Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Benegal

2026-05-07T12:23:43Z

Jainil Prajapati: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Benegal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4472451|N|74.8089229|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0820
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Benegal''' is a village in [[Brahmavar|Brahmavar taluk]] of [[Udupi District]] of [[Karnataka]] State in [[India]].<ref name="Mangalore Today">{{cite news |last= Shetty|first= Dr.Anil|date=1 March 2019|title=A Mangalorean PM and his RBI Governor Brother: The Extraordinary story of the Benegal Brothers|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/A-Mangalorean-PM-and-his-RBI-Governor-Brother-The-Extraordinary-story-of-the-Benegal-Brothers.html|newspaper=Mangalore Today}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=9 August 2019|title=Heavy rain claims one life, damages properties|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/heavy-rain-claims-one-life-damages-properties-753098.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== History ==
===Ancient and Medieval Era (Alupa Dynasty) ===
Before the rise of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s, the region encompassing Benegal was part of the Barkur Rajya, one of the two main administrative divisions of the [[Alupa dynasty]] (the other being [[Mangalore]]).<ref name="Kamath2001">{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A Concise History of Karnataka from Pre-historic Times to the Present |publisher=Jupiter Books |year=2001 |pages=160-165 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Concise_History_of_Karnataka.html?id=c1-mzQEACAAJ}}</ref>

Maritime Trade: Due to its proximity to the [[Seetha River]], the [[Varahi River]] and the Arabian Sea, villages like Benegal were integral to the agrarian economy that supplied rice and coconut to the bustling ports of [[Barkur]] and Hangarkatte.<ref name="Kamath2001"/>

Inscriptions: The area is known for several [[hero stone]]s (''Veeragallu'') and inscriptions from the 10th to 14th centuries, which detail land grants to local temples and the bravery of local chieftains defending against coastal raids.<ref name="Kamath2001"/><ref name="Ramesh1970">{{cite book |last=Ramesh |first=K.V. |title=A History of South Kanara |publisher=Karnatak University |year=1970 |pages=210-215 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_South_Kanara.html?id=f_U7AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

=== The Vijayanagara and Keladi Periods ===
Following the decline of the Alupas, the region came under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Benegal was part of the strategic "Barakuru Rajya."<ref name="Chitnis1974">{{cite book |last=Chitnis |first=K.N. |title=Keladi Polity |publisher=Karnatak University |year=1974 |pages=35-40 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Keladi_Polity.html?id=Xm0BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Keladi Consolidation: In the 16th century, the Nayakas of Keladi (specifically Sadasiva Nayaka and Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka) consolidated their hold over the Kanara coast.<ref name="Chitnis1974"/>

The Pepper Trade: Benegal, being in the fertile belt between the coast and the [[Malnad]] foothills, contributed to the production of high-quality [[Black pepper]] and [[areca nut]], which the Keladi rulers traded with the [[Portuguese East India Company]] and later the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref name="Chitnis1974"/>

Religious Patronage: During this era, many local shrines and Basadis ([[Jain temple]]s) in the vicinity received state patronage, reflecting the pluralistic religious culture of the Keladi kings.<ref name="Chitnis1974"/>

=== Modern Era: British and Post-Independence ===
In 1799, after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the death of [[Tipu Sultan]], the region was annexed by the British [[East India Company]]. Benegal became part of the [[South Canara]] (Kanara) district under the [[Madras Presidency]]. In 1956, during the [[Reorganization of States]], the village became part of the [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]).<ref name="Ramesh1970"/>

==Notable people==
*[[Benegal Rama Rau]] - Fourth Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=2 March 2010|title=Band of brothers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/mar/02/band-of-brothers-135856.html|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023042448/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/mar/02/band-of-brothers-135856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[B. N. Rau]] - Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the [[Constitution of India]]<ref name="NIE" />
*[[B. Shiva Rao]] - A member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and an elected representative of the [[South Kanara]] constituency in the [[First Lok Sabha]]<ref name="NIE" />
*[[Shyam Benegal]] (1934–2024) - Indian [[film director]], [[scriptwriter]] and [[Documentary film|documentary]] filmmaker{{fact|date=December 2022}}
*[[ Ramesh Sakharam Benegal]] - [[Tokyo Boys|Tokyo Boy]] of Azad Hind Fauj. MVC, [[Indian Air Force]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]
{{Settlements in Udupi district}}
{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal

2026-05-06T23:57:54Z

Jainil Prajapati: created initial stub w/ refs

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}


{{short description|Medical College and Hospital in Imphal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal

| image_size = 200px
| motto = In the Service of Humanity
| established = {{Start date and age|1972|09|14|df=y}}
| type = [[Medical college]] and [[Hospital]]
| endowment = {{INRConvert|693.24|c}}(2026–27 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 46, Department of Health and Family Welfare, MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe46.pdf |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>
| affiliation = {{hlist | [[Manipur University]] | [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]}}
| city = [[Imphal]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|24.8155133|N|93.9171196|E|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN-MN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|192|acre|ha}}
| director = Dr. G. Sunil Kumar Sharma
| dean =
| academic_staff = 186 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 753 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.rims.edu.in/secure/wp-content/uploads/RIMS-NIRF-2024.pdf |publisher=RIMS, Imphal}}</ref>
| undergrad = 600 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 137 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 16 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rims.edu.in/}}
}}
The '''Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal''' ('''RIMS, Imphal''') was established on 14 September 1972 as the Regional Medical College. It is situated at [[Lamphelpat]], suburb of [[Imphal]] city, in [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It is run by a society named "North Eastern Regional Medical College Society" which was duly registered under the Manipur Societies Registration Act, 1989.

The institute is a 1,074 bed teaching hospital, having an intake capacity of 125 undergraduate, 146 Postgraduate Degree and 2 Postgraduate Diploma seats. The hospital normally provides services to more than 2.4 lakh out-door patients and admits over 31 thousand patients in a year. It has [[MEDLINE]] access from [[World Health Organization|WHO]], Tele-medicine Centre, Regional Medical Library, Advanced Hospital Information and Management System etc. The institute is affiliated to the [[Manipur University]], Imphal and fulfills the prescribed norms of the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC).

The campus of the institute occupies {{convert|192|acre|km2}} of land.

== History ==
A 300-bed General Hospital was inaugurated by Shri [[Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan|Y.B. Chavan]], the then Union Home Minister on 22 October 1968. It is still being used as the main hospital block. On 22 May 1972, the foundation stone of the first ever medical college in Manipur, named Manipur Medical College, was laid by Shri [[Braj Kumar Nehru|B.K. Nehru]], the then Governor of Manipur alongside [[Mohammed Alimuddin]], the then Chief Minister of the state.

The medical college was established as a joint venture of the North Eastern States. On 14 September 1972, the name of the college was changed to Regional Medical College, Imphal. The college was later renamed as North Eastern Regional Medical College under the management of North Eastern Regional Medical College Society. From August 1976, it was run under the Ministry of Home, Government of India and was the only medical college run by the Ministry of Home. Nearly 19 years later, the college was again renamed as Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and its management was taken over by [[North Eastern Council|NEC]], [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region|Ministry of DoNER]], Government of India from 1 April 1995. After exactly 12 years, on the historic day of 1 April 2007, the institute was transferred to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India.

It is an institution of regional importance catering to the needs of the North Eastern Region in the field of medical education by providing undergraduate and post graduate courses, bringing together in one place the educational facilities for the training of personnel in all important branches of medical specialties. RIMS is a 1074 bedded teaching hospital, equipped with modern state of the art equipment and teaching facilities having an intake capacity of 100 undergraduate, 145 Postgraduate Degree and 6 Postgraduate Diploma seats. The Hospital normally provides services to more than 2.4 lakh out-door patients and admits over 31 thousand patients in a year. It has [[MEDLINE]] access from [[WHO]], Tele-medicine Centre, Regional Medical Library, Advanced Hospital Information and Management System etc. The institute is affiliated to [[Manipur University]], Imphal and fulfills the prescribed norms of the [[National Medical Commission]].

== Administration ==
The institute is managed at two levels – (i). by the Executive Council chaired by the Secretary, [[North Eastern Council]] (NEC) in which the Health commissioner of the seven beneficiary states, Director General of Health, Govt. of India, the Joint Secretary, [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|MDoNER]] and Vice-Chancellor, [[Manipur University]] are the members, and (ii). the Board of Governors chaired by the Hon'ble [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] in which Health Ministers of the seven beneficiary states, DGH, Joint Secretary, [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|MDoNER]] and Vice-Chancellor of [[Manipur University]] are the members. For both the management bodies, Director, RIMS is the Member Secretary. The institute is fully funded by the [[Government of India]] through the [[North Eastern Council]] effective from 01 to 04-2002.

Initially the institute was under the administrative control of the [[Government of Manipur]]. Consequent upon formation of a society and registered under the Society's Regulation Act. 1860 (Central Act XXI of 1860) to grant autonomy on the initiative of the North Eastern Council, the management was taken over by the Society from 1 August 1976 with the Chief Minister of Manipur as the Chairman and the Head of the Institute as Secretary.

== Funding pattern ==
The institute is managed with the financial support from the constituent states and the Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, through North Eastern Council. The sharing pattern from the year 1995–96 to 2001-02 was as follows:
*Non recurring expenses - 100% by NEC both for College & Hospital.
*Recurring expenses
**College NEC (50%) - Beneficiary States 50% as per seat allotted.
**Hospital NEC (50%) - 25% by the Govt. of Manipur + 25% by other five constituent states on equal basis.

With the implementation of the 10th Five Years Plan, the present funding pattern is 100% for both recurring and non recurring expenses by the North Eastern Council, Shillong.

== Hospital ==
The RIMS Hospital has 1074 bed strength.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rims.edu.in/hospital.htm|title = Hospital - Regional Institute of Medical Sciences}}</ref> The erstwhile General Hospital of the Govt. of Manipur was attached for teaching purpose with bed strength of 250.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| General Ward
| 929
|-
| Paying Ward
| 75
|-
| Intensive Care Unit
| 34
|-
| Intensive Care Unit (ICU, ICCU, NICCU, PICU, Dialysis)
| 34
|-
| Complementary Beds (Casualty, PPP)
| 36
|-
| '''Total Bed Strength'''
| '''1074'''
|}
Round the year, Doctors are attending number of OPD patients and numbers of patients are admitted in the hospital. There had been better nursing care with the induction of more staff nurses. It has 18 clinical departments, Casualty and emergency ward and a blood bank. Number of voluntary donors are donating blood and the blood bank continues to provide blood whenever needed. It has a stand-by Diesel Generator of 250 KVA capacity also.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://healthmanipur.nic.in/Hospitals.htm#rims |title=Health Manipur |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817184811/http://healthmanipur.nic.in/Hospitals.htm#rims |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Departments ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
#Anaesthesiology
#Anatomy
#Biochemistry
#Biostatistics
#Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion Department
#Cardiovascular & Thoracic surgery
#Clinical Psychology
#Community Medicine
#Dentistry
#Dermatology, STD & Leprosy
#Emergency Services
#Forensic Medicine
#Gastroenterology
#Cardiology
#Endocrinology unit, dept of Medicine
#Surgical Gastroenterology & Minimal Access Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery
#Medicine
#Microbiology
#Nephrology
#Obstetrics & Gynaecology
#Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
#Ophthalmology
#Orthopaedics
#Pediatrics
#Pathology
#Pharmacology
#Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
#Physiology
#Plastic Surgery
#Psychiatry
#Radiodiagnosis
#Radiotherapy
#General Surgery
#Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases (Chest Medicine)
#Telemedicine Unit
#Urology
#Oncosurgery u/c department of surgery
#Neurosurgery
#Pediatric surgery
{{colend}}

=== Emergency ===
All emergency cases are managed by dedicated emergency medical officers, dedicated speciality department residents and when needed, further referred to super-speciality department residents on call. Blood bank, emergency laboratory & radiological investigations and operation theatre services are run day and night.

== Education ==
Undergraduate ([[MBBS]]), BDS, postgraduate diplomas and degrees - ([[Master of Surgery|M.S.]], [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]), D.M. (Nephrology), M.Ch. ( Urology, Plastic Surgery) courses are conducted at RIMS. [[MPhil]] and [[PhD]] programmes are also offered.

=== Postgraduate and postdoctoral degrees ===
'''Intake capacity:''' 145 per annum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rims.edu.in/academic.html |title=Academic - Regional Institute of Medical Sciences |website=www.rims.edu.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017180925/http://www.rims.edu.in/academic.html |archive-date=17 October 2010}} </ref>
Postgraduate Course in Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine & postdoctoral course D.M. in Nephrology have been recently started, in addition to the other conventional specialities. M.Ch. courses in Urology and Plastic Surgery are well established.

=== PG Diploma ===
'''Intake capacity:''' 2 per annum
*Diploma in Clinical Pathology

=== Nursing ===
Nursing College started functioning from December 2009. It has an annual intake of 50 students for the B.Sc Nursing Degree awarded by the Manipur University

=== Dental College ===
Dental college begun functioning from 2012. It has an annual intake of 50 students for Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Degree awarded by the Manipur University.

=== Publications ===
#Journal of Medical Society(Indexed in Excerpta Medica of Elsevier) - Three times a year http://medicalsociety.rims.edu.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927191827/http://www.medicalsociety.rims.edu.in/ |date=27 September 2011 }}
#REMEDY - Annual
#RIMS NEWSLETTER - Quarterly
#Annual Report - Annual

== Facilities available ==
There is a Regional Medical library with the facilities of Internet and [[MEDLARS]]. There are 9 (nine) Lecture Halls, one indoor stadium with Gallery, an auditorium known as Jubilee Hall with 1000 capacity Balcony Seating, 3 canteens, 12 hostels ( PG Hostels, 6 MBBS students hostels), 249 staff Quarters and 1 Guest House. There is a branch of [[United Bank of India|UBI]] and also Bank of Baroda [BOB] in the campus with an ATM Facility.

The Manipur State medico legal centre is at Forensic Medicine department, RIMS. It is also one of the 8 [[AIDS]] referral centers of India. A 6 (six) bodies cold storage is also in the Anatomy & Forensic Dept.

== Controversies ==
On 7 January 1995, several [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel were fired at by suspected members of an armed opposition group in a toilet complex attached to the RMC (RIMS) Hospital, Imphal. Together with other CRPF personnel who arrived on the scene, twelve CRPF officials returned fire. A total of nine civilians were killed including an MBBS student from Arunachal Pradesh, Momi Riba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session1/IN/COHR_IND_UPR_S1_2008anx_Annex%20XVII_Official%20Sanction%20for%20Killings%20in%20Manipur%20AI%20re.pdf |title=Official sanction for killings in Manipur |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024191837/https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session1/IN/COHR_IND_UPR_S1_2008anx_Annex%20XVII_Official%20Sanction%20for%20Killings%20in%20Manipur%20AI%20re.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 17 March 2008 the Ad hoc Additional Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court, Guwahati has convicted four CRPF personnel for killing the nine civilians.<ref>[http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..270308.mar08 4 CRPF men nailed for RIMS massacre]</ref>

In another case, there was an issue about Former in-charge Director dishonouring Manipur High Court order. L. Ranjit Singh, who had previously served as the in-charge Director, continued to occupy the Director's office even after the [[Manipur High Court]] nullified his appointment on 19 December 2022. Despite the court order, Ranjit utilised the privileges associated with the Director's position, including access to facilities like vehicles and security escorts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=31 December 2022 |title=RIMS in trouble water again: Former in-charge Director dishonour Manipur High Court order |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/rims-in-trouble-water-again-former-in-charge-director-dishonour-manipur-high-court-order/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.rims.edu.in RIMS Official Website]
{{authority control}}

{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Manipur]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Manipur]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Manipur]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
}}

Vijay Sharma (politician)

2026-04-25T05:48:30Z

Jainil Prajapati:

{{Short description|Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Sharma
| birth_name = Vijay Sharma
| image = Vijay Sharma BJP.jpg
| office = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
| predecessor = [[T. S. Singh Deo]]
| term_start = 13 December 2023
| alongside = [[Arun Sao]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| governor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] [[Ramen Deka]]
| term_end =
| office1 = Minister of Home Affairs and Jail [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start1 = 22 December 2023
| 1blankname1 = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Panchayat and Rural Development [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start2 = 22 December 2023
| 1blankname2 = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Ravindra Choubey]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = Technical Education and Employment, Science and Technology [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start3 = 22 December 2023
| 1blankname3 = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
| office4 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 3 December 2023
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohmmad Akbar]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|07|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kawardha district|Kawardha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Rashmi Vijay Sharma
| children = Abhinav Sharma (Son)
| father =
| mother =
| education = [[M.Sc.]] [[Physics]]
| alma_mater = [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], Raipur
| footnotes =
| caption =
}}

'''Vijay Sharma''' (born 19 July 1973) is an Indian politician who is serving as 2nd [[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister Of Chhattisgarh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neeraj |date=2023-12-10 |title=Arun Sao, Vijay Sharma Named C'garh Deputy CMs. Raman Singh To Become Assembly Speaker |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/chhattisgarh-cabinet-arun-sao-vijay-sharma-deputy-cm-raman-singh-assembly-speaker-vishnu-deo-sai-1649076 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref> along with [[Arun Sao]] in the [[Vishnudeo Sai ministry|Ministry Of Vishnu Deo Sai]] since 2023. He is the member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kawardha Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Divijay |title=मोहम्मद अकबर को विजय शर्मा ने हराया, जिले की दोनों सीटों पर BJP का कब्जा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/kabirdham/chhattisgarh-election-result-mohammad-akbar-defeated-by-vijay-sharma-in-kabirdham-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> Sharma currently holds charge of the Home and Jail Department, the Panchayat and Rural Development Department, and the Science and Technology Department of the Chhattisgarh state government.[https://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/cabinet_new.htm] He is the General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]] and previously served as the President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=2023-12-10 |title=Who is Vijay Sharma? Know all about Chhattisgarh's next Deputy Chief Minister {{!}} News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-deputy-chief-minister-vijay-sharma-know-all-about-bjp-leader-arun-sao-cm-vishnu-deo-sai-assembly-election-results-jp-nadda-pm-modi-2023-12-10-906708 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Sharma completed the Master of Science degree in Physics with honors from [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], Raipur in 1996 and a Master of Computers Applications degree from [[Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University]], Bhopal in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Vijay Sharma Deputy CM of Chhattisgarh Know Net Worth Property Education {{!}} Vijay Sharma: कौन हैं विजय शर्मा? जिनको बीजेपी ने बनाया छत्तीसगढ़ का डिप्टी सीएम |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh/who-is-vijay-sharma-deputy-cm-of-chhattisgarh-know-net-worth-property-education/2004156/amp |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==

In [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], Sharma won the [[Kawardha Assembly constituency]] as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate against the sitting Cabinet Minister [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]] of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 39,592 votes.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

On 3 December 2023, Sharma was appointed as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] along with [[Arun Sao]] in the [[Vishnudeo Sai ministry|Ministry of Vishnu Deo Sai]]. He also had responsibility of Home and Jail, Panchayat and Rural Development, Technical Education and Employment, Science, and Technology in the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly/from-village-sarpanch-to-chief-minister-vishnu-deo-sai-has-risen-through-the-ranks/article67625395.ece|title=From village sarpanch to Chief Minister, Vishnu Deo Sai has risen through the ranks|first=Shubhomoy|last=Sikdar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 December 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-union-minister-vishnu-deo-sai-is-the-new-chhattisgarh-chief-minister-sources-4651040|title=Tribal Leader Vishnu Deo Sai Is New Chhattisgarh Chief Minister|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[T. S. Singh Deo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]|years=13 December 2023}}
{{s-inc|Incumbent}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sai ministry|Home minister of Chhattisgarh]] |years=22 December 2023}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{Current Indian deputy chief ministers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Vijay}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kawardha]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh]]

T. Kothapalli

2026-04-22T11:37:31Z

Jainil Prajapati: New basic data added tags

{{short description|Indian village in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{other uses|Kothapalle (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''T Kothapalli''' or '''T Kothapalle''' is a small village and a [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[I. Polavaram Mandal]] of [[East Godavari]], Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 2255 families are residing in it and its population is around 7500 as per 2011 Socioeconomic and Caste Census of India. The village is mostly dependent on agriculture. Out of 7500, 1510 people are agricultural laborers and 212 people are cultivators. Scheduled caste population is 31% of the total population of the village. Sex ratio of the village is 990 i.e. for every 1000 male there are 990 females. The literacy rate of the village is 65.5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=T. Kothapalle Population, Caste, Working Data East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh – Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/villages/t-kothapalle-population-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-587747 |website=Census India |accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref>

The main agricultural crop in the village is paddy. The village has a community health center<ref>[https://eastgodavari.nic.in/departments/health/] {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref> and contains Zilla Parishad High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.nic.in/public-utility-category/schools/page/566/|title=Schools – District East Godavari, Government of Andhra Pradesh|website=Eastgodavari.nic.in|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|16.664|82.205|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|T Kothapalle}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Disco Dancer

2026-04-20T19:23:56Z

Jainil Prajapati: Created new pg basic info

{{Short description|1982 film directed by Babbar Subhash}}
{{about|the Hindi film|the Devo song|Disco Dancer (Devo song)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Disco Dancer
| image = Disco Dancer.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Babbar Subhash]]
| writer = [[Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza]] [[Deepak Balraj Vij]]
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Kim Yashpal|Kim]] [[Om Puri]] [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| producer = [[Babbar Subhash]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{Film date|1982|12|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| studio = B. Subhash Movie Unit
| cinematography = Nadeem Khan
| editing = Mangesh Chavan Shyam Gupte
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|100.68 [[crore]]}}
}}

'''''Disco Dancer''''' is a 1982 Indian [[dance film|dance]]-[[action film]], written by [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] and directed by [[Babbar Subhash]]. The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Kim Yashpal|Kim]] in leading roles, with [[Om Puri]], [[Gita Siddharth]], [[Karan Razdan]] in supporting roles with [[Rajesh Khanna]] in a special appearance.

The film tells the [[rags-to-riches]] story of a young [[street performer]] from the [[slums]] of [[Bombay]]. The film is known for its [[filmi]] [[disco]] [[Bollywood songs]], composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and written by Anjaan and [[Faruk Kaiser]]. Popular songs include "Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja" sung by [[Parvati Khan]], "I am a Disco Dancer" sung by [[Vijay Benedict]], "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" sung by [[Bappi Lahiri]], and "Goro Ki Na Kaalo Ki" sung by [[Suresh Wadkar]] with [[Usha Mangeshkar]].

The film was a worldwide success, with its popularity extending across Asia, the [[Soviet Union]], [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[Turkey]], and [[Western Africa|Africa]]. ''Disco Dancer'' was also the second [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|highest-grossing film ever in the Soviet Union]] and the highest-grossing foreign film. ''Disco Dancer'' established Mithun as a household name wherever the film went well, with Jimmy becoming a more popular name for Chakraborty. The [[soundtrack album]] was also a success, going [[Indian Music Industry|Platinum]] in India and receiving a [[Music recording sales certification|Gold Award]] in China. Adjusted for inflation, it is still one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.

==Plot==

Anil, a street performer and [[wedding singer]] from the [[slums]] of [[Bombay]], is scarred by the memory of the rich P. N. Oberoi beating his mother in an incident during his childhood. When manager David Brown is fed up with the tantrums of current Indian [[disco]] champion Sam and looks for some new talent, he happens to see Anil [[dance|dance-walking]] across a street. Rebranded as 'Jimmy', the rising disco star must take the throne from Sam and win the heart of Rita, Oberoi's daughter.

All seems to be going well until Oberoi hires men to connect Jimmy's [[electric guitar]] to 5,000 volts of electricity, causing Jimmy's mother to die in a tragic accident. Jimmy gets guitar phobia after witnessing his mother's death. Later, Oberoi's goons break his legs. With help from Rita, Jimmy begins to walk.

Jimmy must claim first place for Team [[India]] at the International Disco Dancing Competition amidst strong competition from Team Africa (Disco King and Queen) and Paris (Disco King and Queen). Jimmy is reluctant to dance, but Rita persuades him to do so. Sam arrives with a guitar to scare Jimmy. Rita manages to drag the show to encourage Jimmy to sing but to no avail. The crowd pelts him with stones which hit his head. Jimmy's uncle Raju arrives and advises him to infuse his mother and his music; he throws the guitar to Jimmy, after which Jimmy begins to sing. Oberoi's goons kill Raju, after which Jimmy travels to their lair and beats them up. In the ensuing fight, Oberoi is electrocuted.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Anil / Jimmy
* [[Kim Yashpal|Kim]] as Rita Oberoi
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Master Raju
* [[Om Puri]] as David Brown
* Amarnath Mukherjee as Gulam Nabi
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as P. N. Oberoi
* [[Gita Siddharth]] as Radha
* [[Karan Razdan]] as Sam
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as Vasco
* [[Bob Christo]] as a Russian goon
* [[Kalpana Iyer]] as Nikki Brown
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Mayor Khandelwal
* Master Chhotu as Young Anil
* Baby Pinky as Young Rita

==Production==
The title song ''I am a Disco Dancer'' was shot at Natraj Studio in Mumbai over three days, where scenes featuring Mithun Chakrobarty's signature moves were filmed. Thereafter, the shooting featured crowds scenes at [[Filmistan Studio]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | title = On a disco high! | publisher = Pune Mirror | url = http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/On-a-disco-high/articleshow/33086585.cms | access-date = 2014-04-29 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022928/http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/On-a-disco-high/articleshow/33086585.cms | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Disco Dancer
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1982
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = * [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]]
* [[disco]]
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| label =
| producer = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
[[File:B.SUBHASH, BAPPI LAHIRI & PARVATI KHAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babbar Subhash]], [[Parvati Khan]] and [[Bappi Lahiri]] recording "Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja" 1981]]
The music for all the songs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindilyrics4u.com/movie/disco_dancer.htm|title=Disco Dancer : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Disco Dancer (1982)|website=HindiLyrics4U|access-date=10 May 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426234036/https://www.hindilyrics4u.com/movie/disco_dancer.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> were composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Faruk Kaiser]]. The song ''Koi Yahaan Nache Nache'' was copied from the 1979 song ''[[Video Killed the Radio Star]]''. The tracks on the 1982 soundtrack album are as follows:

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title3 = I Am A Disco Dancer
| extra3 = [[Vijay Benedict]]
| lyrics3 = [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
| length3 = 07:49

| title2 = Jimmy Jimmy Aaja
| extra2 = [[Parvati Khan]]
| lyrics2 = Anjaan
| length2 = 03:04

| title4 = Koi Yahan Nache Nache
| extra4 = [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Usha Uthup]]
| lyrics4 = [[Faruk Kaiser]]
| length4 = 05:28

| title1 = Ae Oh Aa
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| lyrics1 = Anjaan
| length1 = 05:58

| title5 = Yaad Aa Raha Hai
| extra5 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| lyrics5 = Anjaan
| length5 = 06:22

| title6 = Krishna Dharti Pe Aaja
| extra6 = [[Nandu Bhende]]
| lyrics6 = Anjaan
| length6 =05:25

| title7 = Goron Ki Na Kalon Ki
| extra7 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics7 = Anjaan
| length7 = 05:23

| title8 = Goron Ki Na Kalon (Sad)
| extra8 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| lyrics8 = Anjaan
| length8 = 02:48
}}

{{Listen
| filename = Disco Dancer - Yaad Aa Raha Hai.ogg
| title = "Yaad Aa Raha Hai"
| description = [[Bappi Lahiri]]'s "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" is a [[synthesizer|synthesized]], [[Minimalist music|minimalist]], [[electronic dance music|electronic disco]] song. It may have influenced the 1982 proto-[[acid house|acid]] [[house music|house]] album ''[[Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat|Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat]]''.
| pos = right
}}

The song "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" has been described as a [[synthesizer|synthesized]], [[Minimalist music|minimalist]], [[Hi-NRG|high-tempo]], [[electronic dance music|electronic disco]] song. Geeta Dayal described it as a "[[disco]] anthem for the ages, and one of the best songs Lahiri ever did."

The song "Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja" has similarities to 1980 French [[disco]] song "T'es OK" by [[Ottawan]]. The song "Auva Auva" (picturized on Karan Razdan's character Sam) was inspired by the 1979 [[synth-pop]] hit "[[Video Killed the Radio Star]]" by [[The Buggles]]. The song "Cerrone's Paradise" by [[Cerrone]] was used in the scene when David Brown discovers Anil who is [[Dance|dance-walking]] down a street. The song "Krishna Dharti Pe Aaja Tu" was inspired by "Jesus" by [[Tielman Brothers]]. This version was used in the movie where Jimmy is practicing dance.<ref>{{cite web |title='Disco Dancer' Mithun still a favourite in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/disco-dancer-mithun-still-a-favourite-in-kazakhstan/story-q6A0nwWRzajIn0U9OdEreJ.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=28 November 2007}}</ref>

The ''Disco Dancer'' soundtrack was popular worldwide, particularly in India, the Soviet Union, and China.<ref name="global88">[https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA88 ''Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance'', page 88], [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2008</ref> The soundtrack went [[Indian Music Industry|Platinum]] in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri: The golden era of music has ended |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=17 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065318/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |url-status=live }}</ref> equivalent to 1{{nbsp}}million sales,<ref name="platinum">{{cite magazine |title=International |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=18 July 1981 |volume=93 |issue=28 |page=69 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009032352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and received a [[Music recording sales certification|Gold Award]] in China.<ref name="global88"/>

==Box office==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ Worldwide gross ({{estimation}})
|-
! Territory
! Gross revenue
! [[Inflation-adjusted]] gross revenue (2016)
! Footfalls
|-
| Domestic ([[India]])
| {{INR|link=yes}}6.4{{nbsp}}[[crore]]<ref name="boxofficeindia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg== Box Office 1982], [[Box Office India]]</ref> ([[US$]]6.54{{nbsp}}million){{#tag:ref|9.79 [[Indian rupee]]s per [[US dollar]] in [[1982 in film|1982]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2nHtAAAAMAAJ ''Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions'', Volume 28], page xv, Indian Institute of Public Opinion, 1986</ref>|group=n}}
| {{INRConvert|{{Inflation|IN|6.54|1982}}|c}}
| {{#expr:64/(3.96*0.78+5.08*0.22) round 0}}{{nbsp}}million<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Ashok |title=Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870231 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA71}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|Overseas]] ([[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]])
| 60{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]<ref name="rbth"/> {{ndash}} US$75.85{{nbsp}}million{{#tag:ref|0.791 [[Soviet rouble|Rbl]] per US dollar in 1984<ref>Archive of Bank of Russia http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717030948/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls |date=17 July 2017 }}</ref>|group=n|name=RubleUSD84}} ({{INR}}94.28 crore){{#tag:ref|12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984<ref name="rbi15268">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15268|title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821052651/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15268|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=n|name=RupeeUSD84}}
| US${{Inflation|US|75.85|1984}}{{nbsp}}million ({{INR}}1,176{{nbsp}}crore)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |title=67.175856 INR per USD in 2016 |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713183556/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{#expr:60/0.50}}{{nbsp}}million<ref name="rbth"/>
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|Worldwide]]
! [[Bollywood 100 Crore Club|{{INR|{{#expr:6.4+94.28}} crore}}]] ({{US$|{{#expr:1000/9.455 round 0}} million}})<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=On Independence Day, here are the most successful Indian movies of every decade since 1947 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/on-independence-day-here-are-the-most-successful-indian-movies-of-every-decade-since-1947/story-EIf9tdhbWfO38hftOSwQIM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110633/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/on-independence-day-here-are-the-most-successful-indian-movies-of-every-decade-since-1947/story-EIf9tdhbWfO38hftOSwQIM.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="currency">{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1982&locations=IN&start=1981 |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065829/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1982&locations=IN&start=1981 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[Bollywood 1000 Crore Club|{{INR|{{#expr:85+1176}} crore}}]] ({{US$|{{#expr:14+175}} million}})
! {{#expr:15+120}} million
|}

In India, the film grossed {{INR|6.4 [[crore]]}} in 1982.<ref name="boxofficeindia"/> It was the 7th<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-80s/ |title=Worth their weight in gold |work=Box Office India |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614135252/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-80s |archive-date=14 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or 14th<ref name="boxofficeindia"/> highest-grossing film at the domestic Indian box office in 1982, with its strongest commercial performance in the [[West Bengal]] state,<ref name="boxofficeindia"/> home to actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and composer [[Bappi Lahiri]].

In the [[Soviet Union]], the film released in 1984, with 1,013 prints.<ref name="soviet-foreign"/> It drew an audience of 60.9{{nbsp}}million viewers in 1984, becoming the most successful film at the [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|Soviet box office]] that year,<ref name="soviet211">[https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ ''Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806001013/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ |date=6 August 2023 }}, page 211, [[Indiana University Press]], 2005</ref> the biggest foreign hit in the 1980s,<ref name="soviet-foreign">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html|title=Зарубежные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621072441/https://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the fourth biggest box office hit of the decade,<ref name="soviet-foreign"/><ref name="soviet-domestic">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|title=Отечественные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322203049/https://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the eighth biggest foreign hit of all time,<ref name="soviet-foreign"/> and one of the top 25 biggest box office hits of all time.<ref name="soviet-foreign"/><ref name="soviet-domestic"/> Including re-runs, the film sold an estimated {{#expr:60/0.50}}{{nbsp}}million tickets in the Soviet Union.<ref name="rbth"/> In terms of [[gross revenue]], it earned 60 million [[Soviet ruble]]s<ref name="rbth">{{cite news |last1=Naralenkova |first1=Oxana |title=Bollywood returns to Russian screens |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/09/10/100909_bollywood.html |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=10 September 2009 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404024930/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/09/10/100909_bollywood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[US$]]75.85 million,<ref group="n" name="RubleUSD84"/> [[Indian rupee|{{INR}}]]94.28 crore),<ref group="n" name="RupeeUSD84"/> the highest for an Indian film, surpassing ''[[Awaara]]''{{'}}s 29 million roubles.<ref name="soviet211"/> This made it the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film overseas]] up until it was surpassed by the over [[Bollywood 100 Crore Club|{{INR}}100 crore]] overseas gross of ''[[My Name is Khan]]'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web | title = "Which Khan Is The Real Box Office King of Bollywood?" | last = Singh | first = Shivaji | work = Koimoi | date = 23 July 2016 | access-date = 24 July 2016 | url = http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/which-khan-is-the-real-box-office-king-of-bollywood-koimoi-readers-view/ | archive-date = 4 May 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504032105/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/which-khan-is-the-real-box-office-king-of-bollywood-koimoi-readers-view/ | url-status = live }}</ref> and ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009).<ref name="indicine">{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/3-idiots-is-bollywoods-biggest-hit-overseas/|title=3 Idiots Is Biggest Grosser Overseas|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025132730/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/3-idiots-is-bollywoods-biggest-hit-overseas/|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three Idiots Creates History In China|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3866&nCat=|work=30 December 2011|publisher=BoxOfficeIndia.Com|access-date=30 December 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201817/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3866&nCat=|archive-date=7 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''Disco Dancer'' was also a success in [[China]], when it released there in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |title=印度片現在這麼火也不是沒有原因的 |url=https://www.xuehua.us/2018/04/07/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%89%87%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%99%E4%B9%88%E7%81%AB%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E5%86%B7%E9%97%A8/zh-tw/ |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=Xuehua |date=2018-04-07 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506110618/https://www.xuehua.us/a/5eb6092386ec4d433b2c89ea?lang=zh-tw |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Jimmy Jimmy" was popular there. According to [[Aamir Khan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] is famous in China due to the song.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=Aamir: I couldn't really enjoy the food in China|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111949/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Worldwide, ''Disco Dancer'' grossed a combined {{INR}}{{#expr:6.4+94.28}} crore (US${{#expr:6.54+75.85}} million) in India and the Soviet Union. This surpassed the {{INR}}35 crore gross of ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975),<ref name="ab">[http://smartinvestor.business-standard.com/market/ipoNews-418220-Top_10_biggest_commercial_hits_of_Amitabh_Bachchan.htm Top 10 biggest commercial hits of Amitabh Bachchan] business-standard.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015514/http://smartinvestor.business-standard.com/market/ipoNews-418220-Top_10_biggest_commercial_hits_of_Amitabh_Bachchan.htm |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> making ''Disco Dancer'' the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] worldwide up until it was surpassed by the {{INR}}135 crore gross of ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun]]'' (1994).<ref name="Box office">{{cite web | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722052401/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= | archive-date=22 July 2013 | title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |publisher=Box Office India| access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> ''Disco Dancer'' was the first Indian film to gross [[Bollywood 100 Crore Club|{{INR}}100 crore]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=For Indian Movies, 1,000 Crore Rupees Is The New 100|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/02/for-indian-movies-the-%E2%82%B91000-crore-club-is-the-new-100/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2 October 2017|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113224652/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/02/for-indian-movies-the-%E2%82%B91000-crore-club-is-the-new-100/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Remakes==
It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Paadum Vaanampadi]]'' with [[Anand Babu]], and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Disco King (1984 film)|Disco King]]'' with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]. In 2023, there were news reports of [[Babbar Subhash]] and [[Nitin Kumar Gupta]] producing a remake of a same name and is tentatively being written by [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/after-41-years-mithun-chakrabortys-disco-dancer-to-have-a-sequel-details-inside-bollywood-news-article-99247127#:~:text=The%20film%20is%20titled%20Disco,2020)%20and%20Love%20in%20Ukraine.&text=According%20to%20a%20trade%20source,various%20International%20locations%2C%20including%20Russia. | title=After 41 Years Disco Dancer To Have A Sequel| date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

==Cultural Impact and legacy==
Upon release, ''Disco Dancer'' was a phenomenon, both domestically and internationally. Prior to the film's release, [[Bollywood]] was dominated by "angry young man" [[Mumbai underworld film|Bombay underworld films]], an [[action crime film]] genre pioneered by screenwriter duo [[Salim–Javed]] a decade earlier in the early 1970s. These films often explored [[socialist]] and "hero versus system" themes, often presented a poor [[hero's journey]] from [[rags-to-riches]], and involved violent [[revenge]] plots against villains. ''Disco Dancer'' took the "angry young man" genre and subverted it: instead of having Jimmy fight the villains or get revenge through violence, he instead gets revenge and defeats the villains through [[disco dancing]]. This led to a wave of [[disco]]-themed Bollywood musicals in India, and it become a global phenomenon outside of India. It was a blockbuster in Asia and the former Soviet Union, and drew a large global [[cult following]], from Japan where a Jimmy statue was built in [[Osaka]], to the [[Western culture|West]] where ''Disco Dancer'' became the defining example of a stereotypical "Bollywood" film. Retrospectively, the film has received a polarizing critical reception, with praise for its music and dance numbers but criticism towards its plot, with Anuvab Pal calling it an [[So bad it's good|ironic]] [[comedy film]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Anuvab |title=Disco Dancer : A Comedy In Five Acts |date=2011 |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]] |isbn=978-93-5029-024-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcX1ygAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dixit |first1=Shubhra |title=Angry Young Man in a Dance-Off: The Cult of 'Disco Dancer' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/jthe-cult-of-disco-dancer |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=5 June 2020 |language=en |date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234303/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/jthe-cult-of-disco-dancer |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Popular culture===
The title song "I Am a Disco Dancer" was the inspiration for [[Devo]]'s song "[[Disco Dancer (Devo song)|Disco Dancer]]" (1988).

The [[British Sri Lankans|British Sri Lankan]] alternative rapper [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]] [[Cover version|covered]] "Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja" as "[[Jimmy (song)|Jimmy]]" in 2007 for her album ''[[Kala (album)|Kala]]''. There have been [[cover version]]s of "Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja" from other international musicians, including the 1998 hit "Jimmy" by [[Russia]]n [[techno]] group [[Ruki Vverh]], "Jimmy Jimmy" by Russian artists DJ Slon and Angel-A, and a cover version by [[Music of Tibet|Tibetan artist]] Kelsang Metok.

The music from "Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja" was used in the final fight scene in the [[Adam Sandler]] film ''[[You Don't Mess with the Zohan]]''.<ref>[[You Don't Mess with the Zohan#Soundtrack]]</ref>

In 2010, the songs "I Am a Disco Dancer" and "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" were used in the 2010 [[Bollywood]] [[comedy film]], ''[[Golmaal 3]]'', directed by [[Rohit Shetty]]. The songs were relevant to the performance of [[Mithun Chakraborty]]'s character Pritam, who reflected on his past as a young mega-hit disco dancer.

[[Aamir Khan]]'s special appearance as Disco Fighter in the [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] starrer 2011 film ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' is inspired by Mithun Chakraborty's role in ''Disco Dancer''.

"Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja" and "I Am a Disco Dancer" are very popular in countries such as [[Mongolia]] and [[post-Soviet states]] such as [[Russia]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/why-jimmy-jimmy-evokes-such-a-joyful-universality/articleshow/95330984.cms | title=Why 'Jimmy Jimmy' evokes such a joyful universality | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 November 2022 | access-date=10 June 2023 | archive-date=10 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610181905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/why-jimmy-jimmy-evokes-such-a-joyful-universality/articleshow/95330984.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Baimurat Allaberiyev]], an ethnic Uzbek from [[Tajikistan]], became an internet sensation by singing "Goron Ki Na Kalon Ki" and "Jimmy Aaja" in a warehouse. The 2008 video recorded on a mobile phone got over 1 million views on YouTube. He landed an acting role in a Russian comedy film, ''Six Degrees of Celebration'' (2010).

The film's soundtrack was used during the end credits of the 2019 Tamil film ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Anjana |title=Addicted to old songs that appeared in 'Super Deluxe'? Here's your playlist |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573 |access-date=16 November 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 April 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044723/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Korean K-pop artist [[Aoora]] in collaboration with [[Saregama]] released the K-pop version of "Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/k-pop-artist-aoora-collaborates-with-indian-label-gives-his-spin-to-bappi-lahiris-jimmy-jimmy-watch-596434 | title=K pop artist Aoora collaborates with Indian label, gives his spin to Bappi Lahiri's Jimmy Jimmy: Watch | date=25 May 2023 | access-date=10 June 2023 | archive-date=10 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610181528/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/k-pop-artist-aoora-collaborates-with-indian-label-gives-his-spin-to-bappi-lahiris-jimmy-jimmy-watch-596434 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[100 Crore Club]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets]]
*[[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Disco Dancer}}
* {{IMDb title|0208903|Disco Dancer}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1980s dance films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1980s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babbar Subhash]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Disco films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1982 drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1982 action films]]
[[Category:1982 musical films]]

Krushna Chandra Nayak

2026-04-19T23:32:42Z

Jainil Prajapati: Added entry.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krushna Chandra Nayak
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Subhash Chandra Behara
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Krushna Chandra Nayak''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Krushna Chandra Nayak Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Krushna Chandra Nayak of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhatrapur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916579.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Krushna Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maadhavi (actress)

2026-04-12T07:44:53Z

Jainil Prajapati: starting some info v1 - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Other people|Madhavi}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1976{{endash}}1997
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kanaka Vijayalakshmi''', known by her [[stage name]] '''Maadhavi''', is an Indian film actress who has acted in several [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. In a career spanning 20 years, she has acted in more than 300 films. She was one of the most leading and most successful actresses of [[South Indian Cinema]] throughout the 1980s and in early 1990s. She was popular in Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi films. She has won State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards. After establishing herself as a known actress of the South Indian Film Industry of the 1980s and early 90s, she left the industry in 1997.

== Early life ==
Maadhavi was born in 1962 in Velupucherla village in [[Eluru district|Eluru]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India to Sasirekha and Govindaswamy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maadhavi.com/about.html |title=Maadhavi - Personal Page |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815214828/http://maadhavi.com/about.html |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She grew up with a sister and a brother, named Keerthi Kumari and Dhananjay respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maadhavi.com/about_childhood.html |title=Madhavi's Childhood |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114005440/http://maadhavi.com/about_childhood.html |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She learned ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' from Uma Maheswari and folk dance from Bhatt from an early age and gave more than a thousand dance performances. She attended Stanley Girls High School in [[Hyderabad]], Abids Branch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maadhavi.com/myChildhood.html |title=Maadhavi |publisher=Maadhavi |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525204007/http://maadhavi.com/myChildhood.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Director [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] gave her a starring role in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''Thoorupu Padamara'' when she was a teenager. The film became a huge hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maadhavi.com/actingCareer.html |title=Maadhavi |publisher=Maadhavi |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529033540/http://maadhavi.com/actingCareer.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[K. Balachander]] then cast her in a supporting role in his Telugu film ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978). She reprised her role in its Hindi remake ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' (1981), which became the top-grossing film of 1981. In both films, she played a lonely wealthy woman who falls in love with [[Kamal Haasan]]'s character. She earned a Filmfare Award nomination as Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953 |access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> K. Balachander introduced her to the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] with ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' (1981), opposite [[Rajinikanth]]. By the end of the decade, she starred opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' 1983, ''[[Geraftaar]]'' 1985, ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990).

She has acted in many Kannada movies with stalwarts like [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Anant Nag]] and [[Ambareesh]]. She starred in seven movies with Rajkumar - ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'', ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'', ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'', ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'', ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]'', ''[[Aakasmika]] and'' [[Odahuttidavaru]]. With Vishnuvardhan too she has acted in seven movies - ''[[Onde Guri]], [[Gandugali Rama]], [[Chinnadantha Maga]], [[Rudranaga]], [[Khaidi (Kannada film)|Khaidi]], [[Chanakya (Kannada film)|Chanakya]]'' and ''[[Malaya Marutha]].''

Madhavi acted alongside [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'', ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'', ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'', ''[[Sattam]]'', ''Ellam Inba Mayam'' and ''[[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sabadham]]''. Her films with [[Rajinikanth]] include ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]'', ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'', ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'', ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' and ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]''. She was in ''Enga Oor Kannagi'', ''[[Neethi Devan Mayakkam]]'' and ''Nirabaraadhi''.

She acted in a number of films with Telugu actor [[Chiranjeevi]]. Her first movie with Chiranjeevi was ''[[Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya]]'' in 1982. She acted again with Chiranjeevi in the movie ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' which was a massive hit. Her last movie in Telugu was ''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' (another Chiranjeevi film).

