Dheri. This indicates that, in some regions, Kot Dijian (such as Rehman Dheri) and Harappan communities coexisted side by side.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2006), [https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer2003_New%20Perspectives%20on%20the%20Mauryan%20and%20Kushana%20Peri.pdf Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE.] harappa.com</ref> Also, the site of [[Gumla, Pakistan]] is located nearby. Gomal river is mentioned in Ramayan as river Gomti and Raam Dheri (renamed to Rehman Dheri) is the site of Ayodhya originally.<br />
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==Cultural context ==<br />
{{see also | Archaeological culture | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological cultural dating | Phase (archaeology) | l3= Phases in archaeology | Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Signifiance | l4= Tools and technology of archaeology | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent | l5= Pottery culture in Indian subcontinent }}<br />
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The first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji.<ref name=dd1/> Rehman Dheri, is considered oldest example of this culture. Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in [[Sindh]], they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II). Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-2800 BC) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and alongside Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BC). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows.<ref name=dd1>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref name=asi1>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal, Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Higham2009">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=H1c1UIEVH9gC|page=9}}|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|pages=9–}}</ref><ref name=dd2>Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA674 ''History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.''] UNESCO, 1996 {{ISBN|9231028111}} p.674</ref><ref name=tej1>Tejas Garge (2010), [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033315/http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ |date=2021-11-28 }} Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. {{doi|10.5334/aa.10203|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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* [[Kot Diji]] (3300 BC),<ref name=un1/> is the [[type site]], located in [[Sindh]] in Pakistan.<br />
* [[Amri (Pre-Harappa)|Amri]] (3600–3300 BC), also has non-Harappan phases daring 6000 BC to 4000 BC, and later Harappan Phses till 1300 BC.<br />
* [[Kalibangan]] (3500 BC – 2500 BC),<ref name=tej1/> in northwest Rajasthan in India on [[Hakra|Ghaggar]] River.<br />
* Rehman Dheri, 3300 BC,<ref name=un1/> 3300-2800 BC is pre Kot Diji phase.<ref name=dd1/><br />
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==Cultural finds==<br />
[[File:Rahman dheri 7.png|thumb|Pottery at the archaeological site of Rehman Dheri]]<br />
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The mound is rectangular is shape with a grid-like street network. The walls demarcating individual buildings and avenue frontages are still clearly visible, and it’s easy to recognize some small-scale industrial areas; within the site, eroded kilns and scatters of slag have been found.<br />
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* The fortified town shows sign of town planning. Pottery, and stone and metal tools were found.<br />
* Beads were made from [[lapis lazuli]] and [[turquoise]]. Terracotta figurines were similar to Gumla and Mehrgarh IV forms at the early stages, but later developed their own distinctive style.<ref name="harappa.com">Nadine Zubair (2016), [https://www.harappa.com/blog/rehman-dheri-one-earliest-planned-cities-south-asia Rehman Dheri: One of the earliest planned cities in South Asia.] harappa.com</ref><br />
* Seals have been found made from ivory, from fired [[steatite]] and shell. Some square seals from Rehman Dheri were designed for hanging on a string. This type of steatite seal became common in the later Indus cities.<ref name="harappa.com"/><br />
* No writing was discovered, though some type of notations on the pottery were observed. These 'potter’s marks', engraved or painted, are "strikingly similar to those appearing in the Mature Indus symbol system".<ref name="dd1"/><br />
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==Archeological phases==<br />
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In Rehman Dehri the archeological sequence is over 4.5 meters deep and it covers a series of over 1,400 years that was begun c. 3300 BC. Reham Dehri characterizes different periods which includes the period from c. 3300-2850 BC, c. 2850-2500 BC, and the last is from c. 2500-1900 BC.<br />
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In its earliest phases it is accepted that the settlement receives its formal planning and that consequent stages extended the plan over time. Even though the excavators have cut a number of deep trenches into the lower levels, the uncovered area was too limited to study the spatial sharing of craft activities. So the occupation of Rehman Dheri may have been more ancient than is presently attested.<br />
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In the middle of the third millennium BC, at the beginning of the mature Indus phase, the site was abandoned. There was limited reoccupation.<br />
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Some more records are found at the neighbouring archaeological mound ''Hisham Dheri''.<br />
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Due to the recent developments, the plans of the Early Harappan settlement were disturbed.<br />
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This site represents the earliest urban settlement on the sub-continent, with a very rich bead industry. It was earlier than the [[Kot Diji]]-[[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] complex.<ref name="dd1"/><br />
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== Tochi-Gomal Cultural Phase ==<br />
Recent research has revealed a Tochi-Gomal Cultural Phase in the Gomal Plain of Northwest Pakistan. Rehman Dheri was a part of that cultural sequence.<ref name="web.archive.org">Saira Naseem, Zakirullah Jan (2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20220211131146/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/13.%20The%20Emerging%20Tochi%20Gomal%20191-199.pdf The Emerging Tochi-Gomal Cultural Phase in the Gomal Plain, Northwest Pakistan.] Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXVII (2016) 191</ref><br />
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This was the culture that flourished in the Bannu Basin and Dera Ismail Khan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the end of Neolithic Age.<br />
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: "Typological and chronological sequence suggests that the Tochi-Gomal Phase co-existed for a certain period with other contemporaneous regional cultures of South Asia such as the Ravi ([[Hakra Ware culture|Ravi-Hakra]]) Phase in the Punjab; [[Amri, Sindh|Amri-Nal culture]] in Sindh; Togau & Kechi Beg Phases in Baluchistan, and [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]-Siswal culture in Rajasthan, India."<ref name="web.archive.org"/><br />
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The Tochi-Gomal Phase followed the local Neolithic phase, as represented in this area at Jhandi Babar. After Tochi-Gomal, the [[Kot Diji]] culture followed, and it was also represented at Rehman Dheri, as well as at nearby Gumla.<br />
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The inscribed seals and sherds of Tochi-Gomal phase may have contributed significantly to the development of the writing system of the mature Indus Civilization. The animals and the symbols depicted on the earliest seal found at Rehman Dheri remind us of the animals and symbols as were portrayed later during the Mature Indus Civilization.<br />
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Also, it was during the Tochi-Gomal phase that the progress from handmade to [[Potter's wheel|wheel thrown pottery]] had occurred.<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Commons category|Rehman Dheri (Raam Dheri)}}<br />
* [[Indus Valley civilization]]<br />
* [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]<br />
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*Nadine Zubair (2016), [https://www.harappa.com/blog/rehman-dheri-one-earliest-planned-cities-south-asia Rehman Dheri: One of the earliest planned cities in South Asia.] harappa.com<br />
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{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |state=expanded}}<br />
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[[Category:History of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]<br />
[[Category:Kot Diji culture]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Sivakumar&diff=523459P. Sivakumar2026-05-04T08:28:17Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = P. Sivakumar<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 19 May 2016<br />
| term_end = 4 May 2026<br />
| constituency = [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| predecessor = P. L. Kalyani<br />
| father = Palanivelu<br />
| spouse = S. Kamala<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] <br>[[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]]<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''P. Sivakumar''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055836/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC015.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC015.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a015|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref><br />
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==Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, P}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
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{{DMK-politician-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhwani&diff=499766Gandhwani2026-05-02T12:20:40Z<p>Jaishink: put up...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gandhwani<br />
| settlement_type = [[Town]]<br />
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.33|N|75.02|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar District]]<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-11]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 454446<br />
}}<br />
'''Gandhwani''' is a town and a [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[Dhar District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It's a [[Tehsil]] Headquarter and Development block in District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dhar.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/|title=तहसील &#124; जिला धार, मध्य प्रदेश शासन &#124; भारत}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dhar-dhar-news-2716675 | title=गंधवानी और बाग बने नगर परिषद - dhar. News | date=18 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
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[[Gandhwani Assembly constituency|Gandhwani]] is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> As of 2023, its representative is [[Umang Singhar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Geography==<br />
Gandhwani is located on {{Coord|22.33|N|75.02|E}}. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Gandhwani.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Gandhwani, India }}</ref> It is located {{convert|559|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. it's 60 km away from [[Dhar]] and 125 km away from [[Indore]].<br />
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==Demographics==<br />
As population [[Census of India 2011]] Gandhwani town has population of 7,885 of which 4,016 are males while 3,869 are females.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/madhyapradesh/admin/dhar/03535__gandhwani/ | title=Gandhwani (Tehsil, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location }}</ref><br />
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In 2011 literacy rate of Gandhwani town was 75.34 %. In Gandhwani Male literacy stands at 83.57 % while female literacy rate was 66.90 %.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/475293-gandhwani-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Gandhwani Village Population - Gandhwani - Dhar, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Indore Division}}<br />
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhar district]]<br />
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{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_nationalism&diff=497716Dravidian nationalism2026-05-01T13:38:51Z<p>Jaishink: bio...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian political ideology}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Dravidian politics-col}}<br />
{{Dravidian}}<br />
'''Dravidian nationalism''', or '''Dravidianism''', developed in [[Madras Presidency]] which comprises the four major [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic groups]] in [[South India]]. This idea was popularized during the 1930s to 1950s by a series of small movements and organizations that contended that the South Indians ([[Dravidian people]]) formed a racial and a cultural entity that was different from the [[North India|North Indians]]. Dravidianists have claimed that the [[Brahmins]] and other [[Forward caste|upper castes]] were originally [[Aryan migrant|Aryan migrants]] from outside of India, and that they imposed their language, [[Sanskrit]], religion and heritage on the Dravidian people. The claim was based on a hypothesis floated first during colonial times, popularized by Max Mueller, which is now described a myth by most present-day historians, based on modern DNA evidence studies.<ref>Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. doi:10.2307/3520116. JSTOR 3520116.</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The early Dravidian movement led by [[E. V. Ramasami Periyar]] demanded an independent [[Dravida Nadu|Dravidian State]], which included all four Dravidian speaking states of [[South India]].<ref>Indian Society and Social Institutions (2001), p. 541.</ref> The movement failed to find support among other [[Dravidian people]] and had to be limited to [[Tamil Nadu]]. A new morphed ideology of Dravidian nationalism gained momentum within Tamil Nadu during the 1930s and 1950s.<br />
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Dravidian Nationalism was thus based on three ideologies: dismantling of Brahmin hegemony; revitalization of the [[Dravidian languages]] (that include [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) and social reform by abolition of existing caste systems, religious practices and recasting women's equal position in society.<br />
<br />
By the late 1960s, the political parties who were espousing Dravidian ideology gained power within the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moorti |first=S. |title=Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=549–567 |year=2004 |doi=10.1177/0163443704044217}}</ref> The Sixteenth Amendment of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] (popularly known as the ''Anti-Secessionist Amendment'') banned any party with sectarian principles from participating in elections. Faced with the new constitutional changes, Dravidian ideologues left the call for an independent Tamil homeland on the back burner.<ref name=Jeanie>{{cite book<br />
| last = Bukowski<br />
| first = Jeanie J<br />
| author2 = Swarna Rajagopalan<br />
| title = Re-distribution of Authority<br />
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group<br />
| year = 2000<br />
| pages = 19–21<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mgK1Fltsh4cC<br />
| isbn = 978-0-275-96377-4<br />
}}</ref> Subsequently, they aimed at achieving better co-operation between the states and claimed more autonomy for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=Sumitra Kumar|title=Party politics and centre-state relations in India|date=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-309-4|location=New Delhi|pages=142|oclc=31010247}}</ref><br />
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==Political parties==<br />
{{main|Dravidian parties}}<br />
{{further|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
Since the 1969 election victory of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) under [[C. N. Annadurai]], Dravidian nationalism has been a permanent feature of the government of Tamil Nadu. After the Dravidian people achieved [[self-determination]], the claim for secession became weaker with most mainstream political parties, except a fringe few, are committed to development of Tamil Nadu within a united India. Most major Tamil Nadu regional parties such as DMK, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) frequently participate as coalition partners of other [[Pan-Indianism|pan-Indian]] parties in the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] at [[New Delhi]]. The inability of the national parties of India to comprehend and capitalize on Dravidian nationalism is one of the main reasons for the lack of presence in modern Tamil Nadu. Modern-day Dravidian nationalism has actually contributed to a more flaccid celebration of Dravidian identity and the ‘uplift’ of the poor.<ref>{{Citation |last=Palanithurai |first=G. |title=Changing Contours of Ethnic Movement: A Case Study of the Dravidian Movement |year=1989 |series=Annamalai University Dept. of Political Science Monograph series, No. 2 |place=Annamalainagar |publisher=Annamalai University}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:1930s establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederation_of_Indian_Industry&diff=494846Confederation of Indian Industry2026-05-01T05:42:55Z<p>Jaishink: stub...</p>
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<div>{{short description|Industry association in India}}<br />
{{Lead too short|date=April 2021}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Confederation of Indian Industry<br />
| logo = Official_logo_of_the_Confederation_of_Indian_Industry_(CII).svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| image = CII Headquarters New Delhi.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = CII's headquarters in [[New Delhi]]<br />
| abbreviation = CII<br />
| predecessor = Confederation of Engineering Industry<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|1895|df=y}}<br />
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] [[trade association]]<br />
| purpose = [[Policy advocacy]]<br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|09.5|N|77|13|36.0|E|}}<br />
| services = Business promotion, networking, policy reforms<br />
| key_people = <br />
| leader_title = President<br />
| leader_name = Rajiv Memani<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Director General]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Chandrajit Banerjee]]<ref name="cii_leaders">{{cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/CII_Leadership.aspx|title=CII Leadership|website=cii.in|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093125/https://www.cii.in/CII_Leadership.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| leader_title3 = <br />
| leader_name3 = <br />
| leader_title4 = <br />
| leader_name4 = <br />
| region_served = Worldwide<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| num_members = Direct 9,000+<br>Indirect 3,00,000<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.cii.in/|cii.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Confederation of Indian Industry''' ('''CII''') is a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] business and industry organisation and [[advocacy group]] headquartered in [[New Delhi]], India, founded in 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Indian-Industry|title=Confederation of Indian Industry|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114004308/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Indian-Industry|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
CII is a membership-based organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/prime-minister-modi-addresses-confederation-of-indian-industry-annual-meeting-2021-cii-annual-meeting-theme-key-details-1628598086-1|title=India's economy picking up pace again: Prime Minister Modi at CII Annual Meeting 2021|website=jagranjosh.com|date=11 August 2021|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810165343/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/prime-minister-modi-addresses-confederation-of-indian-industry-annual-meeting-2021-cii-annual-meeting-theme-key-details-1628598086-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/jul/31/the-confederation-of-indian-industry-partnering-indias-growth-1851178.html|title=The Confederation of Indian Industry – Partnering India's growth|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 July 2018|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021191005/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/jul/31/the-confederation-of-indian-industry-partnering-indias-growth-1851178.html|url-status=live}}</ref> CII has 70 offices in India, including 12 centres of excellence and regional, state and zonal offices.<br />
<br />
CII was appointed as the B20 India Secretariat by the [[Government of India]] to lead the B20 India process during [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|India's G20 Presidency]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Tata's Chandrasekaran to head Business 20 India; CII to be Secretariat |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tata-s-chandrasekaran-to-head-business-20-india-cii-to-be-secretariat-122120701194_1.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125200443/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tata-s-chandrasekaran-to-head-business-20-india-cii-to-be-secretariat-122120701194_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:PM-1-768x514.jpg|thumb|right|Prime minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the inaugural session of the virtual CII Annual Session 2020 with the theme 'Getting Growth Back' on 2 June 2020.]]<br />
[[File:Dr Manmohan Singh Addressing CII Annual Session 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manmohan Singh]], Prime Minister of India, addressing the CII Annual Session 2007]]<br />
<br />
The journey of CII began in 1895, when 5 engineering firms – Martin & Company, Burn & Company, John King & Company, Jessop & Company, and Turner Morrison & Company – decided to form the Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA). To promote the interests of Indian manufacturers, EITA was renamed as Indian Engineering Association (IEA) in 1912. In 1942, the Engineering Association of India (EAI) was founded to promote the interests of small and medium engineering firms. In 1974, EAI merged with IEA and formed the Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI) which in 1986 became the Confederation of Engineering Industry (CEI). The CEI in 1991, became the present Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ciiblog.in/industry/business-beyond-ciis-journey-of-125-years/|title= Business & Beyond CII's Journey of 125 Years|access-date= 27 October 2020|archive-date= 28 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128134640/https://www.ciiblog.in/industry/business-beyond-ciis-journey-of-125-years/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cii.in/about_us_History.aspx?enc=ns9fJzmNKJnsoQCyKqUmaQ==|title= History of CII|access-date= 27 October 2020|archive-date= 11 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011132646/https://www.cii.in/about_us_History.aspx?enc=ns9fJzmNKJnsoQCyKqUmaQ==|url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the 1980s, the Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI) was galvanised into the Confederation of Indian Industry – a national organisation that would represent the interests of Indian industry.<ref>1. Aseema Sinha, "Understanding the Rise and Transformation of Business Collective Action in India," Business and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2005), pp. 1–27.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The State, Economic Growth, and Development in India|journal=India Review|year=2009|doi=10.1080/14736480802665238|last1=Mukherji|first1=Rahul|volume=8|pages=81–106|s2cid=154550456|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1998, the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] while addressing CII's National Conference & Annual Session urged to reform the government, industry and the common citizen. This was his first address to any industry association as the Prime Minister. Vajpayee reaffirmed the government's commitment to reforms and underscored the importance of sustainable economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://takshashila.org.in/the-broad-mind-ab-vajpayee-on-economic-reforms-and-growth/|title=The Broad Mind - AB Vajpayee on Economic Reforms and Growth|website=Takshashila Institution|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930063512/https://takshashila.org.in/the-broad-mind-ab-vajpayee-on-economic-reforms-and-growth/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at CII Annual Session, invited corporate India to be a partner in making a more humane and just society where he emphasised a Ten-Point Social Charter for [[inclusive growth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=529|title=PM's address at CII annual general meeting - 2007|website=Former Prime Minister of India - Dr Manmohan Singh|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007230314/https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=529|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] gave the plenary speech at CII's 125th Annual Session. He focused on building an ''Atmanirbhar Bharat'' (self-reliant India) and bringing India back on the path of rapid development.<ref name=narendramodi550067>{{cite web|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-text-of-speech-at-cii-annual-session-550067|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Speech at CII Annual Session|website=Narendra Modi|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423025318/https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-text-of-speech-at-cii-annual-session-550067|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The Prime Minister has subsequently addressed several CII occasions, including the post-Budget interaction on 30 July 2024, soon after assuming charge for the third consecutive term.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
CII is a body registered under [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act]], 1860 of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MoU LDCE CII|url=http://ldce.ac.in/upload/pdf/legal/mou/MoU_LDCE_CII.pdf|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071436/http://ldce.ac.in/upload/pdf/legal/mou/MoU_LDCE_CII.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The highest governing body of CII is the CII National Council, composed of leading industry heads and experts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-04|title=CEOs indicate business sentiment revival; steady recovery of Indian economy on anvil: CII|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/ceos-indicate-business-sentiment-revival-steady-recovery-of-indian-economy-on-anvil-cii/2097711/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031035138/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/ceos-indicate-business-sentiment-revival-steady-recovery-of-indian-economy-on-anvil-cii/2097711/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Leadership===<br />
For 2025–2026, [[Rajiv Memani]], Chairman and CEO, EY India, is the President of CII, R Mukundan, Managing Director and CEO, [[Tata Chemicals|Tata Chemicals Limited]], is the President-Designate, and Dr Suchitra K Ella, Co-founder and Managing Director, [[Bharat Biotech]] International Limited, is the Vice President of CII.<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date= |title=EY's Rajiv Memani takes over as CII president |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/eys-rajiv-memani-takes-over-as-cii-president/articleshow/121555272.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Chandrajit Banerjee]] is the Director General of CII since May 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandrajit Banerjee|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/chandrajit-banerjee/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=World Economic Forum|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195450/https://www.weforum.org/people/chandrajit-banerjee|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Sanjiv Puri, Chairman and Managing Director, [[ITC Limited]], was the President of CII for the year 2024-25. R Dinesh, Executive Vice Chairman, [[TVS Supply Chain Solutions|TVS Supply Chain Solutions Ltd]] was the President of CII for the year 2023-24. [[Sanjiv Bajaj]], Chairman and Managing Director of [[Bajaj Finserv]] Limited was the President of CII for the year 2022-2023. [[T. V. Narendran]], CEO and Managing Director of Tata Steel Limited, was the President, CII for the year 2021-2022. <br />
<br />
===Membership===<br />
CII has direct membership of around 9700 members from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over 3,65,000 enterprises, from 318 national and regional industry bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pmi-south-asia-collaborates-with-cii-to-create-a-futureready-workforce-of-changemakers/2139788|website=www.outlookindia.com|title=PMI South Asia collaborates with CII to create a futuready workforce of changemakers|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001005836/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pmi-south-asia-collaborates-with-cii-to-create-a-futureready-workforce-of-changemakers/2139788|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
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===Policy advocacy===<br />
CII has over 600 'Intellectual Groups' – councils, committees, task forces, and working groups among others – working at the national and regional levels, across industry sectors. These groups give shape to and articulate member concerns to government policymakers, regulators, think tanks etc. They work pro-actively with the government to formulate policies that would empower businesses.<ref name=financialexpress1253453>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/accelerate-msme-growth/1253453 |title=Accelerate MSME growth– Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124806/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/accelerate-msme-growth/1253453 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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CII has been a catalyst of change in India's economic policy reforms. CII played a very important role during economic liberalisation in 1991 which knocked down the high walls of protection between Indian industry and the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Building India with Partnership: The Story of CII, 1895-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkhdAQAACAAJ|isbn = 9780670058723|access-date=28 June 2018|last1 = Kantha|first1 = Sharmila|last2 = Ray|first2 = Subhajyoti|year = 2006| publisher=Penguin Books }}</ref><br />
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CII actively engages with central and state governments at various levels on issues facing Indian industry and society and recommends policies conducive to the development of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/Services.aspx|title=Services|website=CII|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163244/https://www.cii.in/Services.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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To stimulate foreign investment into India and engage with overseas businesses, CII engages with overseas government leaders, businesses and industry associations. It has partnered on Indian government initiatives in other countries and organizes business meetings in India with regions and partner countries to expand Indian industry's overseas footprint.<br />
<br />
===Competitiveness===<br />
CII has set up dedicated Centers of Excellence to enhance the competitiveness of Indian industry through training, consultancy, and research. These centres provide special services to the industry to enable firms to lower their costs and become more productive and competitive. Currently, there are 12 Centers of Excellence set up in the areas of Quality, Green Business, Manufacturing Excellence, Logistics, SMEs, Sustainable Development, Leadership, Food and Agriculture, and Water Institute, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Start-ups, Employment and Livelihood, and Skills.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/tata-steels-md-ceo-narendran-takes-over-as-new-cii-president/668876/|title=Tata Steel's MD CEO Narendran takes over as new CII president|website=www.theprint.in|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930032537/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/tata-steels-md-ceo-narendran-takes-over-as-new-cii-president/668876/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Quality movement====<br />
<br />
India started its quality movement journey in the early 1980s. Late Japanese Professor [[Kaoru Ishikawa]] visited India in 1986, then heading JUSE ([[Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers]]). During his visit to India, he recommended starting a national drive for quality by setting up an institutional arrangement. CII took the lead in this initiative and has since spearheaded the quality movement in India. In 1988, A [[Total quality management|Total Quality Management]] Division (TQMD) was set up on Ishikawa's recommendation. The TQMD evolved into the CII Institute of Quality, which lead a quality movement that aimed to transform Indian businesses by offering them Total Quality Management skills such as Total Productive Maintenance, [[Lean Management]], [[Six Sigma]], Industrial and Legal Metrology, and Conformity Assessment and Standards. CII and the Export-Import [[Bank of India]] jointly established the CII-EXIM Bank Award for Business Excellence in 1994. The Award is based on the internationally recognised EFQM Excellence Model. The CII Institute of quality has had a major impact on a large number of firms in India in terms of raising overall awareness regarding quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastandardsportal.org/Detail.aspx?MenuId=23|title=Confederation of Indian Industry - Institute of Quality|website=India Standards Portal|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021234315/http://www.indiastandardsportal.org/Detail.aspx?MenuId=23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciiblog.in/industry/new-era-of-quality-production-in-india/|title=The Confederation of Indian Industry drive for quality|website=ciiblog.in|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020000819/https://www.ciiblog.in/industry/new-era-of-quality-production-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cii-iq.in/about|title=About CII IQ|website=CII Institute of Quality|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142903/http://www.cii-iq.in/about|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09544789910282381/full/html|title=Total quality management in India – perspective and analysis|journal=The TQM Magazine|year=1999|doi=10.1108/09544789910282381|access-date=19 October 2020|last1=Jagadeesh|first1=R.|volume=11|issue=5|pages=321–327|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019213418/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09544789910282381/full/html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=financialexpress132651>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/the-gurus/132651/|title=The Gurus|website=The Financial Express|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019212726/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/the-gurus/132651/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.4cpl.com/center-of-excellence/business-excellence/business-excellence-models-national|title=Business Excellence Models National|website=The Financial Express|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021071005/https://www.4cpl.com/center-of-excellence/business-excellence/business-excellence-models-national/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Environment====<br />
<br />
CII initiated industry engagement in the area of environment and climate change in 1991, when the landmark Rio Summit was held. Since then, it has established four Centres of Excellence that work in the areas of climate change, air pollution, environment, sustainability, green building, energy, agriculture and water management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciiblog.in/sustainability/ensuring-a-sustainable-future-industry-initiatives|title=Ensuring a sustainable future industry initiatives|website=CII Blog|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031230755/https://www.ciiblog.in/sustainability/ensuring-a-sustainable-future-industry-initiatives/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Green buildings====<br />
<br />
Going green way addresses ecological challenges and also makes good business sense. Keeping this principle in mind, the CII Green Business Centre (GBC) was launched in March 2000 during the visit of the then U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/feb/05green.htm|title=USAID, ICICI and CII to foster green businesses|website=Rediff|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195434/https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/feb/05green.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Centre aims to promote ecologically sustainable business models in [[green economy]].<ref name="A monument to green">{{cite web|url=http://www.godrejandboyce.com/GodrejandBoyce/pdf/2004/marapr/envionmental.htm|title=A monument to green|website=Godrej & Boyce|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029194236/http://www.godrejandboyce.com/GodrejandBoyce/pdf/2004/marapr/envionmental.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The GBC was inaugurated by Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the then President of India on 14 July 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/13green.htm |title=Kalam to open world's 'greenest' building |website=Rediff |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029212514/https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/13green.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The GBC headquarters at Hyderabad is India's first platinum rated green building which has been awarded by the [[United States Green Building Council]] (USGBC), under the [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) rating system.<ref name="A monument to green"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthbound.report/2019/10/04/building-of-the-week-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre/|title=Building of the week-CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029152008/https://earthbound.report/2019/10/04/building-of-the-week-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/|title=CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre|website=Greenroofs.com|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101081602/https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf|title= CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre|access-date= 26 October 2020|archive-date= 1 March 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210301155011/http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showAboutusnosign&id=about-content|title=Indian Green Building Council|website=Indian Green Building Council|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011943/https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showAboutusnosign&id=about-content|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2004, the GBC under the aegis of Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) is spearheading the green movement in the country by offering services to various national and international stakeholders in the areas of green projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/cii-indian-green-building-council-announce-plan-to-promote-energy-efficient-buildings-in-india/article29314333.ece|title=CII Indian Green Building Council announce plan to promote energy efficient buildings in India|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029211702/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/cii-indian-green-building-council-announce-plan-to-promote-energy-efficient-buildings-in-india/article29314333.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ik98RxnwI8o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ik98RxnwI8o |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title= 15 years of National Contribution :- CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre|website=YouTube.com|access-date=26 October 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, the centre launched the GreenCo Rating system which evaluates how green a company is and suggests the way forward on resource conservation as well as energy and environmental management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/cii-launches-green-rating-for-companies/article23046436.ece|title=CII launches green rating for companies|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029183833/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/cii-launches-green-rating-for-companies/article23046436.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, GreenCo Rating was acknowledged in India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) document, submitted to [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), as a ''proactive voluntary action of Indian industry towards [[climate change mitigation|combating climate change]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1606973|title=Greenco Rating System|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029165913/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1606973|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
So far, 22 green building rating systems have been designed by GBC to address ecological challenges. IGBC Green Building Rating System has adopted over 5,400 green building projects amounting to over 7.5 billion sq. ft. GBC's various initiatives have facilitated the reduction of over 16 million tons of {{CO2}} per year.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://innovationsaccelerator.com/cii-godrej-gbc-15-years-of-national-contribution|title= CII Godrej GBC – 15 years of national contribution|access-date= 26 October 2020|archive-date= 24 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024141730/http://innovationsaccelerator.com/cii-godrej-gbc-15-years-of-national-contribution/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ciiblog.in/sustainability/ensuring-a-sustainable-future-industry-initiatives |title= Ensuring a sustainable future industry initiatives |access-date= 26 October 2020 |archive-date= 31 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201031230755/https://www.ciiblog.in/sustainability/ensuring-a-sustainable-future-industry-initiatives/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/|title= CII Sohrabji Green Business Centre|website= Green Business Centre|access-date= 26 October 2020|archive-date= 19 February 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200219202223/http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/|url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The CII Centre at Indore offers the services of several centres of excellence at one place to provide comprehensive guidance to enterprises at the grassroots. <br />
<br />
===International partnership===<br />
International activities include meeting with the Heads of State and Government, decision-makers, networking with counterpart organisations, multilateral and academic institutions, and other policy-making bodies.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
CII's international engagement journey started with the opening of its first overseas office in 1977 in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/interview-indian-ambassador-ret-ranjit-gupta-jeddah-saudi-arabia-second-posting-1976|title=Interview with Indian Ambassador Ret. Ranjit Gupta|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019034623/https://www.mei.edu/publications/interview-indian-ambassador-ret-ranjit-gupta-jeddah-saudi-arabia-second-posting-1976|url-status=live}}</ref> This endeavour helped to place the organisation on a high pedestal of relationship with the government, diplomatic missions, and international agencies. AIEI organised the very first international trade mission to Africa in 1975, covering Kenya, Zambia, Egypt, and Libya. In 1976, a Mission went to Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. These initiatives of AIEI helped explore business opportunities in African and middle-east markets.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciiblog.in/community/aiei-the-first-few-years-in-delhi/|title=AIEI-The first few years in Delhi|website=CII Blog|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019195603/https://www.ciiblog.in/community/aiei-the-first-few-years-in-delhi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Confederation of Indian Industry, "100 Years of CII:An Outline of History", (1995) pp.22-23</ref><br />
<br />
From 2013, CII has broadened its focus of work through more Regional and Country Committees like: Africa, [[ASEAN]] + ANZ, East Europe, [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]], [[Latin America and the Caribbean|LAC]], Bangladesh, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea and Sri Lanka.<ref name=daijiworld226389>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=226389|title=Over 100 Indian firms in Libya trade fair seeking business – Daiji World|date=1 April 2014|website=Daijiworld.com|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424142605/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=226389|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
CII's International work is backed by 9 overseas offices in Australia, China, Egypt, Germany, Indonesia, Singapore, [[UAE]], UK, and the US that helps propagate important information pertaining to markets and joint venture possibilities to both Indian and global companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/About_Us.aspx|title=CII-About Us|website=CII|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024071438/https://www.cii.in/About_Us.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
CII was appointed as the B20 Secretariat by the Government of India to lead the B20 India process during India's G20 Presidency in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tata's Chandrasekaran to head Business 20 India; CII to be Secretariat |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tata-s-chandrasekaran-to-head-business-20-india-cii-to-be-secretariat-122120701194_1.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125200443/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tata-s-chandrasekaran-to-head-business-20-india-cii-to-be-secretariat-122120701194_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It organized the successful B20 India Summit in August 2023 and brought out key thought pieces for the global business community.<br />
<br />
===Community development===<br />
In the year 2000, CII set up the Indian Business Trust for HIV/AIDS to engage the industry in meeting the challenges of the deadly virus. This Trust helped formulate ISO 9002 workplace policy and protocols for industry. More than 2000 companies in India joined this campaign to provide a safe and healthy work environment for their employees.<ref name=indiatimes1236680>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aids-policy-for-industry-by-year-end/articleshow/1236680.cms|title=AIDS Policy for industry by year endh|website=The Economic Times|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220736/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aids-policy-for-industry-by-year-end/articleshow/1236680.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], CII extended its support to a large number of affected people to mitigate the global crisis. Synergizing the efforts of Indian industry and engaging with the Government of India, CII reached out to various sections of the society, providing immediate relief and strategic long-term rehabilitation support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/cii-mobilises-industry-action-towards-covid-19-relief/1919023/|title=CII mobilises industry action towards COVID-19 relief|website=The Financial Express|date=5 April 2020|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152025/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/cii-mobilises-industry-action-towards-covid-19-relief/1919023/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
To tackle the unexpected and immense challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, CII formed a high-level task force to find possible solutions to issues faced by Indian industry. CII made immediate policy interventions and representations at both the state and central government levels for macroeconomic management, monetary measures, and ease of doing business. It came out with an impact assessment on industry and economy with an exit strategy to sustain continuity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/covid-19-cii-calls-for-urgent-across-the-board-fiscal-stimulus/article31415875.ece|title=CII calls for urgent fiscal stimulus|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160539/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/covid-19-cii-calls-for-urgent-across-the-board-fiscal-stimulus/article31415875.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economic-revival/cii-seeks-govt-intervention-for-revival-of-covid-hit-tourism-industry-120081801700_1.html|title=CII seeks govt intervention for revival of covid hit tourism industry|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 August 2020|access-date=7 October 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012004941/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economic-revival/cii-seeks-govt-intervention-for-revival-of-covid-hit-tourism-industry-120081801700_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dst-and-cii-to-come-up-with-a-roadmap-for-industry-to-use-tech-solutions-to-combat-covid-19/articleshow/75678844.cms|title=DST and CII to come up with a roadmap for industry|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513094750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dst-and-cii-to-come-up-with-a-roadmap-for-industry-to-use-tech-solutions-to-combat-covid-19/articleshow/75678844.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=deccanchronicle110520>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/110520/immediate-stimulus-package-of-rs-15-lakh-crore-needed-to-overcome-covi.html|title=Immediate stimulus package of Rs 15 lakh crore needed to overcome Covid|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=11 May 2020|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010233903/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/110520/immediate-stimulus-package-of-rs-15-lakh-crore-needed-to-overcome-covi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/economy/coronavirus-covid-19-cii-submits-recommendations-to-centre-on-lifting-the-shutdown-in-a-safe-and-calibrated-manner-2274836.html|title=CII submits recommendations to centre on lifting the shutdown in a safe and calibrated manner|website=Zee News|date=8 April 2020|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012032205/https://zeenews.india.com/economy/coronavirus-covid-19-cii-submits-recommendations-to-centre-on-lifting-the-shutdown-in-a-safe-and-calibrated-manner-2274836.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciicovid19update.in/|title=Covid-19 Interventions|website=CII Covid19 Update|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001212725/http://www.ciicovid19update.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
CII is working on air pollution in North India, Anganwadi development, disaster management and relief and education, among other areas. It has also instituted the Women Exemplar Awards to recognize women leaders making a difference at the grassroots.<br />
<br />
==Initiatives==<br />
CII has undertaken various initiatives: India@75, Young Indians, and Indian Women Network.<br />
<br />
=== India@75 and India@100 ===<br />
India@75 is a CII initiative that envisions how India should be in 2022 – the 75th year of India's independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaat75.in/about-us/genesis-vision |title=India at 75-About Us-Genesis and vision |website=www.indiaat75.in |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111111/https://indiaat75.in/about-us/genesis-vision/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features-2/india75-a-new-india-by-2022-2372541.html|title=India at 75-a new India by 2022|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024065518/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features-2/india75-a-new-india-by-2022-2372541.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The idea of India@75 was conceptualised at the ''Incredible India@60'' celebrations in New York in 2007, where Professor [[C.K. Prahalad]], management professor at the [[University of Michigan]], shared his vision of India@75.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/column/2010/apr/19/guest-what-made-ck-prahalad-a-management-guru.htm |title=Guess what made CK Prahalad a management guru |website=rediff.com |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045848/http://business.rediff.com/column/2010/apr/19/guest-what-made-ck-prahalad-a-management-guru.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaat75.in/about-us/genesis-vision |title=India at 75-About Us-Genesis and vision |website=Indiaat75 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111111/https://indiaat75.in/about-us/genesis-vision/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/webcms/Upload/Comm%20May%202010131.pdf|title=C K Prahalad - 1941-2010|website=CII-C K Prahalad|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302224130/https://www.cii.in/webcms/Upload/Comm%20May%202010131.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/an-initiative-for-a-better-india/article5351738.ece|title=An initiative for a better India|website=The Hindu|date=15 November 2013|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026031459/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/an-initiative-for-a-better-india/article5351738.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
CII adopted his vision of India@75 on 8 May 2008. After consultations, a national vision document - ''India@75 – The People's Agenda'' was released. It was structured around the ten broad themes - Education & Skill Development, Technology & Innovation, Agriculture, Businesses, Infrastructure & Urbanization, Health, Environment, Arts, Sports & Literature, Governance & Public Administration and Moral Leadership.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/-india-75-the-peoples-agenda-unveiled-at-cii-s-annual-meeting-109032600097_1.html|title= India at 75 the peoples agenda unveiled at CII annual meeting|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 26 March 2009|access-date= 21 October 2020|archive-date= 23 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201023173723/https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/-india-75-the-peoples-agenda-unveiled-at-cii-s-annual-meeting-109032600097_1.html|url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
To turn this vision into reality, CII set up the ''India@75 Foundation''. This initiative of CII has also found resonance with the Government of India, as in the ''Strategy for New India@75'' document released by the [[NITI Aayog]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/india-inc-calls-for-strengthening-policy-reforms-job-creation/809468|title=India Inc calls for strengthening policy reforms and job creation|website=The Financial Express|date=15 August 2017|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029035003/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/india-inc-calls-for-strengthening-policy-reforms-job-creation/809468/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciiblog.in/economy/india75-the-vision|title=India at 75 vision|website=CII Blog|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027000708/https://www.ciiblog.in/economy/india75-the-vision/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The India@75 Foundation has now been renamed as the India@100 Foundation which is working towards Vikit Bharat@100. <br />
<br />
The CII Annual Meeting 2021 was organised on 11–12 August 2021 on the theme- "India@75: Government and Business working together for Aatmanirbhar Bharat." Shri Narendra Modi, Hon'ble Prime Minister of India, was the Chief Guest and delivered the inaugural address.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1744889|title=English rendering of PM's address at the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Annual Meeting 2021|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831053147/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1744889|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Young Indians===<br />
CII set up Young Indians (YI) in 2002 to engage youth leaders in nation building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youngindians.net/about-us|title=About Young Indians|website=Young Indians|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124090710/https://www.youngindians.net/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> YI is one of the founding members of the G20 Young Entrepreneur's Alliance (G20 YEA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20yea.com/members|title=Members of G20 YEA|website=G20-YEA|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531042628/https://www.g20yea.com/members|url-status=live}}</ref> and Commonwealth Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs – Asia Pacific (CAYE-A).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourcommonwealth.org/youth-networks/assembly-of-the-commonwealth-asia-alliance-of-young-entrepreneurs|title=Assembly of the Commonwealth Asia Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs|website=Yourcommonwealth.org|date=26 July 2012|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928115810/http://www.yourcommonwealth.org/youth-networks/assembly-of-the-commonwealth-asia-alliance-of-young-entrepreneurs/|url-status=live}}</ref> Through ''MASOOM'', ''Gift an Organ'' and ''Road Safety'' projects, the organisation connects youth in development work.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.titancompany.in/sites/all/themes/titancorporate/microsites/forher/src/assets/pdf/Young-Indians.pdf |title=Young Indians |website=Titan Company |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929091516/https://www.titancompany.in/sites/all/themes/titancorporate/microsites/forher/src/assets/pdf/Young-Indians.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It's student wing ''YUVA'' engages with students through 130 institutions in India.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/execution-is-key-for-cii-young-indians/articleshow/5575682.cms?from=mdr |title= Execution is key for CII Young Indians |website= The Economic Times |access-date= 9 November 2020 |last1= Sharma |first1= Ravi Teja |archive-date= 17 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211017071915/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/execution-is-key-for-cii-young-indians/articleshow/5575682.cms?from=mdr |url-status= live }}</ref> YI has participated in disaster relief operations and health emergencies such as COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/young-indians-amaravati-join-covid-19-relief-operations/articleshow/75580795.cms|title=Young Indians Amaravati join Covid-19 relief operations|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628070838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/young-indians-amaravati-join-covid-19-relief-operations/articleshow/75580795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/cii-mobilises-industry-action-towards-covid-19-relief/1919023/ |title= CII mobilises industry action towards Covid-19 relief |website= The Financial Express |date= 5 April 2020 |access-date= 9 November 2020 |archive-date= 23 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240423143704/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-cii-mobilises-industry-action-towards-covid-19-relief-1919023/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Young Indians has 3,600 members across its 51 offices, and 29,500 students YUVA members from colleges in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/cii-young-indians-covid-19-action-communique-signed-by-52-leaders-from-across-india|website=www.indiaeducationdiary.in/|title=CII Young Indians COVID 19 ACTION Communique Signed By 52 Leaders From Across India|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423143839/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/cii-young-indians-covid-19-action-communique-signed-by-52-leaders-from-across-india|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian Women Network===<br />
CII launched Indian Women Network (IWN) in 2013 to develop women workforce and work towards challenges faced by them at the workplace.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/iwn-launched-in-madurai/article5002870.ece |title=IWN launched in Madurai |website=The Hindu |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928235412/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/iwn-launched-in-madurai/article5002870.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CII-to-launch-Indian-Women-Network/articleshow/17801068.cms|title=CII to launch Indian Women Network|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101140012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CII-to-launch-Indian-Women-Network/articleshow/17801068.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Through CII's National Committee on Women Empowerment, IWN engages with the government, industry and thought leaders to shape inclusive policy for women workforce.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/careers/gender-and-the-workplace/article30979772.ece|title=Gender and the Workplace|website=The Hindu|date=4 March 2020|access-date=12 November 2020|last1=Thomas|first1=Liffy|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423143703/https://www.thehindu.com/education/careers/gender-and-the-workplace/article30979772.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> IWN has developed an online ''Gender Diagnostic Tool'' for companies to self-assess and identify strengths, gaps and opportunities to improve gender parity and develop their potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciiblog.in/community/the-cii-indian-women-network-enabling-women-to-reach-their-full-economic-potential/#:~:text=To%20reach%20its%20goals%2C%20IWN,attitude%20of%20women%20towards%20workplace|title=The CII Indian Women Network enabling women to reach their full economic potential|website=CII Blog|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423143712/https://ciiblog.in/the-cii-indian-women-network-enabling-women-to-reach-their-full-economic-potential/#:~:text=To%20reach%20its%20goals%2C%20IWN,attitude%20of%20women%20towards%20workplace|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also initiated ''Equal Opportunity Pledge'' for companies to ensure inclusive work environment for women.<ref>{{cite book|title=Strategy for New India@75 p.152|date=19 December 2018|publisher=Niti Aayog|url=https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Strategy_for_New_India.pdf|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122101527/http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Strategy_for_New_India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Equal Opportunity Guidelines|publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry|url=https://www.cii.in/uploads/Equal-Opportunity-Guidelines.pdf|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071435/https://www.cii.in/uploads/Equal-Opportunity-Guidelines.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== National Foundation for Corporate Governance ===<br />
To promote voluntary, transparent and accountable [[corporate governance]] practices in India, [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] set up National Foundation for Corporate Governance (NFCG) as a Trust in the year 2003. It was set up in partnership with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) and Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). In the year 2010, Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICAI) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) were included in NFCG as Trustees and in 2013 Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA) also joined as Trustee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to National Foundation for Corporate Governance(NFCG) |url=https://www.nfcg.in/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.nfcg.in |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815010856/https://www.nfcg.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> NFCG has been the catalyst in promoting highest standards of Corporate Governance in India and endeavours to make India a leader in Corporate Governance by setting a global benchmark.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Confederation of Indian Industry}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confederation of Indian Industry}}<br />
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1895]]<br />
[[Category:1895 establishments in India]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sattari_Assembly_constituency&diff=533520Sattari Assembly constituency2026-04-19T16:22:29Z<p>Jaishink: starting a stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Former constituency of the Goa Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Sattari<br />
|district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br />
| electors = 19,361{{efn|last recorded in 1984 according to [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3847-goa-1984/]}}<br />
|state = [[Goa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]<br />
|established = 1963<br />
|abolished = 1984<br />
| reservation = None<br />
|type= SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sattari Constituency'''{{efn|also spelled as Satari during the tenure years.}} was one of the 30 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern India. [[Sattari]] was also one of the constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satari Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/satari-goa-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly {{!}} Former M.L.A's |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/former-mlas.php |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1967 |title=Goa 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3842-goa-1967/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br />
|[[Jaisingrao Rane]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
|[[Gopal Kamat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|rowspan=4|[[Pratapsingh Rane]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Sattari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pratapsingh Rane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,769 |percentage=50.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadekar Vasudeo Janardhan |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,639 |percentage=30.02% |change={{increase}}4.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Baburao Hirojiroa |party=Independent politician |votes=939 |percentage=6.08% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Vincy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=472 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malsenkar Kaseo Shiva |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rane Sardessai Sanyogita Zaiba |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Prakash Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,130 |percentage=20.25% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,455 |percentage=76.05% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,361 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.74 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}7.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Sattari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pratapsingh Rane]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=5,283 |percentage=42.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Tendulkar Sadanand Sonu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,211 |percentage=25.83% |change={{decrease}}3.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rane Jaysingrao Benkatrao |party=Janata Party |votes=2,038 |percentage=16.39% |change={{increase}}3.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinai Usgaonkar Attchut Kashinath |party=Independent politician |votes=961 |percentage=7.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kauthankar Vishwanath Janardhan |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshi Shrikant Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,072 |percentage=16.67% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,432 |percentage=72.46% |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,305 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.11 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Sattari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pratapsingh Rane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,084 |percentage=40.38% |change={{increase}}28.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaisingrao Rane]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,973 |percentage=29.40% |change={{decrease}}19.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pednekar Devidas Krishna |party=Janata Party |votes=1,352 |percentage=13.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Kesnav Janardan |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mujawar Shaki Ali Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Budaji Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes=375 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaz Joarge Bastiao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=129 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,111 |percentage=10.99% |change= {{decrease}}15.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,113 |percentage=65.26% |change= {{decrease}}3.92 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,998 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.71 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Sattari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pratapsingh Rane]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,005 |percentage=49.10% |change={{increase}}12.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaisingrao Rane]] |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=2,322 |percentage=22.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamat Gopal Apa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,170 |percentage=11.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Ramchandra |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=661 |percentage=6.48% |change={{decrease}}2.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Janardan |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=245 |percentage=2.40% |change={{decrease}}34.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshi Laximan Vishnu |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=200 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,683 |percentage=26.32% |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,194 |percentage=67.61% |change= {{increase}}7.94 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,287 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.45 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}12.66 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Sattari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Kamat]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,962 |percentage=36.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. B. Hirojirao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,068 |percentage=13.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dattaram |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=751 |percentage=9.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. D. Shirookar |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=7.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A . Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=6.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. J. Vyankatrao |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=449 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rane |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=5.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,894 |percentage=23.30% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,129 |percentage=57.70% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,819 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}<br />
{{coord|15.599|74.059|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1984]]<br />
[[Category:1984 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Goa-geo-stub}}<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanti_Devi_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)&diff=534602Shanti Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)2026-04-16T07:36:22Z<p>Jaishink: starting a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Shanti Devi<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| office = Member of the [[6th Lok Sabha]] for [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]]<br />
| term_start = 1977<br />
| term_end = 1980<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = [[Bijendra Pal Singh]]<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[8th Lok Sabha]] for Sambhal<br />
| term_start2 = 1984<br />
| term_end2 = 1989<br />
| predecessor2 = Bijendra Pal Singh<br />
| successor2 = [[Shripal Singh Yadav]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1937|1|30}}<br />
| birth_place = Jarif Nagar, [[Badaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]<br />
| other_party = {{unbulleted list| [[Janata Party (Secular)]] | [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]}} <br />
}}<br />
'''Shanti Devi''' (born 1937) is an Indian former politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She has twice represented [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] and has been a member of both houses of the Uttar Pradesh legislature.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Shanti Devi is the daughter of Chaudhary Badan Singh Yadav and was born on 30 January 1937 at Jarif Nagar of [[Badaun district]]. She was educated till matriculation level.<ref name="LS">{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile: Shanti Devi, Shrimati|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2575.htm|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
From 1962 to 1968, Devi was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]. She was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1974.<ref name="LS" /> Three years later, she stood for and won the [[1977 Indian general election]] from [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], obtaining 64.29% of the total votes polled. In the [[1980 Indian general election|next general election]] she joined the [[Janata Party (Secular)]] but lost to [[Bijendra Pal Singh]] of [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] (INC (I)).<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|title=Sambal Partywise Comparison|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp05.htm|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
For the [[1984 Indian general election]] Devi switched to INC (I) and won the seat, receiving 36.46% votes. After finishing her term of five years she stood for [[1989 Indian general election|re-election]] from Sambhal but lost to [[Shripal Singh Yadav|S.P. Yadav]] of [[Janata Dal]]. She secured 39.28% votes and finished in the second place.<ref name="ECI" /><ref name="Sambhal Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency">{{cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=Sambhal Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sambhal-lok-sabha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627112138/https://resultuniversity.com/election/sambhal-lok-sabha |archivedate=27 June 2025 |accessdate=27 June 2025 |publisher=Result University}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Devi has four sons from her marriage to Chaudhary Jagannath Singh Yadav.<ref name="LS" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Shanti}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Budaun district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallapaka,_Andhra_Pradesh&diff=539399Tallapaka, Andhra Pradesh2026-04-12T02:20:45Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tallapaka<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = File:SA Rajampet.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = 10-story statue of Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya located at the entrance of Tallapaka<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|14|14|08|N|79|08|59|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajampet mandal|Rajampet]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" /><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle_registration_plates_of_India#Current_codes|AP]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tallapaka''' is a village in [[Rajampet mandal]] of [[Kadapa district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=POPULATION FINDER 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=15 April 2024 }}</ref> It is located 63&nbsp;kms from [[Rayachoti]] and renowned as the birthplace of [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Tirupati: Srinivasa Kalyanam performed in Tallapaka |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-srinivasa-kalyanam-performed-in-tallapaka-796240 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=7 May 2023 |location=Tirupati |language=en}}</ref> Once the village was patronised as the living abode of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]]. Dr. Balaraju Krishnam Raju developed this village as a tourist location.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-07-25/Tallapaka-cries-for-attention/314430|title=Tallapaka cries for attention|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], it had population of 7,658 with 1,834 households. It includes 3,862 males and 3.796 females and 906 in the age group of 0–6 years.<ref name="census" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mypurohith.com/Pilgrimages/Tallapaka.asp About Tallapaka]<br />
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{{Kadapa district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]<br />
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{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaranjan_Baliarsingh&diff=529160Ramaranjan Baliarsingh2026-04-11T20:51:06Z<p>Jaishink: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ramaranjan Baliarsingh<br />
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]<br />
| term_start = 2004<br />
| term_end = 2009<br />
| predecessor = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]<br />
| successor = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India<br />
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] (2024–present)<br>[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2018–2024)<br>[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2004–2009)<br />
| education = M.Com<br />
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]<br />
| relations = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]] (daughter-in-law) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ramaranjan Baliarsingh''' (also spelled '''Rama Ranjan Baliarsingh''') is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. He is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) who represented the [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref name="MyNeta2004">{{cite web |title=Ramaranjan Baliarsingh (Independent) Constituency- Satyabadi (Orissa) |url=https://myneta.info/orissa2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=596 |publisher=MyNeta |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Baliarsingh entered the Odisha Legislative Assembly in 2004, winning the Satyabadi seat as an [[Independent politician]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Satyabadi Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/satyabadi-odisha-assembly-constituency |publisher=Result University |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
He later joined the [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) but resigned from the party in January 2018, alleging bureaucratic interference in party affairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former MLA Rama Ranjan Baliarsingh quits BJD |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/body-slider/former-mla-rama-ranjan-baliarsingh-quits-bjd-267981 |work=Odisha TV |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref> Following his resignation, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2018. However, in May 2024, prior to the general elections, he resigned from the BJP and returned to the BJD.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Satyabadi MLA Ramaranjan Baliarsingh quits BJP |url=https://pragativadi.com/former-satyabadi-mla-ramaranjan-baliarsingh-quits-bjp/ |work=Pragativadi |date=16 May 2024 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramaranjan Baliarsingh Returns to BJD Fold |url=https://sambadenglish.com/ramaranjan-baliarsingh-returns-to-bjd-fold/ |work=Sambad English |date=16 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Baliarsingh holds a Master of Commerce (M.Com) degree from [[Utkal University]] (1978).<ref name="MyNeta2004" /> His daughter-in-law, [[Barsha Singh Bariha]], is also a politician and serves as the MLA for the [[Padampur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Padampur bypoll: Barsha Singh Bariha takes oath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/dec/12/padampur-bypoll-barsha-singh-bariha-takes-oath-2527357.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baliarsingh, Ramaranjan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Puri district]]<br />
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
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{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongthong&diff=510445Kongthong2026-04-11T20:31:21Z<p>Jaishink: new</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kongthong<br />
| native_name = Kongthong<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = ''Singing Village''<ref name=m3/><br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = 10 Shnongpdei 1.JPG<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption = A living root bridge near the village of Kongthong undergoing repairs. The local War Khasis in the photo are using the young, pliable aerial roots of a fig tree to create a new railing for the bridge.<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Meghalaya <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.18|N|91.48|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| named_for =<br />
| government_type =<br />
| governing_body =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| area_rank =<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m = 1530<br />
| population_total = 567<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| population_rank =<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 793110<br />
| area_code = 03637<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate =<br />
| website = http://cherrapunjee.gov.in/<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank_name = <br />
| blank_info = <br />
| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kongthong''', popularly called the '''''Singing Village''''',<ref name=m3/> is a village and tourist attraction in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]] state in the [[Northeast India|Northeast]] hilly region of [[India]].<ref name=m1/><ref name=m2/> Kongthong, India's entry for [[United Nations]] [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)'s ''World's Best Village Contest'',<ref name=m2/> is also aiming for the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] status.<ref name=m7/><br />
<br />
Kongthong is a popular tourist destination known for the panoramic picturesque views and the unique culture of inhabitants who use the [[whistled language]] ''"Jingrwai Iawbei"'' and build ''[[living root bridge]]s''. Tourists and language researchers from several nations, including America, Germany, and Japan flock here.<ref name=m1>{{cite web|url=http://amazingindiablog.in/kongthong-a-village-in-meghalaya-where-people-whistle-to-communicate/|title=Kongthong – A Village in Meghalaya where People Whistle to Communicate|website=amazingindiablog.in|date=10 August 2017|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219050452/https://amazingindiablog.in/kongthong-a-village-in-meghalaya-where-people-whistle-to-communicate/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=m2>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/kongthong-among-3-indian-entries-for-unwto-best-village-contest-meghalaya-cm-1202328 | title= Kongthong among 3 Indian entries for UNWTO 'Best Village Contest': Meghalaya CM | website= Assama Tribune | date= 9 September 2021 | access-date= 14 September 2021 }}</ref><ref name=m7/> Each native of the village has a unique name, which is a whistling [[lullaby]], and villagers call each other by whistling the lullaby.<ref name=m1/><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
=== Etymology ===<br />
<br />
Kongthong acquired its popular name the ''Singing Village'' from the ''"Jingrwai Iawbei"'' - [[whistling language|whistling]] [[lullaby]], where each native has a unique whistling lullaby name for him and her and they call each other by whistling this lullaby.<ref name=m3/><ref name=m1/><br />
<br />
=== Geography ===<br />
<br />
Kongthong village is a serene and picturesque hill village in [[East Khasi Hills]]. It lies uphill in remote area between Sohra ([[Cherapunji]]) and [[Pynursla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynursla]] ridges.<ref name=m6/><ref name=m2/><ref name=m3/><ref name=m5>[https://eastkhasihills.gov.in/villages/ Villages by Blocks in East Khasi Hills district], eastkhasihills.gov.in, accessed 14 September 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
<br />
=== Demography ===<br />
<br />
The village has a population of nearly 500 to 700 people.<ref name=m1/><ref name=m6/><br />
<br />
=== Jingrwai Iawbei whistling language ===<br />
{{anchor | Language | Jingrawai | Jingrwai Iawbei | Jingrwai Iawbei }}<br />
<br />
People of Kongthong belong to the Khasi tribe who speak the [[Khasi language]] - a spoken language. However, Kongthong also has a remarkable tradition of assigning unique whistling tunes as the name to each member of the village.<ref name=m3/><br />
<br />
Kongthong is known for its unique language, developed as a consequence of its geographical isolation, in which '''Jingrwai Iawbei''' (lit. ''"melody sung in respect of the root ancestress"'' in Khasi language)<ref name=m7/> is assigned as the unique name to each newborn by the mother which becomes the permanent identity of the person.<ref name=m1/> This name is not a word, instead a unique [[call sign|call name]] or [[caller tune]] in the form of a whistle, i.e. ''"the caller hums a tune, which is a unique "name” that can only be understood by the villagers."'' This naming of babies is a [[Matriarchy|matriarchal tradition]] in which mother repeatedly hums the specific musical tune in the form of whistle, which the growing babies gradually become accustomed to, and this unique whistling tune or ''jingrwai Iawbei'' lullaby becomes the unique name and permanent identity of the person. Every child is assigned a unique lullaby or tune as their name which is transmitted among children and adults as the unique name of the person. All villagers call each other using the unique caller tune assigned to them as the name. Each ''jingrwai Iawbei'' or unique name of a person has 2 versions, shorter and longer.<ref name=m1/><ref name=m3>{{cite web | url= https://grand-eastern.com/trips/kongthong-village-the-place-of-jingrwai-lawnei | title= KONGTHONG VILLAGE – THE PLACE OF JINGRWAI IAWBEI | website= /grand-eastern.com | date= 14 September 2021 | access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the researcher Piyashi Dutta, who has researched this tradition, ''"Each clan has a [[Matriarchy|root ancestress]]. Each time a tune is created for a child, respects are being paid to her. Jingerwai Iawbei is a melody (jingrwai) sung in respect of the root ancestress (Iawbei). There are matrilineal implications attached to this tradition"''.<ref name=m7/><br />
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There are several folklore about the origin of the tradition, which are centred around ''"how a man when struggling with some goons climbed on a tree. He whistled the names of his friends to come and rescue him, without letting the goons have the slightest idea"''. This unique way of communicating has attracted tourists as well as language research scholars from across the world.<ref name=m1/><br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<br />
Inhabitants practice a traditional religion called the ''[[Khasi people#Religion|Seng Khasi]]''.<ref name=m1/><br />
<br />
== Integration ==<br />
<br />
=== Administration ===<br />
<br />
The village has a middle school up to 8th class.<ref name=m7/> The village falls under the ''Khatarshnong Laitkroh'' [[Block (district subdivision)|Development Block]]<ref name=m5/> and [[Sohra(Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohra Vidhan Sabha constituency]], which is a [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved constituency]] for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
<br />
The economy of the village is based on agriculture. Villagers climb down the hill for long trips to markets to sell their crops where they also buy week's worth supplies for the whole village.<ref name=m1/><br />
<br />
=== Transport ===<br />
<br />
Kongthong, located nearly 65&nbsp;km southwest of Shillong,<ref name=m7/> which as of 2017 remains remote as the village but recently connected to a motorable road.<ref name=m1/> Cherrapunji (southwest), Khatarshnong (north), Pynursla (southeast), and [[Dawki]] (southeast, a [[India-Bangladesh Border Haat|haat]] and immigration checkpoint on [[Bangladesh–India border]]) are nearby larger towns - all of which are connected by national and state highways. [[Shillong Airport]] (65&nbsp;km northeast) and [[Shella Airport]] (75&nbsp;km southeast) are the nearest airports. [[Mendipathar railway station]] (272&nbsp;km northwest) is the nearest railway station.<br />
<br />
== Tourism ==<br />
[[File:Beautifull Mawkdok Dympep Valley.jpg|thumb|Beautiful view of Mawkdok Dympep Valley.]]<br />
[[File:Mawsmai Cave Meghalaya.JPG|thumb|Mawsmai Cave]]<br />
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One can travel to Khatarshnong and then to Kongthong, which winds through hill routes with gorges on one side and cliffs on other and is a remarkable experience. The village is surrounded by panoramic hills, some of which are among the wettest place on the earth with highest rainfall (earlier [[Cherrapunji]] used to be the wettest, now taken over by nearby [[Mawsynram]] as the wettest). The area has living root bridges, water falls, and geographical formations such as the ''Jingkieng Myor'' which is a natural stone bridge connecting two cliffs with ''Wah Sohra River'' flowing hundred feet under it. <br />
<br />
Kongthong is renowned for its natural beauty and unique tradition of assigning a unique singing whistling tune, called the ''jingrwai iawbei'', as the unique name to each inhabitant. Tourist enjoy the Hospitality of the local homestays.<ref name=m6/> ''"The Traveller’s Nest"'' in Kongthong, with comfortable traditional eco huts, is a community [[homestay]] run by the natives which also serves as a base for exploring the region.<ref name=m6/><br />
<br />
[[Nohkalikai Falls]], [[Caves of Meghalaya|Mawsmai Cave]], [[Mawkdok Dympep Valley]],<!-- As per wikipedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage its creation. --> [[Laitlum Canyons]],<!-- As per wikipedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage its creation. --> [[Wah Kaba Falls]] and honey bee farms are important tourist attraction in the area.<ref name=m8>[https://www.oyorooms.com/travel-guide/guide-to-kongthong/ 8 Spectacles That Make Kongthong A Unique Beauty], Oyo, accessed 14 September 2021.</ref> <br />
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=== UNESCO Heritage and UNWTO's ''World's Best Village'' ===<br />
<br />
Kongthong was India's one of 3 entries for ''United Nations World Tourism Organization'' (UNWTO)'s ''World's Best Village'' award in 2021.<ref name=m2/> [[Government of India]] is also trying to obtain the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] status for the village.<ref name=m7>{{cite web | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/whistling-village-pins-hope-on-unesco-tag/articleshow/82126096.cms | title= Whistling village pins hope on UNESCO tag |author=Chandrima Banerjee |agency=TNN | date= 18 April 2021 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> UNWTO's ''The Best Tourism Village'' award is given to those villages which demonstrate innovative and transformational approach in leveraging the tourism as an opportunity to conserve their heritage and develop their rural community towards [[UN]]'s [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs), diminish economic and social disparity, reduce the population flight, and conserve and enhance the bio-cultural diversity.<ref name=m2/><br />
<br />
=== Living root bridges ===<br />
<br />
The area is known for the ''living root bridges'' including those at Kongthong, [[Nongriat]] and other nearby places, all of which are tourist attractions. <br />
<br />
Sohra (Cherrapunji) and [[Elephant Falls]] are other popular tourist destinations nearby.<ref name=m6>{{cite web | url= https://www.meghalayatourism.in/destinations/khat-ar-shnong-kongthong | title= Khatarshnong Laitkroh Block population census 2011 | website= Meghalaya Tourism | access-date= 14 September 2021 }}</ref><br />
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=== Conservation and development ===<br />
<br />
The villagers, who have concerns for the survivability of their unique tradition of ''jingrwai iawbei'' tunes as the names of inhabitants,<ref name=m1/><ref name=m7/> have been demanding an upgrade of the school to higher classes and teaching of the whistling language in the school. [[Silbo Gomero]] whistling language in [[Canary Islands]] with 22,000 practitioners and [[Turkish bird language]] with 10,000 practitioners are taught in the school and both were recognised as the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013 and 2017 respectively. Whereas, ''jingrwai iawbei'', with only 700 practitioners, is not taught in the school, thus causing the concerns for its conservation. Dr Piyashi Dutta, a published researcher on ''jingrwai iawbei'',<ref name=m10>Piyashi Dutta and Kedilezo Kikhi, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26368036 Folk Practices of the Khasi Tribe: A Description of Jingrwai Iawbei in Kongthong village], [[Indian Sociological Society|Sociological Bulletin]], Vol. 65, No. 2 (May - August 2016), pp. 237-252.</ref> highlighted the challenges in documenting this whistling language which is just a floating sound without the lyrics or proper [[Scale (music)|musical scale]].<ref name=m7/><br />
<br />
[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] affiliates [[Seva Bharati]] and [[Rakesh Sinha]] - a member of the [[Parliament of India]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonal-mansingh-ram-shakal-among-four-nominated-to-rs/articleshow/64985955.cms | title=Sonal Mansingh, Ram Shakal among four nominated to RS | work=[[The Times of India]] | date= 14 July 2018 | access-date= 17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/rakesh-sinha |title=Rakesh Sinha |website=PRSIndia |access-date= 11 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="FE-ideologue">{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-rakesh-sinha-rss-ideologue-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-by-president-kovind/1244578/ |title=Who is Rakesh Sinha? RSS ideologue nominated to Rajya Sabha by President Kovind | website=Financial Express | date= 14 July 2018| access-date= 11 May 2021}}</ref> have adopted Kongthong village for its development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/11/09/mp-kick-starts-devp-of-his-adopted-village/ | title=MP kick-starts devp of his adopted village |date= 9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bjp-mp-adopts-villages-in-meghalaya-bihar-sends-soaps-sanitary-pads/1927049| title=BJP MP adopts villages in Meghalaya, Bihar; sends soaps, sanitary pads| date= 1 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
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* [https://teerkhelaresults.com/ Shillong Teer Khela]<br />
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]<br />
* [[Tourism in Northeast India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26368036 Folk Practices of the Khasi Tribe: A Description of Jingrwai Iawbei in Kongthong village] by Piyashi Dutta and Kedilezo Kikhi in [[Indian Sociological Society|Sociological Bulletin]].<br />
<br />
{{Meghalaya}}<br />
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}<br />
{{Northeast India}}<br />
{{Tourism in India}}<br />
{{Whistles}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Khasi Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Meghalaya]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Deceivers_(film)&diff=540466The Deceivers (film)2026-04-09T02:35:20Z<p>Jaishink: starting details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1988 film by Nicholas Meyer}}<br />
{{Distinguish|The Deceiver (film)|Deceiver (film)}} <br />
Not to be confused with ''[[Intimacy (1966 film)|The Deceivers]]'' (1966).<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Deceivers<br />
| image = The Deceivers poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| director = [[Nicholas Meyer]]<br />
| writer = [[Michael Hirst (writer)|Michael Hirst]]<br />
| producer = [[Ismail Merchant]]<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Deceivers (Masters novel)|The Deceivers]]''|[[John Masters]]}} <br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Pierce Brosnan]]<br />
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]]<br />
* [[Helena Michell]]<br />
* [[Keith Michell]]<br />
* [[David Robb]]<br />
* Tariq Yunus<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[John Scott (composer)|John Scott]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Walter Lassally]]<br />
| editing = Richard Trevor<br />
| distributor = [[Cinecom Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|09|02}}<br />
| runtime = 102 minutes<br />
| country = United States<br>United Kingdom<br>India<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $5-6 million<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite web |date=6 April 1987 |last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/06/movies/independent-films-making-it-big.html |title=Independent Films Making It Big |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="LATimes">{{cite web |last=Broeske |first=Pat H. |title=High Adventure |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=20 December 1987 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-20-ca-29861-story.html |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref><br />
| gross = $346,297<ref name="Box Office">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=deceivers.htm |title=The Deceivers (1988) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''The Deceivers''''' is a 1988 [[adventure film]] directed by [[Nicholas Meyer]], starring [[Pierce Brosnan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Saeed Jaffrey]]. The film is based on the 1952 [[John Masters]] [[The Deceivers (Masters novel)|novel of the same name]] regarding the murderous Thuggee of India.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film takes place in India in 1825. The country is being ravaged by [[Thuggee]], a [[Kali]]-worshiping [[cult]] also known as "Deceivers", who commit robbery and [[Human sacrifice|ritualistic murder]]. Captain William Savage, an honorable [[Company rule in India|district administrator]] for the [[East India Company]], is informed by his subjects in [[Madhya Pradesh|Madhya]] about the Thugees' murder raids, and appalled, he starts an investigation. He captures a Thugee named Hussein and wins his cooperation, but Savage's bureaucratic commanding officer and father-in-law, Colonel Wilson, stubbornly adhering to Company protocol, dismisses his report and relieves him of his duty.<br />
<br />
Chagrined but determined, Savage decides to disguise himself as an imprisoned native outlaw, Gopal the Weaver, and infiltrate the Thugee cult while aided by Hussein, with only his wife Sarah knowing about his plan. He is accepted, and after a period of training he is forced to participate in their raids. Receiving the consecrated sugar, implied to be [[LSD]], after such a raid awakens in Savage a dark, ecstatic fascination for killing.<br />
<br />
One day, however, Gopal appears, revealing himself as a fellow Thuggee, and in order to avoid being exposed, Savage kills him. Savage also discovers that senior British officers know about the Thuggees' activities but let them pass through their districts [[Bribery|in exchange for a share]] of their ill-gotten plunder.<br />
<br />
Fearing for Savage's sanity, Hussein flees to inform Sarah of her husband's situation; but Thuggee [[mole (espionage)|moles]] inside the Company overhear them and capture Hussein before he can return to Savage. While Savage's secret is exposed, the Thuggees reveal to his surprise that they are willing to accept him as one of their own; but Savage [[Rite of passage|is first instructed]] to kill Hussein. Instead taking one of the Thuggees' children hostage, he forces his way out of the fortress, but Hussein is shot dead before they can get away. Savage flees into a field of reeds, where the Thuggees encircle him; but before a former friend can strangle him, East India Company troops, alerted by Sarah's manservant, arrive and defeat the Thuggees. Rehabilitated and promoted to Colonel, Savage receives the [[Thagi and Dakaiti Department|official task]] of eradicating the Thuggee cult throughout India, although he must also struggle with the mental and emotional scars of his time joining the Thuggees and participating in their bloodthirsty ways have left on him.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
*[[Pierce Brosnan]] as William Savage <br />
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Chandra Singh<br />
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Hussein <br />
*[[Shanmukha Srinivas]] as Hira Lal<br />
*[[Helena Michell]] as Sarah Wilson <br />
*[[Keith Michell]] as Colonel Wilson <br />
*[[David Robb]] as George Anglesmith <br />
*[[Tariq Yunus]] as Feringea <br />
*[[Jalal Agha]] as the [[Nawab]]<br />
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Old Rajput<br />
*Ramesh Ranga as Rajput's Son<br />
*Gary Cady as Lt. Maunsell<br />
*[[Salim Ghouse]] as Piroo <br />
*[[Neena Gupta]] as Gopal's Wife/the Widow<br />
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Gopal<br />
*Nayeem Hafizka as Sepoy<br />
*[[Bijaya Jena|Bijoya Jena]] as Harlot <br />
*H.N. Kalla as The Nawab's Servant <br />
*[[Rajesh Vivek]] as Priest<br />
*Kammo as Official<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
The film is based on [[John Masters]]' 1952 novel. In 1957 it was announced [[John Bryan (art director)|John Bryan]] would produce a film of the novel for the Rank Organization with Masters writing the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news|title=ON BRITAIN'S VARIED MOVIE FRONTS: American Star Problem --Chaplin's Rock 'n' Roll--Criticism Poser Up-to-Date "King" Gallic Critique Headed for India Out of the Past|author=STEPHEN WATTS|work=New York Times|date=Mar 3, 1957|page=113}}</ref> The film was not made. In 1974 [[Stanley Donen]] announced he had the rights and wanted to make "the kind of movie I've never made before – a big sprawling epic."<ref>{{cite news|title=Perfect Imperfection: 'That's Donen'|author=Farber, Stephen|work=Los Angeles Times|date=Aug 25, 1974|page=32}}</ref> He did not make it either.<br />
<br />
Film rights passed to Merchant Ivory Productions. "It's completely different for us", said producer [[Ismail Merchant]]. "We're known for doing E.M. Forster and Henry James. ''Deceivers'' is in the same genre as ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''. Which is certainly a switch."<ref name="los">{{cite news|title=High Adventure|author=Broeske, Pat|work=Los Angeles Times|date=Dec 20, 1987|page=M41}}</ref> Merchant later said he made it to "keep the production company moving".<ref>{{cite news|title="Why is everyone so jealous?" Ismail Merchant talks to Lens Eye|work=The Times of India|date=Nov 6, 1983|page=2}}</ref> In 1984 [[Michael White (producer)|Michael White]] was reportedly working on the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=A WEST END WINNER: MICHAEL MURPHY met the successful impresario MICHAEL WHITE, an American with a string of theatrical hits behind him, in London|author=Murphy, Michael|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=Dec 20, 1984|page=10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Development took ten years. Original directors were [[Marek Kanievska]] and [[Stephen Frears]].<ref name="los"/> Then Merchant approached writer and director [[Nicholas Meyer]]—fresh off his work on ''[[Volunteers (1985 film)|Volunteers]]'' and ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]''—through Meyer's agent about directing ''The Deceivers''. Meyer reportedly agreed to a substantial pay cut in order to direct the film, remarking, "Hollywood is making films I have no interest in seeing, machined tooled, packaged, with a lot of numbers after their names. The studios don't just want home runs. They want grand slams. Anything less than $100 million is not interesting to them."<ref name="NYTimes" /> "It's strictly action-adventure = a 'cavalry to the rescue' type film", said Meyer.<ref name="los"/><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
[[Christopher Reeve]] and [[Treat Williams]] were originally considered for the part of William Savage,<ref name="LATimes" /> but Meyer successfully lobbied to have an actual Englishman in the role. In his memoir ''The View from the Bridge'', Meyer wrote, "'Here's a story about an Englishman who disguises himself as an Indian,' I reasoned. 'If you cast this actor, you will have an American disguising himself as an Englishman, disguising himself as an Indian. We will be lost in the stunt, even if he pulls it off, and not pay attention to the story and the things we want to take for granted, i.e., that it concerns an Englishman.'"<ref name="View" >{{cite book |title=The View From the Bridge: Memories of Star Trek and a Life in Hollywood |last=Meyer |first=Nicholas |year=2009 |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |location=NY |isbn=978-0-670-02130-7 |pages=181–186}}</ref><br />
<br />
The part ultimately went to [[Pierce Brosnan]], whom Meyer fondly described as "[[Errol Flynn]]—with talent."<ref name="LATimes" /> Brosnan had just missed the chance to play [[James Bond]] due to his commitments to ''[[Remington Steele]]''. His casting was announced in April 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=LA CLIPS Flashing the spirit of independence|author=Deans, Laurie|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 Apr 1987|page=D.3}}</ref> "I play an Englishman, a glorified accountant working for the East India Trading Co.", said Brosnan. "He discovers this cult and disguises himself as an Indian. He goes on the road with the Thugs, who kill people by strangulation."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pierce Brosnan Starts, Ends The Year In Asia|author=Buck, Jerry|work=St. Louis Post – Dispatch|date=20 Feb 1988}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Shooting took place over a four-month period in India, in [[Jaipur]], [[Agra]] and [[Khajuraho]], while post-production was completed in London. Filming started 21 September 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=Merchant And Ivory Keep It Personal After their hit, 'A Room With a View,'|author=Joseph Gelmis|work=Newsday|date=Aug 30, 1987|page=4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Filming was marred with difficulties from the onset. According to Meyer, the production was subject to frequent disruption from the local Jaipur mafia for declining to make any dealings with their leader. Meyer wrote, "Scores of hooligans stormed through our sets while we were rolling; equipment was sabotaged or stolen; 'cultural' societies were founded for the sole purpose of suing us, alleging pornographic distortions of Indian culture."<ref name="View" /><br />
<br />
The filmmakers were criticised by social and political groups who felt it distorted Hindu religion and culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Social Groups Oppose U.K. Film|work=The Times of India|location=Mumbai|date=28 Sep 1987|page=8}}</ref> The producers argued it was "a pure and simple thriller".<ref>{{cite news|title=No sati scenes in 'Deceivers'|agency=The Times of India News Service|work=The Times of India|date=5 Oct 1987|page=4}}</ref><br />
<br />
At one point, Ismail Merchant and co-producer Tim Van Rellim were arrested for "obscenity and misrepresentation of Hindu culture." Among the allegations was that the production filmed a [[sati (practice)|sati]] as one really happened. Merchant responded to the allegations with disgust, saying, "What happened was a mockery—people taking advantage of democratic principles in order to whip up a frenzy."<ref name="LATimes" /><br />
<br />
Associate producer Paul Bradley said the charge came from a politically well-connected Jaipur businessman who was unhappy at the depiction of Kali and the subplot about suttee. "The script has already been submitted to and passed by the Indian government", said Bradley. "Any film made in India, certainly by a foreign company, has to be vetted and passed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting." Bradley said the businessman and some film workers had been "pressuring the production company to employ them at exorbitant rates."<ref>{{cite news|title=Offended sensibilities lead to trouble with Indian film|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Toronto|date=7 Nov 1987|page=C.4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite the disruptions, Meyer spoke highly of his Indian production crew, stating, "One day when we needed our tulip crane for a big shot, I was flummoxed to learn that four of its bolts had been stolen, incapacitating a vital piece of equipment. I don't deal well with last minute alterations to The Plan, but my Indian crew managed to mill four new bolts by the time we were ready to roll."<ref name="View" /><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Box office===<br />
''The Deceivers'' was a box office failure. The film earned only $346,297 in the North American market against an estimated $5–6 million budget.<ref name="Box Office" /><ref name="LATimes" /><br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
''The Deceivers'' was released on 2 September 1988 and received mostly negative reviews from film critics. The film has a 33% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 6 reviews.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deceivers/ |title =''The Deceivers'' Movie Reviews, Pictures |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film a mediocre review and stated that, "Despite the film's claims to be based on fact, I didn't believe it for a moment. I did, however, enjoy it at various moments. Brosnan disappears so completely into the leading role that he hardly seems present in the movie, and the film's portrait of Victorian India is a triumph (the production was designed by the British master of period atmosphere, Tony Adams). It looks great even at its most incredible."<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 1988 |author=Roger Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-deceivers-1988 |title=The Deceivers | work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref> [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' also thought negatively of the film, stating "The tinniness of Michael Hirst's screenplay (''It's older than time and just as mysterious'') hardly helps bring this material to life, any more than Mr. Brosnan's unconvincing and (despite several episodes in which he proves himself capable of violent killing) rather passive performance." Maslin then went on to say that, "In its own way, ''The Deceivers'' is oddly old-fashioned."<ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 1988 |author=Janet Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=940DE7D8133EF931A3575AC0A96E948260 |title=Review/Film; Going Undercover in 1820s India |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref> [[Hal Hinson]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it "an adventure epic with a pretty measly sense of adventure." He added, "There are a few patches of exotic fun, like the opening murder scene, and there's a seductive campfire dance by a young boy that's creepy enough to send chills (though perhaps inadvertently). But for the most part all we react to is the squandering of a good idea."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |author-link=Hal Hinson |title='The Deceivers' Missed Metaphor |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 September 1988 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/09/09/the-deceivers-missed-metaphor/6f71fb36-a2a9-457d-a6d6-8f546c13f11d/ |accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Conversely, Jay Boyar of the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'' gave the film modest praise, saying it "casts quite a spell, combining supernatural overtones with scenes of shootings, stabbings and (especially) strangulations. Without being crude or exploitative it tells its story in a modest, old-fashioned way with no reliance on gratuitous gore."<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyar |first=Jay |title=The Deceivers review |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=17 February 1989 |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-02-17/lifestyle/8902180306_1_deceivers-pierce-brosnan-william-savage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007004419/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-02-17/lifestyle/8902180306_1_deceivers-pierce-brosnan-william-savage |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Home media==<br />
''The Deceivers'' was released on [[DVD]] through [[The Criterion Collection]].<ref>[http://www.criterion.com/films/1533-the-deceivers The Deceivers: Nicholas Meyer]. ''[[The Criterion Collection]]''. Retrieved 11 April 2012.</ref> In 2021, it was released on Blu-ray by Cohen Media Group.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Deceivers-Blu-ray/300001/ |title=The Deceivers Blu-ray |access-date=2024-04-01 |via=www.blu-ray.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of historical drama films of Asia]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=0094979|title=The Deceivers}}<br />
*[https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/412878 ''The Deceivers''] at [[TCMDB]]<br />
{{Nicholas Meyer}}<br />
{{Merchant Ivory Productions}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deceivers (film), The}}<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Nicholas Meyer]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by John Scott (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:1988 adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Merchant Ivory Productions films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1825]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Films about cults]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1988 English-language films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language adventure films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chirla_Jaggi_Reddy&diff=494302Chirla Jaggi Reddy2026-04-04T04:14:03Z<p>Jaishink: info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chirla Jaggi Reddy<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2014<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| predecessor = Bandaru Satyananda Rao<br />
| successor = Bandaru Satyananda Rao<br />
| constituency = Kothapeta<br />
| term_start1 = 2004<br />
| term_end1 = 2009<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Bandaru Satyananda Rao]]<br />
| successor1 = Bandaru Satyananda Rao<br />
| constituency1 = [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1978<br />
| birth_place = [[Gopalapuram mandal, East Godavari|Gopalapuram]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chirla Jaggi Reddy''' (born 1978) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a three-time MLA from Kothapeta. He lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta Assembly Constituency]] in [[East Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothapeta Assembly Election 2024: Kothapeta Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kothapeta-constituency-result-1047 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy was born in [[Gopalapuram mandal, East Godavari|Gopalapuram]] village, East Godavari District. His father’s name is Soma Sundara Reddy. He completed his MBA from New Port University, Bengaluru. He is a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=Chirla Jaggi Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Chairman of APPUC {{!}} Kothapeta {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} East Godavari {{!}} A.P. |url=https://theleaderspage.com/chirla-jaggi-reddy/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Reddy started his political journey with [[Indian National Congress]]. He won the Kothapeta seat in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] representing Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> He was elected again in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] from the same constituency representing YSRCP despite a wave in favour of TDP. He became a third-time MLA from Kothapeta when he was re-elected as YSRCP candidate in 2019. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Bandaru Satyananda Rao of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 4038 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothapeta Constituency Election Results 2019: Kothapeta Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kothapeta |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He served as the chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Public Undertakings Committee. In December 2022, he took out a padayathra from [[Tirumala Temple|Tirumala temple]] in Tirupati to Srisailam temple seeking the blessings of the Almighty to retain Jagan Mohan Reddy in power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Andhra Pradesh MLA Chirla Jaggireddy takes out padayatra to Srisailam temple, seeks blessings for YS Jagan Mohan Reddy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-mla-chirla-jaggireddy-takes-out-padayatra-to-srisailam-temple-seeks-blessings-for-ys-jagan-mohan-reddy/articleshow/96093768.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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In January 2024, Reddy inaugurated the Prabhala Utsav festival at Kothapeta on Makar Sankranthi day. The procession through the main streets of Kothapeta is an annual affair and is celebrated as Jagannathota Prabhala Theertham in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Andhra: Prabhala Utsav inaugurated by MLA Chirla Jaggireddy marks centre of Sankranti festival in Konaseema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-prabhala-utsav-inaugurated-by-mla-chirla-jaggireddy-marks-centre-of-sankranti-festival-in-konaseema-101705381844788.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaggireddy, Chirla}}<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Development_Goals&diff=477784Millennium Development Goals2026-03-28T08:13:50Z<p>Jaishink: Put Up Initial Post W/ Refs...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Eight international development goals for the year 2015 by the United Nations}}<br />
{{Redirect|MDG}}<br />
{{About|the 2015 goals|the 2030 goals|Sustainable Development Goals}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br />
[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|The Millennium Development Goals were a UN initiative with a time span from 2000 to 2015.]]<br />
{{United Nations series}}<br />
In the [[United Nations]], the '''Millennium Development Goals''' ('''MDGs''') were eight [[goal]]s for [[international development]] by the year 2015 created following the [[Millennium Summit]], following the adoption of the [[United Nations Millennium Declaration]]. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the "Shaping the 21st Century Strategy". The [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.<br />
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All 191 [[United Nations member states]], and at least 22 [[international organizations]], committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:<br />
<br />
# To eradicate [[extreme poverty]] and [[hunger]]<br />
# To achieve [[universal primary education]]<br />
# To promote [[gender equality]] and empower women<br />
# To reduce [[child mortality]]<br />
# To improve [[maternal health]]<br />
# To combat [[HIV/AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases<br />
# To ensure [[environmental sustainability]]<ref name="bkgd"/><br />
# To develop a global partnership for development<ref name="bkgd">"[https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml Background]", United Nations Millennium Development Goals, retrieved 16 June 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The eight goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the [[G8]] finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55&nbsp;billion in debt owed by members of the [[heavily indebted poor countries]] (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.<br />
<br />
Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards [[natural disaster]] relief and military aid, rather than further development.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
<br />
As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
=== Origins ===<br />
Following the end of the Cold War, a series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s had focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women, producing commitments for combined international action on those matters. The 1995 World Summit on Social Development produced a ''[[Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development]]'' with a long and complex list of commitments by global leaders, including many adapted from the outcomes of previous conferences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 1995 |title=Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development Annex I |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.166_9_Declaration.pdf|access-date=2021-04-25|website=United Nations}}</ref> But international aid levels were falling and, in that same year, the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD set up a reflection process to review the future of development aid.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=David|title=The Political Economy of the MDGs : Retrospect and Prospect for the World's Biggest Promise|date=January 2010|first2=James |last2=Scott |publisher=University of Manchester. Brooks World Poverty Institute|isbn=978-1-907247-09-5|location=Manchester|pages=3–5|oclc=1099885941}}</ref> The resulting 1996 report, "Shaping the 21st Century", turned some of the Copenhagen commitments into six monitorable "International Development Goals", which had similar content and form to the eventual MDGs: halving poverty by 2015; universal primary education by 2015; eliminating gender disparity in schools by 2005; reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality by 2015, universal access to reproductive health services by 2015 and adequate national strategies for [[sustainable development]] in place everywhere by 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 1996|title=Shaping the 21st century: The contribution of development co-operation|url=https://www.oecd.org/dac/2508761.pdf|access-date=2021-04-26|website=OECD}}</ref><br />
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In late 1997, the UN General Assembly envisaged a special Millennium Assembly and forum as a focus for efforts to reform the UN system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UN General Assembly|date=1998-01-09|title=Renewing the United Nations: a programme for reform (Resolution 52/12 B of 19 December 1997)|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1997/288.pdf|access-date=2021-04-26|website=World Legal Information Institute}}</ref> A year later, it specifically resolved to hold not only the Millennium Assembly but also a Millennium Summit, and mandated the Secretary-General, [[Kofi Annan]], to come up with proposals for "a number of forward-looking and widely relevant topics", thus opening the possibility of going beyond the institutional questions of UN reform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 1999|title=The Millennium Assembly of the United Nations (Resolution 53/202 of 17 December 1998)|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/53/202|access-date=2021-04-26|website=United Nations}}</ref> Annan's report, when published in April 2000 under the title "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century", framed the questions of UN reform within the larger challenges facing the world, the chief of which was identified as "to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world's people, instead of leaving billions of them behind in squalor".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Annan|first=Kofi A.|title=We the peoples: The role of the United Nations in the 21st century|newspaper=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/We_The_Peoples.pdf|access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> In the report Annan urged the forthcoming Millennium Summit to adopt certain key goals and objectives on many of the issues raised in the Copenhagen summit, other conferences of the 1990s, and the recently published [[Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping|Brahimi Report]] on international peace and security.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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The Millennium Summit and the General Assembly in September 2000 issued a [[United Nations Millennium Declaration|Millennium Declaration]] echoing the agenda that Annan had set out.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UN General Assembly|date=2000-09-18|title=United Nations Millennium Declaration (Resolution 52/2 of 8 September 2000)|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf|access-date=2021-04-26|website=United Nations}}</ref> This declaration did not specifically mention "Millennium Development Goals", but it does contain the substance – and much of the same wording – as the eventual goals. A process of selecting and refining the Goals from the content of the Declaration continued for some time. A crucial moment here was unification between discussions under the auspices of the United Nations and approaches being followed by the OECD based on "Shaping the 21st Century"; this unification was agreed at a meeting convened by the World Bank in March 2001.<ref name=":0" /> In September 2001, Annan presented to the General Assembly a "Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration" which did contain a section specifically about "the Millennium Development Goals", enunciating some of them in their eventual wording, and indicating the remaining issues in formulating a definitive set.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-09-06|title=Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/448375?ln=en|access-date=2021-04-27|website=United Nations|last1=Secretary-General |first1=Un }}</ref><br />
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===Human capital, infrastructure and human rights===<br />
The MDGs emphasized three areas: [[human capital]], [[infrastructure]] and human rights ([[economic, social and cultural rights|social, economic]] and [[civil and political rights|political]]), with the intent of increasing living standards.<ref>"The Millennium Development Goals Report"</ref> Human capital objectives include nutrition, healthcare (including [[child mortality]], [[HIV/AIDS]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[malaria]], and [[reproductive health]]) and education. Infrastructure objectives include access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; increased farm outputs using sustainable practices; transportation; and environment. Human rights objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services and increasing security of property rights. The goals were intended to increase an individual's [[capability approach|human capabilities]] and "advance the means to a productive life". The MDGs emphasize that each nation's policies should be tailored to that country's needs; therefore most policy suggestions are general.<br />
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==Goals==<br />
[[File:Millennium Development Goals, UN Headquarters, New York City, New York - 20080501.jpg|thumb|A poster at the [[United Nations Headquarters]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States, showing the Millennium Development Goals]]<br />
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The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the [[Millennium Declaration]], signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml |title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals |publisher=Un.org |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> and a series of measurable [[health indicators]] and [[economic indicators]] for each target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org |title=Tracking the Millennium Development Goals |publisher=Mdg Monitor |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/MDGsOfficialList2008.pdf |title=List of goals, targets, and indicators|publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger===<br />
* Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/asset/;jsessionid=aMgXw9lbMbH4?asset_id=2620072 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415101051/http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/asset/;jsessionid=aMgXw9lbMbH4?asset_id=2620072 |archive-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref><br />
* Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People<br />
* Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal1.cfm |title=Goal :: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger |publisher=Mdg Monitor |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education===<br />
* Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of [[Primary education|Primary education/primary schooling]], girls and boys<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal2.cfm |title=Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education |publisher=Mdg Monitor |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
MDG 2 focused on primary education and emphasizes enrollment and completion. In some countries, primary enrollment increased at the expense of achievement levels. In some cases, the emphasis on primary education has negatively affected secondary and post-secondary education.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Waage |first=Jeff |display-authors=etal |date=18 September 2010 |title=The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015 |url= |journal=The Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9745 |pages=991–1023 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8 |pmc=7159303 |pmid=20833426}}{{registration required}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women===<br />
* Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal3.cfm |title=Goal :: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women |publisher=Mdg Monitor |date=30 April 2011 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates===<br />
* Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal4.cfm |title=Goal :: Reduce Child Mortality |publisher=Mdg Monitor |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone. In the case of MDG&nbsp;4, developing countries such as [[Bangladesh]] have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive yet effective interventions, such as [[measles]] immunization.<ref>[http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2010/08/addressing-the-inequalities-in-child-survival/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902084512/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2010/08/addressing-the-inequalities-in-child-survival/|date=2 September 2010}}</ref> Still, government expenditure in many countries is not enough to meet the agreed spending targets.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Feasibility of Financing Sectoral Development Targets |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/6325.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005041627/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/6325.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> <br />
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===Goal 5: Improve maternal health===<br />
* Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the [[maternal mortality ratio]]<br />
* Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to [[reproductive health]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal5.cfm |title=Goal :: Improve Maternal Health |publisher=Mdg Monitor |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases===<br />
* Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]<br />
* Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it<br />
* Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of [[malaria]] and other major diseases<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal6.cfm |title=Goal :: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases |publisher=MDG Monitor |access-date= 18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
Research on [[Health system|health systems]] suggests that a "one size fits all" model will not sufficiently respond to the individual healthcare profiles of developing countries; however, a study found a common set of constraints in scaling up international health, including the lack of absorptive capacity, weak health systems, human resource limitations, and high costs. The study argued that the emphasis on coverage obscures the measures required for expanding health care. These measures include political, organizational, and functional dimensions of scaling up, and the need to nurture local organizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Savitha |author2=Joseph Naimoli |author3=Toru Matsubayashi |author4=David Peters |year=2011 |title=Do We Have the Right Models for Scaling Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=11 |issue=336 |pages=336 |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-11-336 |pmc=3260120 |pmid=22168915 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability===<br />
* Target 7A: Integrate the principles of [[sustainable development]] into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources<br />
* Target 7B: Reduce [[biodiversity loss]], achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss<br />
* Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to [[WASH|safe drinking water and basic sanitation]]<br />
* Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm |title=Goal :: Ensure Environmental Sustainability |publisher=Mdg Monitor |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development===<br />
* Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system<br />
* Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the [[Least developed country|Least Developed Countries]] (LDCs)<br />
* Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States<br />
* Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term<br />
* Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries<br />
* Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially [[information and communications technology|information and communications]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal8.cfm |title=Goal :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development |publisher=Mdg Monitor |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><br />
MDG&nbsp;8 uniquely focused on donor achievements, rather than development successes. The ''[[Commitment to Development Index]]'', published annually by the [[Center for Global Development]] in Washington, D.C., is considered the best numerical indicator for MDG&nbsp;8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2003 |url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/hdr03_complete.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327102527/http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/hdr03_complete.pdf |archive-date=Mar 27, 2015 |access-date=6 February 2014 |website=The Millennium Project |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than official development assistance, as it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade, migration and investment.<br />
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==Progress==<br />
[[File:Extreme poverty 1981-2008.svg|thumb|Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars a day (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) from 1981 to 2008 based on data from The World Bank]]A major conference was held at [[UN headquarters]] in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to accelerate progress towards the eight anti-poverty goals. Major new commitments on women's and children's health, poverty, hunger and disease ensued.<br />
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Between 1990 and 2010 the population living on less than $1.25 a day in developing countries halved to 21%, or 1.2 billion people, achieving MDG 1A before the target date, although the biggest decline was in China, which took no notice of the goal. However, the child mortality and maternal mortality are down by less than half. [[Sanitation]] (MDG 7) and education (MDG 2) targets will also be missed.<ref name="econ2013">{{cite news |date=21 September 2013 |title=Poverty: Growth or safety net? |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21586601-eradicating-extreme-poverty-no-longer-pipe-dream-first-governments-must-agree |access-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><br />
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Fundamental issues such as gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Gender and the MDGs |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2386&title=gender-mdgs-gender-lens-vital-pro-poor-results/ |access-date=7 July 2011 |work=ODI Briefing Paper |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1937&title=mdgs-humanitarian-development-divide |access-date=7 July 2011 |work=ODI Briefing Paper |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Growth and the MDGs |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041456/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |work=ODI Briefing Paper |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref><br />
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Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven across countries. [[Brazil]] achieved many of the goals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil: Quick Facts |url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BRA&cd= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603005622/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BRA&cd= |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=MDG Monitor}}</ref> while others, such as [[Benin]], are not on track to realize any.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benin: Quick Facts |url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BEN&cd= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216134539/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BEN&cd= |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=MDG Monitor}}</ref> The major successful countries include China (whose [[Poverty in China|poverty population]] declined from 452 million to 278 million) and India.<ref name="econ.lse.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=Halving Global Poverty |url=http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/jep11.pdf |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] estimated that MDG&nbsp;1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Shaohua |last2=Ravallion |first2=Martin |author-link2=Martin Ravallion |date=29 February 2012 |title=An Update to the World Bank's Estimates of Consumption Poverty in the Developing World |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVCALNET/Resources/Global_Poverty_Update_2012_02-29-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904162456/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVCALNET/Resources/Global_Poverty_Update_2012_02-29-12.pdf |archive-date=Sep 4, 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=Development Research Group, World Bank}}</ref><br />
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In the early 1990s [[Nepal]] was one of the world's poorest countries and remains South Asia's poorest country. Doubling health spending and concentrating on its poorest areas halved maternal mortality between 1998 and 2006. Its [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] has seen the largest decreases of any tracked country. [[Bangladesh]] has made some of the greatest improvements in infant and maternal mortality ever seen, despite modest income growth.<ref name="econ2013" /><br />
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=== Success factors ===<br />
Scholars identified six factors that have "enabled or hindered MDG implementation" for particular countries:<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hickmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Biermann |first2=Frank |last3=Spinazzola |first3=Matteo |last4=Ballard |first4=Charlotte |last5=Bogers |first5=Maya |last6=Forestier |first6=Oana |last7=Kalfagianni |first7=Agni |last8=Kim |first8=Rakhyun E. |last9=Montesano |first9=Francesco S. |last10=Peek |first10=Tom |last11=Sénit |first11=Carole-Anne |last12=van Driel |first12=Melanie |last13=Vijge |first13=Marjanneke J. |last14=Yunita |first14=Abbie |date=2023 |title=Success factors of global goal-setting for sustainable development: Learning from the Millennium Development Goals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2461 |journal=Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=1214–1225 |doi=10.1002/sd.2461 |issn=0968-0802|doi-access=free }}</ref> These include ''path dependencies'' ("whether the MDGs are in line with the historical political orientation and tradition of a country"), government ownership of the MDGs, pressure from [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], availability of financial resources, "administrative capacity and level of economic development", and "support from international or bilateral donors". The researchers found China successful in achieving the MDGs due to its strong administration, economic growth, and effective national strategies, which were well aligned with the MDGs.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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===Multilateral debt reduction===<br />
[[G8|G‑8]] Finance Ministers met in [[London]] in June 2005 in preparation for the [[31st G8 summit|Gleneagles Summit]] in July and agreed to provide enough funds to the World Bank, IMF and the [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) to cancel the remaining HIPC multilateral debt ($40 to $55&nbsp;billion). Recipients would theoretically re-channel debt payments to health and education.<ref name="Carrasco">E.&nbsp;Carrasco, C.&nbsp;McClellan, & J.&nbsp;Ro (2007) [http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/ebook2/contents/part4-I.shtml "Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation"] University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731123358/http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/ebook2/contents/part4-I.shtml |date=31 July 2008 }}</ref><br />
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The Gleaneagles plan became the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Countries became eligible once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms they had implemented.<ref name="Carrasco" /><br />
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While the World Bank and AfDB limited MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's eligibility criteria were slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with [[per capita income]] of $380 or less qualified for debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximated the HIPC threshold.<ref name="Carrasco" /><br />
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=== Millennium Development Goal 3 (gender equality) ===<br />
[[File:Geena Davis at the podium (9922450166).jpg|thumb|The Hollywood actress [[Geena Davis]] in a speech at the MDG Countdown event at the [[Ford Foundation]] in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film such as her organization's work in combating [[inequality in Hollywood]] (24 September 2013)]]<br />
Increased focus on gender issues could accelerate MDG progress, e.g. empowering women through access to paid work could help reduce child mortality.<ref name="Kabeer, Naila 2003">Kabeer, Naila. 2003. ''Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders''. Commonwealth Secretariat.</ref> In [[South Asia]]n countries babies often suffered from [[low birth weight]] and high mortality due to limited access to healthcare and maternal [[malnutrition]]. Paid work could increase women's access to health care and better nutrition, reducing child mortality. Increasing female education and workforce participation increased these effects. Improved economic opportunities for women also decreased participation in the sex market, which decreased the spread of AIDS, MDG&nbsp;6A.<ref name="Kabeer, Naila 2003" /><br />
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Although the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving gender equality, the political will is often missing.<ref name="Grown, Caren 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Grown |first1=Caren |year=2005 |title=Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals |journal=Development |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=82–86 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.development.1100170 |s2cid=83769004}}</ref> If donor and developing countries focused on seven "priority areas", great progress could be made towards the MDG. These seven priority areas include: increasing girls' completion of secondary school, guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women's and girl's time burdens, guaranteeing women's property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by [[women in government]], and combating violence against women.<ref name="Grown, Caren 2005" /><br />
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It is thought by some women's rights' advocatess that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education, and political representation.<ref name="Kabeer, Naila 2003" /><ref>[[Noeleen Heyzer]]. 2005. "Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals". ''Gender and Development'', Vol.&nbsp;13, No.&nbsp;1, Millennium Development Goals (March 2005), pp. 9–12</ref> Feminist writers such as [[Naila Kabeer]] have argued that in order to encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.<br />
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According to MDG Monitor, the target under MDG 3 "To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015" was met.<ref name="Monitor">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2016 |title=MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women |url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/mdg-3-promote-gender-equality-and-empower-women/ |access-date=1 December 2016 |quote=Gender disparity has reduced dramatically at all levels of education in the developing regions since 2000, hitting the MDG target.}}</ref><br />
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However MDG monitor points out that while parity has been achieved across the developing world, there are regional and national differences favouring girls in some cases and boys in others. In secondary education in "Western Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa, girls are still at a disadvantage, while the opposite is true in Latin America and the Caribbean – boys are at a disadvantage." Similarly in tertiary education there are disparities "at the expense of men in Northern Africa, Eastern Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean" while conversely they are "at the expense of women in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa."<ref name="Monitor" /><br />
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In the context of Mozambique, progress toward Millennium Development Goal 3 has reflected both notable achievements and persistent challenges. The country has made significant gains in increasing girls’ access to primary education and improving women’s political representation, with women holding a substantial share of parliamentary seats in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet: Mozambique |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/mozambique |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=UN Women Data Hub}}</ref> Nevertheless, gender disparities remain pronounced in rural areas, where poverty, early marriage, and limited access to secondary education continue to affect girls disproportionately. Additionally, women’s participation in the formal labor market remains comparatively low, with many engaged in informal or subsistence activities, limiting economic empowerment and access to social protections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mozambique Gender Assessment |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34064 |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=World Bank}}</ref> These structural inequalities highlight the ongoing need for targeted policies addressing education, economic inclusion, and gender-based violence in order to sustain progress beyond the MDG framework.<br />
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In Zambia, progress toward gender equality has been supported by legal reforms and national policies, including the National Gender Policy and changes to the Marriage Act establishing 18 as the minimum age for marriage. Despite these efforts, disparities persist in education, economic participation, and political representation. Women hold a relatively small proportion of parliamentary seats, and many girls and young women face barriers to completing secondary and tertiary education, which limits opportunities for skilled employment and leadership positions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet: Zambia |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/zambia |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=UN Women Data Hub}}</ref> Additionally, early marriage and gender-based violence remain prevalent, particularly in rural areas, highlighting ongoing social and cultural challenges. Current policies aim to strengthen legal protections, expand access to education and economic opportunities, and promote women’s participation in decision-making processes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advancing Gender Equality in Zambia: National Gender Policy and Implementation Plan |url=https://zambia.unfpa.org/en/news/advancing-gender-equality-zambia-national-gender-policy-and-its-implementation-plan |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=UNFPA Zambia}}</ref><br />
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== Funding commitment ==<br />
Over the past 35 years, UN members have repeatedly "commit[ted] 0.7% of rich-countries' [[Measures of national income and output|gross national income]] (GNI) to [[Official development assistance|Official Development Assistance]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Archive |url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218162526/http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm |archive-date=18 February 2015 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=UN Millennium Project}}</ref> The commitment was first made in 1970 by the [[UN General Assembly]].<br />
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The text of the commitment was: "Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the [[Developing country|developing countries]] and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade."<ref name="unmillenniumproject.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/costs_benefits2.htm |title=Publications |publisher=UN Millennium Project |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><br />
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The attention to well-being other than income helps bring funding to achieving MDGs.<ref name="idrc.ca">{{cite book |last1=Deneulin |first1=Séverine |author-link1=Séverine Deneulin |title=An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency |last2=Shahani |first2=Lila |publisher=Earthscan International Development Research Centre |year=2009 |isbn=978-1844078066 |location=Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario}}</ref> Further MDGs prioritize interventions, establish obtainable objectives with useful measurements of progress despite measurement issues and increased the developed world's involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.<ref name="haines">Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. "Can The Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?" ''BMJ: British Medical Journal'', Vol. 329, No. 7462 (14 August 2004), pp. 394–397</ref> MDGs include gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability, and spread of technology. Prioritizing interventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about allocating their resources. MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries and encourage aid and information sharing.<ref name="idrc.ca" /> The global commitment to the goals likely increases the likelihood of their success. They note that MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty reduction targets in world history.<ref name="undp.org">United Nations. 2006. "The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006." United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf (accessed 2 January 2008).</ref><br />
<br />
The [[International Health Partnership]] (IHP+) aimed to accelerate MDG progress by applying international principles for effective aid and development in the health sector. In developing countries, significant funding for health came from external sources requiring governments to coordinate with international development partners. As partner numbers increased variations in funding streams and bureaucratic demands followed. By encouraging support for a single national health strategy, a single monitoring and evaluation framework, and mutual accountability, IHP+ attempted to build confidence between government, civil society, development partners and other health stakeholders.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.uhc2030.org/about-us/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032849/https://www.uhc2030.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2017-10-01 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=UHC2030 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== European Union ===<br />
In 2005 the [[European Union]] reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets, noting that "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union".<ref>{{cite web |title=External Relations Council, Brussels 24 May 2005 |url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/EUExternalRelations24May.pdf |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=Unmillenniumproject.org}}</ref> Further, the UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by 2015".<ref name="unmillenniumproject.org" /><br />
<br />
=== United States ===<br />
However, the United States as well as other nations disputed the [[Monterrey Consensus]] that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as ODA to developing countries".<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Report of the International Conference on Financing for Development |url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/07_aconf198-11.pdf |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508175513/http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf|date=8 May 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
The US consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.<ref>{{cite news |last=Engardio |first=Pete |date=2 September 2005 |title=Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty |url=https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/3790_file_BW_9_2_05.pdf |access-date=2021-05-13 |work=BusinessWeek online}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== OECD ===<br />
Many [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) nations, did not donate 0.7% of their GNI. Some nations' contributions fell far short of 0.7%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty Can Be Halved If Efforts Are Coupled with Better Governance, says TI |url=http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/endorse_TI_19Jan05.pdf |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=UN Millennium Project}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Australian government committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015–2016.<ref>[http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401231906/http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221|date=1 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
===General===<br />
General criticisms included a perceived lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives.<ref name="idrc.ca" /> Some of the indicator definitions, baselines and targets were changed after their first adoption, to suggest that progress had been better than was really the case.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Hikel |first=Jason |date=2014-08-21 |title=Exposing the great 'poverty reduction' lie |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/21/exposing-the-great-poverty-reduction-lie |access-date=2021-05-13 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><br />
<br />
Further criticism included their "money-metric and donor-centric view", their "unidirectional dimension and narrow focus on developing countries, with industrialized countries being deployed almost as their tutors", the "lack of stakeholder engagement in formulating the MDGs" and the "weak review mechanisms to measure performance".<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
[[David Hulme (geographer)|David Hulme]] and James Scott noted that the process of creating the MDGs was diffuse, having no single architect and "no clear start or end". They also commented that the process was driven by rich states rather than the countries that would be more the subject of MDG interventions.<ref name=":0" /> The entire MDG process has been accused of lacking [[legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] as a result of failure to include, often, the voices of the very participants that the MDGs seek to assist. <br />
<br />
The MDGs lacked strong objectives and indicators for within-country equality, despite significant disparities in many developing nations.<ref name="idrc.ca" /><ref name="ReferenceA">Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.</ref><br />
<br />
The MDGs were attacked for insufficient emphasis on environmental [[sustainability]].<ref name="idrc.ca" /> Thus, they did not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><br />
<br />
===Human rights===<br />
The MDGs may under-emphasize local participation and empowerment (other than women's empowerment).<ref name="idrc.ca" /> FIAN International, a human rights organization focusing on the right to adequate food, contributed to the Post 2015 process by pointing out a lack of: "primacy of human rights; qualifying policy coherence; and of human rights based monitoring and [[accountability]]. Without such accountability, no substantial change in national and international policies can be expected."<ref>{{cite web |last=FIAN International |title=Post 2015 Thematic Consultation |url=http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/comments/2?page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165506/http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/comments/2?page=1 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Measurement difficulties===<br />
A publication from 2005 argued that goals related to [[maternal mortality]], [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] are impossible to measure and that current UN estimates lack scientific validity or are missing.<ref name="Amir Attaran 2005">{{cite journal |last=Attaran |first=Amir |author-link=Amir Attaran |date=October 2005 |title=An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=2 |issue=10 |page=318 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318 |pmc=1201695 |pmid=16156696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Household surveys are the primary measure for the health MDGs but may be poor and duplicative measurements that consume limited resources. Furthermore, countries with the highest levels of these conditions typically have the least reliable data collection. The study also argued that without accurate measures, it is impossible to determine the amount of progress, leaving MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.<ref name="Amir Attaran 2005" /><br />
<br />
MDG proponents such as McArthur and Sachs countered that setting goals is still valid despite measurement difficulties, as they provide a political and operational framework to efforts. With an increase in the quantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data could be collected.<ref name="McArthur JW 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=McArthur |first1=J. W. |last2=Sachs |first2=J. D. |last3=Schmidt-Traub |first3=G. |year=2005 |title=Response to Amir Attaran |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=e379 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379 |pmc=1297542 |pmid=16288557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They asserted that non-health related MDGs were often well measured, and that not all MDGs were made moot by lack of data.<br />
<br />
===Equity===<br />
Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the Overseas Development Institute into the role of [[equity (economics)|equity]].<ref name="ODI2">MDGs Targets for 2005 and 2015 [https://www.iied.org/achieving-millennium-development-goals Achieving the Millennium Development Goals], ''IIED''</ref> Researchers at the ODI argued that progress could be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a [[virtuous circle and vicious circle|virtuous circle]] where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's development and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.<ref name="ODI2" /> Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as [[equity (legal concept)|political]]. Examples abound, including Brazil's [[cash transfers]], [[Uganda]]'s eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in visits from the very poorest or else [[Mauritius]]'s dual-track approach to liberalization (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="ODI2" /> Researchers at the ODI thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.<ref name="ODI2" /><br />
<br />
== Examples ==<br />
<br />
===Sub-Saharan Africa===<br />
One success was to strengthen rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa. By the mid‑1990s, rice imports reached nearly $1&nbsp;billion annually. Farmers had not found suitable rice varieties that produce high yields. [[New Rice for Africa]] (NERICA), a high-yielding and well adapted strain, was developed and introduced in areas including Congo Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda. Some 18 varieties of this strain became available, enabling African farmers to produce enough rice to feed their families and have extra to sell.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=Goal :: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals |url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/story.cfm?goal=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130105523/http://www.mdgmonitor.org/story.cfm?goal=1 |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=Mdg Monitor}}</ref><br />