She appeared in many [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films especially those starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Mammootty]]. She portrayed [[Unniyarcha]] in the National Award-winning movie ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragadha]]'' (1989). Her portrayal as a mother who dies of [[leukemia]] in ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' won her the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for 1993. Other films include ''[[Ormakkayi]]'', ''Changatham'', ''[[Novemberinte Nashtam]]'' and ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]''

Most of her author-backed roles were in Malayalam films. She has won three [[Kerala State Film Awards]], one for Best Actress and two for Second Best Actress.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== Personal life ==
In 1996, her [[Hinduism|Hindu]] spiritual teacher [[Swami Rama]] arranged her marriage to one of his followers, a pharmaceutical businessman named Ralph Sharma. Ralph first met Swami Rama at the age of 32 at the [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]].,<ref>[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]][https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729235923/https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/|date=29 July 2016}}[https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/about-us/swami-rama/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920085141/https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/about-us/swami-rama/|date=20 September 2016}}</ref> and Maadhavi first met him in 1995. They married on 14 February 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/features/south-siren-madhavi-back-from-exile/2091 |title=South Siren Madhavi back from exile |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126162550/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/features/south-siren-madhavi-back-from-exile/2091 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> They have three daughters and live in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maadhavi.com/about_marriage.html |title=Maadhavi |publisher=Maadhavi |date=14 February 1996 |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131040321/http://maadhavi.com/about_marriage.html |archive-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Award category
! Work
! Result
! Reference
|-
| 1981 || rowspan="3" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] ||''[[Valarthu Mrugangal]]''||{{won}}||
|-
| 1982 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] ||''[[Ormakkayi]]''||{{won}}|||<ref name=1981-90>{{cite web |title=State Film Awards (1981–90) |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |access-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] || rowspan="2" |[[Akashadoothu|''Aakashadoothu'']]||{{won}}||
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]||{{won}}||
|}

== Filmography ==
{{Incomplete|section|Odia films|date=January 2021}}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Notes
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Thoorpu Padamara]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1977 || ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]''||Madhavi||
|-
|''Sneham'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1978 || ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' || Sandhya||
|-
| ''[[Pranam Khareedu]]'' ||Venkatalakshmi|| Guest Appearance
|-
|''[[Seetapathi Samsaram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetapathi Samsaram (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TKJ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Meenakshi
|
|-
|[[Mana Voori Pandavulu|Manavoori Pandavulu]]
|
|
|-
|''Kalanthakulu''
|Saroja
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1979 || ''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]'' ||Aruna||
|-
| ''[[Kukka Katuku Cheppu Debba]]'' ||Parvati||
|-
| ''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothala Rayudu Cast and Crew Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/kothala-rayudu-1979}}</ref>|| Padma ||
|-
| ''[[Mande Gundelu]]''||Rani||
|-
| ''Ra Ra Krishnayya'' || — ||
|-
| ''Edi Papam Edi Punyam'' ||Aruna||
|-
| ''Oka Challani Ratri'' ||Nirmala||
|-
| ''Anthuleni Vintha Katha''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthuleni Vintha Katha - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/anthuleni-vintha-katha/cast/2030226063/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=TV Guide |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415203603/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/anthuleni-vintha-katha/cast/2030226063/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Meena ||
|-
| ''Kaliyuga Mahabharatam'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1980 || ''[[Agni Sanskaram]]'' || — ||
|-
| ''Mudumulla Bandham'' ||Radha||
|-
| ''Triloka Sundari'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|1981 || ''Vaaralabbai'' || Kamala||
|-
| ''Chettaniki Kallu Levu'' ||Rekha||
|-
| ''[[Ooriki Ichina Maata]]'' ||Rupa||
|-
| ''[[Amavasya Chandrudu]]'' ||Nancy ||
|-
| ''[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]'' ||Jabili ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1982 || ''[[Intlo Ramayya Veedilo Krishnayya]]'' ||Jayalaxmi|| Nominated — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| ''Balidanam'' || — ||
|-
| ''Prayanamlo Padanisalu'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' ||Bharathi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1983
|''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Jyothi, 'Heccharika' paper reporter
|
|-
| ''[[Roshagadu]]'' ||Sailaja ||
|-
| ''[[Simhapuri Simham]]'' ||Madhavi ||
|-
| ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' || Madhulatha||
|-
| ''Picchi Pantulu'' || — ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Bhale Ramudu 1984 film|Bhale Ramudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Ramudu 1984 movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bhale-ramudu-1984}}</ref>|| Radha ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1985 || ''Sanchalanam'' || — ||
|-
|''[[Nerasthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIxU60VCweE |title=NERASTHUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} MADHAVI {{!}} KANTHARAO {{!}} V9VIDEOS |date=2025-08-16 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2025-11-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Radha
|
|-
| ''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]'' ||Bharathi||
|-
| ''Jai Bethala'' || — ||
|-
| ''Mahasakthi'' || — ||
|-
|1986
|''Ide Naa Samadhanam''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Ide Naa Samadhanam (1986) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421153510/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Neelima
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
|''Veera Pratap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Pratap (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218174605/https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Padmavathi
|
|-
| ''[[Donga Mogudu]]'' ||Ravi Teja's wife||
|-
| ''Marana Sasanam'' || — ||
|-
| ''Parasakthi'' ||Madhavi||
|-
|1990
|Siri Muvvala Simhanadam
|
|
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Mathru Devo Bhava]]'' ||Sarada|| Nominated — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' || — ||
|}

=== Malayalam ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Lava (1980 film)|Lava]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1981 || ''[[Valarthu Mrugangal]]'' || Janu || Won — [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanam]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Poochasanyasi]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|1982 ||''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]'' || Anuradha ||
|-
| ''[[Ormakkayi]]'' || Susanna || Won — [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Kurukkante Kalyanam]]'' || Saritha ||
|-
| ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' || Nancy ||
|-
| ''[[Novemberinte Nashtam]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam]]'' || Siji ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1983 ||''[[Ponthooval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Nazirine Kanmanilla]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Madras Girl]]'' || Saritha ||
|-
| ''[[Changatham]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1984 || ''[[Akkare]]'' || Padmavathi ||
|-
| ''[[Vikatakavi]]'' || Santhi ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Nerunnu]]''|| Rajani ||
|-
| ''[[Kurishuyudham]]''|| Susy, Daisy ||Double role
|-
| rowspan="2"|1985 || ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || Vijayalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1986||''[[Sobharaj]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Katha Oru Nunakkatha]]'' || Amminikkutty ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || Padmini ||
|-
| 1989 || [[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]] || Unniyarcha ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1993 || ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' ||Annie || Won — [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] Won — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Actress — Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Gandhari (film)|Gandhari]]'' || Gandhari ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Sudhinam]]'' || Vinodini ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995|| ''Chaithanyam'' || Savithri ||
|-
| ''[[Aksharam]]'' || Gayathri Devi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]]'' || Sridevi ||
|}

=== Hindi ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !!Role!! Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' ||Sandhya || Nominated — [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' || Zakhiya Khan || Special appearance
|-
| 1984 || ''Mujhe Shaktee Do'' || ||
|-
|1984
|''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]''
|Preethi
|
|-
| 1985 || ''Misaal'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Geraftaar]]'' ||Inspector Geeta Sinha||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Loha (1987 film)|Loha]]'' ||Anita||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kalyug Aur Ramayan]]'' ||Sarita||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Satyamev Jayate (1987 film)|Satyamev Jayathe]]'' || Pooja Shastry ||
|-
| 1987|| ''[[Insaaf Kaun Karega]]'' ||Priya||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Pyar Ka Mandir]]'' ||Radha ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' ||Radha||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Falak (1988 film)|Falak]]'' ||Rita D'Souza||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Paraya Ghar]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| 1989|| ''Jaaydaad'' || Advocate Anjali||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]'' ||Anand's wife||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Zakham (1989 film)|Zakham]]'' || Asha||
|-
| 1989|| ''[[Nafrat Ki Aandhi]]'' || Geeta||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Sheshnaag (film)|Sheshnaag]]'' || Banu ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Muqadammah'' || ||
|-
| 1990 ||''Haar Jeet'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Swarg]]'' ||Janaki Kumar||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' ||Mary Mathew||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Agneekaal]]'' ||Asha||
|-
| 1991 || ''Maza Pritesh'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Sarphira]]'' ||Prema||
|-
| 1992 || ''Lambu Dada'' || Anita ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Jigar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Khudai]]'' || Sakhi Swami ||
|}

=== Tamil ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1979 || ''Pudhiya Thoranangal'' || Kanniamma ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Veera Penn'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="9"|1981 || ''[[Enga Ooru Kannagi]]'' || Jabili ||
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)|Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Aruna ||
|-
| ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' ||Sarojini||
|-
| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]'' ||Geetha||
|-
| ''[[Sathya Sundharam]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' ||Nancy||
|-
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' ||Sharadha||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]'' ||Madhavi||
|-
| ''Panimalar'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1982|| ''[[Neethi Devan Mayakkam]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''Kavithai Malar'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1983 || ''[[Sattam]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''Sattathukku Oru Saval'' || Manjula ||
|-
| ''Chandi Samundi'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984 || ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' ||Sumathi||
|-
| ''[[Niraparaadhi]]'' ||Radha ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|1985 || ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' ||Anitha ||
|-
| ''Jhansi Rani'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sabadham]]'' ||Nancy ||
|-
| ''Andavan Sothu'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' ||Padma ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1986 || ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]'' ||Radha||
|-
| ''Vettaipuli'' || — ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Oor Kuruvi'' || — ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' ||Rambha|| Guest appearance
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981 || ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjane]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'' || Anupama ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982 || ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| ''[[Garuda Rekhe]]'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1983 || ''[[Onde Guri]]'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Gandugali Rama]]'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnadantha Maga]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Gedda Maga]]'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1984 || ''[[Chanakya (1984 film)|Chanakya]]'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Rudranaga]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''Shiva Kanye'' || — ||
|-
| ''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidi]]'' || Madhulatha ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Amara Jyothi'' || — ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986 || ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' || Parvati ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' || Ashadevi ||
|-
| ''[[Malaya Marutha]]'' || Girija ||
|-
|''Mathondu Charithre''
|
|
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Ramanna Shamanna]]'' || Kavitha ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aakasmika]]'' || Clara ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' || Ganga ||
|-
|1997||''Shrimathi''|| ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185401/http://maadhavi.com/index.html Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=2612823|name=Madhavi}}

{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]

D. C. Gowri Shankar

2026-04-10T17:30:25Z

Jainil Prajapati: Created a pg v1

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
'''D. C. Gowri Shankar''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] in [[Karnataka]]. He was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Madhugiri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhugiri]] in the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf | title=General election Karnataka legislative assembly 2008 - Election statistics | website=www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in}}</ref>

After 2008 elections he contested as a JDS candidate for [[Tumkur Rural Assembly constituency]] and lost by a small margin of 1500 votes and then again contested 2018 elections and won by a margin of 5640 votes and became the MLA for second time and entered the assembly. Under the coalition government of JDS and Congress he chaired the MSIL foundation for 6 months.

In March 2023, Gowri Shankar was disqualified by the Karnataka High Court as an MLA for the Tumkur Rural assembly constituency. Justice S. Sunil Dutt Yadav ruled that Gowri Shankar had used unauthorized means in campaigning for his election in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Abhimanyu |title=Karnataka High Court sets aside 2018 election of JDS MLA DC Gowrishankar Swamy from Tumkur |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/karnataka-high-court-sets-aside-2018-election-jds-mla-dc-gowrishankar-swamy-tumkur |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Two former JD(S) MLAs join Congress in Karnataka">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=15 November 2023 |title=Two former JD(S) MLAs join Congress in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-former-jds-mlas-join-congress-in-karnataka/article67535225.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411080727/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-former-jds-mlas-join-congress-in-karnataka/article67535225.ece |archivedate=11 April 2025 |accessdate=11 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Product-Service/J-Narasimhaswamy-Doddaballapur-353272401810115/ J Narasimhaswamy Doddaballapur]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowri Shankar, D. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

The Royal Bengal Tiger

2026-04-10T14:31:38Z

Jainil Prajapati: New basic stub added tags...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Rajesh Ganguly}}
{{for-multi|the animal|Bengal tiger|other uses|Bengal tiger (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date = November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Royal Bengal Tiger
| image = TRBT_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajesh Ganguly
| producer = [[Neeraj Pandey]] [[Shital Bhatia]] [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
| writer = [[Neeraj Pandey]] Rajesh Ganguly
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Fight Club (novel)|'' Fight Club'' (novel)]]|[[Chuck Palahniuk]]|[[Fight Club|''Fight Club'' (film)]]| by [[Jim Uhls]]}}
| starring = [[Abir Chatterjee ]] [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] [[Priyanka Sarkar]] [[Shraddha Das]]
| music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = Pratap Rout
| editing = [[Shree Narayan Singh]]
| studio = Friday Filmworks [[Grassroot Entertainment|Grassroot Entertainment Pvt. Ltd]]
| distributor = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[Grassroot Entertainment|Grassroot Entertainment Pvt. Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|31}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Royal Bengal Tiger''''' ({{IPA|en|ðə ˈrɔɪəl ˈbɛŋɡəl ˈtaɪɡər}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Surrealist cinema|surrealist]] [[Psychological thriller|psychological thriller film]] co-written and directed by Rajesh Ganguly, from a story by [[Neeraj Pandey]]. Produced by Pandey, [[Shital Bhatia]] and [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] under the respective banners of Friday Filmworks, [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] and [[Grassroot Entertainment]], the film is an adaptation of [[Chuck Palahniuk]]'s 1996 novel [[Fight Club (novel)|''Fight Club'']]. It revolves around a timid man, who turns aggressive and stands up to his enemies after meeting his childhood friend.

Also drawing influences from [[Bhagavata Purana|''Bhagavata Puran'']], the film stars [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]] and [[Shraddha Das]] in lead roles, with Jeet himself in an extended special appearance. The film received positive reviews from critics and turned out to be commercially successful. The film has only one song, sung by [[Timir Biswas]]. The film premiered in [[Kolkata]] on 1 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/Abir-and-Jeet-steal-the-show-at-the-premiere-of-The-Royal-Bengal-Tiger-in-Kolkata/articleshow/29710866.cms|title=Abir and Jeet steal the show at the premiere of The Royal Bengal Tiger in Kolkata|accessdate=1 Feb 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Abhi is a meek [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family man who does not know how to fight. He lives in [[Kolkata]] with his wife Apu and his son. He has a tenant Mr. Pakrashi who has not paid rent for six months. He simply walks away. In his office Abhi is a hardworker. His colleague Deepankar is jealous of him and plans his downfall, but his other colleague Nandini is a friend and sympathiser. During Abhi's birthday morning he asked his tenant to pay up, but gets slapped in the middle of the road by him.

Abhi goes to his office only to learn that all his files have been messed up by someone and one important file of payment is missing. He works the whole night on them only to be sabotaged by Deepankar again. That night while Abhi was returning with Nandini she gets molested by some goons at the metro station. She cries to Abhi for help, but Abhi cannot fight. Nandini boards the metro crying. leaving Abhi at the station.

Abhi is ashamed. He meets his friend Anjan and narrates the story and about his helplessness. Anjan takes him to a coffee house and encourages him, causing him to shrug off his fear. They both visit his office to search for the missing file. Finding nothing, they ransack the office and run away.

While returning home he learns that Pakrashi is boozing with friends. Angrily he enters the house and beats Pakrashi black and blue and forces him to pay up. The next day Nandini rejects Abhi's proposal for boarding a metro and taunts him. Abhi drops his office bag accidentally in the road. Abhi tells Anjan and they both run towards the metro station and Abhi starts beating up the molesters.

The next day he meets Anjan again and Anjan gives him his contact number. At his office Abhi is shocked when he learns that Deepankar has been promoted. Unable to bear this Abhi suspects that he has been tricked. He hunts Deepankar down that night and beats him up. His rival confesses that he had stolen the payment file and hid it in his home. Anjan asks Abhi that since Deepankar has made his file disappear, he should in turn make Deepankar disappear. Abhi ties Deepankar up and throws him on the highway where he is killed. Meanwhile, Apu and her [[psychiatrist]] father, travel to the police station where they recover the bag and inform them he is still missing, Apu's father discloses that Abhi is a psychiatric patient suffering from schizophrenia. While the discussion continues, the police receive the news of Abhi sitting with Deepankar's corpse. The police bring him in where it is revealed that the character, Anjan doesn't exist. He is just an imagination of Abhi.

==Cast==

* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as Abhiroop a.k.a. Abhi
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Anjan Sen(Extended cameo appearance)
* [[Priyanka Sarkar]] as Aparna a.k.a. Apu
* [[Shraddha Das]] as Nandini Sanyal
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Mr.Pakrashi, Abhi's tenant
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as GC Bagchi
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Deepankar
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Dr. Bagchi, a psychiatrist, Aparna's father
* [[Tanima Sen]] as unnamed woman in the metro
* [[Chandan Sen]] as police officer

==Critical response==
The film have got mostly positive response from critics and audience alike. It was a box office hit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/The-Royal-Bengal-Tiger/movie-review/29764631.cms|title=The Royal Bengal Tiger ''Movie Review''|date=2 February 2014|accessdate=2016-10-26|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/the-royal-bengal-tiger-bengali-the-turnaround-2/|title=The Royal Bengal Tiger (Bengali) / The turnaround|accessdate=13 Feb 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3479858}}

{{Vaicom18 Studios}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Bengal Tiger, The (film)}}
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Criticism of work]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Fictional clubs]]
[[Category:Fictional secret societies]]
[[Category:Fight Club]]
[[Category:Films about consumerism]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]
[[Category:Films about insomnia]]
[[Category:Films about masculinity]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films about salespeople]]
[[Category:Films about secret societies]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Chuck Palahniuk]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Masculinity]]
[[Category:Postmodern films]]
[[Category:Self-reflexive films]]
[[Category:Underground fighting films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films about self-harm]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Bengali-language satirical comedy drama films]]

Neha Sillay

2026-04-08T20:39:49Z

Jainil Prajapati:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Neha Sillay
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|5|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mangali, [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.57 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
| clubnumber = 7
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2022–2023
| clubs1 = [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2023–2024
| clubs2 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2024–2025
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 22
| nationalgoals2 = 8
| nationalyears3 = 2024–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalgoals3 = 2
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 25 October 2025
}}

'''Neha Sillay''' (born 19 May 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF Senior National Team - 19 Neha |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/136780 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Haryana]], who plays as a forward for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Aswathy |date=2025-01-10 |title=IWL 2024-25: Odisha FC to kick off their campaign against Gokulam Kerala |url=https://thebridge.in/football/iwl-odisha-defend-title-clash-vs-gokulam-kerala-fc-51470 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sillay is from Mangali village, [[Hisar district|Hissar]], Haryana.

== Career ==
Sillay was part of the Indian squad which played at the [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] at [[Bhubaneswar]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neha stats and ratings {{!}} Sofascore |url=https://www.sofascore.com/player/neha/1416690 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=www.sofascore.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=5 Haryana girls in FIFA U-17 World Cup squad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/5-haryana-girls-in-fifa-u-17-world-cup-squad-440134 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

Earlier in October 2022, she played the Under-17 friendly matches in [[Spain]] against WSS [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=India women's U-17 team thrashes WSS Barcelona 17-1 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-women-u-17-team-scores-17-goals-beats-wss-barcelona/article65964112.ece |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, she was called for the Senior camp to prepare for AFC Olympic Qualifiers Round 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Neha Archives |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/tag/neha/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=East Bengal Club {{!}} Official Website of EAST BENGAL the REAL POWER Fans {{!}} EBRP |language=en-CA}}</ref> She made her Senior India debut in the friendlies against the [[Maldives]] at [[Bengaluru]] on 2 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debutant Lhingdeikim lights up the show with four goals as India maul Maldives again |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/debutant-lhingdeikim-lights-up-the-show-with-four-goals-as-india-maul-maldives-again |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

In October 2024, she played for [[Odisha FC]] against [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh city]] the [[AFC Women's Champions League|AFC Women’s Champions League 2024–2025]], at the [[Thong Nhat Stadium]] in Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=AFC Women's Champions League 2024-25: Odisha FC lose 3-1 to Ho Chi Minh City |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/afc-women-champions-league-2024-25-odisha-fc-vs-ho-chi-minh-city-group-report |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title=Odisha FC set to debut in 2024-25 Season of AFC Women's Champions League |url=https://thebridge.in/football/odisha-fc-2024-25-season-afc-womens-champions-league-49256 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''Haryana'''
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] runner-up: [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/comeback-queens-tamil-nadu-regain-national-supremacy |title=Comeback queens Tamil Nadu regain National supremacy |work=AIFF |date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|30 December 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|1
|2
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!2
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Neha Sillay
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=2| 30 December 2024 || rowspan=2| Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|'''5'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 14–0 || rowspan=2| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || align=center|'''8'''–0
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/136780 Neha] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sillay, Neha}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:HOPS FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Nita Football Academy players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Ukkadam Flyover

2026-03-30T03:45:07Z

Jainil Prajapati: New a data from scratch...

{{Short description|Road junction in Coimbatore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox road junction
|country=IND
|road_type=Overpass Flyover
|name=Ukkadam Flyover Flyover
|image=
|image_caption=
|other_names={{lang|ta|உக்கடம் மேம்பாலம்|}} Ukkadam-Aathupalam flyover
|location= [[Coimbatore]], India
|coord=
|roads= [[Palakkad Road, Coimbatore|Palakkad road]] Sungam Bypass Road [[Oppanakara Street]] Perur Bypass Road
|type= [[Overpass|Overpass Flyover]]
|spans=
|lanes= 4
|const= ( Under Construction )
|contractor=
|opened=
|height= {{convert|NNNN|m|ft}}
|width={{convert|NNNN|m|ft}}
|maint=
|tolls=
|map=
}}

'''Ukkadam Flyover''' also known as '''Ukkadam-Aathupalam flyover''' is a 2.5 km long [[Overpass|flyover]] under construction in the city of [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CM lays foundation for Ukkadam flyover extension work|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/cm-lays-foundation-for-ukkadam-flyover-extension-work/article33753773.ece|date=5 Feb 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
The foundation stone for the flyover was laid in 2019. The flyover is designed to ease the traffic congestion caused in [[Ukkadam]] and [[Aathupalam]] junctions.<ref name="extended">{{cite news|title=Ukkadam flyover to be extended|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ukkadam-flyover-to-be-extended/article32735989.ece|date=30 September 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==Planning==
The flyover begins at the western end of [[Oppanakara Street]] near the [[Ukkadam]] signal and proceeds towards [[Aathupalam]] junction via Karumbukadai and will bifurcate into two branches- one on the [[Pollachi Road, Coimbatore|Pollachi Road]] and [[Palakkad Road, Coimbatore|Palakkad Road]]. The flyover will have an exit and entry ramp on the Sungam bypass road.<ref name="extended"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Ukkadam flyover project redesigned|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ukkadam-flyover-project-redesigned/article20159331.ece|date=14 April 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flyovers in Coimbatore]]
* [[Avinashi Road Expressway, Coimbatore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Flyovers in Coimbatore]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Abdul Lateef Gandhi

2026-03-27T19:53:41Z

Jainil Prajapati: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Abdul Lateef Gandhi''' is an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] who was elected during the [[1957 Indian general election]], representing the constituency of [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]. He is affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Abdul Lateef, Bijnor Lok Sabha Elections 1957 in India LIVE Results {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/1957/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/abdul-lateef/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All member winner list |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bijnor-lok-sabha-election-result-420/ |website=All Bijnor Winner lock Sabha winner list}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अंग्रेजों की सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ आजादी की लड़ाई में कूद गए थे अब्दुल लतीफ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/abdul-latif-jumped-in-the-freedom-struggle-leaving-the-british-government-job-bijnor-news-mrt5742340187 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 में 'गांधी बने थे बिजनौर के दूसरे सांसद |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/story-gandhi-became-the-second-mp-of-bijnor-in-1957-9531490.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Abdul Lateef}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Ajmal Kasab

2026-03-27T06:33:23Z

Jainil Prajapati: add details additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Pakistani militant (1987–2012)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Infobox criminal
| birth_name = Muhammad Ajmal Amir Kasab
| native_name = {{lang|ur|{{nobold|اجمل قصاب}}}}
| image_name = Mohammed Ajmal Kasab.jpg
| image_caption = Photograph shot by Sebastian D'Souza from the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' of Ajmal Kasab in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1987|07|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faridkot, Okara|Faridkot]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|11|21|1987|07|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Yerawada Central Jail]], Pune, Maharashtra, India
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| motive = [[Islamic extremism]]
| conviction = {{plainlist|
* Murder
* Conspiracy
* Waging war against India
* Possession of explosives
}}
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]]
| known_for = [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]
| criminal_status = [[Executed]]
| apprehended = 26 November 2008<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/fifteen-years-later-many-perpetrators-yet-to-face-trial-9042703/lite/ | title=Fifteen years after 26/11, many perpetrators yet to face trial | date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>
}}


'''Muhammad Ajmal Amir Kasab'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|محمد اجمل عامر قصاب}}}} (13 July 1987 – 21 November 2012)<ref name="TH 4120451" /> was a Pakistani terrorist and a member of the [[Islamic terrorist]] organization [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] through which he took part in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name="azam">{{cite news|title=Planned 9/11 at Taj: Caught Terrorist |url=http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |publisher=Zee News |date=29 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225174923/http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="b-mirror">{{cite news|title=Please give me saline |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=29 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302112856/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |archive-date=2 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Dawn Pakistani Newspaper" /><ref name="SupremeAppeal" /> Kasab, alongside fellow Lashkar-e-Taiba recruit Ismail Khan, killed 72 people during the attacks, most of them at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=26/11 trial: Kasab's sentencing tomorrow |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/26/11-trial-kasabs-sentencing-tomorrow_624295.html |publisher=Zee News |date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> Kasab was the only attacker who was apprehended alive by the police.

Kasab was born in [[Faridkot, Okara|Faridkot]], [[Pakistan]] and left his home in 2005, engaging in petty crime and armed robbery with a friend. In late 2007, he and his friend encountered members of [[Jama'at-ud-Da'wah]], the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets, and were persuaded to join.

On 3 May 2010, Kasab was found guilty of 80 offences, including murder, waging war against India, possessing explosives, and other charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay HC upholds Kasab's death sentence|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-bombay-hc-upholds-kasabs-death-penalty/143895-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222214710/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-bombay-hc-upholds-kasabs-death-penalty/143895-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-22|publisher=IBN Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8657642.stm|title= Surviving Mumbai gunman convicted over attacks|last=Irani |first=Delnaaz |date=3 May 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=3 May 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100505141356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8657642.stm| archive-date= 5 May 2010 |url-status= live}}</ref> On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death on four counts and to life imprisonment on five counts. Kasab's death sentence was upheld by the [[Bombay High Court]] on 21 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1478204.ece|title= Kasab waged war against India: court |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 February 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=22 February 2011}}</ref> The verdict was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 29 August 2012.<ref name="SupremeAppeal" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/26-11-terror-attacks-case-sc-upholds-kasabs-death-sentence/994747/|title=26/11 terror attacks case: Ajmal Kasab's plea to spare life rejected by SC|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 August 2012|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Kasab was executed by [[hanging]] on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|local time]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/ajmal-kasab-hanged-today-at-730-am-today|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123182355/http://www.mumbaivoice.com/ajmal-kasab-hanged-today-at-730-am-today|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2012|title=Ajmal Kasab hanged today at 7:30 am today|publisher=Mumbai Voice|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> and subsequently buried within the precincts of [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerwada Central Jail]] in [[Pune]].<ref name="Kasab was finally buried" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kasab-executed-in-great-secrecy-Shinde-says-even-Manmohan-Sonia-didnt-know/articleshow/17309188.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123182119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/india/35257796_1_mohammad-ajmal-kasab-mumbai-attacks-vishnu-zende|url-status=live|archive-date=23 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Kasab executed in great secrecy, Shinde says even Manmohan, Sonia didn't know|date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bankingawareness.com/current-affairs/ajmal-kasab-hanged/|title=Ajmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> He was the first person to be executed in India since 2004.

==Early life==
Kasab was born in [[Faridkot, Okara|Faridkot]] village in the [[Okara District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]], to Noor Elahi and Muhammad Amir of the [[Qassab]] community.<ref name="Kasab">{{harvnb|Baweja|2009|p=118}}</ref> His father ran a snack cart<ref name="abcnews.go.com">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6385015|title=Mumbai Terrorist Wanted to 'Kill and Die' and Become Famous|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] }}</ref><ref name="et_family details">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Captured_Terrorist_Ajmal_Amir_Kasav_tells_his_story/articleshow/3786708.cms|title=Captured Terrorist Ajmal Amir Kasav tells his story|work=The Times of India|date=3 December 2008}}</ref> while his elder brother, Afzal, worked as a labourer in [[Lahore]].<ref name="et_family details"/> His elder sister, Rukaiyya Husain, was married and lived in the village.<ref name="et_family details"/> A younger sister, Suraiyya, and brother, Munir, lived in Faridkot with their parents.<ref name="et_family details"/><ref name=TOI279>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/We-were-reassured-of-escape-after-the-attack-Kasab/articleshow/3785601.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-03/india/27922070_1_lashkar-mumbai-terror-attacks-kuber|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=We were reassured of escape after the attack: Kasab|first1=Rahul|last1=Tripathi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2008}}</ref>

Kasab briefly joined his brother in Lahore and then returned to Faridkot.<ref name="express_pettythief">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/from-petty-thief-in-multan-to-terror-face-in-.../393264/|title=From petty thief in Multan to terror face in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themoderatevoice.com/places/europe/united-kingdom/24701/mumbai-update-1100-am-est/|title=The Moderate Voice, quoting New York Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203032924/http://themoderatevoice.com/places/europe/united-kingdom/24701/mumbai-update-1100-am-est/|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> He left home after a fight with his father in 2005.<ref name="et_family details"/> He had asked for new clothes on [[Eid al-Fitr]], but his father could not provide them, which made him angry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812121323.htm |title=Ajmal is my son, says Mumbai attacker's father |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214195502/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812121323.htm |archive-date=14 December 2008 }}</ref> He engaged in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, eventually moving on to armed robbery.<ref name="express_pettythief"/> On 21 December 2007, [[Eid al-Adha]], they were in [[Rawalpindi]] trying to buy weapons when they encountered members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah, the political wing of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], distributing pamphlets. They decided to sign up for training with the group, ending up at their base camp, Markaz Taiba.

An interrogator and deputy commissioner of the [[Mumbai Police]] stated that Kasab spoke rough [[Hindi]] and almost no [[English language|English]].<ref name=Times>{{cite news|first=Rhys |last=Blakely|title=Mumbai police to use truth serum on 'baby-faced' terrorist Azam Amir Kasab |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5280084.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528065927/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5280084.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2010 |work=The Times|date=3 December 2008 |access-date=3 December 2008|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5272189.ece|title=Father of Mumbai gunman, Azam Amir Kasab, 'paid by terrorists to hand him over'|location=London|work=The Times|date=2 December 2008| access-date=23 April 2010|first=Rhys|last=Blakely}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He said his father in effect sold him to Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money they gave him to support the family.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDROrLtc6GM&t=46m18s | title = Terror in Mumbai| website = [[YouTube]]| date = 21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kasab-says-his-father-sent-him-to-let-1210832|title=Kasab says his father sent him to LeT|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5274161.ece|title=CCTV shows start of Mumbai massacre|location=London|work=The Times|date=2 December 2008|access-date=23 April 2010|first1=Rhys|last1=Blakely}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His father denied it.<ref name="Interview with Ajmal Amir's Father">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Captured-terrorist-Kasab-my-son-says-father-in-Pakistan/articleshow/3827622.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-13/pakistan/27896905_1_ajmal-amir-kasab-mumbai-operation|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Interview with Ajmal Amir's Father|date=13 December 2008}}</ref> [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi|Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi]], a senior commander of Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family {{Currency|150000|PKR}} for his participation in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen| title=Pakistan now holds the key to probe: investigators|date=1 December 2008|url= http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/01/stories/2008120157370100.htm|access-date =1 December 2008|location=Chennai|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173633/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/01/stories/2008120157370100.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status= dead}}</ref> Another report said the 23-year-old was recruited from his home, in part, based on a pledge by recruiters to pay {{Currency|100000|PKR}} to his family if he became a [[Shahid|martyr]].<ref name=NPR-2008-12-03>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97621922|title=Bombs found in Mumbai train station a week later|date=3 December 2008|access-date=3 December 2008|publisher=[[NPR]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205010021/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97621922|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other sources put the reward at {{Currency|4000|USD}}.<ref name="abcnews.go.com"/>

Villagers in Okara claimed on camera that he was at their village six months before the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|attacks in Mumbai]]. They said that he asked his mother to bless him as he was going for [[Jihadism|jihad]] and claimed that he demonstrated his wrestling skills to a few village boys that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/I-am-going-away-for-jihad-Kasab-told-his-mother-in-Pak/398067/|title=Kasab told his mother that he was going away for Jihad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221181859/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/I-am-going-away-for-jihad-Kasab-told-his-mother-in-Pak/398067/|archive-date=21 February 2009}}</ref>

==Training==
{{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks#Training}}
Ajmal Kasab was among a group of 24 men<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5265938.ece|title=City fears five terrorists are missing| location=London|work=The Times|date=2 December 2008|access-date=23 April 2010|first=Rhys|last=Blakely}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{subscription required|date=November 2012}}</ref> who received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in the mountainous areas of [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]]. Part of the training was reported to have taken place on the [[Mangla Dam]] reservoir.<ref>{{cite news|last = Rahman|first=Maseeh|author2=Jones, Sam|title=Rumours abound as inquiry begins its search for truth|work=The Guardian|date=1 December 2008|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1|access-date=1 December 2008|location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202011506/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1|archive-date=2 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Involvement in 2008 Mumbai attacks==
Kasab was seen on [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] during his attacks at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] along with another recruit, Ismail Khan. Kasab reportedly told the police that they wanted to replicate the [[Islamabad]] [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|Marriott hotel attack]], and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the [[9/11 attacks]] in India.<ref name="azam"/>

On the evening of 26 November 2008, after entering Mumbai via sea route, Kasab and his accomplice Ismail Khan, split up from the group of 10 terrorists and hired a taxi to head to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] or CST (formerly Victoria Terminus), one of Mumbai's busiest railway stations, during which they planted a time bomb in backseat.<ref name="Tracing the terror route">{{Cite news |date=10 December 2008 |title=Tracing the terror route |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Tracing-the-terror-route/396335 |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200354/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tracing-the-terror-route/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Armed with grenades and [[AK-47]] assault rifles, Kasab and Khan attacked the CST railway station with grenades and mass shootouts, killing several commuters and long distance travelers. Hearing the shots, a few police officers posted at the railway station, including Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde, tried to fight them with their service weapons but were also killed by Kasab and Khan.<ref name="nsgkia">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |title=Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor's sister, police |date=30 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083222/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The duo later headed towards Cama Hospital with intent to kill patients,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |title=Judgement, The High Court of Judicature at Bombay, The Judgment Reserved : 7 February 2011; The Order Is Pronounced: 21 February 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227030101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |archive-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A police team, consisting of [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]] [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad]] Chief [[Hemant Karkare]], [[encounter specialist]] [[Vijay Salaskar]] and [[Additional Commissioner of Police|Additional Commissioner]] [[Ashok Kamte]], along with other subordinates, were outside the hospital waiting to counter-attack them, armed with pistols, revolvers, and [[World War 2]] era [[Lee–Enfield]] self loading rifles. The duo then escaped the hospital and went into hiding, while Karkare, Kamte, Salaskar and 4 constables began to move to the other side of the hospital in a Toyota Qualis SUV, with Kamte at the wheel. While driving there, Kamte saw Kasab and fired at him, wounding his arm, but Khan and Kasab fired a volley of bullets, killing Karkare, Kamte, Salaskar, and 2 constables. After killing them in the gun battle and taking two constables' hostage{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} in the Qualis, Kasab and Khan drove towards the Metro Cinema, where they fired at civilians, leaving many injured. Kasab joked about the bullet resistant vests worn by the police and killed one constable, Yogesh Patil, when his mobile phone rang. They then drove to [[Vidhan Bhavan metro station|Vidhan Bhavan]] where they fired more shots. The police vehicle they were in burst a rear tire due to bullets they fired, so they stole a silver [[Škoda Laura]] and drove towards [[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach. At that point, the surviving but severely wounded constable, Arun Jadhav, sent a message on radio that Kasab and Khan carjacked and stole the Škoda, and were heading towards Chowpatty.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46314555|title= Mumbai 26/11 attacks: Six corpses, a mobile phone call and one survivor|date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

The D B Marg police station had received a message from police control room at about {{Nowrap|10 pm}}, that two heavily armed men had gunned down commuters at CST. 15 policemen from D B Marg were sent to Chowpatty to set up a double barricade roadblock on [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]].<ref name="toi_lathi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Police-overcomes-deadly-terrorists-at-Chowpatty/articleshow/3810544.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-09/mumbai/27923425_1_lathis-terrorists-policemen|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Police overcomes deadly terrorists at Chowpatty|date=9 December 2008}}</ref> The Škoda reached Chowpatty and halted 40 to 50 feet from the barricade. The police officers at the roadblock ordered Khan and Kasab to exit and surrender, but instead they turned on the windshield wipers and high-beam headlights to prevent any visuals. Khan, who was on the driver's seat, reversed slightly and attempted a U-turn to escape, but failed, as the car stopped close to the median, which obstructed them. A shootout ensued moment later, and Khan was killed after being shot in the head, while Kasab lay motionless playing dead. [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub-Inspector]] [[Tukaram Omble]], armed only with a [[Lathi (stick)|lathi]] (bamboo stick), charged the vehicle, being shot five times after he opened the passenger door, where Kasab was seated. Omble held onto Kasab's weapon, enabling Omble's colleagues to capture Kasab alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076384&type=News |title=Saluting a braveheart, the man who helped capture Qasab |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214135446/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076384&type=News |archive-date=14 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Coprsquos-advice-kept-Kasab-alive-helped-to-solve-2611-mystery/article16892342.ece|title="Don't shoot him. He is evidence", Cop's advice kept Kasab alive; helped to solve 26/11 mystery|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-11-15}}</ref> A former [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] (equivalent of [[Corporal]]) in the [[Indian Army]], Omble died from the bullet wounds on the spot.<ref name="toi_lathi"/> A mob of officers gathered and attacked Kasab, which was captured on video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Mumbai-Terror-Attacks-Sky-News-Gets-Exclusive-Footage-Of-Gun-Suspect-Ajmal-Qasabs-Arrest/Article/200812115168244?lpos=World_News_News_Your_Way_Region_6&lid=NewsYourWay_ARTICLE_15168244_Mumbai_Terror_Attacks%3A_Sky_News_Gets_Exclusive_Footage_Of_Gun_Suspect_Ajmal_Qasabs_Arrest |title=Sky News Footgage of gun suspect Ajmal Qasab's arrest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012314/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Mumbai-Terror-Attacks-Sky-News-Gets-Exclusive-Footage-Of-Gun-Suspect-Ajmal-Qasabs-Arrest/Article/200812115168244?lpos=World_News_News_Your_Way_Region_6&lid=NewsYourWay_ARTICLE_15168244_Mumbai_Terror_Attacks%3A_Sky_News_Gets_Exclusive_Footage_Of_Gun_Suspect_Ajmal_Qasabs_Arrest |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref>

Initially, Kasab pretended to be dead, and was being transported to the Nair Hospital when a police officer discovered Kasab was breathing. Seeing the mutilated body of his partner and slain terrorist Khan, Kasab begged doctors to put him on saline, saying "I do not want to die".<ref name="b-mirror"/> The doctors who treated Kasab said he had no bullet wounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/no-bullet-hit-kasab-no-active-treatment-on-says-hospitals-dean/|title=No bullet hit Kasab, no active treatment on, says hospital's dean|date=2 December 2008}}</ref>

Kasab told police he was trained to "kill to the last breath".<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/we-wanted-to-kill-5000-surviving-terrorist-says/2008/11/30/1227979845539.html?page=2|title=We wanted to kill 5000, says surviving terrorist|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1 December 2008}}</ref> Later, after interrogation in the hospital by the police, he said: "Now, I do not want to live", requesting the interrogators kill him for the safety of his family in Pakistan, who could be killed or tortured for his surrender to Indian police. ([[Fidayeen]] [[Suicide attack|suicide squad]] terrorists were instructed not to be captured and interrogated, use aliases instead of their real names, and hide their nationality.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/13499-terrorists-posed-as-malaysian-students|title=Straits Times article|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201005054/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/13499-terrorists-posed-as-malaysian-students|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> He is also quoted as saying "I have done right, I have no regrets".<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald"/> Reports also surfaced that the group planned to escape safely after the attack.<ref name=TOI279/>

Kasab told interrogators that all through the operation, the Lashkar headquarters from [[Karachi, Pakistan]], remained in touch with the group, calling their phones through a voice-over-Internet service. Investigators succeeded in reconstructing the group's journey through the [[Garmin]] [[GPS]] that was found on Kasab. An email sent from a group calling itself the [[Deccan Mujahideen]] claiming responsibility was traced to a Russian proxy, which was then traced back to [[Lahore]] with the help of the [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/99F16988F6BDB91165257511003FB3F5?OpenDocument|title=Lashker-e-Taiba members learnt Hindi before Mumbai attacks|date=30 November 2008|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=5 December 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Terror-mail-routed-through-Pakistans-Lahore/articleshow/3781555.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023031457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-02/india/27948426_1_terror-attacks-terror-mail-serial-blasts|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Terror mail routed through Pakistan's Lahore|date=2 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 December 2008}}</ref>

===Nationality===
Police announced Kasab was a Pakistani national based on his confession and other evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/NewsDtls.aspx%3FNewsID%3D25012%26cid%3D1286214446%26usg%3DAFQjCNE5EoStCK2WBjKPbKpqljRZaDnKgw|title=Enough evidence, now Pak must act: Pranab Mukherjee|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002812/http://www.timesnow.tv/NewsDtls.aspx%3FNewsID%3D25012%26cid%3D1286214446%26usg%3DAFQjCNE5EoStCK2WBjKPbKpqljRZaDnKgw|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several reporters visited Kasab's village and verified the facts provided by him.<ref name="FaridkotVisit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/07/mumbai-terrorism-india-pakistan|title=Revealed: home of Mumbai's gunman in Pakistan village, The Observer, 7 December 2008|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Saeed|last=Shah|date=7 December 2008|access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="KasabID">{{cite news|first= Saeed|last=Shah|title=Mumbai terrorist came from Pakistan, local villagers confirm|date=7 December 2008|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/07/mumbai-terrorism-india-pakistan1|access-date=7 December 2008| location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207213956/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/07/mumbai-terrorism-india-pakistan1|archive-date=7 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="DawnSpecial">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/revealing-the-faridkot-mumbai-link-wk |title=Revealing the Faridkot-Mumbai link, Dawn News special report, 12 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918222724/http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/revealing-the-faridkot-mumbai-link-wk |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]] confirmed that Kasab was from Faridkot village in Pakistan, and criticised [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]] for cordoning off the village and not allowing his parents to meet anyone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200812191645.htm|title=Why cordon off Kasab's village? Nawaz Sharif|date=19 December 2008|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 December 2008|location=Chennai, India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081223012718/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200812191645.htm| archive-date=23 December 2008 |url-status= live}}</ref>

Journalist Saeed Shah travelled to Kasab's village and produced [[Identity document#Pakistan|national identity card]] numbers of his parents. His parents left town on the night of 3 December 2008.<ref name=observer>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/07/mumbai-terrorism-india-pakistan|title=Revealed: home of Mumbai's gunman in Pakistan village|author=Shah, Saeed|work=The Observer|date=7 December 2008|location=London}}</ref> Mumbai Joint [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner]] of Crime [[Rakesh Maria]] said Kasab was from the Faridkot village in the [[Okara District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province and was the son of Mohammed Amir Kasab.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/03/india.attacks/index.html|title=Kasab is the son of Mohammed Amir Kasab from the Faridkot village in the Okara district of Pakistan|publisher=CNN|access-date=23 April 2010|date=4 December 2008}}</ref>

The Mumbai Police said much of the information that Kasab provided proved to be accurate. He disclosed the location of a fishing trawler, MV ''Kuber'', that the terrorists used to enter Mumbai's coastal waters. He told investigators where his team put the ship captain's body, a satellite phone and a [[Global positioning system|global-positioning device]], which the police found.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122834446748477265?mod=googlenews_wsj#|title=Sole captured suspect offers grim insights into massacre|work=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Peter |last1=Wonacott|first2=Geeta|last2=Anand|date=4 December 2008}}</ref>

Pakistani officials, including President Zardari, initially denied Ajmal Kasab was Pakistani.<ref name="EcoTimes_Sharif">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3865125.cms|title=Ajmal Kasab is Pakistani, says Sharif|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Express_Sharif">{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/After-India-Sharif-slams-Zardari-says-Kasab-from-Pak/400494/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222065611/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/After-India-Sharif-slams-Zardari-says-Kasab-from-Pak/400494/|url-status=dead|title=After India, Sharif slams Zardari, says Kasab from Pak|archivedate=22 December 2008}}</ref> Pakistani government officials attempted to erase evidence that there was a [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] office in [[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]. The office was hurriedly closed in the week of 7 December. On the night of 3 December 2008, the parents were whisked away by a bearded [[mullah]], and since then, there was evidence of a cover-up by plainclothes police. Villagers changed their stories, and reporters who visit there were intimidated.<ref name="DepalpurID">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/57251.html|title=Pakistani villagers confirm home of Mumbai killer, McClatchy Newspapers, 6 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207141111/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/57251.html|archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120859411000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211020114/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120859411000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2008|title=Revealed: Home of Mumbai gunman in Pakistani village|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2008}}</ref> In early December, Kasab's father admitted in an interview that Kasab was his son.<ref name="Interview with Ajmal Amir's Father"/>

In January 2009, Pakistan's [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security Advisor]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]] admitted to Kasab being a Pakistani citizen while speaking to the [[CNN-IBN]] news channel. The [[Government of Pakistan]] then acknowledged that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani, but also announced that Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gilani]] had fired Durrani for "failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence" before making this information public, and for "a lack of coordination on matters of national security."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html|title=Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani, Official Says|first1=Richard A. Jr.|last1=Oppel|first2=Salman|last2=Masood|work=The New York Times |date=7 January 2009|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

==Police interrogation==

===Naming confusion===
On 6 December 2008, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the police officers who interrogated him did not speak his language, [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and misinterpreted his [[Caste system among South Asian Muslims|caste]] origin "[[Qassab|kasai]]", meaning butcher, to be a surname, writing it as "Kasav".<ref name="thehindu_ajmal_amir_name">{{cite news|first=Praveen|last=Swami|title=Terrorist's name lost in transliteration|date=6 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm |access-date=6 December 2008|location=Chennai, India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081208090328/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status= dead}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' reported a different version of the error. The paper stated that the police officers correctly understood that Ajmal Kasab [[Pakistani name|does not have a surname]]. To satisfy an administrative requirement that people have surnames, the officers asked Kasab for his father's profession, and decided to use "butcher", or "Kasab" in Urdu, as his surname.<ref name="timesIndia_copsgavename">{{cite news|title=Mumbai cops gave Ajmal his surname|date=7 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-cops-gave-Ajmal-his-surname/articleshow/3803029.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022140959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-07/mumbai/27927339_1_surname-mumbai-cops-kasab| url-status=live| archive-date=22 October 2012|access-date=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="timesIndia_kasavbutcher">{{cite news|title=Cops called him 'Kasav' as dad was a butcher|date=7 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-07/india/27922614_1_kasav-butcher-terror-attacks| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123182115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-07/india/27922614_1_kasav-butcher-terror-attacks| url-status=dead| archive-date=23 November 2012|access-date=7 December 2008}}</ref>

''The Hindu'' referred to him as either "Mohammad Ajmal Amir, son of Mohammad Amir Iman" or "Mohammad Ajmal Amir 'Kasab'".<ref name="thehindu_ajmal_amir_name"/>

List of various names used to refer to Kasab:
* ''Ajmal Kasab''<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, arrested terrorist Ajmal says kill me|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Now_arrested_terrorist_Ajmal_says_kill_me/articleshow/3775413.cms|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2008}}</ref>
* ''Azam Amir Kasav''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120257410100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202181443/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120257410100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|title=Mumbai massacre story unfolds in terrorist's interrogation|location=Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 December 2008}}</ref>
* ''Ajmal Qasab''<ref name="sky">{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Mumbai-Terror-Attacks-Sky-News-Gets-Exclusive-Footage-Of-Gun-Suspect-Ajmal-Qasabs-Arrest/Article/200812115168244?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_0&lid=ARTICLE_15168244_Mumbai_Terror_Attacks%3A_Sky_News_Gets_Exclusive_Footage_Of_Gun_Suspect_Ajmal_Qasabs_Arrest|title=Video of Mumbai Suspect's Arrest|date=1 December 2008|publisher=Sky News|access-date=2 December 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012324/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Mumbai-Terror-Attacks-Sky-News-Gets-Exclusive-Footage-Of-Gun-Suspect-Ajmal-Qasabs-Arrest/Article/200812115168244?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_0&lid=ARTICLE_15168244_Mumbai_Terror_Attacks%3A_Sky_News_Gets_Exclusive_Footage_Of_Gun_Suspect_Ajmal_Qasabs_Arrest| archive-date= 2 December 2008}}</ref>
* ''Ajmal Amir Kamal''<ref name="hindu-kamal">{{cite news|title=Three Lashkar fidayeen captured|date=29 November 2008|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112862080100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100010/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112862080100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* ''Ajmal Amir Kasab''<ref name="et-it-kasab">{{cite news|title=Arrested terrorist says gang hoped to get away|date=29 November 2008|publisher=Economic Times, India| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Arrested_terrorist_says_gang_hoped_to_get_away/articleshow/msid-3772281,curpg-1.cms}}</ref>
* ''Azam Ameer Qasab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/we-trained-in-lashkar-camps-arrested-terrorist/392088/|title=Indian Express: we trained in Lashkar camps, arrested terrorist|date=29 November 2008 }}</ref>
* ''Mohammad Ajmal Qasam''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=28080&t=1&c=33&cg=4&mset=|title=Business Intelligence Middle East|access-date=29 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233025/http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=28080&t=1&c=33&cg=4&mset=|archive-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Ajmal Mohammed Amir Kasab''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-terrorists-had-entered-Mumbai-Police/articleshow/3774122.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022140850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-29/india/27908043_1_terrorists-hostage-drama-cama-hospital|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Times of India: 10 terrorists have entered Mumbai|first1=Mateen|last1=Hafeez|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 November 2008}}</ref>
* ''Mohammad Ajmal Amir Kasar''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263664.html|title=Gulf News: Lone surviving gunman reveals operation details|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202081203/http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263664.html|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>
* ''Amjad Amir Kamaal''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/01/stories/2008120157370100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173633/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/01/stories/2008120157370100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2008|title=Pakistan now holds the key to probe: investigators|location=Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
* ''Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab''<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7796381.stm|title=Gunman 'requests Pakistan help'|date=22 December 2008 | access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5339635.ece|title=British police to interview Mumbai suspect Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab|date=15 December 2008|author=Sam Coates and Jeremy Page|location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* ''Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab''<ref name="SupremeAppeal">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/39511.pdf|title=CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1899–1900 OF 2011|date=29 August 2012|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=6 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118063713/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/39511.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

===Confessions===
[[Ammunition]], a [[satellite phone]] and a layout plan of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] was recovered from Kasab. He described how his team arrived at Mumbai from [[Karachi]] via [[Porbandar]]. He said that they had received [[revolver]]s, [[AK-47]]s, [[Magazine (firearms)|ammunition]] and [[dried fruit]] from their coordinator.<ref name="bm-saline">{{cite news|title=Please give me saline |date=29 November 2008 |work=Bangalore Mirror |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302112856/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |archive-date=2 March 2009 }}</ref> Kasab told the police that they wanted to replicate the [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|Marriott hotel attack]] in [[Islamabad]], and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the [[11 September attacks]] in the US.<ref name="bm-saline"/> Kasab told police that his team targeted [[Nariman House]], where the [[Chabad]] centre was located, because it was frequented by Israelis, who were targeted to "avenge atrocities on Palestinians."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/11/30/1001254/terrorist-we-were-sent-to-target-israelis Terrorist: We were sent to target Israelis], Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA),30 November 2008.</ref><ref name=israelis>{{cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702365053&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Terrorists at Chabad House 'deliberately targeted' Jewish building|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=30 November 2008|access-date=30 November 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204003546/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702365053&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rubenstein2011">{{cite book|last=Rubenstein|first=Richard L.|title=Jihad and Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyNR4AAevwIC&pg=PA181|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6203-5|pages=181–182}}</ref>

Kasab told the police that he and his associate, Ismail Khan, were the ones who shot Anti-Terror Squad chief [[Hemant Karkare]], encounter specialist [[Vijay Salaskar]] and Additional Commissioner [[Ashok Kamte]]. Kasab entered the Taj posing as a student from [[Mauritius]] and stored explosives in one of the hotel's rooms.<ref name="qasad">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074564&type=News |title=Arrested terrorist reveals all to police |date=29 November 2008 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202052125/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074564&type=News |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2009, Kasab retracted his confession in court, claiming he had come to Mumbai to act in [[Bollywood]] films and was arrested by the Mumbai police three days before the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20Nation&sectid=11&contentid=2009121820091218194801146c94e0a2a|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331232957/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20Nation&sectid=11&contentid=2009121820091218194801146c94e0a2a|url-status=dead|title=Ajab Kasab ki ghazab kahani, Banglore Mirror, 18 December 2009|archivedate=31 March 2012}}</ref>

====Confessions on video====
Kasab repeatedly asked the interrogators to turn the camera off and warned them he would not speak otherwise. Nonetheless, the following confessions were recorded on video:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=The+Kasab+Confession+|title=The Kasab Confession - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

"We were told that our big brother India is so rich and we are dying of poverty and hunger. My father sells [[dahi vada|dahi wada]] in a stall in Lahore and we did not even get enough food to eat from his earnings. I was promised that once they knew that I was successful in my operation, they would give 150,000 rupees (around US$3,352), to my family," said Kasab.<ref name="ABCUSA_AjmalAmirvideo">{{cite web |title=Mumbai Terrorist Wanted to Kill and Die and Become Famous, ABC News, 3 December 2008 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=6385015&page=2 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

Investigation officers of [[Mumbai Police]] said they were shocked by his readiness to switch loyalties after he was apprehended.<ref name="ABCUSA_AjmalAmirvideo"/> "If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same for you that I did for them," he said.<ref name="ABCUSA_AjmalAmirvideo"/>

In addition, Kasab also confessed about being brainwashed into believing that this was a religious war on the "Orders of God".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/Oct/10/i-was-brainwashed-kasab-tells-supreme-court-298886.html|title= I was brainwashed: Kasab tells Supreme Court|date= 16 May 2012}}</ref> He stated to Senior Inspector Ramesh Mahale in his confession that his handler [[Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi]] told him once he dies in this act of jihad, he would go to jannat(heaven) and he was told that his body would smell like flowers, he would get angels in heaven. Mahale additionally revealed "He was brainwashed that Hindus are cruel to Muslims in India and Muslims don't get space to offer namaz. We showed him how Muslims offer namaz in the open with police protection".{{citation needed | date = May 2025}}

Kasab eventually shared the location of LeT's training camps in [[Muridke]], Pakistan, called as Markaz Taiba, and in Muzzafarabad, apart from the routine of their training.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ft.com/content/beeea092-c697-11dd-97a5-000077b07658|title= Transcript: Mumbai terrorist confession}}</ref> On 7 May 2025, the Muridke camp was [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|destroyed]] in a missile strike by the Indian Armed Forces in retaliation for the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.sky.com/story/terror-group-supporters-posted-on-tiktok-youtube-and-google-from-site-targeted-in-indian-airstrikes-13363716|title=Terror group supporters posted on TikTok, YouTube and Google from site targeted in Indian airstrikes}}</ref> The strikes reportedly killed Lashkar's HQ chief Mudassar aka Abu Jundal(not to be confused with 26/11 co-conspirator [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] who used the alias Abu Jundal) among several other terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/lashkar-s-muridke-hq-chief-among-140-terrorists-killed-in-operation-sindoor/ar-AA1ExlfF|title= Lashkar's Muridke HQ chief among 140 terrorists killed in Operation Sindoor|website= [[MSN]]}}</ref>

In the memoir ''Let Me Say It Now'', which was released in February 2020, author and former Commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]], stated about a thorough interrogation he conducted with Kasab. Elaborating on the perpetrators plans to mastermind the attack as a ''Hindu Terror conspiracy'', Maria wrote,

<blockquote>If all had gone well, Kasab and all 9 other terrorists would have been dead with a red string tied around his wrist like a Hindu. We would have found an identity card on this person with fictitious name Samir Dinesh Choudhari, student of Arunoday Degree and P.G College.</blockquote>
Maria stated that Kasab's capture ruined the plans of Pakistan of proclaiming the Mumbai Terror Attack as a Hindu conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/rakesh-maria-ajmal-kasab-26-11-mumbai-attack-hindu-terror-controversy-1648312-2020-02-20|title=Rakesh Maria, Ajmal Kasab and 'Hindu' terror: Much ado about nothing|author=Sahil Joshi |date=February 20, 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> The book eventually led to an all-out political debate and accusations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/piyush-goyal-hits-out-at-chidambaram-after-rakesh-maria-revelations-on-ajmal-kasab-hindu-disguise-1647649-2020-02-18|title= Piyush Goyal hits out at then home minister Chidambaram after Rakesh Maria's Kasab revelations|date= 18 February 2020}}</ref>

===Face to face with Abu Jundal===
On 9 August 2012, Kasab was brought face-to-face with [[Zabiuddin Ansari|Abu Jundal]], the handler of the Mumbai attacks, at the [[Arthur Road Jail]] where they identified each other. Kasab also admitted that Jundal had taught him Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Kasab-identifies-Jundal-as-26-11-handler/Article1-911122.aspx|title= Kasab identifies Jundal as 26/11 handler|date= 10 August 2012|access-date= 27 November 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120813035158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Kasab-identifies-Jundal-as-26-11-handler/Article1-911122.aspx|archive-date= 13 August 2012}}</ref>

===Other reports===

In a press conference, the [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]] said "The person we have caught alive is certainly a Pakistani. They were all trained by ex-army officers, some for a year, some for more than a year".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/02/AR2008120202968.html|title=Washington Post—Indian Investigators reveal details culled from arrested gunman. Retrieved 3 December 2008|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Rama| last=Lakshmi|date=3 December 2008|access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> On 23 November 2008, they set sail from Karachi unarmed to be picked up by a larger vessel. They hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ''Kuber'' and set sail for Mumbai.<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald"/>

''[[The Times]]'' reported on 3 December 2008 that Indian police were going to submit Kasab to a [[narco analysis]] test to definitively determine his nationality.<ref name="Times"/>

According to ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]'', Kasab began reading [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|the autobiography]] of India's independence leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in early March 2009, in response to coaxing by prison guards.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news|first=Nikhil|last=Dixit|title=Ajmal is Reading Gandhi in Jail|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1239725|publisher=DNA (Daily News and Analysis)|date=17 March 2009|access-date=17 March 2009}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
Several Indian lawyers refused to represent Kasab citing ethical concerns. A resolution was passed unanimously by the Bombay Metropolitan Magistrate Court's Bar Association, which has more than 1,000 members, saying that none of its members would defend any of the accused of the terror attacks.<ref name="lawyers_refusal_rediff">[[Press Trust of India]] (6 December 2008) [http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/06mumterror-lawyers-refuse-to-defend-kasab.htm Lawyers refuse to take up arrested terrorist's case] [[Rediff.com]]. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</ref> Other bar associations passed similar resolutions. The [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] political party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] threatened lawyers against representing him. When one attorney, Ashok Sarogi, hinted that he would be willing to represent Kasab, Shiv Sena members protested outside his home and pelted it with stones, forcing him to retract.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218163029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiv-sena-forces-lawyer-to-back-out-of-kasab-case/80619-3.html?from=search-relatedstories Sena forces lawyer to back out of Kasab case]. CNN-IBN.in.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/Nation/2008-12-17/491850news.html Ajmal Amir Kasab should get lawyer for "fair trial", says Chief Justice of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229174413/http://zeenews.india.com/Nation/2008-12-17/491850news.html |date=29 December 2013 }}. Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref> In December 2008, the [[Chief Justice of India]] [[K. G. Balakrishnan]] said that for a fair trial, Kasab needed a lawyer.<ref name="Ajmal_should_get_lawyer_zeenews">[http://www.zeenews.com/Nation/2008-12-17/491850news.html Kasab should get lawyer for fair trial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219064532/http://www.zeenews.com/Nation/2008-12-17/491850news.html |date=19 December 2008 }} ''[[Zee News]]''. 17 December 2008 (New Delhi). Retrieved 25 November 2012.</ref>

An eight-member commission from Pakistan, comprising defence lawyers, prosecutors and a court official was allowed to travel to India on 15 March to gather evidence for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyers were barred from cross-examining the four prosecution witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenged/|title=2008 Mumbai attacks: India's refusal to allow cross-examination challenged|date=29 April 2012|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial|title=Pakistan, India trade demarches over Lakhvi trial|date=14 March 2015|website=The Nation}}</ref>

Kasab wrote to the [[High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi|High Commission of Pakistan]] in India requesting help and legal aid. In the letter, he confirmed he and the nine slain terrorists were Pakistani.<ref name="letter_BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7796381.stm Gunman 'requests Pakistan help'] [[BBC]]. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</ref> He asked the Pakistani High Commission to take custody of the body of fellow terrorist Ismail Khan.<ref name="TOI_letter">
[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022170521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-22/india/27913486_1_mumbai-attacks-india-hands-india-shahid-malik India hands Kasab's letter to Pak high commission]''[[The Times of India]]''. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
</ref> Pakistani officials confirmed the receipt of the letter and were reported to be studying it. No further updates were given.

On 1 April 2009, senior Indian advocate Anjali Waghmare agreed to represent Kasab, despite [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] activists having protested and stoned her home.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130629133308/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-01/india/28017971_1_anjali-waghmare-m-l-tahiliyani-k-p-pawar I will represent Kasab: Anjali Waghmare – Times Of India]. ''The Times of India''. (1 April 2009). Retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref>

==Trial==
His conviction was based on CCTV footage showing him striding across the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] with an [[AK-47]] and a backpack. Towards the end of December 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed as [[Public Prosecutor|public prosecutor]] for trying Kasab and in January 2009, [[M. L. Tahaliyani]] was appointed the judge for the case.<ref name=outlook20090720>[http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?663002 Mumbai Attacks: A Chronology of the Trial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083520/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?663002 |date=18 July 2011 }} [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</ref> Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page [[Chargesheet]] against Kasab on 25 February 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/world/asia/26mumbai.html|title=Pakistani charged in Mumbai assault|date=26 February 2009|work=The New York Times|last=Kumar|first=Hari}}</ref> Due to the fact that the chargesheet was written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English, Kasab requested an Urdu translation of the charge sheet.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-trial-Kasab-seeks-translated-copy-of-chargesheet/articleshow/4246845.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025054007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-10/india/28001495_1_mohammad-ajmal-amir-kasab-arthur-road-jail-ujjwal-nikam | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title=26/11 trial: Kasab seeks translated copy of chargesheet|date=10 March 2009}}</ref> He was charged with murder, conspiracy and waging war against India along with other crimes. His trial was originally scheduled to start on 15 April 2009 but was postponed as his lawyer, Anjali Waghmare was dismissed for a conflict of interest.<ref name="anjali">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090090863|title=Anjali Waghmare removed as Qasab's lawyer|date=15 April 2009|publisher=NDTV|access-date=15 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417000345/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090090863|archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> It resumed on 17 April 2009 after [[Abbas Kazmi]] was assigned as his new defence counsel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Ajmal-lsquoKasabrsquo-gets-a-new-lawyer/article16618224.ece|title=Ajmal 'Kasab' gets a new lawyer|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 April 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> On 20 April 2009, the prosecution submitted a list of charges against him, including the murder of 166 people.<ref name=outlook20090720/> On 6 May 2009, Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges.<ref name=bbc20090506>{{cite news
|title=Mumbai suspect denies all charges|publisher=BBC|date=6 May 2009|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8035809.stm |access-date=6 May 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090509061831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8035809.stm| archive-date=9 May 2009 |url-status= live}}</ref> The same month he was identified by eyewitnesses who testified witnessing his actual arrival and him firing at the victims. Later the doctors who treated him also identified him. On 2 June 2009, Kasab told the judge he also understood the [[Marathi language]].<ref name=outlook20090720/>

In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants against 22 absconding accused including Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) chief [[Hafiz Saeed]] and chief of operations of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Zaki-ur-Rehman Laqvi.<ref name=outlook20090720 /> On 20 July 2009, Kasab retracted his non-guilty plea and pleaded guilty to all charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kasab-confesses-to-role-in-26-11-terror-attacks/491739 |title=I confess... please end my trial, deliver your judgment|work=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> On 18 December 2009, he retracted his guilty plea and claimed that he was framed and his confession was obtained by torture. Instead he claimed to have come to Mumbai 20 days before the attacks and was simply strolling at [[Juhu beach]] when police arrested him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8419996.stm|title=Mumbai accused says he was framed|date=18 December 2009|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The trial concluded on 31 March 2010 and on 3 May the verdict was pronounced – Kasab was found guilty of murder, conspiracy, and of waging war against India (which also carried the death penalty).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hfCYOKxkJou-hpK6D9bq_8zIZ9hAD9FFAI500 |title=Indian court convicts Pakistani for Mumbai siege |agency=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508215142/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hfCYOKxkJou-hpK6D9bq_8zIZ9hAD9FFAI500 |archive-date=8 May 2010 }}</ref> On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death, and upon hearing this, Kasab broke down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm|title= Mumbai attack gunman Kasab sentenced to death|date=6 May 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=7 May 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100508141053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm|archive-date=8 May 2010|url-status= live}}</ref>

A [[Bombay High Court]] bench, composed of Justice Ranjana Desai and Justice Ranjit More, heard Kasab's appeal against the death penalty and upheld the sentence given by the trial court in their verdict on 21 February 2011.<ref name=IE210211>{{cite news|title=26/11: Bombay HC confirms Kasab's death sentence|work=The Indian Express|date=21 February 2011|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/26-11-bombay-hc-confirms-kasabs-death-sentence/752675/|access-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> During the proceedings in the High Court, Justice Desai observed that Kasab had never shown any remorse after his arrest nor did he show signs of regret, besides displaying utter contempt during court proceedings on video conference, and that he was beyond scope of any rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/Feb/22/death-for-sure-hc-229629.html|title= Death for sure: HC|date= 16 May 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2011, Kasab moved to [[Supreme Court of India]], challenging his conviction and sentence in the case.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kasab-moves-SC-against-death-penalty-/articleshow/9415008.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028015808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-30/india/29832746_1_ajmal-kasab-trial-court-cama-hospital|url-status=live|archive-date=28 October 2011|title=Kasab moves SC against death penalty|journal=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2011|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> Thus, a bench composed of Justice [[Aftab Alam (judge)|Aftab Alam]] and Justice Chandramouli Kr. Prasad stayed the orders of the Bombay High Court so as to follow the due process of law, and started hearing the case.

On 29 August 2012, Kasab was again found guilty of waging war and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India.<ref name="SupremeAppeal"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Ajmal Kasab loses appeal, Supreme Court upholds death sentence|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Ajmal-Kasab-loses-appeal-Supreme-Court-upholds-death-sentence/Article1-920850.aspx|access-date=29 August 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831231736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Ajmal-Kasab-loses-appeal-Supreme-Court-upholds-death-sentence/Article1-920850.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2012}}</ref>

==Execution==
Kasab's plea for [[pardon|clemency]] was rejected by [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 5 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajmal Amir Kasab hanged|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/video/national/6/ajmal-amir-kasab-hanged-----/13626|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> On 7 November, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] confirmed the President's rejection of the petition. The following day, the [[Government of Maharashtra|State Government of Maharashtra]] was formally notified and requested to take action. The date of 21 November was then fixed for the execution, and the Indian government faxed their decision to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistani Foreign Office]].<ref name="ie"/>

Kasab was formally informed of his execution on 12 November, after which he requested government officials to inform his mother. On the night of 18–19 November, a senior prison official at [[Arthur Road Jail]] in Mumbai read Kasab's death warrant to him, informing him at the same time that his petition for clemency had been rejected. Kasab was then asked to sign his death warrant, which he did. He was secretly transferred under heavy guard to [[Yerwada Jail]] in [[Pune]], arriving in the early morning of 19 November. The death and funeral of Shiv Sena chief [[Bal Thackeray]] also aided in diverting attention from Kasab.<ref name=ie>{{cite news|title=I swear by God, won't do such a thing again, uttered Kasab before his execution|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Last-words-Dobara-aisi-galti-nahi-karunga/Article1-962444.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=21 November 2012|access-date=26 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127172052/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Last-words-Dobara-aisi-galti-nahi-karunga/Article1-962444.aspx|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> An officer at Arthur Road Jail stated anonymously: "Throughout the journey from Mumbai to Pune, he did not cause any trouble. Kasab's attitude was of resignation when he came to know that his mercy petition was rejected by the president. Kasab did not shed a single tear during the last few days."<ref name=ie/>

Only the jail superintendent at Yerwada was made aware of Kasab's identity. Kasab was placed in a special cell when he was at Yerwada and no other inmates were informed of his presence. It was only a few minutes before Kasab's execution that the executioner was informed of the identity of the condemned.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title=Hangman gets last-minute surprise|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hangman-gets-last-minute-surprise/article1-962259.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805234502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hangman-gets-last-minute-surprise/article1-962259.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>
{{quote box|width=20em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote=The punishment to Kasab is a true tribute to the victims and martyrs of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.<ref name="Ajmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail TOI"/>|source=—Maharashtra Home Minister [[R. R. Patil]]}}

Though reportedly nervous in the final minutes before his execution, Kasab remained quiet and offered prayers, with his last words being "Allah kasam maaf karna. Aisi galthi dobara nahi hogi (I swear by Allah, please forgive me. I won't make such a mistake again)", and asked about his last wishes, Kasab said, "Gharwalon ko milna hai (I want to meet my family)".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ajmal-kasabs-last-words-allah-qasam-maaf-karna-aisi-galthi-dobara-nahi-hogi/articleshow/17318154.cms?from=mdr|title= Ajmal Kasab's last words: 'Allah qasam maaf karna, aisi galthi dobara nahi hogi'|work= The Economic Times|date= 22 November 2012}}</ref> He was hanged on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 a.m. (local time), according to an announcement by Home Minister Shinde.<ref name="Ajmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail TOI">{{cite news|title=Ajmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-and-buried-in-Punes-Yerwada-Jail/articleshow/17303820.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122140551/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/india/35256891_1_ajmal-kasab-mercy-petition-mumbai-terror|url-status=live|archive-date=22 November 2012|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ajmal Kasab hanged The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Ajmal Kasab hanged|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/ajmal-kasab-hanged/article4118491.ece|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115112912/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/ajmal-kasab-hanged/article4118491.ece|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasab's execution by the Maharashtra government happened barely two weeks after President Pranab Mukherjee rejected his mercy petition on 5 November, and 5 days before the 4th anniversary of the terror attack.<ref name="Ajmal Kasab hanged and buried in Pune's Yerwada Jail TOI"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Devesh|title=Ajmal Kasab hanged, buried at Pune's Yerwada Jail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmal-kasab-hanged-after-president-rejected-his-mercy-plea-122059-2012-11-20|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

After the execution, the government contemplated burial at sea, similar to [[Osama Bin Laden]] after he was [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|killed in May 2011]] by [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] and buried at sea, but the decision was finally made to bury Kasab at Yerwada Jail.<ref name="Kasab was finally buried">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/live-laskar-e-taiba-says-kasab-a-hero-will-inspire-more-attacks-529858.html|title=Live: Is India going too far in celebrating Kasab's hanging?|work=Firstpost|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Following his execution, Kasab's body was given to a [[maulvi]] for burial in accordance with Islamic rites.<ref name="No one in Yerawada knew who was to hang">{{cite news|title=No one in Yerawada knew who was to hang|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_no-one-in-yerawada-knew-who-was-to-hang_1767889|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> [[Ansar Burney]], a human rights activist in Pakistan, later offered to help repatriate Kasab's body to Pakistan citing humanitarian reasons.<ref name="ansaroffers">{{cite news|title=Ansar Burney offers help to bring Kasab's body to Pakistan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ansar-burney-offers-help-to-bring-kasab-s-body-to-pakista_1767542|date=21 November 2012|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="ansarsoffer">{{cite news|title=Ready to bring home Kasab's body: Pak rights activist|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ready-to-bring-home-kasabs-body-pakistan-human-rights-activist/20121121.htm|date=21 November 2012|agency=[[Rediff|Rediff News]]|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> The Indian government stated it would consider a formal application if offered.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Firstpost.com|title=After Kasab, we hope Pak will apply rule of law to other 26/11 accused|date=21 November 2012 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/after-kasab-we-hope-pak-will-apply-rule-of-law-to-other-2611-accused-530018.html|access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Shinde later stated that Kasab's body was buried in India because Pakistan had refused to claim it.<ref name="pakrefusal">{{cite news|title=Kasab's body will be laid to rest in India as Pak refused to claim it, says Sushil Kumar Shinde|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kasabs-body-will-be-laid-to-rest-in-india-as-pak-refused-to-claim-it-says-sushil-kumar-shinde/306566-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128060258/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kasabs-body-will-be-laid-to-rest-in-india-as-pak-refused-to-claim-it-says-sushil-kumar-shinde/306566-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2012|date=21 November 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|location=New Delhi|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

===Reaction===
Authorities in [[Uttar Pradesh]] banned all celebrations and public gatherings and placed the state on high alert in response.<ref name="UP bans celebration of Ajmal Kasab hanging">{{cite news|title=UP bans celebration of Ajmal Kasab hanging|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-bans-celebration-of-Ajmal-Kasab-hanging/articleshow/17314979.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121130075542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/noida/35301329_1_ajmal-kasab-police-officers-celebration|url-status= live|archive-date= 30 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the Coimbatore City Police took a group of people in [[Coimbatore]] into preventive custody for celebrating Kasab's execution.<ref name="spoilparty">{{cite news|title=Police spoil plan to party over Kasab hanging|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Police-spoil-plan-to-party-over-Kasab-hanging/articleshow/17317716.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/coimbatore/35301835_1_ajmal-kasab-mumbai-terror-attack-police-action|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|date=22 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Coimbatore|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> K. Unnikrishnan, father of Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]], said though the execution was necessary, it was not something to "rejoice over" and that the ensuing celebrations were "foolishness."<ref name="Sandeep's father: Execution is not a matter to rejoice over">{{cite news|title=Sandeep's father: Execution is not a matter to rejoice over|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sandeeps-father-execution-is-not-a-matter-to-rejoice-over/article4120251.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the general and official government response was muted, with the media treating the execution as another news item, according to ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name="Pakistan quietly absorbs news of execution">{{cite news|title=Pakistan quietly absorbs news of execution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/pakistan-quietly-absorbs-news-of-execution/article4121591.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Tariq Fatemi, a retired senior Pakistani diplomat, commented that while many Pakistanis, including Government officials, were embarrassed by Kasab's actions and the attacks, some extremist groups would be angered by the hanging, especially after the appeals process had been exhausted, and were likely to mount public protests in the aftermath across Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/in-pakistan-a-muted-reaction-to-kasabs-killing/|title= In Pakistan, a Muted Reaction to Kasab's Execution|date= 21 November 2012}}</ref> While some journalists attempted to elicit statements from villagers in Kasab's village of Faridkot, they met with a hostile response. A senior LeT commander issued an anonymous statement, saying Kasab was a hero who would "inspire more fighters to follow his path."<ref name="Pakistan quietly absorbs news of execution"/> The [[Pakistani Taliban]]'s spokesman [[Ehsanullah Ehsan (Taliban spokesman)|Ehsanullah Ehsan]] issued a statement threatening Indians with retaliation and declaring Kasab would be avenged. Ehsan also made demands for Kasab's body to be returned to his family. "If they don't return his body to us or his family we will capture Indians and will not return their bodies."<ref name="Pakistan Taliban vow to attack Indian targets over Kasab">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban vow to attack Indian targets over Kasab|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-Taliban-vow-to-attack-Indian-targets-over-Kasab/articleshow/17319932.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Kasab's aunt, Shahnaz Sughra, told a Reuters reporter over the phone, "This news is hell for us...Even if he did something wrong, we just want his body. Even if he did something wrong, I am proud that he taught the enemy a lesson in their own country."<ref>{{cite web|last1= Williams|first1= Matthias|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/world/profile-kasab-the-baby-faced-pakistan-gunman-hanged-for-mumbai-attacks-idUSDEE8AK06W/|title= Profile: Kasab, the baby-faced Pakistan gunman, hanged for Mumbai attacks|website= [[Reuters]]|date= 21 November 2012}}</ref>

While commending on the well appreciated role of two women officers in the smooth handling of the execution, Patil later responded to threats to avenge Kasab's death by stating that anybody daring to attack the soil of Maharashtra would meet the same fate.<ref name="jailstaffpayhike">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra jail staff to get pay parity with police department |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/maharashtra-jail-staff-to-get-pay-parity-with-police-department-296711|date=24 November 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=Pune|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

==Media portrayals==
In the 2013 film [[The Attacks of 26/11]], Kasab was portrayed by [[Sanjeev Jaiswal]].

He is portrayed by Dalvinder Saini in the 2025 Indian spy thriller film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''.

==See also==
* [[David Headley]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Capital punishment in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em|refs =
*<ref name="Dawn Pakistani Newspaper">The [[government of Pakistan]] initially denied that Kasab was a Pakistani citizen, but, in January 2009, it confirmed his citizenship. {{cite news|url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/42931|title=Ajmal's Nationality Confirmed |publisher=Dawn (Pakistani Newspaper) |date=8 January 2009|access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
*<ref name="TH 4120451">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ticket-to-paradise-in-a-brutal-world/article4120451.ece | title=Ticket to paradise in a brutal world | date=22 November 2012 | access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|year=2010
|last=Rodrigues
|first=Rommel
|title=Kasab: The Face of 26/11
|publisher= Penguin Books India
|location=India
|isbn=978-01-4341-547-3
}}.
{{refend}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|year=2009
|last=Baweja
|first=Harinder
|title=26/11: Mumbai attacked
|publisher= Roli Books
|location=Mumbai, India
|isbn=978-81-7436-707-5
}}.
{{refend}}
{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{PakistanTerrorism}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Pakistan|Punjab}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasab, Ajmal}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century executions by India]]
[[Category:Islamist mass murderers]]
[[Category:Executed Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba members]]
[[Category:Muslims with branch missing]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:Pakistani mass murderers]]
[[Category:Pakistani people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Pakistani people executed abroad]]
[[Category:Pakistani people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Participants in the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:People from Okara District]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:Executed mass murderers]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]

The Park (residential project)

2026-03-26T02:43:16Z

Jainil Prajapati: New the details w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lodha Park
| caption = Lodha Trump Tower and Lodha Marquise Mumbai
| location = [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]]
| address = Lodha Park, Pandurang Budhkar Marg, Worli, Mumbai
| location_town = Mumbai
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.0067|72.8272|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| image = Trump tower and Lodha Veniza.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| building_type = [[Luxury apartment|Luxury]] [[Residential]] [[Skyscrapers]]
| status = {{Color|green|Completed}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Emporis|url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/128956/lodha-the-park-mumbai-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721161521/https://www.emporis.com/complex/128956/lodha-the-park-mumbai-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 July 2021 |title=Lodha Park, Mumbai, India |publisher=Emporis.com |date= |accessdate=2020-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/complex/1064|title=Lodha Park Complex|publisher=CTBUH Skyscraper Center |date= |accessdate=2021-12-14}}</ref>
| roof =
| floor_count = 76
| material = [[Glass]] / [[Concrete|Reinforced Concrete]]
| height = 268 m
| construction_start_date = 2013
| completion_date = 2021<ref>{{cite web|author=Emporis|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1235590/lodha-the-park-4-mumbai-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716093005/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1235590/lodha-the-park-4-mumbai-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 July 2020 |title=Lodha Park Technical Data|publisher=Emporis.com |date= |accessdate=2020-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/complex/1064|title=Lodha Park Complex|publisher=CTBUH Skyscraper Center |date= |accessdate=2021-12-14}}</ref>
| cost =
| elevator_count =
| floor_area =
| developer = [[Lodha Group]]
| architect = [[WOHA]]
| parking = 4389
| website = {{URL|https://www.lodhagroup.com/projects/residential-property-in-worli/lodha-park}}
}}

'''Lodha Park''' is an {{Convert|18.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Luxury apartment|luxury]] [[residential]] [[skyscraper]] project which was developed by the [[Lodha Group]] in the upscale [[Parel|Lower Parel]] neighborhood of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharastra]], India. The land for the project was purchased from [[DLF Limited]] in 2012 for approximately {{INR}}2,800 crore ({{INR}}28,000,000,000). Lodha Park consists of 5 towers, each standing 268 meters tall and with 76 floors.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180304/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/news/32942206_1_vallabh-sheth-mumbai-s-lower-parel-dlf DLF to sell its 17.5-acre land in Mumbai's Lower Parel to Lodha for Rs 2,800 crore], Economic Times, 30 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/donald-trump-back-in-mumbai-this-time-with-lodha-group-113091700640_1.html Donald Trump back in Mumbai, this time with Lodha Group | Business Standard]</ref>''' Lodha Park Towers''' were the tallest buildings in India from 2019 to 2020, until surpassed by [[World One]] in 2020, which in turn was surpassed by [[Lokhandwala Minerva]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/selling-a-17-acre-project-in-south-mumbai-lodha-style-113092200504_1.html|title=Selling a 17-acre project in South Mumbai, Lodha style|first=Raghavendra|last=Kamath| access-date=22 February 2024|work=Business Standard}}</ref> The towers are currently the [[List of tallest buildings in India|6th tallest buildings in India]].

== Developer ==
Lodha is a real estate development company primarily doing business in residential and commercial construction projects in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. They are the developers of [[World One]], a residential skyscraper in Mumbai and the [[List of tallest buildings in India|second tallest completed building in India]].

== Location ==
Lodha Park is located along Pandurang Budhkar Marg in [[Worli]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha's luxury housing project Lodha Park unveiled|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lodhas-luxury-housing-project-the-park-unveiled/article5039029.ece|accessdate=4 December 2013|newspaper=[[Hindu Business Line]]|date=19 August 2013}}</ref> [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] along with [[Nariman Point]] and the Mumbai [[Central business district|business districts]] are in close proximity. The [[High Street Phoenix]] shopping mall and [[PVR Cinemas]] are within driving distance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Unnikrishnan|first=S.|title=Lodha Group eyes central Mumbai for premium residential towers|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/PYdgoaKsqAq1y8AgC62iKM/Lodha-Group-eyes-central-Mumbai-for-premium-residential-towe.html|accessdate=7 December 2013|date=19 August 2013}}</ref>

== Project launch ==
In September, the real estate company<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arundevbuilders.in/|title=Home - Arun Dev Builders LTD|website=Arun Dev Builders LTD|language=en-US| access-date=2017-09-09}}</ref> announced that [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] would be the brand ambassador for this project. It has also been reported that the actress has bought a 4-BHK residence in the project worth more than {{INR}}5 crores ({{INR}}50,000,000).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130823102735/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-20/news/41429124_1_lodha-group-abhisheck-lodha-total-development-potential Aishwarya Rai to endorse Lodha’s Lower Parel project], Economic Times, 20 August 2013.</ref> After a billion-dollar pre-launch, [[Lodha Group]] launched the Lodha Park project in September and secured bookings worth {{INR}}2,500 crores ({{INR}}25,000,000,000) on day one.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Lodhas-new-Lower Parel-launch-receives-bookings-worth-Rs-2500cr-on-Day-1/articleshow/22281292.cms Lodha's new Lower Parel launch receives bookings worth Rs 2,500cr on Day 1 - The Times of India]</ref> The launch was spread across [[Mumbai]], [[Dubai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Surat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha's Lower Parel launch gets bookings worth Rs2.5k cr on day 1|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/lodhas-Lower-parel-launch-gets-bookings-worth-rs25k-crday-1_943827.html| accessdate=7 December 2013| date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Bookings were also received from [[Non-Resident Indians|overseas Indians]] in the United Arab Emirates and United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha's Lower parel launch gets bookings worth Rs2.5k cr on day 1|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/lodhas-Lower-Parel-launch-gets-bookings-worth-rs25k-crday-1_943827.html|accessdate=7 December 2013|date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

==Features==
Lodha Park includes premium residential and commercial developments, hotel rooms, retail stores, a clubhouse, and a restaurant. The project includes 7 acres of green landscapes set on top of a 70-foot ‘hill’ inspired by other urban parks around the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha launches Mumbai's largest landscape, 'Lodha Park'|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Lodha-launches-South-Mumbais-largest-private-landscape-The-Park/5760307245|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[India Infoline]]|date=19 August 2013}}</ref> The project is anticipated to generate more than 5,000 direct jobs including 1,000 white collar jobs including [[architect]]s, [[engineer]]s, and [[interior designer]]s. It will also support more than 10,000 [[indirect jobs]] in related industries such as [[cement]], [[steel]], tiles, and cables. Upon completion, over 500 full-time jobs in facility management, [[housekeeping]], [[horticulture]], and [[retail]] are expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muzumdar|first=Jharna|title=Lodha launches luxury housing project at Lower Parel|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/real-estate/lodha-launches-luxury-housing-project-Lowe-parel-264|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Financial Chronicle]]|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> The project would also integrate the [[Evander Holyfield]] gym within the complex. '''Lodha Trump Tower Mumbai''', is a {{convert|268|m|ft|0|abbr=}} tower with three and four bedroom apartments constructed by the Lodha Group in collaboration with [[Donald Trump]]'s [[The Trump Organization|Trump Organization]] in August 2014 is part of the project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump ties up with Lodha Group for Mumbai project|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/donald-trump-ties-up-with-lodha-group-for-mumbai-project/1/198667.html|accessdate=7 December 2013|date=17 September 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump, Lodha tie up for luxury housing project|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Trump-Lodha-tie-up-for-luxury-housing-project/articleshow/22652335.cms|accessdate=8 December 2013|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8448/trump-joins-hands-with-lodha| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819180338/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8448/trump-joins-hands-with-lodha| url-status=usurped| archive-date=19 August 2014| title= SC: Trump Joins Hands With Lodha| publisher= [[Bloomberg TV India]]}}</ref>

==Gallery==

==See also==
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest structures in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Asia]]
* [[List of tallest residential buildings]]
* [[Trump Towers Pune]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.lodhagroup.com/projects/residential-property-in-worli/lodha-park Official website]

{{Skyscrapers in Mumbai}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Architecture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park}}
[[Category:Residential real estate]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:The Trump Organization]]
[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2021]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]

Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology

2026-03-23T08:11:48Z

Jainil Prajapati: updated details

{{Short description|Engineering college in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology
| image = TPGIT Logo.JPG
| motto = Prosperity Through Technology
| established = 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tpgit.edu.in/index.html|title=TPGIT Home Page|accessdate=2012-02-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305102804/http://www.tpgit.edu.in/index.html|archivedate=2012-03-05}}</ref>
| type = [[Public University|Public]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| principal =
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Vellore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Rural]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname = [[TPGIT]]
| affiliations = [[Anna University]]
| website = {{URL|tpgit.edu.in}}
}}

The '''Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology''' (abbreviated as '''TPGIT''') is a government engineering institution located at Bagayam, [[Vellore]]. It was established in July 1990 and is one of the six government engineering colleges fully governed by the Directorate of Technical Education (DOTE) of the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a Zonal Office for Zone 5 Colleges of [[Anna University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annauniv.edu/coe/zonemain.html|title=Zone Wise Colleges - Anna University|publisher=www.annauniv.edu|accessdate=2010-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527132642/http://www.annauniv.edu/coe/zonemain.html|archivedate=2010-05-27}}</ref>

The college was ranked 44 among 454 colleges affiliated to [[Anna University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/full/6120099?access_key=key-erckutxv21oxhgnt014 |title=Rank List of Engineering Colleges in Tamilnadu 2008 |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2010-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507154545/http://www.scribd.com/full/6120099?access_key=key-erckutxv21oxhgnt014 |archive-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==


[[File:TPGIT Entrance.JPG|thumb|left|Entrance of Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology near engineering admin block]]
TPGIT is located at Bagayam, [[Vellore]] which is 130 km west of [[Chennai]] and 220 km east of [[Bangalore]].

== Courses offered ==
The institution offers the following courses:
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annauniv.edu/coe/coursemain.html|title=Courses Zone Wise Anna University|publisher=www.annauniv.edu|accessdate=2010-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527132557/http://www.annauniv.edu/coe/coursemain.html|archivedate=2010-05-27}}</ref>

*Undergraduate Courses:
**B.E., Electronics & Communication Engineering
**B.E., Mechanical Engineering
**B.E., Civil engineering
**B.E., Electrical and Electronics Engineering
**B.E., Computer Science and Engineering
**B.E., Robotics and Automation Engineering
*Post Graduate Courses
**M.E., Applied Electronics
**M.E., Manufacturing engineering
**M.E., Structural Engineering
*MCA
*Part Time Courses
**M.E., Applied Electronics
**M.E., Manufacturing Engineering
**B.E., Electronics And Communication Engineering
**B.E., Mechanical Engineering

==Department of Mechanical Engineering==

Department Of Mechanical Engineering has been established in the year 1990. A separate block for Mechanical Engineering has been functioning since 2006. The department has 13 sanctioned posts of faculties (1 Professor, 3 Assistant Professors & 9 Lecturers).

As a part of promoting technical and research activities, the department organizes various Seminars, Guest Lectures Workshops and Conferences. '''The Department offers consultancy works in CNC machines and rapid prototyping'''.

==Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering==

The Department of electronics and communication was established in the year 1990. The department has been accredited by NBA. Several students of this department have got university ranks. The department has 13 sanctioned posts of faculties (1 Professor, 4 Associate Professors & 1 Assistant Professors).

As a part of promoting technical and research activities, the department periodically organizes various Seminars, Guest Lectures Workshops and Conferences. The department has equipped laboratories and faculty members.

==Department of Civil Engineering==
The department of Civil Engineering was established in the year 1990 having "Eco-Friendly Structures" as its theme area and offers B.E. Civil Engineering Programme. From 1990-91, four batches of Students passed out. The course was restarted with effect from 2004-05. The department has 13 sanctioned posts of faculties (1 Professor, 3 Assistant Professors & 9 Lecturers). In addition to the Undergraduate Programme, the Department is also offering consultancy and testing services in various Civil Engineering Fields like Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Surveying, Water Resources Engineering, etc... using equipments and software for Government, Public and Private Sectors.

The Department occupied separate RCC building of an area 2433sq.m, constructed in 2008 and also having AC Sheet roofing structural lab of an area 400sq.m. As a part of promoting technical and research activities, the department periodically organizes various Seminars, Guest Lectures Workshops and Conferences. The department has equipped laboratories and faculty members.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Government Engineering Colleges of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tpgit.edu.in/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanthai Periyar Government Institute Of Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vellore district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Atish Dabholkar

2026-03-19T22:06:12Z

Jainil Prajapati: Started

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Atish Dabholkar
| image = Atish Dabholkar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Theoretical physics]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Kanpur]] | [[Princeton University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Jeffrey A. Harvey]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[quantum gravity]], [[black holes]] and [[string theory]]
| work_institution = [[Rutgers University]] [[Harvard University]] [[California Institute of Technology]] [[TIFR]] [[Stanford University]] [[CNRS]] [[CERN]] [[ICTP]]
| awards = {{no wrap| [[SS Bhatnagar Prize]] (2006) ANR Chaire d'Excellence (2007) National Leadership Award (2008) Distinguished Alumnus Award (2023)}}
}}
'''Atish Dabholkar''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] अतीश दाभोलकर) is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is currently the [https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/directorate/about-the-director.aspx Director] of the [[Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP)<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03512-5/ |title=Physics institute focused on developing countries gets a new leader |journal=Nature |date=14 November 2019 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03512-5 |last1=Castelvecchi |first1=Davide |last2=Makoni |first2=Munyaradzi |pmid=33184467 |s2cid=214093705 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203103146/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03512-5/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> with the rank of Assistant Director-General, [[UNESCO]]. Prior to that, he was head of ICTP's High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section,<ref name = "FollowinginSalam'sfootsteps">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2017/10/dabholkar.aspx |title=Following in Salam's footsteps |date=2017-10-25 |website=International Centre for Theoretical Physics |access-date=2017-10-30 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704083213/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2017/10/dabholkar.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and also Directeur de Recherche at the [[Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique]] (CNRS) at [[Sorbonne University]] in the "Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies" (LPTHE).

== Biography ==
Atish Dabholkar earned his master's degree in physics from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1985 and his PhD in theoretical physics from [[Princeton University]] in 1990 under the guidance of [[Jeffrey A. Harvey]].<ref name="Biographical Information">{{Cite web |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/mma/CV/2013070809492915/ |title=Biographical Information |date=2017-10-25 |website=University of Kongresni |access-date=2017-10-25 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030101/https://www.uni-lj.si/mma/CV/2013070809492915/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, he worked at [[Rutgers University]] and then at [[Harvard University]] as a post-doctoral associate. After spending two years at [[California Institute of Technology]] as a senior research fellow, he returned to India in 1996 to take up the position of a professor of theoretical physics at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] till 2010. In November 2019, Dabholkar was appointed as Director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP). Prior to that, he was head of ICTP's High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP)<ref name="Members HECAP Scientists and Staff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ictp.it/research/hecap/members.aspx |title=Members HECAP Scientists and Staff |date=2017-10-30 |website=International Centre for Theoretical Physics |access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> and a ''Directeur de Recherche'' of the [[Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique]] (CNRS) at [[Sorbonne Universités|Association Sorbonne Université]] in the ''Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies'' (LPTHE) since 2007. Dabholkar was a visiting professor at [[Stanford University]] during 2003–04 and at [[CERN]] during 2012.<ref name="Biographical Information" />

== Contributions to Physics ==

In his work in collaboration with [[Jeffrey A. Harvey]], Dabholkar identified a spectrum of [[supersymmetric]] states (now known as "Dabholkar-Harvey states<nowiki>''</nowiki>) ''<ref name="BBS book">{{cite book|author=K. Becker, M Becker, J. Schwarz|title=String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgUkSTJWQacC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-86069-7}}</ref>''
and initiated the study of supersymmetric [[solitons]] in string theory
<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> which played an important role in the discovery of duality symmetries in string theory and later in the study of quantum entropy of black holes.<ref name="BBS book" />

One of his important results concerns the computation of the quantum corrections to the [[Bekenstein–Hawking entropy equation|Bekenstein–Hawking entropy]] of a class of black holes in string theory.<ref name="Lectures on Quantum Black Holes">{{Cite book |series=Lecture Notes in Physics |volume=851 |pages=165–232 |arxiv=1208.4814|bibcode=2012LNP...851..165D |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25947-0_5 |s2cid=53391911 |chapter=Quantum Black Holes |title=Strings and Fundamental Physics |date=2012 |last1=Dabholkar |first1=Atish |last2=Nampuri |first2=Suresh |isbn=978-3-642-25946-3 }}</ref>
The Bhatnagar prize cites Dabholkar's "outstanding contributions for establishing how quantum theory modifies the [[entropy]] of black holes and his pioneering studies of supersymmetric solitons in string theory".<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee"/>

Dabholkar collaborated with Sameer Murthy and [[Don Zagier]] to discover a connection between the quantum entropy of black holes and the mathematics of mock modular forms
<ref>[[Mock modular form|Mock Modular Forms]]</ref> introduced by [[Ramanujan]] a century ago
.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628904-200-mathematical-proof-reveals-magic-of-ramanujans-genius/| title=The Magic of Ramanujan's Genius| access-date=2 December 2017| archive-date=9 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709084351/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628904-200-mathematical-proof-reveals-magic-of-ramanujans-genius/| url-status=live}}</ref> In his subsequent work with Pavel Putrov and [[Edward Witten]] he showed that mock modularity is generic and essential for exhibiting the duality symmetries of quantum gauge theories and M-theory and is a consequence of non-compactness in field space.<ref name="Duality and Mock Modularity">{{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Pavel Putrov, Edward Witten |year=2020 |title=Duality and Mock Modularity |journal=SciPost Physics |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=072 |doi=10.21468/SciPostPhys.9.5.072 |arxiv=2004.14387|bibcode=2020ScPP....9...72D |s2cid=216867432 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Dabholkar was the co-organizer of the Strings 2001 Conference held at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in Mumbai, India, for the first time outside of the US and Europe.<ref name="Dabholkar2002">{{cite book|author=Atish Dabholkar|title=Strings 2001: Proceedings of the Strings 2001 Conference, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, January 5-10, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtTXhdtM26cC|year=2002|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-2981-3}}</ref>
A partial list of his publications is at the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Dabholkar=3AAtish_Shripad=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref>

== ICTP Leadership ==

The year 2024 marked ICTP's 60th anniversary,<ref name="ICTP web 60th Anniversary">{{cite web |url=https://www.ictp.it/home/ictps-60th-anniversary |website=Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics |title=ICTP's 60th Anniversary |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> which was celebrated with a series of global events, including events held at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris in April 2024,<ref name="UNESCO doc">{{cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000388849 |website=UNESCO |title=Celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Perm Mission Italy UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Celebrating the 60th anniversary of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) |url=https://delegazioneunesco.esteri.it/en/news/dalla_rappresentanza/2024/04/celebrazione-del-60-anniversario-del-centro-internazionale-di-fisica-teorica-abdus-salam-ictp/ |website=Permanent Mission of Italy to UNESCO}}</ref> at the IAEA in Vienna in November 2024,<ref name="IAEA web">{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/events/ministerial-conference-2024/side-events/26-november-2024 |website=IAEA |title=Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Science, Technology and Applications and the Technical Cooperation Programme - Side Events |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> and at the United Nations headquarters in New York in May 2025.<ref name="UN Web TV">{{cite web |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1e3xdq04r |website=UN Web TV |title=High-Level Event: Advancing Global Scientific Cooperation for Sustainable Development: Leveraging Quantum Science for a Resilient Future |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Journal of the United Nations">{{cite web |url=https://journal.un.org/en/new-york/meeting/others/05e8f4aa-0b6d-4b4a-a2ef-7d90d2715c61/2025-10-17 |website=Journal of the United Nations |title=“Advancing Global Scientific Cooperation for Sustainable Development: Leveraging Quantum Science for a Resilient Future” |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Perm Mission Italy UN">{{cite web |url=https://italyun.esteri.it/en/news/dalla_rappresentanza/2025/05/press-release-italy-and-unesco-celebrate-60th-anniversary-of-the-founding-of-triestes-ictp-at-the-un/ |website=Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations |title=Press Release: Italy and UNESCO celebrate 60th anniversary of the founding of Trieste’s ICTP at the UN |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

On these different fora, Dabholkar advocated the new strategic vision for ICTP in the coming decades as the '''Lighthouse for Global Science''<nowiki/>',<ref name="ICTP at UN">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRPVEDYt1Rk|title=ICTP at the UN, New York: Atish Dabholkar, Director, ICTP |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> emphasizing “the need to think anew the mission of ICTP responding to the changing scientific and geopolitical landscape while remaining true to our foundational inspiration”.<ref name="ICTP YouTube channel">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fA2noas0UFo&list=PLoxv42WBtfCDBzwqyMwZQyjxdu_gSjx44&index=2 |website=ICTP YouTube channel |title=ICTP Director Atish Dabholkar Presents the Centre's Future Horizons |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bhavana Interview">{{cite journal |journal=Bhavana, the mathematics magazine |date=April 2025 |volume=9 |issue=2 |url=https://bhavana.org.in/fostering-science-across-frontiers/ |title=Fostering science across frontiers |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>The new Strategic Plan 2025<ref name="Strategic Plan 2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.ictp.it/sites/default/files/attachments/StrategicPlan-2025.pdf |website=Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics |title=ICTP Strategic Plan 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> for 'ICTP 2.0' was adopted starting with his second mandate emphasizing three strategic priorities:
* International Science Alliance: Build collaborations with national agencies, foundations and private donors around the globe in “equal partnerships” to expand the reach of the ICTP network.
* International Consortium for Scientific Computing (ICOMP): Incorporate 'Open Computing' as an essential component of 'Open Science' to make advances in computational sciences accessible to the broader scientific community.<ref name="UNESCO web">{{cite web |title=New International Consortium aims to reduce divide in scientific computing |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-international-consortium-aims-reduce-divide-scientific-computing |website=UNESCO |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Wired ICOMP">{{cite web |title=Il futuro della scienza tra AI, supercomputer e big data |url=https://www.wired.it/article/futuro-della-scienza-ai-supercomputer-big-data/ |website=Wired |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
* ICTP Core: Reinforce existing scientific competencies of ICTP in the core areas of research and programs, modernize both scientific and physical infrastructure, and build upon these assets to enhance ICTP’s overall impact.
Progress toward these strategic priorities includes several new partnerships. In 2024 ICTP signed agreements with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Brazil<ref name="CanalGov">{{cite web |title=Lula participa de cerimônia de assinatura de acordos entre Brasil e Itália |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9dRmoRBnBk&list=PLhWY8l8K2BUMhtQBtyXxbJzCMWr-lImwg&index=3 |website=CanalGov |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bhavana">{{cite journal |title=Fostering science across frontiers |journal=Bhavana, the mathematics magazine |date=April 2025 |volume=9 |issue=2 |url=https://bhavana.org.in/fostering-science-across-frontiers/ |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> and South Africa's National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences.<ref name="DSTI South Africa">{{cite web |title=ICTP-South Africa|url=https://www.dsti.gov.za/index.php/media-room/latest-news/3851-sa-to-benefit-from-new-agreement-on-basic-and-computational-sciences|website=DSTI South Africa |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2024 ICTP also signed a five-year partnership with IBM, including the creation of a new prize for excellence in AI research,<ref name="AI Alliance">{{cite web |title=ICTP Announces AI Prize for Science, an AI Alliance affiliated project |url=https://thealliance.ai/blog/ictp-announces-ai-prize-for-science-an-ai-alliance |website=AI Alliance |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> and in 2025 a prize for excellence in quantum computing.<ref name="ICTP web">{{cite web |title=ICTP and IBM Announce Plans for New Prize for Quantum Computing. |url=https://www.ictp.it/news/2025/6/ictp-and-ibm-announce-plans-new-prize-quantum-computing |website=Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2024 the Simons Foundation International made available a major grant to ICTP to create an International Science Complex to cater to the several thousand scientific visitors coming to ICTP each year.<ref name="Simons Foundation">{{cite web |title=ITALY’S ICTP IS A ‘SECOND HOME’ TO WORLD’S PHYSICISTS |url=https://annualreports.simonsfoundation.org/2024/italys-ictp-is-a-second-home-to-worlds-physicists/ |website=Simons Foundation |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

During Dabholkar’s directorship ICTP instituted new prizes and chairs to honor the scientific contributions from the global South exemplifying the core belief of the founding director Abdus Salam that '''scientific thought and its creation is a common and shared heritage of all humankind''<nowiki/>'.<ref name="World Scientific">{{cite book |title=Ideas and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam |date=October 1983 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4412-76-6 |pages=10 |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/0047?srsltid=AfmBOopSYjGuVAUrnWZHUqbf7QMF8zQiG_gUskLA4acAAcoTtxK875SK#t=aboutBook |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> These include the Srinivasa Ramanujan International Chair in Mathematics and the Miguel Virasoro Visiting International Chair in Physics. The ICTP-IBM Brahmagupta AI Prize for Early Career Scientists was established in collaboration with IBM in 2024 to recognize excellence in AI research.<ref name="Wired">{{cite web |title=L'alleanza tra scienza e intelligenza artificiale? È possibile solo coltivando giovani ricercatori esperti |url=https://www.wired.it/article/intelligenza-artificiale-scienza-alleanza-possibile-vincitore-premio-ictp-ibm-brahmagupta/ |website=Wired |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Well known for his research on [[string theory]], [[black holes]] and [[quantum gravity]], Dabholkar is an elected fellow
<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Dabholkar,_Prof._Atish_Shripad |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004640/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Dabholkar,_Prof._Atish_Shripad |url-status=live }}</ref> of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], the highest Indian science prize <ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021146/http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |url-status=live }}</ref> awarded by the Prime Minister of India, for his contributions to physical sciences in 2006.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=440 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023320/http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=440 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dabholkar was awarded the ''Chaire d'Excellence'' of the [[Agence Nationale de la Recherche]] in France in 2007.<ref name="Scientific Partnerships">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/spip/spip.php?article57&lang=fr |title=Scientific partnerships |date=2017-10-30 |website=Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energies |access-date=2017-10-30 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012457/https://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/spip/spip.php?article57&lang=fr }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the National Leadership award from the President of India in 2008.<ref name="Biographical Information" /> In 2021, he was elected as a Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) for the advancement of science in developing countries. In 2023, the
DAA Evaluation Committee from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), unanimously resolved to confer the Distinguished Alumnus Award (DAA) for his record of achievements.