<br />
The region also showed progress towards MDG&nbsp;2. School fees that included Parent-Teacher Association and community contributions, textbook fees, compulsory uniforms and other charges took up nearly a quarter of a poor family's income and led countries including [[Burundi]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]] to eliminate such fees, increasing enrollment. For instance, in Ghana, public school enrollment in the most deprived districts rose from 4.2&nbsp;million to 5.4&nbsp;million between 2004 and 2005. In Kenya, primary school enrollment added 1.2&nbsp;million in 2003 and by 2004, the number had climbed to 7.2&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals |url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/story.cfm?goal=2 |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=MDG Monitor}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Millennium Villages Project ===<br />
{{Main|Millennium Villages Project}}<br />
<br />
Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in 2000, [[Jeffrey Sachs]] of [[The Earth Institute]] at [[Columbia University]] was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs. He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01), which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5, and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] in 2000–2001 to design and launch [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]].<ref name="Mountains Beyond Mountains">{{cite book |last1=Kidder |first1=Tracy |url=https://archive.org/details/mountainsbeyond000kidd |title=Mountains Beyond Mountains |date=2003 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780375506161 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/mountainsbeyond000kidd/page/257 257] |url-access=registration}}</ref> He also worked with senior officials of the [[George W. Bush administration]] to develop the PEPFAR program to fight [[HIV/AIDS]], and the PMI to fight [[malaria]]. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the [[UN Millennium Project]], which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. <br />
<br />
The [[Millennium Villages Project]], which Sachs directed, operated in more than a dozen African countries and covered more than 500,000 people. The MVP has engendered considerable controversy associated as critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012 ''[[The Economist]]'' reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact."<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2012 |title=Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfamine/2012/05/jeffrey-sachs-and-millennium-villages?zid=295&ah=0bca374e65f2354d553956ea65f756e0 |access-date=10 September 2015 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the Projects methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 ''Lancet'' paper claiming a 3-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology, and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=Does It Take a Village? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/06/24/does-it-take-a-village}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Activities and organizations ===<br />
* The [[United Nations Millennium Campaign]] was launched to increase support for the Millennium Development Goals.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-06|title=Kofi Annan and the Transition to Sustainable Development Goals|url=http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/policy-briefs/kofi-annan-and-the-transition-to-sustainable-development-goals/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=IISD}}</ref> The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at global and regional levels.<br />
* The [[Millennium Promise|Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc]]. (or simply the "Millennium Promise") is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2005 by [[Jeffrey Sachs]] and [[Ray Chambers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpromise.org |title=Overview |publisher=Millennium Promise |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> Millennium Promise coordinated the Millennium Villages Project in partnership with [[Columbia University|Columbia]]'s [[The Earth Institute|Earth Institute]] and UNDP; it aimed to demonstrate MDG feasibility through an integrated, community-led approach. The project ran from 2005 to 2015, operating in 15 sites across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millennium villages|url=https://www.millenniumpromise.org/millenniumvillages|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Millennium Promise Alliance}}</ref><br />
* The Youth in Action EU Programme "Cartoons in Action" project<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialab.wix.com/cartoons/ |title=Cartoons in action Progetto Gioventù in Azione finanziato dallANG – Agenzia Nazionale per i Giovani Youth in Action EU Programme. Il presente progetto è finanziato con il sostegno della Commissione europea. &#124; Wix.com |publisher=Socialab.wix.com |access-date=14 October 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102000543/http://socialab.wix.com/cartoons/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> created animated videos about MDGs,<ref name="youtube1">{{cite web|author=R.I.P. giovane e dolce Melissa |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/cartoonsyouth/ |title=Cartoons inAction |publisher=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64 videogames.<ref name="youtube1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD29D281132FD8755 |title=MDGs |publisher=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Next set of goals (SDGs)==<br />
{{Main|Sustainable development goals}}<br />
<br />
Although there have been major advancements and improvements achieving some of the MDGs even before the deadline of 2015, the progress has been uneven between the countries. In 2012 the UN Secretary-General established the "UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda", bringing together more than 60 UN agencies and international organizations to focus and work on sustainable development.<ref name="ECOSOC MDGs Post Agenda">{{cite web |title=Millennium Development Goals and post-2015 Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/mdg.shtml |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=The United Nations}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the MDG Summit, UN Member States discussed the [[Post-2015 Development Agenda]] and initiated a process of consultations. Civil society organizations also engaged in the post-2015 process, along with academia and other research institutions, including think tanks.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/beyond2015.shtml |access-date=14 October 2012 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) are the goals and targets relating to future sustainable development for 2030 once the MDGs expired at the end of 2015.<br />
<br />
On 31 July 2012, Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] appointed 26 public and private leaders to advise him on the post-MDG agenda.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Panel on Post-2015 Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/Press%20release_post-2015panel.pdf |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the UN's [[Commission on the Status of Women]] agreed on a document that called for the acceleration of progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and confirmed the need for a stand-alone goal on gender equality and women's empowerment in post-2015 goals, and for gender equality to underpin all of the post-2015 goals.<ref>Ford, Liz (23 March 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/mar/23/campaigners-welcome-agreement-un-gender-csw-talks "Campaigners Welcome 'Milestone' Agreement at UN Gender Equality Talks."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved from TheGuardian.com, 8 February 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities]]<br />
* [[Seoul Development Consensus]]<br />
* [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)<br />
* [[Post-2015 Development Agenda]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals}}<br />
* [https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/2013_progress_english.pdf One page chart of the status of the MDGs at 2013]<br />
* [http://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-about-mdgs-asia-and-pacific?ref=features/series/12-things-to-know/ The Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: 12 Things to Know] Asian Development Bank.<br />
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{{United Nations}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Millennium Development Goals| ]]<br />
[[Category:Librarianship and human rights]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohite_(clan)&diff=457152Mohite (clan)2026-03-25T15:19:59Z<p>Jaishink: fix page for consistency and improved wording per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| Maratha clan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Royal house|<br />
| surname = House of Mohite<br />
| native_name = {{small|Mohites of Talbid}} <br />
| country = <br />
| origin = [[Talbid]]<br />
| parent house = [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]]{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| coat of arms = <br />
| coat_of_arms_caption = <br />
| image = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| image_caption = Flag of the [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
| titles = *Hambirrao <br />
*[[Senapati]]<br />
*[[Sardar]]<br />
*[[Jagir]]dar of Talbid<br />
| founder = Ratoji Mohite<br />
| dissolution = <br />
| final ruler = <br />
| final_head = <br />
| founding year = 17th century<br />
| deposition = <br />
| cadet_branches = Mohites of Rajewadi<br />
| other_families = [[House of Bhonsle]]<br />
| traditions = <br />
}}<br />
The '''House of Mohite''' or '''Mohite clan''' is a prominent [[Maratha clan]] that held significant positions as [[Senapati]] and [[Sardar]] within the [[Maratha Empire]]. The House of Mohite was established by Sambhaji Mohite, who served as the Subedar of [[Saswad]] and was the brother of [[Shahaji|Shahaji's]] wife, Tukabai. He was also the father of [[Soyarabai]], who later became the wife of Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]]. His son [[Hambirrao Mohite]] became the Senapati of the [[Maratha Empire]]. The Mohite clan played significant role during the Mughal-Maratha wars.<br />
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==Origins==<br />
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{{Empty section|date=March 2024}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Mohite name is first documented in "Shivabharat," a [[Sanskrit]] poem dating back to the 17th century. During that period, the Mohite clan served different [[Deccan]] sultanates, including the [[Nizamshahi]] and the [[Adilshahi]] of Bijapur, similar to other Maratha clans like Bhosale, Ghorpade, More, Shirke, Thorat, and so on.<ref name="Gordon1993">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|pages=46, 53, 61}}</ref><br />
One of Shahaji's wives, Tukabai, hailed from the Mohite family. Their son, [[Venkoji]], presided over the Maratha kingdom of [[Tanjore]]. Tukabai's niece, who was her brother's daughter, [[Soyarabai]], subsequently became the second wife of Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]]. The renowned female Maratha warrior, [[Tarabai]], who was the wife of [[Rajaram I]], also belonged to the Mohite clan. With the ascendancy of Shivaji, the Mohite clan earned his trust and emerged as his esteemed generals. Amidst the internal conflicts within the Bhosale family following Shivaji's demise in 1680, Soyarabai's own brother and army chief, [[Hambirrao Mohite]], shifted allegiance to support Sambhaji's claim to the Maratha throne.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA48|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|pages=48–}}</ref> His descendant, Bhavanji Mohite, held the position of commander at the Maratha naval base in [[Malvan]] during the early years of the 18th century.<ref name="SenSen1993">{{cite book|author1=Surendranath Sen|author2=Surendra Nath Sen|title=Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLEo_DUL9XgC&pg=PA1|year=1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0773-6|page=47}}</ref><br />
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==Family tree==<br />
{{Chart top|Family tree of Mohites of Maratha Heritage (96 kuli Maratha)|width=100%|collapsed=no}}<br />
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{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Ratoji Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Tukoji Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Sambhaji Mohite'''|A02='''Tarabai (married Shahaji)'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Hambirrao Mohite'''|A02='''Soyrabai (Maharani of Maratha Empire)'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Lakshuman Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Gunhaji Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Balkrushna Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Ramchandra Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Vijay Mohite'''|}}<br />
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{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''Chaitanya Mohite'''|}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Hambirrao Mohite]]<br />
*[[Soyarabai]]<br />
*[[Tarabai]]<br />
*[[Vyankoji]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Maratha clans]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape&diff=469715Grape2026-03-25T10:36:57Z<p>Jaishink: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Grapefruit}}<br />
{{about|the fruits of the genus ''Vitis''|other uses|Grape (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef}}<br />
[[File:Grapes, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|thumb| "Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green) [[table grape]]s]]<br />
A '''grape''' is a [[fruit]], [[Berry (botany)|botanically a berry]], of the [[deciduous]] woody [[vine]]s of the flowering plant genus ''[[Vitis]]''. Grapes are a non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] type of fruit, generally occurring in [[Grape cluster|clusters]].<br />
<br />
The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as [[raisin]]s, [[Zante currant|currants]] and [[Sultana (grape)|sultanas]]), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in [[winemaking]]. Other grape-derived products include various types of [[grape jam|jam]], [[grape juice|juice]], vinegar and oil.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{owidslider<br />
|start = 2023<br />
|list = Template:OWID/grapes production#gallery<br />
|location = commons<br />
|caption =<br />
|title =<br />
|language =<br />
|file = [[File:grapes production, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Grapes production]]<br />
|startingView = World<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[Middle East]] is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANGŪR |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/angur-grapes |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |first1= M. |last1=Bazin |first2=X. |last2=De Planhol |first3=W. L. |last3=Hanaway Jr. |orig-date=December 15, 1985 |date=August 14, 2018 |quote=According to A. de Candolle (''L’Origine des plantes cultivées'', Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.}}</ref><ref name=This>{{cite journal|author1=This, Patrice |author2=Lacombe, Thierry |author3=Thomas, Mark R. |title=Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=22 |issue=9 |url=https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |pages=511–519 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008 |pmid=16872714 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224603/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> [[Yeast (wine)|Yeast]], one of the earliest domesticated [[microorganism]]s, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest [[archeological]] evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |title=Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture|author=McGovern, Patrick E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231457/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |author=McGovern, P. E. |title=Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202942/http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30}}</ref><ref>Keys, David (2003-12-28) [http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603094312/http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm |date=2013-06-03}}. archaeology.ws.</ref><br />
<br />
The oldest known winery, the [[Areni-1 winery]], was found in [[Armenia]] and dates back to around 4000{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave|last=Owen|first=James|date=12 January 2011|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|archive-date=2017-06-03|url-status=dead|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> By the 9th century{{nbsp}}AD, the city of [[Shiraz]] was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that [[Syrah]] red wine is named after [[Shiraz]], a city in Persia where the grape was used to make [[Shirazi wine]].<ref name="Hugh J">Hugh Johnson, ''"The Story of Wine"'', New Illustrated Edition, pp. 58, 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004, {{ISBN|1-84000-972-1}}.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[hieroglyphics]] record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient [[Greeks (wine)|Greeks]], [[Cypriot wine|Cypriots]], [[Phoenicians (wine)|Phoenicians]], and [[Ancient Rome (wine)|Romans]] growing purple grapes for eating and wine production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |title=Grape |date=October 2015 |website=Better Health Channel Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109141333/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |archive-date=2018-01-09 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> The growing of grapes later spread to other regions in Europe, North Africa, and eventually in [[North America]].<br />
<br />
In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that [[Chalcolithic]] wine jars discovered in [[Cyprus]] in the 1930s dated back to 3500{{nbsp}}BC, making them the oldest of their kind in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gillhamvineyard.com/wine-history-cyprus/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20winemaking%20in,dating%20back%20to%203%2C500%20BC. |title=Wine History Cyprus |work=Gillham Vineyard Hotel }}</ref> [[Commandaria]], a sweet [[dessert wine]] from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world with origins as far back as 2000{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-manufactured-wine/ |title=Oldest manufactured wine |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref><br />
<br />
In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus ''Vitis'' proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], but early European colonists considered them to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, [[Ephraim Bull]] of [[Concord, Massachusetts]], cultivated seeds from wild ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' vines to create the [[Concord grape]], which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.<ref name="Robinson">Jancis Robinson, ''Vines, Grapes & Wines'' (Mitchell Beazley, 1986, {{ISBN|1-85732-999-6}}), pp. 8, 18, 228.</ref><br />
<br />
{{nutritional value | name=Grapes, red or green<br />
| kJ=288<br />
| water=81 g<br />
| protein=0.72&nbsp;g<br />
| fat=0.16&nbsp;g<br />
| carbs=18.1&nbsp;g<br />
| fiber=0.9&nbsp;g<br />
| sugars=15.48&nbsp;g<br />
| calcium_mg=10<br />
| iron_mg=0.36<br />
| magnesium_mg=7<br />
| phosphorus_mg=20<br />
| potassium_mg=191<br />
| sodium_mg=2<br />
| zinc_mg=0.07<br />
| manganese_mg=0.071<br />
| vitC_mg=3.2<br />
| thiamin_mg=0.069<br />
| riboflavin_mg=0.07<br />
| niacin_mg=0.188<br />
| pantothenic_mg=0.05<br />
| vitB6_mg=0.086<br />
| folate_ug=2<br />
| choline_mg=5.6<br />
| vitE_mg=0.19<br />
| vitK_ug=14.6<br />
| source_usda = 1<br />
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174683/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
[[File:Grape Buds.jpg|thumb|Grape flower buds during flowering period.]]<br />
<br />
Grapes are a type of [[berry (botany)|berry fruit]] that grow in clusters of 15 to 300. The berries appear within a 60 day period after fertilization first producing [[tartaric acid]], then later [[malic acid]] when their [[fruit (plant structure)#Mesocarp|flesh]] increases in reaction to the hormone of [[ethylene]]; these acids give slight sour tastes to the berries other than their sweetness.<ref name="F">{{cite journal |last1=Conde |first1=Carlos |last2=Silva |first2=Paulo |last3=Fontes |first3=Natacha |last4=Dias |first4=Alberto C. P. |date=April 2007 |title=Biochemical Changes throughout Grape Berry Development and Fruit and Wine Quality |url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0706/FOOD_1(1)/FOOD_1(1)1-22o.pdf |journal=Food |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=1-22}}</ref>{{rp|2-3}} When these young berries reach a ripening stage (called ''véraison'' from the [[French language]]), the berries change to darker colours, increase in size and produce sugars; this ''véraison'' period begins in August taking around about 45 days with normal conditions in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="F"/>{{rp|3}} Ripe grape berries are typically ellipsoid in shape resembling a [[prolate spheroid]]. Their flesh has 75-85% water content; the water is obtained from the plant xylem before ripening, the phloem supplies water with soluble sugars [[glucose]] and [[fructose]] following the ripening stage.<ref name="F"/>{{rp|4-5}}<br />
<br />
Anthocyanins and other [[pigment]] chemicals of the larger family of [[Polyphenols in grape|polyphenols]] in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in the grape berries and red wines they produce.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x<br />
| last1 = Waterhouse | first1 = A. L.<br />
| title = Wine phenolics<br />
| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences<br />
| volume = 957<br />
| issue = 1 | pages = 21–36<br />
| year = 2002<br />
| pmid = 12074959<br />
| bibcode = 2002NYASA.957...21W | s2cid = 36937910}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1<br />
| last1 = Brouillard | first1 = R.<br />
| last2 = Chassaing | first2 = S.<br />
| last3 = Fougerousse | first3 = A.<br />
| title = Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?<br />
| journal = Phytochemistry<br />
| volume = 64<br />
| issue = 7<br />
| pages = 1179–1186<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| pmid = 14599515<br />
| bibcode = 2003PChem..64.1179B }}</ref> Various grapes ripen can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. [[Mutation]]s in two [[regulatory genes]] of white grapes turn off production of [[anthocyanin]]s, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Walker | first1 = A. R.<br />
| last2 = Lee | first2 = E.<br />
| last3 = Bogs | first3 = J.<br />
| last4 = McDavid | first4 = D. A. J.<br />
| last5 = Thomas | first5 = M. R.<br />
| last6 = Robinson | first6 = S. P.<br />
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x<br />
| title = White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes<br />
| journal = The Plant Journal<br />
| volume = 49<br />
| issue = 5<br />
| pages = 772–785<br />
| year = 2007<br />
| pmid = 17316172<br />
| doi-access = free<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Nutrition ==<br />
Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and have negligible [[fat]] (table). A {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=off|adj=on}} reference amount of raw grapes supplies {{convert|288|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and a moderate amount of [[vitamin K]] (12% of the [[Daily Value]]), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts (table).<br />
<br />
== Grapevines ==<br />
{{Main|Vitis{{!}}''Vitis''}}<br />
[[File:ConcordGrapes.jpg|thumb|upright|Concord is a variety of North American ''labrusca'' grape]]<br />
Most domesticated grapes come from [[List of grape varieties|cultivars]] of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:<br />
<br />
* ''[[Vitis amurensis]]'', the most important Asian species<br />
* ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the [[Concord (grape)|Concord]] [[cultivar]]), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.<br />
* ''[[Vitis mustangensis]]'' (the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma<br />
* ''[[Vitis riparia]]'', a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to [[Quebec]].<br />
* ''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'' (the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from [[Delaware]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<br />
<br />
{{Table alignment}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"<br />
|+ Grape production <br>{{small|2023, millions of tonnes}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{CHN}} ||13.5<br />
|-<br />
|{{ITA}} ||6.7<br />
|-<br />
|{{FRA}} ||6.2<br />
|-<br />
|{{USA}} ||5.4<br />
|-<br />
|{{ESP}} ||4.8<br />
|-<br />
|{{TUR}} ||3.4<br />
|-<br />
|{{CHI}} ||2.3<br />
|-<br />
|'''World''' ||'''72.5'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]<br> of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Grape production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Distribution of agriculture==<br />
<br />
In 2023, the world total of land dedicated to grape growing (in [[hectare]]s, ha) was {{cvt|6595680|ha}}.<ref name="faostat-ha">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=World acreage for grape growing in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Area harvested/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> By country dedicating farmland for grape growing in 2023, Spain had {{cvt|913000|ha}}, France {{cvt|753340|ha}}, Italy {{cvt|713350|ha}}, and China {{cvt|607030|ha}}.<ref name=faostat-ha/> Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as [[dried fruit]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana]], also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is [[Airén]]. Other popular varieties include [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Sauvignon blanc]], [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Merlot]], [[Grenache]], [[Tempranillo]], [[Riesling]], and [[Chardonnay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |title=The most widely planted grape in the world |work=FreshPlaza |date=Oct 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092055/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2010-04-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
In 2023, world production of grapes was 72.5 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 19% of the total, with Italy and France as major secondary producers (table).<br />
<br />
{{Table alignment}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"<br />
|+ Grape exports <br>{{small|2023, tonnes}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{PER}} ||647,967<br />
|-<br />
|{{CHI}} ||529,470<br />
|-<br />
|{{CHN}} ||483,373<br />
|-<br />
|{{ITA}} ||386,672<br />
|-<br />
|{{NED}} ||346,128<br />
|-<br />
|{{RSA}} ||318,126<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]<br> of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat-exp">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity_exports|title=Grape exports in 2023|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Exports==<br />
In 2023, the leading exporters of grapes were Peru and Chile, each with more than half a million tonnes (table).<br />
<br />
== Table and wine grapes ==<br />
{{See also|Wine}}<br />
<br />
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either [[Table grape|table]] or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make [[wine]] (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ottolenghi |first=Yotam |date=2017-10-13 |title=Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/dining/ottolenghi-grape-recipes.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> While almost all belong to the same species, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through [[selective breeding]]. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). <br />
<br />
Grapes accumulate sugars as they grow on the [[grapevine]] through the [[Phloem|transportation]] of [[sucrose]] molecules that are produced by [[photosynthesis]] from the leaves. During [[ripening (wine)|ripening]] the sucrose molecules are [[hydrolyzed]] (separated) into [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]. Wine grapes tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.<ref name="wineloverspage_com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |title=WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine |website=WineLoversPage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153541/http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Wine grapes03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wine grapes on the vine]]<br />
<br />
== Seedless grapes ==<br />
Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]] by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] techniques.<br />
<br />
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: [[Thompson Seedless]], Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''.{{cn|date=April 2025}} There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern [[Ontario]].<ref>Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens M-H. [https://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html "Seedless Grapes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619010322/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html |date=2008-06-19 }}, in "Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates", Information Bulletin 234, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, retrieved December 30, 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched [[phytochemical]] content of grape seeds.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Shi | first1 = J.<br />
| last2 = Yu | first2 = J.<br />
| last3 = Pohorly | first3 = J. E.<br />
| last4 = Kakuda | first4 = Y.<br />
| title = Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality<br />
| doi = 10.1089/109662003772519831<br />
| journal = Journal of Medicinal Food<br />
| volume = 6<br />
| issue = 4<br />
| pages = 291–299<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| pmid = 14977436<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Parry | first1 = J.<br />
| last2 = Su | first2 = L.<br />
| last3 = Moore | first3 = J.<br />
| last4 = Cheng | first4 = Z.<br />
| last5 = Luther | first5 = M.<br />
| last6 = Rao | first6 = J. N.<br />
| last7 = Wang | first7 = J. Y.<br />
| last8 = Yu | first8 = L. L.<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf060325k<br />
| title = Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 54<br />
| issue = 11<br />
| pages = 3773–3778<br />
| year = 2006<br />
| pmid = 16719495<br />
| bibcode = 2006JAFC...54.3773P<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
[[File:Armenian dolma.jpeg|upright=0.9|thumb|Grape leaves in cuisine ([[dolma]])]]<br />
=== Culinary ===<br />
Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on the grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils.<br />
Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes).<br />
Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contain seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.<ref name="wineloverspage_com" /><br />
<br />
==== Raisins, currants and sultanas ====<br />
{{Main|Raisin}}<br />
[[File:Raisins 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raisin]]s]]<br />
<br />
In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as ''raisins'' or the local equivalent. In Britain and Ireland, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents.<br />
<br />
A ''[[raisin]]'' is any dried grape. While ''raisin'' is a French [[loanword]], the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; {{lang|fr|grappe}} (from which the English ''grape'' is derived) refers to the bunch (as in {{lang|fr|une grappe de raisins}}). A raisin in French is called {{lang|fr|raisin sec}} ('dry grape').<br />
<br />
A ''[[Zante currant|currant]]'' is a dried [[Zakynthos|Zante]] Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French {{lang|fr|raisin de Corinthe}} ([[Corinth]] grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually [[blackcurrant]] and [[redcurrant]], two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.<ref>{{Cite OED|currant|id=46089}}</ref><br />
<br />
A ''sultana'' was originally a raisin made from [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana grapes]] of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.<br />
<br />
==== Juice ====<br />
{{Main|Grape juice}}<br />
[[File:Grape Juice.jpg|thumb|upright|Grape juice]]<br />
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or [[fermentation (wine)|fermented]] and made into [[wine]], [[brandy]], or [[vinegar]].<ref name="Britannica-2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Wine - Fermentation, Aging, Varietals {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/wine/The-wine-making-process |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the [[wine]] industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "[[must]]".<ref name="Britannica-2025" /> <br />
<br />
In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from [[Concord (grape)|Concord grapes]], while white grape juice is commonly made from [[Niagara (grape)|Niagara grapes]], both of which are varieties of {{Not a typo|native American}} grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sweetwatercellars.com/thompsonseedless.html |title=Thompson Seedless Grape Juice |work=sweetwatercellars.com |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325155101/http://sweetwatercellars.com/thompsonseedless.html |archive-date=2012-03-25 |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Vinegars ====<br />
''Husrum'', also known as ''[[verjuice]]'', is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables.<ref>Cosme, F., Pinto, T., & Vilela, A. (2018). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: A chemical and sensory view. ''Beverages'', ''4''(1), 22, p. 9</ref> Unripened ''husrum'' grapes sent from [[Tel Ashkelon|Ashkelon]] to [[Egypt]] are mentioned in a 12th-century document found in the [[Cairo Geniza]].<ref name="Amar-2000">{{Cite book |last=Amar |first=Zohar |author-link=Zohar Amar |title=Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi |year=2000 |location=Jerusalem |pages=116 |language=he}}</ref> In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making [[Shirazi salad]].<br />
<br />
==Pomace and phytochemicals==<br />
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called [[pomace]] (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as [[compost]].<ref name="gomez">{{cite journal | last1=Gómez-Brandón | first1=María | last2=Lores | first2=Marta | last3=Insam | first3=Heribert | last4=Domínguez | first4=Jorge | title=Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc | journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology | volume=39 | issue=4 | date=2019-04-02 |issn=0738-8551 | doi=10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514 | pages=437–450|pmid=30939940| s2cid=93000616}}</ref> Grape pomace &ndash; some 10–30% of the total mass of grapes crushed &ndash; contains various [[phytochemical]]s, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, [[polyphenol]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[anthocyanin]]s, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and [[extract]]ed for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).<ref name=gomez/><ref name="Muhlack">{{cite journal |last1=Muhlack |first1=Richard A. |last2=Potumarthi |first2=Ravichandra |last3=Jeffery |first3=David W. |title=Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products |journal=Waste Management |volume=72 |year=2018 |issn=0956-053X |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011 |pages=99–118 |pmid=29132780|bibcode=2018WaMan..72...99M }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Skin ===<br />
[[File:Wine grape diagram en.svg|right|thumb|Grape cross-section|upright=1.35|alt=Anatomical-style diagram of three grapes on their stalks. Two of the grapes are shown in cross-section with all their internal parts labeled.]]<br />
<br />
[[Anthocyanin]]s tend to be the main [[Polyphenols in grape|polyphenolics]] in purple grapes, whereas [[flavan-3-ol]]s (i.e. [[catechin]]s) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties.<ref name="hozczp">{{Cite journal<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf0204102<br />
| last1 = Cantos | first1 = E.<br />
| last2 = Espín | first2 = J. C.<br />
| last3 = Tomás-Barberán | first3 = F. A.<br />
| title = Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 50<br />
| issue = 20<br />
| pages = 5691–5696<br />
| year = 2002<br />
| pmid = 12236700<br />
}}</ref> Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.<ref name="hozczp" /> Phenolic content of grape skin varies with [[cultivar]], soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.<br />
<br />
[[Muscadine]] grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ |title=Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines |url=http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |journal=Am. J. Enol. Vitic. |year=1996 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57 |s2cid=98822789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119045158/http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |archive-date=2006-11-19 |access-date=2006-11-21|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Xu">{{cite journal | last1=Xu | first1=Changmou | last2=Yagiz | first2=Yavuz | last3=Zhao | first3=Lu | last4=Simonne | first4=Amarat | last5=Lu | first5=Jiang | last6=Marshall | first6=Maurice R. | title=Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States | journal=Food Chemistry |volume=215 | year=2017 | issn=0308-8146 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163 | pages=149–156|pmid=27542461 | bibcode=2017FoodC.215..149X }}</ref> In muscadine skins, [[ellagic acid]], [[myricetin]], [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Pastrana-Bonilla | first1 = E.<br />
| last2 = Akoh | first2 = C. C.<br />
| last3 = Sellappan | first3 = S.<br />
| last4 = Krewer | first4 = G.<br />
| title = Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf030113c<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 51<br />
| issue = 18<br />
| pages = 5497–5503<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| pmid = 12926904<br />
| bibcode = 2003JAFC...51.5497P<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The flavonols [[syringetin]], syringetin 3-O-galactoside, [[laricitrin]] and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.<ref name=Mattivi>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Mattivi | first1 = F.<br />
| last2 = Guzzon | first2 = R.<br />
| last3 = Vrhovsek | first3 = U.<br />
| last4 = Stefanini | first4 = M.<br />
| last5 = Velasco | first5 = R.<br />
| title = Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf061538c<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 54<br />
| issue = 20<br />
| pages = 7692–7702<br />
| year = 2006<br />
| pmid = 17002441<br />
| bibcode = 2006JAFC...54.7692M<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Seeds ===<br />
{{Main|Grape seed extract|Grape seed oil}}<br />
<br />
Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.<ref name=Xu/> [[Grape seed oil]] from crushed seeds is used in [[cosmeceutical]]s and [[skincare]] products. Grape seed oil, including [[tocopherol]]s ([[vitamin E]]) and high contents of [[phytosterol]]s and [[polyunsaturated fatty acid]]s such as [[linoleic acid]], [[oleic acid]], and [[alpha-linolenic acid]].<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Beveridge | first1 = T. H. J.<br />
| last2 = Girard | first2 = B.<br />
| last3 = Kopp | first3 = T.<br />
| last4 = Drover | first4 = J. C. G.<br />
| title = Yield and Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf040295q<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 53<br />
| issue = 5<br />
| pages = 1799–1804<br />
| year = 2005<br />
| pmid = 15740076<br />
| bibcode = 2005JAFC...53.1799B<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Crews | first1 = C.<br />
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| last3 = Godward | first3 = J.<br />
| last4 = Brereton | first4 = P.<br />
| last5 = Lees | first5 = M.<br />
| last6 = Guiet | first6 = S.<br />
| last7 = Winkelmann | first7 = W.<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf060338y<br />
| title = Quantitation of the Main Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 54<br />
| issue = 17<br />
| pages = 6261–6265<br />
| year = 2006<br />
| pmid = 16910717<br />
| bibcode = 2006JAFC...54.6261C<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Tangolar | first1 = S. G. K.<br />
| last2 = Özoğul | first2 = Y. I.<br />
| last3 = Tangolar | first3 = S.<br />
| last4 = Torun | first4 = A.<br />
| title = Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes<br />
| doi = 10.1080/09637480701581551<br />
| journal = International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition<br />
| volume = 60<br />
| issue = 1<br />
| pages = 32–39<br />
| year = 2009<br />
| pmid = 17886077<br />
| s2cid = 29294873<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Resveratrol ===<br />
{{Main|Resveratrol}}<br />
Resveratrol, a [[stilbene]] compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web | title = Resveratrol | publisher = Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |date=11 June 2015 | url = http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/resveratrol/ |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> [[Muscadine]] grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| last1 = Li | first1 = X.<br />
| last2 = Wu | first2 = B.<br />
| last3 = Wang | first3 = L.<br />
| last4 = Li | first4 = S.<br />
| title = Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level<br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf061722y<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| volume = 54<br />
| issue = 23<br />
| pages = 8804–8811<br />
| year = 2006<br />
| pmid = 17090126<br />
| bibcode = 2006JAFC...54.8804L<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs ===<br />
{{Main|Grape toxicity in dogs}}<br />
The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop [[acute kidney failure]] (the sudden development of kidney failure) with [[anuria]] (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211106.htm Raisins/Grapes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143344/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F211106.htm |date=2007-09-29}}. The Merck Veterinary Manual.</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:GrapesBuds.JPG|Flower buds<br />
File:GrapesFlowers.JPG|Flowers<br />
File:TenderGrapes.JPG|Immature fruit<br />
File:Abhar-iran.JPG|Grapes in [[Abhar County]], Iran<br />
<!--File:Grapes.jpg|Wine grapes--><br />
File:Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg|Vineyard in the [[Troodos Mountains]]<br />
File:Seedless grapes of Kallidaikurichi.jpg|seedless grapes<br />
File:Grapes in the Philippines 1.jpg|Grapes in the [[Philippines|La Union, Philippines]]<br />
File:Beschimmelde druiven.jpg|Moldy grapes<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{portal|Food|Wine}}<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*[[Seven species]]<br />
* [[Annual growth cycle of grapevines]]<br />
* [[Drakshasava]], a traditional Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes<br />
* [[Grape syrup]]<br />
* [[List of grape dishes]]<br />
* [[List of grape varieties]]<br />
* ''[[Menispermum canadense]]'', a poisonous species resembling wild grapes<br />
* [[Propagation of grapevines]]<br />
* [[The Fox and the Grapes]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009). ''Grapes'' (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-401-9}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{wikiquote|Grapes}}<br />
* {{Wiktionary-inline|grape}}<br />
* {{commons category-inline|Grapes}}<br />
<br />
{{Grape varieties}}<br />
{{Viticulture}}<br />
{{Fruit juice}}<br />
{{Tannin source}}<br />
{{Bioenergy}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grape| ]]<br />
[[Category:Berries]]<br />
[[Category:Crops originating from Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Edible fruits]]<br />
[[Category:Plants in the Bible]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Palestine (region)]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Israel]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulpahar&diff=462836Kulpahar2026-03-24T00:56:54Z<p>Jaishink: improved section for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kulpahar<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = Kulpahar_Bird's_Eye_view.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = View of the city from Senapati palace<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.319|N|79.641|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundelkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = Chandela Rajput<br />
| named_for = Clan mountain<br />
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat|City council]]<br />
| governing_body = Kulpahar Municipality<br />
| leader_title = Chairperson<br />
| leader_name = Mr. Vaibhav Arjariya<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.75<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 198<br />
| population_total = 20096<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 7334<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 210 426<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 91-5283<br />
| registration_plate = UP-95 [http://www.uptransport.org/regncodes.pdf]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kulpahar''' is a city in [[Mahoba district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a historical town in the [[Bundelkhand]] region. Before 11 Feb 1995 Kulpahar was a Tehsil of [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur District]].<ref>[http://hamirpur.nic.in/admin.htm Hamirpur Dist. website]</ref> On 11 Feb 1995 [[Mahoba District]]<ref>[http://mahoba.nic.in Mahoba Dist. Website]</ref> was carved out of Hamirpur, and Kulpahar is now a part of the Mahoba District. Kulpahar is the largest Subdivision of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Kulpahar is known for its closeness to [[Khajuraho]] and other historic places like [[Mahoba]], [[Charkhari]], [[Kalinjar]] [[Rath, India|Rath]], [[Orchha]], and [[Jhansi]]. This town holds [[relics]] of [[temple]]s and man-made [[water bodies]] of the [[Chandela]] [[Dynasty]]<br />
<br />
==Origin of the name==<br />
Historians have different theories about the origin of its name, primarily there are two opinions about the name.<br />
<br />
''i. Two village theory -'' According to the ''Imperial gazetteer of United Province of Agra and Oudh -1909'' there were two different villages ''Kulhua'' and ''paharia'' which later jointly became the town of Kulpahar; even the folklore says the same. It doesn't have any supporting evidence for the theory; it seems that the British writer of the gazetteer went by the folklore.<br />
<br />
''ii. Second theory''<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521851688 Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires ]</ref> is based on some historical facts dating back early 17th century. There was a cult ''gossain''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrkEGOOxvecC&pg=PA206&dq=Kulpahar&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1HzOKZrfWucCicINL2_Sy3JLVjoA#PPA272,M1 Gazzetteer]</ref> in the central India and one of the descendant of the followers of this cult ''Himmat Bahadur Gossain''<ref>[https://www.wesleyan.edu/academics/faculty/wpinch/profile.html Book author W. Pinch]</ref> who actively took part in Indian freedom struggle was born in Kulpahar and Kulpahar had connection with this cult since the origin of the cult. Gossain cult is believed to be originated/started from Kulpahar. Historians who relate Kulpahar with the ''gossain cult'' gave the theory that Kulpahar word is composed of two words ''Kula'' and ''pahar'' means ''Clan mountain''. Some relate it with a ''tantrik rite Kaula Tantra''. Kulpahar was a site to perform secret tantrik rituals of gossain cult on a hill near ''Gahra lake''; hence the town got its name ''Kaula pahar'' which as the time passed became ''Kulpahar''.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Kulpahar was the capital of a [[princely state]] of the same name in [[British India]]. Kulpahar was founded in 1700 by Raja Jagat Raj<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_021.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India]</ref> of [[Jaitpur, Kulpahar|Jaitpur]], son of [[Maharaja Chhatrasal]], and was reorganized by Senapati, a [[Bundela]] [[Rajput]] who was Raja Jagat Raj's son. Kulpahar was captured by the British in 1804, and became a princely state in the [[Bundelkhand]] Agency of the [[Central India Agency]]. The chief resided at the town of [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The fort of Kulpahar, situated on a steep hill, towers more than 800&nbsp;ft (244 m) above the sea level, and contains the ruins of elaborately carved sculptures.<br />
<br />
Brief history of Kulpahar is covered under the section of origin. Not much information is available about the medieval and ancient history of Kulpahar but the remains of structures dating back 9th and 10th century confirm the existence and importance of Kulpahar in the ancient and medieval India.<br />
<br />
After the Mughals' fall and the rise of Chhatrasal Bundela, Kulpahar passed under his sway but failed to acquire any kind of pre-eminence. In the 17th century, Chhatrasal declared independence and put a stiff resistance against Aurangzeb. He established a Bundella Principality and Bahadur Shah Moghal had to confirm all his acquisitions in the area called 'Bundelkhand'. There was a revival of hostilities during the reign of Farrukhsiyar when his general Mohammed Khan Bangash invaded Bundelkhand in the year 1729 and the aged ruler Chatrasal had to seek aid from Peshwa Baji Rao. His 'Maratha'army of 70,000 men dashed from Indore (Malwa) and encamped at Mahoba. They surrounded forces of Nawab Bangash who had captured Jaitpur, Belatal, Mudhari and Kulpahar etc. The Peshwa inflicted a crushing defeat over the Nawab by annihilating his forces in the dense forests of Jaitpur, Mudhari and Salat near Kulpahar. In return for this help, Chhatrasal bequeathed one third of his dominion to the Maratha chieftain. That part included Mahoba, Shri Nagar, Jaitpur, Kulpahar etc. Later, under the treaty Bessien in 1803 the marathas ceded Bundelkhand area to British rulers. Its administration was, however, carried over by the subedar of Jalaun until 1858 when it was finally annexed by the East India Company. Kulpahar was made the headquarters of a Tehsil under the sub-division of Mahoba in the district of Hamirpur.<br />
<br />
== Archaeological sites ==<br />
There are quite a few archaeological sites in and near Kulpahar from the 10th century.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp ASI website]</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the sites are:<br />
[[File:Senapati palace.jpg|thumb|175px|Senapati Palace]]<br />
[[File:Chandela temple near rawatpura tal.jpg|thumb|175px|Chandela temple]]<br />
*[[Senapati Mahal]] – This small palace was built by Raja Jagatraj of Jaitpur in the early 18th century for his son Senapati. It is a triple storied building situated on Kulpahar-Nowgong road near KM 1 milestone just opposite to collectorate on a small hill. Archaeological Survey of India has started renovation work, it has been declared a monument of national importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/list-of-monuments-under-lucknow-circle/|title = List of Monuments under – Lucknow Circle « Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref><br />
*[[Chandela]] period [[Yajna]] [[Mandap]] near village [[Akona]] – It is a large Hindu yajna mandap situated on Jaitpur-Srinagar road. This mandap dates back 10th century AD. It is 20x20x20 cubic feet area. On the southern side of this mandap is a granite Shivalingam. This area was built by chandela rulers to carryout most auspicious Hindu rituals.<br />
*[[Senapati fortress]] – This is a small fortification around Senapati palace built by Senapati in mid 18th century when he was managing the security of Kulpahar area during his father Raja Jagatraj's reign.<br />
* [[Raja Ka Tal]] lake – It is a large lake built by Jagatraj in the early 18th century AD. Total area of this covers over 2 square km. It was the main source of irrigation and drinking water supply during his reign.<br />
* [[Belasagar]] lake – It is situated alongside the Kulpahar-Nowgong road 10&nbsp;km from Kulpahar bus station. It is one of the largest lakes of the area. It was built by Raja Parikshit of Jaitpur in the loving memory of his wife Bela during last decade of 19th century. It covers an area of over 8 square km. This lake is bounded by Kulpahar-Nowgong road on one side and Jaitur-Srinagar road on other side. It is the major source for irrigation and drinking water for Kulpahar area. On the embankment of this lake ruins of forts of Raja Jagatraj and Raja Parikshit exists on a hillock.<br />
*[[Chandela]] period [[temple]]s near village [[Rawatpura, Kulpahar|Rawatpura]], [[Salat, Kulpahar|Salat]] and [[Akona, Kulpahar|Akona]] – These temples resembles the architecture of Khajuraho temples. These were built during 9th–10th century by Chandela rulers who built the Kamasutra temples of Khajuraho.<br />
*Four [[Chandela]] temples and small masonry tank – These temples and tank dates back 9th century AD.<br />
*Ruins of [[granite]] temple in charnwa – This temple was built even before the chandela period.<br />
*Small mound locally known as Bhainsa sur with a ruined [[temple]] on the summit and old statue inside it<br />
*Ruins of a [[palace]] on a hill – This massive palace is situated on NH-76. Archaeological Survey of India is carrying out renovation work in the area. This palace has been declared a monument of national importance. It dates back 16th century AD.<br />
*Old [[Water well|well]] with an inscription of Samvat 755<br />
*Large tank in Pathari Kadin<br />
*Large [[Chandela]] tank on the embankment on which stands a large ruined temple of the earliest [[Chandela]] type<br />
*Small temple of which the dome has fallen<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kulpahar is on National Highway No. 339A, 135&nbsp;km from [[Jhansi]] and 278&nbsp;km from [[Allahabad]] at an altitude of {{convert|795|ft|m}} at Latitude 25° 19' N, Longitude 79° 39' E.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
===Local self government===<br />
Kulpahar is governed by a municipality under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Act. It has 17 member council and the council is chaired by a chairperson who is directly elected by 15,145 electorates. The council is called [[Nagar panchayat]]<br />
<br />
===Police administration===<br />
[[File:Raja ka tal.jpg|thumb|175px|Raja ka tal]]<br />
<br />
Kulpahar city's security is maintained by Kulpahar Kotwali. An officer of the cadre of Deputy Superintendent of Police heads the police administration of Kulpahar. Kulpahar Kotwali is headed by Kotwal an officer of Inspector cadre. Kulpahar police circle consists of 4 police stations namely<br />
* Kulpahar kotwali<br />
* Ajnar kotwali<br />
* Panwari kotwali<br />
* Mahobkanth kotwali<br />
<br />
===Water supply===<br />
Drinking water supply of the city is managed by Chitrakoot Jalkal Sansthaan's Jaitpur subdivision under [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] division. Water is supplied from a big reservoir [[Belasagar]] through lift irrigation to [[Raja Ka Tal]] where the Chitrakoot Jalkal Sansthaan has a water filter plant with a capacity of 15,000,000 litre per day.<br />
<br />
==Fairs and festivals==<br />
All the major Indian festivals are celebrated here. The longest of them is festival of Navratra and Dussera. It is a 10-day-long festival and idols of goddess Durga are placed in many places and day-night long celebrations continues. The festival ends with the immersion of the idols in bara tal lake. Other major festivals are Holi, Diwali, Eid, Christmas and Raksha bandhan.<br />
In the month of August and September the Jalvihar fair is organized in the city. It is month-long celebration. during the opening day of fair idols of all the temples of town are taken out of the temple and a procession takes place.<br />
<br />
==Cuisine==<br />
Typical north Indian food is served and taken everywhere in the town. But a typical bundeli cuisine called "bhata aur gakariya" is very popular here. It is a curry of brinjal and a specially cooked bread.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
=== Degree colleges ===<br />
* Sri Kishor Goswami Mahavidyalaya, near Bagaul road<br />
* Jai Bundelkhand Mahavidyalaya, near civil hospital<br />
<br />
=== Vocational and polytechnic === <br />
* Government polytechnic college<br />
<br />
=== Intermediate education schools ===<br />
* Jantantra Intermediate College – is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board of Secondary Education. It admits students from class 6th until 12th.<br />
* Kulpahar Christian School – is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It admits students from kindergarten until 12th.<br />
* Government Girls Intermediate College – is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board of Secondary Education. It admits girls students from class 6th until 12th<br />
* G.V. Islamiya Inter College – is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board of Secondary Education. It admits students from class 1st until 12th.<br />
* Shri Ramratan Bhuvnesh Kumar Public School. It admits students from class kindergarten until 12th.<br />
* Dr. C.V. Raman Inter College. It admits students from class 1st until 12.<br />
<br />
=== High Sschools ===<br />
* Kulpahar Public School<br />
<br />
=== Junior schools ===<br />
* Dayanand Naveen Saraswati Shishu Mandir<br />
* Rafique Memorial Junior High School<br />
* Govt. Adarsh Junior High School<br />
* Govt. Girls Junior High School<br />
* Naveen Uchchatar Madhyamik Vidyalaya<br />
* Shri Chintamani Adarsh Vidyalaya<br />
* Bharat Bhushan Madhyamik Vidyalaya<br />
* Dr. C.V. Raman Higher Secondary School Nazarbagh<br />
* Saraswati Gyan Mandir<br />
* Aadarsh Shiksha Niketan Junior High School<br />
<br />
=== Primary schools ===<br />
* St. Joseph Academy<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 01<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 02<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 03<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 04<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 05<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 06<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 07<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 08<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 09<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 10<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 11<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 12<br />
* Government Primary School, Ward No 13<br />
* Wonder Play School<br />
* M K Public School<br />
<br />
==Hospitals==<br />
<br />
===Government hospitals===<br />
* Community Health Center (Civil Hospital) Kulpahar – It is a 90-bed community hospital situated on eastern part of the city on NH-76. This hospital serves to a population of over 400,000.<ref>[http://uphealth.up.nic.in/indicators/mahoba.htm Department of health UP govt.]</ref><br />
* Government Ayurvedic hospital<br />
* Government Homeopathic hospital <br />
* Janki Clinic near main market<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
* Summer – Max. 43&nbsp;°C, Min. 20&nbsp;°C<br />
* Winter – Max. 25&nbsp;°C, Min. 2&nbsp;°C<br />
* Rainfall: 660&nbsp;mm (June to September)<br />
* Best Season: August to March<br />
<br />
== Passenger transportation ==<br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
Kulpahar is served by the [[Khajuraho]] airport (90&nbsp;km) and is linked to [[Delhi]] and [[Varanasi]] by [[Indian Airlines]]. Other [[airports]] in the vicinity are [[Kanpur]] (180&nbsp;km) and [[Lucknow]] (250&nbsp;km).<br />
<br />
===Road===<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Udaipur highway.jpg|thumb|280px|National Highway 76]] --><br />
[[National Highway 76 (India)|National Highway 76]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |title=NHAI website |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906234553/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> runs through the center of the city. Kulpahar is located in between [[Jhansi]] and [[Allahabad]] on this highway. Another highway that links Kulpahar is National Highway 86 starts at [[Kanpur]] and ends at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. There are other highways that link Kulpahar to other parts of the state. Kulpahar also has one bus station and a railway station catering to different routes. Regular bus services are available to nearby towns like [[Mahoba]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Nowgaon]], [[Charkhari]], [[Rath, India|Rath]], [[Orai]], [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]], [[Karwi]], [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and Kulpahar is also well connected with bus services to [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Jhansi]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Ajmer]].<br />
<br />
Tourist taxis, [[auto-rickshaw]]s and tempos are available for local transport. But the cheapest and most efficient method of local transport is the Tonga. Rates are not fixed and one needs to bargain.<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
Kulpahar is a railway station<ref>[http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railways] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |date= 8 April 2014 }}</ref> of the North Central Railways Zone, and is well connected by trains with all major cities, namely, [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jhansi]], [[Varanasi]], [[Agra]], [[Gwalior]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Udaipur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Allahabad]].<br />
[[File:Kulpahar Station.jpg|thumb|150px| Kulpahar Railway Station]]<br />
Major Trains connecting Kulpahar with rest of the country are 11107/11108 Bundelkhand Exp, 12175/12176 Gwalior-Howrah Chambal Exp, 12177/12178 Mathura-Howrah Chambal Exp, 12189/12190 Mahakoshal Exp, 11069/11070 Tulsi Exp and 12447/12448 Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Exp, 19665/19666 Intercity Exp, 22447/22448 Khajuraho Link Exp.<br />
<br />
==Granite mining in Kulpahar==<br />
[[File:Old well in kulpahar.jpg|thumb|175px|Chandela period well]]<br />
Kulpahar region comprises areas which are essentially covered by grey, pink, red granitic [[Rock (geology)|rock]] and black [[dolerite]]. The rocks are generally medium to coarse to very coarse grained, having variegated colours with varying textural patterns. In geological nomenclature they can be classified on the basis of colour, grain size and texture. Over half of the areas identified so far appear suitable for extracting blocks of two cubic meters in size from the surface outcrops. The granite with red [[feldspar]] having presence of white and bluish [[quartz]] has become popular in national and international markets during the last 10 years.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}{{when|date=April 2020}} The remaining outcrops would be suited for blocks of smaller size. Ruby red [[granite]] is good in quality and is popular in national and international markets.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In granitic [[terrain]] the rocks may occur in the form of widespread sheets exposed above the ground level, in the form of hillocks, as high ground or below the ground under soil cover. They may also occur as boulders of different size and shapes spread over the sheet rock. They may be found as [[Dyke (geology)|dykes]], particularly of black and green types, as long narrow [[ridge]]s often concealed beneath the surface. A major part of granite deposits in these regions are underground and have to be extracted by open cast mining. Underground granite block is more compact and require sophisticated and specialised [[machinery]] which adds to the cost of [[mining]].<br />
<br />
==Excursions==<br />
<br />
===Historical===<br />
[[File:Kulpahar palace.jpg|thumb|175px|Ruins of a fortress on a hillock]]<br />
*[[Ajaigarh]]: 100&nbsp;km south-west of the city.<br />
*[[Charkhari]]: 15&nbsp;km north of the city.<br />
*[[Jhansi]]: 135&nbsp;km west of the city.<br />
*[[Kalinjar]]: 150&nbsp;km east-south of the city.<br />
*[[Kalpi]]: 140&nbsp;km north-west of the city.<br />
*[[Khajuraho]]: 80&nbsp;km south-east of the city.<br />
*[[Mahoba]]: 25&nbsp;km east of the city.<br />
*[[Rath, India]] 42&nbsp;km north-west of the city<br />
*[[Sugira]]: 4&nbsp;km west of the city<br />
<br />
===Natural===<br />
[[File:Kulpahar bath.jpg|thumb|175px|Royal bath]]<br />
*[[Panna, India|Panna]]: 120&nbsp;km south-east of the city.<br />
*[[Pandav Falls|Pandav falls]]: 80&nbsp;km south-east of the city.<br />
*[[Raneh Falls|Raneh falls]]: 85&nbsp;km south-west of the city.<br />
*[[Matatila Dam|Matatila dam]]: 135&nbsp;km west-south of the city.<br />
*[[Parichha Dam|Parichha dam]]: 135&nbsp;km west of the city.<br />
*[[Barua Sagar Tal|Baruasagar dam]]: 115&nbsp;km west of the city.<br />
<br />
===Religious===<br />
[[File:Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg|thumb|175px|Chandela period yajna mandap]]<br />
*[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]]: 150&nbsp;km east of the city.<br />
*[[Orchha]]: 125&nbsp;km west of the city.<br />
*[[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]: 145&nbsp;km west-south of the city.<br />
<br />
===Museum===<br />
* Madhya Pradesh State museum [[Dhubela]], [[Nowgaon]]<ref>[http://chhatarpur.nic.in/govtoffices.htm Dhubela museum]</ref><br />
* Bundelkhand Chhatrasal Museum, [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Bundelkhand-Chhatrasal-Museum-28356.htm Banda Museum]</ref><br />
* Rani Jhansi Museum, [[Jhansi]]<ref>[http://jhansi.nic.in/interest.htm Jhansi Museum]</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
{{pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Religion in Kulpahar (2011)<br />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
|value1 = 85.04<br />
|color1 = Orange<br />
|label2 = [[Islam]]<br />
|value2 = 13.72<br />
|color2 = Green<br />
|label3 = [[Christianity]]<br />
|value3 = 1.09<br />
|color3 = Blue<br />
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]<br />
|value4 = 0.01<br />
|color4 = Gold<br />
|label5 = [[Jainism]]<br />
|value5 = 0.01<br />
|color5 = Maroon<br />
|label6 = Not Stated<br />
|value6 = 0.11<br />
|color6 = Grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=172200 Official census data of Indian city Kulpahar as on 2011]</ref> Kulpahar had a population of 20,096. Males constitute 52.6% of the population and females 47.4%. Kulpahar has an average literacy rate of 75.8%, higher than the national average of 74.1% with male literacy rate of 84.8% and female literacy rate of 65.8%. In Kulpahar, 12.9% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=172200 2011 census report]</ref><br />
[[File:Summer resort in kulpahar.jpg|thumb|175px|Lake side summer resort of Rajput rulers]]<br />
<br />
* Total Population : 20,096<br />
** Male : 10,575 <br />
** Female : 9,521<br />
* Population 0-6 (Total) : 2,593<br />
** Male : 1,373 <br />
** Female : 1,220<br />
* Literates (Total) : 13,262<br />
** Male : 7,803<br />
** Female : 5,459<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://mahoba.nic.in Administrative setup of Kulpahar]<br />
* [https://www.theweathernetwork.com/in/weather/uttar-pradesh/kulpahar 7 days' weather forecast of Kulpahar]<br />
* [http://www.uparchaeology.org/anx22lucknow6.htm Archaeological Sites in Kulpahar excavated and maintained by UP Archaeological Department]<br />
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp Archaeological Sites in Kulpahar excavated and maintained by Archaeological Survey of India]<br />
* [http://www.kulpaharpublicschool.in Kulpahar Public School]<br />
{{Commons category|Kulpahar}}<br />
{{Mahoba district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mahoba district]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahoba district]]<br />
[[Category:Mahoba district]]<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Bundelkhand]]<br />
[[Category:1700 establishments in India]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Singh_Yadav&diff=455267Narendra Singh Yadav2026-03-22T20:31:56Z<p>Jaishink: small improved information per standard format and fixed typos per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
[[File:Narendra Singh Yadav file photo.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
'''Narendra Singh Yadav''' (born 7 July 1950) is an Indian politician, statesman, and philanthropist hailing from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is the son of the Indian politician and statesman, Mr. Rajendra Singh Yadav, one of the founding members of [[Praja Socialist Party]], who served as a minister and was elected as an MLA seven times from the Shamshabad and Mohammadabad assembly constituencies in the [[Farrukhabad]] District.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Narendra Singh Yadav has been elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) six times and has held the position of a cabinet minister in the government led by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], and was Minister of Home Guard, Technical and Higher Education during [[Akhilesh Yadav]] government, making significant policy and administrative contributions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
Narendra Singh Yadav's political career began in 1985 when he won the Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections as a candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]], defeating the opposition candidate by a significant margin of 61,950 votes. He garnered 71,267 votes, while his closest rival, Kunwar Amarjeet Singh, secured only 9,317 votes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
In 1989, Yadav faced a closely contested election, narrowly losing to a candidate from the [[Janata Dal|Janta Dal Party]], Suresh Chander Singh Yadav, by a margin of 404 votes. Following the formation of the [[Samajwadi Party]] and his close association with [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], Yadav joined the party. He went on to be elected as an MLA in 1991, 1996, 1997, 2002, and 2012, representing the Mohammadabad constituency initially and later becoming the first MLA from the Amritpur Assembly constituency.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
Notably, in 2014, Mr. Yadav was relieved of his ministerial position in the Uttar Pradesh Government due to his son, Sachin Singh Yadav, contesting as an independent candidate in the [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad Lok Sabha Constituency]], challenging the Samajwadi Party candidate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
As of the most recent developments, Narendra Singh Yadav is currently affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), signifying a significant political transition in his career. His influence extends beyond party lines, as he is widely recognized as the foremost grassroots leader in the Farrukhabad region and the neighboring Potato Belt. He held the pivotal role of distributing Samajwadi Party election tickets in the [[Farrukhabad district]] at one point, underlining his importance in regional politics.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
[[File:UP Vidhansabha.jpg|thumb|Narendra Singh Yadav being honored by Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav and speaker Ramesh Yadav on the completion of 30 years in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.]]<br />
<br />
Narendra Singh Yadav achieved recognition for his service to the people of Uttar Pradesh. He was awarded the title of the "Best MLA" by the Honorable Speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly and the Uttar Pradesh Government during the tenure from 2012 to 2017.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
Yadav is a graduate in [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]] from [[Lucknow University]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samajwadi Party को बड़ा झटका, मुलायम के करीबी पूर्व मंत्री नरेन्द्र सिंह यादव पुत्र-पुत्री समेत भाजपा में शामिल - Samajwadi Party former minister Narendra Singh Yadav joins BJP along with son and daughter |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-samajwadi-party-former-minister-narendra-singh-yadav-joins-bjp-along-with-son-and-daughter-23400426.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow News : सपा को बड़ा झटका, छह बार विधायक रहे पूर्व मंत्री नरेंद्र सिंह यादव ने ली भाजपा की सदस्यता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-news-big-blow-to-sp-former-minister-narendra-singh-yadav-six-times-mla-took-bjp-membership-2023-05-01 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुत्र मोह में नरेंद्र सिंह ने गंवाई लाल बत्ती - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/farrukhabad-11224605.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammdabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mohammdabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2007 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= सदस्य उत्तर प्रदेश विधान सभा|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_hi.aspx#/Data/12146/16}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Narendra Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_House_railway_station&diff=454245Light House railway station2026-03-15T08:33:55Z<p>Jaishink: added intro based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Light House<br />
| symbol = suburban<br />
| symbol_location = chennai<br />
| native_name = Kalankarai Vilakkam<br />
| system = [[Chennai MRTS]]<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Light House railway station in Chennai, Tamil Nadu 11.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Light House railway station building<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.045167|80.276821|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF9900<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| line = <br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Elevated<br />
| platform = [[Side platform]]<br/><br />
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}}<br />Platform-2 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=y|1997|10|19}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = <br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = MLHS<br />
| owned = Indian Railways<br />
| zone = Chennai<br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai MRTS|line=1|left1=Thiruvallikeni|to-left1=Chennai Beach|right1=Mundagakanniamman Koil|to-right1=St. Thomas Mount}}<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| map_locator = <br />
}}<br />
'''Light House''' is a railway station on the [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]. It is located behind the [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's college]], between Avvai Shanmugam Salai in [[Triplicane]] and Radha Krishnan Salai at [[Mylapore]]. It is the MRTS station for the famous [[Chennai Lighthouse]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Light House station was opened on 19 October 1997, as part of the first phase of the Chennai MRTS network.<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The station is elevated and built on the eastern banks of the [[Buckingham Canal]]. The Station building consists of 1010 sq.m of parking area in its basement, which is largely unused.<ref name="cmda session">{{cite web|last=R.Ramanathan|title=Presentation on MRTS & Rail facilities in and around Chennai|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/SMPS/SMPS_Session2.pdf|work=Traffic Transportation and Parking – Session 2|publisher=CMDA, Chennai|accessdate=19 August 2012|archive-date=2 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702062005/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/SMPS/SMPS_Session2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Station layout===<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Light House track layout<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|Line 1}}<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = vCONTgfa<br />
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Thiruvallikeni}}<br />
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''<br />
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Mundagakanniamman Koil}}<br />
vCONTgfe<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:21em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Mezzanine<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, Station ticket counters and Automatic ticket vending machines<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|Line 1}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Thiruvallikeni}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|Line 1}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span> <br />
|Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station|St. Thomas Mount]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Mundagakanniamman Koil}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Service and connections==<br />
Light House station is the seventh station on the MRTS line to St. Thomas Mount. In the return direction from St. Thomas Mount, it is currently the fourteenth station towards [[Chennai Beach station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Beach – Velachery – Chennai Beach Week days service|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1345106736152-MRTS%20WEEK.pdf|work=Southern Railways|accessdate=18 Aug 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183556/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1345106736152-MRTS%20WEEK.pdf|archivedate=6 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Chennai MRTS]]<br />
* [[Chennai suburban railway]]<br />
* [[Chennai Metro]]<br />
* [[Transport in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai MRTS}}<br />
{{Chennai topics|left}}<br />
{{Urban transit in Chennai}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khushalii_Kumar&diff=509866Khushalii Kumar2026-03-14T20:54:42Z<p>Jaishink: added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Khushalii Kumar<br />
| image = KhushaliKumar.jpg<br />
| caption = Kumar in 2023<br />
| birth_name = Khushali Kumar Dua<br />
| birth_date = 19 December 1988<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| parents = [[Gulshan Kumar]] (father)<br>Sudesh Kumari (mother)<br />
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]]<br />
| years_active = 2021–present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Khushalii Kumar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film actress and fashion designer. Born to the [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]], she is the daughter of [[Gulshan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gulshan Kumar's Daughter Khushali is All Set to Make Her Debut Opposite R. Madhavan |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/gulshan-kumars-daughter-khushali-kumar-is-all-set-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-opposite-r-madhavan-3754333/ |accessdate=7 April 2020 |work=India.com |date=24 August 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407103846/https://www.india.com/entertainment/gulshan-kumars-daughter-khushali-kumar-is-all-set-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-opposite-r-madhavan-3754333/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TOI-10Apr17">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/khushali-kumar-showcases-her-acting-prowess-in-a-new-single/articleshow/58093347.cms?from=mdr|title=Khushali Kumar showcases her acting prowess in a new single|date=10 April 2017|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Her siblings are [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Tulsi Kumar]], and her uncle is [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]].<ref name="TOI-19Apr18">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/raat-kamal-hai-guru-randhawas-upcoming-song-will-witness-the-magic-of-kumar-sisters/articleshow/63833684.cms|title='Raat Kamal Hai': Guru Randhawa's upcoming song will witness the magic of Kumar sisters|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27|date=19 Apr 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424073037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/raat-kamal-hai-guru-randhawas-upcoming-song-will-witness-the-magic-of-kumar-sisters/articleshow/63833684.cms|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also appeared in [[Music video|music videos]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raat-kamaal-hai-guru-randhawa-s-latest-single-feat-khushali-kumar-promises-to-be-a-party-starter-2609445|title=Raat Kamaal Hai: Guru Randhawa's latest single feat Khushali Kumar promises to be a party starter|date=2018-04-28|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230052612/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raat-kamaal-hai-guru-randhawa-s-latest-single-feat-khushali-kumar-promises-to-be-a-party-starter-2609445|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Khushali Kumar was born in a [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu Punjabi]] family to [[Gulshan Kumar]], the founder of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], and mother Sudesh Kumari Dua in [[Mumbai]] on 19 December 1988. She added an extra "i" in her name due to numerological reasons.{{cn|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