== Personal life ==
Atish Dabholkar is the son of [[Shripad Dabholkar]] and Vrinda Dabholkar and the nephew of [[Narendra Dabholkar]]. He is married to Anita Kovačič, has two children, and lives in Slovenia.

== Activism ==

Dabholkar was one of the signatories to the letter by over 700 scientists against the Citizenship Amendment Bill.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://thewire.in/rights/indian-scholars-around-the-world-issue-statement-on-citizenship-amendment-bill| title=Scientists protest Citizenship Amendment| access-date=8 November 2022| archive-date=8 November 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108061330/https://thewire.in/rights/indian-scholars-around-the-world-issue-statement-on-citizenship-amendment-bill| url-status=live}}</ref> The letter protested against the use of religion as a legal criterion for determining Indian citizenship as being fundamentally inconsistent with the basic structure of the constitution of India.

Dabholkar participated in the movement of the [[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti]] to get the ''Anti Superstition Act'' passed in the Maharashtra Legislature. He co-organized the signature campaign that collected the signatures of 3000 scientists and 100000 citizens in support. The law was successfully enacted in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rediff.com/news/2013/dec/13maharashtra--assembly-passes-landmark-anti-superstition-act.htm | title=Anti Superstition Act | access-date=30 October 2022 | archive-date=29 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029171624/https://www.rediff.com/news/2013/dec/13maharashtra--assembly-passes-landmark-anti-superstition-act.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/atish-dabholkar-calls-for-law-against-superstition/article25944514.ece|title=Atish Dabholkar calls for a national legislation|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2019|archive-date=17 November 2022|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117165351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/atish-dabholkar-calls-for-law-against-superstition/article25944514.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Jeffrey Harvey |year=1989 |title=Nonrenormalization of the Superstring Tension |journal= Physical Review Letters |volume=63|issue=5 |pages=478–481|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.478 |pmid=10041085 |bibcode=1989PhRvL..63..478D}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Gary Gibbons, Jeffrey Harvey, Fernando Ruiz Ruiz |year=1990 |title=Superstrings and Solitons |journal=Nucl. Phys. B |volume=340|issue=1 |pages=33–55|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(90)90157-9 |bibcode=1990NuPhB.340...33D}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar|year=2005 |title= Exact Counting of Supersymmetric Black Hole Microstates|journal= Physical Review Letters |volume=94|issue=24 |article-number=241301|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.241301 | arxiv= hep-th/0409148|bibcode=2005PhRvL..94x1301D|s2cid=7443143 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Joao Gomes, Sameer Murthy, Ashoke Sen |year=2011 |title=Supersymmetric Index from Black Hole Entropy |journal= JHEP|volume=1104|issue=4 |page=034 |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)034 |arxiv=1009.3226 |bibcode=2011JHEP...04..034D |s2cid=53383306 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Sameer Murthy, Don Zagier |year=2012 |title=Quantum Black Holes, Wall Crossing and Mock Modular Forms |arxiv=1208.4074 }}
* {{Cite journal | last= Atish Dabholkar, João Gomes, Sameer Murthy | year =2015 | title =Nonperturbative black hole entropy and Kloosterman sums | journal =JHEP |volume = 1503 | issue =3 |page= 074| doi =10.1007/JHEP03(2015)074 | arxiv =1404.0033 |bibcode =2015JHEP...03..074D | s2cid =256006269 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Teresa Bautista, André Benevides, Atish Dabholkar |year=2017 |title=Nonlocal Quantum Effective Actions in Weyl-flat Spacetimes | journal= JHEP|volume = 1806 |issue=6 | page= 055 |doi=10.1007/JHEP06(2018)055|s2cid=73588642 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1711.00135 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar, Pavel Putrov, Edward Witten|year=2020 |title=Duality and Mock Modularity |journal=SciPost Physics |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=072 |doi=10.21468/SciPostPhys.9.5.072 |arxiv=2004.14387|bibcode=2020ScPP....9...72D |s2cid=216867432 |doi-access=free }}

== Lecture Notes and Books ==
* {{Cite book |last=Atish Dabholkar, Suresh Nampuri |title=Strings and Fundamental Physics |chapter=Quantum Black Holes |year=2012 |series=Lecture Notes in Physics |volume=851 |pages=165–232 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25947-0_5 |arxiv=1208.4814|bibcode=2012LNP...851..165D|isbn=978-3-642-25946-3 |s2cid=53391911 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atish Dabholkar |year=1998 |title=Lectures on Orientifolds and Duality |url=https://archive.org/details/arxiv-hep-th9804208 |journal = High Energy Physics and Cosmology, ICTP Proceedings |volume=14 |pages=128–191 |arxiv=hep-th/9804208 |bibcode=1998hepc.conf..128D }}
* {{cite book|author=Atish Dabholkar|title=Strings 2001: Proceedings of the Strings 2001 Conference, TIFR, India, January 5-10, 2001|year=2002|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-2981-3}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Cite web |url=https://video.arnes.si/watch/jzc36xf76vgx |title= Quantum Black Holes: where Hawking meets Ramanujan |last=Atish Dabholkar |date=1 December 2022 |publisher= Colloquium Ljubljana University|format= video }}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cxNMPr_AN0&list=PLD5-grLCFYszpHzTA1vyheGJmxEwX2YLC&index=12&t=925s|title=Exact Quantum Entropy of Black Holes |last=Atish Dabholkar |date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton |format= video }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1449362/uiconf_id/14292322/entry_id/1_bjlw35pj/embed/auto?&flashvars[streamerType]=auto|title=Quantum Holography|last=Atish Dabholkar|date=3 November 2017|publisher=Princeton University|format=video}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UagcjE6sV0|title=Quantum Black Holes, Part 1|last=Atish Dabholkar|date=15 April 2015|publisher=GraduatePhysics|format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEZtHGmzdQU|title=Quantum Black Holes|last=Atish Dabholkar|date=15 August 2013|publisher=scienceface|format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MroUzhONbg|title=Quantum Black Holes and Number Theory|last=Atish Dabholkar|date=3 November 2013|publisher=ICTP Math|format=YouTube video}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabholkar, Atish}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian string theorists]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Rutgers University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research]]
[[Category:Stanford University Department of Physics faculty]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]

Tatapani coalfield

2026-03-11T23:12:13Z

Jainil Prajapati: New the stub v1...

{{Short description|Coal field in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox Mine
| name = Tatapani coalfield
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| place =
| subdivision_type =
| state/province = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| owner =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| official website =
| acquisition year =
| products = [[Coal]]
| financial year =
| amount =
| opening year =
| closing year =
}}
The '''Tatapani''' is a large coal field located in the east of [[India]] in [[Jharkhand]]. Tatapani represents one of the largest [[coal]] reserve in [[India]] having estimated reserves of 2.65 billion tonnes of [[coal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20&%20Lignite.pdf|title=Coal in India|year=2012|publisher=ibm.nic.in|accessdate=2013-07-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811050549/http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20%26%20Lignite.pdf|archivedate=2013-08-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coalfields}}
{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Coalfields of India]]
[[Category:Mining in Jharkhand]]

{{mining-stub}}
{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Dumraon Raj

2026-03-10T21:37:30Z

Jainil Prajapati: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Princely state }}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Dumraon Raj
|common_name = Dumraon
|continent =
|religion = [[Hinduism]] (official)
|region =
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|status = *[[Vassal state]] under [[Mughal Empire]] (1709-1734)
* [[Zamindari]] under [[Nawab of Bengal]] (1734-1757)
* [[Zamindari]] under [[British India]] (1757-1952)
|government_type = [[Zamindari|Fedual Monarchy]]
|life_span =
|year_start = 1709
|year_end = 1952
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_coat = Dumraon_Coat_of_Arms.jpg
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| year_leader1 = 1701
| leader1 = [[Raja Horil Singh]]
(''first'')
| year_leader2 = 1952
| leader2 = Maharaja Bahadur Ram Ran Vijay Prasad Singh (''last'')
|date_end =
|capital = [[Dumraon]]
| p1 = Kingdom of Bhojpur
|s1 = Republic of India
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
The '''Dumraon Raj''' was a feudal principality in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]] ruled by the [[Ujjainiya]] dynasty. The principality was founded when [[Raja Horil Singh]] founded a separate capital for himself in the town of [[Dumraon]]. The name Dumraon Raj came from its capital town. <ref name=Ambashthya1959>{{cite journal | title=Some Historical Papers of Dumraon Raj in the Shahabad district in Bihar | author= Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 22| year=1959 | pages= 270–281|jstor = 44304307}}</ref>

[[File:Bihari ji Ka Mandir.jpg|thumb|The famous Bihari Ji ka Mandir built by the Maharaja of Dumraon ]]

It was a [[zamindari]] state during British era. During the time of Indian independence, Dumraon Raj covered an area of 2,330 km2 which stretched from [[Buxar district]] in west [[Bihar]] to [[Ballia]] district in the [[Purvanchal]] region of Uttar Pradesh. In Ballia district, Dumraon Raj covered rights of more than 70 villages which are located on the banks of the [[Ganga]] river.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=293–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O’malley |first=L. s s |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105555 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Shahabad |date=1906 |pages=139}}</ref>

The royal family of Dumraon is also the main patron of the famous [[Brahmapur, Bihar|Brahampur]] fair.<ref name="Yang19992">{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA146|date=1 February 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91996-9|page=146}}</ref>

==History==
The founders of Dumraon Raj were [[Ujjainiya]] [[Rajputs]] who traced their origin to the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmar]] rulers of [[Malwa]] who moved to Western Bihar in the 14th century. In the medieval era, the head seat of Ujjainiyas was [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]].<ref name="Yang1999">{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA139|date=1 February 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91996-9|pages=139–}}</ref>

Raja Mukutman Shahi who ascended the throne of Bhojpur in 1601 was highly unpopular amongst his kinsmen and thus he was forced to abdicate in 1607 in favour of his nephew.<ref name="Yang1999">{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA139|date=1 February 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91996-9|pages=139–}}</ref>

In 1607, Raja Narayan Mal came to the throne of Bhojpur and he was recognised as the new ruler of Bhojpur by Mughal Emperor. He received the title of [[Raja]] and was granted the rank [[mansabdar|mansab]] of 5000.<ref name="Tahir Hussain Ansari">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=|isbn=978-81-87879-54-1}}</ref>
In the Battle of Buxar 1607-1608, he routed the Chero and Munda forces. The ''[[Raja]]s'' of Bhojpur were known for their rebellious behaviour against Mughal rule and during the family feud of the ruling family of Bhojpur, the Mughal governor found this opportunity to completely sack Bhojpur. The territory of Bhojpur was sacked in the year 1699 and it came under direct Mughal rule.<ref name="Tahir Hussain Ansari">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=|isbn=978-81-87879-54-1}}</ref>

One of the descendants of Raja Narayan Mal, [[Raja Horil Singh]], established himself separately and built the capital town of [[Dumraon]] in 1709. He got recognised to rule his dominion under Mughal rule. This is how Dumraon Raj came into existence. However, the rulers of Dumraon Raj were only recognised as [[Zamindars|feudal rulers]].<ref name="Lethbridge2005">{{cite book|author=Sir Roper Lethbridge|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&pg=PA128|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-54-1|pages=128–}}</ref>

==Rulers==
The rulers of Dumraon Raj used the title [[Raja]] and later [[Maharaja]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59|pages=59–60|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990|first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}}</ref>

*[[Raja Horil Singh]], he separated himself and his principality from its parent house and declared himself as the independent ruler of Dumraon.
*Raja Vikramaditya Singh
*Raja Jai Prakash Singh
*Raja Janki Prasad Singh
*Raja Maheshwar Baksh Singh
*Maharaja Radha Prasad Singh
*Maharani Beni Prasad Kuari
*Maharaja Srinivas Prasad Singh
*Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh
*Maharaja Ram Ran Vijay Prasad Singh
*Maharaja Kamal Bahadur Singh

==See also==
*[[Ujjainiya]]
*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1604]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]

Muhammad in Islam

2026-03-09T23:18:46Z

Jainil Prajapati: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Islamic views of Muhammad}}
{{About|the role and significance of Muhammad in the religion of Islam|a general overview|Muhammad}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| mother = [[Amina bint Wahb]]
| resting_place = [[Green Dome]], [[Prophet's Mosque]], Medina
| other_names = ''See'' [[Names and titles of Muhammad]]
| office1 = [[Prophet of Islam]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| father = [[Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]
| name = [[Muhammad]]
| native_name = مُحَمَّد
| native_name_lang = ar

| death_date = Monday, 12 [[Rabi' al-Awwal]] 11 AH (8 June 632 CE)
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Islamic State of Medina]]
| honorific prefix = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]
| honorific suffix = [[Islamic honorifics#Muhammad|Salla-llahu ʿAlayhi wa-Sallam]]
| birth_date = c. 570 CE<ref name="abraha"/>
| image = Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door.jpg
| caption = "Muhammad, the Messenger of God" inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]
| notable_works = [[Constitution of Medina]]
| successor = ''See'' [[Succession to Muhammad]]
| spouse = ''See'' [[Wives of Muhammad|Muhammad's wives]]
| children = ''See'' [[Children of Muhammad|Muhammad's children]]
| relatives = ''See'' [[Family tree of Muhammad]], [[Ahl al-Bayt]]{{nbsp|2}}("Family of the House")
| module1 = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=Muḥammad
|ism-ar=مُحَمَّد
|nasab=Ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]] ibn [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hāshim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|ʿAbd Manāf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Quṣayy]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilāb]]
|nasab-ar=ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب
|kunya=[[Abu al-Qasim|Abū al-Qāsim]]
|kunya-ar=أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم
|laqab=[[Seal of the Prophets|Khātam al-Nabiyyīn]] ('Seal of the Prophets')
|laqab-ar=خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين
}}
}}
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Islam}}
{{Muhammad}}

In [[Islam]], [[Muhammad]] ({{langx|ar|مُحَمَّد}}) is venerated as the [[Seal of the Prophets]] who transmitted the [[Quran|eternal word of God]] ({{tlit|ar|Qur'ān}}) from the [[Angels in Islam|angel]] [[Gabriel]] ({{tlit|ar|Jibrīl}}) to humans and [[jinn]].<ref>Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, and Mehdi Aminrazavi. An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 2: Ismaili Thought in the Classical Age. Bloomsbury Academic, 2008. p. 258</ref><ref>Theuma, Edmund. "Qur'anic exegesis: Muhammad & the Jinn." (1996).</ref> [[Muslims]] believe that the [[Quran]], the central [[religious text]] of [[Islam]], was revealed to Muhammad by [[God in Islam|God]], and that Muhammad was sent to guide people to Islam, which is believed not to be a separate religion, but the [[tahrif|unaltered]] [[Fitra|original faith of mankind]] ({{tlit|ar|fiṭrah}}), and believed to have been shared by [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|previous prophets]] including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]].<ref name="Esposito-12">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |author-link=John Esposito |title=Islam: The Straight Path |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511233-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0/page/12 12] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0/page/12 }}</ref><ref>Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Peters|first=F. E.|title= Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians|year= 2003|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= 978-0-691-11553-5|page= [https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9 9]|url= https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|title=Islam: The Straight Path |edition=3rd |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511234-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo/page/9 9, 12]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo}}</ref> The religious, social, and political tenets that Muhammad established with the Quran became the foundation of Islam and the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="Encarta1">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedia |year=2007 |publisher=Microsoft |location=Redmond, WA |chapter=Muhammad (prophet)}}</ref>

According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was sent to the Arabic community to deliver them from their immorality.<ref>Hawting, Gerald R. The idea of idolatry and the emergence of Islam: From polemic to history. Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 2</ref> Receiving his first [[Revelation#Islam|revelation]] at age 40 in a cave called [[Cave of Hira|Hira]] in [[Mecca]], he started to preach the [[tawhid|oneness of God]] in order to stamp out [[jahiliyyah|idolatry]] of [[pre-Islamic Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Muir |first=William |author-link=William Muir |title=Life of Mahomet |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215983/page/n54/mode/1up |volume=2 |year=1861 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=London |page=55}}</ref><ref name="Shibli1">[[Shibli Nomani]]. ''[[Sirat-un-Nabi]]''. Vol 1 [[Lahore]].</ref> This led to opposition by the Meccans, with [[Abu Lahab]] and [[Abu Jahl]] as the most famous enemies of Muhammad in Islamic tradition. This led to persecution of Muhammad and his Muslim followers who fled to [[Medina]], an event known as the [[Hijrah]],<ref name=Hitti-116>{{cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti |title=History of the Arabs |year=1946 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London |page=116|title-link=History of the Arabs (book) }}</ref><ref name="Brit.Hijra">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad/251796/The-advent-of-the-revelation-and-the-Meccan-period |title=Muhammad |year=2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127111138/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad/251796/The-advent-of-the-revelation-and-the-Meccan-period |archive-date=27 January 2013 }}</ref> until Muhammad returned to fight the [[Idolatry#Islam|idolaters]] of Mecca, culminating in the semi-legendary [[Battle of Badr]], conceived in Islamic tradition not only to be a battle between the Muslims and pre-Islamic polytheists, but also between the [[Angel#Islam|angels]] on Muhammad's side against the jinn and false deities siding with the Meccans. After victory, Muhammad is believed to have cleansed Arabia from [[polytheism]] and advised his followers to renounce idolatry for the sake of the unity of God.

As manifestation of God's guidance and example of renouncing idolatry, Muhammad is understood as an exemplary role-model in regards of virtue, spirituality, and moral excellence.<ref name=Stefon-58>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon|title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration|publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/58 58]}}</ref> His spirituality is considered to be expressed by his [[Isra' and Mi'raj|journey through the seven heavens]] (''Mi'raj''). His behaviour and advice became known as the [[Sunnah]], which forms the practical application of Muhammad's teachings. Muhammad is venerated by several titles and names. As an act of respect and a form of greetings, Muslims follow the name of Muhammad by the Arabic benediction {{tlit|ar|[[Peace be upon him|sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam]]}}, ('Peace be upon him'),<ref name="Stefon18">Matt Stefon (2010). ''Islamic Beliefs and Practices'', p. 18</ref> sometimes abbreviated as "SAW" or "PBUH". Muslims often refer to Muhammad as "Prophet Muhammad", or just "The Prophet" or "The Messenger", and regard him as the greatest of all Prophets.<ref name=Esposito-12/><ref name=Morgan77>{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Garry R |title=Understanding World Religions in 15 Minutes a Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kph_W86k-VoC&pg=PT77 |access-date=29 September 2015 |year=2012 |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=978-1-4412-5988-2 |page=77 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624065901/https://books.google.com/books?id=kph_W86k-VoC&pg=PT77 |archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Mead5>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=Jean |title=Why Is Muhammad Important to Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdJtfwE8_H4C&pg=PA5 |access-date=29 September 2015 |year=2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53409-7 |page=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623223317/https://books.google.com/books?id=CdJtfwE8_H4C&pg=PA5 |archive-date=23 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Riedling |first= Ann Marlow |title= Is Your God My God |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e5QTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 |access-date= 29 September 2015 |year= 2014 |publisher= WestBow |isbn= 978-1-4908-4038-3 |page= 38 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160514162431/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5QTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 |archive-date= 14 May 2016 }}</ref>

== In the Quran ==
{{further|Muhammad in the Quran}}
Muhammad is mentioned by name four times in the Quran.<ref>Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi, Andew Rippin “Classical Islam A sourcebook of religious literature” Routledge Tayor & Francis Group 2003 p. 16</ref> The Quran reveals little about Muhammad's early life or other biographic details, but it talks about his prophetic mission, his moral excellence, and theological issues regarding Muhammad. According to the Quran, Muhammad is the last in a chain of prophets sent by God ({{qref|33|40|pl=y}}). Throughout the Quran, Muhammad is referred to as "Messenger", "Messenger of God", and "Prophet". Other terms are used, including "Warner", "bearer of glad tidings", and the "one who invites people to a Single God" (Q {{qref|12|108|pl=y}}, and {{qref|33|45-46|pl=y}}). The Quran asserts that Muhammad was a man who possessed the highest moral excellence, and that God made him a good example or a "goodly model" for Muslims to follow (Q {{qref|68|4|pl=y}}, and {{qref|33|21|pl=y}}). In several verses, the Quran explains Muhammad's relation to humanity. According to the Quran, God sent Muhammad with truth (God's message to humanity), and as a blessing to the whole world (Q {{qref|39|33|pl=y}}, and {{qref|21|107|pl=y}}).

According to Islamic tradition, Surah {{qref|96|1|pl=y}} refers to the command of the angel to Muhammad to recite the Quran.<ref name="Brannon, Wheeler 2002">Brannon, Wheeler. "Prophets in the Quran: An introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis." A&C Black (2002).</ref> Surah {{qref|17|1|pl=y}} is believed to be a reference to Muhammad's journey, which tradition elaborates extensively upon, meeting angels and previous prophets in heaven.<ref name="Brannon, Wheeler 2002"/> Surah {{qref|9|40|pl=y}} is seen as a reference to Muhammad and a companion (whom Sunni scholars identify with Abu Bakr) hiding from their Meccan persecutors in a cave.<ref>Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 308. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 308.</ref> Surah {{qref|61|6|pl=y}} is believed to remind the audience of the foretelling of Muhammad by Jesus.<ref name="Brannon, Wheeler 2002"/> This verse was also used by early [[Arabs|Arab]] Muslims to claim legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|year=2011|title=Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community|url=https://www.academia.edu/36996009|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=70|issue=1|pages=99–139|doi=10.1017/S0021911810002974|s2cid=143431047|issn=0021-9118}} p. 128.</ref>

== Names and titles of praise ==
{{See also|Names and Titles of Muhammad|Islamic honorifics|Durood|Mawlid|Naat|Madih nabawi|Haḍra|Dala'il al-Khayrat}}

Muhammad is often referenced with these titles of praise or epithet:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Prophets of Islam|an-Nabi]]'', 'the Prophet'
* ''[[Apostle (Islam)|ar-Rasul]]'', 'the Messenger'
* ''[[Habib|al-Habeeb]]'', 'the beloved'
* ''[[Mustafa|al-Muṣṭafa]]'', 'the chosen one' ({{qref|22|75|b=yl}});<ref>Khalidi, T. (2009). Images of Muhammad: Narratives of the Prophet in Islam Across the Centuries. USA: Doubleday. p. 209</ref>
* ''[[amin (name)|al-Amin]]'', 'the trustworthy' ({{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|237}})
* ''as-Sadiq'', 'the honest'({{qref|33|22|b=yl}})
* ''[[Haqq|al-Haq]]'', 'the truthful' ({{qref|10|08|b=yl}})
* ''ar-Rauf'', 'the kind' ({{qref|9|128|b=yl}})
* ''‘alā khuluq ‘aẓīm'' ({{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|عَلَى خُلُق عِظِيْم}}}}), 'on an exalted standard of character' ({{qref|68|4|b=yl}})
* ''[[al-Insan al-Kamil]]'', 'the perfect man'<ref>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H022.htm#H022SECT4 Ibn al-'Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240), The 'perfect human' and the Muhammadan reality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921023512/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H022.htm |date=2011-09-21 }}</ref>
* ''Uswah Ḥasan'' ({{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|أُسْوَة حَسَن}}}}), 'good example' ({{qref|33|21|b=yl}})
* ''[[Khatim an-Nabuwwah|al-Khatim an-Nabiyin]]'', '[[Seal of the prophets|the seal of the prophets]]' ({{qref|33|40|b=yl}})
* ''[[Rahmatullah (disambiguation)|ar-Rahmatul lil 'alameen]]'', 'mercy of all the worlds' ({{qref|21|107|b=yl}})
* ''[[Shahid|as-Shaheed]]'', 'the witness' ({{qref|33|45|b=yl}})
* ''al-Mubashir'', 'the bearer of good tidings' ({{qref|11|2|b=yl}})
* ''[[Nadhr|an-Nathir]]'', 'the warner' ({{qref|11|2|b=yl}})
* ''al-Mudhakkir'', 'the reminder' ({{qref|88|21|b=yl}})
* ''[[Dawah|ad-Da'i]]'', 'the one who calls [unto God]' ({{qref|12|108|b=yl}})
* ''al-Bashir'', 'the announcer' ({{qref|2|119|b=yl}})
* ''[[Noor (Sufism)|an-Noor]]'', 'the light personified' ({{qref|05|15|b=yl}})
* ''[[Munir|as-Siraj-un-Munir]]'', 'the light-giving lamp' ({{qref|33|46|b=yl}})
* ''[[Karim|al-Kareem]]'', 'the noble' ({{qref|69|40|b=yl}})
* ''[[Nimatullah (disambiguation)|an-Nimatullah]]'', 'the divine favour' ({{qref|16|83|b=yl}})
* ''[[al-Muzzammil]]'', 'the wrapped' ({{qref|73|01|b=yl}})
* ''[[al-Muddathir]]'', 'the shrouded' ({{qref|74|01|b=yl}})
* ''al-'Aqib'', 'the last [prophet]' ({{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|4|1859}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732}})
* ''al-Mutawakkil'', 'the one who puts his trust [in God]' ({{qref|9|129|b=yl}})
* ''al-Kutham'', 'the generous one’
* ''al-Mahi'', 'the eraser [of disbelief]' ({{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732|}})
* ''al-Muqaffi'', 'the one who followed [all other prophets]'
* ''[[Repentance in Islam|an-Nabiyyu at-Tawbah]]'', 'the prophet of penitence’
* ''al-Fatih'', 'the opener'
* ''al-Hashir'', 'the gatherer (the first to be resurrected) on the day of judgement' ({{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732}})
* ''as-Shafe'e'', 'the intercessor' ({{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|9|93|601|}}, {{qref|3|159|b=yl}}, {{qref|4|64|b=yl}}, {{qref|60|12|b=yl}})
* ''al-Mushaffaun'', 'the one whose intercession shall be granted' ({{qref|19|87|b=yl}}, {{qref|20|109|b=yl}}).
{{div col end}}

He also has these names:
* ''Abu'l-Qasim'', "father of Qasim";
* ''[[Ahmad]]'', "the Praised one" ({{qref|61|06|b=yl}});
* ''[[Hamid]]'', "praiser";
* ''[[Mahmood]]'', "praiseworthy";
* ''[[Abdullah (name)|'Abd-Allah]]'', "servant of God" ({{qref|25|1|b=yl}}).

== Overview ==
In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is believed to have had otherworldly features, such as being physically illuminated. As reported by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Bukhari]], whenever Muhammad entered darkness, light was shining around him like moonlight.<ref name="Gruber, Christiane 2009">Gruber, Christiane. "Between logos (Kalima) and light (Nūr): representations of the Prophet Muhammad in Islamic painting." Muqarnas, Volume 26. Brill, 2009. 229-262.</ref> Muhammad is further described as having a radiant face.<ref>Gruber, Christiane. "Between logos (Kalima) and light (Nūr): representations of the Prophet Muhammad in Islamic painting." Muqarnas, Volume 26. Brill, 2009.</ref> As such, Muhammad is believed to reflect [[Names of God in Islam|God's names of "mercy" and "guidance"]], as opposed to [[Iblis|Satan]] (''Iblīs''), who reflects "wrath" and "pride".<ref>Rustom, Mohammed. "Devil's advocate: ʿAyn al-Quḍāt's defence of Iblis in context." Studia Islamica 115.1 (2020): 87</ref><ref>Korangy, Alireza, Hanadi Al-Samman, and Michael Beard, eds. The beloved in Middle Eastern literatures: The culture of love and languishing. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. p. 90-96</ref>

Though according to tradition, Muhammad has said that he is just an ordinary human, several miracles are said to have been performed by him.<ref name="EoI-Miracle">A.J. Wensinck, ''Muʿd̲j̲iza'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref> To the Quran statement, as a reminder of Muhammad's human nature "I am only a human being like you", Muslims responded: "True, but like a ruby among stones.", pointing at the outward resemblance of Muhammad to an ordinary human but inwardly carrying the Divine Light.<ref>Schimmel, A. (2014). And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. USA: University of North Carolina Press. chapter 7</ref>

In post-Quranic times, some Muslims view Muhammad merely as a warner of God's judgement and not a miracle worker.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 46">Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 46</ref> According to one account of Muhammad, the Quran is the only miracle Muhammad has been bestowed with.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 46"/>

=== Final prophet ===
{{Main|Khatam an-Nabiyyin}}
Muhammad is regarded as the final messenger and prophet by all the main branches of Islam who was sent by God to guide humanity to the right way ([[Quran]] {{qref|7|157|pl=y}}).<ref name=Esposito-12/><ref name="Nigosian 2004 17">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/17 17] }}</ref><ref name=Campo-494>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |page=494 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA494 |archive-date=2015-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |title=Islam for Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT100 |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |location=[[Indiana]] |page=100 |isbn=9781118053966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043530/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT100#v=onepage&q&f=true |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad |title=Muhammad |year=2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202060950/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad |archive-date=2 February 2013 }}</ref> The Quran uses the designation ''[[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]'' (Surah {{qref|33|40|pl=y}}) (Arabic:{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|خاتم النبين}}'')'', which is translated as ''Seal of the Prophets''. The title is generally regarded by Muslims as meaning that Muhammad is the last in the series of prophets beginning with [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Khatam al-Nabiyyin |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |editor-link=John Esposito |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford |page=171 |quote=Khatam al-Nabiyyin: Seal of the prophets. Phrase occurs in Quran 33:40, referring to Muhammad, and is regarded by Muslims as meaning that he is the last of the series of prophets that began with Adam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Seal of the Prophets, The |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Qur'ānic Terms and Concepts |author-first=Mustansir |author-last=Mir |year=1987 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |page=171 |quote= Muḥammad is called "the seal of the prophets" in 33:40. The expression means that Muḥammad is the final prophet, and that the institution of prophecy after him is "sealed."}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=K͟HĀTIMU 'N-NABĪYĪN |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |first=Thomas Patrick |last=Hughes |author-link=Thomas Hughes (priest, born 1838) |year=1885 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA270 |page=270 |quote=K͟HĀTIMU 'N-NABĪYĪN (خاتم النبيين). "The seal of the Prophets." A title assumed by Muhammad in the Qur'ān. Surah xxxiii. 40: "He is the Apostle of God and the 'seal of the Prophets'." By which is meant, that he is the last of the Prophets. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004045311/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA270 |archive-date=2015-10-04 }}</ref> Believing Muhammad is the last prophet is a fundamental belief,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1=Coeli Fitzpatrick |editor2=Adam Hani Walker |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-178-9 |page=16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427082038/https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |archive-date=2016-04-27 |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bogle |first=Emory C. |title=Islam: Origin and Belief |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC&pg=PA135 |access-date=18 October 2015 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70862-4 |page=135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053507/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC&pg=PA135 |archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> shared by both [[Sunni]] and [[Shi'i]] theology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldziher|first1=Ignác|author-link1=Ignác Goldziher|title=Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law|date=1981|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=220–21|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zeStDQZOSgC&pg=PA220|chapter=Sects|others=Translated by Andras and Ruth Hamori from the German ''Vorlesungen über den Islam'' (1910)|isbn=0691100993|quote=Sunnī and Shī'ī theology alike understood it to mean that Muhammad ended the series of Prophets, that he had accomplished for all eternity what his predecessors had prepared, that he was God's last messenger delivering God's last message to mankind.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005103712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zeStDQZOSgC&pg=PA220|archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title='Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |volume=1 |editor-first=Richard C. |editor-last=Martin |year=2004 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37}}</ref>

Although Muhammad is considered to be the last prophet sent, he is supposed to be the first prophet to be created.<ref>Marion Holmes Katz The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam Routledge 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-135-98394-9}} page 13</ref> In Sunni Islam, it is attributed to [[Al-Tirmidhi]], that when Muhammad was asked, when his prophethood started, he answered: "When Adam was between the spirit and the body".<ref name="ReferenceA">Marion Holmes Katz ''The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam'' Routledge 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-135-98394-9}} page 13</ref> A more popular but less authenticated version states "when Adam was between water and mud."<ref>G. Widengren ''Historia Religionum, Volume 2 Religions of the Present, Band 2'' Brill 1971 {{ISBN|978-9-004-02598-1}} page 177</ref> As recorded by [[Ibn Sa'd]], [[Qatada ibn Di'ama]] quoted Muhammad: "I was the first human in creation and I am the last one on resurrection".<ref>Goldziher, Ignaz. "Neuplatonische und gnostische Elemente im Ḥadῑṯ." (1909): 317-344.</ref>

According to a [[Shia Islam|Shia tradition]], not only Muhammad, but also [[Ali]] preceded the creation of Adam. Accordingly, after the [[Angels in Islam|angels]] prostrated themselves before Adam, God ordered Adam to look at the Throne of God. Then he saw the radiant body of Muhammad and his [[Ahl al-Bayt|family]].<ref name="M.J. Kister p. 129">M.J. Kister ''Adam: A Study of Some Legends in Tafsir and Hadit Literature'' ''Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of The Qur'an, Oxford 1988'' p. 129</ref> When Adam was in heaven, he read the ''Shahada'' inscribed on the throne of God, which also mentioned Ali in Shia tradition.<ref name="M.J. Kister p. 129"/>

=== Muslim philosophy and rationalism ===
[[Islamic philosophy]] (''Falsafa'') attempts to offer scientific explanations for prophecies.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 169">Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 169</ref> Such philosophical theories may also have been used to legitimize Muhammad as a lawgiver and a statesman.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 169"/> Muhammad was identified by some Islamic scholars with the Platonic [[logos]], due to the belief in his pre-existence.<ref>Sufism: love & wisdom Jean-Louis Michon, Roger Gaetani 2006 ISBN 0-941532-75-5 p. 242</ref>

Integrating [[Aristotelianism|translations of Aristotelian philosophy]] into [[early Islamic philosophy]], [[al-Farabi]] accepted the existence of [[Nous|various celestial intellects]]. Already in early [[Neo-Platonism|Neo-Platonic]] commentaries on Aristotle, these intellects have been compared to light.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 159-161</ref> Al-Fabari depicted the passive intellect of the individual human as receiving universal concepts from the celestial active intellect.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 163</ref> Only when the individual intellect is in conjunction with the active intellect, it is able to receive the thoughts of the active intellect in its own mental capacities. A distinction is made between prophecy and revelation, the latter being passed down directly to the imaginative faculties of the individual.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 166</ref> He explained Muhammad's prophetic abilities through this [[Epistemology|epistemilogical model]],<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 163-169</ref> which was adopted and elaborated on by later Muslim scholars, such as [[Avicenna]], [[al-Ghazali]], and [[ibn Arabi]].<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 173-178</ref>

The [[Sufi]] tradition of ibn Arabi expanded upon the idea of Muhammad's pre-existence, combined with rationalistic theory. [[Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi|Qunawi]] identifies Muhammad with [[Qalam|the pen]] (''Qalam''), which was ordered by God to write down everything what will exist and happen.<ref>Rustom, Mohammed. "The cosmology of the Muhammadan Reality." Ishrāq: Islamic Philosophy Yearbook 4 (2013): 540-5.</ref> Despite some resemblance of the [[Christianity|Christian]] doctrine of the [[pre-existence of Christ]], Islam always depicts Muhammad as a created being and never as part or a person within God.<ref>Rom Landau ''The Philosophy of Ibn 'Arabi'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-135-02969-2}}</ref>

== Morality and Sunnah ==
Muslims believe that Muhammad was the possessor of moral [[virtue]]s at the highest level, and was a man of moral excellence.<ref name=Stefon-58 /><ref name=Campo-494 /> He represented the 'prototype of human perfection' and was the best among God's creations.<ref name=Stefon-58 /><ref name=Nigosian-15>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title= Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url= https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn= 978-0-253-21627-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/15 15]}}</ref> Consequently, to the Muslims, his life and character are an excellent example to be emulated both at social and spiritual levels.<ref name=Campo-494 /><ref name=Nigosian-15 /> The virtues that characterize him are [[modesty]] and [[humility]], [[forgiveness]] and generosity, [[honesty]], [[justice]], [[patience]], and [[self-denial]].<ref name=Stefon-58 /> Muslim biographers of Muhammad in their books have shed much light on the moral character of Muhammad. In addition, there is a genre of biography that approaches his life by focusing on his moral qualities rather than discussing the external affairs of his life.<ref name=Stefon-58 /><ref name=Campo-494 /> These scholars note he maintained honesty and justice in his deeds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khadduri |first=Majid |title=The Islamic Conception of Justice |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicconceptio0000khad |url-access=registration |year=1984 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6974-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicconceptio0000khad/page/8 8]}}</ref>

{{Rquote|right|'''For more than thirteen hundred years, Muslims have modeled their lives after their prophet Muhammad. They awaken every morning as he awakened; they eat as he ate; they wash as he washed; and they behave even in the minutest acts of daily life as he behaved.'''|'''S. A. Nigosian'''}}
In [[Islamic theology|Muslim legal and religious thought]], Muhammad, inspired by God to act wisely and in accordance with his will, provides an example that complements God's revelation as expressed in the Quran; and his actions and sayings – known as [[Sunnah]] – are a model for Muslim conduct.<ref>"Sunnah." In ''The Islamic World: Past and Present''. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 22-Apr-2013. {{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |title=Sunnah - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025308/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |archive-date=2014-04-19 }}</ref> The Sunnah can be defined as "the actions, decisions, and practices that Muhammad approved, allowed, or condoned".<ref name="Nigosian80">Nigosian (2004), p. 80</ref> It also includes Muhammad's confirmation to someone's particular action or manner (during Muhammad's lifetime) which, when communicated to Muhammad, was generally approved by him.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Taqi Usmani |author-link=Muhammad Taqi Usmani |title=The Authority of Sunnah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIxvo6IUo5IC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022064636/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIxvo6IUo5IC&lpg=PA5&pg=PA6 |archive-date=2015-10-22 |year=2004 }}</ref> The Sunnah, as recorded in the [[Hadith]] literature, encompasses everyday activities related to men's domestic, social, economic, and political life.<ref name="Nigosian80" /> It addresses a broad array of activities and Islamic beliefs ranging from the simple practices, like the proper way of entering a mosque and private cleanliness, to questions involving the love between God and humans.<ref name="Stefon59">Stefon, ''Islamic Beliefs and Practices'', p. 59</ref> The Sunnah of Muhammad serves as a model for Muslims to shape their lives in that standard. The Quran tells the believers to offer prayer, fast, perform pilgrimage, and pay [[Zakat]], but it was Muhammad who practically taught the believers how to perform all these.<ref name="Stefon59" />

== Biography ==
Muhammad's biography is stored in ''[[Sīrah|Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya]]'' (prophetic biography). One of the earliest written prophetic biographies is attributed to [[ibn Ishaq|ibn ʾIsḥāq]], which has been lost; only a more recent version edited by [[ibn Hisham|ibn Hishām]] has survived.<ref name="Shoemaker, Stephen J 2011. p. 75">Shoemaker, Stephen J. The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. p. 75</ref> However, elements from ibn ʾIsḥāq's biography survive in other works, such as [[Tabari|al-Ṭabarī's]] history of the prophets.<ref name="Shoemaker, Stephen J 2011. p. 75"/> Muhammad is often described in both supernatural and worldly terms. While early biographies present him as a pre-eternal human soul with miraculous powers and sinlessness, he remains humanly imitable in his love and devotion, which would become the ''sunnah'' for his followers.<ref>Khalidi, T. (2009). Images of Muhammad: Narratives of the Prophet in Islam Across the Centuries. USA: Doubleday. p. 18</ref>

Since the 19th century, Muhammad's biographies have become increasingly intertwined with non-Muslim accounts of [[Muhammad]],<ref name="doi.org">Raven, W. (2011). Biography of the Prophet. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23716</ref> thus blurring the distinction between the prophetic Muhammad from Islamic tradition and the humanized Muhammad in non-Muslim depiction.<ref>Ali, Kecia. The lives of Muhammad. Harvard University Press, 2014. p. 461</ref> Accordingly, pre-modern Islamic accounts revolve around Muhammad's function as a prophet and his miraculous ascent to heaven, while many modern Islamic biographers reconstruct his life as an ideal statesman or social reformer.<ref>Ali, Kecia. The lives of Muhammad. Harvard University Press, 2014. p. 465</ref> A particular importance of Muhammad's role as a military leader began with the writings of [[Ahmet Refik Altınay]].<ref name="Hagen, Gottfried 2009">Hagen, Gottfried. "The imagined and the historical Muhammad." (2009): 97-111.</ref> The shortage of [[Hagiography|hagiographical accounts]] in the modern age led to a general acceptance of the depiction of Muhammad's history by non-Muslim scholars as well.<ref name="Hagen, Gottfried 2009"/>

=== Early years ===
{{See also|Muhammad in Mecca|Mawlid|Family tree of Muhammad}}

Muhammad, the son of [[Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib|'Abdullah]] [[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]] '[[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]] and his wife [[Aminah bint Wahb|Aminah]], was born in [[Year of the Elephant|approximately 570 CE]]<ref name="abraha">* {{cite journal|last1=Conrad|first1=Lawrence I.|year=1987|title=Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=50|issue=2|pages=225–40|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00049016|s2cid=162350288}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft|title=Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars: with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars|publisher=G. Bell|year=1901|page=[https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft/page/465 465]}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hamidullah|first=Muhammad|author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah|date=February 1969|title=The Nasi', the Hijrah Calendar and the Need of Preparing a New Concordance for the Hijrah and Gregorian Eras: Why the Existing Western Concordances are Not to be Relied Upon|url=http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1969/02feb/islamicreview_196902.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs|pages=6–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105021544/http://aaiil.org/text/articles/islamicreview/1969/02feb/islamicreview_196902.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref group="n">Opinions about the exact date of Muhammad's birth slightly vary. [[Shibli Nomani]] and [[Philip Khuri Hitti]] fixed the date to be 571 CE. But August 20, 570 CE is generally accepted. See Muir, vol. ii, pp. 13–14 for further information.</ref> in the city of Mecca in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. He was a member of the family of [[Banu Hashim]], a respected branch of the prestigious and influential [[Quraysh]] tribe. It is generally said that 'Abd al-Muttalib named the child "[[Muhammad (name)|Muhammad]]" ({{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|مُحَمَّد}}}}).<ref name="Sell">{{cite book |last=Sell |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Sell (priest) |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/muhammad/life_muhammad.pdf |access-date=19 January 2013 |year=1913 |location=[[Madras]] |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202846/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/muhammad/life_muhammad.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref>

==== Birth ====
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi The birth of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|The birth of Muhammad in the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'']]

Muhammad is not only considered as the historical figure Muhammad, but also the earthly manifestation of the cosmic Muhammad, predating the creation of the Earth or [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Josiane Cauquelin, Paul Lim, Birgit Mayer-Koenig ''Asian Values: Encounter with Diversity'' Routledge 2014 {{ISBN|978-1-136-84125-5}}</ref><ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 141</ref> The motifs of ''[[Barakah]]'' and ''[[Nūr (Islam)|Nūr]]'' are frequently invoked to describe Muhammad's birth as a miraculous event.<ref name="Katz, M. H. 2017">Katz, M. H. (2017). Birthday of the Prophet. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24018</ref> According to the Sīra of [[Ibn Ishaq|Ibn Isḥāq]], a light was transferred from Muhammad's father to his mother at the time of his conception.<ref name="Katz, M. H. 2017"/><ref name="Katz, M. H. 2007 p. 13">Katz, M. H. (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 13</ref> During pregnancy, a light radiated from the belly of Muhammad's mother.<ref name="Katz, M. H. 2007 p. 13"/> In some accounts, she was visited by an [[Angels in Islam|angel]].<ref name="saet.ac.uk">Stephen Burge. 2024. 'Angels (malāʾika)', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited
by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Islam/Angels Accessed: 4 November
2024 p. 12</ref> [[Ibn Hisham|Ibn Hischām]]'s Sīra refers to a vision experienced by Muhammad's mother. An unknown being came to her announcing Muhammad: <blockquote>"You have conceived the master of this community; when he falls to the earth, say "I commend him to the protection of the One from the evil of every envier" then name him Muhammad."</blockquote>
[[File:Prophet home mecca.jpg|thumb|''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]'', the birthplace of Muhammad. After his migration the house was taken and sold by [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]]. The house was demolished and converted into the [[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] in 1951.]]
The tradition that Muhammad's soul pre-dates his birth has been justified by the Quranic statement that "God created the spirits before the bodies".<ref>Katz, M. H. (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 15</ref> Others, such as [[Sahl al-Tustari]], believed that the Quranic [[Verse of Light]] alludes to Muhammad's pre-existence, comparing it to the Light of Muhammad.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 127</ref><ref>Katz, M. H. (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 14</ref> Some later reformative theologians, such as [[al-Ghazali]] ([[Ash'arism|Asharite]]) and [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] ([[Salafism|proto-Salafi]]) rejected that Muhammad existed before birth and that only the idea of Muhammad has existed prior to his physical conception.<ref>Marion Holmes Katz ''The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam'' Routledge 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-135-98394-9}} page 14</ref><ref>Rubin, U., “Nūr Muḥammadī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 4 December 2023 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5985}}
First published online: 2012
First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007</ref>

==== Childhood ====
Muhammad was orphaned when young. Some months before the birth of Muhammad, his father died near Medina on a mercantile expedition to [[Syria (region)|Syria]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/12 12]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref><ref name="Volume 9 1997 page 261">Article "AL-SHĀM" by [[C.E. Bosworth]], ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Volume 9 (1997), page 261.</ref><ref name="Salibi2003">{{cite book |author=Kamal S. Salibi |author-link=Kamal Salibi |title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC |year=2003 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-912-7 |pages=61–62 |quote=To the [[Arabs]], this same territory, which the Romans considered Arabian, formed part of what they called [[Bilad al-Sham]], which was their own name for Syria. From the classical perspective however Syria, including [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], formed no more than the western fringes of what was reckoned to be Arabia between the first line of cities and the coast. Since there is no clear dividing line between what are called today the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian]] and [[Arabian desert]]s, which actually form one stretch of arid tableland, the classical concept of what actually constituted Syria had more to its credit geographically than the vaguer Arab concept of Syria as Bilad al-Sham. Under the Romans, there was actually a province of Syria, with its capital at [[Antioch]], which carried the name of the territory. Otherwise, down the centuries, Syria like Arabia and Mesopotamia was no more than a geographic expression. In Islamic times, the Arab geographers used the name arabicized as [[Suriyah]], to denote one special region of Bilad al-Sham, which was the middle section of the valley of the [[Orontes river]], in the vicinity of the towns of [[Homs]] and [[Hama]]. They also noted that it was an old name for the whole of Bilad al-Sham which had gone out of use. As a geographic expression, however, the name Syria survived in its original classical sense in Byzantine and Western European usage, and also in the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] literature of some of the [[Eastern Christian]] churches, from which it occasionally found its way into Christian Arabic usage. It was only in the nineteenth century that the use of the name was revived in its modern Arabic form, frequently as Suriyya rather than the older Suriyah, to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham: first of all in the Christian Arabic literature of the period, and under the influence of Western Europe. By the end of that century it had already replaced the name of Bilad al-Sham even in Muslim Arabic usage. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516031507/https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC |archive-date=2016-05-16 }}</ref> When Muhammad was six, he accompanied his mother [[Amina bint Wahb|Amina]] on her visit to Medina, probably to visit her late husband's tomb. While returning to Mecca, Amina died at a desolate place called [[Al-Abwa|Abwa]], about half-way to Mecca, and was buried there. Muhammad was now taken in by his paternal grandfather [[Shaiba ibn Hashim|Abd al-Muttalib]], who himself died when Muhammad was eight, leaving him in the care of his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]]. In Islamic tradition, Muhammad's being orphaned at an early age has been seen as a part of divine plan to enable him to "develop early the qualities of self-reliance, reflection, and steadfastness".<ref name=Khan-15>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/15 15]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref> Muslim scholar [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] sees the tale of Muhammad as a spiritual parallel to the life of Moses, considering many aspects of their lives to be shared.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Ali (writer) |title=Introduction to the Study of The Holy Qur'an |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_j9ayrVpHMC&pg=PT113 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-934271-21-6 |page=113 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029034335/https://books.google.com/books?id=f_j9ayrVpHMC&pg=PT113 |archive-date=2015-10-29 }}</ref>

According to Arab custom, after his birth, infant Muhammad was sent to [[Banu Sa'ad]] clan, a neighboring [[Bedouin]] tribe, so that he could acquire the pure speech and free manners of the desert.<ref name="Muir">{{cite book |last=Muir |first=William |author-link=William Muir |title=Life of Mahomet |url=https://archive.org/details/lifemahomet00muirgoog |access-date=18 January 2013 |volume=2 |year=1861 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=London |page=xvii-xviii }}</ref> There, Muhammad spent the first five years of his life with his foster-mother [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halima]]. Islamic tradition holds that during this period, God sent two angels who opened his chest, took out the heart, and removed a blood-clot from it. It was then washed with [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]] water. In Islamic tradition, this incident means that God purified his prophet and protected him from sin.<ref>Stefon, ''Islamic Beliefs and Practices'', pp. 22–23</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA74 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |page=74 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031184558/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA74 |archive-date=2015-10-31 }}</ref>

Around the age of twelve, Muhammad accompanied his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] in a mercantile journey to [[Syria (region)|Syria]], and gained experience in commercial enterprise.<ref name=Khan-16>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/16 16]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref> On this journey Muhammad is said to have been recognized by a Christian monk, [[Bahira]], who prophesied about Muhammad's future as a prophet of God.<ref name="Shibli1" /><ref>Sell (1913), p. 12</ref>

Around the age of 25, Muhammad was employed as the caretaker of the mercantile activities of [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], a [[Quraysh]]i lady.

==== Social welfare ====
[[File:Mohammed kaaba 1315.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Miniature of Muhammad rededicating the [[Black Stone]] at the [[Kaaba]]. From [[Jami Al-Tawarikh]], c. 1315]]
Between 580 CE and 590 CE, Mecca experienced a bloody feud between Quraysh and [[Hawazin|Bani Hawazin]] that lasted for four years, before a truce was reached. After the truce, an alliance named [[Hilf al-Fudul]] (The Pact of the Virtuous)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ramadan |title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama|url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama/page/21 21]|isbn=978-0-19-530880-8 }}</ref> was formed to check further violence and injustice; and to stand on the side of the oppressed, an oath was taken by the [[Banu Hashim|descendants of Hashim]] and the kindred families, where Muhammad was also a member.<ref name=Khan-16 />

Islamic tradition credits Muhammad with settling a dispute peacefully, regarding setting the sacred [[Black Stone]] on the wall of [[Kaaba]], where the clan leaders could not decide on which clan should have the honor of doing that. The Black Stone was removed to facilitate the rebuilding of Kaaba because of its dilapidated condition. The disagreement grew tense, and bloodshed became likely. The clan leaders agreed to wait for the next man to come through the gate of Kaaba and ask him to choose. The 35-year-old Muhammad entered through that gate first, asked for a mantle which he spread on the ground, and placed the stone at its center. Muhammad had the clans' leaders lift a corner of it until the mantle reached the appropriate height, and then himself placed the stone on the proper place. Thus, an ensuing bloodshed was averted by the wisdom of Muhammad.<ref>Stefon, ''Islamic Beliefs and Practices'', p. 24</ref>

=== Prophethood ===
[[File:Miniatura Maometto.jpg|thumb|A 16th-century ''Siyer-i Nebi'' image of angel Gabriel visiting Muhammad]]
When Muhammad was 40 years old,<ref>Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', "Noah"</ref> he began to receive [[Muhammad's first revelation|his first revelations]] in 610 CE. The first revealed verses were the first five [[ayah|verses]] of [[Surah]] [[al-Alaq]] that the archangel [[Gabriel#Islam|Gabriel]] (''Jabrāʾīl'') brought from God to Muhammad in the [[Cave of Hira]] in [[Mount Hira]].<ref name=Brown-72>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel |title=A New Introduction to Islam |year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |isbn=978-0-631-21604-9 |pages=72–73}}</ref><ref name=Sell-29>{{cite book |last= Sell |first= Edward |title= The Life of Muhammad |year=1913 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=[[Madras]] |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Clinton|title=In Search of Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Cassell|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-70401-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/2 2]}}</ref>

While he was contemplating in the Cave of Hira,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bogle |first=Emory C. |author-link=Emory C. Bogle. |title=Islam: Origin and Belief |year=1998 |publisher=Texas University Press |isbn=978-0-292-70862-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islam00emor/page/6 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/islam00emor/page/6 }}</ref> Gabriel appeared before him and commanded him to "read", upon which Muhammad replied, as he is considered illiterate in Islamic tradition:<ref name="Campo494">Campo (2009), p. 494</ref> 'I am unable to read'. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and pressed him heavily. This is said to have been repeated three times until Muhammad recited the revealed part of the Quran.<ref>Wheeler, Brannon. "Prophets in the Quran." Prophets in the Quran (2002): 1-400.</ref> This happened two more times after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:<ref name=Brown-72 /><ref name=Sell-29 /> {{Blockquote|<poem>Read, ˹O Prophet,˺ in the Name of your Lord Who created—
created humans from a clinging clot.
Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous,
Who taught by the pen—
taught humanity what they knew not.</poem>|{{qref|96|1-5|c=y}}}}

These revelations are believed to have entered Muhammad's [[Qalb|heart]] (''Qalb'') in form of visions and sounds, which he then transcribed into words, known as the verbatim of God.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 178</ref><ref>Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers. Harvard University Press, 2010. p. 40-41</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad/251799/Muhammad-and-the-Quran |title=Muhammad and the Quran |year=2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117061518/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad/251799/Muhammad-and-the-Quran |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> These were later written down and collected and came to be known as [[Quran]], the central [[religious text]] of Islam.<ref name=Campo-570>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA570 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|pages=570–573|quote=The Quran is the sacred scripture of Islam. Muslims believe it contains the infallible word of God as revealed to Muhammad the Prophet in the Arabic language during the latter part of his life, between the years 610 and 632… (p. 570). Quran was revealed piecemeal during Muhammad’s life, between 610 C.E. and 632 C.E., and that it was collected into a physical book (mushaf) only after his death. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support this understanding of the Quran’s early development, although they are unclear in other respects. They report that the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656) ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit (d. ca. 655), Muhammad’s scribe, to establish a single authoritative recension of the Quran… (p. 572-3).}}</ref><ref name=Leaman-520>{{cite encyclopedia |editor= Oliver Leaman |encyclopedia= The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&pg=PA520|publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=9-78-0-415-32639-1|page=520}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon|title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/39 39–40]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65 65]–68}}</ref>

During the first three years of his ministry, Muhammad preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances. The first to believe him was his wife [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], who was followed by [[Ali]], his cousin, and [[Zayd ibn Harithah]]. Among the early converts were [[Abu Bakr]], [[Uthman ibn Affan]], [[Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib]], [[Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas]], [[Abdullah, son of Masud|Abdullah ibn Masud]], [[Arqam]], [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]] and [[Bilal ibn Rabah]].<ref>Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers. Harvard University Press, 2010. p. 41</ref>

=== Opposition and persecution ===
{{Main|Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans|Migration to Abyssinia}}
Muhammad's early teachings invited vehement opposition from the wealthy and leading clans of [[Mecca]] who feared the loss not only of their ancestral paganism but also of the lucrative pilgrimage business.<ref name=Campo-493>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |chapter=Muhammad|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA493 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=493}}</ref> At first, the opposition was confined to ridicule and sarcasm which proved insufficient to arrest Muhammad's faith from flourishing, and soon they resorted to active persecution.<ref name=Hitti-113>{{cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti |title=History of the Arabs |year=1946 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |pages=113–4|title-link=History of the Arabs (book) }}</ref> These included verbal attack, ostracism, unsuccessful boycott, and physical persecution.<ref name=Campo-493 /><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Holt, P. M.|editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA| year=1977 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |page=38}}</ref> Alarmed by mounting persecution on the newly converts, Muhammad in 615 CE directed some of his followers to migrate to neighboring Abyssinia (present day [[Ethiopia]]), a land ruled by king [[Aṣḥama ibn Abjar]], famous for his justice and intelligence.<ref name=ZKhan-42>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/42 42]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref> Accordingly, eleven men and four women made their flight, and were followed by more in later time.<ref name=ZKhan-42 /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |title=History of the Arabs |year=1946 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |page=114|title-link=History of the Arabs (book) }}</ref>

[[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|A [[Depictions of Muhammad|depiction of Muhammad]] receiving his first revelation from the Angel [[Gabriel|Jibril]] (جِبْرِيل), illustrated in the [[Jami' al-tawarikh]] by the Persian historian [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din Ṭabib]] (ca. 1306–1315)]]

Back in [[Mecca]], Muhammad was gaining new followers, including figures like [[Umar]] ibn Al-Khattāb. Muhammad's position was greatly strengthened by their acceptance of [[Islam]], and the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] became much perturbed. Upset by the fear of losing the leading position, the merchants and clan-leaders tried to come to an agreement with Muhammad. They offered Muhammad the prospect of higher social status and advantageous marriage proposal in exchange for forsaking his preaching. Muhammad rejected both offers, asserting his nomination as a messenger by [[God of Islam|God]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Holt, P. M.|editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA| year=1977| isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |pages=36–37 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/36 36–37]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref>

==== Last years in Mecca ====
The death of his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] left Muhammad unprotected, and exposed him to some mischief of [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]], which he endured with great steadfastness. An uncle and a bitter enemy of Muhammad, [[Abu Lahab]] succeeded [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] as clan chief, and soon withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad.<ref name=Holt-39>{{cite book |editor1=Holt, P. M.|editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA| year=1977 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |page=39}}</ref> Around this time, [[Muhammad's visit to Ta'if|Muhammad visited Ta'if]], a city some sixty kilometers east of Mecca, to preach Islam, but met with severe hostility from its inhabitants who pelted him with stones causing bleeding. It is said that God sent angels of the mountain to Muhammad who asked Muhammad's permission to crush the people of [[Ta'if]] in between the mountains, but Muhammad said 'No'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A.C. |title=Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esoUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955928-2 |page=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216213126/https://books.google.com/books?id=esoUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=2017-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Al-Mubarakpuri |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA141 |year= 2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |page=165}}</ref> At the pilgrimage season of 620, Muhammad met six men of [[Khazraj]] tribe from Yathrib (later named [[Medina]]), propounded to them the doctrines of Islam, and recited portions of [[Quran]].<ref name=Holt-39 /><ref>{{cite book |last= Sell |first= Edward |title= The Life of Muhammad |year=1913 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=[[Madras]] |page=70}}</ref> Impressed by this, the six embraced [[Islam]],<ref name="Shibli1" /> and at the Pilgrimage of 621, five of them brought seven others with them. These twelve informed Muhammad of the beginning of gradual development of [[Islam]] in [[Medina]], and took a formal pledge of allegiance at Muhammad's hand, promising to accept him as a prophet, to [[Tawhid|worship none but one God]], and to renounce certain sins like theft, adultery, murder and the like. This is known as the "First Pledge of al-Aqaba".<ref name=Holt-40>{{cite book |editor1=Holt, P. M.|editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA| year=1977| isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|page=40 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Sell |first= Edward |title= The Life of Muhammad |year=1913 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=[[Madras]] |page=71}}</ref> At their request, Muhammad sent with them [[Mus‘ab ibn 'Umair]], who is said to successfully convince his audience to embrace Islam according to Muslim biographies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/70 70–1]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref>

The next year, at the pilgrimage of June 622, a delegation of around 75 converted [[Muslim]]s of [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Khazraj]] tribes from [[Yathrib]] came. They invited him to come to [[Medina]] as an arbitrator to reconcile the hostile tribes.<ref name=Hitti-116 /> This is known as the [[Second pledge at al-Aqabah|"Second Pledge of al-'Aqabah"]],<ref name=Holt-40 /><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref> and was a 'politico-religious' success that paved the way for his and his followers' emigration to [[Medina]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Sell |first= Edward |title= The Life of Muhammad |year=1913 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co. |location=[[Madras]] |page=76}}</ref> Following the pledges, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Yathrib in small groups, and within a short period, most of the [[Muslim]]s of [[Mecca]] migrated there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first= Muhammad Zafrullah |title= Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=baw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75 |year= 1980 |publisher= Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=[[London]] |isbn= 978-0-7100-0610-3 |page=75 |quote= Accordingly, within a very short period, despite the opposition of the Quraysh, most of the Muslims in Mecca managed to migrate to Yathrib. }}</ref>

==== Emigration to Medina ====
{{Main|Hijrah}}
[[File:Masjid khuba.JPG|thumb|right|Inside view of Quba Mosque]]
Because of assassination attempts from the Quraysh, and prospect of success in Yathrib, a city {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on}} north of Mecca, Muhammad emigrated there in 622.<ref name="Holt-41">{{cite book |editor-last=Holt |editor-first=P. M.|editor-last2=Ann K. S. |editor-first2=Lambton|editor-first3=Bernard |editor-last3=Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA | year=1977| isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |page=41|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> According to Muslim tradition, after receiving divine direction to depart Mecca, Muhammad began taking preparation and informed [[Abu Bakr]] of his plan. On the night of his departure, Muhammad's house was besieged by men of the Quraysh who planned to kill him in the morning. At the time, Muhammad possessed various properties of the Quraysh given to him in trust; so he handed them over to '[[Ali]] and directed him to return them to their owners. It is said that when Muhammad emerged from his house, he recited the ninth verse of surah [[Ya-Sin]] of the Quran and threw a handful of dust at the direction of the besiegers, rendering the besiegers unable to see him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ya-Seen Ninth Verse|url=http://quran.com/36/9|access-date=4 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306151049/http://quran.com/36/9|archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> After eight days' journey, Muhammad entered the outskirts of Medina on 28 June 622,<ref name=FazlurRehman-51>{{cite book |last=Shaikh |first=Fazlur Rehman |title=Chronology of Prophetic Events |year=2001 |publisher=Ta-Ha |location=London |pages=51–52}}</ref> but did not enter the city directly. He stopped at a place called [[Quba Mosque|Quba]] some miles from the main city, and established a mosque there. On 2 July 622, he entered the city.<ref name=FazlurRehman-51 /> Yathrib was soon renamed {{tlit|ar|Madinat an-Nabi}} ({{langx|ar|مَدينةالنّبي}} {{gloss|City of the Prophet}}), but {{tlit|ar|an-Nabi}} was soon dropped, so its name is "Medina", meaning 'the city'.<ref>{{multiref | {{Cite journal |last=Shamsi |first=F. A. |title=The date of hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University |location=Islamabad |volume=23 |issue=3 |year=1984 |issn=0578-8072 |jstor=20847270 |pages=189–224|doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 }} | {{cite journal |last=Shamsi |first=F. A. |title=The date of hijrah |journal=Islamic Studies |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University |location=Islamabad |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=1984 |issn=0578-8072 |jstor=20847277 |pages=289–323|doi=10.52541/isiri.v23i04.5909 }} }}</ref>

=== In Medina ===
{{Main|Muhammad in Medina}}
[[File:Thaniat Al-Wadaa.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The place where the people of Medina welcomed Muhammad when he came from Mecca]]
In Medina, Muhammad's first focus was on the construction of a mosque, which, when completed, was of an austere nature.<ref>Armstrong (2002), p. 14</ref> Apart from being the center of prayer service, the mosque also served as a headquarters of administrative activities. Adjacent to the mosque was built the quarters for Muhammad's family. As there was no definite arrangement for calling people to prayer, [[Bilal ibn Ribah]] was appointed to call people in a loud voice at each prayer time, a system later replaced by [[Adhan]] believed to be informed to Abdullah ibn Zayd in his dream, and liked and introduced by Muhammad.

In order to establish peaceful coexistence among this heterogeneous population, Muhammad invited the leading personalities of all the communities to reach a formal agreement which would provide a harmony among the communities and security to the city of Medina, and finally drew up the [[Constitution of Medina]], also known as the Medina Charter, which formed "a kind of alliance or federation" among the prevailing communities.<ref name="Holt-41"/> It specified the mutual rights and obligations of the Muslims and Jews of Medina, and prohibited any alliance with the outside enemies. It also declared that any dispute would be referred to Muhammad for settlement.<ref>Campo (2009), Muhammad, Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 493</ref>

=== Battles ===
==== Battle of Badr ====
[[File:Muhammad at Badr.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Muhammad at the Battle of Badr, advised by an angel. ([[Siyer-i Nebi]], 16th century)]]
[[File:Badr campaign recolorized.svg|thumb|right|A map of the Badr campaign]]
[[File:Muslim Conquest.sv.svg|thumb|Conquests of Prophet Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines), 630-640 CE. At the top: The Byzantine empire and the Sassanid-Persian empire.]]

In the year 622, Muhammad and around 100 followers fled from Mecca to Medina, due to violent persecution. It is here, when Muslims are for the first time permitted by the Quran to fight against their pagan Meccan adversaries: <blockquote>"Permission [to fight] is given to those who are attacked, because they are oppressed and verily God is powerful in His support; those who have been expelled from their homes without right, only because they say our Lord is God (Allah)."({{qref|22|39-40|pl=y}})<ref>Halverson, Jeffry R., et al. "The Battle of Badr." Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (2011): 49-56.</ref></blockquote>

These [[Ghazi (warrior)|''ghazi'' raids]] escalated into a war in 624 between Muslims and Meccan pagans, known as the [[Battle of Badr]].<ref name="Halverson, Jeffry R. 2011">Halverson, Jeffry R., et al. "The Battle of Badr." Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (2011): 50.</ref> This is also considered to be the first time Muhammad used a weapon.<ref name="Zwemer, M. Samuel 1939. p. 27">Zwemer, M. Samuel. Studies In Popular Islam. London, 1939. p. 27</ref> The battle is described with supernatural images. In Islamic tradition, the battle is not only between the human Muslims and the human pagans, but also between the angels on the behalf of the Muslims and the [[Jinn|pagan deities]] (''jinn'') siding with their worshippers.<ref name="Halverson, Jeffry R. 2011"/> The Muslims receiving heavenly support is also alluded in the Quran ({{qref|8|9|pl=y}}).<ref>Müller, Mathias. "Signs of the Merciful." Journal of Religion and Violence 7.2 (2019): 91-127.</ref>

Before the battle, [[Iblis]] (Satan) appeared to the pagan Meccans in form of a man called Suraqa and incites them, including [[Abu Lahab]]<ref name=MQ-4-163>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Shafi |title= Tafsir Maariful Quran| volume=4|year=1986|location= [[Lahore]] |page=163|title-link= Tafsir Maariful Quran|author-link= Muhammad Shafi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Al-Mubarakpuri |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA253 |year= 2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |page=253}}</ref> and [[Abu Jahl]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=Muhammad at Medina |year=1956 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11}}</ref> to wage war against Muhammad, promising them to support them.<ref name="Rubin, Uri 1979">Rubin, Uri. "Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam." (1979): 46.</ref> In Shia sources, the visitor is explicitly called ''Shaiṭān'' (the Devil).<ref name="Rubin, Uri 1979"/> However, Iblis ultimately abandons the pagan Meccans before the fight begins when he recognizes that God and the angels are fighting on Muhammad's side,<ref name="Rubin, Uri 1979"/> alluded in the Quran by stating that the devil proclaims that he "fears God" ('akhafu 'llah), which can mean both, that he is reverencing or frightened about God (the latter one the preferred translation).<ref>YOUNG, M. J. L. (1966). "THE TREATMENT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EVIL IN THE QUR'ĀN". Islamic Studies. 5 (3): 275–281. JSTOR 20832847. Retrieved November 7, 2021. p. 280</ref> Islamic tradition holds that, as reported in [[Suyuti|Suyuti's]] ''al-Ḥabā’ik fī akhbār almalā’ik'', angels were never killed except during the Battle of Badr.<ref>Burge, Stephen Russell. "Angels in Islam: a commentary with selected translations of Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī’s Al-Ḥabā’ik fī akhbār almalā’ik (The Arrangement of the Traditions about Angels)." (2010). p. 414</ref>

The intervention of the angels at the battle and the victory of the Muslims despite being outnumbered against the pagan Meccans is often considered a miraculous event in Muslim tradition.<ref>Halverson, Jeffry R., et al. "The Battle of Badr." Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (2011): 49.</ref> After the battle, Muhammad receives the Sword [[Zulfiqar]] from the archangel Gabriel.<ref name="Zwemer, M. Samuel 1939. p. 27"/>

==== Treason, attacks, and siege ====
{{Main|Battle of Uhud|Expedition of Al Raji|Battle of the Trench}}
The Quraysh soon led an army of 3,000 men and fought the Muslim force, consisting of 700 men, in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. The predicament of Muslims at this battle has been seen by Islamic scholars as a result of disobedience of the command of Muhammad: Muslims realized that they could not succeed unless guided by him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Zafrullah|title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets|year=1980|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan/page/151 151]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadsealofpr0000khan}}</ref>

After the Battle of Uhud, [[Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid]], chief of [[Banu Asad]], and Sufyan ibn Khalid, chief of [[Banu Lahyan]], tried to march against Medina but were rendered unsuccessful. Ten Muslims, recruited by some local tribes to learn the tenets of Islam, [[Expedition of Al Raji|were treacherously murdered]]: eight of them being killed at a place called Raji, and the remaining two being taken to Mecca as captives and killed by Quraysh.<ref name="Shibli1" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Al Mubarakpuri |title=The Sealed Nectar |chapter=Ar-Raji Mobilization |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9789960899558 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527215439/http://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb |archive-date=2013-05-27 }}</ref> About the same time, a group of seventy Muslims, sent to propagate Islam to the people of [[Nejd]], [[Expedition of Bir Maona|was put to a massacre]] by [[Amir ibn al-Tufayl]]'s [[Banu Amir]] and other tribes. Only two of them escaped, returned to Medina, and informed Muhammad of the incidents.

Around 5 AH (627 CE), a large combined force of at least 10,000 men from Quraysh, [[Ghatafan]], Banu Asad, and other pagan tribes known as the confederacy was formed to attack the Muslims mainly at the instigation and efforts of Jewish leader [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]] and it marched towards Medina. The trench dug by the Muslims and the adverse weather foiled their [[Battle of the Trench|siege of Medina]], and the confederacy left with heavy losses. The Quran says that God dispersed the disbelievers and thwarted their plans ({{qref|33|5|pl=y}}). The Jewish tribe of [[Banu Qurayza]], who were allied with Muhammad before the [[Battle of the Trench]], were charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by Muhammad.<ref name="Peterson">Peterson, ''Muhammad: the prophet of God'', p. 125-127.</ref> After Banu Qurayza agreed to accept whatever decision [[Sa'ad ibn Mua'dh]] would take about them, Sa'ad pronounced that the male members be executed and the women and children be considered as war captives.<ref>Brown, ''A New Introduction to Islam'', p. 81.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Lings |first= Martin |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources |url= https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140 |url-access= limited |year=1987 |publisher= Inner Traditions International Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-170-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140/page/n234 231]–232}}</ref>

Around 6 AH (628 CE) the nascent Islamic state was somewhat consolidated when Muhammad left Medina to perform [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] at Mecca, but was intercepted en route by the Quraysh who ended up in a treaty with the Muslims known as the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/11 11]}}</ref>

==== Diplomacy ====
[[File:Muhammad letter muqawqis.jpg|thumb|right|Artifact of Muhammad's letter to the [[Muqawqis]], ruler of Egypt. Actual document on the right with transcription on the left. [[Topkapi Palace Museum]], Istanbul.]]
Around the end of 6 AH and the beginning of 7 AH (628 CE), [[Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State|Muhammad sent letters to various heads of state]] asking them to accept Islam and to worship only one God.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140 |url-access=limited |year=1987 |publisher=Inner Traditions International Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-170-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140/page/n263 260]}}</ref> Among them were [[Heraclius]], the emperor of [[Byzantium]]; [[Khosrau II]], the emperor of [[Persia]]; the [[Negus]] of [[Ethiopia]]; [[Muqawqis]], the ruler of [[Egypt]]; [[Harith Gassani]], the governor of [[Syria (region)|Syria]]; and [[Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi|Munzir ibn Sawa]], the ruler of [[Bahrain]]. In 6 AH, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] accepted [[Islam]] who later was to play a decisive role in the expansion of Islamic empire. In 7 AH, the Jewish leaders of [[Khaybar]] – a place some 200 miles from Medina – started instigating the Jewish and [[Ghatafan]] tribes against Medina.<ref name="Shibli1" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Zafrullah Khan |title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=225 |year=1980 |page=225 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025032947/https://books.google.com/books?id=baw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=225 |archive-date=2015-10-25 |isbn=9780710006103 }}</ref> When negotiation failed, Muhammad ordered the blockade of the Khaybar forts, and its inhabitants surrendered after some days. The lands of Khaybar came under Muslim control. Muhammad however granted the Jewish request to retain the lands under their control.<ref name="Shibli1" /> In 629 CE (7 AH), in accordance with the terms of the Hudaybiyyah treaty, Muhammad and the Muslims performed their [[Umrah|lesser pilgrimage (''Umrah'')]] to Mecca and left the city after three days.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/12 12]}}</ref>

==== Conquest of Mecca ====
[[File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol. 305v-306r Muhammad and Ali lead destruction of Meccan idols.jpg|thumb|240x240px|The destruction of idols at the [[Kaaba]]. is represented as a flaming [[aureole]]. From ''Hamla-i haydarî'' ("Haydar's Battle"), [[Kashmir]], 1808.]]
{{Main|Conquest of Mecca}}
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 151b detail.png|thumb|The Prophet Mohammed at the Kaaba in Mecca from ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'', a 16th-century [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] manuscript.]]
[[File:Conquest of Makkah.svg|thumb|Schematic Diagram Map of Conquest of Mecca]]
In 629 CE, the [[Banu Bakr]] tribe, an ally of Quraysh, attacked the Muslims' ally tribe [[Banu Khuza'a]], and killed several of them.<ref>Khan, Majid Ali (1998), p. 274</ref> The Quraysh openly helped Banu Bakr in their attack, which in return, violated the terms of the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]. Of the three options now advanced by Muhammad, they decided to cancel the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.<ref>Khan, Majid Ali (1998), p. 274-5</ref> Muhammad started taking preparation for Mecca campaign. On 29 November 629 (6th of Ramadan, 8 AH),<ref>{{cite book |author=Fazlur Rehman Shaikh |title=Chronology of Prophetic Events |year=2001 |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd |location=London |page=72}}</ref> Muhammad set out with 10,000 [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], and stopped at a nearby place from Mecca called Marr-uz-Zahran. When Meccan leader [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] came to gather intelligence, he was detected and arrested by the guards. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] wanted the execution of Abu Sufyan for his past offenses, but Muhammad spared his life after he converted to Islam. On 11 December 629 (18th of Ramadan, 8 AH), he entered Mecca almost unresisted, and declared a general amnesty for all those who had committed offences against Islam and himself.

[[File:Tabuk, Saudi Arabia locator map.png|thumb|right|Tabuk, Arabian Peninsula]]
After the Mecca conquest and the victory at the [[Battle of Hunayn]], the supremacy of the Muslims was somewhat established throughout the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Holt, P. M.|editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=IA| year=1977| isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |page=52|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Various tribes started to send their representatives to express their loyalty to Muhammad. In the year 9 AH (630 CE), [[Zakat]]—which is the obligatory charity in Islam—was introduced and was accepted by most of the people. A few tribes initially refused to pay it, but gradually accepted.

In October 630 CE, upon receiving news that the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] was gathering a large army at the Syrian area to attack Medina, and because of reports of hostility adopted against Muslims,<ref>{{cite book |author= Al-Mubarakpuri |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA495 |year= 2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |page=495}}</ref> Muhammad arranged his Muslim army, and came out to face them. On the way, they reached a place called [[Mada'in Saleh|Hijr]] where remnants of the ruined [[Thamud]] nation were scattered. Muhammad warned them of the [[sandstorm]] typical to the place, and forbade them not to use the well waters there.<ref name="Shibli1" /> By the time they reached [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], they got the news of Byzantine's retreat, or according to some sources, they came to know that the news of Byzantine gathering was wrong.<ref>{{cite book |last= Lings |first= Martin |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources |url= https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140 |url-access= limited |year=1987 |publisher= Inner Traditions International Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-170-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140/page/n322 319]}}</ref> Muhammad signed treaties with the bordering tribes who agreed to pay tribute in exchange of getting security. It is said that as these tribes were at the border area between [[Syria (region)|Syria]] (then under Byzantine control) and Arabia (then under Muslim control), signing treaties with them ensured the security of the whole area. Some months after the return from Tabuk, Muhammad's infant son [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]] died which eventually coincided with a [[sun eclipse]]. When people said that the eclipse had occurred to mourn Ibrahim's death, Muhammad said: "the sun and the moon are from among the signs of God. The eclipses occur neither for the death nor for the birth of any man".<ref>{{cite book |last= Al-Huseini |first=Syed Farouq M. |title=Islam and the Glorious Kaabah |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FS8GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |year=2014 |publisher= Trafford Publishing |location=United States |isbn=978-1-4907-2912-1 |pages=103–4}}</ref> After the Tabuk expedition, the [[Banu Thaqif]] tribe of Taif sent their representative team to Muhammad to inform their intention of accepting Islam on condition that they be allowed to retain their [[al-Lat|Lat idol]] with them and that they be exempted from prayers. Given that these conditions were inconsistent with Islamic principles, Muhammad rejected their demands and said "There is no good in a religion in which prayer is ruled out".<ref>{{cite book |last= Lings |first= Martin |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources |url= https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140 |url-access= limited |year=1987 |publisher= Inner Traditions International Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-170-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb00ling_140/page/n324 321]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Al-Mubarakpuri |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqjCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280 |year= 2014 |publisher=Darussalam |pages=280–1}}</ref> After Banu Thaqif tribe of Taif accepted Islam, many other tribes of [[Hejaz]] followed them and declared their allegiance to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first= Muhammad Zafrullah |title= Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=baw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247 |year= 1980 |publisher= Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=[[London]] |isbn= 978-0-7100-0610-3 |page=247 |quote= The adhesion of Taif and the destruction of its famous idol had enhanced the Holy Prophet’s fame throughout the south and east of the peninsula. A stream of submissive embassies from all quarters now flowed uninterruptedly towards Medina.}}</ref>

=== Final days ===
[[File:Muhammad's Burial.jpg|thumb|Miniature image from the three-volume manuscript Siyer-un-Nebi (Progress of the Prophet); a copy made in 1594 by Ahmet Nur ibn Mustafa for [[Murad III]] from an earlier manuscript dated at 1368 attributed to Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Omer Erzeni Dariri.]]

==== Farewell Pilgrimage ====
{{Main|Farewell Pilgrimage}}
In 631 CE, during the Hajj season, Muhammad appointed [[Abu Bakr]] to lead 300 Muslims to the pilgrimage in Mecca. As per old custom, many pagans from other parts of Arabia came to Mecca to perform pilgrimage in pre-Islamic manner. [[Ali]], at the direction of Muhammad, delivered a sermon stipulating the new rites of Hajj and abrogating the pagan rites. He especially declared that no unbeliever, pagan, and naked man would be allowed to circumambulate the Kaaba from the next year. After this declaration was made, a vast number of people of Bahrain, Yemen, and Yamama, who included both the pagans and the [[People of the Book]], gradually embraced Islam. Next year, in 632 CE, Muhammad performed hajj and taught Muslims first-hand the various rites of Hajj.<ref name=Campo-494 /> On the 9th of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], from [[Mount Arafat]], he delivered his [[Farewell Sermon]] in which he abolished old [[blood feud]]s and disputes based on the former tribal system, repudiated racial discrimination, and advised people to "be good to women". According to [[Sunni]] [[tafsir]], the following Quranic verse was delivered during this event: "Today I have perfected your religion, and completed my favours for you and chosen Islam as a religion for you" (Q {{qref|5|3|pl=y}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Shafi |title= Tafsir Maariful Quran| volume=3|year=1986 |location= English Translation by Muhammad Shamim. [[Lahore]] |page=45|title-link= Tafsir Maariful Quran|author-link= Muhammad Shafi}}</ref>

==== Death ====
It is narrated in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] that at the time of death, Muhammad was dipping his hands in water and was wiping his face with them saying "There is no god but God; indeed death has its pangs."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor= Oliver Leaman |encyclopedia= The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&pg=PA171|publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|pages=171}}</ref> He died on June 8, 632, in Medina, at the age of 62 or 63, in the house of his wife [[Aisha]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/13 13]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaikh|first1=Fazlur Rehman|title=Chronology of Prophetic Events|date=2001|publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd|location=London|pages=78–79}}</ref> The ''Sīra'' states that Muhammad, like all the other prophets, was given the choice to live or to die.<ref name="doi.org"/> At the time of Muhammad's death, a visitor (identified with [[Azrael]]) approached him, whereupon he asked him to come back in an hour, so he has time to take leave from his wives and daughters.<ref>Knappert, Jan. "Mohammed and the Celebration of His Birthday." Swahili Islamic Poetry. Brill, 1971. 30-60.</ref><ref name="saet.ac.uk"/>

For many Muslims of the Medieval period (and many today), Muhammad is not imagined to be inactive after his death. Though not elaborating in detail on Muhammad's whereabouts until Judgement Day, early hadiths indicate that Muhammad was considered to have a continued existence and accessibility.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 148">Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 148</ref> At least in the 11th century, it is attested that Muslims consider Muhammad to be still alive.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 148"/> [[Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi]] writes that Muhammad came back to life after his death and continues to participate in his community, takes pleasure in their good deeds and is saddened by their sins.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 148"/> Many blessings and greetings incorporated in daily phrases and rituals, such as the five obligatory prayers, reinforce the individuals' personal connection with Muhammad.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 148-149</ref>

== Veneration ==
{{See also|Durood|Mawlid|Na`at|Madih nabawi|Haḍra|Dala'il al-Khayrat}}
Muhammad is highly venerated by the Muslims,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTX7M-Mr-YC&q=andrew+rippin+muslims |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-34888-1 |page=200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929022508/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTX7M-Mr-YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=andrew+rippin+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BL9uUf3SLpOu2gW0sYGwAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=andrew%20rippin%20muslims&f=false |archive-date=2015-09-29 }}</ref> and is sometimes considered by them to be the greatest of all the prophets.<ref name=Esposito-12/><ref name=Morgan77 /><ref name=Mead5 />

In speaking, Muslims attach the title "Prophet" to Muhammad's name, and always follow it with the greeting ''sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam'' ({{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|صَلّى الله عليه وسلّم}}}}, "[[Peace be upon him]]"),<ref name="Stefon18" /> sometimes in written form abbreviated {{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|size=100%|ﷺ}}}}.

Muslims do not worship Muhammad as worship in Islam is only for God.<ref name=Mead5 /><ref name=DianeMorgan101>{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Diane |title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-36025-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/101 101] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Arshad |title=Islam, Muslims, and America: Understanding the Basis of Their Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LacP0-C6MEC&pg=PA172 |year=2003 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-87586-194-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527165418/https://books.google.com/books?id=5LacP0-C6MEC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=2016-05-27 }}</ref>

=== ''Qindīl'' ===
[[File:Qadr night in Jamkaran 2.jpg|thumb|Iranians observing Qadr Night in [[Jamkaran Mosque]]]]
Over the year of the Islamic calendar, Muslims observe, with an exception to the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]],<ref>Çakmak, Cenap (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 231. ISBN 9781610692168.</ref> five holidays dedicated to important events in Muhammad's life.<ref name="islamansiklopedisi.org.tr">NEBİ BOZKURT, "KANDİL", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kandil--gece (03.05.2024).</ref> At these days, Muslims celebrate by meeting to read from the Quran, tell stories about Muhammad, and offer free food.<ref name="islamansiklopedisi.org.tr"/>

On ''[[Mawlid|Mevlid Qindīl]]'' Muslims celebrate the birthday of Muhammad as his arrival from primeval times on earth.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The practise reaches back to the early stages of Islam, but was declared an official holiday by the Ottomans in 1588.<ref>Shoup, John A. (1 January 2007). Culture and Customs of Jordan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 9780313336713.</ref>

''[[Laylat al-Raghaib]]'' marks the beginning of the three holy months ([[Rajab]], [[Sha'ban]] and leading to [[Ramadan]]) in the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>"A spiritual season: The three sacred months - Hüseyin Karaca - Muhammad - Prophet of Islam". lastprophet.info. Retrieved 2018-03-24</ref> According to Islamic legends, at the night of ''reghaib'', the angels gather around the Kaaba and request forgiveness from God for those who fast on Raghaib.<ref>"Regaib Gecesi'nin Önemi". Islamic Insights. Retrieved 4 February 2022</ref>

At ''Miʿrāj-Qindīl'' (also spelled as ''Meraj-ul-Alam''), Muslims commemorate Muhammad's ascension to heaven on the 27th of Rajab. ''Niṣf šaʿbān'' is observed at the 15th of Sha'ban. ''[[Laylat al-Qadr]]'' (also known as ''Kadir Gecesi'') is observed at the end of Ramadan/Ramazan, and considered to be the Night when Muhammad received his first revelation.<ref>A. Beverley, James (2011). "Laylat al-Qadr". In Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Hols, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Hols, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Volume two L-Z. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 517. ISBN 9781598842067. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020.</ref>

=== Sakal-ı Şerif ===
[[File:Turkey.Konya043.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|{{center|Box with a part of Muhammad's beard. [[Mevlana Museum|Maulâna Rumi mausoleum]], [[Konya]], Turkey}}]]

Sakal-ı Şerif refers to hair believed to be from the beard or hair of Prophet Muhammad. They are usually kept in museums, mosques, and homes, across Muslim countries.<ref>Walton, Jeremy F. "Kimberly Hart, And Then We Work for God: Rural Sunni Islam in Western Turkey (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2013). Pp. 304. $24.95 e-book." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46.3 (2014): 609-611.</ref><ref name="NEBİ BOZKURT 2024">NEBİ BOZKURT, "SAKAL-ı ŞERİF", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sakal-i-serif (03.05.2024).</ref>

According to Muslim beliefs, the [[Sahaba|companions]] (''ṣaḥāba'') of Muhammad took some of Prophet's hair before it fell to the ground when he shaved his beard and kept it, as it is believed to emanate ''[[Barakah]]''.<ref name="NEBİ BOZKURT 2024"/><ref>Gruber, Christiane. "Bereket Bargains: Islamic Amulets in Today's “New Turkey”." Islamicate Occult Sciences in Theory and Practice. Brill, 2020. 572-606.</ref>

=== Intercession ===
{{See also|Ziyarat}}
Muslims see Muhammad as primary intercessor and believe that he will intercede on behalf of the believers on [[Last Judgment]] day.<ref name="MC103">{{cite book|author=Malcolm Clark|title=Islam For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT103|page=103|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029034341/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT103|archive-date=2015-10-29|isbn=9781118053966|date=2011-03-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> This non-Qur'anic vision of Muhammad's eschatological role appears for the first time in the inscriptions of the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]], completed in 72 AH (691–692 CE).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tillier|first=Mathieu|title='Abd al-Malik, Muḥammad et le Jugement dernier: le dôme du Rocher comme expression d'une orthodoxie islamique|url=http://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/53878|work=Les vivants et les morts dans les sociétés médiévales : XLVIIIe Congrès de la SHMESP (Jérusalem, 2017)|pages=351|series=Histoire ancienne et médiévale|date=3 April 2020|place=Paris|publisher=Éditions de la Sorbonne|isbn=979-10-351-0577-8}}</ref> Sunni hadith collections emphasize Muhammad's role of interceding for his community or even humanity at large on Judgement Day.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 132</ref>

[[Green Dome|Muhammad's tomb in Medina]] is considered a holy place for Muslims and is visited by most pilgrims who go to Mecca for Hajj.<ref name="Bennett1998">{{cite book|author=Clinton Bennett|title=In search of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182|year=1998|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-304-70401-9|pages=182–83|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922131141/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182|archive-date=2015-09-22}}</ref><ref name="Clark2011">{{cite book|author=Malcolm Clark|title=Islam For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT165|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-05396-6|page=165|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035138/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT165|archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> Since it is mentioned in a ''[[hadith]]'' of Muhammad, it is believed that his grave provides the visitor with blessings:<ref>Diem, Werner; Schöller, Marco (2004). The Living and the Dead in Islam: Indices. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 7–8, 23, 46, 55. ISBN 978-3447050838.</ref><blockquote>"He who visits my grave will be entitled to my intercession" and in a different version "I will intercede for those who have visited me or my tomb."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sunan|last=Bayhaqi|volume=V|pages=245}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shifa|last=Iyyad|first=Qadi|volume=II|page=71}}</ref></blockquote>

Based on a hadith by ''Tirmidhi'', [[ibn Arabi]] explains in [[Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya|{{transliteration|ar|al-Futuhat}}]] that Muhammad intercedes first for the angels, then for (other) prophets, then for the saints, then the believers, animals, plants, and inanimate objects last.<ref>Gallorini, Louise. The Symbolic Functions of Angels in the Qur'ān and Sufi Literature. Diss. 2021. p. 304</ref>

== Night Journey and Ascension ==
{{Main|Isra and Mi'raj}}
The [[Isra and Mi'raj|’Isrā’ wal-Miʿrāj]] refers to Muhammad's "Night Journey" and "Ascension through the seven heavens" in Islamic tradition. Many sources consider these two events to have happened in the same night. There is a disagreement if this refers to physical or spiritual events, or both.<ref name=enc>{{cite book | editor = Richard C. Martin | editor2 = [[Saïd Amir Arjomand|Said Amir Arjomand]] | editor3 = Marcia Hermansen | editor4 = Abdulkader Tayob | editor5 = Rochelle Davis | editor6 = John Obert Voll | title = Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World | date = December 2, 2003 | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan Reference USA]] | isbn = 978-0-02-865603-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/482 482] | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse }}</ref> While the Quran only refers briefly to this event in Surah 17 ''[[Al-Isra]]'',<ref name="alisra">{{qref|17|1|b=y}}</ref> later sources, including the ''[[hadith|ḥadīth]]'' corpus,<ref name=Campo-528>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA185 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|pages=528–9}}</ref> expand on this event.

Later [[Sunni Islam|Sunni tradition]] generally agrees that Muhammad's Ascension was physical. [[Ash'arism|Ash'arite scholar]] [[Al-Taftazani|al-Taftāzāni]] (1322–1390) writes "it is established by so well-known a tradition that he who denies it is an [[Bid'ah|innovator]] (''mubtādi'')." and rejects the idea of a purely spiritual ascension as an idea of the [[Mu'tazilism|philosophers]] (''muʿtazilī'').<ref>Watt, W. Montgomery. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: al-Taftazani on the Creed of al-Nasafi. Translated, with introduction and notes, by Earl Edgar Elder, pp. xxxii+ 187. New York: Columbia University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 1950. 30s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 83.1-2 (1951): 136-137.</ref>

In [[Modern era|modern age]], Muhammad's Ascension is celebrated as ''[[Kandil|Miʿrāj Qindīl]]'' throughout the Muslim world.<ref>Dayıoğlu, Ali, and Mete Hatay. "Cyprus." Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 3. Brill, 2011. 137-151.</ref><ref>Katz, Marion Holmes. The birth of the prophet Muhammad: devotional piety in Sunni Islam. Routledge, 2007.</ref>

=== Ibn Abbas' oral versions ===
[[File:Miraj by Sultan Muhammad.jpg|thumb|'' Ascent of Muhammad to Heaven'' (c. 1539–1543), from the [[Nizami Ganjavi#Quinary ("Panj Ganj" or "Khamsa")|Khamseh of Nizami]]]]
[[File:Copenhagen, Davids Samling Inventarnummer 14-2014 fol. 1r Malik and Jibril open the gates of hell for Muhammad.jpg|thumb|Muhammad requests Maalik to show him Hell during his heavenly journey. Miniature from [[The David Collection]]. The visits of hell have become a common feature in versions associated with ibn ʿAbbās.<ref name="Colby, Frederick 2016">Colby, Frederick. "6 Fire in the Upper Heavens: Locating Hell in Middle Period Narratives of Muḥammad's Ascension." Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. Brill, 2016. 124-143.</ref>]]
In the first two centuries of the Islamic calendar, the vast majority of fragments of Muhammad's Night Journeys have been transmitted orally.<ref>Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 29</ref> It is only in the eight and ninth centuries CE that oral tradition began to be written down. Many elements of the story are attributed to [[ibn ʿAbbās]], respected by both Sunni and Shia scholars.<ref>Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 31</ref> The ibn ʿAbbās version was popular right up until the middle periods of Islamic history, and transmitted to the royal courts from [[Castile (historical region)|Castille]] in [[al-Andalus]], [[Zabid]] in Yemen, and [[Tabriz]] in Persia. The ibn ʿAbbās versions are not to be understood as a unified narrative, but a corpus of variant texts with common aspects, often featuring otherworldly elements.<ref name="Colby, Frederick 2016"/> Later versions vary in other details regarding both the Ascension as well as the Night Journey, often omitting supernatural events. One hypothesis is that the ibn ʿAbbās narrative was suspected to be Shia propaganda at some point in early Islam, however, this is merely conjectural<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008.</ref> and does not diminish its popularity later onwards in both Sunni and Shia circles.