After graduating in Fashion Designing from [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT, Delhi]], she went on to create designs worn by [[Shakira]], [[LeAnn Rimes|Leann Rimes]], [[Jenna Dewan]], [[Melanie C]], [[Carmen Electra]] amongst others.<ref name="TOI-30Apr14">{{Cite web |title=Khushali Kumar on dressing up Shakira |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/Khushali-Kumar-on-dressing-up-Shakira/articleshow/31834463.cms |access-date=2019-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dahi Cheeni actress Khushali Kumar shares video of self designed jacket and it is beautiful; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dahi-cheeni-actress-khushali-kumar-shares-video-self-designed-jacket-and-it-beautiful-watch-498836 |accessdate=11 January 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111173320/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dahi-cheeni-actress-khushali-kumar-shares-video-self-designed-jacket-and-it-beautiful-watch-498836 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also designed for [[Justin Bieber|Justin Beiber]]’s music video "[[Wait for a Minute]]".<ref name="MidDay-19May14">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-18 |title=Shakira gave me greater recognition: Khushali Kumar |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shakira-gave-me-greater-recognition-khushali-kumar/15305176 |access-date=2019-12-27 |website=mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IE-26Dec15">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-26 |title=Gulshan Kumar’s daughter Khushali to debut in music video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/gulshan-kumars-daughter-khushali-to-debut-in-music-video/ |access-date=2019-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Khushali made her [[music video]] debut with "Mere Papa, Ik Yaad Purani", a song sung by sister [[Tulsi Kumar]] as a tribute to her late father [[Gulshan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Khushali-Kumar-got-emotional-during-the-shoot-of-Mainu-ishq-da-lagya-rog/articleshow/49383682.cms?from=mdr|title=Khushali Kumar got emotional during the shoot of 'Mainu ishq|access-date=16 October 2015|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> In 2015, she appeared in the music video "Mainu Ishq Da" and has since appeared in popular songs like "Highway Star", "Raat Kamaal Hai" (the latter by [[Guru Randhawa]]).<ref name="TOI-10Apr172">{{cite news |date=10 April 2017 |title=Khushali Kumar showcases her acting prowess in a new single |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/khushali-kumar-showcases-her-acting-prowess-in-a-new-single/articleshow/58093347.cms?from=mdr |publisher=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name="TOI-19Apr182">{{Cite web |date=19 Apr 2018 |title=‘Raat Kamal Hai’: Guru Randhawa’s upcoming song will witness the magic of Kumar sisters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/raat-kamal-hai-guru-randhawas-upcoming-song-will-witness-the-magic-of-kumar-sisters/articleshow/63833684.cms |access-date=2019-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, she acted in a few [[Short film|short films]], among which was [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]'s ''Jeena Mushkil Hai Yaar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khushali Kumar Wins Critics' Hearts at the 5th Druk International Film Festival (DIFF) |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/news/503768/khushali-kumar-wins-critics-hearts-5th-druk-international-film-festival-diff |website=Pinkvilla |accessdate=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130152529/http://www.pinkvilla.com/news/503768/khushali-kumar-wins-critics-hearts-5th-druk-international-film-festival-diff |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kumar was set to be launched by her brother [[Bhushan Kumar]], the head of T-Series in the comedy film ''Dahi Cheeni'' in July 2019. [[R. Madhavan]] was roped in to play the male lead. The film was to be helmed by debutant Ashween Neal Mani and was to focus on a true event that speaks about the problems faced by different societies in the world. However, the final script of the film did not turn out the way the makers had envisioned. Hence, T-Series has put the film on hold and decided to launch Khushali in a different film with the same cast but different direction team.<ref name="COVER STORY:T-Series puts R Madhavan and Khushalii Kumar starrer Dahi Cheeni on hold; plans different film with same cast">{{Cite news |title=COVER STORY: T-Series puts R Madhavan and Khushalii Kumar starrer Dahi Cheeni on hold; plans different film with same cast |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/t-series-puts-r-madhavan-khushali-kumar-starrer-dahi-cheeni-hold-plans-different-film-cast/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> As a result, Kumar started her acting career along with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] in 2022 film ''[[Dhokha: Round D Corner]]'',<ref name="COVER STORY: Khushalii Kumar on embracing her big bollywood dreams">{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/cover-story-khushalii-kumar-on-embracing-her-big-bollywood-dreams-55475.html|title=COVER STORY: Khushalii Kumar on embracing her big bollywood dreams|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|language=en|accessdate=2024-06-08|date=2022-09-21}}</ref> for which she won the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]] award at the [[23rd IIFA Awards|23rd ceremony]] of India's [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/05/27/winners-at-iifa-awards-2023-in-abu-dhabi/|title=All the winners at the IIFA Awards 2023 in Abu Dhabi|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=27 May 2023|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Then, she appeared in the lead role in the 2023 film ''[[Starfish (2023 film)|Starfish]]''.<ref name="Khushalii Kumar wraps up shooting for 'Starfish'">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/khushalii-kumar-wraps-up-shooting-for-starfish/articleshow/104459632.cms|title=Khushalii Kumar wraps up shooting for 'Starfish'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2022-09-21|accessdate=2023-10-16}}</ref> For Kumar, the shooting of the film was very challenging. She said, "It was so freezing cold that everyone was wearing jackets while I was in a dress, ready to jump in the water".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/khushalii-kumar-on-her-role-in-starfish-i-got-into-tara-s-character-so-much-that-i-became-her-and-it-was-scary-101700459407390.html|title=Khushalii Kumar on her role in Starfish: I got into Tara’s character so much that I became her and it was scary|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 November 2023|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, Kumar appeared in the lead role in ''[[Dedh Bigha Zameen]]'' which was released on [[JioCinema]].<ref name="Dedh Bigha Zameen: Pratik Gandhi's Show All The Way">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dedh-bigha-zameen-review/20240531.htm|title=Dedh Bigha Zameen: Pratik Gandhi's Show All The Way|newspaper=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2024-05-31|accessdate=2024-06-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumar's upcoming projects are ''Hide'', ''Crossfire'' and ''Dil Katiya''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khushalii-kumar-on-becoming-a-certified-scuba-diver-for-starfish-streaming-on-netflix/cid/1999608|title=Khushalii Kumar on becoming a certified scuba diver for Starfish, streaming on Netflix|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=2024-02-10|accessdate=2024-06-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFCC;|{{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}<br />
|Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col"|Year<br />
! scope="col"|Title <br />
! scope="col"|Role<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Dhokha: Round D Corner]]''<br />
| Saanchi Sinha<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="COVER STORY: Khushalii Kumar on embracing her big bollywood dreams"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Starfish (2023 film)|Starfish]]''<br />
| Tara Salgaonkar<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="Khushalii Kumar wraps up shooting for 'Starfish'"/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2024<br />
|''[[Dedh Bigha Zameen]]''<br />
| Pooja Singh<br />
|rowspan=2|[[JioCinema]] film<br />
|<ref name="Dedh Bigha Zameen: Pratik Gandhi's Show All The Way"/><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ghudchadi]]''<br />
| Devika<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-sanjay-dutt-became-a-part-of-binoy-gandhis-ghudchadi/articleshow/89863396.cms|title=How Sanjay Dutt became a part of Binoy Gandhi's Ghudchadi|newspaper=The Times of India|last1=Dubey |first1=Rachana }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|style="background:#FFFFCC;|''Dulhaniyan Le Aayegi'' {{dagger}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm9286638}}<br />
<br />
{{T-Series}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:T-Series (company)]]<br />
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vellappally_Natesan&diff=544032Vellappally Natesan2026-03-12T07:53:49Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian community leader and politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vellappally Natesan<br />
| image = Vellappally Natesan 2013 1.JPG<br />
| caption = Vellappally Natesan in 2019<br />
| office = Former General Secretary of [[SNDP Yogam]]<br />
| term_start = 1996<br />
| predecessor = [[R. Sankar]]<br />
| office1 = President of [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2015<br />
| predecessor1 = Office established<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|6|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha district]], [[Travancore]], British India<br />
| spouse = Preethi Natesan<br />
| children = [[Tushar Vellappally]]<br />
| party = [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]<br />
| profession = Businessman, Social leader<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vellappally Natesan''' is the Former General Secretary of [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam|SNDP Yogam]] and SN Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICE BEARERS OF S N TRUST – Sree Narayana |url=https://sreenarayana.com/office-bearers-of-s-n-trust/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-11-25 |title=Vellappally Natesan re-elected as SN Trust secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vellappally-natesan-re-elected-as-sn-trust-secretary/article67573854.ece |access-date=2024-05-03 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Vellappally Natesan launches scathing attack against Congress |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/vellappally-slams-congress-1.9260961 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Ezhava Leader Vellappally Natesan Launches Political Party |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-ezhava-leader-vellappally-natesan-launches-political-party-1251408 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He is a leader of [[Ezhava]] community in Kerala. He has been elected as the chief executive of the SNDP meeting for three consecutive times.<ref>https://madhyamamonline.com/kerala/communal-remarks-against-muslims-petitions-filed-against-vellappally-1430256</ref><br />
<br />
He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2026 for his contributions to social service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title=Madhyamam |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/amp/kerala/accused-in-127-criminal-cases-memorandum-to-president-opposing-vellappallys-padma-award-1490004}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was born on 10 September 1937, at Kanichukulangara in [[Alappuzha district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-03 |title=Vellappally Natesan’s journey: Bar owner to rising force of Kerala politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vellappally-natesans-journey-bar-owner-to-rising-force-of-kerala-politics/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His parents are Vellapally Keshavan Muthalali and Devaki Amma. Natesan is the seventh of their twelve children. Preethi is his wife. His son Thushar Vellappaly is the president of [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]], a political party in Kerala.{{fact|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
<br />
* In early April 2025, SNDP Yogam general secretary '''Vellappally Natesan''' triggered a major controversy after stating during a public speech that Malappuram was “another region” or like a “different country,” a remark that quickly drew widespread criticism. The statement was perceived as offensive and discriminatory toward the Muslim-majority district and led to strong reactions from political parties, including the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML), which accused him of promoting communal division and misrepresenting the social reality of Malappuram. Protests, public condemnations, and formal complaints followed, while the remarks sparked intense debate across Kerala on communal harmony, responsible speech by public leaders, and the impact of such statements on the state’s secular fabric. [https://madhyamamonline.com/kerala/kerala-sndp-leader-stirs-controversy-calls-malappuram-separate-nation-1396603]<br />
* A major suicide-related controversy involving '''Vellappally Natesan''' arose following the death of K K Mahesan, a senior SNDP Yogam leader, who was found dead at the Kanichukulangara union office in Alappuzha in June 2020. Mahesan’s family alleged that he was subjected to severe mental harassment and pressure over alleged financial issues within the organisation, and later approached the court seeking justice. In a significant development, an Alappuzha magistrate court directed police to register a case naming Vellappally Natesan as the first accused, along with others, under charges including abetment of suicide. While Vellappally denied all allegations and termed them baseless, the case sparked intense political and public debate in Kerala over leadership accountability, organisational pressure, and mental health.[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/abetment-charges-on-kk-mahesan-s-death-police-names-vellappally-natesan-as-first-accused-18e1ccf3]<br />
* In early January 2026, SNDP Yogam general secretary '''Vellappally Natesan''' once again came into the political spotlight following his strong remarks on Kerala’s evolving political landscape. He openly criticised certain political parties, including the Indian Union Muslim League, alleging misuse of political influence and marginalisation of backward communities, while also expressing confidence that the Left Democratic Front would retain power in the upcoming Assembly elections. His statements triggered sharp reactions from opposition leaders and even drew criticism from sections within the ruling front, reigniting debate over his growing political interventions and the role of community leaders in active state politics.[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/01/02/vellappally-natesan-criticism-muslim-league-sndp-udf.html]<br />
*'''In early January 2026''', veteran social leader and SNDP Yogam general secretary Vellappally Natesan sparked a fresh controversy when he described a television journalist as an “extremist” during a press conference in Alappuzha, after the reporter questioned him about his earlier comments on Malappuram district and related political issues. According to reports, Natesan reacted angrily to the questioning, pushed aside the journalist’s microphone and later, at a public event, labelled the reporter an extremist and claimed the journalist had been sent with an agenda to portray him as “anti-religious,” alleging links with a Muslim student organisation. The Kerala Union of Working Journalists (KUWJ) condemned his remarks as “unacceptable” in a democratic society, stressing that journalists raise questions on behalf of the public and that leaders must show restraint; the union warned that such behaviour could harm press freedom and social atmosphere in the state.[https://www.newsdrum.in/national/kerala-journalists-union-criticises-natesan-over-remarks-on-reporter-10966016]<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2026 for his contributions to social service.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/padma-awards-2026-vs-vellappally-natesan-among-recipients</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/thushar-vellappally-announces-his-candidature-from-kottayam/article67958562.ece Thushar Candidate from Kottayam]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/bdjs-president-thushar-vellapally-says-subash-vasu-cheated-party/articleshow/73275343.cmsm BDJS in party troubles]<br />
<br />
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
{{India-politician-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaithi_(2019_film)&diff=465703Kaithi (2019 film)2026-03-11T09:10:49Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2019 film directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kaithi 2019 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
| screenplay = Pon Parthiban<br/>Lokesh Kanagaraj<br />
| story = Lokesh Kanagaraj<br />
| producer = S. R. Prakashbabu<br />[[S. R. Prabhu]]<br />Thiruppur Vivek<br />
| starring = [[Karthi]]<br />[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]<br />[[Arjun Das]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sathyan Sooryan]]<br />
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]<br />
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]<br />
| studio = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]<br />[[Vivekananda Pictures]]<br />
| distributor = Dream Warrior Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|25}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaithi (2019) |url=http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/DF81511E00491AFA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012085153/http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/DF81511E00491AFA |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR}}25 crore<ref name="Budget">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Kaithi, Which Started Lokesh Cinematic Universe, Earned Four Times Its Budget |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kaithi-which-started-lokesh-cinematic-universe-earned-four-times-its-budget-8695487.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120114734/https://www.news18.com/movies/kaithi-which-started-lokesh-cinematic-universe-earned-four-times-its-budget-8695487.html |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Do not remove-->{{Estimation}}<!--per WT:ICTF consensus--> {{INR}}105 crore<ref name="1000cr" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kaithi''''' ({{translation|Prisoner}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaithi |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaithi-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjeymq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606100355/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaithi-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmta1mjeymq |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]. Produced by [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] and [[Vivekananda Pictures]], it is the first instalment in the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]]. The film stars [[Karthi]] in the titular role, alongside [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Arjun Das]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[George Maryan|Mariyam George]] and [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]. In the film, taking place mainly within one night, a recently released prisoner drives poisoned policemen to a hospital while evading criminals, in exchange for meeting his daughter.<br />
<br />
Lokesh initially worked on two scripts after the success of ''[[Maanagaram]]'', which he scrapped working on due to issues regarding the extensive research and casting process, until he came across a news article about an ex-prisoner's life. He initially wanted [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] to play the lead role, but during the writing process, Karthi was asked to play the lead with the scale of the budget being increased further. [[Principal photography]] began in December 2018 and was completed by August 2019. The film was largely shot at night. It is a songless film with a score composed by [[Sam C. S.]] The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Sathyan Sooryan]] and [[Philomin Raj]] respectively.<br />
<br />
''Kaithi'' was released on October 25, 2019, ahead of the [[Diwali]] festival. The film received positive reviews from critics and became a box-office success, grossing {{INR}}105 crore worldwide, making it one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2019|highest-grossing Tamil films of 2019]]. It was further selected for official screening at the International Indian Film Festival Toronto (IIFFT) in August 2020 and won two [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], three [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], and four [[Zee Cine Awards]] respectively. ''Kaithi'' is the first installment of the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]], which is followed up in [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']], with Narain reprising his role as Bejoy while George Maryan reprises his role as Napoleon in [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]. A sequel titled ''Kaithi 2'' is in development.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The police, led by Inspector Bejoy, intercept a van transporting 900 kilograms of [[cocaine]] valued at over ₹800 crores. They keep the narcotics and those involved at the commissioner's office. The bust threatens the operations of Adaikalam, a notorious [[drug lord|drug baron]] based in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], whose identity remains unknown to the authorities. In retribution, his brother Anbu plots to retrieve the seized drugs and eliminate the officers responsible.<br />
<br />
During a retirement party for the Inspector General, the city's senior police officers are drugged by mixing [[Rohypnol]] with alcohol rendering them unconscious. Bejoy, who abstains due to medication, remains unaffected. To prevent public panic, he attempts to move the officers covertly to a hospital. He enlists the help of Dilli, a recently released prisoner detained for suspicious behaviour, by leveraging his desire to reunite with his daughter, Amudha, who is waiting at an orphanage. Kamatchi, a caterer at the party, aids them, and they use his truck to transport the incapacitated officers. Meanwhile, Anbu places a bounty on the police, prompting gang members to pursue the group.<br />
<br />
At the commissioner's office, Bejoy instructs Constable Napoleon and a group of college students detained for drunk driving to secure the premises and prevent Anbu's men from accessing the building or freeing the detainees. Dilli defends the group against multiple gang attacks.<br />
<br />
Bejoy later learns that Adaikalam himself is among the captured smugglers. Although Bejoy momentarily negotiates a deal between Napoleon and Anbu for a prisoner exchange, he cancels it upon this discovery. Anbu infiltrates the commissioner's office, but the students subdue him.<br />
<br />
As Dilli, Kamatchi, and Bejoy near the office with the unconscious officers, Anbu's heavily armed gang, led by his lieutenant, Tips, ambushes them. Paalpandi, a corrupt officer pretending to have recovered, stabs Dilli, and Bejoy is overpowered. Ajaz Ahmed, Bejoy's informant, is killed by Tips. Dilli recovers and defeats the attackers, rescuing Bejoy and Kamatchi, and killing Paalpandi.<br />
<br />
Back at the commissioner's office, Anbu orders the execution of one of the students, prompting Napoleon to subdue him with a fire extinguisher. Adaikalam, witnessing this, vows revenge. Dilli enters the building through a hidden passage and helps the students elude. Subsequently, he and Napoleon set out to destroy the narcotics. They find a confiscated [[M134 minigun]] and use it to eliminate Anbu's forces. A doctor revives the unconscious officers, and Stephen Raj, the [[Narcotics Control Bureau|Zonal Head of the Narcotics Division]], is arrested for his involvement.<br />
<br />
Bejoy thanks Dilli and promises him a better life. Dilli is reunited with Amudha, brought by his probation officer, Nalini. In the final scene, as Dilli, Amudha, and Kamatchi walk away toward a new life, Adaikalam, from his prison cell, implies that he knows Dilli personally.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Karthi]] as Dilli<br />
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Bejoy<br />
* [[Arjun Das]] as Anbu Das<br />
* [[George Maryan]] as [[Police Constable|Constable]] Napoleon<br />
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Adaikalam<br />
* [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] as Kaamaatchi<br />
* Baby Monica as Amudha, Dilli's daughter<br />
* [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Tips<br />
* [[Amzath Khan|Amjath]] as Ram<br />
* [[Kanna Ravi]] as Ajaz Ahmed / Sampath<br />
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Stephen Raj<br />
* [[Arun Alexander]] as Paalpaandi<br />
* [[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan Chakravarthi]] as Ajay<br />
* [[Udayaraj]] as a college student<br />
* Kishore Rajkumar as Ashok, a college student<br />
* [[Lallu]] as Chittu, a college student<br />
* Deepthi as Thamizh, a college student<br />
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthi]] as K. Venkat<br />
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as Nalini, Probation officer (uncredited)<br />
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Dr Amudhan (uncredited)<br />
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as an [[Inspector general of police|IG]] (uncredited)<br />
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] as a victim's relative (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=16 February 2021 |title=Cook with Comali Pugazh has acted in Kaithi movie, here are the details |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/cook-with-comali-pugazh-has-acted-in-kaithi-movie-here-are-the-details/32696/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222201718/https://thenewscrunch.com/cook-with-comali-pugazh-has-acted-in-kaithi-movie-here-are-the-details/32696/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=TheNewsCrunch}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
After the success of ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017), director [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] had rejected several offers from various production houses as he did not want to "succumb to the pressure of staying relevant in the industry by signing back-to-back projects".<ref name=":1" /> Nonetheless, since he was already assigned to direct a project for the producers of ''Maanagaram'', S. R. Prakash Babu and [[S. R. Prabhu]] under the company [[Dream Warrior Pictures]], he began research to develop a script, but the project failed to materialise as he needed more time for research works. Lokesh began developing another script, but this was also dropped.<ref name=":1" /> He came upon a news article about an ex-prisoner that instantly caught its attention and decided to work on the script.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTpwnZOT2c |title=Karthi's Kaithi Vs Vijay's Bigil: Lokesh Kanagaraj Opens {{!}} Kaithi trailer |date=11 September 2019 |last=Cinema Vikatan |author-link=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTpwnZOT2c |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
He examined his previous film, as the story is set in a span of 48 hours, and developed the script, which takes place on a single night, with the characters, story and setting revolving in the short time-span, but in a different genre&nbsp;– action.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj: We can achieve anything with a performer like Karthi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/oct/21/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-kaithi-we-can-achieve-anything-with-a-performer-like-karthi-15043.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160627/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/oct/21/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-kaithi-we-can-achieve-anything-with-a-performer-like-karthi-15043.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Eventually, he worked on the final draft that consisted of 45 pages and sent it to Prabhu's office, which Lokesh felt that "given the size of the script, he was perplexed when I handed it over to him".<ref name=":1" /> The film did not have a female lead or songs in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=13 December 2018 |title=No heroine for Karthi in film with Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-heroine-for-karthi-in-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/67059610.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003070524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-heroine-for-karthi-in-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/67059610.cms |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which is considered to be something new for [[Tamil cinema]] as Lokesh himself insisted that it "wasn't such a barrier to not have a heroine or a song in a commercial film".<ref name=":10" /> [[Vivekananda Pictures]], an established film production company in 1980s, also co-produced and distributed this project with Tiruppur Vivek as the producer, thereby marking its return to film production after two decades.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote="In the beginning, when I was writing for [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], the script had that wacky element you'd associate with him. But when [[Karthi]] sir came onboard, I wanted to change the character arc to include some of the things we were familiar with, even though he was fine with the original characterisation. So I took another 20 days, rewrote his character without removing anything that excited him during the narration. He liked the new arc and how he behaves. We didn't change any major scenes or plot lines for it, though."<br />
| source =&nbsp;– [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], in an interview with critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]]<ref name=":10" /><br />
| align = left<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
Lokesh stated that the script was initially written with [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] in mind, but as the process of writing went forth, the stature of the lead character went bigger, and demanded a popular actor to play the lead role, thereby increasing the scale of the film.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=Karthi wasn't the first choice for Kaithi: Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/karthi-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-kaithi-lokesh-kanagaraj-14251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/karthi-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-kaithi-lokesh-kanagaraj-14251.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Prabhu later narrated the one-liner of the story to [[Karthi]], during the shooting of his film ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'', which he had interested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=Karthi in Maanagaram director's next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-in-maanagaram-directors-next/articleshow/59332793.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111131452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-in-maanagaram-directors-next/articleshow/59332793.cms |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After Lokesh's narration of the script, he immediately agreed to work on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=Did you knew Karthi was not the first choice for 'Kaithi'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-known-karthi-was-not-the-first-choice-for-kaithi/articleshow/71259905.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017125043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-known-karthi-was-not-the-first-choice-for-kaithi/articleshow/71259905.cms |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2019 |title=Kaithi will showcase Karthi's potential as a versatile actor: Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-will-showcase-karthis-potential-as-a-versatile-actor-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/68356094.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312212829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-will-showcase-karthis-potential-as-a-versatile-actor-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/68356094.cms |archive-date=12 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview with Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'', he stated that since the film "doesn't have songs or a heroine, people assumed it would be under two hours. See, that's how they are conditioned. The entire movie takes place in a single night but it needed to be told in that stipulated duration".<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Lokesh wanted to expand the film after Karthi's inclusion, and as a result, writer Pon Parthiban was hired to pen down the additional screenplay and dialogues for the film, as per Karthi's insistence, as he appreciated his work in ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018).<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Sense of a scene: Kaithi climax breakdown&nbsp;– All guns blazing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/15/sense-of-a-scene-kaithi-climax-breakdown---all-guns-blazing-2089592.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015182629/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/15/sense-of-a-scene-kaithi-climax-breakdown---all-guns-blazing-2089592.html |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was launched on 12 December 2018, with the announcement of the technical crew&nbsp;– [[Sam C. S.]] as the composer, [[Sathyan Sooryan]] as the cinematographer, [[Philomin Raj]] as the editor, who previously worked in Lokesh's ''Maanagaram'', and the action choreographer duo [[Anbariv]]&nbsp;– being included in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=Karthi plays a prisoner in 'Kaithi' |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/karthi-plays-a-prisoner-in-kaithi-news-tamil-tdjlQUafhbfda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026175545/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/karthi-plays-a-prisoner-in-kaithi-news-tamil-tdjlQUafhbfda.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In March 2019, the first look of the film was released, with the film's title also being revealed as ''Kaithi'' ({{Translation|Prisoner}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Kaithi first look: Karthi promises an intense action thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-first-look-karthi-5617381/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-first-look-karthi-5617381/ |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Karthi's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj titled Kaithi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/08/karthis-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-titled-kaidhi-10437.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026174042/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/08/karthis-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-titled-kaidhi-10437.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=Kaithi: Karthi's film seems to an intense thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthis-film-seems-to-an-intense-thriller/articleshow/68332215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310183029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthis-film-seems-to-an-intense-thriller/articleshow/68332215.cms |archive-date=10 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Characters ===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote="Lokesh sir called me for the audition and asked me to perform a scene from the film, which didn't make the final cut. Once I finished, he said I'd be playing Anbu and that I would have to lead a gang of 100 members. I got [intimidated] on hearing this. I had zero confidence when I stepped into the project, but the team was encouraging and the faith Lokesh had on me made me give my best."<br />
| source =&nbsp;– [[Arjun Das]], in an interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]''.<ref name=":18" /><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Karthi plays the role of Dilli, an ex-convict, whose character was "physically and emotionally demanding". He stated that "It might be something I've not done before, something I can convert into a challenge for myself, or a film I'd like to watch as an audience [...] And, during that climax scene, we were all in that zone where we were pitch-perfect, where we were giving our very best. We actually felt like a family. As an actor, that's such a wonderful space to be in. It's almost addictive."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=24 October 2019 |title=Karthi on working with Lokesh Kanagaraj in Kaithi: I accept a film because something about it strikes a chord with me |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthi-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-kaithi-i-accept-a-film-because-something-about-it-strikes-a-chord-with-me-7548671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthi-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-kaithi-i-accept-a-film-because-something-about-it-strikes-a-chord-with-me-7548671.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lokesh stated that the film did not have backstories for the characters, but there is a connection established between them and the audience. He further stated this an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', saying "I pay attention to even the trivial characters who contribute to a film. Starting from [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] to [[Hareesh Peradi]] and [[Harish Uthaman]]—everyone's character was important. They were roped in because of their unique voice and dialogue delivery."<ref name=":11" /><br />
<br />
Narain played the role of Inspector Bejoy, and was cast after Karthi's persistence to have him in that particular role. He stated that his role in the film is "interesting" and similar to the role he played in ''[[Anjathe]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=21 October 2019 |title=Actor Narain on Kaithi, his hopes from the film, and the various stumbling blocks in his career |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/interview-kaithi-narain-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-mysskin/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081837/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/interview-kaithi-narain-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-mysskin/ |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=21 October 2019 |title='Kaithi' should pick me up from where 'Anjathe' left me: Narain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-should-pick-me-up-from-where-anjathe-left-me-narain/article29758185.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-should-pick-me-up-from-where-anjathe-left-me-narain/article29758185.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[George Maryan]]'s character, the constable Napoleon, was considered by Lokesh to be "one of the most honest roles" he had written to that point.<ref name=":11" /> [[Arjun Das]] was chosen to play the main antagonist Anbu since Lokesh felt he had the powerful voice needed for the character.<ref name=":18" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
Principal photography began on 13 December 2018, the day after the film was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Karthi teams up with Maanagaram director Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-teams-up-with-maanagaram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-1408029-2018-12-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105065508/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-teams-up-with-maanagaram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-1408029-2018-12-12 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The first schedule of the film began in Chennai during mid-December and was completed in less than 15 days.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> The team began the second schedule in [[Tenkasi]] on 4 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2019 |title=Shooting for Karthi-Lokesh Kanagaraj film begins in Tenkasi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shooting-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-begins-tenkasi-94587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142211/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shooting-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-begins-tenkasi-94587 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> Major portions of the film were also shot in the surroundings of [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramaniyan |first=Vijayalaxmi |date=6 March 2019 |title=Actor Karthi to team up with Jyothika for next movie? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/actor-karthi-to-team-up-with-jyothika-for-next-movie-details-inside/377737 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306183245/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/actor-karthi-to-team-up-with-jyothika-for-next-movie-details-inside/377737 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The storyline takes place primarily in one night, except for the final scene.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Narain faced difficulties while filming some stunt scenes. He claimed that due to one hand being in a [[Sling (medicine)|sling]], running down a steep slope during a scene was "dangerous, and took every ounce of concentration, as I couldn't balance myself properly while running downhill. As it was my first time doing stunts with a sling, it took a lot of skill and judgement to tackle the kicks, fisticuffs and falls in the chase and fight sequences".<ref name=":15" /> During another scene, Narain was told to "run out of a [[veranda]]h, past a swimming pool, and keep running, halting only at a designated spot at a distance". He recalled, "But as I ran past the pool, I tripped on a slippery patch of water on the concrete. With one hand in a sling, I couldn't balance myself to stop the fall and fell down flat, my shoulder and chest taking the brunt of the fall [...] I felt I'd had a narrow escape, since it was hard concrete around the pool", but was left with shoulder pain for four months.<ref name=":15" /><br />
<br />
Karthi practised to drive a lorry in one of the sequences. Since he had not driven a lorry before, he felt it was "quite challenging".<ref name=":14" /> Lokesh explained about few sequences, particularly the climax scenes, as he stated that "Cinema is all about making the audience believe it is real. So, I didn't mind those couple of larger-than-life fights, towards the climax portions. Every fight had a backstory to it, and wasn't away from the premise. I only wanted my characters to behave and sound authentic."<ref name=":11" /> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 9 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title=It's a wrap for Karthi's Kaithi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/09/its-a-wrap-for-karthis-kaithi-11489.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/09/its-a-wrap-for-karthis-kaithi-11489.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> While many sources claimed that the film was shot within 62 days, Lokesh and Karthi themselves stated that they took about 36–45 days for shooting the film.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /><br />
<br />
== Themes and influences ==<br />
Commentators have noted the film's similarities to [[Assault on Precinct 13 (1976 film)|''Assault on Precinct 13'']] (1976) and ''[[Con Air]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2021 |title=Has this Hollywood movie inspired Kaithi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-this-hollywood-movie-inspired-kaithi/articleshow/71805236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404021205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-this-hollywood-movie-inspired-kaithi/articleshow/71805236.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="tnm" /> However, Lokesh in Srivatsan's interview to ''The Hindu'', stated that ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988) and ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004), served as additional references for ''Kaithi''.<ref name=":1" /> The character Dilli and his looks were also modelled from the titular character played by [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''Virumaandi''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=25 October 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj on why he admires Kamal Haasan&nbsp;– the writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-why-he-admires-kamal-haasan-the-writer/article29798233.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-why-he-admires-kamal-haasan-the-writer/article29798233.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pon Parthiban also admitted in an interview, further stating that audience need to compare the scenes where both characters talk about their wives, and you can sense the spiritual connection they share, whereas Parthiban replied that "The dialogue in ''Virumaandi'' is even more beautiful".<ref name=":13" /><br />
<br />
The setting of where the entire story takes place in a night, was also referenced from the filmography of directors [[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Quentin Tarantino]]. Lokesh believed that "movies shot in the dark are underrated and offer so much scope in terms of lighting". He took the hostage scene in ''Die Hard'' as an example, where the "darkness made it very atmospheric" and concluded that "In a way, this film was a reverse of that situation, where the bad guys are locked inside a police station that is under siege".<ref name=":16" /> For the making of the pre-climax action sequence choreographed by the duo Anbariv, where Karthi had to perform risky stunts on a moving lorry. He cited the stunt sequences of ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010) as the benchmark for it.<ref name=":11" /><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The original score is composed by [[Sam C. S.]] Despite not having any songs in the film, four tracks with vocals have been included in the background score, with a song titled "Neel Iravil" was featured in the film's [[Teaser (trailer)|teaser]]. In an interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sam recalled that Lokesh had hinted musical references from American films, and wanted to incorporate in the film score. He cited ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' (2008) as an example for one of the themes he had composed.<ref name=":17" /><br />
<br />
The score which consisted of a "metal clanging sound" played in the teaser is one of the themes, that was hinted to Dilli's past life during the prison, which will be used as the main theme in the sequel.<ref name=":17" /> The original soundtrack which features 17 tracks were released, nearly a month after the film's release, on 22 November 2019. The vocals were written and performed by Sam and Sharanya Gopinath, with the latter rapping a few versions in English. The score received positive response from critics, with ''[[Sify]]'' calling Sam as "another silent hero of the film"<ref name=":21" /> and Kaushik Rajaraman, writing for ''[[DT Next]]'', stated that Sam's background score for the film "on a par with his theme music in ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=26 October 2019 |title=Film Review 'Kaithi': A commercial film with a realistic touch |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2019/10/26/film-review-kaithi-a-commercial-film-with-a-realistic-touch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604035252/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2019/10/26/film-review-kaithi-a-commercial-film-with-a-realistic-touch |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| title1 = Kill and Destroy<br />
| length1 = 3:19<br />
| title2 = Dilli's Swag<br />
| length2 = 0:50<br />
| title3 = Grief of Dilli<br />
| length3 = 3:44<br />
| title4 = Rise of Dilli<br />
| length4 = 1:19<br />
| title5 = Nepolean Theme<br />
| length5 = 2:25<br />
| title6 = Nee Eppo Varuva Appa<br />
| length6 = 1:14<br />
| title7 = The Hot Biriyani<br />
| length7 = 1:50<br />
| title8 = The Battle of Cop and Killer<br />
| length8 = 1:30<br />
| title9 = Kaithi Main Theme<br />
| length9 = 0:28<br />
| title10 = Beginning of the War<br />
| length10 = 2:11<br />
| total_length = 28:18<br />
| title11 = The Phase of Deathcall<br />
| title12 = Eternal Love of Father<br />
| title13 = Arrival of the Ruffian<br />
| title14 = Neel Iravil<br />
| title15 = The Emotion Hustler<br />
| title16 = The Maze<br />
| title17 = Night is Dark<br />
| length11 = 0:34<br />
| length12 = 3:14<br />
| length13 = 0:48<br />
| length15 = 0:42<br />
| length14 = 1:21<br />
| length16 = 0:58<br />
| length17 = 1:53<br />
| note1 = Lyrics and English rap versions performed by Sharanya Gopinath<br />
| note7 = Vocals performed by [[Sam C. S.]]<br />
| note12 = Vocals performed by Sam C. S.<br />
| note14 = Vocals and lyrics performed by Sam C. S.<br />
| note17 = Vocals performed by Sam C. S, with English rap versions done by Sharanya Gopinath<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Kaithi'' was initially scheduled to release during mid-July 2019,<ref name=":4" /> but [[post-production]] delays meant that the film's release being pushed to 27 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=Kaithi to hit screens on September 27th? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-to-hit-screens-on-september-27th/articleshow/70723831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026044611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-to-hit-screens-on-september-27th/articleshow/70723831.cms |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Karthi's 'Kaithi' aims for September 27 release? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthi-s-kaithi-aims-september-27-release-107656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033033/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthi-s-kaithi-aims-september-27-release-107656 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The release was further postponed to October 2019, before eventually finalising the release during [[Diwali]] (27 October 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=Vijay's Bigil, Karthi's Kaithi, Sethupathi's Sanga Thamizhan up for box office clash of epic proportions on Diwali 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijays-bigil-karthis-kaithi-sethupathis-sanga-thamizhan-up-for-box-office-clash-of-epic-proportions-on-diwali-2019-7282241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033033/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijays-bigil-karthis-kaithi-sethupathis-sanga-thamizhan-up-for-box-office-clash-of-epic-proportions-on-diwali-2019-7282241.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The release eventually coincided with the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=It will be Bigil versus Kaithi this Diwali, both films to release on October 25. See posters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-will-be-bigil-versus-kaithi-this-diwali-both-films-to-release-on-october-25-see-posters/story-VXRlY4LI2WaocUVw6A1f6K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033034/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-will-be-bigil-versus-kaithi-this-diwali-both-films-to-release-on-october-25-see-posters/story-VXRlY4LI2WaocUVw6A1f6K.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Karthi reacts on Kaithi clash with Vijay's Bigil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-reacts-on-kaithi-clash-with-vijays-bigil/articleshow/71716881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024152030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-reacts-on-kaithi-clash-with-vijays-bigil/articleshow/71716881.cms |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A week before the scheduled release, the makers announced the release date as 25 October 2019, ahead of the Diwali festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=It's Vijay vs Karthi this Diwali as Bigil and Kaithi to release on October 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/17/its-vijay-vs-karthi-this-diwali-as-bigil-and-kaithi-to-release-on-october-25-2049168.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033033/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/17/its-vijay-vs-karthi-this-diwali-as-bigil-and-kaithi-to-release-on-october-25-2049168.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Bigil vs Kaithi: Vijay and Karthi to have a box office face off this Diwali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigil-karthi-vijay-kaithi-diwali-release-date-6074624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033033/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigil-karthi-vijay-kaithi-diwali-release-date-6074624/ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) in mid-October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Diwali releases- 'Kaithi' and 'Bigil' censored |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-releases--kaithi-and-bigil-censored-news-tamil-tkpkq1hcdfjfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213051534/https://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-releases--kaithi-and-bigil-censored-news-tamil-tkpkq1hcdfjfj.html |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was also dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Khaidi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Whistle vs Khaidi: Direct box-office clash between Vijay and Karthi in the Telugu states |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/whistle-vs-khaidi-direct-box-office-clash-between-vijay-and-karthi-in-the-telugu-states/articleshow/71741155.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110180053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/whistle-vs-khaidi-direct-box-office-clash-between-vijay-and-karthi-in-the-telugu-states/articleshow/71741155.cms |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to the scheduled release, the Tamil Nadu government denied permission to conduct early morning shows for the film and ''Bigil'' in concern of the increased ticket rates being levied by the exhibitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Bigil and Kaithi's special shows cancelled by Tamil Nadu government ahead of their Diwali release? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigil-and-kaithis-special-shows-cancelled-tamil-nadu-government-ahead-their-diwali-release-481478 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033034/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigil-and-kaithis-special-shows-cancelled-tamil-nadu-government-ahead-their-diwali-release-481478 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=No special shows of Vijay's Bigil and Karthi's Kaithi for Diwali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-special-shows-of-vijays-bigil-and-karthis-kaithi-for-diwali/articleshow/71718956.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-special-shows-of-vijays-bigil-and-karthis-kaithi-for-diwali/articleshow/71718956.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Kaithi'' was released in more than 250 screens across Tamil Nadu, despite competition from ''Bigil''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Despite Bigil storm, Kaithi manages to get good number of screens in TN |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24851/despite-bigil-storm-karthis-kaithi-manages-to-get-good-number-of-screens-in-tn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033036/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24851/despite-bigil-storm-karthis-kaithi-manages-to-get-good-number-of-screens-in-tn |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> It was also showcased in 1400 screens worldwide, with the film releasing over 330 screens in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]; 75 screens in [[Kerala]], 100 screens across [[Karnataka]], 125 screens across other parts of India, and 400 screens in the overseas centres.<ref name=":193" /> Due to the positive reception for the film, the number of shows has been increased from 350 screens in Tamil Nadu during its second week,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Karthi's 'Kaithi' screens increased from 250 to 350 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-screens-increased-from-250-to-350/articleshow/71968409.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-screens-increased-from-250-to-350/articleshow/71968409.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and also reported an increase in the number of shows across Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and other overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=Karthi's 'Kaithi' gets more screens across 5 South Indian states and overseas market due to huge demand |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24877/karthis-kaithi-kaidhi-gets-more-screens-across-5-south-indian-states-and-overseas-market-due-to-huge-demand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033036/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24877/karthis-kaithi-kaidhi-gets-more-screens-across-5-south-indian-states-and-overseas-market-due-to-huge-demand |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref><br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote="I see lot of genuine concerns over the 30-day window for films in [[over-the-top media service|OTT]] while running successfully in BO. Theatrical audience will reduce eventually if we continue this trend!? Yes! But, piracy & less terms from third week can be compensated for producers only through this!"<br />
| source =&nbsp;– [[S. R. Prabhu]], on the film's early digital premiere.<ref name=":2" /><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Following its successful run, the digital streaming service [[Hotstar]] premiered the film on 25 November 2019, a month after its release date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Kaithi is now streaming on Hotstar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthis-kaithi-now-streaming-on-hotstar-6135444/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127231007/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthis-kaithi-now-streaming-on-hotstar-6135444/ |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It eventually received criticism from the exhibitors and distributors as the early digital premiere might lead to reducing number of footfalls in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Kaithi: Karthi starrer becomes a cause of fights for producers and exhibitors; Here's Why |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaithi-karthi-starrer-becomes-cause-fights-producers-and-exhibitors-here-s-why-488165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033039/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaithi-karthi-starrer-becomes-cause-fights-producers-and-exhibitors-here-s-why-488165 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> While producer S. R. Prabhu, attributed that the threat of piracy might be the reason for the 30-day window between theatrical and streaming run, many theatre owners opposed this.<ref name=":2" /> Major multiplex chains such as [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]], [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] and [[AGS Entertainment|AGS]], stopped its screening, soon after the digital premiere of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Kaithi's early premiere on Hotstar upsets theatre chain owners because of low footfall in screenings of Karthi's film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithis-early-premiere-on-hotstar-upsets-theatre-chain-owners-because-of-low-footfall-in-screenings-of-karthis-film-7716281.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033034/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithis-early-premiere-on-hotstar-upsets-theatre-chain-owners-because-of-low-footfall-in-screenings-of-karthis-film-7716281.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Irrespective of these factors, the film completed 50-day theatrical run on 13 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Vijay's 'Bigil' and Karthi's 'Kaithi' completes 50 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-bigil-and-karthis-kaithi-completes-50-days/articleshow/72514600.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221033036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-bigil-and-karthis-kaithi-completes-50-days/articleshow/72514600.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The satellite rights were brought by [[Star Vijay]]. ''Kaithi'' was selected for screening at the International Indian Film Festival in [[Toronto]] (IIFFT), which was held on 9–15 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Karthi's 'Kaithi' to be screened at International Indian Toronto Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-to-be-screened-at-international-indian-toronto-film-festival/articleshow/77300999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022195555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-to-be-screened-at-international-indian-toronto-film-festival/articleshow/77300999.cms |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November 2021, the producers of the film confirmed the theatrical release in Japan, after one of the Japanese distributors piqued interest in showcasing the film in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2021 |title=Karthi's Kaithi to release in Japan as Kaithi Dilli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-to-release-in-japan-as-kaithi-dilli/articleshow/87582730.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-to-release-in-japan-as-kaithi-dilli/articleshow/87582730.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> With an initial agreement being signed, the producers announced that the film will be titled as ''Kaithi Dilli'' for its release in Japan, and will be screened from 19 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Karthi's superhit Tamil film 'Kaithi' to release in Japan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/10145755/1328157/Karthis-superhit-Tamil-film-Kaithi-to-release-in-Japan.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144601/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/10145755/1328157/Karthis-superhit-Tamil-film-Kaithi-to-release-in-Japan.vpf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Karthi-Lokesh Kanagaraj's Kaithi to be released in Japan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/10/karthi-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-to-be-released-in-japan-27756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144558/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/10/karthi-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-to-be-released-in-japan-27756.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film was intended to be released in [[Russia]] on 10 March 2022, with a [[Russian language]] dub,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanakaraj's 'Kaithi' to release in Russia on March 10 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/19194302/1354456/Lokesh-Kanakarajs-Kaithi-to-release-in-Russia-on-March-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318143708/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/19194302/1354456/Lokesh-Kanakarajs-Kaithi-to-release-in-Russia-on-March-.vpf |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=Karthi's Tamil Film Kaithi To Be Released In Russia Next Month |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karthis-tamil-film-kaithi-to-be-released-in-russia-next-month-4790375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316202209/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karthis-tamil-film-kaithi-to-be-released-in-russia-next-month-4790375.html |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> but eventually released in over 121 theatres at 297 cities in Russia on 19 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Karthi-starrer Kaithi releasing today in Russia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-starrer-kaithi-releasing-today-in-russia/articleshow/91657093.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531091753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-starrer-kaithi-releasing-today-in-russia/articleshow/91657093.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Karthi's Kaithi set to release in Russia in 121 cities at 297 theatres |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/19/karthis-kaithi-set-to-release-in-russia-in-121-cities-at-297-theatre-31587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605091517/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/19/karthis-kaithi-set-to-release-in-russia-in-121-cities-at-297-theatre-31587.html |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
Following its acquisition by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], Khaidi (Telugu) premiered exclusively on their platform on 15 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2020 |title=Watch Kaidhi on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/khaidi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509172239/https://www.aha.video/movie/khaidi |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
{{Unreliable sources section|date=November 2024}}<br />
In the opening day of its release, the film collected {{INRConvert|3.5|c|lk=off}} on first day, despite competing with ''Bigil''.<ref name=":203" /><ref name=":193" /> The film collected {{INRConvert|40|l}} from the Chennai city box-office on its first day.<ref name=":203" /> The film collected around {{INRConvert|2.8|c|lk=off}} on second day and about {{INRConvert|4.7|c|lk=off}} on third day, adding its estimated collection to {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=off}} on the first 3-day weekend, with {{INRConvert|1.07|c}} from Chennai alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=Kaithi box office collection Day 3: Karthi starrer holds strong against competition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-3-karthi-6089255/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144600/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-3-karthi-6089255/ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Kaithi box office collection Day 4: Karthi starrer maintains its pace |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-4-karthi-6091314/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144558/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-4-karthi-6091314/ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> At the end of the first week, the film collected about {{INRConvert|25|c}} at the box-office.<ref name=":213" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2019 |title=Kaithi mints over Rs. 50 crore at box-office, Karthi pens an emotional note |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaithi-mints-over-rs-50-crore-at-box-office-karthi-pens-an-emotional-note/story-IPbCoxypjbL754KEQjGNSK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014191418/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaithi-mints-over-rs-50-crore-at-box-office-karthi-pens-an-emotional-note/story-IPbCoxypjbL754KEQjGNSK.html |archive-date=14 October 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[International Business Times]]'' published that the film had collected {{INRConvert|70|c}} worldwide in the first 10 days, with {{INRConvert|35|c}} from Tamil Nadu, {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=off}} in [[Kerala]], close to {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=off}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] and over {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=off}} in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":213" /> The film further collected {{INRConvert|13|c|lk=off}} from overseas markets.<ref name=":213" /><br />
<br />
Due to the factors of increased screenings, in second week, boosting the film's collections, the film earned {{INRConvert|83.4|c|lk=off|year=2015|to=USD|0|mode=historical}} worldwide as of 12 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title=Kaithi Box Office update: Karthi's action thriller collects Rs 83 crore in 12 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-box-office-update-karthis-action-thriller-collects-rs-83-crore-in-12-days/articleshow/71934665.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404024258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-box-office-update-karthis-action-thriller-collects-rs-83-crore-in-12-days/articleshow/71934665.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 12 November 2019, the makers officially announced that the film had collected {{INRConvert|100|c|lk=off|year=2015|to=USD|0|mode=historical}} worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Kaithi Box Office (Worldwide): Karthi's Action Thriller Joins The 100 Crore Club |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/kaithi-box-office-worldwide-karthis-action-thriller-joins-the-100-crore-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144559/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/kaithi-box-office-worldwide-karthis-action-thriller-joins-the-100-crore-club/ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> thereby becoming Karthi's first film to cross the [[100 Crore Club|100-crore mark]].<ref name=":24" /> The film earned {{INRConvert|56.5|c}} from Tamil Nadu, {{INRConvert|15.1|c}} from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, {{INRConvert|6.2|c}} from Kerala, {{INRConvert|7.43|c}} from Karnataka and {{INRConvert|1.87|c}} from rest of the country. The film's final collection stands at {{INRConvert|105|c}}, with a net collection of {{INRConvert|74.5|c}}.<ref name=":24" /><ref name="1000cr" /><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''Kaithi'' received critical acclaim. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100|7|7|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaithi |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kaithi |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> Owing to its critical response, it was featured in many year-end lists as one of the best [[List of Tamil films of 2019|Tamil films of 2019]] by several publications such as ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Best Tamil movies of 2019: Super Deluxe, Asuran, Peranbu and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174655/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion South]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=24 December 2019 |title=Top 15 Tamil Films Of 2019 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-15-tamil-films-of-2019-asuran-super-deluxe-vetri-maaran-ram-peranbu-dhanush-monster-sj-suryah-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-house-owner-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423022750/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-15-tamil-films-of-2019-asuran-super-deluxe-vetri-maaran-ram-peranbu-dhanush-monster-sj-suryah-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-house-owner-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Petta to Peranbu: Here are 10 best Tamil films of 2019 where innovative storytelling was the big winner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/petta-to-peranbu-here-are-10-best-tamil-films-of-2019-where-innovative-storytelling-was-the-big-winner/story-m8qWmJQ3dmhPRUKMBpkI5K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727193420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/petta-to-peranbu-here-are-10-best-tamil-films-of-2019-where-innovative-storytelling-was-the-big-winner/story-m8qWmJQ3dmhPRUKMBpkI5K.html |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Best Tamil movies in 2019 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-tamil-movies-in-2019-imagegallery-kollywood-tmytondidjdhd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729202632/https://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-tamil-movies-in-2019-imagegallery-kollywood-tmytondidjdhd.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=Super Deluxe, Game Over, Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Peranbu: Best Tamil films of 2019 so far |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-game-over-sarvam-thaala-mayam-peranbu-best-tamil-films-of-2019-so-far-6986981.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831204517/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-game-over-sarvam-thaala-mayam-peranbu-best-tamil-films-of-2019-so-far-6986981.html |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> and ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 December 2019 |title=Nerkonda Paarvai to Super Deluxe: 15 Tamil films that 2019 will be remembered for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peranbu-to-sillu-karupatti-15-tamil-films-that-stood-out-in-2019-1632839-2019-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502115905/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peranbu-to-sillu-karupatti-15-tamil-films-that-stood-out-in-2019-1632839-2019-12-31 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Calling it as a "tense and impressively shot action thriller", M. Suganth gave 4.5 stars (out of 5) in the review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', and stated "Lokesh Kanagaraj gives us a pure genre film minus the frills, like songs and romance, that we are used to in Tamil cinema". Though he concerned about "the film which feels overlong for its genre, as a couple of action blocks getting over-indulgent" but concluded "when it is action that we have signed up for, we cannot complain much about that".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Kaithi Movie Review : A pure genre film minus the frills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaithi/movie-review/71754497.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129060050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaithi/movie-review/71754497.cms |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave four out of five stars stating, "''Kaithi'' is a film that showcases filmmaking at its best" and praised Karthi's performance as "terrific and natural that one could literally picture a prisoner going through a tough time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi Movie Review: Karthi is terrific in Lokesh Kanagaraj's gripping action flick |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaithi-movie-review-karthi-is-terrific-in-lokesh-kanagaraj-s-gripping-action-flick-1612956-2019-10-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029001715/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaithi-movie-review-karthi-is-terrific-in-lokesh-kanagaraj-s-gripping-action-flick-1612956-2019-10-25 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave four-and-a-half out of five stars rating to the film saying "''Kaithi'' is a well made film that takes the road less travelled and provides enough thrills". He further added that "Karthi's raw and intense performance, the film's taut screenplay and excellent technicality, along with awesome action scenes, makes ''Kaithi'' an edge-of-the seat thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi movie review: Karthi's edgy performance is the highlight of Lokesh Kanagaraj's gripping thriller. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-movie-review-karthis-edgy-performance-is-the-highlight-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-gripping-thriller-7556031.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029025906/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-movie-review-karthis-edgy-performance-is-the-highlight-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-gripping-thriller-7556031.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[News18]]''-based critic Gauthaman Bhaskaran gave three out of five stars stating "Karthi's stunning performance makes it an engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi Movie Review: Karthi's Stunning Performance Makes It an Engaging Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaithi-movie-review-karthis-stunning-performance-makes-it-an-engaging-watch-2362627.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507142539/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaithi-movie-review-karthis-stunning-performance-makes-it-an-engaging-watch-2362627.html |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 stars (out of 5) stating, "Karthi has essayed his role in an almost self-effacing manner while allowing the space for other people's acts of courage in the narration to get their due screen time. Kaithi is the director's canvas. It is necessary to appreciate Karthi to let Lokesh do his thing without trying to bend the narration to suit his star image. The director softly but firmly announces himself as a major new force in the commercial space of the Tamil film industry, which still largely feeds on the narrow definition of mainstream entertainment."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi movie review: Karthi's light and pacy action thriller keep you engaged. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaithi-movie-review-rating-karthi-6087946/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029001357/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaithi-movie-review-rating-karthi-6087946/ |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> S. Srivatsan, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated the film as "one of the best action thriller ever made since ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''". Further reviewing that "''Kaithi'' does have its 'mass' moments, but there is a certain level of screenwriting that has gone into conceiving those. The plot contains all the elements of a conventional suspense-thriller, but where ''Kaithi'' differs is by how Lokesh Kanagaraj treats the genre and its audience with respect."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=25 October 2019 |title='Kaithi' movie review: A terrific Karthi goes all guns blazing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-movie-review-a-terrific-karthi-goes-all-guns-blazing/article29796559.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144558/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-movie-review-a-terrific-karthi-goes-all-guns-blazing/article29796559.ece |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated it as "an action film with a soul and a purpose" while also stated that "though it is not a crowd-pleasing commercial film, it still caters to the masses".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi movie review: Karthi starrer is a relentless action drama that has its heart in the right place |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaithi-movie-review-karthi-starrer-is-a-relentless-action-drama-that-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place/story-Ux0YfQJNrOuIfl1RrhiySP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaithi-movie-review-karthi-starrer-is-a-relentless-action-drama-that-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place/story-Ux0YfQJNrOuIfl1RrhiySP.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Sify]]'' gave three-and-a-half out of five stars stating "Kaithi is a solid action thriller and it will be a feast for action lovers".<ref name=":21" /> Ashameera Aiyyappan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated the film as "a well-made commercial thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title='Kaithi' movie review: Lokesh, Karthi deliver an arresting film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/26/kaithi-movie-review-lokesh-karthi-deliver-an-arresting-film-2052954.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/26/kaithi-movie-review-lokesh-karthi-deliver-an-arresting-film-2052954.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Calling it as "brilliant" and "engaging thriller", Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave four out of five, saying "Kaithi with its solid story combined with outstanding performances and flawless making is set to stand the test of time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=26 October 2019 |title=Kaithi review: A brilliant thriller set to stand the test of time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/261019/kaithi-review-a-brilliant-thriller-set-to-stand-the-test-of-time.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144559/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/261019/kaithi-review-a-brilliant-thriller-set-to-stand-the-test-of-time.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]''-based editor-in-chief, Priyanka Thirumurthy, gave four out of five stating "There is no star in Kaithi, as director Lokesh shows that a hero is anyone who goes beyond thinking about just himself."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=25 October 2019 |title='Kaithi' review: A gripping tale of men imprisoned by their circumstances |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaithi-review-gripping-tale-men-imprisoned-their-circumstances-111192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103102939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaithi-review-gripping-tale-men-imprisoned-their-circumstances-111192 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "''Kaithi'' is certainly a sturdy vehicle for Karthi, who&nbsp;– as ''Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru'' so memorably demonstrated&nbsp;– is one of our few actors who can do both [[Clark Kent]] (through his face) and [[Superman]] (through his stocky frame). There's a fantastic "mass" scene, set around a swimming pool, where Dilli stuffs himself with biriyani&nbsp;– it's a stunning few minutes of a purely ''physical'' performance. It's strange how this Karthi looks and sounds so genteel and urban in real life, but his best work on screen is when he's got a bit of animal inside him."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=26 October 2019 |title=Kaithi Movie Review: Lokesh Kanagaraj Crafts A Sturdy (But Generic) Star Vehicle For Karthi |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/kaithi-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-narain-george-maryan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605093422/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/kaithi-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan-karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-narain-george-maryan/ |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
!scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in Alphabetical order.}}<br />
!scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
!scope="col" |Category<br />
!scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
!scope="col" |Result<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|11 January 2020]]<br />
|Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Male<br />
|[[George Maryan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Stunt Director<br />
|[[Anbariv]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |Critics' Choice Film Awards<br />
|14 March 2020<br />
|Best Actor&nbsp;– Male<br />
|[[Karthi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Critics Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014141903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/ |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |15 January 2020<br />
|Best Actor<br />
|[[Karthi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=11th NTFF 2020&nbsp;– Winners list of Awardees&nbsp;– Tamilar Viruthu&nbsp;– Tamil Nadu |url=https://ntff.no/11th-ntff-2020-winners-list-of-awardees-tamilar-viruthu-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071804/https://ntff.no/11th-ntff-2020-winners-list-of-awardees-tamilar-viruthu-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Villain<br />
|[[Arjun Das]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Editor<br />
|[[Philomin Raj]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="8" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Film&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Dream Warrior Pictures]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=SIIMA 2021: The big winners from the South Indian movie awards night |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/siima-2021-the-big-winners-from-the-south-indian-movie-awards-night-1.1632033334078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113804/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/siima-2021-the-big-winners-from-the-south-indian-movie-awards-night-1.1632033334078 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Tamil<br />
|[[George Maryan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor in a Negative Role&nbsp;– Tamil<br />
|[[Arjun Das]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor in a Comedian&nbsp;– Tamil<br />
|[[Dheena]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Cinematographer&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Sathyan Sooryan]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards Tamil]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |4 January 2020<br />
|Favourite Director<br />
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 winners list: Ajith, Kamal Haasan, Dhanush won these honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-ajith-kamal-haasan-dhanush-won-these-honours-811280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004659/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-ajith-kamal-haasan-dhanush-won-these-honours-811280 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: Dhanush bags Best Actor award, 'Peranbu' wins Best Film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-bags-best-actor-award-pernabu-wins-best-film-115399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730123844/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-bags-best-actor-award-peranbu-wins-best-film-115399 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Stunt Director<br />
|[[Anbariv]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Villain<br />
|[[Arjun Das]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Male<br />
|[[George Maryan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />
|29 January 2026<br />
|Best Actor (Special Prize)<br />
|Karthi<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
''Kaithi'' received appreciation from several members of the film fraternity,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Kaithi floors celebs & audience alike! More shows added for the Karthi starrer WW! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24898/celebs-praise-karthi-kaithi-more-shows-added |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221161428/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24898/celebs-praise-karthi-kaithi-more-shows-added |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> including [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] heaped praise on the film's trailer saying it as "intense and theatre worthy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Kaithi: Gautham Vasudev Menon heaps praise on the film's trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-gautham-vasudev-menon-heaps-praise-on-the-films-trailer/articleshow/71501823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221205713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-gautham-vasudev-menon-heaps-praise-on-the-films-trailer/articleshow/71501823.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Subbaraj]] called the film as "kick-ass film with lot of Wow moments through out",<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=Karthik Subbaraj calls Kaithi an 'awesome film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-subbaraj-calls-kaithi-an-awesome-film/articleshow/72108499.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221205711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-subbaraj-calls-kaithi-an-awesome-film/articleshow/72108499.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Mahesh Babu]], who watched the film, praised Lokesh for the exclusion of songs and technical brilliance, as a "welcome change" for the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Mahesh Babu lauds Karthi's Khaidi: Thrilling action sequences and stellar performances from the team |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-lauds-karthi-s-khaidi-thrilling-action-sequences-and-stellar-performances-from-the-team-1615002-2019-11-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428001508/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-lauds-karthi-s-khaidi-thrilling-action-sequences-and-stellar-performances-from-the-team-1615002-2019-11-02 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]], who watched the film through Hotstar, called it as "an edge of the seat experience". He further praised Lokesh's direction and [[Sathyan Sooryan]]'s (an apprentice of Sreeram) work in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=PC Sreeram praises Lokesh Kanagaraj after watching 'Kaithi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pc-sreeram-praises-lokesh-kanagaraj-after-watching-kaithi/articleshow/72361198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pc-sreeram-praises-lokesh-kanagaraj-after-watching-kaithi/articleshow/72361198.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Lokesh, in an interview with an online portal, stated that [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who signed him for directing ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), during the post-production of ''Kaithi'', had watched the final rushes of the film before its release. He further stated that Vijay appreciated his work in the film and congratulated him before the release.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEe5BS64nqI |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Reaction for Kaithi {{!}} Lokesh Kanagaraj Interview {{!}} Karthi, Bigil Movie |date=24 October 2019 |last=Sivasankari |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEe5BS64nqI |archive-date=15 June 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]] |work=IndiaGlitz Tamil |department=Movies {{!}} Interviews {{!}} Shooting Spot {{!}} Review {{!}} Gossip}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film's success made Lokesh a most sought director in Tamil cinema who later worked on several projects of top actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=How solid word-of-mouth made Kaithi successful at the box office despite releasing alongside Bigil |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-solid-word-of-mouth-made-kaithi-successful-at-the-box-office-despite-releasing-alongside-bigil-7578111.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020072208/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-solid-word-of-mouth-made-kaithi-successful-at-the-box-office-despite-releasing-alongside-bigil-7578111.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj thanks people for making Kaithi success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-thanks-people-for-making-kaithi-success/articleshow/72125743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221161430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-thanks-people-for-making-kaithi-success/articleshow/72125743.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Arjun Das, who played the main antagonist, Anbu, received praise for his characterisation and performance and his loud [[Bass (voice type)|bass voice]] for the character gained him a huge following.<ref name=":18" /> Lokesh roped him for ''Master''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2019 |title=Thalapathy 64: Antony Varghese out, Kaithi star Arjun Das hops on board |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-64-antony-varghese-out-kaithi-star-arjun-das-hops-on-board-1624110-2019-12-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201073202/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-64-antony-varghese-out-kaithi-star-arjun-das-hops-on-board-1624110-2019-12-01 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=10 December 2019 |title=How Arjun Das has become the new go-to villain of Tamil cinema, from Karthi's Kaithi to Vijay's Thalapathy 64 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-arjun-das-has-become-the-new-go-to-villain-of-tamil-cinema-from-karthis-kaithi-to-viijays-thalapathy-64-7763581.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221161427/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-arjun-das-has-become-the-new-go-to-villain-of-tamil-cinema-from-karthis-kaithi-to-viijays-thalapathy-64-7763581.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Further, Arjun Das' ''[[Andhaghaaram]]'', which completed production in 2014 but remained unreleased for more than six years following exhibitors' refusal to distribute the film, citing lack of prominent faces, was presented by director [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] in 2020, following Arjun Das' popularity after in ''Kaithi'', and released directly through [[Netflix]] the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Atlee to present long-delayed 'Andhaghaaram' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/atlee-present-long-delayed-andhaghaaram-122565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221162455/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/atlee-present-long-delayed-andhaghaaram-122565 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=Arjun Das starrer 'Andhaghaaram' to premiere on Netflix |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-das-starrer-andhaghaaram-premiere-netflix-136514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223061544/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-das-starrer-andhaghaaram-premiere-netflix-136514 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Kaithi''<nowiki/>'s success had trade analysts researching about how commercial films without featuring songs but become hits are a rarity in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=20 January 2020 |title=Tracing how music is still a big commercial pull in Tamil cinema, with films like Asuran, Comali benefiting from hit songs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tracing-how-music-is-still-a-big-commercial-pull-in-tamil-cinema-with-films-like-asuran-comali-benefiting-from-hit-songs-7916241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721005735/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tracing-how-music-is-still-a-big-commercial-pull-in-tamil-cinema-with-films-like-asuran-comali-benefiting-from-hit-songs-7916241.html |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Film producer-cum-analyst [[G. Dhananjayan]] examined that "For certain type of films, songs are not required while for others, right inclusion of songs satisfy audience who are looking for entertainment as the key element [...] Directors like [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]], [[K. Balachander|K Balachander]], [[Bharathiraja]]a, [[Balu Mahendra]], [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]], [[Mani Ratnam]], [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] have used songs effectively to communicate their stories and not as commercial elements [...] If such approach is followed by other filmmakers, the necessity of songs in films would be unquestioned".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=14 November 2019 |title=How are songs useful in tamil movies? |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/11/14011929/1197467/How-are-songs-useful-in-tamil-movies.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221161428/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/11/14011929/1197467/How-are-songs-useful-in-tamil-movies.vpf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><br />
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The film revived the popularity of the song "Jumbalakka", composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] from the film ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' (1999);<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manasa |date=26 October 2019 |title='Kaithi' film review: This film on drugs is pure drugs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/26/kaithi-film-review-this-film-on-drugs-is-pure-drugs-2053317.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161629/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/26/kaithi-film-review-this-film-on-drugs-is-pure-drugs-2053317.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> in a scene from ''Kaithi'' where the students play an assortment of songs using a music player in loud volume to distract the prisoners from commandeering instructions to their comrades outside the police station. The song became a trend after the release of the film.<ref name=":16" /> The film's screenplay was released as book published by Pesaamozhi Publications in January 2023.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Future ==<br />
=== Lokesh Cinematic Universe ===<br />
{{Further|Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}<br />
''Kaithi'' serves as the first instalment in the planned [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]] (LCU). In June 2022, Lokesh stated that the film was interlinked with the [[Kamal Haasan]]-starrer [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Director Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms that Kaithi and Vikram are interlinked |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/02/director-lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-that-kaithi-and-vikram-are-interlinked-31928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604035252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/02/director-lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-that-kaithi-and-vikram-are-interlinked-31928.html |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran, writing for ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated the possibilities of the connection, within the two films, referring to stash of drugs which had scorpion symbol (shown in ''Vikram''<nowiki/>'s trailer), and in a scene where, Inspector Bejoy (Narain) while speaking to informer Ajhas Ahmed (Kanna Ravi), questions about "The Ghost", [[Suriya]]'s undisclosed cameo before the film's release and several speculations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=3 June 2022 |title=A Ghost and a prisoner&nbsp;— One-stop shop for all things that might connect Kaithi and Vikram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/jun/03/a-ghost-and-a-prisoner-one-stop-shop-for-all-things-that-might-connect-kaithi-and-vikram-31929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604024701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/jun/03/a-ghost-and-a-prisoner-one-stop-shop-for-all-things-that-might-connect-kaithi-and-vikram-31929.html |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Before ''Vikram''<nowiki/>'s release, Lokesh asked fans to watch ''Kaithi'' before ''Vikram'' to understand the context of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=3 June 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj wants fans to revisit Kaithi before watching Vikram, pens moving letter about directing Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-wants-fans-to-revisit-kaithi-before-watching-vikram-pens-moving-letter-about-directing-kamal-haasan-1957746-2022-06-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605091512/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-wants-fans-to-revisit-kaithi-before-watching-vikram-pens-moving-letter-about-directing-kamal-haasan-1957746-2022-06-03 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> thereby confirming its connection with the two films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Here's why Lokesh Kanagaraj asked fans to revisit 'Kaithi' before watching 'Vikram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-lokesh-kanagaraj-asked-fans-to-revisit-kaithi-before-watching-vikram/articleshow/91979207.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603112110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-lokesh-kanagaraj-asked-fans-to-revisit-kaithi-before-watching-vikram/articleshow/91979207.cms |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Narain reprises his role in brief as Inspector Bejoy in ''Vikram''. Additionally, Arjun Das, [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], Dheena and Baby Monica, reprises their roles in cameo appearances as Anbu, Adaikalam, Stephen Raj, Kamatchi and Amudha, respectively, in the film's [[mid-credits scene]], while Karthi reprised his role in a [[voice-over]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=3 June 2022 |title=Vikram movie review: Kamal Haasan, Fahadh Faasil, Vijay Sethupathi serve up an entertaining action-thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-fahadh-faasil-vijay-sethupathi-serve-up-an-entertaining-action-thriller-10752921.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603080834/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-fahadh-faasil-vijay-sethupathi-serve-up-an-entertaining-action-thriller-10752921.html/amp |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> [[George Maryan]] reprises his role as Napoleon in'' [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023) where he is appointed to protect Parthiban ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=Is Leo A Part Of Lokesh Cinematic Universe? Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/is-leo-a-part-of-lokesh-cinematic-universe-everything-you-need-to-know-8633008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029180243/https://www.news18.com/movies/is-leo-a-part-of-lokesh-cinematic-universe-everything-you-need-to-know-8633008.html |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sequels ===<br />
As implied at the end of the film, Lokesh had planned for a sequel, which he confirmed after its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms 'Kaithi 2' with Karthi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-kaithi-2-karthi-111369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103102944/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-kaithi-2-karthi-111369 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In an interview with Subha J Rao to ''[[Firstpost]]'', Lokesh conveyed his interest on developing the film into a franchise, stating that he had an idea for both prequel as well as sequel, which depends on the recurring schedules of the cast members.<ref name=":16" /> In May 2021, the film's producer S. R. Prabhu had confirmed the sequel is in the works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Karthi's 'Kaithi 2' is in the works, says SR Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-2-is-in-the-works-says-sr-prabhu/articleshow/82934222.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthis-kaithi-2-is-in-the-works-says-sr-prabhu/articleshow/82934222.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It has been reported that the team had filmed most of the scenes during the shooting of the first part and only 30 days of shooting has been left.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2019 |title=Karthi and Lokesh Kanagaraj to reunite for 'Kaithi 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthi-and-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-reunite-for-kaithi-2/article29806233.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173843/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthi-and-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-reunite-for-kaithi-2/article29806233.ece |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Karthi, Lokesh Kanagaraj to reunite for a sequel of Kaithi; director confirms news of upcoming action thriller on Twitter |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-reunite-for-a-sequel-of-kaithi-director-confirms-news-of-upcoming-action-thriller-on-twitter-7565811.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173843/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthi-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-reunite-for-a-sequel-of-kaithi-director-confirms-news-of-upcoming-action-thriller-on-twitter-7565811.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Lokesh Kanagaraj|Kaithi 2]]'' is intended to be a prequel for Dilli, focusing on his character.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2022, Lokesh, in an interview with [[Baradwaj Rangan]], revealed the backstory of Dilli, saying that he was a [[kabaddi]] player, and won several trophies in tournaments conducted when he was in prison.<ref name=":3" /> He also hinted in the climax, as Dilli walks with a bag full of trophies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Later, in an interaction with fans through [[Twitter]], he further explained about Anbu's return in ''Vikram'', as he was knocked out and not dead, though he had stitch marks in his jaw, due to the injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Anbu hasn't died, more details in Kaithi 2: Lokesh Kanagaraj in Q&A |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/08/anbu-hasnt-died-more-details-in-kaithi-2-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-qa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608190205/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/08/anbu-hasnt-died-more-details-in-kaithi-2-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-qa |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the success of ''Vikram'', Lokesh planned to expand the scale of the sequel,<ref name=":0" /> with S. R. Prabhu admitting that it would be bigger than the first film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=கைதி 2 வேலைகள் எப்போது தொடக்கம்?... தயாரிப்பாளர் கொடுத்த அப்டேட் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/after-vijay-67-lokesh-kanagaraj-will-starts-kaithi-2-movie-works-397192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612091020/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/after-vijay-67-lokesh-kanagaraj-will-starts-kaithi-2-movie-works-397192 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref> Production of the film was expected to begin in the second quarter of 2022, but was delayed as Lokesh intended to resume the project after completing [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]] and [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj opens up about rumoured film with Rajinikanth, shares update on Kaithi 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-rumoured-film-with-rajinikanth-kaithi-2-8848781/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910055822/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-rumoured-film-with-rajinikanth-kaithi-2-8848781/ |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
''Kaithi'' was remade in Hindi as ''[[Bholaa]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2022 |title=Kaithi's Hindi remake, Bholaa, gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithis-hindi-remake-bholaa-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/90942032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924132412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithis-hindi-remake-bholaa-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/90942032.cms |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In March 2020, it was speculated that the film will be remade in [[Kannada]], with [[Shiva Rajkumar]] playing the lead role but was not remade subsequently.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=Shivarajkumar to feature in 'Kaithi' remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-takes-up-another-remake-project/articleshow/74560920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221205720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-takes-up-another-remake-project/articleshow/74560920.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Kaithi'' was also remade in Malay language, titled ''[[Banduan (film)|Banduan]]'' (2025) starring [[Aaron Aziz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/banduan-trailer-the-malaysian-remake-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-promises-to-be-a-faithful-reimagining-of-the-karthi-starrer-10241556/|title=Banduan Trailer: The Malaysian remake of Lokesh Kanagaraj’s Kaithi promises to be a faithful reimagining of the Karthi-starrer|date=10 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
A petition was filed against the producer S. R. Prabhu, by Rajiv Ranjan, a native from [[Kollam district]] in [[Kerala]], for lifting his story without his permission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2021 |title=Kaithi controversy: Producer's statement on sequel and remake ban |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-controversy-producers-statement-on-sequel-and-remake-ban/articleshow/84133967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-controversy-producers-statement-on-sequel-and-remake-ban/articleshow/84133967.cms |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In his statement, he wrote an autobiography after spending years at the [[Puzhal Central Prison]] ([[Chennai]]) in 2000. He narrated his story to Prabhu in 2007, which he had agreed to use as a film script and paid Rajeev ₹10,000 in advance. When Lokesh made the film, he was shocked to see that it was the same story, which the producer narrated to him and felt cheated, resulting him to file a petition at Kollam High Court, [[Kerala]] to stop the works on the sequel and its remake. The court gave verdict in favour of him in July 2021, while also demanded the producer to pay {{INRConvert|4|c}} as a compensation, for allegedly mimicking his story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Makers of 'Kaithi' respond to Kerala court's injunction against remake and sequel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/makers-kaithi-respond-kerala-courts-injunction-against-remake-and-sequel-151912 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173841/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/makers-kaithi-respond-kerala-courts-injunction-against-remake-and-sequel-151912 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> This was pointed on a leading news channel, which also led derogatory comments against Lokesh in response to the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2021 |title=Producer clarify on 'Kaithi' sequel and remake ban controversy |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaithi-2-kaithi-hindi-remake-controversy-kerala-rajeev-producer-s-prabhu-clarification-tamil-news-290181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711150921/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kaithi-2-kaithi-hindi-remake-controversy-kerala-rajeev-producer-s-prabhu-clarification-tamil-news-290181 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Following the accusations, Prabhu slammed the channel for the way the issue was reported and claimed that they do not have details pertaining to the case and hence cannot comment on the issue. However, they noted that they are ready to face any legal issues with respect to the controversy, since their records are clean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2021 |title=SR Prabhu releases official statement about Karthi and Lokesh Kanagaraj's Kaithi controversy |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sr-prabhu-releases-official-statement-about-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704092410/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sr-prabhu-releases-official-statement-about-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi.html |archive-date=4 July 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In mid-February 2022, the Kerala Court dismissed the copyright allegations and stated that the story belongs to Lokesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2022 |title=Kerala court dismisses the case against Karthi's 'Kaithi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kerala-court-dismisses-the-case-against-karthis-kaithi/articleshow/89539873.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218054106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kerala-court-dismisses-the-case-against-karthis-kaithi/articleshow/89539873.cms |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Court Dismisses Case Against Lokesh Kanagaraj's Kaithi, Sequel to Go Ahead Now |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/court-dismisses-case-against-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-sequel-to-go-ahead-now-4774493.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218054114/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/court-dismisses-case-against-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-sequel-to-go-ahead-now-4774493.html |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="1000cr">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Bigil, Petta, Viswasam, Kanchana 3, Nerkonda Paarvai, Kaithi power Kollywood's theatrical takings in 2019 to Rs 1000 cr |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228120405/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=19 October 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj on 'Kaithi' and 'Thalapathy 64' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-is-not-your-regular-action-film/article29744340.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019053011/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-is-not-your-regular-action-film/article29744340.ece |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=How a film written for Mansoor Ali Khan became Kaithi |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/tamil-cinema/lokesh-kanakaraj-how-a-film-written-for-mansoor-ali-khan-became-kaithi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070623/https://www.filmcompanion.in/tamil-cinema/lokesh-kanakaraj-how-a-film-written-for-mansoor-ali-khan-became-kaithi/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title='Kaithi': Release date of Karthi and Lokesh Kanagaraj's next revealed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-release-date-of-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-revealed/articleshow/69790677.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111142818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-release-date-of-karthi-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-revealed/articleshow/69790677.cms |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Filling the blanks: Writer Pon Parthiban talks about films and more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/04/filling-the-blanks-writer-pon-parthiban-talks-about-films-and-more-2056569.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322123819/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/04/filling-the-blanks-writer-pon-parthiban-talks-about-films-and-more-2056569.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=30 October 2019 |title=When Kaithi's antagonist Arjun Das stood with his voice |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/30/when-kaithis-antagonist-arjun-das-stood-with-his-voice-2054858.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/30/when-kaithis-antagonist-arjun-das-stood-with-his-voice-2054858.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=15 November 2019 |title=I didn't want to be a one-film wonder: Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-didnt-want-to-be-a-one-film-wonder-lokesh-kanagaraj-6120638/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219020043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-didnt-want-to-be-a-one-film-wonder-lokesh-kanagaraj-6120638/ |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=4 January 2019 |title=Karthi shoots in Tenkasi for Lokesh Kanagaraj's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-shoots-in-tenkasi-for-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/articleshow/67382245.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-shoots-in-tenkasi-for-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/articleshow/67382245.cms |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=26 October 2019 |title=Location Diaries: Had a narrow escape while shooting for 'Kaithi', says actor Narain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/22/location-diaries-had-a-narrow-escape-while-shooting-for-kaithi-says-actor-narain-2051157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103102915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/22/location-diaries-had-a-narrow-escape-while-shooting-for-kaithi-says-actor-narain-2051157.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=30 October 2019 |title=Karthi: I miss being on the Kaithi sets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-i-miss-being-on-the-kaithi-sets-6092931/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160628/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-i-miss-being-on-the-kaithi-sets-6092931/ |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="tnm">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=3 June 2022 |title=Vikram review: Kamal, Fahadh and Vijay Sethupathi film is action all the way |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-review-kamal-fahadh-and-vijay-sethupathi-film-action-all-way-164637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604141111/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-review-kamal-fahadh-and-vijay-sethupathi-film-action-all-way-164637 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Subha J Rao |date=7 November 2019 |title=Kaithi director Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals plan to expand film into a franchise: 'I have the idea for both a prequel and sequel' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-plan-to-expand-film-into-a-franchise-i-have-the-idea-for-both-a-prequel-and-sequel-7609941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830105849/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-plan-to-expand-film-into-a-franchise-i-have-the-idea-for-both-a-prequel-and-sequel-7609941.html |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=16 November 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj wanted 'The Dark Knight' feel in 'Kaithi': Sam CS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-composer-sam-cs/article29992327.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-composer-sam-cs/article29992327.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Kaithi review: Prepare to be thrilled. |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaithi-review-prepare-to-be-thrilled-review-tamil-tkzpyyeihaccj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025175219/https://www.sify.com/movies/kaithi-review-prepare-to-be-thrilled-review-tamil-tkzpyyeihaccj.html |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":193">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |date=26 October 2019 |title=Kaithi 1st day box office collection: Karthi's movie off to a decent start despite Bigil storm |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaithi-1st-day-box-office-collection-karthis-movie-off-decent-start-despite-bigil-storm-807767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144600/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaithi-1st-day-box-office-collection-karthis-movie-off-decent-start-despite-bigil-storm-807767 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=27 November 2019 |title=Exhibitors fume after Kaithi releases on OTT platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/exhibitors-fume-after-kaithi-releases-on-ott-platform/articleshow/72241578.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028071214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/exhibitors-fume-after-kaithi-releases-on-ott-platform/articleshow/72241578.cms |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":203">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Kaithi box office collection Day 1: Karthi starrer heading for a good start |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-1-karthi-6087714/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaithi-box-office-collection-day-1-karthi-6087714/ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":213">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |date=5 November 2019 |title=Kaithi box office collection (worldwide): Karthi and Lokesh Kanagaraj's film mints Rs 70+ crore |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaithi-box-office-collection-worldwide-karthi-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-mints-rs-70-crore-808232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129225040/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaithi-box-office-collection-worldwide-karthi-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-mints-rs-70-crore-808232 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=Kaithi: Karthi starrer collects Rs 100 crore, the first movie of the actor to do so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthi-starrer-collects-rs-100-crore-the-first-movie-of-the-actor-to-do-so/articleshow/72017259.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-karthi-starrer-collects-rs-100-crore-the-first-movie-of-the-actor-to-do-so/articleshow/72017259.cms |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title='Kaithi 2': Here's how Lokesh Kanagaraj and makers plan on 'Kaithi's sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-2-heres-how-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-makers-plan-on-kaithis-sequel/articleshow/92143750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611091256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-2-heres-how-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-makers-plan-on-kaithis-sequel/articleshow/92143750.cms |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spMj3clLSoI |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Lights Camera Analysis {{!}} Vikram |date=10 June 2022 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |language=Tamil |publisher=Galatta Plus |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610002854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spMj3clLSoI |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}<br />
{{S. R. Prabhu}}<br />
{{Lokesh Kanagaraj}}<br />
{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s police films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2019 crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Action thriller films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]<br />
[[Category:Films about murderers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about substance abuse]]<br />
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]<br />
[[Category:Films about trucks]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Perambalur]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]<br />
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chase films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian road movies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:Siege films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly&diff=470057List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly2026-03-11T07:52:25Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Person who heads official opposition}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = Leader of the Opposition<br />
| body = the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| insignia = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 120<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Government of Jharkhand|Seal of Jharkhand Government]]<br />
| image = File:Babulal Marandi.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 170px<br />
| incumbent = [[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|2025|3|6|df=yes}}<br />
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]]<br />
| termlength = 5 years<br />''Till the Assembly Continues''<br />
| appointer = Speaker of the Assembly<br />
| inaugural = [[Stephen Marandi]]<br />
| website = <br />
| member_of = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| seat = <br />
| precursor = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''leader of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. The current Jharkhand leader of the opposition is [[Babulal Marandi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=बाबूलाल मरांडी होंगे झारखंड विधानसभा में नेता प्रतिपक्ष {{!}} Babulal Marandi Leader of Opposition Jharkhand Assembly |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/babulal-marandi-leader-of-opposition-in-jharkhand-assembly/amp |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=Babulal Marandi appointed BJP legislative party leader in Jharkhand Assembly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/babulal-marandi-appointed-bjp-legislative-party-leader-in-jharkhand-assembly/articleshow/118767426.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Eligibility==<br />
'''Official Opposition'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |title=THE SALARY AND ALLOWANCES OF LEADERS OF OPPOSITION IN PARLIAMENT ACT, 1977 AND RULES MADE THEREUNDER|website=mpa.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925235105/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |archive-date=2000-09-25}}</ref> is a term used in [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the assembly. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least [[Quorum#India|10% of total membership of the Legislative Assembly]]. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance. Many of the other Indian [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislatures]] also follow this 10% rule while the rest of them prefer single largest opposition party according to the rules of their respective houses.<br />
<br />
==Role==<br />
The opposition's main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. The opposition is equally responsible in upholding the best interests of the people of the country. They have to ensure that the Government does not take any steps, which might have negative effects on the people of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-opposition-party-parliament/|title = Role of Opposition Party in Parliament|date = 26 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the opposition in legislature is basically to check the excesses of the ruling or dominant party, and not to be totally antagonistic. There are actions of the ruling party which may be beneficial to the masses and opposition is expected to support such steps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/parliament/opposition/role-of-opposition-in-parliament-india/976|title = Role of Opposition in Parliament &#124; India|date = 21 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In legislature, opposition party has a major role and must act to discourage the party in power from acting against the interests of the country and the common man. They are expected to alert the population and the Government on the content of any bill, which is not in the best interests of the country.<br />
<br />
== Leaders of the opposition ==<br />
{| class="toccolours"<br />
! Colour key for parties<br />
|-<br />
|{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
{{legend|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! No<br />
! Portrait<br />
! Name<br />
! [[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="3" | Term<ref>{{Cite web |title=विधानसभा |url=https://jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055103/https://jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7 |archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><br />
! Assembly<br />{{small|([[Elections in Jharkhand|election]])}}<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| [[File:Stephen Marandi.jpg|99x99px]]<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]][[Stephen Marandi]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[Dumka Assembly constituency|Dumka]]<br />
|24 November 2000<br />
| 10 July 2004<br />
| 3 years, 229 days<br />
|rowspan=2| 1st<br />{{small|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|(2000 election)]]}}<br />
|rowspan=3| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br />
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" | <br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| [[File:Haji Hussain Ansari.jpg|93x93px]]<br />
| [[Haji Hussain Ansari]]<br />
|[[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]<br />
| 2 August 2004<br />
| 1 March 2005<br />
| {{ayd|2 August 2004|1 March 2005}}<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]<br />
| [[Sudhir Mahato]]<br />
|[[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]<br />
| 16 March 2005<br />
| 18 September 2006<br />
| {{ayd|16 March 2005|18 September 2006}}<br />
|rowspan=2| 2nd<br />{{small|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|(2005 election)]]}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| [[File:Arjun Munda - Ranchi 2011-11-29 9195.JPG|75px]]<br />
| [[Arjun Munda]]<br />
|[[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]]<br />
| 4 December 2006<br />
| 29 May 2009<br />
| {{ayd|4 December 2006|29 May 2009}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | <br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| [[File:Rajender babu.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]<br />
|[[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]<br />
| 7 January 2010<br />
| 18 January 2013<br />
| {{ayd|7 January 2010|18 January 2013}}<br />
|rowspan=2| 3rd<br />{{small|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|(2009 election)]]}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | <br />
|- <br />
| (4)<br />
| [[File:Arjun Munda - Ranchi 2011-11-29 9195.JPG|75px]]<br />
| [[Arjun Munda]]<br />
| [[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]]<br />
| 19 July 2013<br />
| 23 December 2014<br />
| {{ayd|19 July 2013|23 December 2014}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | <br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| [[File:Hemant Soren 2024.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[Hemant Soren]]<br />
|[[Barhait (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhait]]<br />
| 7 January 2015<br />
| 28 December 2019<br />
| {{ayd|7 January 2015|28 December 2019}}<br />
| 4th<br />{{small|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|(2014 election)]]}}<br />
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" | <br />
|- <br />
| 7<br />
| [[File:Babulal Marandi.jpg|88x88px]]<br />
| [[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
| [[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]]<br />
| 24 February 2020<br />
| 16 October 2023<br />
| {{ayd|24 February 2020|16 October 2023}}<br />
|rowspan=2 | 5th<br />{{small|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|(2019 election)]]}}<br />
|rowspan=3 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| <br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
|[[File:Amar Kumar Bauri meeting the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|[[Amar Kumar Bauri]]<ref name="Amar Kumar Bauri Appointed As Leader Of BJP Legislative Party In Jharkhand">{{cite news |last1=Outlook India |date=16 October 2023 |title=Amar Kumar Bauri Appointed As Leader Of BJP Legislative Party In Jharkhand |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/amar-kumar-bauri-appointed-as-leader-of-bjp-legislative-party-in-jharkhand-news-324794 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519060906/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/amar-kumar-bauri-appointed-as-leader-of-bjp-legislative-party-in-jharkhand-news-324794 |archivedate=19 May 2024 |accessdate=19 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandankiyari]]<br />
|16 October 2023<br />
|23 November 2024<br />
|{{ayd|16 October 2023|23 November 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
|(7)<br />
| [[File:Babulal Marandi.jpg|88x88px]]<br />
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-07 |title=BJP's Babulal Marandi recognised as leader of opposition in J'khand assembly |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjps-babulal-marandi-recognised-as-leader-of-opposition-in-jkhand-assembly/2537876/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Babulal Marandi recognised as leader of opposition in Jharkhand assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/bjps-babulal-marandi-recognised-as-leader-of-opposition-in-jharkhand-assembly-3436598 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]]<br />
|6 March 2025<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{ayd|6 March 2025|}}<br />
| 6th<br />{{small|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|(2024 election)]]}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
;List of leaders of the opposition by length of term<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2|No.<br />
!rowspan=2|Name<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party<br />
!colspan=2|Length of term<br />
|-<br />
!Longest continuous term<br />
!Total years of leaders of the opposition<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Hemant Soren]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|<br />
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
|4 years, 355 days<br />
|4 years, 355 days<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[Arjun Munda]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[BJP]]<br />
|2 years, 176 days<br />
|3 years, 333 days<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[BJP]]<br />
|3 years, 307 days <br />
|3 years, 307 days<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Stephen Marandi]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|<br />
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
|3 years, 229 days<br />
|3 years, 229 days<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}"|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|3 years, 11 days<br />
|3 years, 11 days<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Sudhir Mahato]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|<br />
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
| 1 year, 186 days<br />
| 1 year, 186 days <br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[Amar Kumar Bauri]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[BJP]]<br />
|1 year, 38 days<br />
|1 year, 38 days<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Haji Hussain Ansari]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|<br />
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
| 211 days<br />
| 211 days <br />
|-<br />
!(3) <br />
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}"|<br />
|[[BJP]]<br />
|{{ayd|6 March 2025|}} <br />
|{{ayd|6 March 2025|}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Governor of Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Cabinet of Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Leaders of the Opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Jharkhand| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doosara_Aadmi&diff=497597Doosara Aadmi2026-03-06T22:38:54Z<p>Jaishink: entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1977 Hindi romantic film by Yash Chopra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Doosra Aadmi<br />
| image = Doosra Aadmi.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Ramesh Talwar]]<br />
| producer = [[Yash Chopra]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Sagar Sarhadi]]<br />
| story = Raju Saigal<br />
| starring = [[Raakhee]]<br />[[Rishi Kapoor]]<br />[[Neetu Singh]]<br />[[Shashi Kapoor]]<br />
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]<br />[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] (Lyrics)<br />
| cinematography = Romesh Bhalla<br />
| editing = B. Mangeshkar<br />
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1977|09|14|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 136 Minutes <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022191907/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/356361/Doosra-Aadmi/overview Overview] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Doosra Aadmi''''' ({{Translation|The Other Man}}) is a 1977 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]], produced by [[Yash Chopra]] and directed by [[Ramesh Talwar]]. The film stars [[Raakhee]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Shashi Kapoor]]. The film's music is by [[Rajesh Roshan]].<br />
<br />
==Plot summary==<br />
Nisha ([[Raakhee]]), accomplished in advertising industry, becomes a recluse after the tragic death of her boyfriend, Shashi Saigal ([[Shashi Kapoor]]). Years later, Karan Saxena ([[Rishi Kapoor]]) offers her employment with his advertising agency and she accepts. She realizes that Karan, recently married to Timsy ([[Neetu Singh]]), reminds her of Shashi.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
* [[Rakhee Gulzar]] - Nisha<br />
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] - Karan Saxena aka Kannu <br />
* [[Neetu Singh]] - Timsy Saxena<br />
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] - Shashi Sehgal<br />
* [[Deven Verma]] - Timsi's Uncle<br />
* [[Parikshat Sahni]] - Bhisham<br />
* [[Satyen Kappu]] - Ram Prasad Saxena (as Satye`ndra Kappu)<br />
* [[Gita Siddharth]] - Mrs. Saxena <br />
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Kannu's friend<br />
* [[Jagdish Raj]] - Police Inspector<br />
* [[Vikas Anand]] - Bank Manager<br />
* Kiran Vairale as Kannu's friend<br />
* [[Roopesh Kumar]] as Rupesh<br />
* Lalita Kumari as Kanya Kumari<br />
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as constable Naik<br />
* Ramesh Tiwari as Sharma<br />
* Rajan Verma as (Raj Verma) Train master <br />
* [[Beena Banerjee]]<br />
* Rajee Singh as Timsy's aunty Shanti<br />
* Sheetal as Mini<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Crew==<br />
* Art Direction – Desh Mukherji<br />
* Costume Design – [[Jennifer Kapoor]], Rajee Singh<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack includes the following tracks, composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]], and with lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.desi-radio.com/album_Doosara_Aadmi_year_1977.php |title=Doosra Aadmi 1977 songs |access-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709014737/http://www.desi-radio.com/album_Doosara_Aadmi_year_1977.php |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Doosra Aadmi<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Rajesh Roshan]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1977 (India)<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[EMI]]<br />
| producer = Rajesh Roshan<br />
| prev_title = [[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]<br />
| prev_year = 1977<br />
| next_title = [[Jay-Vijay]]<br />
| next_year = 1977<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"<br />
|- style="background:#d9e4f1; text-align:center;"<br />
!'''Song'''<br />
!'''Singers'''<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Chal Kahin Door Nikal Jayein"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Nazron Se Kah Do"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Aao Manayen Jashn-E-Mohabbat"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Ankhon Mein, Kajal Hai"<br />
|Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Jaan Meri Rooth Gayi"<br />
|Kishore Kumar, [[Pamela Chopra]]<br />
|-rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"<br />
| "Angna Ayenge Sanvariya"<br />
| [[Deven Verma]], Pamela Chopra, Chorus<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Trivia ==<br />
* The movie that Karan & Nisha watch in the Excelsior cinema hall (when Timsy is following them) is '[[40 Carats (film)|40 Carats]] (1973)'<br />
* When Karan is following the train in his car, the background music that plays is of song 'Pyar hua, ikraar hua hai' from the movie '[[Shree 420|Shree 420 (1955)]]'<br />
* This movie was remade as '[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001)]]'<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
; [[25th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=15 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Nominated'''<br />
<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Best Actress]] – [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Deven Verma]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Best Story Award|Best Story]] – Raju Saigal<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0301215}}<br />
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=44e03936-41aa-4ddd-af55-2074f871f57e Doosra Aadmi] at [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
<br />
{{Ramesh Talwar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1977 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Talwar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamasha_(1952_film)&diff=463086Tamasha (1952 film)2026-03-04T04:10:22Z<p>Jaishink: minor cleanup for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Tamasha<br />
| image = Tamasha film.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Phani Majumdar]]<br />
| producer = [[Ashok Kumar]]<br>Savak Vacha<br />
| studio = [[Bombay Talkies]]<br />
| writer = Kishan Chandar<br />
| screenplay = [[Phani Majumdar]]<br />
| story = S. N. Banerjee<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Meena Kumari]] <br> [[Dev Anand]] <br> [[Ashok Kumar]] <br> [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
| music = [[Manna Dey]]<br> S. K. Pal<br> [[Khemchand Prakash]]<br />
| cinematography = Roque M. Layton<br />
| editing = Raghu Tipnis<br />
| distributor = [[Bombay Talkies]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1952}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tamasha''' is a 1952 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Phani Mazumdar, starring [[Meena Kumari]], [[Dev Anand]] and [[Ashok Kumar]]. One of the big hits of the year from Bombay Talkies produced by Ashok Kumar and Savak Vacha, "Tamasha" had a narrative far ahead of its times, its action spread over 16 eventful days. This movie is a copy of the Hollywood movie [[It Started with Eve]]<ref name="Kohli 2012">{{cite web | last=Kohli | first=Suresh | title=Tamasha (1952) - NorthIndia | website=The Hindu | date=2012-03-23 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tamasha-1952/article3156347.ece | accessdate=2016-12-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
A young [[Meena Kumari]] with a sparkle in her eyes and an impish smile was quite the opposite of the accomplished tragedienne she became immortalised as.{{sfn | Kohli | 2012}} This is the first film of [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Dev Anand]] and the 2nd film in which [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Dev Anand]] acted together. First film of Dev Anand and Kishore Kumar was [[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]] along with Kamini Kaushal.{{sfn | Kohli | 2012}}<br />
<br />
==Storyline==<br />
A young heir-apparent, Dilip is hopelessly in love with an aspiring film actress, Nayantara, who together with her scheming mother, a struggling director, and an assistant actually want him to finance her launching pad. The stumbling block is Dilip's ailing grandfather, Rai Saheb who is dead against the alliance and constantly warning him to break away from the actress that will otherwise only bring shame to the family. Although Dilip keeps assuring him that he has severed all ties, and is, in fact, dating a homely girl from a middle-class family, he is actually besotted with the actress who is simultaneously in an unholy alliance with big star Ashok Kumar. Persuaded by Rai Sahib, Dilip hires the services of Kiran as his new love interest. As Kiran gets more and more comfortable as the housekeeper, Dilip gets caught in the whirlpool of his own creation, drowned in his infatuation with Nayantara and admiration for Kiran. {{sfn | Kohli | 2012}}<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Ashok Kumar<br />
*[[Dev Anand]] as Dilip<br />
*[[Meena Kumari]] as Kiran<br />
*[[Kishore Kumar]] as Rajju<br />
*[[Bipin Gupta]] as Rai Sahib<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The first lines of the song Khali Pili Kaahe Ko sung by Kishore Kumar was again used for the song Yeh Duniya Suit Boot Ki Babu as a parody from film [[Aabshar]] (1953) sung by [[Kishore Kumar]], S. Balbir, and [[Shiv Dayal Batish|S.D. Batish]].<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Armanon Ki Nagari"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Kyun Ankhiyan Bhar Aayi"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| "Thi Jinse Palbhar Ki Pehchan"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Koi Jal Jal Mare"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Nahin Boloon, Nahin Boloon"<br />
| [[Rajkumari Dubey|Rajkumari]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Raat Mohe Meetha Meetha"<br />
| [[Geeta Dutt]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Khali Pili Kaahe Ko"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|0139635}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1952 films]]<br />
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Khemchand Prakash]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Manna Dey]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1952 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Bombay Talkies films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhrudu&diff=456972Andhrudu2026-03-03T21:56:34Z<p>Jaishink: reworked information</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2005 film by Paruchuri Murali}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Andhrudu<br />
| image = Andhrudu DVD cover.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''':<br/>Paruchuri Murali<br/>'''Dialogues''':<br/>Ramesh-Gopi<br/>Swamyji-Vijay<br />
| producer = M. L. Kumar Chowdary<br />
| director = Paruchuri Murali<br />
| starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]<br/>[[Gowri Pandit]]<br />
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]<br />
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]<br />
| studio = Sree Keerthi Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|8|19}}<br />
| runtime = 163 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| gross = ₹7 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2005 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2005/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Andhrudu''''' ({{translation|'Andhra man'}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by Paruchuri Murali and produced by M. L. Kumar Chowdary. The film stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] and [[Gaurie Pandit|Gowri Pandit]] in her debut role, with music composed by [[Kalyani Malik]]. The film follows an [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] man who travels to the lawless land of [[Bihar]] to win back his lover after she calls off their engagement, while dealing with her family's conflicts and the violent gangs involved.<br />
<br />
''Andhrudu'' was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Konjam Sirippu Konjam Kobam'' (2011).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Surendra is an honest and passionate [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] who is framed by a corrupt colleague, leading to a conflict with his superior, [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner of Police]] (ACP) Ranveer Sinha. Meanwhile, Ranveer's daughter Archana, an aspiring singer, studies music under the renowned teacher Viswanatha Sastry, who happens to be Surendra's father. As Surendra and Archana meet and grow closer, they develop a strong bond. Despite Surendra's dismissal from the police force, he remains determined to clear his name and continues his pursuit of justice.<br />
<br />
A flashback reveals Ranveer’s troubled past. Originally from [[Bihar]], Ranveer grew up in a joint family that was massacred by bandits, with only he and his sister surviving by hiding under the bodies of their relatives. His uncle, who also survived, promises his daughter to Ranveer, although he has no romantic feelings for her. Choosing to pursue his education, Ranveer becomes an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer with the support of his uncle. Meanwhile, his cousin, Rana, marries Ranveer’s sister, and Ranveer falls in love with a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] girl in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. However, when Rana’s sister learns of this relationship, she commits suicide. Rana blames Ranveer for her death and attempts to kill him. Ranveer is saved by his sister’s plea but is ostracised from Bihar. He later marries Archana’s mother and settles in Andhra Pradesh, though he remains distressed by his estrangement from his sister.<br />
<br />
In the present day, ACP Ranveer confronts Archana about her growing friendship with Surendra, dismissing him as arrogant and hot-headed. However, Archana defends Surendra’s sincerity, recounting how he saved her life in the past. Impressed by Surendra’s character, Ranveer proposes a marriage alliance between Surendra and Archana, which is accepted by both families.<br />
<br />
On the day of the engagement, Ranveer receives a call from his long-estranged sister, asking for a matrimonial alliance between her son Munna and Archana. Munna, who had previously seen Archana in a religious ceremony in Andhra Pradesh, is eager to marry her. Munna’s affection for Archana leads Rana to reconcile with Ranveer. Although conflicted, Ranveer agrees not to break the engagement, despite his desire to. Archana overhears this conversation and writes a letter to Surendra. After reading the letter, Surendra makes strong demands from ACP Ranveer: to reinstate him into police service, promote him, and publicly apologise for his earlier suspension. Surendra’s father, angered by these demands, disowns him, and the engagement is called off.<br />
<br />
Later, Ranveer visits Surendra’s family and explains that Surendra had deliberately staged the drama to cancel the engagement, allowing Ranveer to reconcile with his sister's family in Bihar. Grateful for Surendra’s sacrifice, Ranveer prepares to leave for Bihar to marry Archana to Munna. Meanwhile, Ranveer confesses to Archana that if she truly loved Surendra, he would not want her to marry Munna. In a selfless effort to reunite her father with his family, Archana sacrifices her love for Surendra and agrees to marry Munna.<br />
<br />
The rest of the film follows Surendra as he travels to Bihar to win back Archana’s love.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Sub-Inspector Surendra, Viswanatha Sastry’s son & Archana’s husband <br />
* [[Gowri Pandit]] as Archana, Surendra’s Wife <br />
* [[Salim Baig]] as Munna, Rana's son<br />
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Viswanatha Sastry, Surendra's father<br />
* [[Pawan Malhotra]] as Commissioner Ranveer Sinha, Archana's father<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Rana, an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] and Ranveer Sinha's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as CI<br />
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Pruthvi Raj]] as ACP<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Thief<br />
* Haritha as Archana's mother<br />
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]] as Archana's sister<br />
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Thief<br />
* [[Lakshmipathi]] as Thief<br />
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Constable<br />
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Munna's mother, Ranveer Sinha's sister<br />
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]<br />
* Master Deepak as Chintu<br />
* [[Madhu Sharma]] as a dancer in the song "Pari Aayi"<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Andhrudu'' was produced by M. L. Kumar Chowdary under the Sree Keerthi Creations banner and directed by Paruchuri Murali. Prior to ''Andhrudu'', Murali had directed ''[[Nee Sneham]]'' (2002) and ''[[Pedababu]]'' (2004). This film marked Murali's continued collaboration with Sree Keerthi Creations after the success of ''Pedababu''. ''Andhrudu'' was Kumar Chowdary's sixth film as a producer and the fourth under the Sree Keerthi Creations banner.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2004 |title=Muhurat: Andhurudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-andhrudu.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the success of [[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']] (2004), Gopichand signed on for ''Andhrudu'', a mass entertainer recommended by director [[Teja (director)|Teja]], who had first approved the story before presenting it to him. Model [[Gaurie Pandit|Gowri Pandit]] made her acting debut with this film.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The film's [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam ceremony]] was held at [[Annapurna Studios]] on 18 November 2004. During the event, [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]] sounded the clapboard on the lead pair, [[D. Suresh Babu]] switched on the camera, and the first shot was directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Andhrudu<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Kalyani Malik]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 23 July 2005<br />
| recorded = 2005<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 27:35<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Kalyan Koduri]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2004<br />
| next_title = [[Boss - I Love You]]<br />
| next_year = 2006<br />
}}<br />
The music for ''Andhrudu'' was composed by [[Kalyani Malik]], and the audio soundtrack was released under the [[Aditya Music]] label.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2005 |title=Andhrudu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/andhrudu/gObfXqG92gk_}}</ref> Most of the songs in the film were situational, with the exception of a duet.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2005 |title=Audio release - Andhrudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-andhrudu.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The audio was launched on 23 July 2005 at a function held at Viceroy Convention Hall in Hyderabad, where [[D. Ramanaidu]] officially released the soundtrack.<ref name=":1" /><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track-List<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 27:35<br />
| title1 = Gundello Yemundo<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]<br />
| extra1 = Dhanunjay, Sahithi<br />
| length1 = 5:29<br />
| title2 = Kokilamma<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Shreya Goshal]]<br />
| length2 = 3:58<br />
| title3 = O Sari Preminchaka<br />
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]<br />
| length3 = 3:48<br />
| title4 = Pari Aayi Parades<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| extra4 = Kalyani Malik, [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]<br />
| length4 = 4:35<br />
| title5 = Pranam Lo Prananga<br />
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length5 = 4:49<br />
| title6 = Purushudi Kosam<br />
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra6 = Kalyani Malik, Mathangi<br />
| length6 = 4:43<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote that ''Andhrudu'' is an average film, praising Gopichand's performance, the comedy track, and cinematography, but criticising the slow pacing and lack of emotional depth in the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Andhrudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-andhrudu.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]] for his role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=31 December 2020|website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0944185|Andhrudu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuddham_Sharanam&diff=546336Yuddham Sharanam2026-03-03T21:54:28Z<p>Jaishink: starting new stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Yuddham Sharanam<br />
| image = yuddhamsharanamposter.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| story = [[R. Raghu|R. David Nathan]]<br />
| screenplay = Krishna Marimuthu<br />
| producer = [[Sai Korrapati]] <br/> Rajani Korrapati<br />
| director = Krishna Marimuthu<br />
| starring = [[Naga Chaitanya]]<br />[[Lavanya Tripathi]]<br />[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]<br />
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Niketh Bommireddy]]<br />
| editing = Kripakaran<br />
| studio = [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|8|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 141 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable source--><br />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|10.8 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-11-22/Yuddham-Sharanam-Final-Collections-Report/340825|title = Yuddham Sharanam Final Collections Report|date = 22 November 2017|access-date = 24 September 2021|archive-date = 24 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210924162737/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-11-22/Yuddham-Sharanam-Final-Collections-Report/340825|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Yuddham Sharanam''''' ({{translation|War is refuge}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] produced by [[Sai Korrapati]] on [[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] banner and directed by debutant Krishna Marimuthu. The movie stars [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]], and [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]. [[Vivek Sagar]] composed the music for this movie. The movie was launched in February 2017. The film marks the 10th film from the production house. It is released theatrically on 8 September 2017.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Arjun is a dreamer who is experimenting with his own brand of [[unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]]. His parents Murali Krishna and Seetha Lakshmi are [[Good Samaritan]]s, tending to the ill and resurrecting lives. His mother is a doctor, and his father is a pillar of strength in his life. Arjun lives with his parents and sisters. He falls in love with a medical intern named Anjali.<br />
<br />
Somewhere, a politician who has just committed a Rs. 3000 crore scam wants to divert the attention of the people by engineering serials blasts. Nayak, a gangster with a mafia-type network, is fielded by the politician's men to mastermind the blasts. On the day of the blasts, Arjun's parents go missing. Arjun searches for them, and realizes that there was more than what meets the eye in their lives. Meanwhile, Jaidev "JD" Shastri is determined to solve the blasts case.<br />
<br />
Arjun finds his parents' bodies in a river. The police closes it as a car accident, but in the postmortem report, it is revealed that there is [[industrial water]] in their stomachs. Arjun complains about it to the police, and Nayak learns this. He sends his goons to kill Arjun and his family. Arjun protects his family from the goons and sends them to a faraway place. He learns that Nayak killed his parents as they were the prime witnesses to the bomb blasts. Arjun starts to fight back. A cat-and-mouse game ensures, and Arjun kills Nayak and his gang, too. The film ends with him starting a peaceful life with his lady love and family.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Naga Chaitanya]] as Arjun<br />
* [[Lavanya Tripathi]] as Anjali<br />
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Nayak<br />
* [[Revathi]] as Seetha Lakshmi<br />
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Murali Krishna<br />
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Jaidev "JD" Shastri<br />
* [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] as Alex<br />
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Tharun<br />
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]<br />
* Seema Chowdary as Dhanu<br />
* Harika Vedula as Radhika<br />
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Politician<br />
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Murthy<br />
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Sekar<br />
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Jogi<br />
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Selvam<br />
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Venkat Rao<br />
* [[Charandeep]] as DK<br />
* John Kottoly as Ranjith<br />
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as IAS Officer<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The soundtrack for the film is composed by Vivek Sagar.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lahari Music {{!}} T-Series|title=Enno Enno Bhaavaley Full Song With Lyrics- Yuddham Sharanam Songs {{!}} Naga Chaitanya, Lavanya Tripathi|date=2017-08-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PYFu8Xb6rQ|access-date=2017-08-07|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807161324/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PYFu8Xb6rQ|url-status=live}}</ref> The first track "Enno Enno Bhaavaley" was released on 7 August 2017, to celebrate the Indian festival of [[Raksha Bandhan]]. The full audio jukebox was released along with the trailer on 27 August 2017.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lahari Music {{!}} T-Series|title=Yuddham Sharanam Full Songs Jukebox - Naga Chaitanya, Lavanya Tripathi|date=2017-08-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5Z-9XZdYFk|access-date=2017-08-27|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827133601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5Z-9XZdYFk&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{Infobox album|<br />
|<br />
| name = Yuddham Sharanam<br />
| type = [[soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Vivek Sagar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = Aug 28, 2017<br />
| recorded = 2017<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 21:34<br />
| label = [[Lahari Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Vivek Sagar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Pelli Choopulu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2016 <br />
| next_title = [[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|l5Z-9XZdYFk|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
{{track listing|headline=Track-list|extra_column=Singer(s)|total_length=21:34|title1=Enno Enno Bhaavaley|lyrics1=[[Shreshta]]|extra1=[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]|length1=3:55|title2=Yuddham Sharanam|lyrics2=Kittu Vissapragada|extra2=Shivam, [[Kaala Bhairava]]|length2=3:09|title3=Yelugula Teraley|lyrics3=Kittu Vissapragada|extra3=[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]|length3=3:06|title4=Neevalaney|lyrics4=[[Shreshta]]|extra4=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]|length4=4:22|title5=Adedo Maayalley|lyrics5=Kittu Vissapragada|extra5=Tracey Thorton|length5=2:51|title6=Padmavyuham|lyrics6=Pranav Chaganty|extra6=[[Nikhita Gandhi]], Pranav Chaganty|length6=4:20}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was released on 8 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yuddham-sharanam/movie-review/60421875.cms|title=Yuddham Sharanam Review {3/5}: Naga Chaitanya's best action-film to date|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Yuddham Sharanam'', on the opening day it collected a total gross of {{INR}}4 Crores worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/yuddham-sharanam-box-office-collection-day-1-naga-chaitanya-4837392/|title=Yuddham Sharanam box office collection day 1: Naga Chaitanya's film earns Rs 4 crore|website=Indian Express|date=2017-09-10|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226103236/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/yuddham-sharanam-box-office-collection-day-1-naga-chaitanya-4837392/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
On the second day movie collected a total gross of {{INR}}2 Crores worldwide, and making its two-day collection {{INR}}6 Crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/yuddham-sharanam-box-office-collection-day-2-naga-chaitanya-and-lavanya-tripathi-starrer-fails-to-cross-rs-10-cr-in-two-days/articleshow/60459290.cms|title='Yuddham Sharanam' Box Office collection Day 2: Naga Chaitanya and Lavanya Tripathi starrer fails to cross Rs 10 Cr in two days|website=The Times of India|date=2017-09-11|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329024419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/yuddham-sharanam-box-office-collection-day-2-naga-chaitanya-and-lavanya-tripathi-starrer-fails-to-cross-rs-10-cr-in-two-days/articleshow/60459290.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