=== Ibn ʾIsḥāq's writings ===
The earliest compounded account on the Miʿrāj is found in the famous biography of Muhammad written by [[Ibn Ishaq|ibn ʾIsḥāq's]] [[Sīrah|Biography of the Prophet]] (''Sīrah'').<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008"/><ref name="Porter, James R 1974">Porter, James R. "Muhammad's journey to heaven." Numen 21.1 (1974): 64-80</ref> While this narrative is rather fragmentary and a summary, later Muslim authorities, provide further details around this basic outline.<ref name="Porter, James R 1974"/> The story is mostly known only through the recension of [[ibn Hisham|ibn Hishām]], until the discovery of ibn ʾIsḥāq's recension by Yunus ibn Bukayr.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008"/> Both versions are preceded by a reference to Surah 27:7, the question why God did not send an angel to accompany Muhammad, suggesting that the author holds the Night Journey to be a response to Muhammad's opponents.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 52">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 52</ref> Both sources agree that by the time the Journey happened, "Islam had already spread in Mecca and all their tribes."<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 52"/> Another anecdote they have in common is a reference to a report to [[Aisha]], that the Night Journey only happened in [[Ruh|spirit]] (''rūḥ''), but Muhammad's body would have never left. Although these recensions support that Muhammad travelled only spiritually, the later Sunni scholarly consensus is that Muhammad was lifted up physically, indicating a disagreement on the nature of Muhammad's Night Journey in the first century of the Muslim community.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 52"/>

According to ibn Hishām's recension, Muhammad slept next to the Kaaba, when he was woken up by the archangel (''muqarrab'') Gabriel (''Jibrāʾīl''). Then he was guided to the [[sacred enclosure]], where he met the mystical animal [[Buraq]]. Mounting this creature, he is carried, accompanied by Gabriel, to [[Jerusalem]], where he met the Prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, whereupon leading them in prayer. Ibn ʾIsḥāq's account on Muhammad's journey ends here. However, when Muhammad returned to Mecca, he is quoted as saying: <blockquote>"after the completion of my business in Jerusalem a ladder was brought to me finer than any I have ever seen. It is to this the dying man looks when carried to the place."<ref name="Porter, James R 1974"/></blockquote> The narrative further states that Muhammad climbed up the ladder through the heavens until he reaches God's presence, where he receives the five-daily prayers.<ref name="Porter, James R 1974"/> Each heaven is guarded by an angel at the gate. It is only by Gabriel's permission he can enter.<ref name="Porter, James R 1974"/> In the different heavens, he further meets preceding prophets, including Abraham, [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]], Moses, [[John the Baptist#Islam|John the Baptist]], and Jesus.<ref name=Campo-528/> During this Night Journey, [[God in Islam|God]] instructed Muhammad to the [[Salah|five-time daily prayers]] (''Ṣalāh'') for the believers.<ref>{{cite book| last = Vuckovic| first = Brooke Olson| title = Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Mi'raj in the Formation of Islam (Religion in History, Society and Culture)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA70 | date = 2004| publisher = [[Routledge]]| isbn = 978-0-415-96785-3| page =70}}</ref><ref name=Campo-528/>

Ibn Bukayr's account revolves much more around Muhammad's stay in Jerusalem and performing the prayers with the other prophets. The ascension to the heavens is almost entirely neglected.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 53">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 53</ref> However, the text quickly refers to Muhammad visiting hell, heaven, receiving the obligatory prayers, and choosing from different cups of liquid, indicating that the author was aware of more extensive material regarding the Night Journey, but chose to omit them.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 53"/> The absence of extensive details about Muhammad's travel through the heavens, while receiving the five obligatory prayers in Jerusalem instead, might be an indication that these two stories were originally thought to be separate events, but unified into one Night Journey by ibn ʾIsḥāq.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 53"/>

=== Ibn Sa'd's Ascension and Night Journey stories ===
[[File:Temple Mount (Aerial view, 2007) 05.jpg|thumb|[[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]], in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem in Islam|Jerusalem]], is said to be the location to which Muhammad traveled in his night journey. The location is the [[Holy Land|third holiest place]] for the [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Grabar2006">{{cite book|author=Oleg Grabar|title=The Dome of the Rock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeIOowshe6EC&pg=PA14|access-date=26 December 2011|date=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02313-0|page=14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615020045/http://books.google.com/books?id=OeIOowshe6EC&pg=PA14|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>]]
[[Ibn Sa'd]], a contemporary of ibn Hishām, narrates these two Journeys as separate events, even assigning them to two different dates.<ref>Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 57</ref> He understands the Ascension (''Miʿrāj'') to precede the Night Journey to Jerusalem (''’Isrā’'').<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 58">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 58</ref> According to ibn Sa'd's account, Muhammad was woken up by the pair of angels Gabriel and Michael (''Mīkhāʾīl''), telling him to "come away for what you asked of God", preceded by the quote "the Prophet used to ask his Lord to show him paradise and hellfire."<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 58"/> This version lacks elements added in other versions unifying the Ascension with the Night Journey, such as meeting the angels and the prophets in the heavens, no opening of Muhammad's chest mentioned in [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī]], and no dialogue with God or that the obligatory prayers might have originally been fifty.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 59">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 59</ref>

According to ibn Sa'd, the Night Journey (to Jerusalem) happens six months later.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 58"/> Like in the accounts of ibn Hishām's and ibn Bukayr, and unlike the ''[[Kutub al-Sittah|al-Kutub al-Sitta]]'', ibn Sa'd offers the names of those anecdotes he uses.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 59"/> Many of them are associated with the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], who confirm that Muhammad has gone missing, and they went out to look after him, indicating that the Night Journey to Jerusalem was a physical one.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 60">Colby, Frederick S. Narrating Muḥammad's night journey: tracing the development of the Ibn ʿAbbās ascension discourse. State University of New York Press, 2008. p. 60</ref> Given that there is no mention of Aisha's account that the Journey was spiritual journey, despite claiming to include her in his sources, suggested that the debate of the corporeality of Muhammad's journey, might have a political undertone, a disagreement between Sunni and Shia sources.<ref name="Colby, Frederick S 2008. p. 60"/>

== Splitting of the Moon ==
{{Main|Splitting of the Moon}}
[[File:Dresden MS Eb 445 Falnameh fol. 14v Mohammed Splits the Moon.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad]] points out the splitting of the Moon. Anonymous 16th-century watercolor from a [[falnama]], a Persian book of prophecy. Muhammad is the veiled figure on the right.]]
[[Surah]] {{qref|54|1-2|pl=y}} refers in Islamic tradition to Muhammad [[Splitting of the Moon|splitting the Moon]] in view of the Quraysh.<ref name="EoQ-Miracle">Denis Gril, ''Miracles'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref><ref>[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]], ''Moon''</ref> Historically speaking, the event probably refers to a [[lunar eclipse]] as they happened between 610 and 622 in Mecca and was considered a sign of God, linked to an apocalyptic event.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad''. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 44</ref>

Those who down-played the miraculous works of Muhammad regarded the event as a form of lunar eclipse. [[Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani]] said that, based on [[Ikrima ibn Amr]], there was a lunar eclipse observed by the non-Islamic Arabs of that time, which Muhammad interpreted as a sign of God to remember the transience of creation.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad''. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 47</ref>

Other Islamic tradition credits Muhammad with the miracle of the splitting of the [[Moon]]. Already beginning in early post-Quranic tradition, [[Muqatil ibn Sulayman]] begins his commentary on the Moon passage with an overview of impending Judgement Day.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 48">Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad''. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 48</ref>

Sulayman describes that Muhammad's opponents asked him to display a miracle as a proof of his prophethood. Muhammad is said to have split the Moon into two halves as a proof, whereupon his adversaries proclaimed that this was just an enchantment, and the Moon was united again.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 48"/> In this version, the splitting of the Moon does not occur by accident but on demand.<ref name="Brockopp, Jonathan E. 2010. p. 48"/> The same account is recorded by [[Anas ibn Malik]] who adds [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud]] as an eyewitness of the split Moon, eventually also being accepted in the canonical hadith compilations.<ref>Brockopp, Jonathan E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad''. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 49-50</ref>

== Animals ==
{{See also|Animals in Islam}}
According to Islamic interpretation of Surah 9:40, Muhammad and his close friend, usually identified with [[Abu Bakr]],<ref>Rubin, Uri. "Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam." (1979): 46-47</ref> were persecuted by the Quraish on their way to Medina. When they hid themselves in a cave of [[Mount Thawr]], a spider wove a net across the entrance and a dove built a nest, making the persecutors think no one had entered the cave for a long time, saving the prophet and his companion.<ref name="Brend, Barbara 1535 p. 248">Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 248. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 248.</ref><ref>Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Volume 1 Georgetown University, Washington DC p. 293</ref> This story led to sanction Muslims from killing a spider in the wider Islamic tradition.<ref>Gordon Newby (2013), A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Oneworld Publications, {{ISBN|978-1-780-74477-3}}</ref> In Sufi thought, the event of the web was understood to be a manifestation of the universal web veiling the unbelievers from the divine light, symbolized in Muhammad.<ref name="Brend, Barbara 1535 p. 248"/>

Although not reported in a canonical written corpus,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motala |first=Moulana Suhail |date=2020-11-25 |title=Did Nabi (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) have a cat named Muezza? |url=https://hadithanswers.com/did-nabi-sallallahu-alayhi-wa-sallam-have-a-cat-named-muezza/ |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Hadith Answers |language=en-GB}}</ref> and thus also doubted by some Muslims,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=The Prophet's cat Muezza |url=https://islamicportal.co.uk/the-prophets-cat-muezza/ |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Islamic Portal |language=en-GB}}</ref> many Muslims believe Muhammad had a favorite cat called Muezza (or {{Transliteration|ar|Muʿizza}}; {{langx|ar|معزة}}).<ref name=Muezza1>{{cite book |year=2004 |last=Geyer |first=Georgie Anne |title=When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the Trail of the Sacred Cats |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |location=[[Kansas City, Missouri]] |isbn=0-7407-4697-9 |page=28 |url=https://archive.org/details/whencatsreignedl00geor |url-access=registration |quote=In still another charming legend about the Prophet, one day his favorite cat Muezza bowed to thank him for some kind favor and, by this story, Muhammad then passed his hand down three times the length of the animal's back, giving to it—and to all cats evermore—the enviable capacity always to land squarely on their feet.}}</ref><ref name=Muezza2>{{cite book |last=Stall |first=Sam |year=2007 |title=100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines |publisher=Quirk Books |isbn=978-1-59474-163-0 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coXIF8WbEKEC&pg=PA40}}</ref> Muhammad threatened people who hurt or abuse cats with hell.<ref>Walker, Hooky. "The Last Sanctuary in Aleppo: Alaa Aljaleel and Diana Darke. Headline Publishing Group, London, 2019. pp. xiii+ 271. Illust. Glossary. Hb.£ 20. ISBN 9 7814 7226 0574. Pb.£ 9.99. ISBN 9 7814 7226 0581." (2019): 423-424.</ref> [[Islam and cats|Cats]] are generally evaluated positively in Muslim society and believed to be ritually pure.<ref>Eisenstein, H. (2015). Cat. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27599</ref>

== Visual representation ==
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 158b.jpg|thumb|upright|Muhammad, shown with a veiled face and halo, at [[Mount Hira]] (16th-century Ottoman illustration of the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'')]]
{{Main|Depictions of Muhammad}}
{{See also |Depictions of Muhammad in film|List of films about Muhammad}}
Although Islam only explicitly condemns depicting the divinity, since the eighth century,<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |date=2010-12-31 |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road |url=https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812205312 |journal=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated |pages=232 |doi=10.9783/9780812205312 |isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> the prohibition was sometimes expanded to prophets and saints and among Arab Sunnism, to any living creature.<ref>Titus Burckhardt ''The Void in Islamic Art'' Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 16, No. 1 & 2 (Winter-Spring, 1984 p. 2)</ref> [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] argues that visual representations of Muhammad are rare and if given, usually with his face veiled.<ref name="Arnold">{{Cite book|publisher = Gorgias Press LLC|isbn = 978-1-931956-91-8|last = Arnold|first = Thomas W.|title = Painting in Islam, a Study of the Place of Pictorial Art in Muslim Culture|orig-year = First published in 1928 |date = 2002–2011|pages = 91–9}}</ref> He argues that both the Sunni schools of law and the Shia jurisprudence alike prohibit the figurative depiction of Muhammad,<ref name=best>{{cite journal
|jstor=860736 |title=An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |author=Arnold, T. W. |date=June 1919 |publisher=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, No. 195. |volume=34 |issue=195 |pages=249–252}}</ref> and that occurrence of Muhammadin Arabic and Ottoman Turkish arts, flourishing during the [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1353), [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] (1370–1506), and [[Persian Empire|Safavid]] (1501–1722) periods, are due to a secular attitude of the time and a religious deviance.

In contrast, Barbara Brend argues that the absence of depictions of Muhammad are best explained by an overthrow of the Arab ruling dynasties by the Turks.<ref name="Brend, Barbara 1535 p. 50">Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 50. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 50</ref> In contrast to Arnold's proposition, figurative arts in the 14th-17th flourished among religious zealots who attempted to implement ''sharīʿah''-law, thus, cannot be considered secular or religiously deviants.<ref name="Brend, Barbara 1535 p. 50"/> Prior to the Turkic rulers, figurative arts were boasted by Arabic speaking caliphats of Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordova, as well and enjoyed prestige among both orthodox Sunni circles as well as Shia Muslims.<ref>Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 40. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 40</ref>

The development of portrayals of Muhammad since the 13th century among the Turks and Mongols derive from an appreciation of Muhammad as newly acquired religious and spiritual leader.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |date=2010-12-31 |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road |url=https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812205312 |journal=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated |pages=167 |doi=10.9783/9780812205312 |isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Having converted to Islam from [[Buddhism]], depiction of religious elements were often encouraged in order to spread the religious message.<ref name=":03" /> These images were also used to promote a particular Islamic denomination (Sunni or Shia) among the common people.<ref name=":03" />

In artistic depictions, Muhammad's face is often blurred out by light or veiled in Islamic paintings, even when he is depicted, since Muhammad is described as having a face of radiant like light.<ref name="Gruber, Christiane 2009"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam
}}
* [[Children of Muhammad]]
* [[List of biographies of Muhammad]]
* [[Islamic mythology]]
* [[Muhammad and the Bible]]
** [[Mahammaddim]]
* [[Muhammad in the Quran]]
* [[Relics of Muhammad]]
* [[Stories of The Prophets]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''The Genius of Muhammad: The Prophet of Islam'' by Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; Barnes & Noble Press (2025), {{ISBN|9798260391754}}.
*{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Ali (writer) |title=Introduction to the Study of The Holy Qur'an |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_j9ayrVpHMC&pg=PT113 |year=2011 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA |isbn=978-1-934271-21-6 }}
*{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Clinton|title= In search of Muhammad|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=London|year=1998|isbn=978-0-304-70401-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VTIkkcUFHQC&pg=PA182}}
*{{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|author-link=John Esposito|title=Islam: The Straight Path|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-511233-7|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0}}
*{{cite book |last=Guillaume |title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq's sīrat |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n23/mode/2up |year=1955 |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-577828-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ghali |first=Muhammad M |title=The History of Muhammad: The Prophet and Messenger |year=2004 |publisher=Al-Falah Foundation |location=[[Cairo]] |url=http://www.enjoyislam.com/books/islamic_books/the-history-of-muhammad-the-prophet-and-messenger.pdf }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ggp8OFBIzssC&pg=PA5 alternate URL]
*{{cite book |last=Hitti |first=Philip Khuri |author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti |title= History of the Arabs |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13564|year=1946 |publisher=Macmillan and Co |location=London }}
*{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Majid Ali |title=Muhammad the Final Messenger |year=1998 |publisher=Islamic Book Service |location=India |isbn=978-81-85738-25-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Zafrullah |title=Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |year=1980 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-0610-3 }}
*{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/58 58]}}
*{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title= Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/17 17] |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn= 978-0-253-21627-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ramadan |title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-530880-8 }}
*{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) |year=2002 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Muir|first=William|title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall, from Original Sources|publisher=University of Michigan; Religious Tract Society|year=1892|isbn=9781417948895}}
*{{cite book |author=Shibli Nomani|author-link=Shibli Nomani |title=Sirat-un-Nabi |location=[[Lahore]] |title-link=Sirat-un-Nabi }}
*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title= Muhammad at Medina. |year=1956 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1 }}

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}

[[Category:Religious perspectives on Muhammad|Islam]]
[[Category:Prophets of the Quran]]

Donald Friell McLeod

2026-03-08T19:39:36Z

Jainil Prajapati: added references

{{Short description|British civil servant (1810–1872)}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = Sir
|name = Donald Friell McLeod
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}
|image = Sir Donald Friell Mcleod surrounded by admiring Sikh elders. Wellcome V0048411.jpg
|image_upright =
|caption = Sir Donald Friell McLeod, surrounded by Sikh elders
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1810|5|6}}
|birth_place = [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1872|11|28|1810|5|6}}
|death_place = [[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom
|resting_place = [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]
|order1 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]]
|term_start1 = 10 January 1865
|term_end1 = 1 June 1870
|governor_general1= [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, Bt]] [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]
|predecessor1 = [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Sir Robert Montgomery]]
|successor1 = [[Henry Marion Durand|Sir Henry Marion Durand]]
|alma_mater = [[East India Company College]]
}}

'''Sir Donald Friell McLeod''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CB}} (6 May 1810 – 28 November 1872) was British civil servant in India who served as [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor]] of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] between 1865 and 1870. He was one of the founders of Lahore Oriental College, now part of the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], and is generally remembered as a philanthropic administrator and promoter of education, of both [[Oriental studies]] by Europeans, and European literature studies in India.<ref name="British Museum">{{cite web |title=Sir Donald Friell McLeod |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG253067 |website=British Museum |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], then part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. His father was Duncan McLeod (1780–1856), a [[Scotsman]] who later became lieutenant general of the [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal engineers]], and achieved distinction designing the [[Hazarduari Palace]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography">{{cite book |last1=Sir Leslie Stephen, Sir Sidney Lee |title=Dictionary of National Biography Volume 35 |date=1893 |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Company}}</ref> His mother was Henrietta Friell, who descended maternally from the [[Boileau baronets|Boileau of Castelnau]] family.<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/>

In 1814 McLeod was sent to stay with his grandfather in [[Scotland]]. He was educated at schools in [[Edinburgh]], [[Dulwich]] and later [[Putney]] where [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]] was also a student.<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> In 1826 he was enrolled at [[East India Company College]] in [[Hertfordshire]], where he became a friend of [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/>

==Career==
===Early career===
McLeod travelled to Bengal on 10 December 1828 to begin his career in the [[East India Company]]'s administrative service. He was initially stationed at [[Munger Fort]] and in 1831 assisted [[William Henry Sleeman|Colonel William Sleeman]] on special service suppressing [[Thuggee]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> Later that year he was posted to [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories|Sagar and Nerbudda]] as administrator, remaining in the role until 1840 when he assumed special charge of [[Jabalpur district|Jubbalpore district]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> In 1843, McLeod was appointed collector and magistrate for [[Benares]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> In Autumn 1845 he became seriously ill, and took leave in [[Cape Town]] where he stayed with his sister and brother-in-law until his return in April 1847.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years">{{cite book |author1-link=Edward John Lake |last1=Edward John Lake |title=Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years' service in India |date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Fb&c Limited |isbn=9781334002489}}</ref> During his six-year tenure in Benares, he was regarded for having made significant improvements to the municipal administration and police, and greatly reducing crime in the city.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

===Punjab===
McLeod succeeded John Lawrence as commissioner of [[Jullundur district|Jullundur division]] in 1849, then part of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] in the [[Punjab]]. In 1854 he became financial commissioner of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> On 10 October 1854 he married the daughter of [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Robert Montgomery]], however after falling ill in [[Dharamshala]], she passed a few months after their wedding.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

He was at [[Lahore]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and at its conclusion was made a [[Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath]]. He briefly returned to England in 1859 after an absence of thirty years. In 1861 he was made President of the Famine Relief Committee.<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/>

In 1865, on the recommendation of John Lawrence, he was made Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. The following year he was awarded the [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> As Lieutenant governor McLeod continued the paternalistic strategy begun by the Lawrence brothers, and continued to develop the resources of the Punjab by constructing roads, railways and canals.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/> An active president of the Agri-Horticultural Society of the Punjab, at his own expense he imported a large number of plants and trees to the Punjab from around the world.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/> His rule coincided with a period of peace in the Punjab, helped by friendlier relations with the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]].<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

An advocate of allowing locals to manage their own social and municipal affairs, he established municipalities in over three hundred areas and actively promoted education to train locals in administration.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/> He encouraged Oriental Studies and voiced his opinion on education in vernacular languages. Due to his efforts, the Indian Government introduced vernaculars in universities alongside English and agreed to the establishment of the Oriental College in Lahore in 1866. His efforts won praises from the natives and the officials.<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> In his honour, the McLeod Medal was introduced, open to pupils across the province and which awarded a cash prize for the best examination result in an oriental language.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

Towards the end of his five-year term he requested and was granted a six-month extension so he could receive the [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Duke of Edinburgh]] during his proposed visit to India and introduce him to the Punjab. His farewell banquet was held at Lahore on 5 May 1870 and included encomiums from his friend [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Lord Napier of Magdala]], and [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] the Viceroy of India.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

==Later life and death==
On his retirement in 1870, he returned to England and settled in London, where he was made chairman of the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]].<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> In London he was known to be sympathetic to the plight of the poor in the [[East End]], and was a member of the East London Mission and Relief Fund.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

At around 5 pm on 28 November 1872, when on his way to a meeting of the Christian Vernacular Education Society for India, he was mortally injured from an accident at [[Gloucester Road station]] on the [[London Underground]].{{sfn|Archbold|1893}} Arriving at the [[Metropolitan Line]] platform, the station inspector told McLeod that he was too late to catch the train heading towards South Kensington; moments later, he shouted "stop, you will be run over". A report on the incident in the ''[[Belfast News]]'' on 4 December stated, "It seems that he must have attempted to enter his compartment while the carriages were already in motion, and that, falling with the sudden and violent movement of the train, he was dragged along for several yards. The right arm, which probably to the last had retained its hold upon the platform and footboards, was uninjured. But the left arm and both legs were nearly severed from the body, although the train was stopped with praiseworthy promptitude."<ref>{{cite web |title=The accident that befell Sir Donald Friell McLeod |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2014/08/the-accident-that-befell-sir-donald-friell-mcleod.html |website=blogs.bl.uk |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> McLeod was taken to St. George's Hospital, where his right arm was amputated whilst he was induced by ether. He died surrounded by friends and family a few hours later.<ref name="Sir Donald McLeod, a record of forty-two years"/>

McLeod is buried on the east side of the south section of the central north–south path in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] in [[London]].

==Legacy==
[[File:The grave of Sir Donald Friell McLeod, Kensal Green Cemetery.JPG|right|250px|Grave of Sir Donald Friell McLeod at Kensal Green Cemetery|thumb]]
He was a [[Baptist]] and known for his religious observance.<ref>Underwood, Alfred Clair. A History of the English Baptists: With Foreword by J. H. Rushbrooke. United Kingdom, Carey Kingsgate Press, Limited, 1961.</ref> He was also a philanthropist, and on retiring to London had little financial means beyond his pension.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) |title=Sir Donald Friell McLeod |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society |date=1873 |volume=43}}</ref> Shortly after his death, his collection of some 2,000 books was purchased in 1873 by the newly established University College, Lahore (now the [[University of the Punjab]]) as the [http://www.pulibrary.edu.pk/aboutus.php foundation for its university library].

His friend John Lawrence called him a [[cunctator]], describing him as morally and intellectually having no superior in the Punjab, but noting as an administrator he wasted much time on unimportant matters, spending half the day writing "elegant demi-official chits".<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/> On his death he was widely respected for having gained the esteem of both locals and Europeans.<ref name="Dictionary of National Biography"/>

The town of [[McLeod Ganj]] is named after him, as is McLeod Road in [[Lahore]]. McLeod's Mews in [[South Kensington]] was allegedly named after him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hobbouse |first1=Hermione |title=Emperor's Gate and Vicinity Pages 339–342 Survey of London: Volume 42, Kensington Square To Earl's Court. Originally published by London County Council, London, 1986. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol42/pp339-342 |website=British History Online |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{cite DNB|wstitle=McLeod, Donald Friell |first=William Arthur Jobson|last= Archbold|volume=35}}

== Literature ==
* Lake, Major-General Edward John. [https://archive.org/download/sirdonaldmcleod00lake/sirdonaldmcleod00lake_bw.pdf Sir Donald McLeod], C.B., K.C.S.I: A record of forty-two years' service in India. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1873.
* McLeod, Sir Donald Friell, an entry in: Charles Edward Buckland. Dictionary of Indian biography. London, 1906.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mcleod, Donald Friell}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Railway officers in British India]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish civil servants]]
[[Category:Scottish educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scottish Indologists]]
[[Category:Scottish knights]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish philanthropists]]
[[Category:Scottish colonial officials]]
[[Category:19th-century British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Laal Ishq (film)

2026-03-04T09:43:46Z

Jainil Prajapati: general enhance information to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laal Ishq
| image = Laal_Ishq_film_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]
| producer = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] Shabina Khan
| writer = Shirish Latkar
| screenplay = Shirish Latkar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Swwapnil Joshi]] [[Anjana Sukhani]] Sneha Chavan
| music = [[Amitraj]] [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| cinematography = Prasad Bhende
| editing = [[Jayant Jathar]]
| studio = [[Bhansali Productions]]
| distributor = [[Bhansali Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|5|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|5-6|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|7.37|c}} (5 days)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/02/marathi-films-is-attracting-bigwigs-riteish-deshmukh-nana-patekar-anjana-sukhani-and-vidya-balan-heres-why |title=Marathi Cinema is Taking Bollywood & its Stars By Storm |publisher=}}</ref>
}}

'''''Laal Ishq''''' is a 2016 [[Indian film|Indian]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|romance]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller Film|thriller]] film, directed by [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]] and produced by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] and co-produced by Shabina Khan under the [[Bhansali Productions]] banner. The film was scheduled for release on 27 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/trailer-of-laal-ishq/articleshow/52025000.cms |title=WATCH: Trailer of Laal Ishq |date=28 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Swwapnil Joshi]] will be the male lead, while [[Anjana Sukhani]] and Sneha Chavan will be in female lead roles respectively. The movie will be debut for [[Anjana Sukhani]] in Marathi films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/honoured-to-be-a-bhansali-heroine-anjana-sukhani-on-laal-ishq/story-Zi4oKEYQhsZZicgdyfFwVO.html |title=Honoured to be a Bhansali heroine: Anjana Sukhani on Laal Ishq |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Swwapnil Joshi]] as Yash Patwardhan
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Jahnvi
* Sneha Chavan as Shreya
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Inspector Ms Nimbalkar
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Inspector Kale
* [[Milind Gawali]]
* Jayant Wadkar as Poddar
* [[Priya Arun|Priya Berde]]
* [[Piyush Ranade]] as Vinay
* [[Yashashri Masurkar]] as Nisha
* Uday Nene

==Plot==
Laal Ishq is a love story entwined with a murder that takes place in a resort, and the prime suspects for the murder are the two leads of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/laal-ishq/ET00041071 |title=Marathi Movie Laal Ishq 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=27 May 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>

==Music==
The Chand Matla Song is composed by [[Nilesh Moharir]] and Chimani Chimani and composed by Amitraj. The music rights are acquired by Video Palace.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:72
| title1 = Chand Matla
| extra1 = Swapnil Bandodkar, [[Vaishali Samant]]
| music1 = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| lyrics1 = Ashwini Shende
| length1 = 2:18
| title2 = Chimani Chimani
| extra2 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], Amitraj, [[Swwapnil Joshi]], Jayant Wadkar, [[Piyush Ranade]]
| music2 = Amitraj
| lyrics2 = Sachin Pathak
| length2 = 2:54
| all_writing =
| title3 =
| length3 =
| title4 =
| length34 = zuzu

| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

==Box office==
''Laal Ishq'' opened to good response in [[Maharashtra]]. It collected {{INRConvert|1.34|c}}, {{INRConvert|1.50|c}} and {{INRConvert|2.02|c}} nett, with the total of {{INRConvert|4.86|c}} nett and {{INRConvert|5.45|c}} gross at the box office. The movie net collection {{INRConvert|7.37|c}} in 5 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/02/marathi-films-is-attracting-bigwigs-riteish-deshmukh-nana-patekar-anjana-sukhani-and-vidya-balan-heres-why |title=Marathi Cinema is Taking Bollywood & its Stars By Storm |publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laal Ishq}}
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Kanavane Kankanda Deivam

2026-03-04T05:05:29Z

Jainil Prajapati: Added new entry

{{short description|1955 film by T. R. Raghunath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanavane Kankanda Deivam
| image = Kanavane Kankanda Deivam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| screenplay = K. V. Srinivasan
| story = K. V. Srinivasan Umachandran [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|Sadasivabrahmam]]
| producer = Pattanna Narayana Iyengar
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan|R. Ganesh]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| editing = S. R. Chandra Sekaran
| music = A. Rama Rao [[Hemant Kumar]]
| studio = Narayanan Company
| released = {{film date|1955|5|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 168 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=148}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kanavane Kankanda Deivam''''' ({{translation|Husband is a Palpable God}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]] and produced by Pattanna. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan|R. Ganesh]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with [[V. Nagayya]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], Friend Ramaswamy and [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a man who steals an object to cure the king's blindness and marry the princess, but becomes cursed because of the theft and seeks to undo it.

''Kanavane Kankanda Deivam'' was released on 6 May 1955. The film received positive reviews mainly for the performances of Ganesh and Anjali Devi, and became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in many theatres. It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Devta (1956 film)|Devta]]'' (1956), with Ganesh and Anjali Devi reprising their roles.

== Plot ==
Vijayan, the son of a retired soldier Karunakaran, is advised by his father to meet Soorasimmar, the blind king, and join the army. Vijayan meets Soorasimmar's only daughter Nalini and falls in love with her. When commander Veerasenan tries to throw Vijayan aside for blocking his way, Vijayan fights and trounces Veerasenan. This impresses Nalini, who is on the way to meet a sage who has a medicine for her father's blindness.

After examining Soorasimmar, the sage says the only cure lies in using the "Naga Jothi" (serpent light) found in Nagalokam (serpent world). Nalini suggests a prize for anyone who brings the Naga Jothi. Soorasimmar agrees and announces that anyone bringing the Naga Jothi will be given any prize they ask.

Nalini falls in love with Vijayan when they next meet. The next day, Vijayan presents his father's knife to Soorasimmar who recognises it and advises Veerasenan to induct Vijayan into the army. Veerasenan is unhappy to see the entry of Vijayan, and waits for an opportunity to avenge his past humiliation.

When Vijayan meets Nalini in private, Veerasenan arrives with his soldiers, captures and accuses him of betraying Soorasimmar. For this, Soorasimmar orders Vijayan's execution the next day, despite Nalini's pleas. Vijayan escapes from prison with help from fellow prisoner Singan and comes to meet Nalini. He tells her that he will retrieve the Naga Jothi so that he can seek her hand as prize.

Vijayan saves Nagakanni, a snake girl, from danger. She gives him two magic rings which will lead to Nagalokam from any pond, and tells him he must please the snake queen Nagarani to obtain the Naga Jothi. Using the rings, Vijayan and Singan enter a pond and reach Nagalokam. Nagarani instantly falls in love with Vijayan and makes him stay at her palace. Singan advises Vijayan to pretend to love her and pilfer the key to the safe containing the Naga Jothi.

Vijayan makes Nagarani unconscious, takes the key, goes with Singan and collects a Naga Jothi while Singan takes one too. While returning, Singan accidentally locks himself in a prison cell. Nagarani awakens and notices the key is missing. Enraged, she curses Vijayan by transforming him into a deformed hunchback.

Vijayan explains his predicament and pleads for a remedy. Nagarani says he should marry a virtuous woman who must bear his son; that son should come through the cave using the Naga Jothi and take the glass stone containing Vijayan's youth and break it before Vijayan after which he will regain his original looks. She says this should be done within five years, Vijayan will be killed by a snake should he fail, and will die if he reveals this secret to anyone.

Vijayan returns and restores Soorasimmar's eyesight with the Naga Jothi. Vijayan seeks the hand of Nalini as his prize, which Soorasimmar objects to but Nalini accepts, and the marriage takes place. When Soorasimmar insults Vijayan for his looks, Nalini and Vijayan leave and settle in a forest. Nalini treats him well, and lives with the credo that husband is the ultimate god. She soon delivers a son named Raja. When Raja is around four years old, a snake appears, reminding Vijayan that he will die by the end of the day should his curse not be lifted.

Nalini learns about the curse and cure; she rushes with Raja to the cave with the Naga Jothi. Raja enters the cave to acquire the glass stone, but the Naga Jothi's light goes off, leaving him trapped. At Vijayan's suggestion, Nalini meets Nagarani and pleads for her husband and child. Nagarani refuses, Nalini curses her for selfishness and is imprisoned. She finds Singan's forgotten Naga Jothi, and escapes with it. ''En route'', Nalini is troubled by Veerasenan who is killed by Singan. Nalini frees Raja.

Nalini and Raja reach home, and Raja breaks the glass stone, restoring Vijayan's appearance. Nalini's curse on Nagarani causes her to lose her beauty. She comes to apologise for her stubbornness and misbehaviour with Vijayan, who forgives her along with Nalini. Nalini blesses Nagarani, who regains her beauty. Soorasimmar invites Vijayan and Nalini to return to the palace, and they assent.

== Cast ==

{{col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="credits" />
* [[Gemini Ganesan|R. Ganesh]] as Vijayan
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Soorasimmar
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Veerasenan
* Friend Ramasami as Singan
* Nat Annaji Rao as Karunakaran
* V. P. Balaraman as a [[sepoy]]
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="credits" />
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Nalini
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] as Nagarani
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Mallika
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Naagi
* Bala as Nagakanni
* Baby Uma as Raja
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Kanavane Kankanda Deivam'' was directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]], and produced by Pattanna and Narayana Iyengar under Narayanan Company. The story was written by K. V. Srinivasan, Umachandran and [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|Sadasivabrahmam]], while Srinivasan wrote the screenplay and Umachandran the dialogues. Cinematography was handled by B. S. Ranga.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=148}} The producers initially rejected R. Ganesh (later known [[Gemini Ganesan]]) for the lead role of Vijayan because they believed he was too attractive to play a disfigured hunchback. Ganesh later disguised himself as a hunchbacked beggar and approached Iyengar, who mistook him for an actual beggar and offered him alms until Ganesh revealed his true identity. Impressed with his unorthodox auditioning, Iyengar cast Ganesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=12 December 2013 |title=Rewind to the first reel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/rewind-to-the-first-reel/article5451608.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509202435/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/rewind-to-the-first-reel/article5451608.ece |archive-date=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=11 July 2015 |title="Kaadhal Mannan" Gemini Ganesan, romantic actor king of Tamil cinema |url=http://www.ft.lk/columns/kaadhal-mannan-gemini-ganesan-romantic-actor-king-of-tamil-cinema/4-444263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618160709/http://www.ft.lk/columns/kaadhal-mannan-gemini-ganesan-romantic-actor-king-of-tamil-cinema/4-444263 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> For every day of filming, Ganesh's makeup took hours to apply and he could not eat until filming ended for the day.{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|p=64}}

The producers cast [[Anjali Devi]] as the princess Nalini after being impressed with her performance in ''[[Sorgavasal]]'' (1954).<ref name="dinamani" /> [[P. Bhanumathi]] was initially cast as the snake queen Nagarani after production began. She filmed many sequences, including the song "Unnai Kann Theduthey", but left in the middle of production. The role was later recast with [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]].<ref name="thehindu1" /> Ganesh performed many stunts without the use of a stunt double.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=4 November 2022 |title=முடியாது என்ற கதாபாத்திரத்தை உயிரைப் பணயம் வைத்து துணிச்சலாக செய்து காட்டிய ஜெமினிகணேசன் |url=https://cinereporters.com/geminiganesan-told-about-his-superhit-kanavane-kankanda-deivam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909090634/https://cinereporters.com/geminiganesan-told-about-his-superhit-kanavane-kankanda-deivam/ |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> While the film was shot primarily in black-and-white at [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini]], Revati and Narasu studios in [[Chennai|Madras]], the sequences in [[Gevacolor]] were shot at [[Mehboob Studio]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=150}} The final cut of the film was {{convert|174446|feet|metres}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1955 – கணவனே கண்கண்ட தெய்வம் – நாராயணன் கம்பெனி, நாகமாடத்து தம்புராட்டி (ம). |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails5.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201007154404/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails5.asp |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack composed by A. Rama Rao and [[Hemant Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanavane Kankanda Deivam |url=https://gaana.com/album/kanavane-kankanda-deivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712024016/https://gaana.com/album/kanavane-kankanda-deivam |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=87–88 |language=ta}}</ref> The hiccups in "Unnai Kann Theduthey" were not originally planned, but added through improvisation. The song was originally sung by P. Bhanumathi, but after her exit, it was resung by [[P. Susheela]]. However, Bhanumathi's hiccups in the original version were retained in the new version.<ref name="thehindu1" /><ref name="Rangaraj" /> The song was later sampled by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in a song by the same name in ''[[Va (film)|Va]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |title=வ - குவாட்டர் கட்டிங் |url=http://tamil.webdunia.com/article/movie-preview-in-tamil/%E0%AE%B5-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-110101900055_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174932/http://tamil.webdunia.com/article/movie-preview-in-tamil/%E0%AE%B5-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-110101900055_1.htm |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=2018-06-08 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Jaga Jothiyae" || [[P. Leela]] || || 06:15
|-
| "Kaashaayam Kattikittu" || ??? || || 04:53
|-
| "Enthan Ullam Thulli" || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan="2" |[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]|| 03:02
|-
| "Unnai Kann Theduthe" || P. Susheela || 03:45
|-
| "Amba Pethaikku Irangi" || [[P. Leela]] || [[Papanasam Sivan]]|| 02:49
|-
| "Kanavane Kann Kanda Deivam" (Amma Nee Kalankathe) || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || || 04:58
|-
| "Anbil Malarntha Nal Roja" || P. Susheela ||Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam || 03:25
|-
| "Oh Madha Vantharul" || P. Susheela || || 03:42
|-
| "Vazhvinil Valam" || || || 02:02
|-
| "Intha Veenkobam" || P. Susheela & [[P. Leela]]|| || 03:22
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kanavane Kankanda Deivam'' was released on 6 May 1955,{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=148}}<ref name="dinamani" /> and received positive reviews.{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|p=64}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for the cast performances (particularly Ganesh and Anjali Devi), the audio recording and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 June 1955 |title=கணவனே கண்கண்ட தெய்வம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-06-05/page/n15/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909085814/https://archive.org/details/kalki1955-06-05/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in many theatres.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The film was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Devta (1956 film)|Devta]]'' (1956), where Ganesh and Anjali reprised their roles.<ref name="dinamani" /><ref name="Rangaraj" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=கணவனே கண்கண்ட தெய்வம் |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Narayanan Company |year=1955 |time=1:52 to 2:15 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 December 2009 |title=Blast from the past: Kanavaney Kankanda Deivam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-kanavaney-kankanda-deivam/article73473.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140810030117/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-kanavaney-kankanda-deivam/article73473.ece |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamani">{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=ப. |date=11 February 2016 |title=அஞ்சலி தேவி: 2. எங்கெங்கு காணினும்...! |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/feb/13/2.-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D...-1276299.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201007155543/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/feb/13/2.-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D...-1276299.html |archive-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Rangaraj">{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=Aug 8, 2020 |title=When Hemant Kumar made music for Tamil films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-hemant-kumar-made-music-for-tamil-films/articleshow/77140009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007144235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-hemant-kumar-made-music-for-tamil-films/articleshow/77140009.cms |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ganesh |first=Narayani |title=Eternal Romantic: My Father, Gemini Ganesan |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7436-578-1 |location=New Delhi}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 fantasy films]]

Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu

2026-03-03T20:42:00Z

Jainil Prajapati: brief adjusted details based on references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu
| image = 'Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu' movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Benny Thomas
| producer = Haneef Mohammed
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]] [[Meera Nandan]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Afzal Yusuf]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = Red Rose Creations
| distributor = Red Rose Release
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu''''' ({{Translation|''House with the beauty of [[Henna]]''}}) is a 2014 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[comedy drama film]] written by [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]], directed by Benny Thomas and produced by Haneef Mohammed under the banner of Red Rose Creations. It features actors [[Jayaram]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]. The film received mixed reviews to good reviews from critics and audiences alike.<ref name=Roundup>{{cite web|title='Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu' Review: Mylanchi Monjulla Veedu is an old wine in a new bottle |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mylanchi-monjulla-veedu-is-an-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-south/20141202.htm|publisher=Rediff|date=29 November 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mailanchi-monjulla-veedu/movie-review/45325586.cms | title=Mailanchi Monjulla Veedu Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mailanchi Monjulla Veedu by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The film became a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
Zoya Sahib is head of an aristocratic Muslim Family. Kasim is his son. Wahida, Kasim's eldest daughter elopes with her lover Madhavan Kutty on the eve of her wedding. That leads to a lot of ruckus including Kasim killing Rameshan son of Narayanan Kurup due to mistaken identity by Kasim. Kasim goes to jail and released after seven years. On the way back he meets with an accident, due to which he became paralyzed. Madhavan Kutty is a renowned Ayurveda physician. He comes to Kasim's treatment by feigning to be Muslim. The rest of the film revolves around incidents that occur in the family after arrival of Madhavan Kutty for Kasim's treatment. The film ends on a happy note.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jayaram]] as Dr. Madhavankutty / Dr.Mammootty
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Anwar
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Kasim, Zoya Sahib's son
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Zoya Sahib
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Narayanan Kurup
* [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]] as Wahida, Kasim's elder daughter and Madhavankutty's wife
* [[Meera Nandan]] as Shahina, Kasim's younger daughter and Anwar's fiancée turned wife
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Ismail
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Dr. Shajahan
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Vishnu Namboothiri (Khadar)
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Rameshan Kurup, Narayanan's son
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Hamsa
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Krishnan Vaidyer, Madhavankutty's father
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Mullakah
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Minister Ibrahim Sahib
* [[Chali Pala]] as Satheeshan, Kurup's ally
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Babu, police inspector
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Beerankutty
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Afzal Yusuf]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|4}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=28}}
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Parankimala
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:28
| all_lyrics = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| all_music = [[Afzal Yusuf]]
| title1 = Puthanilanjikk
| note1 = Version 1
| extra1 = Anwar Sadat, [[Rimi Tomy]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Puthanilanjikk
| note2 = Version 2
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], Radhika Narayanan
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Thammil Thammil
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Najim Arshad]], [[Arun Alat]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = Wahida
| note4 = Duet Version
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Wahida
| note5 = Female Version
| extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 = 4:22
}}

The tracks "Wahida" and "Thammil Thammil" were a success and received huge response through [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Mylanji Mojulla Veedu' a big project: Afzal Yusuff|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mylanji-mojulla-veedu-a-big-project-afzal-yusuff-114111800640_1.html|accessdate=28 November 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=18 November 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|-hMNjD33JvQ|Official trailer}}
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/mylanchi-monchulla-veedu.html Filmibeat.com]

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Afzal Yusuf]]

Sindhooram (1997 film)

2026-03-03T18:28:00Z

Jainil Prajapati: New new details added tags...

{{for|the 2023 Telugu film|Sindhooram (2023 film)}}{{Short description|1997 Telugu film by Krishna Vamsi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sindhooram
| image = Sindhooram 1997.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = Mullapudi Mohan
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Krishna Vamsi '''Dialogues''': [[K. N. Y. Patanjali]]
| starring = [[Brahmaji]] [[Sanghavi]] [[Ravi Teja]] Soundarya
| music = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| cinematography = S. K. A. Bhupathi
| editing = Shankar
| studio = Andhra Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|9|12}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sindhooram''''' ({{translation|[[Vermilion]]}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language crime drama film written and directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]]. The film stars [[Brahmaji]] and [[Sanghavi]], with [[Ravi Teja]] and Soundarya (Geeta) in supporting roles. The film examines the complexities of [[Naxalism]] in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], focusing on the societal and emotional factors driving educated individuals to join the movement.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=November 17, 1997 |title=I want to be a free bird |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |date=February 4, 2009 |title=I hated ''Slumdog Millionnaire'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chat-with-telugu-director-krishna-vamsi/20090204.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005940/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chat-with-telugu-director-krishna-vamsi/20090204.htm |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Although the film received critical acclaim for its portrayal of a sensitive subject, it was a commercial failure. ''Sindhooram'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]],<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref name="45thaward">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505170923/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and received five [[Nandi Awards]].<ref name=":2" />

== Plot ==
A group of police constables returning from election duty is ambushed by [[Naxalism|Naxalites]], who blow up their vehicle.

Bulliraju, a trainee police officer with a strong sense of justice, hails from a village near the [[Godavari River]]. In the village, his friends Chanti, Bairagi, and Satipandu are wayward youth who spend their time drinking, gambling, and teasing women. Some of them are also informants for the Naxalites operating in the nearby forest. The village is home to various other characters, including landlords, policemen, doctors, farmers, and labourers. Baby, who is in love with Bulliraju, and Lakshmi, who has feelings for Chanti, are among the villagers.

Bulliraju returns home during his training and discovers that the local police serve the interests of the wealthy rather than upholding justice. When Satipandu is accused of being a Naxalite, the police detain and torture him. Bulliraju intervenes but is also taken into custody. During the altercation, the [[sub-inspector]] kills Satipandu, and Bulliraju accidentally shoots the officer. Branded as a Naxalite, Bulliraju is forced to flee and eventually becomes the leader of the group, despite lacking any allegiance to [[Communism|Communist]] or [[Maoism|Maoist]] ideologies. Bulliraju transforms the group into a vigilante force focused on delivering justice to the oppressed rather than propagating political ideology. He gains widespread support, becoming a symbol of law and order for 30 surrounding villages. However, to the police, his actions remain illegal, as his group operates outside the law, challenging the official authority.

Bulliraju's former training officer is tasked with eradicating Naxalism from the area and views Bulliraju as a traitor who infiltrated police training to exploit their methods. The conflict intensifies when Bairagi is betrayed and captured by an arms dealer. In response, Bulliraju kidnaps a local minister to negotiate his release. Facing continuous assaults from the police, poisoned water, harsh weather, and dwindling resources, Bulliraju's group suffers heavy losses. The story culminates in a final confrontation between the police and Bulliraju's gang, resulting in numerous casualties on both sides.