[[The Times of India]] gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Suffices to say that Yuddham Sharanam and Marimuthu impress with the emotional part but falter with the action drama. All said and done, this one might go down as Naga Chaitanya’s best action-film to date".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yuddham-sharanam/movie-review/60421875.cms|title=YUDDHAM SHARANAM MOVIE REVIEW.|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105033529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/yuddham-sharanam/movie-review/60421875.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>''Firstpost'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars stating "At a runtime of 140 minutes, Yuddham Sharanam tries to weave a convincing tale of revenge and love. There’s a lot to like about it, but then, at the same time, the film doesn’t let you immerse yourself in its world. And this distance just keeps growing as we flip through its pages".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yuddham-sharanam-movie-review-naga-chaitanya-races-against-time-but-the-film-doesnt-4022681.html|title=Yuddham Sharanam movie review: Naga Chaitanya races against time, but the film doesn't.|website=Firstpost|date=8 September 2017|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001164943/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yuddham-sharanam-movie-review-naga-chaitanya-races-against-time-but-the-film-doesnt-4022681.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt6644636|Yuddham Sharanam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shathru_(1985_film)&diff=534737Shathru (1985 film)2026-03-03T21:12:00Z<p>Jaishink: starting details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film <br />
| name = Shathru<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = T. S. Mohan<br />
| producer =<br />
| writer =<br />
| screenplay =<br />
| starring = [[Ratheesh]]<br>[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]<br>[[Bheeman Raghu]]<br>[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]<br />
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]<br />
| cinematography = Ramakrishnan<br />
| editing = K. Rajagopal<br />
| studio = Karthikeya Films<br />
| distributor = Karthikeya Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|1985|11|15|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shathru''''' is a 1985 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by T. S. Mohan. The film stars [[Ratheesh]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]], [[Bheeman Raghu]] and [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1725|title=Shathru|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2391|title=Shathru|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/shatru-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016215935/http://spicyonion.com/title/shatru-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Shathru|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Ratheesh]] as Sudhindran<br />
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Savithri Sankar<br />
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Johnny<br />
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kurup<br />
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]<br />
*[[Unnimary]] as Cicily<br />
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as U. P. Menon<br />
*[[Valsala Menon]]<br />
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Thamarakshan/Kottada Vasu<br />
*[[Babu Antony]] as Man in the crowd<br />
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Rajasekharan<br />
*[[Sathaar]] as Ramakrishnan<br />
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]] as Suma<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Geethe Ninakku" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]], Kalyani Menon || [[Poovachal Khader]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Raaga Tharalitham En Hridayam" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Poovachal Khader || <br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Varadayaay Vaazhunna" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], K. S. Chithra || Poovachal Khader || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0275671|Shatru}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suri_(2000_film)&diff=538601Suri (2000 film)2026-03-03T18:13:58Z<p>Jaishink: starting a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2001 film by Sankara Kumar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Suri<br />
| image = Suri (2000 film).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = Sankara Kumar<br />
| producer = S. T. Reddy<br />
| writer = J. D. Chakravarthy (uncredited)<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[J. D. Chakravarthy]]|[[Priyanka Trivedi]]|[[Snehal Dabi]]}}<br />
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| cinematography = Arun<br />
| editing = Sankara Kumar<br />
| studio = Ravindra Arts<br />
| released = {{Film date|2000|12|28|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Suri''''' is a 2000 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by Sankara Kumar (Editor Shankar) in his directorial debut. The film stars [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Priyanka Trivedi]]. It was produced by [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]]. The lead actor J. D. Chakravarthy also provided the story, screenplay and dialogues for the film, though he was not credited in the movie credits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2001 |title=Interview with Tammareddy Bharadwaja by Jeevi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_tammareddy.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2000 |title=Suri to be released on 28th December |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news87.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Suri'' released on 28 December 2000 and was a [[Box-office bomb|box-office disaster]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":Sify">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007843&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Welcome to Sify.com|website=[[Sify]] |date=9 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050109061343/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007843&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-date=9 January 2005 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was simultaneously made in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Durga (2002 film)|Durga]]'' (2002) for which Chakravarthy was credited as producer and director.<ref name=":BH">{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=29 March 2002 |title=Durga Review 1/5 &#124; Durga Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/durga-3/critic-review/durga-3-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> However the Hindi version too met the same fate as the Telugu version.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Suri <br />
* [[Priyanka Upendra|Priyanka]] as Gayatri<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] <br />
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Gayatri's father<br />
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] <br />
* [[Snehal Dabi]] as Guru<br />
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Ram Das <br />
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A. V. S.]] <br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as the police inspector<br />
* [[Uttej]]<br />
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Shankar, who worked with [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Krishna Vamsi]] as [[Film editing|editor]] made his debut as a director with the film.<ref name=":1" /> Tammareddy Bharadwaja produced the film. Shankar handled both editing and direction.<ref name=":1" /> [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] who played lead the lead role also provided the story, screenplay and dialogues for the film. But, he was not credited for his writing work in the movie credits.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Producer Tammareddy Bharadwaja attributed this to him lacking the required money to put the movie titles or even marketing the film in newspapers.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Soori<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2001<br />
| recorded = 2001<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 29:51<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Poovellam Un Vasam]]<br />
| prev_year = 2001<br />
| next_title = [[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]<br />
| next_year = 2002<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 29:51<br />
| title1 = Monnatidaka<br />
| lyrics1 = Kaluva Krishna Sai<br />
| extra1 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]<br />
| length1 = 5:52<br />
| title2 = Kottu Kottu<br />
| lyrics2 = Kaluva Krishna Sai<br />
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| length2 = 4:24<br />
| title3 = Chikkadapalli<br />
| lyrics3 = Siddharth<br />
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Ramanan]]<br />
| length3 = 4:04<br />
| title4 = Yemayindo (Female)<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Vennelakanti]]<br />
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length4 = 5:06<br />
| title5 = Gumma Saradaga<br />
| lyrics5 = Kaluva Krishna Sai<br />
| extra5 = Mano, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
| length5 = 4:48<br />
| title6 = Sarada Theeraleda<br />
| lyrics6 = Kaluva Krishna Sai<br />
| extra6 = Sujatha, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length6 = 5:37<br />
| title9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| all_writing = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| title8 = <br />
| length7 = 5:06<br />
| title7 = Yemaindho (Male)<br />
| length10 = <br />
| lyrics7 = Vennelakanti<br />
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film released on 28 December 2000.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''Indiainfo'' wrote that "The photography is good. J.D. is okay as ever and the new face Priyanka is also okay. Watch the movie only if you have too much time to waste."<ref name=":IndInfo">{{cite web |title=Indiainfo: Tollywood masala: Movie Reviews - Suri |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010209095251/http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2001}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' found ''Suri'' to be an underwhelming experience, overly reliant on familiar gang war themes, with a predictable climax and underdeveloped love story, despite some decent performances.<ref name=":Sify" /><br />
<br />
A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "If only the makers had done a little homework on the screenplay, it would have made an interesting movie."<ref name=":FH">{{Cite web |title=Suri Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/suri/telugu/suri-movie-reviews-313-2.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=fullhyderabad}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "As the story lacks any novelty, the director's effort doesn't yield desired result. A good story would have won the director accolades. Choosing a subject similar to Ram Gopal Verma's "Satya" proves a minus point for the director".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/suri.htm|title=SURI|website=Andhra Today|access-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822083510/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/suri.htm|archive-date=22 August 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_American_Dream_(film)&diff=540388The American Dream (film)2026-03-03T09:16:00Z<p>Jaishink: starting article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 film by Dr. Vighnesh Koushik}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The American Dream<br />
| image = The American Dream film poster.jpeg<br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| director = Dr. Vighnesh Koushik<br />
| writer = Dr. Vighnesh Koushik<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| producer = Dr. Pradeep Reddy<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Prince Cecil]]<br />
*Neha Krishna<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Adam Chapman<br/>Abhiraj Nair<br />
| editing = Sasank Vupputuri<br />
| music = Abhinay TJ<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|1|14}}<br />
| runtime = 113 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The American Dream''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[drama thriller]] film written and directed by Dr. Vighnesh Koushik.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-08|title=aha Announces its First Indo-American Original, The American Dream|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/ott/aha-announces-its-first-indo-american-original-american-dream-149466|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> Produced by Dr. Pradeep Reddy, the film features [[Prince Cecil]] and Neha Krishna in lead roles. The film premiered on 14 January 2022 on the streaming service [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telugu|first=TV9|date=2022-01-08|title=The American Dream: ఆహా అందించనున్న మరో ఆసక్తికర మూవీ.. ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న ది అమెరికన్ డ్రీమ్ ట్రైలర్..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/young-hero-prince-latest-movie-the-american-dream-trailer-released-613059.html|access-date=2022-01-22|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{Plot|date=January 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Prince Cecil]] as Rahul Dharanikota<br />
* Neha Krishna as Riya Varma (Voice dubbed by [[Manisha Eerabathini]])<br />
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Rahul's father <br />
* Raviteja Mukkavalli<br />
* Sri Mirajkar<br />
* Phani Rampalli<br />
* Anil Sankaramanch<br />
* Sri Ram Reddy <br />
* Asireddy<br />
* [[Muralidhar Goud]]<br />
* Ravi Kumar Marka<br />
* Jed Brian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| title1 = Dhulateerinda<br />
| length1 = 3:40<br />
| total_length = 6:15<br />
| all_music = Abhinay TJ<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| lyrics1 = Aditya Iyengar<br />
| extra1 = Harshika Gudi<br />
| title2 = It's Not A Love Story<br />
| length2 = 2:35<br />
| lyrics2 = Prudhvi Chandra and Abhinay TJ<br />
| extra2 = Prudhvi Chandra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "The only gripe one can find with ''American Dream'' is that it is much darker than what it seems. But if one is ready for it, the film won't disappoint".<ref>{{Citation|title=American Dream Review: An able mixed-genre flick that feels stuffed at times|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/american-dream/ottmoviereview/88780532.cms|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> Another reviewer opined that the film makes an okay watch as the backdrop of the US and relatable situations connect with the audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The American Dream review: Works in parts!|url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/the-american-dream-review-works-in-parts|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Telugu Cinema|date=15 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt17044234|title=The American Dream Telugu}}<br />
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/the-american-dream ''The American Dream''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:American Dream, The}}<br />
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khongjomnubi_Nonggarol&diff=509797Khongjomnubi Nonggarol2026-03-01T01:31:38Z<p>Jaishink: info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient Meitei literary narrative work}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
|name=Khongjomnubi Nonggarol<br />
|country=[[Ancient Kangleipak]]<br />
|language=[[Meitei language]]<br />
|genre=[[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Meitei scriptures}}<br />
The '''Khongjomnubi Nonggarol''' ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]: '''Khongchomnupi Nongkalol''') is an [[ancient Meitei language]] literary narrative text ([[Puya (Meitei texts)|puya]]) containing two major stories, first about a group of six [[Luwang]] girls turning into the [[pleiades]] in the sky, one of them giving birth to a {{langnf|mni|harinongnang|[[cicada]]}} and the second about a lady named [[Haosi Namoinu]] turning a harinongnang, unable to suffer the extreme cruelty of her stepmother, during her father's absence.<ref name="History">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=29 August 1996 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=khongchumnupi |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cultural">{{cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |date=25 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=khongjomnubi+nongarol&pg=PT134 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Glimpses">{{cite book |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture |date=29 August 1970 |publisher=Manipuri Sahitya Parishad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx4OAAAAYAAJ&q=khongjomnubi+nongaron |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Lamabam Damodar |title=L. Kamal Singh |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0856-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouEZEOAusv4C&dq=khongjomnubi+nongaron&pg=PA51 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Literature">{{cite book |last1=Paniker |first1=K. Ayyappa |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=29 August 1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=khongjomnubi+nongaron&pg=PA331 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Etymology ==<br />
''"Khongjomnubi"'' or ''"Khongchomnupi"'' means the [[Pleiades]] and ''"Nongarol"'' or ''"Nongkalol"'' means the ascend to the [[Heaven]].<ref name="Cultural" /><ref name="Glimpses" /><ref name="Singh" /><ref name="Literature" /><br />
<br />
== Stories ==<br />
=== 1st story ===<br />
Once six [[Luwang]] ladies went to buy fish attempting to have a good bargain at a fishing weir maintained by six tribal men. They got familiar to one another soon after they saw one another. As there was no enough catch on that particular evening, the youths requested to the Luwang girls to spend the night in the open shed together with them so that they might take away the fish the next day. The girls, at first, were reluctant to accept the proposal due to their fear of their parents and brothers. However, on the persist request of the men, they agreed. Thus they stayed together in the dark with the men, elated with the passion of life, soon gave themselves to one another up to fulfill the desires of flesh. On the next day, the ladies felt shy to go home and to meet their families. So, the men proposed that if their parents were harsh on them, they would ascend heaven together. In that case, they planned to meet one another after five days at a place called Tentongyan where once [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], king of the [[Luwang]] dynasty, hung his royal bow and arrows, on the crooked tree branch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=54 |language=en, mni}}</ref><br />
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Everything happened just like expected. The ladies were badly treated by their mothers at home, scolding and beating them for committing the sins of physical relationship before marriage and that too with men of community that was socially inferior to theirs. Getting embarrassed, the ladies left their homes before the stipulated number of days planned. They actually ran out and traced their way towards the abode of [[Salailen Sidaba]], god of heaven. A strange thing happened on the way as one of the girls went into labour and gave birth to a {{langnf|mni|harinongnang|cicada}} instead of a human child. She left the creature on earth, behind their way, with assuring the baby that she would visit it once a year. Then, the birth giving lady followed her group of companions, who rested at every point of ridges, waiting for her. When they reached the abode of Salailen, they admitted and fell before Him honestly with their distress for searching an accommodation. Salailen felt pity for them and soon they were joined by the tribal men, their lovers, in the spot. Salailen warned them that in heaven, no mortal could enjoy earthly love or have [[menage a trois]]. He granted them a chance to go to earth once a year, lead conjugal life and take care of their child (the cicada). Hence, the six young couples lived an eternal life of happiness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=55 |language=en, mni}}</ref><br />
=== 2nd story ===<br />
The text has its another story, which is about how lady [[Haosi Namoinu]] turned into a {{langnf|mni|harinongnang|[[cicada]]}}.<ref>Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1 July 1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.</ref><br />
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The following is a passage from the text describing the pitiable extreme troubles of lady [[Haosi Namoinu]] suffering the cruelty of her selfish stepmother:<br />
{{Quote|''“One day [[Hāosināmoinu]] tenderly told her step-mother Lousikām Chanu that that day she and her companions of equal age and similar haircut had decided to have among themselves a match of kang. So she requested to allow her fetch the basketful load of paddy from the distant barn the next morning when the sun just shoots up with his brilliant rays, which the ill-natured and acid-tongued step-mother did not take kindly, and fiercely insisted on carrying out the task as enjoined. There was no means of escape for the poor girl, but on her return hardly had she stepped into the house and unloaded the heavy weight, when the termagant woman, always disquieting like boiling water, again bade her to perform household chores like husking the paddy with the pestle on the mortar and toil for fine grained rice. Unable to bear any further, the hapless girl made a retort against her saucy step-mother who, instantly flying into a rage, hit her head with a laddle. Then blood profusely rushed out of it.”''|Khongjomnubi Nonggarol<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=57 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]<br />
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]<br />
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]<br />
* [[List of Meitei folktales]]<br />
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Puyas}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Cicadas]]<br />
[[Category:Crickets]]<br />
[[Category:Fairy tale stock characters]]<br />
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]<br />
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]<br />
[[Category:Female legendary creatures]]<br />
[[Category:Insects in culture]]<br />
[[Category:Legendary creatures in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei literature]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Mythological human hybrids]]<br />
[[Category:Mythological insects]]<br />
[[Category:Puyas (Meitei texts)]]<br />
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]<br />
[[Category:Terms for women]]<br />
[[Category:Wind creatures]]<br />
[[Category:Women and death]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelakantheswara_Temple,_Nizamabad&diff=521451Neelakantheswara Temple, Nizamabad2026-02-15T16:34:37Z<p>Jaishink: started basic place from scratch</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{onesource|date=March 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Neelakanteswara Temple<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| district = Nizamabad<br />
| location = Nizamabad<br />
| deity = [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6854|N|78.1145|E|display=inline}}<br />
| architecture_type = Hindu temple<br />
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri|Shiva Ratri]]<br />
}}<br />
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Neelakanteswara temple is in Nizamabad, [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rathasapthami celebrated at Neelakanteshwara temple |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130219/rathasapthami-celebrated-at-neelakanteshwara-temple.html |date=2019-02-13 |access-date=2024-05-15 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The presiding deities of this temple are [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] who is also known Neelakanta. [[Puranas]] indicate that [[Brahma]] has worshipped the idol of Lord Shiva at this temple and thus this temple is one of the most important [[Shiva temple]] in [[India]]. The temple is one of the [[Ancient history|ancient]] temples of India with devotees thronging to this place during the [[Maha Shivaratri|Shiva Ratri]] festival.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|18.6854|78.1145|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Shiva temples in Telangana]]<br />
{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapta&diff=539646Tapta2026-02-11T08:07:55Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Character in Meitei folklore}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
[[File:Tapta The Thief and the Tiger.jpg|thumb|The thief escaping from the tiger]]<br />
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'''Tapta''' (/tap-taa/) is a character in [[Meitei folklore]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Manipur]].<ref name="Bhattacharjee">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Kishalay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMA7Ve2-VuIC&dq=tapta+folktale&pg=PT94 |title=Che in Paona Bazar |date=2013-04-11 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4472-4741-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Regunathan 2005">{{Cite book |last=Regunathan |first=Sudhamahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&dq=tapta+folktale&pg=PA118 |title=Folk Tales of the North-East |date=2005 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-967-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is a creature described by a mother's imagination to her child, to stop their cry. Etymologically, "Tapta" is made of two words, "Tap" (sound of water drops falling on the ground) and "Ta" (literally meaning "to fall") in [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Meitei language|Manipuri]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=tapta+folktale |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKBjAAAAMAAJ&q=tapta+folktale |title=Indian Literature |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nepram 2004">{{Cite book |last=Nepram |first=Binalakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7plAAAAMAAJ&q=tapta+folktale |title=Meckley |date=2004 |publisher=Virgo Publications |isbn=978-81-85870-40-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Summary ==<br />
=== Arrival of the criminals ===<br />
Once there was a child who never stopped crying.<br />
One night, when it was raining heavily, a thief came to steal a horse from the house of the child and a tiger also came to prey on one of the horses from the same place. As the two criminals were silently waiting a right time for their chances in the dark corners of the horse-stable, they heard the mother ("father" in another version) telling her child about many scary creatures, like the [[elephant]], the [[horse]], the [[lion]] and the [[tiger]] coming, to pacify his crying but it was of no use to the child.<ref name="Bhattacharjee"/><ref name="Regunathan 2005"/> And the non-stop weeping child suddenly remained silent when the mother mentioned the name "Tapta".<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /><ref name="Regunathan 2005" /><ref name="Nepram 2004"/><br />
=== Beliefs ===<br />
So, both the thief and the tiger believed that "Tapta" might surely be a dangerous creature. In the darkness, the thief started searching for the horses in the horse-stable. And as he was touching things one by one in the darkness, it coincided that he held the legs of the hiding tiger, thinking it as one of the horses in the stable. And the tiger thought that the person holding him would be none other than the so-called "Tapta". And so, the ferocious tiger behaved like an obedient pet animal, fearing of the "Tapta". In the darkness of the stable, the thief prepared reins and saddles on the tiger ("false horse") and drove him away towards the woods. Again in the darkness of the woods, the tiger still believed that the person riding on and driving him was the so-called "Tapta". And during the dawn, when there was abundant light, the thief recognised that the creature he had stolen was not a horse but a tiger. So, he tried to escape himself from the driving beast but the tiger never stopped running.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /><ref name="Regunathan 2005" /> <br />
=== Escape ===<br />
The thief saw a branch of a tree on the way the tiger was running. And with intelligent and quick steps, he jumped on the branch leaving the tiger alone running. A few moments later, the tiger realised the absence of the "Tapta" (actually, the thief) from his back. So, he thought that "Tapta" might even be able to fly on the air, that was how he was gone from him. So, on his way back to home, the tiger met many other animals, including a [[bear]], an [[elephant]], a [[fox]] and even another [[tiger]] (variable according to different versions of the story), to whom he narrated all the incidents. All these animals did not trust him and asked him to take them to the spot where the "Tapta" had freed him. On the other hand, the thief hid himself on a "tree hole" ("tree hollow") of the same tree, on whose branch he had jumped on. As the animals led by the tiger came to the spot, the tiger told them that the very spot was nearby the tree with a hole (where the thief was hiding). So, in searching for the "Tapta", they met many unlucky circumstances, leading them to believe in what the tiger had said to be correct. For example, when the bear inserted his small [[tail]] to the tree hollow, the thief pulled it inwards with his full strength and let it go off, that the bear fell to the ground. When the elephant inserted his trunk into the tree hollow, the thief hurt it with something (probably with a stick) so hard that the elephant yelled with pain.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /><ref name="Regunathan 2005" /><br />
=== Royal judgement ===<br />
Finally, all of these animals approached to the lion, [[Highness|His Highness]] of the forest, and narrated all the incidents. So, the lion decided to check out the [[matter]] by Himself. Meanwhile, the thief had escaped and ran away for safety. And as the lion arrived, there was no one at that place. But the other animals still believe that there is a dangerous creature called the "Tapta".<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /><ref name="Regunathan 2005" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Other websites ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Tapta_By_Akham_Gautam Folk_Tales.Tapta]<br />
* [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.466641/mode/2up|Tapta by&nbsp;G.C. Tongbra, 1982]]<br />
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[[Category:Meitei literature]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]<br />
[[Category:Tigers in Meitei culture]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_Sankara_Raman&diff=531182S Sankara Raman2026-02-10T03:10:42Z<p>Jaishink: info!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Activist and social entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = '''S Sankara Raman'''<br />
| education = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| occupation = [[Disability activist]] and [[Social entrepreneurship|social entrepreneur]]<br />
}}<br />
'''S Sankara Raman''' is an Indian disability activist and social entrepreneur. He serves as the honorary secretary of Amar Seva Sangam, a disability management Non-government organization based in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sankara Raman|url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/Resomate/Story%20about%20successful%20person_SRS.pdf|journal=Inspiring Stories of Successful Indians Worldwide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Digvijay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBizDwAAQBAJ|title=Every Life Counts: The Noble Work of Amar Seva Sangam|date=2019-10-04|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64650-982-9|language=en}}</ref> Sankara Raman was also an elected fellow at [[Ashoka (non-profit organization)|Ashoka]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S. Sankara Raman {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker|url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-ca/fellow/s-sankara-raman|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.ashoka.org|language=en-ca}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Shubha|date=2017-04-07|title=They run to improve lives|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/they-run-to-improve-lives/article17856776.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also got into noticed during 2017 [[Mumbai Marathon]] when he didn't run the shorter 2.4&nbsp;km category for disabled people but ran the 6&nbsp;km run with everyone else.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018|title=Sri S Sankara Raman|work=Infinithoughts|url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/articles/Infinitythoughts%20Aug%202018.pdf}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and work ==<br />
Raman was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy at the age of three. He studied to become a Chartered Accountant. His activism and efforts started with his father when he faced discrimination by Chartered Accountant firms by turning down his requests for internships. They wrote to [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] and requested for a unique position for his situation. As a response, ICAI created positions for all disabled people in the CA firms of the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/articles/Cofeetable%20book%20CA%20Institute.pdf | title=Sankara Raman Srinivasan | website=www.amarseva.org}}</ref><br />
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Raman started his own practice fearing discrimination at corporates. He also joined the Tamil Nadu Welfare Association for Physically Handicapped and worked on disability rights in parallel of his CA practice. In 1991 S. Ramakrishnan and decided to join Amar Seva Sangam to continue his work for disability rights.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandrasekaran|first=N|title=Incredible Champions|url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/Resomate/SRS_Chandrasekar.pdf}}</ref> He also wrote for [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] and commented on Government Bills on disability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/articles/Article%20by%20me%20in%20frontline%201996.pdf|title=Enabling Change}}</ref><br />
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When Sankara Raman was refused by Marathon organizers for fundraisers, he actively took it to media highlight that they were Differently abled and not disabled. This led to fundraising marathons with disabled citizens also participating.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Sandhya|title=A profile in courage|url=https://www.amarseva.org/uploads/default/files/articles/Frontline_Oct_1994.pdf}}</ref><br />
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== Awards/recognition ==<br />
Sankara is the recipient of [[Helen Keller]] Award by [[National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=7th Hellen Keller Award|url=https://www.ncpedp.org/sites/all/themes/marinelli/documents/Helen%20Keller%20Awards%20Brochure%202005.pdf|journal=NCPEDP}}</ref> Director Arin Paul made a movie on his life titled as ''S. Sankara Raman - The Man, The Myth, The Legend.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rare Disease Filmfestival 2021 {{!}} Participants|url=https://www.centogene.com/rdff/finalists.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Centogene|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, S Sankara}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian disability rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]<br />
[[Category:People with muscular dystrophy]]<br />
[[Category:Indian activists with disabilities]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankana_Banerjee&diff=508237Kankana Banerjee2026-02-07T23:23:32Z<p>Jaishink: added</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian Classical singer|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{COI|date=May 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kankana Banerjee<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = April 19, 1946<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Classical singer <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kankana Banerjee''' (born April 19, 1946) is an Indian Classical singer who trained under the tutelage of Indian classical vocalist [[Amir Khan (singer)|Ustad Amir Khan]] in [[Lucknow]].[http://www.kankanabanerjee.in/about-kankana-banerjee] She has received several accolades and awards for her contribution to [[Hindustani classical music]], including the State Government of Andhra Pradesh felicitation "[[Andhra Ratna]] Award (Kala Saraswati)" presented by [[Mother Teresa]] in 1987.<br />
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== Biography ==<br />
She was born in Bengali, to an affluent family in the city of Calcutta. Her mother, Mandira Chatterjee, was a disciple of [[Tarapada Chakraborty]] of Kolkata and [[Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar]] of Lucknow. Her grandfather was [[Radhakamal Mukerjee|Radha Kamal Mukherjee]], sociologist and former Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="southasianoutlook">{{Cite web|url=http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/2001/august/artiste_profile.htm|title=Dr. Radha kamal Mukherjee is the grand father of Kankana Banerjee}}</ref><br />
Kankana Banerjee began Hindustani Classical music training early in her career under the influence and supervision of her mother. In 1955, she began training under Ustad Amir Khan, who hailed from the [[Indore gharana|Indore Gharana]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Gramophone Celebrities|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/trn/pdfs/trn_2008.pdf|journal=The Record News- Journal of the Society of Indian Record Collectors', Mumbai|volume=2008|pages=10}}</ref> She gave her first public performance at the age of fourteen in the year 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianraga.wordpress.com/tag/kankana-banerjee/|title=Kankana Banerjee started her career}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
She performed the Darbari Kanara '[[Tarana]]' created by [[Amir Khan (singer)|Ustad Amir khan]] in the style of [[Amir Khusrow|Amir Khusrau]] ([[Saregama|His Master's Voice studios, Bombay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discog.piezoelektric.org/hmvindia/index.php?search=kankana&field=Artist|title=The Gramophone Company of India (His Master's Voice) Records Listing|website=piezoelektric.org}}</ref> The track was published by His Master's Voice on a special record ‘Multifaceted genius of Amir Khusrau’. It was released to commemorate the 7th Centenary celebrations of the poet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virasatfoundation.com/album/smt-kankana-banerjee/|title=Kankana Banerjee performance at 7th centenary celebration of the poet Amir Khusro at His Master's Voice studio|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2022-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209185918/http://virasatfoundation.com/album/smt-kankana-banerjee/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Kankana Banerjee became a disciple of [[Sulakshana Pandit|Pandit Pratap Narain]] who belonged to the [[Mewati gharana|Mewati Gharana]]. She has received numerous accolades during her career including the "Kala Saraswati [[Andhra Ratna|Andhra Ratna Award]]" from the Government of Andhra Pradesh, presented to her by [[Mother Teresa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/2001/august/artiste_profile.htm|title=South Asian Outlook - An Independent e-Monthly|website=www.southasianoutlook.com|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref><br />
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She has also worked as a playback singer, recording songs based on classical ragas for the films ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' and ''Id Mubaraq''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Singing-notes-of-melody/articleshow/259987.cms|title=Singing notes of melody - Times of India|last=Shukla|first=Vandana|date=2003-10-23|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marriage and children ==<br />
Kankana Banerjee married Sunil Kumar Banerjee, another disciple of Ustad Amir Khan, at the age of 17. Together they had two children, a daughter and a son. Shortly after the birth of their son, when Kankana Banerjee 21, her husband passed away. Kankana Banerjee never remarried.<ref name="southasianoutlook"/><br />
<br />
== Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Year<br />
!Awards and Honours<br />
|-<br />
|1969<br />
|Sur Mani - [[Swami Haridas Sangeet Sammelan|Swami Haridas Sammelan]], Bombay<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Singing-notes-of-melody/articleshow/259987.cms|title=Singing notes of melody - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 October 2003 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|Kala Saraswati - Government of Andhra <ref name="southasianoutlook.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/2001/august/artiste_profile.htm|title=South Asian Outlook - An Independent e-Monthly|website=www.southasianoutlook.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|[[Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University|Bhatkhande Sangeet]] Mahotsava, Lucknow<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bhatkhandemusic.edu.in/|title=Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University – BMIDU|website=bhatkhandemusic.edu.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|[[Swami Haridas Sangeet Sammelan]], Vrindavan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tzzmp3s.download/mp3/haridas-sangeet-sammelan-mumbai.html|title=Haridas Sangeet Sammelan Mumbai free mp3 download|website=tzzmp3s.download}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1979, 1980, 1985, 1990<br />
|Pune [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival|Sawai Gandharva Sammelan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/programs-1980|title=Programs in 1980 - sawai gandharva bhimsen mahotsav|website=sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1978 and 2015<br />
|All India Radio Sangeet Sammelan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Music/Pages/Music.aspx|title=Listing|website=allindiaradio.gov.in|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chennai-edition-of-akashvanis-sangeet-sammelan/article7765777.ece|title=There was music in the AIR|first1=Lalithaa|last1=Krishnan|first2=G.|last2=Swaminathan|date=15 October 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|Late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's 'Apna Utsav festival in Delhi and Bombay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19861130-national-cultural-festival-turns-out-to-be-a-red-carpet-mela-for-vvips-only-801487-1986-11-30|title=National Cultural Festival turns out to be a red carpet mela for VVIP's only|website=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|Begum Akhtar Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/begum-akhtar-centenary-commemoration-festival|title=Begum Akhtar Centenary Commemoration Festival {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India|website=www.indiaculture.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/music-festival-to-celebrate-100-years-of-begum-akhtar-114100300600_1.html|title=Music festival to celebrate 100 years of Begum Akhtar|last=IANS|date=2014-10-03|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref><ref name="thestatesman.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/candid-views-on-change-124781.html|title=Candid views on 'change' - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=20 February 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1978 - 2018<br />
|[[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple|Sankat Mochan]] Samaraho, Varanasi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.speakingtree.in/blog/sankat-mochan-hanuman-temple-varanasi|title=SANKAT MOCHAN HANUMAN TEMPLE VARANASI|website=timesofindia.speakingtree.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|I.T.C. Sangeet Sabha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/|title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy :: Home|website=www.itcsra.org|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/TributeMaestro.aspx?Tributeid=32|title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy - Tribute Maestro|website=www.itcsra.org}}</ref><ref>http://www.itcsra.org/Raga-Online.aspx ''Select singer''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|Punyatithi of late Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Safdarjang Road, New Delhi<ref name="southasianoutlook.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|Mysore Darbar Hall, in the presence of the Indian President R. Venkataraman<ref name="southasianoutlook.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|I.C.C.R. Samaraho,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncaa.gov.in/repository/search/displaySearchRecordPreview/ICCR-128-AC|title=Sangeet Nritya Samaroh (Vol.II)|website=National Cultural Audiovisual Archives|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref> in the presence of the Indian President R. Venkataraman<ref name="southasianoutlook.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|The [[Kirana Gharana]] Award, named after Ustad Faiyaz and Niyaz Ahmad Khan <ref name="thestatesman.com"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://www.hindustaniclassical.com/schedule/ahobal {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225125253/http://www.hindustaniclassical.com/schedule/ahobal |date=2018-02-25 }}<br />
* https://vdocuments.mx/ustad-ameer-khan.html<br />
* https://www.delhievents.com/2018/03/music-sangeet-natak-akademi-raag-dopahri-kathak-kendra.html<br />
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051231/cth2.htm<br />
* http://www.varanasitourismtravels.com/events/sankat-mochan-music-festival/#.WvRUX6SFPIU {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723221616/http://www.varanasitourismtravels.com/events/sankat-mochan-music-festival/#.WvRUX6SFPIU |date=2018-07-23 }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Kankana}}<br />
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br />
[[Category:1946 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philoxenos_Yuhanon&diff=525384Philoxenos Yuhanon2026-01-29T14:29:03Z<p>Jaishink: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Syriac Orthodox bishop (1941-2015)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Retired - Bishop Emeritus<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[His Eminence]] 'Thanono' Dr.<br />
| name = Mor Philoxenos Yuhanon<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| title = Malankara Metropolitan<br />
| image = Mor Philoxenos Yuhanon.png<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| church = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<br /><small>([[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Malankara Jacobite Church]])</small><br />
| archdiocese = <br />
| province = <br />
| metropolis = <br />
| diocese = <br />
| elected = <!-- or | appointed = --><br />
| term = 1999 - 2002<br />
| quashed = <br />
| predecessor = [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Perumpally|Mor Geevarghese Gregorios]]<br />
| successor = [[Baselios Thomas I]]<br />
| opposed = <br />
| other_post = <!---------- Orders ----------><br />
| ordination = 1969 (Kassisso)<br />
| ordained_by = [[Baselios Augen I]] Catholicos<br />
| consecration = 12 September 1985<br />
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Paulose II]] Catholicos<br />
| cardinal = <br />
| created_cardinal_by = <br />
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Valiya Metropolitan]]<br />
<!---------- Personal details ---------->| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|12|5|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pampady]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|12|30|1941|12|5|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kalpatta]], [[Wayanad]], Kerala, India<br />
| buried = St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Simhasna Cathedral Pampady, [[Kottayam]]<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| religion = [[Oriental Orthodox]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = <!-- or | partner = --><br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <!-- or | previous_post = --><br />
| education = '''B.A''' from Baselios College, Kottayam,<br><br />
'''M.A''' from [[Sri Venkateswara University]],<br><br />
'''G.S.T.''' from [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]],<br><br />
'''S.T.M''' from [[New York Theological Seminary]],<br><br />
'''TH.D.''' from Logos Graduate School of Theology [[New York City|New York]],<br><br />
'''D.D''' from Orlando International Seminary, [[Florida]]<br><br />
'''C.P.E''' (Clinical Pastoral Education), [[New York City|New York]]<br><br />
'''Hindi Bhooshan''' ,'''Hindi Praveen''' for [[Hindi]] Language<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sri Venkateswara University]]<br />
| motto = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| coat_of_arms = <br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <!---------- Sainthood ----------><br />
| feast_day = <br />
| venerated = <br />
| saint_title = <br />
| beatified_date = <br />
| beatified_place = <br />
| beatified_by = <br />
| canonized_date = <br />
| canonized_place = <br />
| canonized_by = <br />
| attributes = <br />
| patronage = <br />
| shrine = <br />
| suppressed_date = <!---------- Other ----------><br />
| module = <br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| successor = [[Zacharias Mor Philoxenos]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Samuel Mor Philaxinos]]<br />
| title = Metropolitan of Malabar<br />
| diocese = Malabar Diocese<br />
| term = 1985 - 2010<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mor Philoxenos Yuhanon''' (born '''John Jacob Elappanal'''; 5 December 1941 – 30 December 2015) was a [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishop who served as the 24th [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]] from 1999 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hymonutho |url=https://archive.org/details/malankara-metropolitias |title=Malankara Metropolitias Of Syriac Orthodox Church in India |date=2021-03-18}}</ref> He also served as the Bishop of Malabar Diocese of the [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]] from 1985 to 2008.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Yuhanon Mor Philoxenos passes away|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Yuhanon-Mor-Philoxenos-passes-away/articleshow/50390116.cms|access-date=1 January 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|date=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Metropolitan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/metropolitan-passes-away/article8047602.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
[[File:Tomb of H.E Yuhannon Mor Phelexinos Valiya Thirumeni.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Tomb of Yuhanon Mor Philexinos]]<br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
John Jacob was born to the ''Elappanal'' Family of [[Pampady]] on 5 December 1941. In 1964, at the age of 23, he was ordained ''deacon'' by Mor Philaxinos Poulose (later Catholicos Mor [[Baselios Paulose II]]) during his rebellious Antiochian Movement, and ''Kassisho'' in 1969 by Mor [[Baselios Augen I]].<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
<br />
Jacob had his primary and high school education at Pampady. Later, he joined Baselios College ([[Kottayam]]) where he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[economics]]. After that he obtained an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in economics from [[Sri Venkateswara University]] ([[Thirupathi]]). His basic theological training was at the Orthodox Theological Seminary in [[Kottayam]]. Mor [[Athanasius Yeshue Samuel]], Archbishop of Canada, sponsored Jacob for his higher studies in the [[United States]]. Jacob joined the [[New York Theological Seminary]] and obtained his [[Master of Sacred Theology|STM]] degree. Subsequently, he took his [[Doctor of Theology|Th.D.]] degree from ''Logos Graduate School of Theology'' in [[New York City]] and [[Doctor of Divinity|DD]] degree from ''Orlando International Seminary'' in [[Florida]]. Mor Philoxenos is the only bishop in [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church]] with two doctorates. He also completed a ''Clinical Pastoral Education'' in New York. After becoming a bishop, Mor Philoxenos continued studying and joined ''[[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]]'', a deemed university and center of excellence under Govt. of India, and secured ''Hindi Bhooshan'' and ''Hindi Praveen''.<br />
<br />
== As priest ==<br />
When Jacob was studying in the USA, he served as the [[vicar]] in many Jacobite churches in Staten Island, Manhattan, Philadelphia, Chicago, Dallas, Houston and Augusta. He also performed volunteer work for the [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]].<br />
<br />
== As metropolitan ==<br />
<br />
After 17 January 1985, when the Metropolitan of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] Diocese, [[Samuel Mor Philaxinos]], died, the Holy Episcopal Synod selected Jacob as the new metropolitan to the diocese. On 12 September 1985 Mor [[Baselios Paulose II]] consecrated Jacob as the new metropolitan of Malabar, with the name Mor Philoxenos, at St Peter's & St Paul's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Cathedral in [[Meenangadi]].<br />
<br />
The history of the Malabar Diocese is closely related to Yuhanon Mor Philexinos. When Yuhanon Mor Philoxenos took charge of Malabar, the Diocese area was in a high state of deterioration. He therefore co-ordinated the works in the diocese and constructed many new churches throughout the diocese. A lot of them are built in Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu, Kozhikode and Malappuram Districts of Kerala.<br />
<br />
Mor Philoxenos Yuhanon started institutions including:<br />
<br />
*Mor Alias Snehabhavan<br />
*Mor Philoxenos Memorial Press<br />
*Mor Gregorios Teachers Training College<br />
*St. Peter's & St. Paul's EHS School<br />
*Aramana Chapel<br />
*Mor Basil Day Care<br />
*Mor Philoxenos Foundation<br />
*The present Bishop's Palace<br />
[[File:PampadyChurch.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Resting Place and Parish of Yuhanon Mor Philexinos]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<br />
*[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.syriacchristianity.org syriacchristianity.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518092737/http://www.syrianchurch.org/ |date=18 May 2012 }}<br />
* [http://www.viswasasamrakshakan.org viswasasamrakshakan.org]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-rel|Malankara [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] Titles}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Perumpally|Geevarghese Gregorios]]<br> 1996-1999<br />
| title = [[Malankara Metropolitan|Metropolitan Trustee]] of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]<br />
| years = 1999-2002<br />
| after = [[Baselios Thomas I]] <br> 2002-2019<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yuhanon, Mor Philoxenos}}<br />
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navsari_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=477906Navsari Lok Sabha constituency2026-01-19T05:02:39Z<p>Jaishink: Put Up The Stub From Scratch...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok sabha constituency in Gujarat}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Navsari<br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = નવસારી – Navsari.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| established = 2008<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
| mp = [[C. R. Patil]]<Br>{{Small|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Union Minister of Jal Shakti]]}}<br />
| incumbent_image = The Union Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri C.R. Paatil addressing at the Jal Shakti Abhiyan- Catch the Rain Programme, in New Delhi on June 24, 2024 (cropped).jpg<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Gujarat]]<br />
|electors=22,23,550 (2024)<br />
| assembly_cons =[[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]<br>[[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhna]]<br>[[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]<br>[[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]<br>[[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]<br>[[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]<br>[[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi]]<br />
|reservation=None<br />
}}<br />
'''Navsari''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Gujarat]], a state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=148}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Chandrakant Raghunath Patil]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of the latest elections in 2024, Patil represents this constituency.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
As of 2014, Navsari Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref name=delimit/><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number<br />
! width="200px" |Name<br />
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br />
! width="150px" |District<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|163<br />
|[[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]<br />
|None<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Surat district|Surat]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|164<br />
|[[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhna]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|165<br />
|[[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|168<br />
|[[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|174<br />
|[[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]<br />
|None<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Navsari district|Navsari]]<br />
|-<br />
|175<br />
|[[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|176<br />
|[[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi]]<br />
|ST<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election!!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[C. R. Patil]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Navsari]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate= [[C. R. Patil]]<br />
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
|votes= 10,31,065<br />
|percentage= 77.05<br />
|change= {{increase}}2.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate=Naishadhbhai Bhupatbhai Desai<br />
|party= Indian National Congress <br />
|votes= 2,57,514<br />
|percentage= 19.24<br />
|change= {{decrease}}2.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 20,462<br />
|percentage = 1.53<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate =Malkhan Ramkishor Varma <br />
|votes =8,133<br />
|percentage = 0.61<br />
|change ={{down}}0.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 7,73,551<br />
|percentage = 57.80<br />
|change = {{increase}}5.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 13,39,344<br />
|percentage = 60.23<br />
|change = {{down}}6.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = {{increase}}2.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Navsari]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[C. R. Patil]]<br />
|votes = 9,72,739<br />
|percentage = 74.37<br />
|change = +3.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Dharmeshbhai Bhimbhai Patel<br />
|votes = 2,83,071<br />
|percentage = 21.64<br />
|change = -0.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Vineeta Aniruddh Sinh<br />
|votes = 9,366<br />
|percentage = 0.72<br />
|change = -0.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes = 9,033<br />
|percentage = 0.69<br />
|change = -0.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 6,89,688<br />
|percentage = 52.73<br />
|change = +4.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 13,09,236<br />
|percentage = 66.40<br />
|change = +0.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Navsari]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archivedate=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0625.htm?ac=25|title=Navsari|publisher=Election Commission of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628101055/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0625.htm?ac=25|archivedate=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[C. R. Patil]]<br />
|votes = 8,20,831<br />
|percentage = 70.72<br />
|change = +14.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Maksud Mirza<br />
|votes = 2,62,715<br />
|percentage = 22.63<br />
|change = -15.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Mehul Patel<br />
|votes = 14,299<br />
|percentage = 1.23<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Keshavbhai Malabhai Chauhan<br />
|votes = 11,240<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = 0.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Lataben Ashokkumar Dwivedi <br />
|votes = 7,560<br />
|percentage = 0.65<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Saiyed Mehmud Ahmed<br />
|votes = 6,069<br />
|percentage = 0.52<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Rohit Gandhi<br />
|votes = 4,267<br />
|percentage = 0.37<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = [[Bharatiya Bahujan Congress|BBC]]<br />
|candidate = Aslam Mistry<br />
|votes = 3,853<br />
|percentage = 0.33<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Hasan Shaikh<br />
|votes = 3,510<br />
|percentage = 0.30<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Ravshaheb Bhimrav Patil<br />
|votes = 2,888<br />
|percentage = 0.25<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Vimal Patel (Endhal)<br />
|votes = 2,739<br />
|percentage = 0.24<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Percy Munshi<br />
|votes = 2,235<br />
|percentage = 0.19<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br />
|candidate = Rajubhai Bhimrao Warde<br />
|votes = 2,156<br />
|percentage = 0.19<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Ramjan Mansuri<br />
|votes = 1,787<br />
|percentage = 0.15<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Bhupendrakumar Dhirubhai Patel<br />
|votes = 1,264<br />
|percentage = 0.11<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Voters Party<br />
|candidate = Sonal Kellogg<br />
|votes = 1,089<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Keshavji L. Saradva<br />
|votes = 1,059<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Arun S. Pathak<br />
|votes = 1,030<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Hindustan Nirman Dal<br />
|candidate = Bharti Pyarelal<br />
|votes = 834<br />
|percentage = 0.07<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|votes = 9,322<br />
|percentage = 0.80<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 5,58,116<br />
|percentage = 48.09<br />
|change = +30.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 11,61,476<br />
|percentage = 65.82<br />
|change = +19.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
|swing = +14.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Navsari<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=46|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[C. R. Patil]]<br />
|votes = 4,23,413<br />
|percentage = 55.89<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Dhansukh Rajput<br />
|votes = 2,90,770<br />
|percentage = 38.38<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Satyajit Jayantilal Sheth<br />
|votes = 12,821<br />
|percentage = 1.69<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Shaileshbhai Bisheswar Shrivastav<br />
|votes = 7,371<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Yogeshkumar Thakorbhai Naik<br />
|votes = 6,922<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Varankar Kamalben Kashiram<br />
|votes = 3,327<br />
|percentage = 0.44<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Maha–Gujarat Janta Party<br />
|candidate = Gangaprasad Lalanbhai Yadav<br />
|votes = 2,697<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Shatrudhandas Omkardas Sugat (Bairagi)<br />
|votes = 2,389<br />
|percentage = 0.32<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Pravinchandra Manilal Patel<br />
|votes = 1,519<br />
|percentage = 0.20<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Sardar Vallabhai Patel Party<br />
|candidate = Aazadkumar Chaturbhai Patel<br />
|votes = 1,451<br />
|percentage = 0.19<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Govindbhai Laxmanbhai Rathod<br />
|votes = 1,386<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Kanubhai Devjibhai Sukhadia<br />
|votes = 1,337<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Tarunbhai Champakbhai Patel<br />
|votes = 1,197<br />
|percentage = 0.16<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Jashavantbhai Dalpatbhai Panchal<br />
|votes = 951<br />
|percentage = 0.13<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 1,32,643<br />
|percentage = 17.51<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 7,57,551<br />
|percentage = 46.66<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Surat district]]<br />
* [[Navsari district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}<br />
{{coords|20.9|72.9|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Navsari Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Navsari district]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Police_Force_(TV_series)&diff=470713Indian Police Force (TV series)2026-01-18T17:17:53Z<p>Jaishink: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cop drama series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Indian Police Force.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| genre = [[Action-thriller]]<br>[[Police procedural]]<br />
| creator = [[Rohit Shetty]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = Sandeep Saket<br>Anusha Nandakumar<br />
| director = Rohit Shetty<br />Sushwanth Prakash<br />Sneha Shetty Kohli<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Sidharth Malhotra]]<br />
*[[Shilpa Shetty|Shilpa Shetty Kundra]]<br />
*[[Vivek Oberoi]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[JAM8|Akashdeep Sengupta]]<br />Lijo George-DJ Chetas<br />Abhishek-Ananya <br />
| open_theme = [[Amar Mohile]]<br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 7<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = [[Rohit Shetty]]<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = Girish Kant<br />Raza Hussain Mehta<br />
| editor = Bunty Nagi<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 45–50 minutes<br />
| company = [[Rohit Shetty|Rohit Shetty Picturez]]<br/>[[Reliance Entertainment]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|1|19}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| related = [[Cop Universe]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Indian Police Force''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/indian-police-force-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njg3|title=Indian Police Force|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|quote=INDIAN POLICE FORCE is a Hindi-language action thriller series; in this episode, the net closes in on Zarar.|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120135755/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/indian-police-force-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njg3|url-status=live}}</ref> television series that streams on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/rohit-shetty-i-want-to-make-indian-police-force-a-big-international-show/articleshow/91156444.cms|title=Rohit Shetty: I want to make 'Indian Police Force' a big international show|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531103015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/rohit-shetty-i-want-to-make-indian-police-force-a-big-international-show/articleshow/91156444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is created and directed by [[Rohit Shetty]] and Sushwanth Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rohit-shetty-indian-police-force-want-to-make-the-biggest-show-7892152/|title=Rohit Shetty on Indian Police Force: Want to make the biggest show|date=April 28, 2022|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522163509/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rohit-shetty-indian-police-force-want-to-make-the-biggest-show-7892152/|url-status=live}}</ref> Set in the [[Cop Universe]], it is produced by Shetty under the banner of [[Rohit Shetty|Rohit Shetty Picturez]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]. It stars [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], and [[Vivek Oberoi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/indian-police-force-sidharth-malhotra-first-look-rohit-shetty-s-cop-universe-amazon-prime-video-2022-04-20-770948|title=Indian Police Force: Rohit Shetty's cop universe goes digital with Sidharth Malhotra; watch FIRST glimpse|first=Prerna|last=Yadav|date=20 April 2022|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523022617/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/indian-police-force-sidharth-malhotra-first-look-rohit-shetty-s-cop-universe-amazon-prime-video-2022-04-20-770948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/global/asia/sidharth-malhotra-rohit-shetty-shilpa-shetty-indian-police-force-prime-video-1235893898/|title=Sidharth Malhotra, Rohit Shetty, Shilpa Shetty's 'Indian Police Force' Proves Major Hit for Prime Video (EXCLUSIVE) – Global Bulletin|date=February 2024 |publisher=variety.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
[[Superintendent of Police (India)|DCP]] Kabir Malik and his senior officer Joint [[Commissioner of Police|CP]] Vikram Bakshi go on to investigate a series of bomb blasts in [[Delhi]] during the [[Delhi Police]] Raising Day. The serial blasts were committed by Zarar, an Indian Mujahideen (IM) terrorist, who is living under a fake identity as Haider. Vikram and Kabir stop some of the five serial blasts and are asked to collaborate with Vikram's classmate Tara Shetty, [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] Chief of [[Gujarat]]. They track down a suspect called Shadab, through sketches and witness accounts, and also learn about his hideout through an undercover officer. <br />
<br />
Later, Kabir and Vikram decide to follow their lead without consulting Tara. However, their operation leads to an intense encounter between the agents and Zarar’s associates. Zarar takes a kid as a hostage after most of his associates are killed and Shadab is arrested; he shoots Vikram twice. Vikram succumbs to his injuries and dies. Kabir faces internal conflict with Tara and gets removed from the case. After a series of bombings in Jaipur, Kabir collaborates to investigate and his relentless pursuit leads him to suspect Zarar, who is in [[Darbhanga]] and is planning major attacks with new accomplices and financial support. <br />
<br />
Zarar and his team prepare for the bombings, but Kabir and Tara, following some leads, manage to thwart some attacks and arrest members of Zarar’s team. However, Zarar manages to escape again and Kabir tracks Zarar to [[Darbhanga]]. Meanwhile, after the Jaipur attacks Zarar marries Nafisa, whose father was also part of Zarar's team though Nafisa and her family had no idea about the same. Later Kabir reveals Zarar's true identity to Nafeesa. She faints after knowing this as she is pregnant with Zarar's child and is taken to hospital. Zarar contacts her in the Hospital and convinces her to come to him and she agrees, but on the news, she hears that Zarar's parents are alive about which Zarar lied to her. She reveals to Kabir and his team that Zarar will pick up her in [[Bangladesh]] via train. Zarar leaves for Bangladesh and Kabir learns about his exact location through Nafisa. Kabir and Rana head for Bangladesh and meet up with Jagtap, Vikram and Tara's friend from the academy and a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent. <br />
<br />
Kabir, Rana, and Jagtap ambush Zarar and his men at the station as Zarar was waiting for Nafeesa to arrive. Jagtap also spots Rafeeq and tries to capture him, but to no avail. After a brief chase through the streets by Kabir, Zarar is captured and taken to a [[safe house]] at the India-Bangladesh border before being transported back to Delhi. Tara reunites with Kabir and Jagtap, deciding to leave for the mission of capturing IM's leader and their team, including Rafeeq, who was spotted in [[Kathmandu]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sidharth Malhotra]] as [[Superintendent of Police (India)|DCP]] Kabir Malik [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as [[Delhi Police]] Special Cell Chief Tara Shetty [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Former Chief of [[Gujarat]] [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]]<br />
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Joint [[Commissioner of Police|CP]] Vikram Bakshi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/indian-police-force-vivek-oberoi-joins-rohit-shetty-cop-universe-as-senior-office-of-squad-2920521|title=Indian Police Force: Vivek Oberoi Is "Most Experienced" Officer In Rohit Shetty's Squad|website=NDTV.com|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523021959/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/indian-police-force-vivek-oberoi-joins-rohit-shetty-cop-universe-as-senior-office-of-squad-2920521|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Rana Virk<br />
* Mayyank Taandon as Zarar / Haider<br />
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Rashmi Malik, Kabir's wife<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/isha-talwar-talks-about-her-role-in-rohit-shettys-indian-police-force-reveals-mirzapur-3-gave-her-a-power-trip-exclusive-8165863.html | title=Isha Talwar Talks About Her Role in Rohit Shetty's Indian Police Force; Reveals Mirzapur 3 Gave Her A 'Power Trip' &#124; Exclusive | date=24 June 2023 | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=21 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221123539/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/isha-talwar-talks-about-her-role-in-rohit-shettys-indian-police-force-reveals-mirzapur-3-gave-her-a-power-trip-exclusive-8165863.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Shruti Bakshi, Vikram's wife<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shweta-tiwari-to-star-in-rohit-shettys-web-show-402294|title=Shweta Tiwari to star in Rohit Shetty's web show|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203142118/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shweta-tiwari-to-star-in-rohit-shettys-web-show-402294|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Jagtap, [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] Agent<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharad-kelkar-on-being-a-part-of-indian-police-force-if-you-work-in-rohit-shettys-film-or-series-you-will-get-the-maximum-viewership/8b55439611734 | title=Sharad Kelkar on being a part of Indian Police Force: If you work in Rohit Shetty's film or series, you will get the maximum viewership | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=21 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221123759/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharad-kelkar-on-being-a-part-of-indian-police-force-if-you-work-in-rohit-shettys-film-or-series-you-will-get-the-maximum-viewership/8b55439611734 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Rafeeq Ahmad<ref name="cast">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-police-force-teaser-rohit-shetty-explosions-cars-air-prime-video-biggest-indian-series-9070625/|title=Indian Police Force teaser: Rohit Shetty set to unleash more explosions, toss even more cars into air in Prime Video's biggest Indian series|date=16 December 2023|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101053649/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-police-force-teaser-rohit-shetty-explosions-cars-air-prime-video-biggest-indian-series-9070625/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Shruti Ulfat|Shruti Panwar]] as Unaiza<br />
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Jaideep Bansal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="cast"/><br />
* [[Lalit Parimoo]] as Saeed Khan<ref name="cast"/><br />
* [[Vaidehi Parshurami]] as Nafeesa Khan<br />
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Rukhsana Malik, Kabir's mother <br />
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Farida<br />
* Vibhuti Thakur as Zara<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-india-police-force-vibhuti-thakur-roped-in-to-star-in-rohit-shetty-s-web-series-news-194715|title='India Police Force': Vibhuti Thakur Roped In To Star In Rohit Shetty's Web Series|date=3 May 2022|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523000548/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-india-police-force-vibhuti-thakur-roped-in-to-star-in-rohit-shetty-s-web-series-news-194715|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Sunil Rodrigues as Goldie Rodrigues<br />
* Harsh Sharma as Salamat<br />
* Arjun Dwivedi as Bangladesh intelligence head<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{Episode table |background=#3251AE |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
| Title = Delhi Police Raising Day<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
| Title = One Wrong Call<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
| Title = The Hunt<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
| Title = The Ghost Is Back<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
| Title = The Loss<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
| Title = The Truth<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
| Title = Delhi Police Raising Day<br />
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|19}}<br />
| ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = #3251AE<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Sidharth Malhotra]] was cast as the lead role, and was joined by [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Nikitin Dheer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sidharth-malhotra-to-star-in-new-amazon-prime-video-original-11650688555300.html|title=Sidharth Malhotra to star in new Amazon Prime Video original|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=23 April 2022|website=mint|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811032852/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sidharth-malhotra-to-star-in-new-amazon-prime-video-original-11650688555300.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-first-lady-cop-rohit-shetty-cop-universe-indian-police-force-7883396/|title=Shilpa Shetty is the first female cop in Rohit Shetty's cop universe, joins OTT series Indian Police Force|date=24 April 2022|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522171430/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-first-lady-cop-rohit-shetty-cop-universe-indian-police-force-7883396/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vivek-oberoi-to-star-alongside-sidharth-malhotra-shilpa-shetty-in-rohit-shettys-india-police-force/articleshow/91092325.cms|title=Vivek Oberoi to star alongside Sidharth Malhotra & Shilpa Shetty in Rohit Shetty's 'India Police Force'|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522172214/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vivek-oberoi-to-star-alongside-sidharth-malhotra-shilpa-shetty-in-rohit-shettys-india-police-force/articleshow/91092325.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nikitin-dheer-kratika-sengar-dheer-welcome-baby-girl-7913978/|title=Nikitin Dheer, Kratika Sengar Dheer welcome baby girl|date=12 May 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812014613/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nikitin-dheer-kratika-sengar-dheer-welcome-baby-girl-7913978/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
The series was announced by [[Rohit Shetty]] in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rohit-shetty-sidharth-malhotra-amazon-indian-police-force-1235236583/|title=Rohit Shetty, Sidharth Malhotra Team up for 'Indian Police Force' Amazon Prime Video Series|first1=Naman|last1=Ramachandran|date=April 20, 2022|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522170327/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rohit-shetty-sidharth-malhotra-amazon-indian-police-force-1235236583/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first look teaser featuring [[Sidharth Malhotra]] were unveiled in April 2022 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/wow-rohit-shetty-announces-his-cop-universe-action-packed-series-indian-police-force-with-sidharth-malhotra-watch/6260e9878bbc430c967672dd|title=Wow! Rohit Shetty Announces His Cop Universe Action-Packed Series, 'Indian Police Force' With Sidharth Malhotra- WATCH &#124; SpotboyE|website=www.spotboye.com|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521152940/https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/wow-rohit-shetty-announces-his-cop-universe-action-packed-series-indian-police-force-with-sidharth-malhotra-watch/6260e9878bbc430c967672dd|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilpa, Sidharth and Rohit were spotted at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai Airport]] before leaving for [[Goa]], Maharashtra on 9 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/sidharth-malhotra-rohit-shetty-make-stylish-appearance-they-leave-indian-police-force-shoot-pics-1083586|title=Sidharth Malhotra & Rohit Shetty make a stylish appearance as they leave for Indian Police Force shoot; PICS|date=6 May 2022|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812030749/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/sidharth-malhotra-rohit-shetty-make-stylish-appearance-they-leave-indian-police-force-shoot-pics-1083586|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/shilpa-shetty-serves-street-style-as-shes-snapped-at-the-airport-53786.html|title=Shilpa Shetty serves street style as she's snapped at the airport|website=filmfare.com|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812031227/https://www.filmfare.com/photos/shilpa-shetty-serves-street-style-as-shes-snapped-at-the-airport-53786.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The series was primarily shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/rohit-shettys-series-indian-police-force-with-sidharth-malhotra-to-be-shot-in-goa-exclusive/articleshow/91013847.cms|title=Rohit Shetty's series Indian Police Force with Sidharth Malhotra to be shot in Goa -Exclusive!|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531130031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/rohit-shettys-series-indian-police-force-with-sidharth-malhotra-to-be-shot-in-goa-exclusive/articleshow/91013847.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series started in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/watch-rohit-shetty-announces-action-packed-series-indian-police-force-starring-sidharth-malhotra|title=Watch: Rohit Shetty announces action-packed series 'Indian Police Force' starring Sidharth Malhotra|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108033035/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/watch-rohit-shetty-announces-action-packed-series-indian-police-force-starring-sidharth-malhotra|url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule kickstarted in [[Mumbai]]. Filming then moved to [[Goa]] where a fight scene was shot from 12 May,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sidharth-malhotra-gets-hurt-on-indian-police-force-sets-says-rohit-shetty-action-hero-7918445/|title=Sidharth Malhotra gets hurt on Indian Police Force sets: 'Rohit Shetty's action hero equals to real sweat, real blood'|date=15 May 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812034149/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sidharth-malhotra-gets-hurt-on-indian-police-force-sets-says-rohit-shetty-action-hero-7918445/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ended in May 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rohit-shetty-praises-sidharth-malhotra-as-he-aces-action-sequences-in-indian-police-force-54106.html|title=Rohit Shetty praises Sidharth Malhotra as he aces action sequences in Indian Police Force|website=filmfare.com|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812034425/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rohit-shetty-praises-sidharth-malhotra-as-he-aces-action-sequences-in-indian-police-force-54106.html|url-status=live}}</ref> before [[Rohit Shetty|Shetty]] left for [[Cape Town]] to shoot [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12|Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-to-head-to-south-africa-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-on-may-27-all-you-need-to-know-1948919-2022-05-13|title=Rohit Shetty to head to South Africa for Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 on May 27? All you need to know|first=Nirali|last=Kanabar|date=May 13, 2022|website=India Today|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616024404/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-to-head-to-south-africa-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-on-may-27-all-you-need-to-know-1948919-2022-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> in August 2022, filming happened at [[Mehboob Studio]] in [[Mumbai]] where a fight scene was shot. In November 2022, filming happened in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]]. Filming took place at [[India Gate]], [[Red Fort]], [[Old Delhi]], [[Lodi Gardens]], [[Sharda University]], and a song was shot at [[Humayun's tomb]]. In January 2023, filming took place at [[Ramoji Film City|Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad]] where some action scenes were shot including the climax. In August 2023, a small schedule took place in [[Jaipur]].<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
On 18 April 2022, [[Amazon Prime Video]] announced the series officially with a first look and teaser being released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/apr/21/rohit-shetty-teams-up-with-amazon-prime-video-with-new-series-2444451.html|title=Rohit Shetty teams up with Amazon Prime Video with new series|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 April 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523023356/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/apr/21/rohit-shetty-teams-up-with-amazon-prime-video-with-new-series-2444451.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was released on 18 January 2024, a day ahead of its original release date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/rohit-shetty-7-part-series-indian-police-force-starring-sidharth-malhotra-gets-a-release-date-23315647|title=Rohit Shetty's 7-part series 'Indian Police Force' starring Sidharth Malhotra gets a release date|work=Mid Day|date=21 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021092643/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/rohit-shetty-7-part-series-indian-police-force-starring-sidharth-malhotra-gets-a-release-date-23315647|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|18|3.7|11|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Police Force: Season 1 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/indian_police_force/s01 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the series a 3/5 star rating, writing, "Despite the predictability in the storyline, ''Indian Police Force'' is recommended for its novelty in delivering a high-packed action series in the digital space. The half-hourly episode format enhances its appeal, making it a worthy watch for fans of the ''[[Cop Universe]]'' and those seeking engaging content in the web series realm."<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Police Force Season 1 Review: Rohit Shetty's 70 mm cop universe fits perfectly in the small screen too|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 Jan 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/indian-police-force/season-1/seasonreview/106926893.cms|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119022350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/indian-police-force/season-1/seasonreview/106926893.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3/5 rating, said that "Indian Police Force is a typical Rohit Shetty style show which has the merits and demerits that each of his previous films possess. For those who admire his kind of cinema, watching the series becomes an absolute no-brainer."<ref>{{cite web|website=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotra-rohit-shetty-sushwanth-prakash-show-rides-on-action-and-emotions-1272459|title=Indian Police Force Review: Sidharth Malhotra-Rohit Shetty-Sushwanth Prakash show rides on the action and emotions|date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 Jan 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119025656/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotra-rohit-shetty-sushwanth-prakash-show-rides-on-action-and-emotions-1272459|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave a mixed review of 2.5/5 stars, writing, "The narrative, though riveting, occasionally succumbs to predictability, relying on well-worn tropes of the crime thriller genre. The series could benefit from more innovative storytelling choices and plot twists to elevate it beyond the standard fare."<ref>{{cite web|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotras-web-series-is-riveting-yet-cliched-rohit-shetty-shilpa-shetty-prime-video-january-19-2490586-2024-01-19|title=Indian Police Force' Review: Sidharth Malhotra's web series is riveting yet cliched|date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 Jan 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119024144/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotras-web-series-is-riveting-yet-cliched-rohit-shetty-shilpa-shetty-prime-video-january-19-2490586-2024-01-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan at ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 rating, stating that "When it comes to the world of police dramas, Indian Police Force makes an effort to carve out a certain place for itself; nonetheless, it doesn't seem like the roaring patrol car that is synonymous with other cop films by [[Rohit Shetty]]. The series fails to reach the heart-pounding crescendo that the Cop Universe is known for."<ref>{{cite web|work=OTTplay|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shettys-web-series-led-by-sidharth-malhotra-is-the-hard-case-of-missing-main-character-energy/40c57d2344494|title=Indian Police Force Review: Rohit Shetty's web series led by Sidharth Malhotra is the hard case of missing 'main character energy'|access-date=19 Jan 2024|quote=Indian Police Force fails the Rohit Shetty spark, which he boasts in his Cop Universe.|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119112751/https://www.ottplay.com/review/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shettys-web-series-led-by-sidharth-malhotra-is-the-hard-case-of-missing-main-character-energy/40c57d2344494|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Deepa Galhot of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2/5 rating, stating that "Rohit Shetty's strengths have been action and humour; the former he delivers in spades, but the latter is totally lacking in Indian Police Force."<ref>{{cite web|work=Rediff.com|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/indian-police-force-review/20240119.html|title=Indian Police Force Review: This Is No Singham!|access-date=19 Jan 2024}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a negative review of 1.5/5 rating, writing, "Rohit Shetty has spread over seven episodes the things he does in two-and-a-half-hours of his blockbuster cop sagas -- evil Muslim terrorists balanced by brave Muslim cops, clunky plots to demolish innocent lives, and scores of cars and jeeps cartwheeling in the air."<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shetty-sidharth-malhotra-show-is-all-surface-minimal-depth-9116890/|title=Indian Police Force Review: Rohit Shetty, Sidharth Malhotra show is all surface, minimal depth|date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 Jan 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119072316/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shetty-sidharth-malhotra-show-is-all-surface-minimal-depth-9116890/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Devansh Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that "Rohit Shetty's streaming debut is wired very differently from his tentpole movies, but that doesn't imply it's any better."<ref>{{cite web|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shetty-goes-long-but-not-higher-in-debut-web-series-with-sidharth-malhotra-101705573315886.html|title=Indian Police Force Review: Rohit Shetty goes long, but not higher in debut web series with Sidharth Malhotra|access-date=19 Jan 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119010056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/indian-police-force-review-rohit-shetty-goes-long-but-not-higher-in-debut-web-series-with-sidharth-malhotra-101705573315886.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a verdict "Though less bombastic than his action features, ‘Indian Police Force’ registers little forward momentum in Shetty’s cinematic style; the cop universe has reached maximum entropy."<ref>{{cite news|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indian-police-force-series-review-more-cops-from-rohit-shetty/article67755261.ece|title='Indian Police Force' series review: More cops from Rohit Shetty|date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 Jan 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119071337/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indian-police-force-series-review-more-cops-from-rohit-shetty/article67755261.ece|url-status=live |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/IndianPoliceForce/0GGXWIWOHIGGXWZEGICB042XKL/ ''Indian Police Force''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Amazon Prime Video original series|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Cop Universe}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Cop Universe]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Dhaka]]<br />
[[Category:Goa in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Goa Police]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian espionage television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television shows based on films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]<br />
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows about terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Television series about Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Works about Islamic terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Works about jihadism]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Nepal]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Gorkha_Rifles_(The_Malaun_Regiment)&diff=4561781st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)2026-01-18T14:58:10Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Regiment of the Indian Army}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = 1 Gorkha Rifles<br />
| image = 1st Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg<br />
| caption = 1 Gorkha Regiment insignia<br />
| dates = 1815–present<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| type = Rifles<br />
| role = Light Role<br />
| size = 6 Battalions<br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = [[Sabathu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name=bharat>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/118-1-Gorkhas.html |title=1 Gorkha Rifles |publisher=Bharat Rakshak—Land Forces Site |access-date=2009-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815061227/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/118-1-Gorkhas.html |archive-date=15 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre<br />
| equipment = <br />
| equipment_label = <br />
| nickname = 1 GR<br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = ''Kayar Hunu Bhanda Marnu Ramro (Better to die than live like a coward)''<ref name=army>{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_1gr.html |title=1 Gorkha Rifles |work=The Official Home of the Indian Army |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=2009-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092945/http://indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_1gr.html |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| colors = Red; faced white<br />1886, Rifle—Green; faced red<br />
| colors_label = <br />
| march = War Cry:'' Jai Mahakali Ayo Gorkhali (Hail goddess [[Kali]] The Gorkhas are here)''<ref name=bharat/><br />
| mascot = <br />
| battles = [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]<br />[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<br />[[Perak War]]<br />[[Second Afghan War]]<br />[[Burma]]<br />[[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]]<br />[[Waziristan]] (1894)<br />[[Tirah Campaign|Tirah]] (1897)<br />[[First World War]]<br />[[Third Afghan War]]<br />[[Second World War]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br />
| anniversaries = Raising Day (24 April)<br />
| decorations = 1 [[Param Vir Chakra]]<br /> 2 [[Victoria Cross]]<br />7 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s<br />16 [[Vir Chakra]]s<br />1 [[Kirti Chakra]]<br />3 Shaurya Chakras<br />1 Yudh Seva Medal<br />22 [[Sena Medal]]s<ref name=bharat/><br />
| battle_honours = <!-- Commanders --><br />
| current_commander = <br />
| current_commander_label = <br />
| ceremonial_chief = <br />
| ceremonial_chief_label = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Lt Gen]] Sanjeev Chauhan<br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = <br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = A pair of crossed [[Khukri]]s with the numeral 1 above<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = [http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/Childers.gif Childers (1st Bn pipe bags and plaids)]<br />[http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/MackenzieHLI.gif Mackenzie HLI (2nd Bn pipe bags and plaids)]<br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = Tartan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)''', often referred to as the '''1st Gorkha Rifles''', or '''1 GR''' in abbreviation, is the most senior [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Infantry regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]], comprising Gurkha soldiers of Indian Gorkha or Nepalese nationality, particularly from the [[Magars]] and [[Gurung people|Gurungs]] communities, who are hill tribes of Nepal. It was originally formed as part of the [[East India Company]]'s [[Bengal Army]] in 1815, later adopting the title of the '''1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)''', however, in 1947, following the [[partition of India]], it was transferred to the Indian Army and in 1950 when India became a Republic, it was redesignated as '''1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)'''. The regiment has a long history and has participated in many conflicts, including many of the colonial conflicts prior to Indian independence, as well as the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s. Since 1947 the regiment has also participated in a number of campaigns against Pakistan in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] as well as undertaking peacekeeping duties as part of the [[United Nations]].<br />
<br />
The naming of The Malaun Regiment is not related to the slur "[[malaun]]". Rather, it is derived from the defeat of the Gorkhas at Malaun Fort in present day [[Himachal Pradesh]] in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
{{main|Gurkha War}}<br />
<br />
The Gurkha War was fought between the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha kings of Nepal]] and the [[British East India Company]] as a result of border tensions and ambitious expansionism especially into [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and Kangra hills. Although the British East India Company's army defeated the Gorkha army led by General [[Amar Singh Thapa]], they were nevertheless impressed by the skill and courage the Gorkhas had shown during the siege of Malaun fort in [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]].<ref name=Singh2007>Singh 2007.</ref><ref name=Parker45>Parker 2005, p. 45.</ref> As a result, during the post war settlement a clause was inserted into the [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] enabling the British to recruit Gorkhas.<ref name=Parker45/> On 24 April 1815, at Subathu, the East India Company formed a regiment with the survivors of Thapa's army calling it the First Nusseree Battalion.<ref group="Note">The designation Nusseeree, or Nasiri, means friendly or loyal.</ref><ref>Parker 2005, p. 46.</ref><br />
<br />
===Early campaigns===<br />
[[File:The Nusseree Battalion.JPG|thumb|The Nusseree Battalion, a mixed rifle regiment consisting of personnel from the Magar and Khas tribes, later known as the ''1st Gurkha Rifles'' {{Circa|1857}}]]<br />
<br />
The regiment soon saw its first battle when, in 1826, it took part in the [[Jat War]] where it helped in the conquest of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]],<ref name=army/><ref name=Chappell12>Chappell 1993, p. 12.</ref> gaining it as a [[battle honour]], the first battle honour awarded to the Gurkha units. In 1846 the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] began and the Regiment was heavily involved in the conflict. It was awarded two battle honours for its involvement in the war; at the [[Battle of Aliwal]] which saw the [[Sikh]] forces, who had invaded [[British India]].<ref name=Chappell12/><ref name=Nicholson08>Nicholson 1974, p. 8.</ref><br />
<br />
The regiment experienced numerous names changes during the 1800s; one name change in 1850 saw it gain a new numerical designation to become the '''66th Goorkha Regiment of [[Bengal Native Infantry]]'''<ref name=army/> after the original 66th had mutinied.<ref name=Chappell12/> The Regiment saw service during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] which began in 1857. The following year Lieutenant [[John Adam Tytler]] became the first Gurkha officer to be awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC), receiving it for his actions against rebels at [[Choorpoorah]].<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 61–62.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1861, the regiment gained its present numerical designation when it became the '''1st Goorkha Regiment'''. In 1875, the regiment, under the command of [[James Rawlins|Colonel James Sebastian Rawlins]], was sent abroad for the first time, when it took part in the effort to quell a rebellion in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] during the [[Perak War]]. During the conflict Captain [[George Nicolas Channer]] was awarded the Victoria Cross for his valiant actions against the Malayans.<ref name=Parker391>Parker 2005, p. 391.</ref> The regiment took part in the [[Second Afghan War]] in 1878 where they were part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade and won the [[Theatre Honour]] "Afghanistan 1878–80".<ref name=Chappell13/><br />
<br />
In 1886, the regiment became the '''1st Goorkha Light Infantry''' and a 2nd Battalion was raised in February.<ref name=Singh2007/> In 1891, the regiment was designated a [[rifle]] regiment when it became the '''1st Goorkha (Rifle) Regiment''' and in consequence of this the regiment's [[Military colours, standards and guidons#Colours|Colours]] were laid up.<ref group="Note">Rifle regiments by tradition did not possess Colours.</ref> The regiment then took part in operations in [[Burma]], the [[North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan|North-West Frontier]] and the [[Tirah Campaign|Tirah campaign]] in 1897.<ref>Farwell 1984, p. 60</ref><br />
<br />
In 1901, the regiment's title was shortened when it became the '''1st Goorkha Rifles''' and in 1903 its title was changed once more, this time to the '''1st Goorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)'''.<ref name=Chappell12/> This title had been adopted to commemorate due to the significance of [[Malaun]] to the Regiment; it was where the British had decisively beaten the Gurkhas in 1815 during the [[The Gurkha War|Anglo–Gurka War]] and subsequently recruited them into the Nusseree battalions. <br />
[[File:Birte Fritsch McLeod Ganj (100).jpg|thumb|left]]<br />
<br />
The regiment was located near [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] when the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] struck on 4 April, killing 20,000 people. The 1st Goorkha themselves suffered over 60 fatalities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}<br />
<br />
In 1906, its title was changed to the '''1st Prince of Wales's Own Goorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)''' in honour of George, Prince of Wales (later King [[George V]]) who also became Colonel-in-Chief of the Regiment that year.<ref name=Chappell12/> In 1910, King George V ascended to the throne and in consequence the title of the regiment was changed to the '''1st (King George's Own) Goorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)''',<ref name=army/> thus maintaining the regiment's links with King George.<br />
<br />
===First World War===<br />
In August 1914, the [[First World War]] began. In December, the 1st Battalion was deployed to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in France as part of the [[Sirhind Indian Infantry Brigade]], attached to [[3rd (Lahore) Division]]. The 1st Battalion's first taste of trench warfare came when they were involved in the defence of [[Battle of Givenchy|Givenchy]] shortly after. After braving a winter in the trenches, on 10 March 1915 the 1st Battalion took part in the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] which lasted until 13 March. In April, the battalion took part in the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], fighting in the subsidiary [[Battle of St. Julien]] which began on 24 April and concluded on 4 May. Later that month the battalion took part in the [[Battle of Festubert]] and in September the [[Battle of Loos]] began, the last major engagement on the Western Front that the 1st Battalion took part in, before being withdrawn from the Western Front.<ref>Bellamy 2011, pp. 196–197</ref><br />
<br />
Conditions on the Western Front were very different to those that the regiment had been used to in the [[Indian subcontinent|sub-continent]] and they, along with the rest of the Indian Army troops deployed, suffered badly during the winter months. As a result, in December 1915 it was decided that the infantry units of the [[Indian Corps]] would be withdrawn from France and sent to other theatres.<ref>Neillands 2004, p. 225.</ref> As a result, the 1st Battalion, along with the rest of the 3rd Division, was sent to [[Mesopotamia]] to take part in the [[Mesopotamian Campaign|campaign]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] which had begun in 1914.<ref>Bellamy 2011, p. 210</ref> The Sirhind Brigade was given a numerical designation, the 8th Brigade. In 1916, the 1st Gurkhas took part in a number of attempts, including the attack on [[Dujaila Redoubt]] in March, to relieve [[Siege of Kut|Kut-al-Amara]], which had been besieged by the Ottomans since 7 December 1915. Those attempts, however, failed and Kut remained under siege until it surrendered to the Ottomans on 29 April 1916.<ref>Gardner 2004, p. 324.</ref><br />
<br />
Following this the regiment took part in the Allied offensive against the Ottomans later that year; this included the effort to recapture Kut, begun in December, which was recaptured in February 1917 and the capital [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]] which was taken the following month. The 1st Battalion was later moved to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in early 1918. It was involved in the effective Allied offensive against the Ottomans in September, the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]], and also saw action at the [[Battle of Sharon|Sharon]].<ref>Bellamy 2011, pp. 210, 215</ref><br />
<br />
Elsewhere, the 2nd Battalion saw service in the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] of India, gaining the Battle Honour "North-West Frontier 1915–17" in the process. In 1917 a 3rd Battalion was raised for home service in India.<ref name=Chappell12/><br />
<br />
During the period that they had served on the Western Front in France the men of the 1st Gurkhas had found the conditions quite different from those that they were used to, however, they acquitted themselves commendably, performing with distinction in the many battles they took part in, proving the capability of the Gurkhas once more.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} The war formally ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the [[Armistice]]. The regiment was awarded eleven Battle Honours and four Theatre Honours during the war.<ref name=Chappell13/><br />
<br />
===Inter war years===<br />
In 1919, the 1st and 2nd Battalions saw service during the brief [[Third Afghan War]] for which they gained the Theatre Honour "Afghanistan 1919".<ref name=Chappell13/> In 1921, the 3rd Battalion was disbanded.<ref name=Chappell12/> After this the Regiment participated in a number of campaigns on the North-West Frontier, serving mainly in Waziristan.<ref>Chappell 1993, pp. 9–10.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1937, the regiment's name was altered slightly when it became the '''1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)'''; the only change being the addition of a V.<ref name=Chappell12/><br />
<br />
===Second World War===<br />
In September 1939, the [[Second World War]] commenced between the UK and its allies against Germany. In December 1941, the Japanese entered the war when it launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and launched a number of swift invasions of British and other countries territories. During the course of the war the regiment raised a further three battalions—the 3rd in 1940, the 4th in 1941 and the 5th in 1942<ref name=Chappell13/><ref>Cross & Gurung 2007, p. 31.</ref>—the regiment saw much service in the war but most notably in Malaya and Burma.<ref name=Chappell13/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Imphalgurkhas.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of Gurkhas advancing alongside M3 Lee tanks towards foothills in the distance|Gurkhas advancing with tanks on the Imphal–Kohima road, March–July 1944]]<br />
[[File:A Gurkha soldier's tombstone at Kranji War Cemetery, Singapore.jpg|thumb|Gurkha graves in military cemetery, Singapore]]<br />
<br />
The regiment saw ferocious fighting during the [[Malayan Campaign|Japanese invasion of Malaya]]; the 2nd Battalion, part of the [[28th Indian Infantry Brigade|28th Brigade]], stook part in the fighting at [[Battle of Jitra|Jitra]] where it was forced to hastily retreat after taking part in the initial resistance on the [[Asun]] and being isolated and confronted by overwhelming Japanese forces which included tanks. The 2nd Battalion was in action a few weeks later at [[Battle of Kampar|Kampar]] where they successfully held off superior forces. Within a few days they were again in action but were out-numbered and sustained heavy casualties during the engagement at the [[Battle of Slim River|Slim River Bridge]] on 7 January.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} The Allies withdrew from Malaya, to [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]], by January 1942. The Japanese subsequently launched an invasion of Singapore and bitter fighting ensued; Singapore, which had once been perceived as impregnable, fell on 15 February 1942 with 130,000 British, Australian and [[British Empire|Empire]] troops, including men of the 2nd Battalion,<ref>Cross & Gurung 2007, p. 37.</ref> taken [[Prisoner of war|prisoner]] by the Japanese.<br />
<br />
In Burma, a similar situation occurred, the Allies—having come under intense attacks from the Japanese who had begun their offensive in December—had to commence a retreat to India from February 1942 which was completed in May.<ref>Brayley 2002, p. 8.</ref> Later, the battalions of the Regiment saw heavy fighting again in 1944 in the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–1943|Arakan campaign]] and during the Japanese offensive against north-east India where two important battles, [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] and [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]], took place from March to June 1944. [[Imphal]] was besieged by the Japanese until the Allies achieved a decisive victory at [[Kohima]] in June and the Japanese fled back into Burma. The Regiment subsequently took part in the successful Allied offensive into Burma and on 3 May 1945 the Burmese capital [[Rangoon]] was liberated by British forces.<ref>Brayley 2002, p. 11.</ref> There were still Japanese forces present in Burma but the fight against the Japanese was now ostensibly a mopping up operation.<ref>Brayley 2002, pp. 11–12.</ref><br />
<br />
The war concluded with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945 on the deck of the [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] in [[Tokyo Bay]]; the Allies had prevailed after nearly six years of fighting. In [[French Indochina]] that same day the [[Viet Minh]], led by [[Ho Chi Minh]], declared their independence from France as the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]. Shortly afterwards the British began to send units of the [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Indian Infantry Division]], which the 1st and 3rd Battalions were part of, to occupy the south of the country while the [[Nationalist Chinese]] occupied the north; the deployment was completed by October.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} <br />
<br />
The force was intended to disarm the Japanese forces and help in their repatriation back to Japan. The force, however, soon became embroiled in the fight against the Viet Minh and was soon helping in the restoration of French-control over the country. The British were, due to a lack of sufficient manpower, ironically forced to have the Japanese forces working alongside their own in Indochina in order to maintain peace and stability. The operations against the Viet Minh gradually became more intense and after substantial French reinforcements arrived the British and Indian forces departed by May 1946, and the [[First Indochina War]] would begin shortly afterwards.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}<br />
<br />
On 25 October, a Japanese patrol captured a Russian adviser near Thủ Dầu Một, in an incident that constitutes the only known evidence of direct Soviet involvement in the 1945–1946 war. He was handed over to Lieutenant-Colonel Cyril Jarvis, commander of the 1/1 Gurkha Rifles. Jarvis made several attempts at interrogation, but it was fruitless, so the intruder was handed over to the Sûreté, the French criminal investigation department (equivalent to the CID). From there he disappeared from the annals of history.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
From September 1945 the [[7th Indian Infantry Division]], which the 4th Battalion was part of, was deployed to [[Siam]] (now [[Thailand]])<ref name=Chappell13/> as part of an occupation force sent there to disarm the large Japanese forces present. The Battalion subsequently moved to Malaya in 1946 and then onto India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
In 1946, the 2nd Battalion, having been captured in Malaya in 1942, was reconstituted from personnel taken from the 3rd Battalion, which subsequently was demobilised along with the 4th and 5th Battalions.<ref name=Chappell13/><br />
<br />
===Post Independence===<br />
{{Expand section|date=July 2009}}<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 2015 - Colnect 595996 - First Gorkha Rifles.jpeg|thumb|right|1st Gorkha Rifles Bicentenary postal stamp issued in 2015]]<br />
In 1947 an agreement, known as the [[Britain-India-Nepal Tripartite Agreement|Tripartite Agreement]] between India, [[Nepal]] and the United Kingdom was negotiated in order to determine what would happen to the Gurkhas upon the formalisation of India's Independence.<ref>Cross & Gurung 2007, p. 169.</ref> As a result of this agreement it was decided that of the pre-war Gurkha regiments, four would be transferred to the [[British Army]], while six—one of which was the 1st Gurkhas—would become part of the newly independent [[Indian Army]].<ref name=Parker224>Parker 2005, p. 224.</ref> <br />
<br />
Despite India achieving its independence, the regiment retained its full designation until 1950 when it became the '''1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)''', also adopting the Indian spelling of [[Gurkha]], following India's transition to a republic.<ref name=Chappell13/> Over time the wartime battalions that had been disbanded in 1946 were re-raised, so that by 1965 the Regiment consisted of five battalions once more.<ref name="Singh2007" /><ref group="Note">The 3rd Battalion was re-raised in 1959, the 4th in 1963 and the 5th in 1965.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1961, Captain [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria]] received the posthumous [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC), India's highest military honour, for his actions in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] when the 3rd Battalion, of which he was part, was on [[United Nations]] service.<ref name="bharat" /><br />
<br />
==== Colonel of the Regiment ====<br />
[[Lionel Protip Sen]] became the Colonel of the 1st Gorkha Rifles on 23 December 1949.<ref name="Colonel, 1 GR">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1950/O-2343-1950-0000-108637.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref> [[Siri Kanth Korla]] served as the Colonel of the 1st Gorkha Rifles, over 1965-75.<ref>{{cite journal |date=14 June 1975 |title=The Gazette of India |journal=The Gazette of India, Part 1 - Section 4 |volume= |page=789}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziDfAAAAMAAJ&q=SK+Korla+Punjab |title=Indian Army, a Reference Manual |date=2000 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7510-114-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====6th Battalion====<br />
<br />
On 1 April 2016, a new battalion with about 700 soldiers was raised as the 6th Battalion, 1st Gorkha Rifles (6/1GR); it was the first time in 50 years that a new Gorkha battalion had been formed. The new battalion, christened "Kanchi Paltan", was raised at Sabathu in the Shivalik foothills near Shimla, which is the location of the 14 Gorkha Training Centre.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2016/04/first-gorkha-regiment-gets-new-battalion-6by1GR.html |title=Historical First Gorkha Regiment gets new Battalion 6/1GR |work=Indian Gorkhas |date=April 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222002451/http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2016/04/first-gorkha-regiment-gets-new-battalion-6by1GR.html |archivedate=22 February 2020 |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> It is the first Gorkha battalion comprising only locally domiciled Gurkhas. The ratio between Nepali Gurkhas and Indian-resident Gurkhas in the army's seven Gurkha regiments had typically been around 70:30.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/59270/indian-army-raises-new-indigenous-gurkha-battalion|title=Indian Army raises new indigenous Gurkha battalion {{!}} IHS Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2016-04-19}}</ref> The announcement about the raising of this battalion was made by Lt Gen [[Ravi Thodge]], then Master General of Ordnance and Colonel of the Regiment, in October 2015 during the grand celebrations of the reunion and bicentenary of the regiment.{{Cn|date=October 2017}}<br />
<br />
==Units==<br />
*1st Battalion<br />
*2nd Battalion<br />
*3rd Battalion (Param Vir Chakra Paltan)<br />
*4th Battalion <br />
*5th Battalion<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/118-1-Gorkhas.html |title=1 Gorkha Rifles |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-date=15 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815061227/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/118-1-Gorkhas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*6th Battalion<br />
<br />
==Battle honours==<br />
* [[Battle of Bharatpur|Bharatpur]], [[Battle of Aliwal|Aliwal]], [[Battle of Sobraon|Sobraon]], [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1878–80]], [[Tirah Campaign|Tirah]], [[Battle of Gujrat|Punjab Frontier]];<br />
* '''First World War''': [[Givenchy 1914]], [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]], [[Ypres 1915]], [[Battle of St Julien|St. Julien]], [[Festubert 1915]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1914–15]], [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]], Sharon, [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Palestine 1918]], [[Battle of Wadi (1916)|Tigris 1916]], [[Kut al Amara 1917]], [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia 1916–18]];<br />
* [[North-West Frontier (military history)|N.W. Frontier India 1915–17]], [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]];<br />
* '''Second World War''': [[Battle of Jitra|Jitra]], [[Battle of Kampar|Kampar]], [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya 1941–42]], [[Battle of Imphal|Shenam Pass]], [[Battle of Imphal|Bishenpur]], [[Battle of Imphal|Ukhrul]], Myinmu Bridgehead, [[Burma Campaign 1944-1945|Kyaukse 1945]], [[Burma campaign|Burma 1942–45]];<br />
* '''Post Independence''': Kalidhar, [[Kashmir conflict|Jammu and Kashmir 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Darsana]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|East Pakistan 1971]].<ref name=army/><ref name=Chappell13>Chappell 1993, p. 13.</ref><br />
<br />
==Valour awards==<br />
'''Pre-Independence'''<br />
*[[Victoria Cross]]<br />
**[[John Adam Tytler]]<br />
**[[George Nicolas Channer]]<br />
<br />
'''Post Independence'''<br />
*[[Param Vir Chakra]]<br />
**Capt [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria]]<br />
*[[Maha Vir Chakra]]<br />
**Naik [[M Thapa]]<br />
**Lance Naik [[Ran Bahadur Gurung]]<br />
**Rifleman [[Pati Ram Gurung]]<br />
*[[Kirti Chakra]]<br />
**Havaldar Prem Bahadur Reshmi Magar (Posthumous)<br />
*[[Shaurya Chakra]]<br />
**Rifleman Tej Bahadur Gurung<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
;Footnotes<br />
{{reflist|group=Note}}<br />
<br />
;Citations<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bellamy |first1=Chris |title=The Gurkhas: Special Force |date=2011|location=London |publisher=John Murray (Publishers) |isbn=978-1-84854-342-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Brayley|first=Martin|title=The British Army 1939–45 (3): The Far East|series=Men-at-Arms|volume=37|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-84176-238-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|title=The Gurkhas|year=1993|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85532-357-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Cross|first=J. P.|author2=Gurung, Buddhiman|title=Gurkhas at War: Eyewitness Accounts from World War II to Iraq|orig-year=2002|year=2007|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85367-727-4}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Farwell |first1=Byron |title=The Gurkhas |date=1984 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-01773-7}}<br />
*{{cite journal|doi=10.1191/0968344504wh302oa|last=Gardner|first=Nikolas|year=2004|title=Sepoys and the Siege of Kut-al-Amara, December 1915 – April 1916|journal=War in History|volume=11|issue=3|pages=307–326|s2cid=159478598}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Neillands|first=Robin|title=The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918|orig-year=1999|year=2004|publisher=Magpie Books|location=London|isbn=1-84119-863-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=J.B.R|title=The Gurkha Rifles|year=1974|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-0-85045-196-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Parker|first=John|title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers|publisher=Headline Book Publishing|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071116/asp/frontpage/story_8555513.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117181226/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071116/asp/frontpage/story_8555513.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2007|title=British general's wife pays Indian debt—Tribute to Gorkha soldiers|year=2007|work=The Telegraph, 17 November 2007|last=Singh|first=Gajinder|access-date=2009-07-28}}<br />
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{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1815]]<br />
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Rifle regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Gurkhas]]<br />
[[Category:1815 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II|R]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreshta&diff=535324Shreshta2026-01-17T13:29:24Z<p>Jaishink: starting new pg</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shreshta<br />
| caption =<br />
| image = File:Shreshta.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Mancherial, Adilabad, [[Telangana]], India<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Poet, lyricist, songwriter<br />
| height =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Shreshta''' is a Telugu-Language lyricist and writer. She became popular for her lyrics for the songs in the movies, [[Pelli Choopulu]] and [[Arjun Reddy]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shreshta-with-a-string-of-hits-to-her-credit-says-it-wasnt-easy-to-establish-herself-as-the-first-female-lyricist-in-telugu-cinema/article19635781.ece|title=Songwriter chronicles: Lyricist Shreshta|website=The Hindu|date=7 September 2017 |accessdate=2017-09-26 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref> After her debut, she was lauded as Telugu cinema’s first female lyricist.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
She was born in [[Mancherial]] in [[Adilabad district]], [[Telangana]]. She is the only child, her father is a businessman and mother a government employee. Her mother a Hindu Brahmin and raised in a devout Hindu family and devotional songs were part of family culture. She was interested in writing from early age. She did her schooling in Mancherial and did her Bachelors in Commerce and [[LLB]] at [[Osmania University]]. She used to write poems and was encouraged by her grandfather, Panchadhara Venkata Kishan. She first started writing poems when she was in tenth standard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/feb/26/life-hasnt-been-a-song-for--shreshta-2108983.html|title=Telugu lyricist Shreshta gets talking about fighting depression and the challenges and the struggles she has been going through in the industry|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 February 2020|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
She was encouraged by popular Telugu language lyricist, [[Vennelakanti]] to take up a career in penning lyrics. Initially, she started writing devotional songs, before pushing a career in movies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/feb/26/lyricist-shreshta-there-is-gender-discrimination-in-telugu-film-industry-17250.html|title=The lyricist talks about fighting depression and her relentless struggle in the industry|website=Cinema Express|date=26 February 2020|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tollywood===<br />
She made Tollywood debut in 2013 with the film, ''Oka Romantic Crime Katha''. She also penned lyrics for the Telugu films, [[Ko Ante Koti]] and [[Courier Boy Kalyan]]. Pelli Choopulu was her 9th movie as a lyricist.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Movie<br />
! Music<br />
! Song(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''Oka Romantic Crime Katha'' ||[[Praveen Immadi]] || All songs<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Ko Ante Koti]]'' || [[ShaktiKanth Karthick]]||"O Madhurame", "Bangaru Konda"<br />
|-<br />
|2013|| ''[[Jabardasth (film)]]'' || [[S. Thaman]]||"Arere Arere"<br />
|-<br />
|2015 || ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]'' || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]-[[Anup Rubens]]||"Maya O Maya"<br />
|-<br />
|2016 || ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' || [[Vivek Sagar]]||"Chinuku Taake", "Merise Merise"<br />
|-<br />
|2017 || ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' || Radhan (Madhurame), Shreshta (Gundelona)||"Madhurame", "Gundelona"<br />
|-<br />
|2017 || ''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]'' || [[Vivek Sagar]]||"Neevalaney", "Enno Enno Bhaavaley"<br />
|-<br />
|2017 || ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' || [[Anup Rubens]]||"Hello","Merise Merise"<br />
|-<br />
|2018 || ''[[Aatagallu]]'' || [[Sai Karthik]]||"Neevalle Neevalle"<br />
|-<br />
|2019 || ''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]'' || PA Deepak ||"Pada Padamani" <br />
|-<br />
|2019 || ''[[Dorasaani]]'' || [[Prashanth R Vihari]]||"kallallo"<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Alanaati Ramchandrudu]]''<br />
|Sashank Tirupathi<br />
|"Kanulara"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* Debutant Award at Cine Maa Mahila Awards in 2013<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ_Church_Bardhaman&diff=494489Christ Church Bardhaman2026-01-15T06:51:29Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Church in West Bengal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[File:Christ Church of Bardhaman 01.jpg|thumb|Christ Church of Bardhaman]]<br />
'''Christ Church Bardhaman''' is the oldest Church of undivided [[Bardhaman district]]. It is situated beside [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Bardhaman]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christ Church Bardhaman|url=http://www.famousplacesinindia.in/Churches/Christ-Church-Bardhaman.aspx|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Famous Places in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History/CQ-wh1AdwQMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Christ+Church+Bardhaman&dq=Christ+Church+Bardhaman&printsec=frontcover |title=History: Journal of the Department of History |date=2005 |publisher=University of Burdwan |language=en}}</ref> The building was declared as heritage site by West Bengal Heritage Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIST OF DECLARED HERITAGE SITES - (Declared by West Bengal Heritage Commission)|url=https://www.beautifulbengal.com/heritage-sites-of-west-bengal.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.beautifulbengal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Kartik |date=2022-09-07 |title=Land sharks eye 206-yr-old church in Burdwan |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/land-sharks-eye-206-yr-old-church-burdwan-1503108670.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Christ Church was established in 1816 by [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] of [[Bengal]]. [[Charles Stuart (East India Company officer)|Captain Charles Stuart]], also known as ‘Hindoo Stuart,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churches of Bengal: Christ Church of Burdwan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/churches-of-bengal-christ-church-of-burdwan/cid/1844244 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221204161246/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/churches-of-bengal-christ-church-of-burdwan/cid/1844244 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> an officer of [[East India Company]] arranged an annual grant of Rs 12.50 from a royal family to maintain the church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Next weekend you can be at ... Burdwan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/next-weekend-you-can-be-at-burdwan/cid/1653695|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It was built with red brick in typical [[British architecture|British Architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christ church, Bardhaman Tourism (2019) - West bengal > Travel Guide|url=https://wanderwhale.com/destinations/bardhaman/christ-church|access-date=2020-09-15|website=wanderwhale.com|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206115550/https://wanderwhale.com/destinations/bardhaman/christ-church|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Chrst Church, Bardhaman}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|23.2409|87.8673|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:1816 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bardhaman]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Purba Bardhaman district]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Vaz&diff=516455Marcus Vaz2026-01-13T21:46:41Z<p>Jaishink: started the info from scratch</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian singer and playwright (born 1956)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Marcus Vaz <br />
| image = Marcus Vaz in 2023.jpg<br />
| caption = Vaz at [[Hanuman Natyagraha]], 2023<br />
| birth_name = John Vaz<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|26|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bandra, Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|playwright|director|theatre actor}}<br />
| father = [[Master Vaz]]<br />
| years_active = 1967–present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Maria Vaz|1977}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/marcus.vaz.100}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''John''' "'''Marcus'''" '''Vaz''' (born 26 April 1956) is an Indian singer, playwright, theatre director, and actor who works on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
His parents were Jose Lawrence Vaz, better known as [[Master Vaz]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer and playwright from [[Aldona|Aldonã]], [[Goa]], and Marianin Vaz from [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Utorda]], (Goa then being part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]). He grew up with eight siblings, consisting of three sisters and five brothers. Vaz's paternal grandparents, Benjamin and Maria Vaz, were popularly known as Mr.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-14 |title=A boy named Master Vaz who became a tiatr legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-boy-named-master-vaz-who-became-a-tiatr-legend/articleshow/72555849.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115113612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-boy-named-master-vaz-who-became-a-tiatr-legend/articleshow/72555849.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Mrs. Vaz. Their [[stage name]]s were derived from the characters they portrayed in a ''[[tiatr]]'' production. They were active in the ''tiatr'' tradition and performed in ''tiatrs'' as early as the 1930s in [[Bombay, British India]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=A masterful career |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-masterful-career/89975 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115113617/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-masterful-career/89975 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Around the age of 7-8 years, Vaz, along with his sister, would sometimes sing in ''[[tiatr]]s'' staged in [[Goa]], usually for village performances. Starting his professional career as a [[child artist]], he first sang for [[C. Alvares]] in his ''tiatr Kednam Udetolo To Dis'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection of Handbills |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/collection-of-handbills |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Sahapedia |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419094740/https://www.sahapedia.org/collection-of-handbills |url-status=live }}</ref> In this ''tiatr'', his father, [[Master Vaz]], gave him a song "Janta Bombaichi Ghaddi Voita," through which Vaz gained fame. After this initial ''tiatr'', he went on to perform in several more ''tiatrs''. Around the age of 20, Vaz moved to [[Kuwait]] where he discovered many professional and popular ''[[tiatrist]]s'' like [[Xavier Gomes]]. Vaz only sang songs composed by his father initially, although he didn't sing many of his father's songs. After moving to Kuwait, he began composing his own songs and learned the art of [[songwriting]]. Vaz also sang songs written by others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Vaz & Ben Evangelisto {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 31 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 110123 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/marcus-vaz-ben-evangelisto-candid-with-candida-ep-31-prudent-110123/22336.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618121700/https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/marcus-vaz-ben-evangelisto-candid-with-candida-ep-31-prudent-110123/22336.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1980, Vaz, Xavier Gomes, and Cajetan de Sanvordem formed a [[trio (music)|trio]] in Kuwait known as Cajetan-Marcus-Xavier.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A voice made for the stage |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-made-for-the-stage/139878 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180834/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-made-for-the-stage/139878 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Vaz's involvement as a trio member helped him gain fame in Kuwait, where he lived for several years. In 1998, he retired from his job in Kuwait and returned to his home state of Goa.<ref name=":1" /> During this period, he had to leave his trio and started singing in ''tiatrs'' performed in Goa. Vaz's songs typically revolve around topics that resonate with the public, focusing on positive aspects of various subjects, relevant topics, and [[current event]]s. He has a unique approach to composing songs; Vaz never sits down to write a song. Instead, he typically composes while driving his motorcycle or car. When he decides on a song topic, he considers a [[Tune (folk music)|music tune]] that complements the lyrics. He usually does this while driving, composing verses and [[Chorus (song)|choruses]] until he has three of each for a song. When performing on stage, Vaz typically sings a song that he has in his head rather than the one he has written down on paper.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
During his time with the trio Cajetan-Marcus-Xavier, Vaz would compose songs for his fellow trio members Cajetan and [[Xavier Gomes|Xavier]]. Much of his [[musical compositions|compositions]] would typically remain with his fellow artists like Xavier, as Vaz doesn't usually keep the written work of his songs. While with the trio, Vaz sang approximately 60-70 trio songs. He has remained in touch with his trio even after leaving in 1998 and as of January 2023, he still connects with the trio members and occasionally performs with them. Upon returning to [[Goa]] from Kuwait, Vaz collaborated with other [[Konkani people|Konkani]] singers based in Goa such as [[Lawry Travasso]] and Francis de Tuem. They would perform together as a [[quartet]] or trio, although their involvement isn't regular due to their busy ''[[tiatr]]'' schedules, which can clash with each other. As of January 2023, Vaz had bookings for five ''tiatrs''. He even performed in four ''tiatrs'' in one day, showcasing his busy schedule. In November 2022, he had a schedule of six ''tiatrs'' but had to cancel two due to time conflicts with his other performances.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Vaz also performed with his father, [[Master Vaz]], even during the latter's old age. One of their memorable performances was in Francis de Tuem's ''tiatr'', ''Reporter'', staged in 2019 in [[Panjim]], Goa. In this ''tiatr'', Vaz and his father performed as a [[duo (music)|duo]], receiving a positive response from the audience. Vaz sang about his father's [[alcohol drinking]] habits, including incidents where he would [[Hematemesis|vomit blood]]. During this performance, [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] and his wife were in the audience. When Vaz sang about his father, Tomazinho's wife became furious and was ready to stop the song. However, the song was not a criticism of his father; it was quite the opposite. When Vaz brought his father on stage at the end of the song, the audience understood the true meaning, leading to a round of applause.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2012, some of the popular ''tiatrs'' Vaz has written include ''Mutt Bhor Mati'', ''Rogtacho Fator'', and ''Rogtak Rogot'', among others. He has also directed ''tiatrs'' such as ''Xim Vo Ximiter'', ''Almanchea Disa'', and ''Pamprel'', etc. Known for his acting roles in ''tiatrs'' by [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], and [[M. Boyer]], Vaz is also recognized as a singer in popular ''tiatrs'' like ''Upkar Naslolo'', ''Bombay Dekho'', and ''Irmanvcho Cheddo Mhozo Put'', etc.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=110 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908091103/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Vaz worked as a [[welder]] for a company in [[Kuwait]]. He initially moved to Kuwait to work before 1979 and then retired in 1998, returning to his home state of [[Goa]]. He maintains a close friendship with [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer [[Xavier Gomes]], his fellow [[trio (music)|trio]] member from the Cajetan-Marcus-Xavier fame.<ref name=":1" /> Vaz prefers road trips and avoids attending parties or public events like weddings.<ref name=":0" /> During his time in Kuwait, Vaz met his future wife, Maria Assumpta Goretti Vaz ([[née]] Pereira), who was also based there.{{cn|date=January 2025}}<br />
<br />
Vaz's sisters Felez and Maxie are also involved in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' productions as stage actresses.<ref name=":4" /> As of 2012, Vaz resides in the village of Utorda, Goa, his mother's hometown.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, Marcus}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam&diff=470979Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam2025-12-25T19:18:26Z<p>Jaishink: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Army general (1913–2000)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)|General]]<br />
| name = P P Kumaramangalam<br />
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|DSO|MBE|FRHS}}<br />
| image = File:General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg<br />
| width = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = 6th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]<br />
| president = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] <br/> [[V. V. Giri]]<br />
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
| term_start = 8 June 1966<br />
| term_end = 7 June 1969<br />
| predecessor = [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]]<br />
| successor = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw|S.H.F.J. Manekshaw]]<br />
| birth_name = Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|7|01}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|03|13|1913|7|01}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kumaramangalam]],<br/>[[Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency#Salem|Salem District]],<br/>[[Madras Presidency]],<br/>[[British Raj|British India]]<br/>(now [[Namakkal district]],<br/>[[Tamil Nadu]], India)<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| resting_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes<br />
| nickname = <br />
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1933–1947) <br />{{flag|India}} (after 1947)<br />
| branch = {{army|British India}}<br/>{{army|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1933–1969<br />
| rank = [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[General (India)|General]]<br />
| servicenumber= IA-1282<ref name="DSO_cite"/><br />
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
| commands = [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg|20px]][[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]]<br />
| battles = [[World War II]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]<br />[[Sino-Indian War]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Second Sino-Indian War]]<br />
| awards = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]<br />[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Order]] <br />[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
| relations = [[P. Subbarayan]] (Father)<br/>[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] (Brother)<br/>Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother's Grandson)<br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[General (India)|General]] '''Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|DSO|MBE|FRHS}} (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was a senior [[Indian Army]] officer, serving as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] between 1966 and 1969. He was the last [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] (KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kumaramangalam was born to [[P. Subbarayan]], who served as [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of [[Kumaramangalam]] from [[Tiruchengode|Thiruchengode]] [[Taluk]], [[Namakkal district|Namakkal District]], [[Tamil Nadu]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} <br />
<br />
He was educated at the [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory]] [[St Hugh's School, Faringdon|St Hugh's School]] (then in [[Kent]]), and at [[Eton College]].{{cn|date=June 2025}} He then studied at the [[Royal Military Academy Woolwich|Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], and was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] as an unattached [[second lieutenant]] in 1933.<ref name="commission">{{London Gazette|issue=33974|page=5733|date=1 September 1933}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[British Indian Army]] on 12 November 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34129|page=775|date=1 February 1935}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Military life==<br />
<br />
===World War II===<br />
During [[World War II]], he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) as a temporary major for action in [[Libya]] on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, [[ 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)|2nd Field Regiment]], Indian Artillery.<ref name="DSO">{{cite web |title=Page 3543 {{!}} Issue 35665, 11 August 1942 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35665/page/3543 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref><br />
<br />
The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:<ref name="DSO_cite">{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7358935|title=Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar |website=The National Archives (UK)|publisher=UK Government |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
4 June 1942<br />
<br />
Captain (Ty. Major) PARAMASIVA PRABHAKAR KUMARAMANGALAM (IA 1282), 2nd Indian Field Regiment, [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]]<br />
<br />
For great courage and devotion to duty.<br />
<br />
On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of [[Battle of Bir Hakeim|BIR HACHEIM]], Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he led a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns. <br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
He was taken [[Prisoner of War]] (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November;<ref>{{cite news|title=Major Kumaramangalam Escapes|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=guRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2248%2C5887796|access-date=11 February 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 November 1943|page=1}}</ref> however, he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in [[Germany]], where he was transferred to [[Stalag Luft III]], a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.<br />
<br />
===Postwar===<br />
On 18 April 1946, Kumaramangalam was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37536 |supp=y|page=1949|date=16 April 1946}}</ref> He became an acting [[Brigadier]] in 1948, with the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 2 February 1951.<ref name="colonel">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1951 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1951/O-2306-1951-0012-107780.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> As a brigadier, he was appointed to command a paratroop brigade on 14 February 1955,<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=72 |date=9 April 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0015-100713.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and was given command of an infantry division on 9 September 1956, with the acting rank of major-general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1957 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2120-1957-0001-96124.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumaramangalam was promoted to substantive major-general on 1 August 1958,<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=261 |date=24 October 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1989-1959-0043-89834.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and appointed the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College|Commandant]] of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] on 25 February 1959.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=9 May 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1985-1959-0019-89537.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was appointed Adjutant-General on 5 October 1959, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general.<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=286 |date=21 November 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1989-1959-0047-89838.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Promoted lieutenant-general on 8 May 1961,<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=245 |date=16 September 1961 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1961/O-1910-1961-0037-85901.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he took over as [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|General Officer Commanding]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] on 1 May 1963, with appointment as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command on 4 April 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=172 |date=2 May 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1797-1964-0018-81928.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 16 November 1964 he was appointed [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> followed by appointment as Vice Chief of the Army Staff on 15 January 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=73 |date=6 February 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1725-1965-0006-78835.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> General Kumaramangalam took over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1966,<ref name="COAS">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=375 |date=25 June 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0026-75847.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> the first Indian gunner officer and paratrooper to reach this coveted appointment. The tenure of General Kumaramangalam as Chief of the Army Staff was marked by an unpublicised but exhaustive re-organisation of the service, up-gradation of weapons, training and tactics based on the lessons learned from the [[1965 War]]. He served in the Indian Army with distinction for 36 years until his retirement on 7 June 1969. He received the [[Padma Vibushan]] in 1970.<br />
<br />
===Views on America===<br />
<br />
General Kumaramangalam trained at the artillery school in [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]]. From his letters it is evident he was not very impressed with the Americans. He saw them as suffering from an ''"aggressive [[inferiority complex]]"'' and cautioned a newly independent [[India]] against coming under American influence. The following is an excerpt from a letter written by him to [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in 1947:<br />
<br />
: "''This country is not one that I will ever get fond of. I have not got a very high opinion of them. The people that I have to deal with are very kind, hospitable and have been very good to the two of us. But somehow I feel there is a trace of artificiality in that and also it is the result of trying to impress one. They I think are very jealous of the old world and its background and culture and this results in an aggressive inferiority complex. As for their state of morality, there is none. People seem to delight in trying to outwit each other by any means, mainly crooked. The politicians are racketeers and big business has a tight grip on everything in the country. The small country trader and the farmer I think have their hands securely tied by the big men. I do hope that our country proceeds with caution and doesn't get entirely under the influence of the States.''"<ref>P.P. Kumaramangalam to C. Rajagopalachari, 22 December 1947, in File 82, Fifth Installment, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, NMML.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other interests==<br />
He was also a [[polo]] player, horseman, [[show jumping|show jumper]], and [[cricket (game)|cricketer]]. He was a member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], a fellow of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and president of [[Indian Polo Association]] and [[Equestrian Federation of India]]. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund - India]] (WWF-India) during its formative stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factstasy.blogspot.in/2012/04/list-of-chief-of-army-staff-of-ndian.html#.Vdldjvmqqko|title = List of Chief of Army staff of the Indian army|date = 17 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
He died following a [[heart attack]] on 13 March 2000.<br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Dso-ribbon.png|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Padma Vibhushan]]<br />
|[[Sena Medal]]<br />
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[General Service Medal 1947]]<br />
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[[Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
|Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]]<br />
|[[1939–1945 Star]]<br />
|[[Africa Star]]<br />
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dates of rank==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"<br />
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|25px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 31 August 1933<ref name="commission"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 2 May 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34173|page=4012|date=21 June 1935}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg|25px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 1940 (acting)<br/>3 February 1940 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=187|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref><br/>2 February 1941 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35165|page=2827|date=16 May 1941}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 1942 (temporary)<br/>1 July 1946 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38069|page=4286|date=12 September 1947}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || Major || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] ||Indian Army || 1948 (acting)<ref name="insignia" group="note"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || Lieutenant-Colonel || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (substantive; recommissioning)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 2 February 1951<ref name="colonel"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1955<ref name="brig"/> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 9 September 1956 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen"/><br/>1 August 1958 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen"/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 5 October 1959 (acting)<ref name="actg_lt_gen"/><br/>8 May 1961 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/><br/><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[General (India)|General]]<br/>(COAS) || Indian Army || 8 June 1966<ref name="COAS"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = P. S. Gyani}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]]| years = 1963–1964}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=2|after = [[Sam Manekshaw]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[T. B. Henderson Brooks]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]]| years = 1964–1964}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[Mohinder Singh Wadalia]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]]| years = 1964–1965}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = Moti Sagar}}<br />
{{s-new|reason = New office}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]| years = 1965–1966}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = [[Kashmir Singh Katoch]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of the Army Staff]]| years = 1966–1969}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = [[Sam Manekshaw]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br />
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaramangalam, P P}}<br />
[[Category:1913 births]]<br />
[[Category:2000 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]<br />
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]<br />
[[Category:Kumaramangalam family|Paramasiva]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]<br />
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Italy]]<br />
[[Category:Indian escapees]]<br />
[[Category:Escapees from Italian detention]]<br />
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
[[Category:Commandants of Defence Services Staff College]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&diff=475859Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir2025-12-15T02:52:31Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Confidence-building measures at a nation-state level}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir''' includes confidence-building measures at a [[nation-state]] level between the governments of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[track two diplomacy]], as well as initiatives by [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs), institutes and individuals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|title=Tourism and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|last1=Chari|first1=P. R.|last2=Chandran|first2=D. Suba|date=July 2011|website=United States Institute for Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171421/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|last3=Akhtar|first3=Shaheen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/362706|title=Track-2 diplomacy on Kashmir under way|date=24 June 2004|website=DAWN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230190717/https://www.dawn.com/news/362706|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> The purpose of [[peacebuilding]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] include conflict prevention and reduction of hostilities in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Many countries such as Russia, United States and China have also played a de-escalatory role with regard to tensions in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parthasarathy|first=G.|date=19 September 2019|title=India, too, has an all-weather friend|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/g-parthasarathy/india-too-has-an-all-weather-friend/article29452072.ece|access-date=2019-11-29|website=The Hindu Business Line|quote=Lavrov, in response, "emphasised the need for de-escalation of tensions".}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Chang|first=I-wei Jennifer|date=9 February 2017|title=China's Kashmir Policies and Crisis Management in South Asia|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2017/02/chinas-kashmir-policies-and-crisis-management-south-asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310180512/https://www.usip.org/publications/2017/02/chinas-kashmir-policies-and-crisis-management-south-asia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2017|access-date=2019-11-02|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/us-senators-urge-india-and-pakistan-to-de-escalate-tensions-on-jammu-kashmir-issue-1568429792404.html|title=US senators urge India and Pakistan to 'de-escalate tensions' on J&K issue|last=PTI|date=14 September 2019|website=Livemint|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
In 27 years, between 1990 and 2017, [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] has claimed a total of 41,000 lives (14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants) according to government figures made available in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|title=41,000 deaths in 27 years: The anatomy of Kashmir militancy in numbers|last1=Jacob|first1=Jayanth|last2=Naqshbandi|first2=Aurangzeb|date=25 September 2017|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> India and Pakistan have also fought three [[Kashmir conflict|wars in Kashmir]] during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–1948]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|website=Global Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233204/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/all-you-need-to-know-about-kargil-war/kargil-vijay-diwas/slideshow/59772216.cms|title=Kargil War: All you need to know about Kargil War|date=26 July 2018|website=The Economic Times|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 September 2001|title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|url-access=registration|access-date=30 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of Initiatives ==<br />
=== Indian Initiatives ===<br />
appointment of interlocutors and various committees<br />
<br />
The appointment of interlocutors as a tactic for coping with the Kashmir issue traces its origins back to the 1960s, when Prime minister Nehru appointed Lal Bahadur Shastri to manage tensions following the chaotic events of 1963. Since then, a number of such initiatives have been launched, including a three-member team of interlocutors the central government appointed in response to the 2010 unrest.<br />
<br />
In May 2001, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government announced the appointment of KC Pant, former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, as its interlocutor on Kashmir, with the brief of talking to various groups in the valley and recommending ways to ease tensions between the Centre and the state.<br />
<br />
=== Pakistani Initiatives ===<br />
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}<br />
Pakistan highlights human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir, aiming to draw global attention to the plight of the Kashmiri people. In light of this, they have expressed willingness to engage in bilateral talks with India to resolve the conflict, although these efforts have often faced challenges due to political and security tension.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Peace Initiations in the Kashmir Conflict – WMO |url=https://worldmediation.org/peace-initiations-in-the-kashmir-conflict/?form=MG0AV3&form=MG0AV3 |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Indian central and state government initiatives ===<br />
<br />