The film emphasizes that justice is essential for a stable society. When denied through official channels, people are compelled to seek it by their own means, often leading to chaos and unrest.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Brahmaji]] as Bulliraju
*[[Sanghavi]] as Baby
*[[Ravi Teja]] as Chanti
*Soundarya (Geeta) as Lakshmi
*[[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Gopal Reddy, ex-Naxalite leader
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Training Officer
*[[Tammareddy Chalapathi Rao|Chalapati Rao]] as Minister
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Bairagi
*[[Pruthviraj Balireddy]] as Naxalite
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Police Constable
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Chandra, a Naxalite
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Buliraju's mother
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
*Achyuta Rama Rao as Naxalite<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/chitchat-vennelaramarao.html|title=Chitchat with Vennela Rama Rao|date=18 January 2013|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|location=Hyderabad|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
''Sindhooram'' was produced and directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]] under his banner, Andhra Talkies,<ref name=":1" /> with the aim of blending entertainment with social awareness. After the success of his earlier films, producers expected him to make another commercial hit like [[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|''Ninne Pelladatha'']] or [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']]. However, Vamsi chose to focus on deeper themes, inspired by the sacrifices of social activists who were often killed while working for societal betterment. The film sought to explore these themes and highlight the lives of individuals who made these sacrifices, which were often overlooked by the public.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=16 July 1999 |title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part - 1 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi.html |access-date=2 January 2025 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

Krishna Vamsi drew inspiration from the film ''Bad Boys'' and envisioned creating a similar story set in a rural backdrop. He wanted to showcase the beauty of [[Godavari River]] while maintaining the region's authenticity. The film focused on the rise of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite movement]] and the reasons behind young, educated individuals turning to violence instead of pursuing conventional education. Krishna Vamsi aimed to present the complex realities of these movements, which were often oversimplified or misunderstood.<ref name=":0" />

Motivated by a desire to understand the truth behind the killings of social activists, Krishna Vamsi studied "red films" ([[Erra cinema|erra cinemalu]]), which he found crude and simplistic in their portrayal of violence. He wanted to offer a more nuanced perspective in ''Sindhooram''. Krishna Vamsi began by depicting the consequences of violence in the film’s opening shot and researched why educated students, such as medical and engineering students, joined the Naxalite movement. His goal was to uncover the untold stories behind their decisions and raise awareness of the sacrifices they made for societal change. Despite advice from industry figures to alter a 20-minute sequence in the second half for broader commercial appeal, Krishna Vamsi stayed true to his original vision.<ref name=":0" />

The casting choices were essential to Krishna Vamsi's vision of breaking away from typecasting. [[Brahmaji]], a long-time acquaintance of Krishna Vamsi, was chosen for his acting ability and suitability for the role. He selected [[Ravi Teja]], who had previously worked as an assistant director on ''Ninne Pelladata'', for his unique traits, such as his imitating skills and energetic persona.<ref name=":0" /> Geeta, [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]'s wife, starred opposite Ravi Teja. She had previously acted in ''Ninne Pelladata'' under the stage name Soundarya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with YVS Chowdary by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=9 July 2002 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925185415/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Sri (composer)|Sri]], with all the lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], except for the song "Hai Re Hai," which was penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. The soundtrack received positive reviews.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!<abbr>No.</abbr>
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Duration
|-
|1.
|"Edu Malelethu Sukumariki"
|Pradeep, Satyam
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| 4:48
|-
|2.
|"Hai Re Hai"
|[[Sri Kommineni]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|4:48
|-
|3.
|"Oo Cheli Anarkali"
|[[Suresh Peters|Suresh Peter]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|4:01
|-
|4.
|"Oo Le Le Oo Le Le"
|Vasudevan, Srinivas
|4:34
|-
|5.
|"Oorike Undadhey"
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|5:15
|-
|6
|"Ardha Satabdapu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|5:31
|}
==Reception==
A critic for ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "Despite Krishna Vamsi's best efforts to excel at directing this movie with special technical effects to bring out the intensity of the extremist theme, it fails to impress his audience. In the name of realism, the director seems to defend the police encounters for a while, at the same time taking sides with the naxals with equal emphasis ending up in confusing the audience. As a result of all this storyline becomes weak".<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Sinduram Review |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sinduram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416105726/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/sinduram.htm |archive-date=16 April 2002 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - [[Krishna Vamsi]] (1997)

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - [[Krishna Vamsi]] & Mohan Mullapudi
*[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - [[K. N. Y. Patanjali]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]] - Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}
{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:1990s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Musafir

2026-03-03T17:29:51Z

Jainil Prajapati: starting basic data w/ sources

{{Wiktionary|musafir|مسافر}}
'''Musafir''' is a word in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] meaning 'traveller'. In [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] it has come to mean 'guest'. It may refer to:

*[[Musafir (1940 film)|''Musafir'' (1940 film)]], Indian social drama film by Chaturbhuj Doshi
*[[Musafir (1957 film)|''Musafir'' (1957 film)]], Indian drama film by Hrishikesh Mukherjee
*''[[Beyond the Last Mountain]]'', 1976 Pakistani English-language film by Javed Jabbar, released in Urdu as ''Musafir''
*[[Musafir (1986 film)|''Musafir'' (1986 film)]], Indian drama film by Jabbar Patel, based on ''Ashi Pakhare Yeti'' by Vijay Tendulkar
*[[Musafir (2004 film)|''Musafir'' (2004 film)]], Indian action-thriller film by Sanjay Gupta
*[[Musafir (2013 film)|''Musafir'' (2013 film)]], Indian drama film by Pramod Pappan
*[[Musafir (2016 film)|''Musafir'' (2016 film)]], Bangladeshi film by Ashiqur Rahman
*[[Musafir (company)]], an Emirati travel agency

==See also==
*[[Safar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Humsafar (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Musafiraa]]'', 2024 Indian film by Pushkar Jog
*[[Musafirkhana]], town in Uttar Pradesh, India

{{disambiguation}}

Sutrula

2026-03-03T03:30:02Z

Jainil Prajapati: quick update

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by V. Rajesh Alfred}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sutrula
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = V. Rajesh Alfred
| producer = V.Venkatraman M.Ravikumar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] Mithun Srija [[Prajin]] [[Sandra Amy]] Ankitha
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = Ravisamy
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| studio = Purple Vision
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|12|19}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sutrula''''' ({{Translation|Tourism}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by V. Rajesh Alfred. The film features [[Richard Rishi]], Mithun, Srija, [[Prajin]], [[Sandra Amy]], and Ankitha. The music was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] with editing by G. Sasikumar and cinematography by Ravisamy. The film was released on 19 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 November 2014 |title=Richard's shades of grey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/richards-shades-of-grey/article6641330.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Richard Rishi]] as Johnny
**[[Saran Shakthi]] as young Johnny
*Mithun as Mahesh
*Srija as Deepa
*[[Prajin]]
*Ankitha
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[K.P. Jagan]] as David
*[[Sandra Amy]] as Sandra (guest appearance)

==Production==
The project began production in late 2012 with businessman Venkatraman Viswanathan and Ravikumar opting to fund Rajesh Alfred's first script. The team primarily shot scenes across [[Ooty]], using an old palace at a cost of 1 lakh per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- தமிழ் News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/what-is-sutrula-all-about-tamilfont-news-116070 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128151907/http://www.indiaglitz.com/what-is-sutrula-all-about-tamilfont-news-116070 |archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> A 75 schedule was also held in forests in early 2013, with [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] revealed to play a negative role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=27 April 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Sutrula - Taking listeners on a memorable trip |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sutrula-taking-listeners-on-a-memorable-trip/article4660605.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813015524/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sutrula-taking-listeners-on-a-memorable-trip/article4660605.ece |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=18 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The team held their music release function in April 2013, with [[Sarath Kumar]] and [[R. B. Choudary]] attending as chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/41309.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419101314/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/Events/41309.html |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

Despite completing production in early 2013, the film was delayed for almost a year, before the team geared up for a theatrical release in late 2014. For promotional purposes, the team hired out jeeps featuring a doll, a pivotal character in the film, and rode around the streets of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A masterful promotion plan from team Sutrula |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/an-masterful-promotion-from-team-sutrula.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220185844/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/an-masterful-promotion-from-team-sutrula.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || Azhai Azhai Pesi || [[Priya Himesh]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| 2 || Lala Lala Sutrula || [[Aalap Raju]], Padmalatha || Annamalai
|-
| 3 || Minnal Minnalai || [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], Divya Menon || rowspan=2|[[Snehan]]
|-
| 4 || Yaaro Yaaro Neeyum || Bharani
|}

==Release==
The film was released across Tamil Nadu on 19 December 2014 alongside [[Mysskin]]'s ''[[Pisasu]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas releases censored and confirmed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/christmas-releases-censored-and-confirmed-news-tamil-omqrIRgfgedbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217000339/http://www.sify.com/movies/christmas-releases-censored-and-confirmed-news-tamil-omqrIRgfgedbf.html |archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sutrula Joins the Race at BO |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sutrula-Joins-the-Race-at-BO/2014/12/09/article2561971.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224084516/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sutrula-Joins-the-Race-at-BO/2014/12/09/article2561971.ece |archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews, with a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stating the film "doesn’t respect your intelligence" referring to one scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=18 December 2014 |title=Sutrula: A one-liner that tries to be a film |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sutrula-movie-review/article6704868.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232448/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sutrula-movie-review/article6704868.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=18 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]

{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Bhram (TV series)

2026-02-24T02:11:37Z

Jainil Prajapati: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhram Poster 1920×1080.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| creator =
| writer = [[Hari Kumar K.|K Hari Kumar]]
| starring = [[Kalki Koechlin]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Bhumika Chawla]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| genre = [[Horror film|Horror]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/29/brahm-is-a-heady-mix-of-paranormal-and-psychological-elements-kalki-and-sanjay-on-zee5-show-2054381.html|publisher=New Indian Express|title='Brahm is a heady mix of paranormal and psychological elements': Kalki and Sanjay on ZEE5 show}}</ref>
| story = [[Hari Kumar K.|K Hari Kumar]]
| director = [[Sangeeth Sivan]] Amit Bathija
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes = Bhram (web series)#Episodes
| music = Kingshuk Chakravarty
| producer = Bunty Raghav Sangeeth Sivan
| editor = Saju Chandran Pratik Chitalia
| cinematography = Vidushi Tiwari Suman Sahu Sandeep Yadav
| camera = Vidushi Tiwari Akhil Sasidharan
| runtime =
| company = Inspire Creation Sangeeth Sivan Production Mehra Entertainment
| network = [[Zee5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/bhram-special-screening-mommy-to-be-kalki-koechlin-tushar-kapoor-turn-up-for-the-premiere-1502848/|title=Bhram special screening: Mommy-to-be Kalki Koechlin's glow at the premiere is unmissable!|date=24 October 2019 |publisher=Bollywoodlife}}</ref>
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Bhram'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kalki-koechlin-bhram-psychological-thriller-horror-story/|publisher=Rolling Stone India|title= Kalki Koechlin on 'Bhram': 'It's More of a Psychological Thriller Than a Horror Story'|accessdate=26 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/movie-review-zee5-bhram|publisher=GlamSham|title=Well-acted, picturesque & handsomely assembled scare fest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/zee5-original-web-series-bhram-poster-kalki-koechlin-has-us-hooked-booked-and-intrigued/|title=ZEE5 Original Web Series Bhram Poster: Kalki Koechlin Has Us Hooked, Booked And Intrigued|work=Zee TV|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805074918/https://zeetv.zee5.com/zee5-original-web-series-bhram-poster-kalki-koechlin-has-us-hooked-booked-and-intrigued/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller]] TV series, wherein the protagonist has PTSD and traverses all kinds of extremes (paranormal, mythical, psychological) in order to unearth a long-forgotten truth. The twisted forgotten past reveals new truths and changes everything.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/zee5-original-web-series-bhram-poster-kalki-koechlin-has-us-hooked-booked-and-intrigued/|title=Bhram trailer: A terrified Kalki Koechlin struggles between reality and illusion in ZEE5 series|work=Firstpost|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=4 September 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820035813/https://zeetv.zee5.com/zee5-original-web-series-bhram-poster-kalki-koechlin-has-us-hooked-booked-and-intrigued/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The web series streams on [[Zee5]] in [[India]].

==Cast==
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Alisha Khanna<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/29/bhram-web-series-review-kalki-koechlins-eerie-performance-the-only-saving-grace-2054259.html|publisher=New Indian Express|title=Kalki Koechlin's eerie performance the only saving grace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kalki-koechlin-bhram-zee5-character-5833845/|title=Kalki Koechlin to feature in web series Bhram |work=Indian Express|date= 19 July 2019|accessdate= 19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bhram-kalkis-eerie-performance-the-only-saving-grace-review-rating--/1650199|title=''Bhram": Kalki''s eerie performance the only saving grace|publisher=Outlook India}}</ref>
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Ankita Paul
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Peter Paul
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Pradeep Choudhary
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Insp. Rawat
* [[Satyadeep Misra]] as Fr. Alfred Joseph
* [[Sangita Ghosh|Sangeeta Ghosh]] as Durga
* Aashit Chaterji as Abdul
* Vikram Kochar as Avtar
* Ahtesham Hussain as Constable Shamsher
* Garima Kaushal as Kritika Paul
* [[Omkar Kapoor]] as Yash Khanna
* [[Anjali Tatrari]] as Ayesha Sayyed
* Tushar Bakshi as Alfie
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Elder Yakub
** [[Ansh Sinha]] as Younger Yakub
* Utsav Sarkar as Paglu
* Dharampreet Gill as Immanuel
*Chetan Sharma as PP
*Vikram Dwivedi as PC
*Harsh Vashisht as Dr Saini
*[[Jashn Agnihotri]] as Mrs. Saini
*[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Dr Rao
*[[Hari Kumar K.]] as Journalist

==Episodes==

{{Episode table |overall= |season= |title= |aux1= |aux1T=Directed by|aux2= |aux2T=Produced by|airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Porter Hill Murder
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Help Me
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Down the Cursed Road
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Guilt
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Drowning
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Haunted Memory Lane
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Skeletons in the Cupboard
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The King of the Jungle
|DirectedBy = Sangeeth Sivan, Amit Bathija
|WrittenBy = Bunty Raghav, Sangeeth Sivan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|10|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10845722}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/bhram/0-6-2070 ''Bhram''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Horror fiction web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2019 web series debuts]]

Thomas Elmhirst

2026-02-18T19:03:44Z

Jainil Prajapati:

{{Short description|Senior commander in the Royal Air Force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Sir Thomas Elmhirst
|image= Royal_Air_Force-_Operations_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa,_1939-1943._CM4259.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption= Elmhirst (second from right) with other senior officers of the Desert Air Force
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1895|12|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Yorkshire]], England
|death_date= {{death date and age|1982|11|06|1895|12|15|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Dummer, Hampshire]], England
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Navy]] (1908–18) [[Royal Air Force]] (1918–1950)
|serviceyears= 1908–1950
|rank= [[Air Marshal]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands= [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Royal Indian Air Force]] (1947–50) [[AHQ Egypt]] (1942–43) [[No. 202 Group RAF|No. 202 Group]] (1941–42) [[RAF Abingdon]] (1935–37, 1939–40) [[RAF Leconfield]] (1939) [[No. 14 Squadron RAF|No. 14 Squadron]] (1934–35)
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Knight of the Order of St John]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (4) [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium) [[Croix de Guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]] (Belgium) [[Commander of the Legion of Merit]] (United States) [[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
|spouse= Katherine Gordon Black (m. 1930–65; her death) [[Marian Montagu Douglas Scott|Marian Ferguson]] (m. 1968–82; his death)
|relations= [[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (brother)
|laterwork=
}}
[[Air Marshal]] '''Sir Thomas Walker Elmhirst''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KBE|CB|AFC|DL}} (15 December 1895 – 6 November 1982) was a senior commander in the [[Royal Air Force]] in the first half of the 20th century and the first commander-in-chief of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] upon Indian independence in August 1947, in which post he organised the funeral of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] following his assassination in 1948. He later became the Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of [[Guernsey]] from 1953 to 1958.

==Family==
Thomas Elmhirst was born on 15 December 1895 to Reverend William Heaton Elmhirst (b. 1856) and Mary Elmhirst ([[née]] Knight; b. 1863),{{CN|date=December 2024}} a [[landed gentry]] family in [[Yorkshire]], where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the fourth of eight boys and had one younger sister. The children were:
*Captain William Elmhirst (1892–1916), killed on 13 November 1916 while serving with the 8th Battalion [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/|title = Captain W Elmhirst | War Casualty Details}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Knight Elmhirst]] (1893–1974), a noted philanthropist and educational reformer who married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]{{CN|date=December 2024}}
*Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher "Christie" Elmhirst (1895–1915), killed on 7 August 1915 while serving with the 8th Battalion [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/|title = Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst | War Casualty Details}}</ref>
*Thomas Elmhirst (1895–1982)
*James Victor Elmhirst (1898–1958){{CN|date=December 2024}}
*Richard Elmhirst (1900–1978)<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Stephen|title=Extraordinary account of life in the First World War|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/history/10965727.Extraordinary_account_of_life_in_the_First_World_War/|access-date=29 March 2016|work=The Press|publisher=York Press Co.|date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
*Alfred O. Elmhirst (1901–1995)<ref name="Lewis"/> of [[Houndhill]]
*Irene Rachel Elmhirst (b. 1902)<ref name="Lewis"/>

==Military career==
Elmhirst studied at the [[Osborne Stable Block|Royal Naval Colleges]] at Osborne, [[Isle of Wight]] in 1908, and at [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Dartmouth]] in [[Devon]].<ref name="Janus">{{Cite web|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1550|work=ArchiveSearch|publisher=Churchill Archives Centre Cambridge University}}</ref>

===First World War===
In April 1912, Elmhirst joined his first ship, {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|6}}.<ref name="Papers"/> He was commissioned as a midshipman in the [[Royal Navy]] in 1913 and was posted to {{HMS|Indomitable|1907|6}} in the [[1st Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battlecruiser Squadron]] under [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]].<ref name=air>[http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elmhirst.htm Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst]</ref> When war came he served on HMS ''Indomitable'' as the ship took part in the initial bombardment of the Turkish [[Dardanelles]] forts and the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]],<ref name=air/> where he commanded 'X Gun Turret', the last one to fire at the German ship {{SMS|Blücher}} before it sank. In 1915 he was selected to be in the first draft of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] where he served until the end of the First World War. He celebrated the armistice by flying an airship (SSZ73) under the [[Menai Bridge]] with his friend [[Gordon Campbell (VC)|Gordon Campbell]] as his passenger. By 1917, he was promoted to flight lieutenant and by March 1918 to major, commanding the [[RNAS Anglesey|Naval Airship Patrol Station on Anglesey]] in [[Wales]].<ref name="Papers"/> He then became part of the newly formed [[Royal Air Force]] in 1919.<ref name=air/>

Between the wars Elmhirst trialled the first [[gyroscopic compass]] for aircraft in the RAF and became [[Air Attaché]] to Turkey in the run up to the Second World War.<ref name=air/> In January 1940 returned to the [[Air Ministry]] as [[RAF Intelligence|Deputy Director of Intelligence]].<ref name=air/>

===Second World War===
During the Second World War Elmhirst ran the [[operations room]] at [[RAF Uxbridge]] during the [[Battle of Britain]]. He then commanded the Egypt Command Group under Air Marshal Tedder before becoming second-in-command of the [[Desert Air Force]].<ref name=air/> He continued in this role through the battle of Alamein until after the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]]. He was then second-in-command of British Air Forces in North West Europe until the end of the war,<ref name=air/> serving in [[D-Day]], [[Normandy]], the [[Ardennes]] and the advance across the France and Germany. Finally he became [[RAF Intelligence|Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence)]] in August 1945.<ref name=air/>

===Post war===
In July 1947, as India approached independence, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru invited Air Marshal Elmhirst to become the first Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Indian Air Force. Elmhirst accepted the position on the condition that the RIAF be established as an independent service under the Ministry of Defence, and that he be permitted to select a team of senior RAF officers to assist in the transition. Nehru agreed to these terms, and Elmhirst formally assumed command on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=30 Days That Shaped the IAF: Selecting Its Inaugural Chief |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/20/30-days-that-shaped-the-iaf-selecting-its-inaugural-chief/ |website=IAFHistory |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

In 1953, Elmhirst ran [[Operation Totem]], the first British [[nuclear bomb]] land tests in [[Emu Field]], Australia.<ref name=air/> Later in 1953 he became the [[Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey]], welcoming [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on her inaugural tour of the island as the new monarch. He held the post for five years, retiring in 1958.

==Personal life==
Elmhirst married firstly Katherine Gordon Black, daughter of William Black, on 16 December 1930,<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 562.</ref> and had two children before Katherine's death in 1965:
*Roger Elmhirst (1935–1999){{CN|date=December 2024}}
*Caroline Jane Elmhirst (b. 1932),{{CN|date=December 2024}} who married Michael Frazer Mackie<ref name="Papers">{{cite web|title=The Papers of Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst|url=https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FELMT%205%2F11|website=janus.lib.cam.ac.uk|publisher=Janus|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
On 30 October 1968, he married [[Marian Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott|Marian Ferguson]] (née Montagu Douglas Scott), widow of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] Andrew Henry Ferguson. Marian was the daughter of [[Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott]] and [[Marie Josephine Edwards]], and the granddaughter of [[William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch|The 6th Duke of Buccleuch]] and [[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch|Lady Louisa Hamilton]]. From Marian's first marriage, she was the paternal grandmother of [[Sarah Ferguson]], and maternal great-grandmother of [[Princess Beatrice of York]] and [[Princess Eugenie of York]]. Together they lived at Dummer Down House, at Dummer in [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire|Hants]], her [[dower]] estate from her first marriage.{{CN|date=December 2024}}

Thomas Elmhirst died at [[Dummer, Hampshire]], on 6 November 1982, in his 87th year. He was survived by his second wife, and his children and grandchildren from his first marriage.<ref name="Papers"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frank Inglis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[RAF Intelligence|Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence)]]|years=1945–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lawrence Pendred]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh Walmsley|Sir Hugh Walmsley]] As AOC in C, RAF India}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Air Forces in India]]
|years=1947–1948}}
{{s-non|reason=Post upgraded}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=Indian Air Force became an independent service}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Commander in Chief, Royal Indian Air Force]]
|years=1948–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself Redesignated as Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force in January 1950, after India became a republic}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=Redesignated from Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commander in Chief, [[Indian Air Force]]
|years=January–February 1950}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman|Sir Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Philip Neame|Sir Philip Neame]]|
title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey]]|
years=1953–1958|
after=[[Geoffrey Robson|Sir Geoffrey Robson]]}}
{{end}}

{{Heads of RAF Intelligence}}
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elmhirst, Thomas Walker}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Heads of RAF Intelligence]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People from Barnsley]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]
[[Category:Air attachés for the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne]]
[[Category:Military personnel from South Yorkshire]]
[[Category:People from Dummer, Hampshire]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]

Rannvijay Singha

2026-02-15T02:17:06Z

Jainil Prajapati: minor cleaned up citations for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Indian actor, television personality and VJ (b. 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Rannvijay Singh Roadies (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rannvijay in 2019
| name = Rannvijay Singha
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|television personality|host|VJ}}
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[MTV Roadies]]'' ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Priyanka Vohra|2014}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Rannvijay Singha''' is an [[Indian film actors|Indian film actor]], [[television personality]], host, and VJ.<ref name="Daughter">{{cite web|title=Rannvijay Singh Singh REVEALS the name of his baby girl!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rannvijay-singh-singha-reveals-the-name-of-his-baby-girl-2335189|access-date=3 March 2018|website=DNAIndia}}</ref> He is known for his role in ''[[MTV Roadies]]''. He was a part of the show from 2004 to 2020, earlier as a gang leader and then as a host. He was also a part of the auditions judging panel from [[MTV Roadies (season 8)|season 8]] to [[MTV Roadies (season 18)|season 18]] and a gang leader.

He made his [[Bollywood]] debut in ''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss: A Flip of Destiny]]'' (2009). Rannvijay has also acted in ''[[London Dreams]]'' (2009) and ''[[Action Replayy]]'' (2010). Singha made his [[cinema of Punjab|Punjabi movie]] debut in 2011, starring in [[Jimmy Shergill]]'s ''[[Dharti (2011 film)|Dharti]]''.

==Early life==
Singha's father, Iqbal Singh Singha is a retired [[Lieutenant general|Lt. General]] of the [[Indian Army]] and his mother Baljeet Kaur is a housewife. Despite his father's retirement, he is currently posted in [[Syria]] as the UN Force Commander; his mother is a poet in her own right.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.un.org/en/2012/sga1355.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints Major General Iqbal Singh Singha of India to Head United Nations Disengagement Observer Force | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=press.un.org|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116083515/https://press.un.org/en/2012/sga1355.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Owing to his father's transferable jobs across India, he went to nine different schools. Finally, he graduated from [[Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan|Army Public School]], [[Dhaula Kuan]], [[New Delhi]]. He also attended [[Hansraj College]] (the [[University of Delhi]] and graduated with a [[B. Com]] hons).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Gayathri |date=24 September 2017 |title=Wall of fame to inspire students in Delhi's Hansraj College |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/Sep/24/wall-of-fame-to-inspire-students-in-delhis-hansraj-college-1661736.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He wanted to win the [[Hero Honda Karizma R]]. Singh used to work for a construction worker in [[New Jersey]], United States. His younger brother Harman Singha is also an actor, VJ and television personality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/man-vs-machine/story-xVUPIZrwbqLpwux1u8hO7N.html|title=Meet actor Harman Singha, VJ Ranvijay's younger brother|date=2017-05-16|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-04-16|language=en}}</ref> Singha is the only exception in his family not to serve in the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] as his family has been serving in the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] for six generations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/heres-what-mtv-splitsvilla-host-rannvijay-singha-has-to-say-about-former-girlfriend-anusha-dandekar-lifetv-1024228-2017-07-14|title=Here's what MTV Splitsvilla host Rannvijay Singha has to say about former girlfriend Anusha Dandekar|date=14 July 2017|website=India Today|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140353/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/heres-what-mtv-splitsvilla-host-rannvijay-singha-has-to-say-about-former-girlfriend-anusha-dandekar-lifetv-1024228-2017-07-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rannvijay married Priyanka Vohra on 10 April 2014. The couple has a daughter named Kainaat who was born on 17 January 2017.<ref name="Daughter" /> In March 2021, Singha and his wife Priyanka announced that they were expecting their second child, a son named Jahaanvir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2021|title=Rannvijay Singha and Prianka Singha expecting their second child|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rannvijay-singha-wife-prianka-are-expecting-their-second-child-together-101614927317742.html}}</ref>

Rannvijay is a [[comics]] and bikes fan and is known for collecting [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] and [[Batman]] merchandises, he owns [[Suzuki GSX-R600]], [[Kawasaki Ninja]], [[Hero Honda Karizma R]] and [[Royal Enfield]]. He is a [[Golden State Warriors|Warriors]] fan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rannvijay Singh introduces daughter Kainaat on Instagram by making her own account|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rannvijay-singh-introduces-daughter-kainaat-on-instagram-by-making-her-own-account/articleshow/60098506.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 August 2017|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823064636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rannvijay-singh-introduces-daughter-kainaat-on-instagram-by-making-her-own-account/articleshow/60098506.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also a football enthusiast, and became co-owner of then [[I-League]] club [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]] in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/i-league-2017-18-bollywood-star-becomes-the-co-owner-of-minerva-punjab-fc|title=Bollywood star becomes co-owner of Indian top-flight club Minerva Punjab FC|date=3 October 2015|access-date=26 December 2023|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|first1=Sunderam|last1=Saxena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181835/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/i-league-2017-18-bollywood-star-becomes-the-co-owner-of-minerva-punjab-fc|archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Ashish Parmar shot MTV Roadies with host Rannvijay Singh and main leader Prince Narula.jpg|thumb|Singha with [[Ashish Parmar]] and [[Prince Narula]] at the shoot of MTV Roadies.]]

===MTV India===
Singha appeared in the first season of [[MTV Roadies]] and further hosted all the seasons from 2.0 to Roadies Revolution. He has also hosted other MTV shows, such as [[MTV Stuntmania]], [[MTV Force India The Fast and The Gorgeous]], [[MTV Splitsvilla]], MTV Scooty Pep Diva and MTV Troll Police. He took an exit from the MTV Roadies.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Dhupia is 'heartbroken' at Rannvijay Singha's Roadies exit | date=13 February 2022 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/neha-dhupia-is-heartbroken-at-rannvijay-singha-s-roadies-exit-i-know-sonu-sood-would-do-a-great-job-but-101644732150786.html }}</ref>

===Film career===
Rannvijay made his [[Bollywood]] debut in ''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss: A Flip of Destiny]]'' in 2009. He then acted in ''[[London Dreams]]'' along with [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Salman Khan]]. He further appeared in ''[[Action Replayy]]'' in 2011. He made his Punjabi cinema debut in 2011, starring in [[Jimmy Sheirgill|Jimmy Shergill]]'s ''[[Dharti (2011 film)|Dharti]]''. He also acted in the horror film "[[3 A.M. (2014 film)|3 AM]]".

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Toss (2009 film)|Toss: A Flip of Destiny]]''
| Ryan
| Film debut
|-
| ''[[London Dreams]]''
| Wasim Hayaat Khan
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Action Replayy]]''
| Kundalal Kapoor
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
| Himself
|
|-
|''[[Dharti (2011 film)|Dharti]]''
| Rannvijay
| Punjabi language film
|-
|''[[Mod (film)|Mod]]''
| Andy/Abhay
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]''
| Ranbir
| Punjabi language film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Saadi Love Story]]''
| Vikram
| Punjabi language film; Cameo
|-
|''[[Ishq Garaari]]''
|
|Punjabi language film
|-
|2014
|''[[3 A.M. (2014 film)|3 A.M. A Paranormal Experience]]''
| Sunny
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene]] ''
|Sam
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[MTV Roadies|MTV Roadies 1]]''
| Contestant

|-
| 2004–2021; 2025
| ''[[MTV Roadies]]''
| rowspan="1" | Gang Leader/Host
|
|-
| 2008; 2015–2021
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''
|rowspan="2" | Host
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[MTV Force India The Fast and The Gorgeous]]''
|
|-
| 2013
| ''MTV Rann VJ Run''{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| Himself
|-
| 2011
| ''[[MTV Stuntmania]]''
| Host
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Pukaar (Indian TV series)|Pukaar]]''
| Major Rajveer Shergill
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-07|title=Rannvijay Singha set to relive father's dream in 'Pukaar'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/rannvijay-singha-set-to-relive-father-s-dream-in--pukaar--15745170|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219182350/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/rannvijay-singha-set-to-relive-father-s-dream-in--pukaar--15745170|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Presenter
|
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Contestant
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|work=india.com|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910025418/http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Himalaya Roadies]]''
| Himself
|Guest
|-
|2018
| ''MTV Troll Police''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zareen-khan-to-host-troll-police/articleshow/63371340.cms |title=Zareen Khan to host 'Troll Police' |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
| Host/presenter
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Forbidden Love (web series)|Forbidden Love]]''
|ACP Aditya
|Episode: "Diagnosis Of Love"{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2020–present
|''[[Mismatched]]''
|Professor Siddharth Sinha
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rannvijay Singha essays a snarky professor in Netflix's 'Mismatched'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/03/rannvijay-singhaessays-a-snarky-professor-in-netflixs-mismatched-2218460.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The New Indian Express |date=3 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Shark Tank India]]''
|Host<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Rannvijay Singha to host Shark Tank India, says I have been an ardent fan of the global version|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rannvijay-singha-to-host-shark-tank-india-says-i-have-been-an-ardent-fan-of-the-global-version-1881297-2021-11-26|access-date=2022-01-12|website=India Today|date=26 November 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2023
|IRL - In Real Life
|Host
|
|-
|2025
|''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon''
|Host
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/detail/entertainment/Rannvijay-Singha-to-host-Zee-TV-show--Chhoriyan-Chali-Gaon-/2682527 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
|Kabir
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Kohrra|Kohrra S2]]''
|Sam
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Roadies}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singha, Rannvijay}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]

Furfura Sharif

2026-02-13T04:25:44Z

Jainil Prajapati: Expanded content with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Furfura Sharif
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Furfura Mazar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Furfura Mazar
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7502292|N|88.1320064|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 6720
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712706
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 3212
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Furfura''' is a village in [[Jangipara]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly District]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is a holy place for some [[Bengali Muslims]]. Before the afternoon prayers, people queue up at the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|''mazar'']] (shrine) of [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]] (1846–1939), a prominent ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' (holy person) of the town. People say it is the second most prominent ''mazar'' in west bengal after [[Gazi Pir|Gazi Pir Mazar]] in [[Ghutiari Sharif railway station|Ghutiari Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=hindu|first=the|date=17 January 2021|title=The Hindu e-Paper Today: ePaper replica of the print newspaper|url=https://epaper.thehindu.com/Login/LandingPage?ReturnUrl=%2fHome%2fArticleView|access-date=2021-01-18|website=epaper.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[masjid]] built by Muqlish Khan in 1375 is a site for Muslim pilgrimage, especially during the [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'s ''[[Melā|mela]]'' (fair).<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | title= Hooghly District | work= Places of Interest | publisher= District administration | access-date= 2009-02-06 | archive-date= 2 February 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202122208/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> It attracts a large number of pilgrims during [[Urs]] festival.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/wb/in_tourismpolicy.html | title= West Bengal Tourism Policy, 2008 | work= Fairs and Festivals Tourism | publisher= Government of West Bengal, Department of Tourism | access-date= 2009-02-06 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090924031131/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/wb/in_tourismpolicy.html | archive-date= 24 September 2009 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Oral tradition holds that the [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdi]] (Barga Kshatriya) king who ruled here was defeated by Shah Kabir Halibi and Karamuddin, both of whom were killed in the battle.<ref name=":0" /> Their tombs are revered to this day by both Hindus and Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CA40Uz0vpwC&dq=Phurphura&pg=PA64 | title = A Brief History of the Hughli District By D. G. Crawford | isbn = 9781443766128 | access-date=2009-02-06| last1 = Crawford | first1 = D. G. | date = October 2008 }}</ref> Veracity of the account and other details are unstudied.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabir|first=Humayun|title=The Moral Economy of the Madrasa: Islam and Education Today|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780203840788|pages=146–7|chapter=Contested notions of being ‘Muslim’: Madrasas, ulama and the authenticity of Islamic schooling in Bangladesh}}</ref>

Furfura Sharif contains the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|''mazar'']] of one Pir [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]] and his five sons, popularly known as the ''Panch Huzur Qeblah''.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Choudhury. Dewan Nurul Anwar Hussain |article=Siddiqi, Abdul Hai}}</ref> He was a social and religious reformer, who founded charitable institutes, orphanages, madrasas, schools and learning centers. He encouraged female education by establishing a School for girls in Furfura Sharif named Siddiqua High School. He was the founder of the "Order Of Furfura Sharif" or "[[Silsila]]-e-Furfura Sharif" and a religious congregation observed on the 21st 22nd and 23rd of Falgun Bengali month (Approx 5, 6 & 7 March).<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/EisaleSawab.htm | title= Conveying Rewards to the Deceased (Isaale Sawaab) |last= Qadri |first= M. Aqib Farid | publisher= Islamic Academy| access-date=2009-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=22488 | title=Dariapur Sharif's Isale Sawab on Jan 17 | publisher= Financial Express, 14 January 2008 | access-date=2009-05-12}}</ref>
[[File:JANGIPARA CD BLOCK MAP.svg|thumb|right|300px|Jangipara CD block map]]

==Location==
Furfura is located at {{coord|22.7545|N|88.1301|E|}}

Villages in Furfura [[Gram Panchayat|panchayat]] are as follows: Furfura, Purba Durgapur, Gopalnagar, Hosenpur, Dakshindihi, Rampara, Toralpur, Santoshpur, Chak Barada, Belpara, Ramnagar, Nilarpur, Charpur, Bakcha, Kashipur, Ramchandrapur, Hazipur, and Bhimpur.<ref name=Jangipara>{{cite web | url =http://www.wbphed.gov.in/applications/Phedweb/Block2Villpdf.php?State_Cd=19&Dist_Cd=12&Blk_Cd=0016 | title =Census Data District Name: Hooghly(12) Block Name: Jangipara (0016) | publisher =West Bengal Govt | access-date = 2009-02-04}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Furfura had a population of 6,720 out of which 1,133 belonged to scheduled castes and 195 belonged to scheduled tribes according to the census of 2001.<ref name=Jangipara/>

==Education==
Furfura High Madrasah is a coeducational institution affiliated to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. It has arrangements for teaching Bengali, English, history, geography, philosophy, political science, mathematics and economics.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Hooghly_school_list.php?page=12&| title = Hooghly district exam venue | publisher = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref> Furfura High Madrasah, established in 1908, is the oldest high [[madrasah]] in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wbmadrasahboard.110mb.com/listofmadrasah.htm |title = Contents showing the district-wise total number of different types of Madrasahs recognised by West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education as on 30.04.2001 |access-date = 2009-02-06|work =Hooghly District }}</ref>

The [[Aliah University]] controls three other "madrasah colleges" in the state — the "colleges" at Batna (in Malda district), Beldanga (in Murshidabad district) and Furfura Sharif. With the introduction of "modern subjects" including computer application, the teachers for these colleges will now be recruited through the Public Service Commission.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=172088 | title = Finally, Calcutta Madrasa gets status of college | access-date = 2009-02-06 | last = Shamsi | first = Mohammed Shafi | publisher = Indian Express, 3 March 2006 }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Sk Md Rofiqul Islam was Assistant Teacher and Teacher-in-Charge, [[Furfura Fatehia Senior Madrasah]] won the National Award for Teachers in 2007.<ref>
{{cite web|url = http://www.education.nic.in/secedu/TEACHERS/WB.pdf|title = National Award to Teachers, 2007|access-date = 2009-02-06|publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, (Department of School Education & Literacy)|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205113650/http://www.education.nic.in/secedu/TEACHERS/WB.pdf|archive-date = 5 February 2009|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/16-state-teachers-to-be-honoured-by-Centre/357634/ | title =16 state teachers to be honoured by Centre | access-date = 2009-02-06| last =Singh | first =Shiv Sahay | publisher = Indian Express, 5 September 2008}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Furfura has a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] with 10 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hooghly.gov.in/phc_sri.htm |title=Hooghly.gov.phc |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217134750/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/phc_sri.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/16-state-teachers-to-be-honoured-by-Centre/357634/ | title =16 state teachers to be honoured by Centre | access-date = 2009-02-06| last =Singh | first =Shiv Sahay | publisher = Indian Express, 5 September 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hooghlydistrict.info/hooghly-district-travel-and-tourism-fur-furah-sharif.html FurFurah Sharif]
* [https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/place/furfura_sharif Furfura Sharif - Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal]
{{Mosques in India}}
{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Kerala Nuclear Power Station

2026-02-06T07:49:43Z

Jainil Prajapati: Added info.

{{Short description|Proposed nuclear power plant Kasaragod, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Kerala Nuclear Power Station Cheemeni Nuclear Power Station
| image =
| image_caption =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.250315712054606|N|75.27993409045652|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd]] (NPCIL)
| construction_began = n/a
| commissioned = 22 December 2024
| decommissioned =
| np_reactors = n/a
| np_reactor_type = [[IPHWR-700]]
| np_reactor_supplier = Units 1 & 2: [[AECL]] Units 3 to 8: [[NPCIL]]
| ps_cooling_source =
| ps_cooling_towers =
| ps_units_operational = 1 x 200 MW 4 x 220 MW
| ps_units_decommissioned = 1 x 100 MW
| ps_units_uc = 2 x 700 MW
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_electrical_capacity =
| ps_annual_generation =
}}
The '''Kerala Nuclear Power Station''' or '''Cheemeni Nuclear Power Station''' is a proposed [[nuclear power plant]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Nuclear power plant proposal: Kerala State Electricity Board seeks study on potential sites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nuclear-power-plant-proposal-kerala-state-electricity-board-seeks-study-on-potential-sites/article68578049.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It it proposed to be built on a {{convert|150|acre|ha}} area, near [[Cheemeni]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre identifies Cheemeni as ideal site for nuclear power plant |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/12/23/kerala-power-crisis-nuclear-plant-proposal.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Centre identifies Cheemeni as ideal site for nuclear power plant |language=en}}</ref> [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-22 |title=Centre willing to clear nuclear power plant project in Kerala if land is available: Manohar Lal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/centre-willing-to-clear-nuclear-power-plant-project-in-state-if-land-is-available-manohar-lal/article69015509.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Centre ready to approve nuclear power plant in Kerala if land is available |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nuclear-plant-discussions-in-kerala-1.10190605 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Nuclear power plant can be built in Kerala if land is made available, says Centre, can also be outside state |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1448498&u=nuclear-power-plant-can-be-built-in-kerala-if-land-is-made-available-says-centre-can-also-be-outside-state-1448498 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> The project has sparked debates regarding its feasibility, environmental impact, and public acceptance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

==Background==

In August 2024, the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB) commissioned the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (NIAS), [[Bengaluru]], to conduct feasibility studies for nuclear power plants in [[Cheemeni]] and [[Athirapilly]]. By December 2024, the Government of India expressed interest in approving the Cheemeni project, contingent on the availability of sufficient land. Central Minister of Power [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] identified Cheemeni as a strategic site due to its low seismic activity and favourable geographic location.<ref name="BSNuclear2024">{{cite news |last=Press Trust of India |location=Thiruvananthapuram |title=High-level meeting suggests possibility of nuclear power station in Kerala |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/high-level-meeting-suggests-possibility-of-nuclear-power-station-in-kerala-124122400365_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=December 24, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="TOINuclear2024">{{cite news |title=Kerala Could Get Nuclear Project |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/116641650.cms |work=The Times of India |date=December 24, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref>

The concept of a power plant in Cheemeni emerged in 2007, when the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed setting up a 1,200 MW coal-based thermal power plant to address the state’s growing energy demands. However, the project faced significant opposition from environmentalists and local communities, given Kerala’s commitment to sustainability and the adverse environmental impact of coal power. In 2013, the Kerala government revived discussions on an alternative power project in Cheemeni, including the possibility of natural gas-based power generation. However, logistical and cost-related challenges prevented significant progress.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

==Public Response and Controversy==

The proposed nuclear project has ignited significant opposition from local communities, environmentalists, and anti-nuclear groups, primarily due to concerns over safety, environmental impact, and economic viability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> The Matsya Thozhilali Aikya Vedhi (Fishermen's United Front) has demanded the government to drop plans to build a nuclear power plant in the State.<ref name="HinduNuclear2024">{{cite news |title=Drop plans for nuclear power plant in Kerala, says fishers’ union |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/drop-plans-for-nuclear-power-plant-in-kerala-says-fishers-union/article69029632.ece |work=The Hindu |date=December 26, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref> [[India Today]] reported that [[Kerala]] clarified that it didn’t request a nuclear plant but only emphasised the potential of utilisation of [[thorium]] deposits in the state.<ref name="IndiaTodayNuclear2024">{{cite news |last=Aravind |first=Preeja |title=Kerala looks at nuclear power to address state's electricity demands |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-eyes-thorium-potential-nuclear-power-during-centre-state-energy-talks-2654609-2024-12-24 |work=India Today |date=December 24, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |author-link=Preeja Aravind }}</ref>

In December 2024, local communities organized a protest meeting against the Cheemeni project. The event was inaugurated by S. P. Udayakumar, an activist known for leading the anti-Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant movement in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ManoramaCheemeniProtest2024">{{cite news |title=ചീമേനിയിൽ ആണവ വൈദ്യുതി നിലയത്തിനുള്ള നീക്കം ഉപേക്ഷിക്കണം: എസ്.പി.ഉദയകുമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2024/12/23/cheemeni-nuclear-plant-protest.html |work=Malayala Manorama |date=December 23, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref> Anti-nuclear activists wrote an open letter to the top leader of Kerala's ruling party [[Prakash Karat]], urging him to drop the Cheemeni project.<ref name="TNMCheemeniProtest2024">{{cite news |last=John |first=Haritha |title=Activists protest proposed nuclear plant in Kerala’s Cheemeni, write to CPI(M)’s Karat |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/activists-protest-proposed-nuclear-plant-in-keralas-cheemeni-write-to-cpims-karat |work=The News Minute |date=March 1, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref>

==Concerns==

A major point of contention has been [[Kasaragod]]’s high population density. The disasters of [[Chernobyl]] (1986) and [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident|Fukushima]] (2011) have reinforced public fears about potential radiation hazards. Given the region’s unpredictable wind patterns, critics argue that even a minor nuclear accident could have devastating consequences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

Cheemeni is located in the [[Western Ghats]], a UNESCO-recognized biodiversity hotspot. Environmentalists argue that even minor ecological disruptions in this region could have long-term consequences. Concerns also include seismic vulnerabilities and the challenge of securing adequate land for the project.<ref name="TrueCopyThinkUdayakumar2025">{{cite news |title=ജനങ്ങളാദ്യം എന്ന ചിന്തയില്ല, അദാനിയും കമ്മീഷനും മുഖ്യം |trans-title=Adani and commission priority for Kerala government, Kudankulam Antinuclear Activist SP Udayakumar talks to Manila C Mohan, Interview Part 2 |url=https://truecopythink.media/environment/kudankulam-antinuclear-activist-sp-udayakumar-talks-to-manila-c-mohan-interview-part-2 |work=True Copy THINK |author=എസ്.പി. ഉദയകുമാർ, മനില സി. മോഹൻ |date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref>

Author and environmentalist [[Ameer Shahul]] in an opinion piece in [[The News Minute]] questioned the financial sustainability of the project, citing the high construction and operational costs of nuclear plants, as well as the long-term challenges of nuclear waste management.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> He argued that nuclear power in India has often over-promised and under-delivered, raising doubts about its economic justification.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahul |first=Ameer |title=Opinion: CPI(M)’s controversial political shift over Cheemeni nuclear power project |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/opinion-cpims-controversial-political-shift-over-cheemeni-nuclear-power-project |work=The News Minute |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

==Current Status==

As of early 2025, the feasibility study is ongoing, while public opposition continues to grow. The final decision on the project is expected to depend on further government approvals, environmental assessments, and public consultations.

== See also ==
* [[IPHWR-700]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nuclear power in India}}

[[Category:Proposed nuclear power stations]]
[[Category:Proposed power stations in India]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations in India]]

IIFA Award for Best Editing

2026-02-04T21:01:12Z

Jainil Prajapati: fixed issues

{{Short description|Annual film award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The '''IIFA Best Editing ''' is a technical award chosen ahead of the ceremonies.

== Multiple wins ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Wins
!Recipient
|-
|2
|Ballu Saluja, [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Namrata Rao]], P. S. Bharati
|}

== Awards ==
The winners are listed below:-

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner || Film
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2024
|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
|[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
|-
|2023
|Sandeep Francis
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2022
|Chandrashekhar Prajapati
|''[[Sardar Udham]]''
|-
| 2020 || Nitin Baid || ''[[Gully Boy]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2019 || Pooja Ladha Surti || ''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
| 2018 || Shweta Venkat Mathew || ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]''
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2017 || Bodhaditya Bandyopadhyay || ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|-
| 2016 || [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] || ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2015 || [[Anurag Kashyap]] & [[Abhijit Kokate]] || ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|-
| 2014 || P. S. Bharati || ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2013 || [[Namrata Rao]] || ''[[Kahaani]]''
|-
| 2012 || Anand Subaya || ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2011 || [[Namrata Rao]] || ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/band-baaja-baaraat-wins-three-iifa-awards/162603-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628014055/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/band-baaja-baaraat-wins-three-iifa-awards/162603-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-28|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News, Current News Headlines|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || ''[[3 Idiots]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2010/iifa-technical-awards-winners-170510.html|title=IIFA Technical Awards winners are...|date=17 May 2010|website=Oneindia|access-date=4 June 2010|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020191113/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2010/iifa-technical-awards-winners-170510.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2009 || Ballu Saluja || ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Amitabh Shukla]] || ''[[Chak De India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200804252175.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |access-date=25 April 2008 |archive-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612203848/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200804252175.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2007 || P. S. Bharati || ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|-
| 2006 || Bela Segal || ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/17/black-sweeps-7th-iifa-awardsyorkshire-to-host-next-years-event-1150540771.html|title=Black sweeps 7th IIFA awards;Yorkshire to host next year's event|website=Oneindia|date=17 June 2006}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2005 || Hussain Burmawala || ''[[Aitraaz]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may14.htm|title=IIFA tech awards: 'Mujhse Shaadi Karogi', 'Aitraaz' score|date=4 May 2005|website=indiantelevision.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || ''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2003 || [[Chandan Arora]] || ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1154600/awards|title=Chandan Arora|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || Ballu Saluja || ''[[Lagaan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2002/04/07/stories/2002040706281100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125190249/http://hindu.com/2002/04/07/stories/2002040706281100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-25|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-04-07|title=It was 'Lagaan' all the way at the IIFA awards nite}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2001 || [[V. Sanjay Verma]]|| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|-
| 2000 || V. N. Mayekar || ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[IIFA Awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200804252175.htm 2008 winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612203848/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200804252175.htm |date=12 June 2008 }}
{{IIFA Awards}}

[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
[[Category:Film editing awards]]

Indian Ordnance Factories Service

2026-01-24T15:28:02Z

Jainil Prajapati: Started the pg initial version

{{Short description|Administrative civil service of India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; width: 27em"
|+Indian Ordnance Factories Service
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#F37421; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Service Overview
|-
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center"|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''Abbreviation'''
| I.O.F.S.
|-
| '''Formed'''
| {{Start date and age|1935||}}
|-
| '''Country'''
| {{Flag|India}}
|-
| '''Training Ground'''
| [[National Academy of Defence Production]]
|-
| '''Controlling Authority'''
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] Department of Defence Production
|-
| '''Legal personality'''
| [[Governmental]] [[Civil Service]]
|-
| '''General nature'''
| {{Unbulleted_list|Research & Development|General Management|Public Administration|Defence Production}}
|-
| '''Cadre Size'''
|1760 members
|-
| '''Association'''
| IOFS Officers' Association (IOFSOA)
|-
| '''Service colour'''
| Red, Navy Blue and Sky Blue {{Color box|#FF0000}} {{Color box|#000080}} {{color box|#CFE3E9}}
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#F37421; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Service Chief
|-
|
|Sudhir Srivastava, Director General Ordnance (Co-ordination & Services), Department of Defence Production
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:purple; color:#fff; text-align:center;"|Head of the Civil Services
|-
|
|[[T. V. Somanathan|T.V. Somanathan]], [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
|}

The '''Indian Ordnance Factories Service''' ('''IOFS''') is a [[Indian Civil Service|civil service]] of the [[Government of India]]. IOFS officers are Gazetted (Group A) defence-civilian officers under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. They are responsible for the administration of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]], which provide the indigenous defence production capabilities of India.

==Composition==
During the colonial times, the administrative service of Ordnance was known as the '''Indian Ordnance Service'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1950/O-2343-1950-0000-108669.pdf|title=Government of India, Ministry of Defence, Notifications relating to Leave, Appointments, Promotions, etc. - Part 1 Section 3|date=11 March 1950|publisher=The Gazette of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120606/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1950/O-2343-1950-0000-108669.pdf|page=338|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was constituted in the year 1935. It had only European officers in the years that followed. Only engineering graduates from the [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Oxford]], etc., were allowed to appear in the examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2163-1956-0017-98625.pdf|title=Notifications relating to Non-Statutory Rules, Regulations, Orders and Resolutions issued by the Ministry of Defence - Part 1 Section 3|page=100|number=17|date=16 June 1956|publisher=The Gazette of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120613/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2163-1956-0017-98625.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> They had to undergo specialised training prior to joining the service. In 1939, there was only one Indian officer and the remaining forty-four officers were of European origin.

IOFS was reconstituted in its present form in 1954 with the cadre controlling authority of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] – Department of Defence Production, with a cadre size of 1760 posts. The source of recruitment was through direct recruitment 60%; by promotion 40% and no lateral entries.