* The [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) government's 'healing touch' policy between 2002 and 2005 included freeing jailed militants, reducing operations by the security forces, increasing free movement of people by reducing police checks, all part of initiatives aimed at pushing forward a more "humane approach" by the administration, especially the security forces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|date=2013|title=Conflict, governance and peacebuilding in Kashmir|url=https://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/?x=7088|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230181525/https://files.prio.org/Publications/COREPolicyBrief-10-2013/files/assets/basic-html/index.html%231|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|website=Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|title=PDP's healing touch policy on firing line as Jammu attacks put Congress on defensive|last=Vinayak|first=Ramesh|date=9 December 2001|website=India Today|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230181938/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|title=Mufti's 'healing touch' policy changed JK's security scenario|last=Yusuf|first=Shabir Ibn|date=7 January 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230183524/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed|Mufti Mohammad Syed]], a [[chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] said that Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had supported the healing touch policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vajpayee-advani-endorsed-pdps-healing-touch-policy-mufti/578801|title=Vajpayee, Advani endorsed PDP's healing touch policy: Mufti|last=PTI|date=8 June 2008|website=Outlook India|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> [[Mehbooba Mufti]], the ninth Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, tried to revive the "healing touch" policy during her term (2016–2018), with initiatives such as the withdrawal of [[First information report|FIR]]s against over 9,700 youth and cash compensations for [[Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir#Pellet guns|pellet victims]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|title=Jammu & Kashmir CM Says She Will Describes Withdrawal Of FIRs Against 9700 Youths As Major Humanitarian Gesture|last=Outlook Monitoring Bureau|date=25 January 2018|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230184053/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> The cases withdrawn were related to people involved in [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone-pelting incidents]] in the region between 2008 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-govt-okays-withdrawal-of-stone-pelting-cases-against-9730-people/articleshow/62768757.cms|title=J&K govt okays withdrawal of stone-pelting cases against 9,730 people|date=3 February 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=PTI|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><br />
* In 2010, the [[Omar Abdullah]] government introduced the "surrender and rehabilitation policy", allowing former militants who had crossed the [[Line of Control|Line-of-Control]] into Pakistan, to come back to India. Over 400 militants utilised the policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bharatiya-janata-party-demands-scrapping-of-surrender-rehabilitation-policy/59019/|title=Bharatiya Janata Party demands scrapping of 'surrender, rehabilitation policy'|last=PTI|date=31 March 2015|website=The Financial Express|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/05/16/are-kashmiri-militants-ready-to-return-home-from-pakistan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518134129/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/05/16/are-kashmiri-militants-ready-to-return-home-from-pakistan/|archive-date=18 May 2011|title=Are Kashmiri militants ready to return home from Pakistan?|last=Mushtaq|first=Sheikh|date=16 May 2011|website=Reuters|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* "Valley-centric" approaches have resulted in discontent among other communities in the region such as [[Ladakh#Demographics|Ladhaki]] Buddhists. Formation of "Autonomous Hill Councils" in the [[Leh district]] and [[Kargil district]] have proven to be a successful peacebuilding initiative in this aspect according to Navnita Chadha Behera.<ref name=":2" /> In September 2018, the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] was given more powers, making it "among the most autonomous councils" in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2018|title=Ladakh Hill Council gets more fiscal, administrative powers|work=Greater Kashmir|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ladakh-hill-council-gets-more-fiscal-administrative-powers/297718.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154135/https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ladakh-hill-council-gets-more-fiscal-administrative-powers/297718.html|archive-date=2 February 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)|Operation Sadbhavana]] in Jammu and Kashmir is an [[Indian Army]] initiative which involves welfare measures such as infrastructure development, medical care, women and youth empowerment, educational tours and sports tournaments among other initiatives.<ref name="Anant">Dr. Arpita Anant. (2011) ''[https://idsa.in/system/files/OP_CounterinsurgencyKashmir.pdf Counterinsurgency and "Op Sadhbhavana" in Jammu and Kashmir].'' [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] New Delhi.</ref>[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the members of the National Integration Tour for senior citizens of Operation Sadbhavana from Mendhar Tehsil, Jammu and Kashmir, in New Delhi on March 09, 2009.jpg|thumb|The 12th President of India, [[Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] with the members of the National Integration Tour for senior citizens of Operation Sadbhavana from [[Mendhar Tehsil]], Jammu and Kashmir, in New Delhi on 9 March 2009]]<br />
<br />
=== Indo-Pakistani initiatives in relation to Kashmir ===<br />
<br />
* The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus|''Karavan-e-Aman'']] (''Caravan of Peace''), a bus service connecting [[Srinagar]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Muzaffarabad]] (Azad Kashmir), was started in 2005.<ref name=":3" /> In 2006, a second bus line started between [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Rawalakot]] (Azad Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years/|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years|last=Mughal|first=Roshan|date=16 April 2011|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|title=Poonch-Rawalkot bus service from June 19|last=PTI|date=3 May 2006|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230194955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In 2008 trade started on these routes, opening Jammu and Kashmir's traditional trading centres to the west for the first time since 1947.<ref name=":3" /> The trade is tightly regulated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First|date=3 June 2010|website=International Crisis Group|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> During times of heightened tension, the routes are closed, such as was the case from July to August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cross-loc-travel-and-trade-to-resume-on-srinagar-muzzaffarabad-route/articleshow/59898353.cms|title=Cross-LoC travel and trade to resume on Srinagar-Muzzaffarabad route|last=PTI|date=3 August 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><br />
*The "Neemrana dialogue" was launched in 1991 as a track 2 initiative between India and Pakistan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/neemrana-dialogue-india-pakistan-track-ii-initiative-dialogue-just-another-case-of-optics/1158357/|title=Neemrana dialogue: India-Pakistan Track II initiative dialogue, just another case of optics?|last=Shreyas|first=Ananth|date=7 May 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> Due to the [[Mumbai attacks]], [[Uri attack]] and the following [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]], there were no official talks between the two countries until April 2018.<ref name=":4" /> Topics discussed in the dialogue interaction in 2018 included Kashmir, [[Siachen conflict]] and the [[Line of Control]] situation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-revive-track-ii-diplomacy|title=India, Pakistan Revive Track II Diplomacy|last=Hussain|first=Sajjad|date=2 May 2018|website=The Wire|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/re-start-of-india-pakistan-track-ii-dialogue-a-political-message-say-sources-1224590-2018-05-02|title=Re-start of India-Pakistan track II dialogue a 'political message', say sources|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|date=2 May 2018|website=India Today|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other ===<br />
<br />
* Many countries such as [[China]] have played a role in the deescalation of conflict in the region.<ref name=":5" /><br />
*''Athwass,'' (Kashmiri for handshake), was an initiative by a south Asian think tank, Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), in 2000, that brought together women from [[Kashmiri Pandit]], [[Muslim]] and [[Sikh]] communities for the first time since the rise of militancy in the Kashmir valley in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuCGAwAAQBAJ&q=ATHWASS+Women+in+Security%2C+Conflict+Management+and+Peace&pg=PA65|title=Women in Peace Politics|last=Banerjee|first=Paula|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7829-968-6|location=Delhi|page=65|language=en}}</ref> WISCOMP also organises the "Kashmiri Women Writers Meet", aiming to bring together women from conflicting perspectives using literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|title=Ashima Kaul|website=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown University|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230210337/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> On 23 March 2017, WISCOMP conducted a one-day dialogue on 'Echoes and Resonances: Critical Challenges for Youth and Peace Building in Kashmir'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiscomp.org/events/echoes-and-resonances-critical-challenges-for-youth-and-peace-building-in-kashmir/|title=Echoes and Resonances: Critical Challenges for Youth and Peace Building in Kashmir|website=Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412135647/http://wiscomp.org/events/echoes-and-resonances-critical-challenges-for-youth-and-peace-building-in-kashmir/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> WISCOMP is an initiative of the [[Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|Foundation for Universal Responsibility of the Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|title=WISCOMP Saahas Awards Honour Youth Countering Violence Against Women|date=16 March 2017|work=NDTV|editor=Shihabudeen Kunju S|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504064744/https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|archive-date=4 May 2017|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><br />
*Various NGOs in the region working on initiatives related to peacebuilding include the [[Borderless World Foundation]], "Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network" and the "Human Effort for Love and Peace (HELP) Foundation, J&K".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|title=Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network|date=December 2018|website=Peace Insight|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230210710/https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkhf.in/Aboutus.aspx|title=About Us|website=HELP (Human Effort for Love and Peace) Foundation J&K|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230211147/http://www.jkhf.in/Aboutus.aspx|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation]] has conducted various initiatives in Kashmir for over fifteen years including peace education training.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/cdr/|title=Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation (CDR)|website=Peace Insight|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031112608/https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/cdr/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-understanding-kashmir-civil-initiatives-for-dialogue-and-peace|title=Understanding Kashmir: Civil Initiatives for Dialogue and Peace|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|date=23 June 2019|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
<br />
* Kashmir and [[Kashmiris]] are sidelined in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|rivalry between India and Pakistan]], with the resolution of the [[Kashmir issue]] being seen in the context of [[Indo-Pak relations]]. As a result, the interests of the Kashmiris have been overshadowed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=1926|title=Kashmir: The Economics of Peace-Building|last1=Schaffer|first1=Teresita|last2=Schaffer|first2=Howard|date=17 January 2006|website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pgi.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PGI.SP17.FINAL_.13.pdf|title=Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir State: A Proposed Intervention|last=Sarwar|first=Eaman|date=Spring 2017|website=Perspectives on Global Issues, Center of Global Affairs at New York University|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> [[V. Mohini Giri|Mohini Giri]], in a short statement at the [[Human Rights Council]] in 2014, said that "Kashmiri civil society (not just the separatists) should be able to voice their aspirations at any negotiating table".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.widowsforpeace.org/peacebuilding-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|date=1 October 2014|website=Widows for Peace through Democracy|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230213047/https://www.widowsforpeace.org/peacebuilding-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.widowsforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Dr_Mohini_Giri_statement_to_panel_17_sept_2014.pdf|title=Panel-Statement, UN Human Rights Council Session 27|last=Giri|first=Mohini|date=17 September 2014|website=Widows for Peace|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* According to Susheela Bhan who conducts "ethics and values based education" in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir, students from rural areas are most prone to violence, and "through education they can become important contributors to peace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/552020532_IB33.pdf|title=Education and Peace Building in Kashmir|last=Singh|first=Pratibha|date=May 2013|website=Centre for Land and Warfare Studies (CLAWS)|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031114116/https://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/552020532_IB33.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Despite Jammu and Kashmir being the only state in India that provides free education at all levels, the average literacy in Jammu and Kashmir is lower than the national Indian average).<ref name=":3" /><br />
* According to an exploratory study by A Subramanyam Raju, first and second generation Indians want to get back Pakistan-administered Kashmir, but the third generation wants to "solve the issue peacefully and amicably".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rcss.org/publication/policy_paper/ps_18.pdf|title=Third-Generation Indian Perceptions of the Kashmir Issue|last=Raju|first=A Subramanyam|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies|date=April 2001|isbn=955-8051-20-9|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref><br />
*[[Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir|Tourism]] is often discussed in the context of Jammu and Kashmir as a peacebuilding measure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chauhan|first1=Vinay|last2=Khanna|first2=Suvidha|date=May 2008|title=Tourism: A Tool for Crafting Peace Process in Kashmir, J&K, India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25289/1/MPRA_paper_25289.pdf|journal=Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism|volume= 4| issue = 2, Autumn 2009|pages= 69–89|via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
* {{Citation|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First.|date=3 June 2010|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145322/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|place=Islamabad/Brussels|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] (Crisis Group Asia Briefing N°106)|archive-date=5 January 2019}}<br />
*— [https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/kashmir/steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first Overview] accessed on 31 December 2018.<br />
*{{Citation|title=India/Pakistan Relations and Kashmir: Steps Toward Peace|date=24 June 2004|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724012923/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf|publisher=International Crisis Group (ICG Asia Report N°79)|archive-date=24 July 2018}}<br />
*Javeed Ahmad Bhat (2016). ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127217 The Role of Non Governmental Organisations in Peace building in Kashmir Since 1990]''. [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Chapter 5 archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221031112616/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/10/chapter%205.pdf original] on 31 December 2018. Introduction [https://web.archive.org/web/20191128103358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/14/introduction.pdf archived] from the [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/14/introduction.pdf original] on 28 November 2019.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Kaul|first=Ashima|date=22 August 2020|title=Peacebuilding framework, narrative and policy intervention in Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/policy-intervention-in-jammu-kashmir/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Observer Research Foundation (ORF)}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last1=Pogodda|first1=Sandra|last2=Huber|first2=Daniela|date=2014-08-08|title=India's Peacebuilding between Rights and Needs: Transformation of Local Conflict Spheres in Bihar, North-East India and Jammu and Kashmir?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13533312.2014.946745|journal=International Peacekeeping|language=en|volume=21|issue=4|pages=443–463|doi=10.1080/13533312.2014.946745|s2cid=145473687|issn=1353-3312|url-access=subscription}}<br />
*{{Cite report|url=https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf|title=Vision 2020: Shared values and ideas for the future by young people in Jammu and Kashmir|date=December 2016|publisher=Conciliation Resources. . Archived from the original on .|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416001403/https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2018}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Koithara|first=Verghese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPiTaeny1sMC|title=Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens|date=2004-08-30|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3262-8|language=en}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Khan|first=Waheeda|title=Political Violence and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|date=2009|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-0143-9_4|work=Peace Psychology in Asia|pages=65–81|editor-last=Noor|editor-first=Noraini M.|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer US|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0143-9_4|isbn=978-1-4419-0142-2|editor2-last=Montiel|editor2-first=Cristina Jayme|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Kurr|first=Nikolis|date=2015|title=Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir|url=https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj/vol3/iss1/5/|journal=International ResearchScape Journal|volume=3|doi=10.25035/irj.03.01.05|s2cid=185350966|doi-access=free}} <br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Ashraf|first=Fahmida|date=2003|title=Models of Conflict Resolution and the Kashmir Issue: Pakistan's Options|journal=Pakistan Horizon|volume=56|issue=2|pages=119–133|jstor=41394026|issn=0030-980X}}<br />
* {{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Stuti|date=29 January 2019|title=Mediation a long shot in Kashmir conflict|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/mediation-long-shot-kashmir|website=The Interpreter|publisher=[[Lowy Institute]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|date=5 August 2020|title=Toward a Kashmir Endgame? How India and Pakistan Could Negotiate a Lasting Solution|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/08/toward-kashmir-endgame-how-india-and-pakistan-could-negotiate-lasting-solution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135939/https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/08/toward-kashmir-endgame-how-india-and-pakistan-could-negotiate-lasting-solution|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2020|website=[[United States Institute of Peace]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news|last=Wani|first=Ayjaz|date=9 October 2018|title=The Kashmir conflict: Managing perceptions and building bridges to peace|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-kashmir-conflict-managing-perceptions-and-building-bridges-to-peace-44801/|website=ORF}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Orakzai|first=Saira Bano|date=2010|title=Organisation of The Islamic Conference and Conflict Resolution: Case Study of the Kashmir Dispute|journal=Pakistan Horizon|volume=63|issue=2|pages=83–94|jstor=24711087|issn=0030-980X}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=St. John|first=Anthony Wanis|date=1997|title=The Mediating Role in the Kashmir Dispute between India and Pakistan|journal=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs|volume=21|issue=1|pages=173–195|jstor=45288985|issn=1046-1868}} <br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Alam|first=G. M. Shahidul|date=1982|title=Peacekeeping without Conflict Resolution: The Kashmir Dispute|journal=The Fletcher Forum|volume=6|issue=1|pages=61–89|jstor=45331067|issn=0147-0981}} <br />
* {{Citation|last=Baweja|first=Harinder|title=The Logic of Third Party Mediation over Kashmir|date=2004|url=https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/NRRMBaweja.pdf|publisher=The Stimson Center}}<br />
* {{Citation|title=Simulation on Peacekeeping in Kashmir: An American Choice|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/kashmir.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506155919/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/kashmir.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2017|publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}<br />
* {{Citation|title=The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses (November 19–21, 2002)|date=July 2003|url=https://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1439.pdf|publisher=The Carter Center}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Biberman|first=Yelena|title=A Kashmir Peace Deal Now? Ripeness, Readiness, and US Role|date=February 2021|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Biberman_Kashmir_Final.pdf|publisher=Modern War Institute}}<br />
* {{Cite news|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2019-07-28|title=Why does India say no to Kashmir mediation?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-does-india-say-no-to-kashmir-mediation/article28733048.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}<br />
* {{Cite web|last=Guruswamy|first=Mohan|date=15 March 2017|title=Sino-Indian border dispute: New package deal floated by former Chinese negotiator is no deal at all|url=https://scroll.in/article/830978/sino-indian-border-dispute-new-package-deal-floated-by-former-chinese-negotiator-is-no-deal-at-all|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}<br />
*{{Cite web|last=Baweja|first=Harinder|date=2016-09-26|title=Why India has everything to gain if third party mediates with Pakistan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/why-india-has-everything-to-gain-if-third-party-mediates-with-pakistan/story-ikN68XJbiCJrYfBQjgaXvI.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}<br />
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<!--- Templates ---><br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}<br />
{{Kashmir conflict}}<br />
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}<br />
{{Anti-war}}<br />
{{Peace}}<br />
<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir| ]]<br />
[[Category:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Peacebuilding]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entally&diff=474194Entally2025-12-14T21:34:15Z<p>Jaishink: expanded content</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--><br />
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|name = Entally <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --><br />
|official_name = <br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --><br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Neighborhood of Kolkata]] <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--><br />
|total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --><br />
|motto =<br />
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|image_skyline = File:Jagadish Chandra Bose Road - Moulali - Kolkata 2012-09-29 1382.JPG<br />
|imagesize = 270px<br />
|image_caption = [[AJC Bose Road]], Entally<br />
|image_flag = <br />
|flag_size =<br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size =<br />
|image_shield = <br />
|shield_size =<br />
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|image_map = Map Kolkata Entally.jpg<br />
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|subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = City<br />
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] <br />
|subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]<br />
|subdivision_name5 = [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]]<br />
|subdivision_type6 = <br />
|subdivision_name6 = <br />
<!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --><br />
|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards<br />
|parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)<br />
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|parts = [[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]], [[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|56]]<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --><br />
|p1 =<br />
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|leader_title = MLA<br />
|leader_name = Swarnakamal Saha (TMC)<br />
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|established_title = <!-- Settled --><br />
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|timezone = IST<br />
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|coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --><br />
|coordinates = <br />
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------><br />
|postal_code_type = PIN<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --><br />
|postal_code = 700014<br />
|area_code = +91 33<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]]<br />
|website = <br />
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}}<br />
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'''Entally''' (also spelt Entali) is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Central Kolkata]], in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was considered close to the area which was home to the poor and the depressed castes.<ref name = "Nair">Nair, P. Thankappan in ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], pp. 15-18, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref> [[Mother Teresa]] started her activities in Entally.<ref name="Mother">''Mother Teresa'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. II, p. 81</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these, five lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Entally was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14-15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref><br />
<br />
Odia palanquin-bearers, poor Christians, Muslims, Chinese and other depressed communities such as [[Dalits]], lived in the area. Upper caste Hindus avoided living in the area because of the municipal slaughter house, Chinese-owned tanneries and piggeries (near Tangra which is close to Entally).<ref name = "Nair"/> However upper-class European resided in the Entally post office (originally known as Intally Post Office) neighbourhood. Rich Hindu milk businessmen (Gwala, Gop, Sadgop and [[Ghosh]] community) occupied an area near the Entally market and forbade low caste people to come near their locality (Gopelane, Panbagan Lane).<br />
<br />
[[H. E. A. Cotton]] describes Entally in the twentieth century as "an area extensively intersected with numerous roads and lanes. It contains a large number of European residences, some of them fine buildings in extensive grounds." Situated in 155A AJC Bose Road near Entally Market stands the house of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Henry Derozio]] (European by origin) pioneer of [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]] and [[Young Bengal]] movement.<br />
<br />
In those days, the Municipal Railway ran along the side of Lower Circular Road (renamed [[AJC Bose Road|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road]]) and the Lakes by way of [[Sealdah]] and conveyed several hundred tonnes of sweepings daily which were employed to raise a square mile of land, which had been bunded off from the lanes for the purpose. South of Entally was the Volunteer Rifle Range constructed in 1877.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p. 223, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><br />
<br />
In the nineteenth century many factories were set up in Entally because of the low cost of land. Many of them survive to this day.<ref name = "Nair"/><br />
<br />
Entally, [[Manicktala]], [[Beliaghata]], [[Ultadanga]], [[Chitpur]], [[Cossipore]], parts of [[Beniapukur]], [[Ballyganj]], [[Watgunge|Watganj]] and [[Ekbalpur]], and parts of [[Garden Reach]] and [[Tollygunj]] were added to [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in 1888. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref>Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, ''Wealth and Work in Calcutta, 1860-1921'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 213.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Entally.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 18-19, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Entally is spread over parts of Ward Nos. 54, 55 and 56 of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, partly under Entally police station and partly under Beniapukur police station. It is bounded by [[Sealdah]] and Beliaghata in the north, [[Tangra, Calcutta|Tangra]] in the east, Beniapukur in the south and [[Taltala]] in the west.<ref>Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata, D.R.Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata – 700073</ref><br />
<br />
===Police district===<br />
Entally police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Eastern Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=2&Division=E |title = Kolkata Police |work = East Suburban Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ultadanga#Police district|Ultadanga Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan.<ref name="police"/><br />
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==Economics==<br />
Entally market is one of the old markets in Kolkata under [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC). Shops sell ready-made garments, vegetables, groceries, textiles, margarine, fish and fruits.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Entally-Market-33438.htm | title = Entally Market<br />
|access-date = 2008-01-22 | publisher = india9.com}}</ref> This market was once famously known for its dairy product shops that provided high quality dairy items such as paneer, ghee, yogurt, condensed milk, cheese and butter.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[Mother Teresa]] arrived in Kolkata in 1928. While teaching in Loreto Convent at Entally, the slums beyond the school compound engaged her more and more. In 1948, when she secured permission to work fully with the poor and the sick, she established a home in an obscure house in Entally, with a nurse's training and a meager [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 5 in her pocket. Her activities spread out subsequently to other areas of Kolkata.<ref name="Mother"/><br />
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Gope Lane Shiva Temple (Sridhar Jew Mandir) is the oldest Hindu temple of Entally established by local Ghosh community. It was a centre for social reforms and freedom fighting during British colonial rule. It was also the centre of movements for social justice and cultural development of the non-higher caste Hindus and minorities. Later such movements got recognised by government with the formation of [[Other Backward Class|the other backward classes]] (OBC) ensuring social justice. [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], the 1st chief minister of West Bengal during his tenure from 1947 to 1948 addressed several meetings in this place. He gave importance to educational and overall cultural development of non-upper caste Hindu's, depressed communities, [[Dalit]]s and minorities. For uplifting backward classes Sir [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]] suggested developing institution for technical education which was later realised by establishment of [[Central Calcutta Polytechnic|Central Calcutta Pyrotechnic]] in Entally. Pandit [[Pannalal Ghosh]] credited with popularizing the flute as a concert instrument in [[Hindustani classical music]] used to perform music concerts along with [[Padma Bhushan]] Pandit [[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]] and other distinguished musicians in Gope Lane.<br />
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Sri Sri Radha Mohan Jew temple house is situated in Panbagan Lane in Entally. Many cultural events, social gatherings and seasonal festivals are held here. It is considered to be first establishment in Calcutta to perform daily worship and bhajan of [[Satya Sai Baba]].<br />
<br />
Lay Disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, Debendra Nath Majumdar,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.belurmath.org/Laydisciples.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155512/http://www.belurmath.org/Laydisciples.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> established Sri Ramakrishna Archanalaya at 39, Deb Lane, Entally in 1902. Devendra Nath started regular worship of Sri Ramakrishna there. He composed many devotional songs while spreading the spiritual practice and teaching of his Master Sri Ramakrishna in the locality until his demise in 1911. People often sing the hymn of eight stanzas 'Bhava-Sagara'...and ending with 'Gurudeva daya-kara dina jane' but very few people know the composer Mahatma Debendra Nath Majumdar, Lay disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Deb.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Hearing this song Swami Brahmananda (First president of Ramakrishna Math & Mission)<ref>[[Swami Brahmananda]]</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2019}} commented, "Debendra composed that song while absorbed in a high plane of consciousness, beyond the reach of ordinary people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theylivedwithgod.info/devendra.htm|title=Devendra Mazumdar}}</ref> Archanalaya celebrated 100 years in 2002 and renovated the old temple with a full-sized seated statue of Sri Ramakrishna there, inaugurated by Swami Gahanananda,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.belurmath.org/pdf_files/Swami_Gahananandaji_Biograhphy_English.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=12 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212223157/http://belurmath.org/pdf_files/Swami_Gahananandaji_Biograhphy_English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vice president of Ramakhrishna Mission that time.<br />
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<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Sri Sri Radha Mohan Jew-jeu (panbagan thakur bari).jpg<br />
Sri Ramakrishna Statue at Archanalaya.jpg <br />
Debendra Nath Majumdar.jpg<br />
Radha mohan 1.jpg <br />
File:Shiv at sri sri radha mohan jeu, entally3.jpg<br />
File:Sai Bhajan Hall at Sri Sri Radha Mohan Jew-Jeu temple, entally(panbagan lane,kolkata).jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
[[Loreto Schools, Kolkata|Loreto]] Entally was founded as an orphanage in 1845 but it is no longer an orphanage in the strict sense, although orphans continue to be looked after. Loreto [[Kilkenny]] has been twinned with Loreto Entally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loretokk.ie/pages/entally.htm |title=Loreto Kilkenny twinned with Loreto Entally, India |access-date=2008-01-22 |work=1977 |publisher=loretokk.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118174825/http://www.loretokk.ie/pages/entally.htm |archive-date=2007-11-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==Transport==<br />
===Road===<br />
Many buses ply along [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road]], Dr. Lal Mohan Bhattacharya Road and CIT Road in Entally. Lenin Sarani and Surendranath Banerjee Road (S.N. Banerjee Road) connect this locality to [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]].<ref>Google maps</ref> Moulali is a 5 point junction in Entally connecting East Kolkata with Central Kolkata through Lenin Sarani, S N Banerjee Road and CIT Road (Sundari Mohan Avenue) and North Kolkata with South Kolkata through A J C Bose Road.<br />
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===Train===<br />
[[Sealdah Station]], one of biggest railway-terminals of [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]], is located nearby.<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Kolkata Entally2.jpg|Moulali Dargah<br />
File:Kolkata Taltala4.jpg|St. Teresa of Avila Church, Moulali<br />
File:Another view of St. James Church, Kolkata.jpg|[[St. James' Church, Kolkata|St. James' Church (Jora Girja)]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/South}}<br />
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{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br />
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{{Coord|22.569|N|88.368|E|display=title|format=dms}}<br />
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[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milakatong_La&diff=517601Milakatong La2025-12-13T12:01:13Z<p>Jaishink: started basic data added tags</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Mountain pass between India and Tibet}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Mountain Pass<br />
| name = Milakatong La Pass<br />
| photo = <br />
| photo_width = <br />
| photo_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27|41|N|91|57|E|format=dms |display=inline,title}}<ref name=Stearn/><br />
| location = [[Tawang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| range = [[Himalaya]]<br />
| elevation = {{convert|16500|ft}}<br />
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh<br />
| map_relief = 0<br />
<br />
}}<br />
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'''Milakatong La''' or '''Menlakathong La''' is a historic mountain pass along the trade route between [[Tawang]] in India's [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Tsona Dzong]] in Tibet's [[Shannan, Tibet|Shannan province]] via the valley of [[Tsona Chu]].<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
[[File:McMahon-Line-map-Tawang-sector.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The 1914 [[McMahon Line]] map showing the India–Tibet boundary. It places Menlakathong La near the modern Bum La. The map also shows a ''Chukang'' (customs house) north of the pass.]]<br />
The [[Frank Ludlow|Ludlow]]–[[George Sherriff|Sherriff]] expedition to Tibet identified the location of Milakatong La at {{coord|27|41|N|91|57|E|format=dms|name=Milakatong La of Ludlow-Sherriff}}, at the top of a branch valley of the [[Tsona Chu]] valley, leading down to the [[Tsechu, Arunachal Pradesh|Tsechu]] village.<ref name=Stearn><br />
{{citation |last=Stearn |first=William T. |title=Frank Ludlow (1885–1972) and the Ludlow–Sherriff Expeditions to Bhutan and South-Eastern Tibet of 1933–1950 |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany |volume=5 |number=5 |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis05britlond/page/n327 |via=archive.org |page=262}}<br />
</ref><br />
Following the valley upstream along Tsona Chu leads one to [[Tsona Dzong]]. Following it downstream leads one to the [[Tawang Chu]] river.<br />
<br />
Other sources suggest a location near the 'Bum La' pass of Ludlow-Sherriff ({{coord|27|43|N|91|55|E|format=dms|name=Bum La of Ludlow-Sherriff}}), described as being between "[[Tulung La]] and the Bhutan border".{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=232}}{{efn|This location is to the east of the present day [[Bum La]] border crossing between India and China but on the same ridge line.}} The McMahon Line map of 1914 places the Indo-Tibetan border along the mountain range on this axis (labelled "Menlakathong La range"):<br />
{{quote|the boundary line ... follows the crest of the mountain range which runs from peak 21431 through Tu Lung La and Menlaka-thong La to the Bhutan border. This is the highest mountain range in this tract of country. To the north of it are people of Tibetan descent, to the south the inhabitants are of Bhutanese and Aka extraction. It is unquestionably the correct boundary.|author=[[Henry McMahon]]{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=232}}}}<br />
This pass also leads to another branch valley of the Tsona Chu valley, which lies north of the border.<br />
Both passes were likely used for trade between Tawang and Tsona Dzong. This perhaps explains the confusion among sources.<br />
<br />
== Trade ==<br />
According to [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|F. M. Bailey]], there were two trade routes between Tawang and Tsona Dzong, one via Milakatong La and the other via the [[Nyamjang Chu]] valley. On each of these roads, a ''Tsukang'' (''Chukang'') or a customs house was placed by the Tibetans and a tax of 10 per cent was collected on all merchandise brought from Tawang. However, there was no tax on articles carried from Tsona Dzong to Tawang.<ref>{{citation |first=F. M. |last=Bailey |author-link=Frederick Marshman Bailey|title=Report on an Exploration on the North-East Frontier, 1913 |publisher=Government Monotype Press |location=Simla |year=1914 |page=32 |url=https://archive.org/details/ExplorationOnTheNorthEastFrontier1913 |via=archive.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bum La Pass]]<br />
* [[Tawang Town]]<br />
* [[Tawang Monastery]]<br />
* [[Tawang district]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47 |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333157374 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Mountain passes of India}}<br />
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[[Category:Mountain passes of Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darwha_Motibagh_railway_station&diff=495664Darwha Motibagh railway station2025-11-29T04:13:21Z<p>Jaishink: pg...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Railway station in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Darwha Moti Bagh railway station<br />
| cta_header = <br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image =<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| alt = <br />
| hangul = <br />
| hanja = <br />
| rr = <br />
| mr = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| address = State Highway 212, [[Darwha]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20.3213|77.7684|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|348|m|ft}}<br />
| line = <br />
| connections =<br />
| distance =<br />
| structure = <br />
| platform = 1<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 0<br />
| bus_stands = <br />
| bus_operators = <br />
| routes = <br />
| parking = No<br />
| bicycle = Yes<br />
| facilities = <br />
| opened = 1912<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = DWM<br />
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Bhusawal}}<br />
}}<br />
| iata = <br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| status = Active<br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = <br />
| map_dot_label = Yavatmal Railway Station<br />
| map_size = 260<br />
| map_type = India#Maharashtra<br />
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra<br />
}}<br />
'''Darwha Moti Bagh railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Yavatmal district]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Its code is '''DWM'''. It serves [[Darwha]] city. The station consists of one platforms. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/darwha-moti-bagh-dwm/6771| title=DWM/Darwha Moti Bagh| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rediff.com/business/report/column-the-little-known-story-about-shakuntala-railway/20150914.htm The little known story about Shakuntala Railway]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/An-express-that-stops-for-everyone/articleshow/24062748.cms An express that stops for everyone]</ref><br />
<br />
Historic [[Shakuntala Express]] used to runs starts from this station. Shakuntala Express was founded by the British government when they ruled India. Due to its age, it has gained historical importance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4041983.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – A railway ride into history|work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Shakuntala-Express-A-slow-journey-into-forgotten-time/articleshow/24063042.cms|title=Shakuntala Express: A slow journey into forgotten time|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11249745/Indias-Disappearing-Railways.html?frame=3116021|title=India's Disappearing Railways – Telegraph|date=3 December 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/a-curious-relic-from-another-era/article4469578.ece|title=A curious relic from another era|author=S. Shanker, K. Raghavendra Rao|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> This station will become junction when [[Wardha–Nanded line]] will join [[Shakuntala Railway]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/wardha-nanded-rail-line-project-gets-special-status/articleshow/53333945.cms Wardha-Nanded rail line project gets special status]</ref><br />
<br />
== Trains ==<br />
<br />
* [[Shakuntala Express]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1912]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Yavatmal district]]<br />
[[Category:Bhusawal railway division]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumhari_Paakhi&diff=542111Tumhari Paakhi2025-11-17T16:32:56Z<p>Jaishink: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} <br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Tumhari Paakhi poster.jpg<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] <br />
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal <br /> Shashi Mittal<br />
| director = Amit Gupta<br />
| creative_director = Nitin Dwivedi<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/if-i-bump-into-ekta-kapoor-i-ll-say-hi-to-her-iqbal-khan/article1-1144810.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103011840/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/if-i-bump-into-ekta-kapoor-i-ll-say-hi-to-her-iqbal-khan/article1-1144810.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=If I bump into Ekta Kapoor, I'll say hi to her: Iqbal Khan |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref><br />
* [[Shraddha Arya]]<br />
* [[Varun Badola]]<br />
}}<br />
| composer = Ritesh Rathore<br />
| opentheme = ''Ajaa Dhola Maaru Tarse'' by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] <br />
Idea: Ruchika Kaushik<ref>{{Citation|title=Ajaa Dhola - Tumhari Paakhi Title Song Video {{!}}{{!}} Sunidhi Chauhan {{!}}{{!}} Life OK|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKX1OcLo-QE|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><br />
| endtheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 269<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/tumhari-paakhi/s-70|title=Watch Tumhari Paakhi Full Episodes Online for Free on hotstar.com|website=Hotstar|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003184724/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/tumhari-paakhi/s-70|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = Afaaq<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[:wikisource:bn:চিত্র:নব-বিধান - শরৎচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় (১৯৫৭).pdf|Naba Bidhan (New Ritual)]]''|[[Saratchandra Chattopadhyay]]}}<br />
| writer = [[Saratchandra Chattopadhyay]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Shashi Mittal]]<br />
* [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]<br />
}}<br />
| editor = Pankaj Kathpal<br />
| cinematography = Sudesh Kotian<br />
| runtime = 20 minutes<br />
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]<br />
| network = [[Life OK]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2013|11|11|}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2014|11|21|}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tumhari Paakhi''''' ({{Translation}}: ''Your Paakhi'') (International title:''''' Forever Yours''''') is an Indian soap opera based on [[Saratchandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel ''[[:wikisource:bn:চিত্র:নব-বিধান - শরৎচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় (১৯৫৭).pdf|Naba Bidhan (New Ritual)]]'' and produced by [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]] that was telecast on [[Life OK]] from 11 November 2013 to 21 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tumhari-paakhi--a-strong-womens-story/articleshow/25555700.cms|title=Tumhari Paakhi – a strong woman's story |work=The Times of India|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> The series starred [[Shraddha Arya]], [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] and [[Varun Badola]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tumhari-Paakhi-Shashi-Sumeet-Productions-bids-adieu-to-the-show/articleshow/45168174.cms|title=Tumhari Paakhi: Shashi Sumeet Productions bids adieu to the show|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922020132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tumhari-Paakhi-Shashi-Sumeet-Productions-bids-adieu-to-the-show/articleshow/45168174.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumhari-pakhi-tv-serial-shooting-in-delhi-14069.html|title=Tumhari Pakhi: Lead actors Iqbal Khan, Shraddha Arya arrive in Delhi to shoot|date=6 May 2014|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915121941/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumhari-pakhi-tv-serial-shooting-in-delhi-14069.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{More plot|date=March 2022}}<br />
Two childhood friends, Anshumaan and Paakhi are forced to marry as children by their families. However, misunderstandings and tensions in the families leads them to separate and grow up in different cities and lifestyles.<br />
<br />
===18 years later===<br />
{{expand section|date=March 2022}}<br />
Anshuman is a successful elite businessman. He has a 7-year-old son, named Ayaan from his second wife Meera, who died 3 years prior in an accident. Paakhi still longs for him and believes that one day Anshumaan will come to reunite with her. Anshumaan plans to marry Tanya, the daughter of a well-known businessman, leading to him finding out about his hidden child marriage's truth, as he cannot marry Tanya before divorcing Paakhi. Under pressure from the media, Anshumaan is forced to bring Paakhi to his house in order to save his reputation, with the intention of divorcing her while the latter refuses as she has always loved him. Paakhi finds it hard to fit in his way of living while having to face challenges thrown at her by Anshumaan's sister, Lavanya, but she finds solace in Girish (Lavanya's husband) who always supports her. Anshumaan gradually falls in love with her. Ayaan hates Paakhi, believing she wants to take his late mother's place in Anshumaan's life, but later develops a motherly bond with Paakhi.<br />
<br />
Due to misunderstandings created by Tanya and Lavanya, Anshumaan is led to believe Paakhi is having an extra-marital affair and he questions her character. Paakhi is disappointed in Anshumaan for not trusting her, hence decides to leave the house. Anshumaan later realises his misconception and decides to bring Paakhi back. Paakhi unites Anshuman with Devki, his long-lost mother, who was abused and banished by his father. They both clear their misunderstandings and confess their love.<br />
<br />
Anshuman's twin brother, Aryaman kills him. Shattered and heartbroken, Paakhi looks after Anshuman's businesses. Under her family's pressure, she later marries Anshuman's cousin, Veer Pratap Singh and adopts a troubled teenager, named Ria. However, Veer decides to divorce Paakhi, realising she can never move on from Anshuman. In the end, Paakhi begins living with his memories and Ayaan, declaring she will always love Anshuman, and fulfill all his duties and wishes.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
===Main===<br />
*[[Shraddha Arya]] as Paakhi Rathore (née Shekhawat) : Suraj's sister, Anshumaan's widow and Veer's ex wife, Ayaan's step-mother; Ria's foster mother (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] as <br />
** Anshumaan Rathore: Devki and Darshan's son, Lavanya and Aryaman's brother, Veer and Nadika's cousin, Meera's widower; Paakhi's first husband, Ayaan's father (2013-2014) (Dead)<br />
** Aryaman "Billu" Rathore: Devki and Darshan's son, Lavanya and Anshumaan's brother, Veer and Nadika's cousin (2014)<br />
*[[Varun Badola]] as Veer Pratap Singh: Nadika's brother; Lavanya, Anshumaan and Aryaman's cousin; Paakhi's ex-husband; Keerti's ex-lover; Ayaan's step-father; Ria's foster father (2014)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
*[[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Lavanya Bhargava (née Rathore) : Devki and Darshan's daughter; Anshumaan and Aryaman's sister; Veer and Nadika's cousin; Girish's wife;Naina's step-mother (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Sachin Shroff]] as Girish Bhargava: Lavanya's husband; Naina's father (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Anita Raj]] as Devki / Anuja: Darshan's widow; Devdas's sister; Lavanya, Anshuman and Aryaman's mother (2014)<br />
*Jasmine Avasia as Ria Pratap Singh:Keerti's daughter; Paakhi and Veer's adopted daughter (2014)<br />
*Divyam Dama as Ayaan Rathore: Meera and Anshumaan's son; Paakhi and Veer's step-son (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Madhura Naik]] as Tanya Rana: Vikrant's daughter, Anshumaan's former fiancé (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Vikrant Rana: Tanya's father (2013)<br />
*Vijay Kalvani as Ashok (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Geetanjali Singh]] as Deepika (2014)<br />
*Priyanka Bhole as Nadika Pratap Singh: Veer's sister; Lavanya, Anshumaan and Aryaman's cousin (2014)<br />
*[[Pushkar Goggiaa]] as Prithvi Kumar Chopra (2014)<br />
*[[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Rohan Bhasin (2014)<br />
*Unknown as Darshan Singh Rathore: Devki's husband; Anshuman, Aryaman and Lavanya's father(2014)(Dead)<br />
*Rishi Khurana as Suraj Shekhawat: Paakhi's brother (2013-2014)<br />
*[[Dolly Minhas]] as Girish's aunt (2013)<br />
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Vikram Rajawat (2014)<br />
*[[Parakh Madan]] as Suman Saxena (2014)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Life OK Programmes}}<br />
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|3506278}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thacker,_Spink_%26_Company&diff=540147Thacker, Spink & Company2025-11-09T20:07:55Z<p>Jaishink: starting new details!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian publishing house and bookseller}}<br />
'''Thacker, Spink & Company''' was an Indian [[publishing]] house, [[Bookselling|bookshop]],<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13946/page/n11/mode/2up The Bengal Directory 1881]'', Thacker, Spink & Co., 1881. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> stationers and printers<ref>Thomas Pinney and David Alan Richards, eds., ''Kipling and His First Publisher: Correspondence of Rudyard Kipling with Thacker, Spink and Co., 1886–1890'', Rivendale Press, 2001, p. 7.</ref> headquartered in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[India]].<ref name="chatterjee">[[Rimi B. Chatterjee]], [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001/acref-9780198606536-e-0041 Thacker, Spink & Co.], oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 13 September 2022.</ref> It was founded in 1851<ref>Victoria Condie, "Thacker, Spink and Company: Bookselling and Publishing in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Calcutta", in: Robert Fraser and Mary Hammond, eds, Books Without Borders, Volume 1: The Cross-National Dimension in Print Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008, pp. 114.</ref> and issued books of Indian interest for both the general public and the [[Textbook|educational market]] as well as a range of journals, maps and postcards. The firm published [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s first two books in 1886 and 1888.<ref>Thomas Pinney and David Alan Richards, eds., ''Kipling and His First Publisher: Correspondence of Rudyard Kipling with Thacker, Spink and Co., 1886–1890'', Rivendale Press, 2001, passim.</ref><br />
<br />
==Company history==<br />
[[File:Exterior view of the building of Thacker, Spink & Co., publishers, Calcutta (Kolkata), c.1890.jpg|thumb|Exterior view of the building of Thacker, Spink & Co., publishers, Calcutta (Kolkata), c.1890]]<br />
Thacker, Spink & Co. (operated by an [[East India Company]] surgeon William Thacker in partnership with his nephew William Spink,<ref name="cambridge-archives">[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/208374 Premises of Thacker, Spink & Co., Esplanade Row, 1918], cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</ref> [[Justice of the peace|JP]], of Calcutta) was the Indian branch of William Thacker & Co. of 2, [[Newgate|Newgate Street]], London and it also had a branch, Thacker and Co., in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and another at [[Simla]].<ref>Kathleen Blechynden, ''[https://archive.org/details/calcuttapastand01blecgoog/page/n10/mode/2up Calcutta, Past and Present]'', Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1905, title page. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> The firm succeeded an earlier publishing firm, Thacker and Company, which traded in Calcutta under its proprietor William Thacker (1791–1872)<ref>''[https://www.fibis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/J34.pdf FIBIS Journal No. 34]'', The Families in British India Society, Autumn 2015, p. 5. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</ref> from circa 1818 until 1851.<ref>Victoria Condie, "Thacker, Spink and Company: Bookselling and Publishing in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Calcutta", in: Robert Fraser and Mary Hammond, eds, Books Without Borders, Volume 1: The Cross-National Dimension in Print Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008, passim.</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1878 Thacker, Spink was located at "5 and 6, Government Place, Calcutta"<ref>Publisher's advertisement in: ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13739/page/n1535/mode/2up The Bengal Directory 1878]'', Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co., 1878. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> (in the vicinity of the [[Esplanade, Kolkata]]). [[Evan Cotton]] states that the firm remained at Government Place North until 1916 when it removed to a palatial "five storey block"<ref name="cambridge-archives" /> at No. 3 Esplanade East.<ref>Evan Cotton, [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.04022/page/n171/mode/2up "A Famous Calcutta Firm: The History of Thacker Spink and Co."], in: ''Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society'', Vol. 41, Issue 81, January-March 1931, p. 164. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</ref> This is confirmed by Montague Massey.<ref>Montague Massey, ''[https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofc00massiala/page/95/mode/1up Recollections of Calcutta for over Half a Century]'', Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Company, 1918, p. 95. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</ref> However, Abhijit Gupta has stated that in the 1880s the firm moved to [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street, Calcutta]], which was then and remains the centre of the city's book trade, with its neighbours including the [[Calcutta School-Book Society]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]'s [[Sanskrit Press and Depository]], S. K. Lahiri and Gurudas Chattopadhyay.<ref>Abhijit Gupta, [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095624131 "College Street"], in: Michael F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen, eds., ''The Oxford Companion to the Book'', Oxford University Press, 2010 (online edition). Retrieved 11 January 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
Thacker, Spink published ''Thacker's [[Bengal]] Directory'' from 1864 until 1884, whose coverage included the [[Bengal Presidency]] and parts of present-day [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]]. In 1885 the work was renamed ''[[Thacker's Indian Directory]]'' with a coverage of all of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>[https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy&Category_Code=thackerspinkandco Thacker, Spink and Co], geographicus.com. Retrieved 11 January 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
The firm published books for the general trade, with a "considerable list of specialized books on India, its administration, religions, topography, flora and fauna",<ref name="rivendale-p7">Thomas Pinney and David Alan Richards, eds., [https://archive.org/details/kiplinghisfirstp0000kipl/page/7/mode/1up Kipling and His First Publisher: Correspondence of Rudyard Kipling with Thacker, Spink and Co., 1886–1890], Rivendale Press, 2001, p. 7. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> along with travel guides, books on [[equestrianism]], cookery, and other popular nonfiction topics. It also had "an extensive list of law books and text books".<ref name="rivendale-p7" /> It launched [[Peary Charan Sarkar]]'s Books of Reading (Reading Books), a book series for the Indian school market. In 1875 the British publisher, [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan & Company]], realizing the increasingly profitable market of [[textbook]] publishing in India, acquired the series from Thacker, Spink.<ref>Abhijit Gupta, [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001/acref-9780198606536 "The History of the Book in the Indian Subcontinent"], in: Michael F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen, eds., ''The Oxford Companion to the Book'', Oxford University Press, 2010 (online edition). Retrieved 11 January 2025.</ref><ref>Charles Morgan, ''[https://archive.org/details/houseofmacmillan0000morg/page/186/mode/2up The House of Macmillan (1843–1943)]'', London: Macmillan & Co. Limited, 1943, p. 186. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><ref>Victoria Condie, ''[https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6294/1/Dissertation%20-%20Victoria%20Condie.pdf Macmillan's Early Trade in Educational Books to India, 1873-1891: Disseration Submitted for the Degree of MA in the History of the Book]'', Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Studies, [[University of London]], September 2014, unpublished thesis, passim. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
Thacker, Spink published [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s first books, ''Departmental Ditties and Other Verses'' (1886)<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/79779051 Departmental ditties, and other verses. 3d ed], worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> and ''[[Plain Tales from the Hills]]'' (1888).<br />
<br />
Thacker, Spink's staff over the years included Tom Thacker who corresponded with Kipling and Edmund Hunt Dring (1863–1928), who later became managing director of [[Bernard Quaritch]] Ltd., Antiquarian Booksellers, London.<ref>[https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/2002/220/1 Material relating to Edmund Hunt Dring, c.1875–1892], becc.bristol.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.quaritch.com/about/our-history/ Our History], quaritch.com. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1931, the British firm, William Thacker & Co., was declared [[Bankruptcy|bankrupt]], and Thacker, Spink & Company passed into the ownership of the Sengupta family.<ref name="chatterjee" /><br />
<br />
==Book series==<br />
* Calcutta Oriental Series<ref>Bimala Churn Law, [https://search.worldcat.org/title/2859723 Historical Gleanings], worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><br />
* The Commando Books<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/commando-books-thacker.html Commando Books (Thacker & Co.) – Book Series List], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</ref><br />
* The Rampart Library of Good Reading<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=se%3ARampart%20library%20of%20good%20reading se:Rampart library of good reading], worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><br />
* Thacker's Dumpy Books for Children<br />
* Thacker's Hand-books of Hindostan<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=se%3AThacker%27s%20hand-books%20of%20Hindostan se:Thacker's hand-books of Hindostan], worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref><br />
* Thacker's Indian Albums<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=se%3AThacker%27s%20Indian%20albums se:Thacker's Indian Albums], worldcat.org. Retrieved 9 November 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
==Journals==<br />
Journals being published by Thacker, Spink in 1905<ref>Publisher's advertisement in final pages of ''[https://archive.org/details/calcuttapastand01blecgoog/page/n380/mode/2up Calcutta, Past and Present]'', Thacker, Spink & Co., 1905. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> included:<br />
* ''The Agricultural Journal of India''<br />
* ''The Empress''<br />
* ''The Indian and Eastern Engineer''<br />
* ''[[The Indian Medical Gazette]]''<br />
* ''The Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* Victoria Condie, [https://archive.org/details/bookswithoutbord0000unse/page/112/mode/2up "Thacker, Spink and Company: Bookselling and Publishing in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Calcutta"], in: Robert Fraser and Mary Hammond, eds, ''Books Without Borders, Volume 2: Perspectives from South Asia'', Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008, pp. 112-124.<br />
* [[Evan Cotton]], [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.04022/page/n171/mode/2up "A Famous Calcutta Firm: The History of Thacker Spink and Co."], in: ''Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society'', Vol. 41, Issue 81, January-March 1931, pp. 157-164.<br />
* [[Thomas Pinney]] and David Alan Richards, eds., ''[https://archive.org/details/kiplinghisfirstp0000kipl Kipling and his First Publisher: Correspondence of Rudyard Kipling With Thacker, Spink and Co., 1886–1890]'', High Wycombe, Bucks.: Rivendale Press, 2001.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/calcuttapastand01blecgoog/page/n328/mode/2up A Selection of Publications from... Thacker, Spink & Co.] in Kathleen Blechynden's ''Calcutta, Past and Present'' (1905) at [[Wayback Machine]]<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13739/page/n1515/mode/2up A List of Indian Publications for Sale by Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta] in ''The Bengal Directory, 1878'' at Wayback Machine<br />
* [https://www.paperjewels.org/category/publisher-series/east-and-west-series Thacker, Spink's East and West Series of postcards] at paperjewels.org<br />
* [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1934761 Small archive of Thacker, Spink artefacts] at [[Yale University]]<br />
* [https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2022962 Rudyard Kipling letter to Thacker, Spink & Co., 20 November 1889] at Yale University - digital copy (2 pages) <br />
* [https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofc00massiala/page/n209/mode/1up Photo of Thacker, Spink's new premises in 1916] at Wayback Machine<br />
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[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Bookstores of India]]<br />
[[Category:Academic publishing companies]]<br />
[[Category:Printing companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Books about British India]]<br />
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1851]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_(title)&diff=473089Hero (title)2025-11-02T14:44:57Z<p>Jaishink: corrected article and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Government-awarded title}}<br />
{{redirect|People's Hero|the film|People's Hero (film)}}<br />
The title of '''Hero''' is presented by various governments in recognition of acts of self-sacrifice to the state, and great achievements in combat or labor. It is originally a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-type honor, and is continued by several nations including [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]]. It was also awarded to cities and fortresses for collective efforts in heroic feats. Each hero receives a medal for public display, special privileges and rights for life, and the admiration and respect of the nation. Some countries without Soviet connections also award Hero honours.<br />
<br />
== Soviet titles ==<br />
===Hero of the Soviet Union===<br />
The first hero title established, "[[Hero of the Soviet Union]]", was created by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] on 16 April 1934.<ref>[http://www.soviet-awards.com/titles1.htm The Soviet Military Awards Page]</ref> The identifying badge, the "Gold Star Medal", was not created until 1 August 1939. The title was awarded for ''"personal or collective deeds of heroism rendered to the USSR or socialist society"'' and it was awarded to both military personnel and civilians.<br />
<br />
===Hero of Socialist Labor===<br />
The second hero title was "[[Hero of Socialist Labor]]", also created by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, was established on 27 December 1938. Its badge, the "[[Hammer and Sickle]] Medal", was created on 22 May 1940. The title was awarded for heroic labor achievements which significantly increased production, "''thereby promoting the national economy, science, culture, might, and glory of the USSR.''"<br />
<br />
Each "Hero of the Soviet Union" and "Hero of Socialist Labor" was given the highest Soviet award, the [[Order of Lenin]], and a diploma describing the heroic accomplishment.<br />
<br />
A "Hero of Socialist Labor" held the same official stature as a "Hero of the Soviet Union", with identical rights and privileges, but the title's prestige was eroded by the sheer numbers awarded (over 19,000 compared to 12,745<ref>McDaniel and Schmitt, ''The Comprehensive Guide to Soviet Orders and Medals''.</ref>).<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Hero of the Soviet Union medal.png|Gold Star Medal<br />
File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|Hammer and Sickle Medal<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Mother Heroine ===<br />
[[File:MotherHeroine.jpg|thumb|upright|Order of the [[Mother Heroine]].]]<br />
The third hero title was "[[Mother Heroine]]", established on 8 July 1944 by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. The title was awarded for bearing and raising a large family, usually meaning 10 or more children.<br />
<br />
===Hero-City, Hero-Fortress===<br />
The Soviet Union awarded the title to twelve (12) cities and one fortress for outstanding heroism during the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] (1941–1945).<br />
<br />
The twelve Soviet cities awarded the title "Hero-City" are<br />
*[[Minsk]],<br />
*[[Smolensk]],<br />
*[[Kiev]] (Kyiv),<br />
*[[Odessa]] (Odesa),<br />
*[[Moscow]],<br />
*[[Leningrad]] (Saint Petersburg),<br />
*[[Tula, Russia|Tula]],<br />
*[[Sevastopol]],<br />
*[[Kerch]],<br />
*[[Murmansk]],<br />
*[[Stalingrad]] (Volgograd), and<br />
*[[Novorossiysk]].<br />
<br />
The one fortress awarded the title "Hero-Fortress" is [[Brest Fortress|Brest]].<br />
<br />
Each was awarded a Gold Star Medal to attach to its banner, and is allowed to the image of the medal on its [[coat of arms]].<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:COA of Sevastopol.svg|Arms of [[Sevastopol]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Repeat awards===<br />
Repeat awards of the titles "Hero of the Soviet Union" and "Hero of Socialist Labor" were allowed until the practice was abolished during [[perestroika]]. Afterwards, each title could be awarded to a recipient only once in their lifetime.<br />
<br />
== Non-Soviet titles ==<br />
Several nations with [[communist]] governments other than the Soviet Union, many part of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]], adopted their own hero titles. These titles closely followed the Soviet model.<br />
<br />
Not all [[Communism|communist]] or [[Socialism|socialist]] nations issued hero titles. Conversely, some nations that issued hero titles were not affiliated with the Soviet Union or communism.<br />
<br />
=== List of Eastern Bloc titles ===<br />
*[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] - [[Hero of Revolutionary Afghanistan]]<br />
*[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] - [[Hero of the People (Albania)|Hero of the People]], [[Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)|Hero of Socialist Labour]], {{ill|Mother Heroine (Albania)|sq|Titulli "Nënë heroinë"|lt=Mother Heroine}}<br />
* [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] - [[Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]], {{ill|Hero of Socialist Labour (Bulgaria)|de|Held der Sozialistischen Arbeit (Bulgarien)|lt=Hero of Socialist Labour}}, {{ill|Mother Heroine (Bulgaria)|nl|Moeder-Heldin (Bulgarije)|lt=Mother Heroine}}<br />
*[[China]] - [[Order of Heroic Exemplar]]<br />
*[[Cuba]] - [[Hero of the Republic of Cuba]]<br />
*[[Czechoslovakia]] - [[Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]], {{ill|Hero of Socialist Labour (Czechoslovakia)|cs|Hrdina socialistické práce|it|Eroe del Lavoro Socialista della Cecoslovacchia|nl|Gouden Ster van een Held van de Socialistische Arbeid|ru|Герой Социалистического Труда ЧССР|sk|Hrdina socialistickej práce||lt=Hero of Socialist Labour}}<br />
*[[East Germany]] - [[Hero of the German Democratic Republic]], [[Hero of Labour (GDR)|Hero of Labour]]<br />
*[[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] - {{ill|Hero of the Hungarian People's Republic|hu|A Magyar Népköztársaság Hőse}}, {{ill|Hero of Socialist Labour (Hungary)|hu|Szocialista Munka Hőse|lt=Hero of Socialist Labour}}<br />
*[[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]] - [[Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic]]<br />
*[[North Korea]] - [[Hero of the Republic]], [[Hero of Labor (North Korea)|Hero of Labor]]<br />
*[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] - [[Hero of the Socialist Republic of Romania]], {{ill|Hero of Socialist Labour (Romania)|nl|Held van de Socialistische Arbeid (Roemenië)|lt=Hero of Socialist Labour}}, {{ill|Hero of the Agrarian Revolution|de|Orden „Held der Neuen Landwirtschaftlichen Revolution“}}, {{ill|Mother Heroine (Romania)|de|Orden „Heldenmutter“|lt=Mother Heroine}}<br />
*[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] - [[Order of the People's Hero]], [[Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour]]<br />
*[[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]] - [[Hero of the People's Armed Forces]], [[Hero of Labor (Vietnam)|Hero of Labor]], [[Vietnamese Heroic Mother]]<br />
<br />
=== List of non-Eastern Bloc titles ===<br />
Some countries outside the [[Eastern Bloc]] also created a ''National Hero'' title, generally having little resemblance or connection with the ''Hero of the Soviet Union'' award:<br />
* [[Barbados]] - [[Barbadian National Heroes]]<br />
* [[Belize]] - [[Order of the National Hero (Belize)]]<br />
* [[Indonesia]] - [[National Hero of Indonesia]], title awarded posthumously only<br />
* [[Jamaica]] - [[Order of National Hero (Jamaica)|Order of National Hero]]<br />
* [[Nepal]] - [[National heroes of Nepal]]<br />
* [[Nicaragua]] - [[National Heroines and Heroes of Nicaragua]]<br />
* [[Philippines]] - [[National hero of the Philippines]]<br />
* [[Sri Lanka]] - [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka]]<br />
<br />
== Post-Soviet titles ==<br />
The titles "Hero of the Soviet Union" and "Hero of Socialist Labor" were awarded until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which resulted in 15 independent republics. Each nation eventually began issuing their own titles, orders and decorations.<br />
<br />
Some republics, like the Baltic republics of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]], did not create hero titles. Others, such as Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, continue with their own successor hero titles. The award criteria for these titles were kept largely intact.<br />
<br />
Ukraine was the only former Soviet republic to continue the two-hero award system from the time of its creation in 1998: the military "Order of the Gold Star" for heroism, and the civilian "Order of the State" for labour. [[Kazakhstan]] introduced the [[Hero of Kazakhstan]] in 1993 and the [[Hero of Labour of Kazakhstan]] in 2008. [[Russia]] created the [[Hero of the Russian Federation]] in 1992 and the [[Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation]] in 2013. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] established the title "National Hero" and the decoration "Order of National Hero" in 2004. A breakaway region of Georgia, [[Abkhazia]], has its own hero title, "Hero of Abkhazia".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20021127205921/http://www.netdialogue.com/yy/Europe/Georgia/Abkhazia/Hero/Hero.htm Medal of Hero of Abkhazia]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== List of post-Soviet titles ===<br />
* [[Armenia]] – [[National Hero of Armenia]]<br />
* [[Azerbaijan]] – [[National Hero of Azerbaijan]]<br />
* [[Belarus]] – [[Hero of Belarus]]<br />
* [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – [[Order of National Hero (Georgia)|Order of National Hero]]<br />
* [[Kazakhstan]] – [[Hero of Kazakhstan]], [[Hero of Labour of Kazakhstan]]<br />
* [[Kyrgyzstan]] – [[Hero of the Kyrgyz Republic]], {{ill|Mother Heroine (Kyrgyzstan)|it|Ordine della Madre Eroina|lt=Mother Heroine}}<br />
* [[Russia]] – [[Hero of the Russian Federation]], [[Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation]]<br />
* [[Tajikistan]] – [[Hero of Tajikistan]]<br />
* [[Turkmenistan]] – [[Hero of Turkmenistan]]<br />
* [[Ukraine]] – [[Hero of Ukraine]] (awarded in the form of a military ''Order of the Gold Star'' and a civilian ''Order of State''), {{ill|Mother Heroine (Ukraine)|uk|Мати-героїня (Україна)|lt=Mother Heroine}}, [[Hero City of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Uzbekistan]] – [[Hero of Uzbekistan]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Father of the Nation]]<br />
*[[Folk hero]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hero (title)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Heroes]]</div>Jaishinkhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOSDAC&diff=514087MOSDAC2025-10-23T06:29:11Z<p>Jaishink: started a details w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Data repository}}<br />
{{Infobox software<br />
| name = MOSDAC<br />
| logo = mosdac_logo.jpg<br />
| caption = MOSDAC logo<br />
| developer = SAC - ISRO<br />
| released = June, 2006<br />
| programming language = Java<br />
| operating system = Cross Platform<br />
| language = English<br />
| genre = Satellite based weather data and information services<br />
| license = Freeware<br />
| website = http://mosdac.gov.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''MOSDAC'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mosdac.gov.in|title=MOSDAC-ISRO-Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre|website=mosdac.gov.in|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> (the '''Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre''') is a data repository for the missions of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in|title=ISRO - Government of India|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> (ISRO) and [[Government of India]], dealing with meteorology, oceanography and tropical water cycles. Data acquired from missions is disseminated in near real time from [[Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sac.gov.in|title=SACWEB Portal|website=sac.gov.in|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> (SAC), [[Ahmedabad]] through the MOSDAC web site. The Indian miniature satellite SCATSAT-1, dedicated to ocean wind observation has its beta version of data disseminated through ftp (https://web.archive.org/web/20170407003751/http://ftp.mosdac.gov.in/).<br />
<br />
The web site also hosts weather services including cloud burst and heavy rain alerts, genesis of tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean along with track and intensity prediction and a three hourly weather forecast for the next seventy two hours. The weather alerts are supported with a [[decision support system]], where collateral information in terms of land use, land cover, DEM, population, administrative boundaries, roads, rivers etc. can be interactively overlaid. The forecast and weather alerts are also accessible over Android devices through a free downloadable WeatherApp.<br />
<br />
Satellite data based Meteorology And Oceanography Research and Training (SMART)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mosdac.gov.in/SMART|title=SMART|website=mosdac.gov.in|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> is an ISRO initiative to support students, academics and researchers across the country to pursue research in the field of Meteorology and Oceanography using satellite data archived at MOSDAC and other related datasets. SMART is managed by MOSDAC Research and Training Division (MRTD), MOSDAC Research Group, SAC. The support includes state-of-the-art computer facilities, research guidance and familiarisation with MOSDAC data.<br />
<br />
ISRO is an official data partner of the [[Committee on Earth Observation Satellites]]. MOSDAC ensures near real time availability of the SAPHIR data of [[Meghatropiques]] mission for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mosdac.gov.in Official site]<br />
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{{Indian space programme}}<br />
{{ISRO facilities}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:ISRO]]<br />
[[Category:Archives in India]]<br />
[[Category:Space programme of India]]<br />
[[Category:Meteorological data and networks]]</div>Jaishink