IOFS is a multi-disciplinary composite cadre consisting of technical – engineers ([[Civil engineering|civil]], [[Electrical engineering|electrical]], [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[Electronics engineering|electronics]]), technologists ([[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]], [[Automotive engineering|automotive]], [[Marine engineering|marine]], [[Industrial design|industrial/product design]], [[Computer engineering|computer]], [[Nuclear engineering|nuclear]], [[Optical engineering|optical]], [[Chemical engineering|chemical]], [[Metallurgical Engineering|metallurgical]], [[Textile engineering|textile]], [[leather]]) and non-technical/administrative ([[Science education|science]], [[Legal education|law]], [[commerce]], [[Management Education|management]] and [[Liberal arts education|arts]] graduates). Technical posts account for about 87% of the total cadre. The doctors ([[surgeons]] and [[physicians]]) serving in OFB belong to a separate service known as the '''Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service''' ('''IOFHS'''). IOFHS officers are responsible for the maintenance of health of the employees, and the hospitals of OFB. They report directly to the IOFS officers. IOFS and IOFHS are the only two civil services under the Department of Defence Production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Mail%20List%20of%20Secretaries.htm|title=Name of the Secretaries of Cadre Controlling Authorities and the Name of Group 'A' Services under their Control in which Cadre Review has not been undertaken|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407234844/https://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Mail%20List%20of%20Secretaries.htm|archive-date=7 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== OFB's background ==
[[Ordnance Factory Board]] is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a comprehensive product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. It comprises forty-one Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are spread all across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=ourunits&lang=en#ofbmap|title=Our Factories : Indian Ordnance Factories|website=ofbindia.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=inbrief&lang=en|title=OFB in Brief : Indian Ordnance Factories|website=ofbindia.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

OFB is the world's largest government operated production organisation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20090629-factories-of-graft-740065-2009-06-17|title=Factories of graft|website=Indiatoday.intoday.in|date=18 June 2009 |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> and the oldest organisation run by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/product&supp/welcome.html |title=Ministry of Defence, Govt of India |publisher=Mod.nic.in |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170459/http://mod.nic.in/product%26supp/welcome.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/of.htm|title=Ordnance Factories|first=John|last=Pike|website=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> It has a total workforce of about 164,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-apr-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128203005/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-apr-7.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Trends in Defence Production: Case of Ordnance Factories|website=Idsa-india.org|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> It is often called the "Fourth Arm of Defence",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/april15-02/html/ch1.htm |title=Two Centuries of Guns and Shells |publisher=Mod.nic.in |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204324/http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/april15-02/html/ch1.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/OFB.htm|title=WHAT|website=Indiadefence.com|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034309/http://www.indiadefence.com/OFB.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbgcf.nic.in/default.html|title=Gun Carriage Factory|website=ofbgcf.nic.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213735/http://ofbgcf.nic.in/default.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the "Force Behind the Armed Forces" of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=aboutus&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: About Us |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hal-india.com/othermod.asp |title=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114173543/http://hal-india.com/othermod.asp |archive-date=14 November 2014 }}</ref>
It is amongst the top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/production/Top100 |title=The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2009 — www.sipri.org |access-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524090136/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/production/Top100 |archive-date=24 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-27/news/31104480_1_arms-sales-sipri-arms-industry-expert-almaz-antei |title=Three Indian entities – HAL, BEL and OFB among world's top 100 arms manufacturers – Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=17 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Its total sales were at $3 billion ({{INR}} 19982.71 crores) in 2015–'16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpmod.gov.in/about-department-defence-production|title=About the DDP – Department of Defence Production|website=ddpmod.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170746/http://ddpmod.gov.in/about-department-defence-production|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every year, 18 March is celebrated as the Ordnance Factories' Day in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehitavada.com/news-details/vfj-celebrates-212th-ordnance-factory-day |title=The Hitavada: Latest News from India, Politics, Bollywood, Business, Sport |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703090103/http://www.thehitavada.com/news-details/vfj-celebrates-212th-ordnance-factory-day |archive-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article3017269.ece |title=Business Line : Industry & Economy News : Ordnance Factory to invest Rs 15,000 cr for modernisation |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

== Recruitment ==
The recruitment in the Indian Ordnance Factories as a Group A officer is done by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), based on the performance in the [[Engineering Services Examination]] (ESE) and the [[Civil Services Examination]] (CSE).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=sro&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Recruitment Rules |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> Engineering posts are filled through the Engineering Services Examination, while technologists are selected through interviews by UPSC. Posts in the non-technical streams are filled through the Civil Services Examination. IOFS is the only cadre in which officials are selected by all four means – CSE, ESE, interviews and promotions. IOFHS officers are selected through the [[Combined Medical Services Examination]], conducted by UPSC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/people-groups/community/job-seekers/union-public-service-commission |title=Union Public Service Commission | National Portal of India |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164027/http://india.gov.in/people-groups/community/job-seekers/union-public-service-commission |archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/news/27602774_1_upsc-website-ordnance-factories-health-service-final-results | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233327/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/news/27602774_1_upsc-website-ordnance-factories-health-service-final-results | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 October 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=UPSC announces CMSE 2010 results | date=3 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upsconline.nic.in/ora/candidate/Detail.php?name=13070910113%20&%20post=516&%20case=289&id=1 |title=ONLINE RECRUITMENT APPLICATION (ORA) Vacancy Notice |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415134839/http://www.upsconline.nic.in/ora/candidate/Detail.php?name=13070910113%20&%20post=516&%20case=289&id=1 |archive-date=15 April 2014 }}</ref> All appointments to the [[Civil Services of India|Group A Civil Services]] are made by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr300513-2.html |title=The President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223625/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr300513-2.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Training==
[[National Academy of Defence Production|National Academy of Defence Production (NADP), Nagpur]], provides training to the IOFS officers in areas of technology, management, public administration as induction and re-orientation courses.

The induction training programme of probationary officers is of 64 weeks, comprising technical, managerial and administrative modules of theoretical, practical and field nature. Classes are held at specialised educational institutions across India. Officer Trainees (OTs) are then sent on ''Bharat Darshan'' (Tour of India), which includes visits to the nuclear, defence, space, industrial and other technical installations of India. To understand the nuances of bureaucracy, they are familiarised with the functioning of district, state, national and international bodies, including the [[Parliament of India]]. [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] attachment with the [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and with the [[Law enforcement in India|Police]], [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary]] and [[Special forces of India|Special Forces]], for better understanding of needs of their customers. To get acquainted with the Indian legal system, they visit the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Thus, giving them exposure to all the three arms of the Government of India. Following which, they are sent for on-the-job training to various Ordnance Factories and are expected to apply the knowledge and experience gained. Examinations are held at the end of the training. The training concludes with interactions with the Members of Parliament, Ministers in-charge of the Home, Foreign and Defence ministries, Prime Minister, vice-president and the President of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nadpindia.gov.in/?link=Prb_gromnadp|title=Official Web Site of NADP, Nagpur:: Academy|website=nadpindia.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820101758/http://nadpindia.gov.in/?link=Prb_gromnadp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

IOFS officers are allowed to continue their higher studies at various national institutions such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]], [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]], [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]], [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering|NITIE]], [[National Defence College (India)|NDC]], [[Defence Services Staff College|DSSC]] and [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology|DIAT]], under the sponsored category.<ref>[http://www.diat.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=75 M. Tech. Programme :: Admission :: Defense Institute of Advanced Technology]. Diat.ac.in. Retrieved on 31 August 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cedt.iisc.ernet.in/people/lmp/lmp |title=Prof. L.M. Patnaik |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230440/http://www.cedt.iisc.ernet.in/people/lmp/lmp |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> They are also trained at these institutes, at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/files/WhosWho/FC/FC72whos%20who.pdf |title=List of Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academny of Administration Academics |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207150507/http://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/files/WhosWho/FC/FC72whos%20who.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2014 }}</ref> [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]] and the [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]], while in service.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Management-guru-peps-up-ordnance-factory-officers/articleshow/20387963.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Management guru peps up ordnance factory officers – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msf.gov.in/resource.htm |title=Facilities |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011227/http://www.msf.gov.in/resource.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ifs.nic.in/rt/circulars/other/iim/IIM-%20Ahmedabad.pdf |title=No. L-11012/02/2009-LTT |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|date=20 February 2009 |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021225/http://ifs.nic.in/rt/circulars/other/iim/IIM-%20Ahmedabad.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/customised-exe-edu.php Indian Institute of Management Indore – Customised Exe Edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906061258/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/customised-exe-edu.php |date=6 September 2012 }}. Iimidr.ac.in. Retrieved on 31 August 2012.</ref> The officers are sent to countries which have friendly relations with India, such as the countries of erstwhile [[USSR]], [[United States]], [[UK]], [[Sweden]], [[Japan]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Israel]], [[Canada]], [[Czech Republic]], [[South Korea]], [[Singapore]] etc.

== Functions ==
The main functions performed by IOFS officers while at the Indian Ordnance Factories include product research & development, project management, materials management, production planning and control, quality control, supplies management, industrial safety, labour welfare, personnel management, industrial relations, management and maintenance of residential estates etc.

In discharging these functions, the IOFS officers interact extensively with:
*R&D organisations such as [[Automotive Research Association of India|ARAI]], [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], [[Bureau of Police Research and Development|BPRD]], [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].<ref>[http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=policies.jsp DRDO]. DRDO. Retrieved on 31 August 2012.</ref>
*Quality controlling agencies such as [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Directorate of Standardisation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdos.gov.in/search/generallinks/dss.aspx|title=Directorate of Standardisation::Standardisation Profile|website=ddpdos.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061656/http://ddpdos.gov.in/search/generallinks/dss.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Directorate General of Quality Assurance (Army),<ref>[http://mod.nic.in/product&supp/body1.htm#d3a Ministry of Defence, Govt of India]. Mod.nic.in (4 July 1987). Retrieved on 31 August 2012.</ref> Directorate General of Naval Armament Inspection (Navy),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-commands/director-general-naval-armament-inspection-dgnai |title=Director General of Naval Armament Inspection (DGNAI) : Naval Commands : Indian Navy |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065136/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-commands/director-general-naval-armament-inspection-dgnai |archive-date=30 March 2014 }}</ref> Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (Air Force).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgaeroqa.gov.in/interactions.html|title=The Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance|website=dgaeroqa.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813173653/http://www.dgaeroqa.gov.in/interactions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgaeroqa.gov.in/about_us.html|title=The Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance|website=dgaeroqa.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=24 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131124152304/http://dgaeroqa.gov.in/about_us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Inter-Services Organisations such as Military Engineer Services,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idse.org/faq.html |title=Faq's |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080410/http://www.idse.org/faq.html |archive-date=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Defence Exhibition Organisation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Uttam |title=Defexpo India::2016 |url=http://defexpoindia.in/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |website=defexpoindia.in}}</ref>
*Educational institutes such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]], [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]], [[Indian Statistical Institute]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nadpindia.gov.in/?link=abus_Col|title=Official Web Site of NADP, Nagpur:: Academy|website=nadpindia.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045214/http://nadpindia.gov.in/?link=abus_Col|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Public Sector Undertakings of the Ministry of Defence: [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]], [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]], [[Bharat Earth Movers|BEML]], [[Bharat Dynamics|BDL]], [[Mazagon Dock Limited|MDL]], [[Goa Shipyard Limited|GSL]], [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|GRSE]], [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam|Midhani]]; other Govt. PSUs; various Indian and foreign, private as well as government companies.
*Industrial and trade associations such as [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]], [[FICCI]], [[ASSOCHAM]].
*Ministries such as the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour]], [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.threeauthors.com/upsc-exams/upsc-exams-indian-civil-services-details-IOF-india.asp |title=UPSC Exam india : Indian Civil Services Exams :IAS, IFS, IES Exam, UPSC India, UPSC syllabus, ias topper interview, ias exam tips, book list |publisher=Threeauthors.com |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>
*Besides, in order to meet the day-to-day operational requirements of the organisation, fulfill various statutory obligations, and ensure the welfare of the workforce employed in the ordnance factories, these officers also interact with the officers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Central Armed Police Forces]], [[State Armed Police Forces]], [[Paramilitary Forces of India]], [[Special Forces of India]]; and other bureaucrats from IAS, IPS, IFS, IFoS, IA&AS, IDAS, IRS, IRTS, etc.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sapling-planting-campaign-at-oft/article3990458.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Sapling planting campaign at OFT | date=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article3306792.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Smart techniques to prevent injuries at railway workshop | date=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/technology-can-help-curb-corruption/article4073108.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Technology can help curb corruption | date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/crpf-dg-visits-oft/article2673195.ece?css=print | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=CRPF DG visits OFT | date=30 November 2011}}</ref>

===On Deputation===
IOFS is a participating civil service under the Central Staffing Scheme (CSS), which allows bureaucrats to move to any organisation, commission, institution, agency, department, [[Cabinet of India|ministry]] of the Government of India and the state governments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralaexcise.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/excise_5143.pdf|title=Proceedings of the Additional Excise Commissioner (ADMN), Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram - Order No. EXC/1074/2016/XD3-TVM|date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120081655/https://keralaexcise.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/excise_5143.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://odisha.gov.in/about-us/whos-who/department?title=&field_domain_access_target_id=All&page=21 |title=Department | Government Of Odisha |publisher=Odisha.gov.in |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cmrfodisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/covid_donation_details/CMRF-Offline-Donation-02052020.pdf|title=Chief Minister's Relief Fund|publisher=Government of Odisha|website=cmrfodisha.gov.in|date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120611/https://cmrfodisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/covid_donation_details/CMRF-Offline-Donation-02052020.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> on deputation basis (excluding posts which are specifically encadred within the organised Group A services), depending on their interests, educational qualifications, seniority, age and other eligibility criteria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192206|title=Employee in IOFS|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://centralstaffing.gov.in/WebOfferList/List%20of%20Services%20Participating%20under%20css.htm |title=Central Staffing Scheme 2008-List of Services |access-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220024626/http://centralstaffing.gov.in/WebOfferList/List%20of%20Services%20Participating%20under%20css.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36_77_94_EO%28SM-I%29.pdf|title=THE CENTRAL STAFFING SCHEME|website=Ccis.nic.in|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

IOFS officers also serve at board-level posts of [[List of public sector undertakings in India|PSUs]] and [[List of Special Economic Zones in India|SEZs]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-sezs-get-5-development-commissioners-1253362|title=Gujarat SEZs get 5 development commissioners|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Minutes-of-24th-meeting-of-KASEZ-Authority.pdf|title=Minutes of the 24th Meeting of Kandla SEZ Authority|website=kasez.gov.in|date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112112451/https://kasez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Minutes-of-24th-meeting-of-KASEZ-Authority.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/upendra-vasishth-appointed-as-development-commissioner-of-kandla-sez/883275|title = Upendra Vasishth Appointed as Development Commissioner of Kandla SEZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/falta-sez-deputy-commissioner-panda-gets-extension-/22548|title=Falta SEZ: Deputy Commissioner Panda gets extension|website=IndianMandarins}}</ref> as advisors and secretaries to the Union Cabinet Ministers, Prime Minister and the President of India;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2012/07/president-pranab-and-his-3-trusted-non.html|title = President Pranab and his 3 trusted non-IAS officers in Rashtrapati Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/can-not-go-to-raisina-pradeep-gupta-106913-2012-06-25|title=Can't go to Raisina|date=June 25, 2012 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/21_3_2012-EO-MM-1_09042014.pdf|title=No. 21/3/2012-EO (MM.I)|publisher=Government of India|date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120649/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/21_3_2012-EO-MM-1_09042014.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> as [[diplomats]] at various consulates, missions and embassies of India, located abroad;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/saurabhkr.pdf|title=No. 3/5/2016-FA (UN)|publisher=Government of India|date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120616/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/saurabhkr.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/SanjeevamN7BQ.pdf|title=No. 3/1/2021-FA (UN)|publisher=Government of India|date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120629/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/SanjeevamN7BQ.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/12-44-2018BNFcT.pdf|title=No. 12/44/2018-EO (SM.II)|date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120612/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/12-44-2018BNFcT.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> as scientists in [[DRDO]]; as [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officers]] in the [[Indian Armed Forces]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/download/joinus/SRO-GO.pdf|title=DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE PRODUCTION AND SUPPLIES |website=Ofb.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> in the [[Central Armed Police Forces]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/Anuragsahaibhatnagar.pdf|title=F. No. 6/2/2016-EO (SM.II)|publisher=Government of India|date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120643/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/Anuragsahaibhatnagar.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/Ajaytyagi.pdf|title=F. No. 6/14/2013-EO (MM-II)|publisher=Government of India|date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402124228/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/Ajaytyagi.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[List of Indian intelligence agencies|intelligence agencies]] such as [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]], [[NATGRID]], etc.;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060828-terror-in-india-research-and-analysis-wing-in-crisis-782574-2006-08-28|title=RAW in crisis with leaks outside, dissent within when India needs it most|website=India Today|date=28 August 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/amiya.pdf|title=No. 6/6/2017-EO (MM-I)|publisher=Government of India|date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120646/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/amiya.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/a-k-das-appointed-as-assistant-director-general-natgrid/|title=A K das appointed as Assistant Director General- NATGRID | Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal|date=28 March 2017}}</ref> and as vigilance officers in various organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/NPCC%20and%20WAPCOSXkFoh.pdf|title=F. No. 95/1/2021-EO (CVO)|publisher=Government of India|date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206025335/https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02eod/NPCC%20and%20WAPCOSXkFoh.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mptgoa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/VIGILANCE-ACTIVITES.pdf|title=Mormugao Port Trust - Vigilance Awareness Week 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308094121/https://www.mptgoa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/VIGILANCE-ACTIVITES.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imu.edu.in//images/Procurement%20guideline.pdf|title=Vigilance Department - Procurement Guideline 2013|publisher=Indian Maritime University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214095634/https://www.imu.edu.in//images/Procurement%20guideline.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdot.in/cdotweb/assets/docs/vigilance/VAW_2018_cvo_message.pdf|title=Message - Vigilance Awareness Week|publisher=Centre for Development of Telematics|date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402120631/https://www.cdot.in/cdotweb/assets/docs/vigilance/VAW_2018_cvo_message.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1511679|title = Shri S K Chourasia appointed as DGOF and Chairman of Ordnance Factory Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/medical-council-of-india-vigilance-officer-complains-of-harassment/article6573417.ece|title = Medical Council of India vigilance officer complains of harassment|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 November 2014|last1 = Ramachandran|first1 = Smriti Kak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/will-sebi-consider-in-house-calibre-for-ed-post-this-time/61083.html|title = Will SEBI Consider In-House Calibre for ED Post This Time?}}</ref>

== Hierarchy ==
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
! scope="col" | Grade
! scope="col" | Designation in the field
! scope="col" | Designation in Headquarters
! Basic pay
|-
|Junior Time Scale (Pay level 10)
|Assistant Works Manager
|Assistant Director
| {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Senior Time Scale (Pay level 11)
|Works Manager
|Deputy Director
| {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Senior Time Scale (Non Functional) (Pay level 12)
|Deputy General Manager
|Joint Director
| {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Junior Administrative Grade (Functional) (Pay level 13)
|Joint General Manager
|Director
| {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Senior Administrative Grade (Pay level 14)
|Addl. GM / General Manager / Principal Director / Regional Director / Regional Controller of Safety
|Deputy Director General
| {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Higher Administrative Grade (Pay level 15)
|Senior General Manager / Senior Principal Director
|Senior Deputy Director General
| {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Higher Administrative Grade (+) (Pay level 16)
|Nil
|Addl. Director General Ordnance (Co-ordination & Services)
| {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
|Apex Scale (Pay level 17)
|Nil
|Director General Ordnance (Co-ordination & Services)
| {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=payband&lang=en|title=Home: Ordnance Factory Board|website=ofbindia.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Notable IOFS officers==
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]] – Invented [[fibre optics]] that revolutionised laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, telecommunications, power transmission, etc. Named as one of the seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th century" by [[Fortune magazine]] for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|title=How India missed another Nobel Prize|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Known as the "Father of Fibre Optics" and "The Man who Bent Light".<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001118/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune – Windows – Main Feature|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Former professor at [[Stanford]], Universities of California at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]. Had more than 150 patents to his credit.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> Conferred upon with [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest honour in India, [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], [[FREng|Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)]]. He was also offered the post of [[DRDS|Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India]], by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Mantosh Sondhi]] - Served as the first General Manager of the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.cepm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/global-symposium-1993-brochure.pdf|title=Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Project Management|publisher=Centre for Excellence in Project Management|date=15 December 1993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922001941/https://www.cepm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/global-symposium-1993-brochure.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lateral-entry-in-modi-government-why-oppositions-objection-is-double-speak-what-indira-manmohan-did/1203105/|title=Lateral entry in Modi government: Why Opposition's objection is double-speak – What Indira, Manmohan did|date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avCcEAAAQBAJ&dq=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory&pg=PT35 | title=MEMOries: Journal of a Bureaucrat's Life | isbn=979-8-88815-694-0 | last1=Chattopadhyay | first1=Satyen | date=19 November 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> founding Chairman & Managing Director of [[Bokaro Steel Plant]], Member of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]. First IOFS officer and first non-IAS officer to hold the posts of [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] of [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] and [[Ministry of Coal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/how-i-changed-the-business-of-lobbying-244477-2009-11-26|title=How I changed the business of lobbying|date=November 26, 2009|website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/lateral-recruitments-defence-ministry-1502650365.html|title=Lateral recruitments in Defence ministry|first=Statesman News|last=Service|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEViAAAAMAAJ&q=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory | title=Seminar on Steel Foundry Technology in the Eighties, 30th Sep.-1st Oct., 1983, New Delhi: Background Paper | date=19 April 1983 }}</ref> Awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[President of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/1968.pdf|title=No. 10-Pres/68.-The President is pleased to make the following awards-|publisher=The Gazette of India|date=26 January 1968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071329/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/1968.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Order of the Lion of Finland|Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland]] by the [[President of Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reportjunction.com/Preview/DCM-Shriram-Limited-2002-52699.htm|title=Performing in a Challenging Business Environment|publisher=DCM Shiram Consolidated LTD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202532/https://www.reportjunction.com/Preview/DCM-Shriram-Limited-2002-52699.htm|archive-date=2 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The headquarters of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/Contact_Us.aspx?enc=k/npf7v3hdLhlrkauNIjpQ==|title=CII Contact Us|website=www.cii.in}}</ref> He also served as the Chairman of several MNCs such as [[Ashok Leyland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/business/Mantosh-Sondhi/35607|title=Mantosh Sondhi Business Photo Mantosh Sondhi, Chairman ...|website=Times Of India}}</ref> [[ABB]], [[Wärtsilä]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/13-11-2006-the-4th-wartsila-mantosh-sondhi-award-conferred-upon-national-thermal-power-corporation|title=The 4th Wärtsilä-Mantosh Sondhi Award conferred upon National Thermal Power Corporation|website=Wartsila.com}}</ref>
* [[Nalini Ranjan Mohanty]] - Secured All India 2nd Rank in the Engineering Services Examination of 1965, served as the Chairman & Managing Director of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], Director of [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]], [[Mahanadi Coalfields]], [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company (NALCO)]], [[Bharat Earth Movers|Bharat Earth Movers (BEML)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2004 by the [[Government of India]] for his role in the development of [[HAL Tejas|LCA – Tejas]].
* [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]] – First Indian to climb [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/31/youngest-everest-climber-meets-first-indian-who-scaled-the-peak.htm|title=Youngest and first: Indian Everest conquerors meet|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/first-indian-group-to-scale-mt-everest-feted_1576035.html|title=First Indian group to scale Mt Everest feted|date=9 April 2015|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Author, mountaineer, social worker. Founder & Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre. Conferred on with the [[Arjuna Award]], [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, [[Royal Geographical Society|Fellowship of Royal Geographical Society (FRGS)]]. Also served as a Commissioned officer in the [[Indian Army]] and Member of [[Planning Commission (India)]].
* [[Santu Jouharmal Shahaney]] - Served as the first Indian Director General Ordnance Factories (DGOF). He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1962, and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965, by the [[Government of India]], in the Civil Service category, for his contributions during the [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War of 1962]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], respectively.<ref name="mha.gov.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017)|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165148/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[R. M. Muzumdar]] - Second Indian Director General of the Indian Ordnance Factories. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, in 1973, in the Civil service category, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]] - Developed the solid propellant for India's first space rocket launched from Thumba, and the detonation system of India's first nuclear bomb used in [[Operation Smiling Buddha]]. Served at the Ammunition Factory Khadki, and as the first Director of [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the [[Armaments Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.
* [[H. G. S. Murthy]] - Known as one of the "Seven Pioneers of the Indian Space Programme".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/slidesowdev/flashback-indian-space-stalwarts-though-the-years/photostory/65501656.cms|title = Indian space stalwarts though the years|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 22 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jul/29/among-the-seven-pioneers-787617.html|title = Among the Seven Pioneers| date=29 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis|website=DNA India}}</ref> He served at the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), Ambernath, and as the first Director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station |Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)]], and the Space Science & Technology Centre, now known as the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1969.<ref name="mha.gov.in"/>
*K. C. Banerjee - Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1967, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as the General Manager of [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017) Year-Wise List|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|access-date=July 11, 2021|website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> that developed and manufactured the [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|7.62 Self-Loading Automatic Rifle]], that played decisive role in India's victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-rifle-that-won-the-war-in-1965/articleshow/49327325.cms|title=The rifle that won the war in 1965 | India News |website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-200-yr-old-ordnance-factories-anxiety-anticipation-and-some-sulk/articleshow/71613086.cms|title=At India's 200-year-old ordnance factories, anxiety and anticipation | India News |website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |title=Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151343/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[O. P. Bahl]] - Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1972, in the civil-service category, as the General Manager of [[Ammunition Factory Khadki]], which developed and manufactured the [[Anti-submarine missile|anti-submarine rockets]] used in sinking the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|title=Padma Shri Awardees|website=Government of India|access-date=17 October 2019|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033024/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| align = center
| File:Minister of State for Defence of India M M Pallam Raju with the Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) probationers at NADP Nagpur.jpg
| alt1=
| Minister of State for Defence of India, M M Pallam Raju, with the Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) probationers at NADP Nagpur
| File:The Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) probationers calling on the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar, in New Delhi on April 13, 2016.jpg
| alt2=
| IOFS probationers calling on the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar
| File:Defence Minister of India Nirmala Sitharaman with the Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) probationers at South Block.jpg
| alt3=
| Defence Minister of India, Nirmala Sitharaman, with the IOFS probationers at South Block
| File:Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) probationary officers of the 2008 batch, with the President of India, Smt Pratibha Devisingh Patil at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on Aug 8, 2009 2.jpg
| alt4=
| IOFS probationary officers of the 2008 batch, with the President of India, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, at Rashtrapati Bhavan
| File:Pranab Mukherjee in a group photograph with the Probationers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) 2014 (II) Batch and 2015 (I & II) Batches from the National Academy of Defence Production, Nagpur.jpg
| alt5=
| President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, in a group photograph with the Probationers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) 2014 (II) Batch and 2015 (I & II) Batches from the National Academy of Defence Production, Nagpur
| File:The President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with Probationers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) from National Academy of Defence Production at Rashtrapati Bhavan on November 13, 2017.jpg
|President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, with Probationers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) from National Academy of Defence Production at Rashtrapati Bhavan on November 13, 2017
|Officers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) called on the President of India Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on November 17, 2023.jpg
|Officers of Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) called on the President of India Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on November 17, 2023
}}

==See also==
* [[Ordnance Factory Board]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://ddpdoo.gov.in/iofs IOFS civil list]
*[http://ddpdoo.gov.in/Retired_iofs Retired IOFS officers list]
*[http://ddpdoo.gov.in/units/NADP National Academy of Defence Production]
*[http://ddpdoo.gov.in/ Indian Ordnance Factories]
*[http://upsc.gov.in/ Union Public Service Commission]
*[https://iofsoa.in/ Indian Ordnance Factories Service Officers' Association]
*[http://ddpdoo.gov.in/ Directorate of Ordnance (Co-ordination & Services)]
*[https://www.ddpmod.gov.in/ Department of Defence Production]
*[https://iasnext.com/upsc-previous-years-mains-paper-with-solution-subject-wise/UPSC Previous Year Mains Paper With Solution Subject Wise]
{{Civil service}}
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ordnance Factories Service}}
[[Category:Indian Engineering Services]]
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1935|Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]

Eriodu

2026-01-24T05:33:39Z

Jainil Prajapati: Created initial post first draft

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eriodu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Panchayat town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.533|N|78.067|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| subdivision_type3 = Zone
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 260
| population_total = 7866<ref name=Census>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archivedate=June 16, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 624702
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 4551
| registration_plate = TN 57
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 66%<ref name=Census/>
| website = {{URL|www.eriyodu.thiyagaraaj.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Eriodu''' is a [[Panchayati raj|panchayat town]] located in [[Dindigul district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Eriodu is located in Dindigul next to Karur State Highway road (SH 74). There are ten dependent villages scattered around Eriodu.

==Geography==
Eriodu has an average elevation of {{convert|260|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eriyodu.thiyagaraaj.com|title=Thiyagaraaj}}</ref>

[[File:Eriyodu Town Panchayat Map.JPG|240px]]

==Demographics==
In the 2001 India census, Eriodu had a population of 7866. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Eriodu has an average literacy rate of 66%. Literacy for males was 76% and literacy for females was 55%.<ref name=Census/>

==Politics==
Eriodu Assembly Constituency is part of [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]].

Eriodu is a part of [[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedasandur legislative assembly constituency]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|title =
|Northwest =
|North = Kovilur 9 km
|Northeast = Vaiyampatti 35 km
|West = [[Vedasandur]] 11 km
|Centre = Eriodu
|East = [[Ayyalur]] 10 km
|Southwest = [[Thadikombu]] 15 km
|South = Kulathur 11 km
|Southeast = [[Vadamadurai]] 10 km
}}
{{Dindigul District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindigul district]]

V. Satyanarayana Sarma

2026-01-12T13:55:47Z

Jainil Prajapati: New some details needs work...

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Satyanarayana Sarma
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|09|09}}
| birth_place = [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district]] [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|11|16|1935|09|09}}
| death_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Satyam
| occupation = Classical dancer Choreographer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Kuchipudi]]
| spouse = Lakshminarasamma
| domesticpartner =
| children = One son and two daughters
| parents = Vedantam Venkataratnam Subbamma
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kalidas Samman]]
}}
'''Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma''' (1935–2012), popularly known as '''Satyam''', was an Indian classical dancer and choreographer, considered by many as one of the leading exponents of the classical dance form of [[Kuchipudi]].<ref name="Vedantam Satyam">{{cite encyclopedia | isbn=9780195644463 | title=Vedantam Satyam | encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date=20 August 2016 | editor=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0714#}}</ref><ref name="Kuchipudi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8FamiJJKgC&q=vedantam+satyanarayana+sarma | title=Kuchipudi | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Sunil Kothari, Avinash Pasricha | year=2001 | pages=40, 61, 100, 176, 177 of 247 | isbn=9788170173595}}</ref> He was known for his portrayal of female characters such as ''Usha'' (Usha Parinayam), ''Satyabhama'' (Bhama Kalapam), ''Deva Devi'' (Vipra Narayana), ''Mohini'' (Mohini Rukmangada), ''Sasirekha'' (Sasirekha Parinayam) and ''Gollabhama'' (Gollakalapam).<ref name="Dance like a man">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/28/stories/2003102800250200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117203457/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/28/stories/2003102800250200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 January 2004 | title=Dance like a man | date=28 October 2003 | access-date=20 August 2016 | work=[[The Hindu]] | author=Ranee Kumar}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Names of the respective dance-dramas in brackets.}} He was a recipient of several honors including [[Kalidas Samman]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 1970, for his contributions to Dance.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2013 | access-date=20 August 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Portrait of Siddhendra Yogi.JPG|thumb|235px|Portrait of Siddhendra Yogi]]
Satyanarayana Sarma was born on 9 September 1935 at [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Kuchipudi]],{{Refn|group=note|The dance form, [[Kuchipudi]], is named after the village, where the art is known to have originated from.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banham|first=edited by James R. Brandon; advisory editor, Martin|title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=9780521588225|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC |edition=Pbk.}}</ref>}} a small village in [[Krishna district]] of the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in ''Vedantam'' family which is known for its [[Kuchipudi]] tradition, to Vedantam Venkataratnam and Subbamma.<ref name="Vedantam: Kuchipudi’s Original Sathyabhama">{{cite web | url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vedantam-kuchipudi%E2%80%99s-original-sathyabhama-34229 | title=Vedantam: Kuchipudi's Original Sathyabhama | publisher=The NEWS Minute | date=12 September 2015 | access-date=20 August 2016 | author=Veejay Sai | archive-date=21 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821052154/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vedantam-kuchipudi%E2%80%99s-original-sathyabhama-34229 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He started training Kuchipudi at the age of five under his elder brother, Vedantam Prahalada Sarma, and later trained under known exponents, Vedantam Lakshminarayana Sastri and Chinta Krishnamurthy.<ref name="A tribute to legend Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl148.html | title=A tribute to legend Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma | publisher=Narthaki | work=Obituary | date=29 November 2012 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> He also did training in classical music under Yeleswarapu Seetharamanjaneyulu and Sishta Brahmaiah Sastry, as ''Bhagawata Melam'' (Kuchipudi Yakshagaanam), a dance-drama format of Kuchipudi required the performer to sing as well.<ref name="His female roles left an indelible impression">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1350507.ece | title=His female roles left an indelible impression | publisher=Indian Express | date=25 November 2012 | access-date=20 August 2016}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He made his debut at the age of fourteen, performing in two melams, ''Harischandra'' and ''Ramanatakam'', staged at a local temple by the group led by Pasumarthy Kondalarayudu. His first major performance came at the age on nineteen, when he portrayed the role of ''Parvathi'' in ''Usha Parinayam'', staged in [[Indian Council of World Affairs|Sapru House]], Delhi.<ref name="Vedantam: Kuchipudi’s Original Sathyabhama" />

Sarma continued performing as female characters in many melams and his portrayal of Sathyabhama in the dance-drama, ''Bhama Kalapam'', reportedly written by Siddhendra Yogi{{Refn|group=note|The origin of Kuchipudi is attributed to the contributions of [[Narayana Teertha]] and his disciple, Siddhendra Yogi. ''Bhama Kalapam'' is the popular name of '' Parijatapaharana'', a play written by Yogi.<ref name="Traditions of Indian Classical Dance">{{Cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Classical Dance|last=Khokar|first=Mohan|publisher=Clarion Books|year=1984|location=India|pages=158}}</ref>}} later became his signature role.<ref name="Vedantam: Kuchipudi’s Original Sathyabhama" /> Gollabhama, Mohini, Sasirekha and Devadevi were some of his other notable characters. He is known to have developed a new ethos in [[abhinaya]], often termed as ''Eka Patra'', which, in the beginning, did not meet with the approval of many traditionalists of the art form. He performed in over 10,000 stages, including in front of [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], the founder of [[Kalakshetra]]. In 1967, he performed as a male dancer in a dance sequence, ''Girija Kalyanam'', in the Telugu film, ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'', directed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]. Towards the latter part of his life, he was more involved in teaching the dance at ''Venkatarama Natya Mandali'', a dance school dedicated to Kuchipudi, at his native place.<ref name="A Web Directory of Indian Classical Dances">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/kuchipudi/kuch1ai.htm | title=A Web Directory of Indian Classical Dances | publisher=Narthaki | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016 | archive-date=19 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819223404/http://www.narthaki.com/kuchipudi/kuch1ai.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also wrote several texts on the dance form and ''Natya Shastra'', ''Abhinaya Darpanam'', ''Tandava Lakshanam'' and ''Alankara Shastram'' feature among them.<ref name="Vedantam: Kuchipudi’s Original Sathyabhama" />

Sarma was married to Lakshminarasamma and the couple had a son and two daughters.<ref name="Kuchipudi maestro Vedantam dead">{{cite web | url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121117/news-current-affairs/article/kuchipudi-maestro-vedantam-dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011022142/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121117/news-current-affairs/article/kuchipudi-maestro-vedantam-dead | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 October 2016 | title=Kuchipudi maestro Vedantam dead | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> He died on 16 November 2012, at the age of 77, succumbing to respiratory illnesses at a private hospital in [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="Kuchipudi maestro Vedantam Satynarayana Sarma passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.sakshieducation.com/JobsStory.aspx?nid=38208 | title=Kuchipudi maestro Vedantam Satynarayana Sarma passes away | publisher=Sakshi Education | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="CM condoles Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma's demise">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121116/2102455.html | title=CM condoles Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma's demise | publisher=Web India News | date=16 November 2016 | access-date=20 August 2016 | archive-date=22 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822192507/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121116/2102455.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> His life has been documented in a film, ''I am Satyabhama'', directed by Dulam Satyanarayana.<ref name="Dulam Satyanarayana on his documentary ‘I am Satyabhama’ ">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv155.html | title=Dulam Satyanarayana on his documentary 'I am Satyabhama' | publisher=Narthaki | date=8 May 2013 | access-date=20 August 2016 | author=Sudha Sridhar}}</ref><ref name="Panelists">{{cite web | url=http://www.iaac.us/IAAC_dance_fest2013/panelists.htm | title=Panelists | publisher=Indo-American Arts Council | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Sarma received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1961,<ref name="Akademi Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=aa | title=Akademi Awardees | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> making him the first Kuchipudi exponent to receive the honor.<ref name="A tribute to legend Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma" /> Six years later, the Akademi honored him again, with [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna]] in 1967.<ref name="Akademi Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=af | title=Akademi Fellows | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2016 | access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> The Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honors]] list for the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1970.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The Government of Madhya Pradesh also honored him with their civilian award, [[Kalidas Samman]], in 1988.<ref name="A tribute to legend Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma" />

== See also ==
* [[Kuchipudi]]
* [[Narayana Teertha]]
[[File:A Kuchipudi Sequence.ogv|thumb|A Kuchipudi Sequence]]
{{Portal|India}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/28/stories/2005042818420300.htm | title=Perfect poses | date=28 April 2005 | access-date=20 August 2016 | work=[[The Hindu]] | author=R. V. Moorthy}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HANPKOsTpho | title=Girija Kalyanam - Rahasyam | publisher=Vasanta Madhava | work=Dance sequence featuring Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma | date=9 November 2010 | access-date=20 August 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNT6_Lu61RU | title=I am Satyabhama | publisher=Satyanarayana Dulam | work=Documentary Teaser | date=29 June 2011 | access-date=20 August 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pravasiherald.com/index.php/pravasih/print_t/kuchipudi_indian_classical_dance_form_of_andhra_pradesh/P2/ | title=Kuchipudi: Indian Classical Dance form of Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Pravasi Herald | work=Web article | date=6 February 2011 | access-date=20 August 2016 | author=Padmini Kantety }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/measure-of-a-maestro/article4391129.ece | title=Measure of a maestro | publisher=The Hindu | work=Web article | date=8 February 2013 | access-date=20 August 2016 | author=Ranee Kumar}}

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, V. Satyanarayana}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Kalidas Samman]]

Trilok Singh Cheema

2025-12-22T05:06:28Z

Jainil Prajapati: New initial bio needs work...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Trilok Singh Cheema''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur Assembly constituency]] in [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kashipur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Trilok Singh Cheema of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kashipur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853618.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Cheema is from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of [[Harbhajan Singh Cheema|Harbajan Singh Cheema]], a four time MLA. He completed his graduation in 1985 at a college affiliated with [[Panjab University|Punjab University]], [[Chandigarh]] and later did a Diploma in Business Management Rajendra Prasad Institute of Communication and Management, [[Mumbai]], in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilok Singh Cheema(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KASHIPUR(UDHAM SINGH NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=198 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Cheema won from Kashipur Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 48,508 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Narendra Chand Singh of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 16,335 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Trilok Singh Cheema wins Kashipur with 36106 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kashipur-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923022-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Kashipur (Uttarakhand) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kashipur-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810525/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kashipur Uttarakhand Election 2022 Final Results: BJP Candidate Trilok Singh Cheema wins from Kashipur |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kashipur-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winuttarakhand-assembly-election-2022-news-1518678 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheema, Trilok Singh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Udham Singh Nagar district]]

Virudhagiriswarar temple

2025-12-15T08:58:10Z

Jainil Prajapati: New basic place added tags...

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Pazhamalai Nadhar Temple
| image = Virudhagiriswarar temple (10).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.30|79.20|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| location = [[Virudhachalam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Pazhamalai Nadhar([[shiva]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[kandarathitha Chozhan & Sembiyan Mahadevi|Chola Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi]]
| website =
}}
The '''Pazhamalai Nadhar Temple''' is a Hindu temple in the town of [[Virudhachalam]], [[Cuddalore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity PazhamalaiNadhar is revered in ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The temple gives its name to the town of Virudhachalam. The temple is famed for the legend of Shiva forming as a mountain heeding to the prayers of [[Brahma]].

Pazhamalai Nadhar Temple is a part of the series of temples built by [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]], the Chola queen along the banks of river [[Kaveri]]. It has several inscriptions dating back to the [[Chola]] period. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and three yearly festivals on its calendar. The annual ''[[Brahmotsavam]]'' (prime festival), Masi Magam, is attended by thousands of devotees from far and near. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

==Legend==
[[File:Virudhagiriswarar temple (13).jpg|250px|thumb|left| Pazhamalai Nadhar Temple first precinct]]
As per Hindu Mythology, when Brahma thought of creating the earth, he created water. Lord Vishnu happened to cut down the evil Madhukaidavas. The cut pieces of the bodies floated on water created by Lord Brahma. On seeing that Brahma prayed to Lord Shiva to create the earth out of the hardened compound from the water and the flesh of the bodies. Lord Shiva appeared as a mountain. Lord Brahma who did not know this created many different mountains. As they did not have space to exist, he was sorrowful. The Pranava God appeared and conveyed Lord Brahma the truth through gestures. Brahma worshipped Lord Shiva who was the form of mountain. Lord Shiva created the earth combining the flesh and the water compounded in a hardened form. He called it medhini. He gave space for the mountains of Brahma. He told Brahma that he was not different from the mountain. The mountains of Brahma came into being after that mountain. Hence the mountain of Shiva was named Pazha malai (old mountain). According to him, that Pazhamalai would be hard pressed on the earth appearing as Shiva Linga above. Those who worshipped it would get all they wished for. Thus, the oldest of all mountains is invisible, but the top layer of it is said to appear in the river-bed of Cuddalore at Vayalur, about four km north of Virudhachalam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Viruthagerreswarar Temple|url=https://cuddalore.nic.in/tourist-place/viruthagerreswarar-temple/|accessdate=2 October 2022|publisher=Cuddalore district administration}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Actual temple name is Pazhamalai Nadhar Temple during Vijayanagar period it was changed to new name Vriddha means ancient – Achalam means the unshakeable, so the hills around Virudhachalam are the unshakeable hills. Virudhachalam means an ancient hill. In chaste Tamil this is mentioned as Mudhu Kundram in Thevaram hymns. During the days of Saivite Saints Appar, Gnanasambandhar and Sundarar, the place was known as Pazhamalai in Tamil and changed to the Sanskrit version Virudhachalam in the days that followed.

== Architecture ==
The ancient Chola temple of Virudhagiriswarar was commissioned by [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]], among the most powerful queens of the Chola empire and an ardent worshipper of Lord Siva.<ref>{{cite web|title=1,000-year-old 'Narasimmee' comes back to Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/1000-year-old-narasimmee-comes-back-to-tamil-nadu/article18586792.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 May 2017|access-date=14 Apr 2019|last=R.|first=Sivaraman}}</ref> The temple is surrounded by high walls and five ''gopurams''. The hundred pillared hall is carved like a chariot. There are images of Vinayaga, Rishi Vpiacit and Romas and for the sister of Kubera.<ref name=R/> The chains of the temple car were donated by Charles Hyde, the District Collector of the then [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot district]] in 1813. The place was originally called Thirumudukundram, the place of holy mountain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&dq=tirumanikuzhi&pg=PA656|page=656|first=Subodh |last=Kapoor|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552997}}</ref> Similar architecture of halls (Mandapas) simulating a chariot drawn by elephant or horses is found in [[Sarangapani temple]] at Kumbakonam, [[Mela Kadambur Amirthakadeswarar Temple]], [[Sikharagiriswara Temple, Kudumiyamalai]], [[Nageswaraswamy Temple, Kumbakonam]], and [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kampahesvara temple at Thirubuvanam|last=H.|first=Sarkar|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=1974|location=Madras|page=9|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/KAMPAHARESVARA%20TEMPLE%20AT%20TRIBHUVANAM.pdf}}</ref>

==Literary mention==
[[File:Virudhagiriswarar temple (18).jpg|250px|thumb|Pillared hall in the second precinct]]
Sage Vibasithu paid the labours with Vanni leaves. He had a dip in the Manimuthar river and undertook the renovation of this temple. He gave the workers the leaves of the Vanni tree which later changed into coins to the value due to the workers based on the quantum and quality of his work, is a story believed by generations of devotees. The Vanni tree is 1700-year-old, say researchers. The construction of the temple, by itself, has an interesting legend. Vibasithu Munivar, it is said, happened to find the earring that belonged to Lord Kubera's daughter. The jewel, dear to her, was dropped on the lap of Vibhasithu, by a bird. Kubera's daughter announced a reward of all her remaining Jewellery in return for her earring. Vibhasithu gave the earring and with the reward he constructed the temple.

It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. Saint Sundarar was on a fund-raising mission to feed the devotees on the Panguni Uthiram festival in Tiruvarur. Sundarar passed through this place without singing the glory of the Lord. He was stopped by the Lord and made him sing. Then, Lord of this temple donated 12,000 gold coins to Sundararar. Beware of robbers on the way, he placed all the coins in the Manimuthar River and collected it in the tank in Tiruvarur. This is a strange precaution. Money placed in a river cannot be collected from a tank that has no link with each other. But this miracle happened. Thus, came the proverb, “losing in the river and searching in the tank”. Sundarar wanted to test the touch of the gold he took from the tank in Tiruvarur. Lord proved the quality of the gold with Lord Vinayaka as a witness who confirmed the touch. Hence, Vinayaka in the inner prakara of the temple is praised as Mattru-touch, Uraitha-confirmed, Vinayaka- Mattru Uraitha Vinayaka.

==Religious importance==
Number five has a significance in this temple. Murthis are five – Vinayaka, Muruga, Shiva, Shakthi and Chandikeswara. Virudagiriswarar is praised by five names – Virudhagireeshwarar, Pazhamalai Nathar, Vruddhachaleswarar, Mudhu Kundreeswarar and Vruddhagiri. There are five Vinayakas in the temple – Aazhathu Vinayakar, Mattru Uraitha Vinayaka, Muppillayar, Dasabhuja Ganapathy and Vallabha Ganapathi. Five Rishis had the darshan of Virudhagiriswarar – Romesa, Vibasiddhu, Kumaradeva, Nada Sharma and Anavardhini. There five towers in the temple at east, west, south, north and Kandarathithan (a Chola king) gopuram. There are five prakaras – called Thiruchutru in Tamil They are Kailaya, Vanniyadi, 63 Nayanmar Chuttru and Panchavarna Chuttru. There are five Kodimarams - flag post with five Nandhis – Indra Nandhi, Vedha Nandhi, Athma Nandhi, Maalvidai Nandhi and Dharma Nandhi. There are five inner Mandaps – Artha, Idaikazhi, Thapana, Maha and Isai Mandapams.
Outer Mandapams are 20 pillar mandapam, Deeparadhana, 100 pillar mandapam, Vipachithu and Chitra mandapam. Five-time puja is followed in the temple - Thiruvanandal, Kalasanthi, Uchi Kala, Sayaraksha and Arthajama at scheduled times from early morning till night. The temple has five cars-Raths for Vinayaka, Muruga, Pazhamalai Nathar, Mother Periyanayagi and Sri Chandikeswara. The place has five names – Tirumudhu Kundram, Vruddha Kasi, Virudhachalam, Nerkuppai and Mudhugiri.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - T var m and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=282–3}}</ref>

[[File:Virudhagiriswarar temple (6).jpg|250px|thumb|Legend of the temple]]

It is one of the places giving salvation to the departed. It is even considered holier than Holy Kasi i.e. Varanasi. As believed in Kasi, here too Mother Viruthambigai places the departed souls on her lap and fan them with the pallu of her Sari while Shiva chants the Namasivaya mantra in the ears of the dead ensuring his/her salvation. Hence in olden days people of Virudhachalam never bothered to undertake a pilgrimage to Varanasi when they become old and weak. As a result, this place is also come to known as Virudhakasi. It is also claimed that the benefit measure is a little bit more here than Kasi, hence the saying “Kasiyil Veesam Adhigam in Virudhakasi”. The ashes of the dead when dissolved in Manimuthar River change into a stone and stay underneath, according to Sthalapuranam. Shiva as Nataraja danced in Thillai for a contest. He played here for his own joy.

During his visit to this place, the king of Karnataka suffered due to hunger. Mother Peria Nayaki, as a young woman fed him with milk and named him Kumara Deva.

Viruthambigai means Goddess of elderly age. Devotee Guru Namshivayar stayed in this place for a night on his way to Chidambaram. He was very hungry and called Mother with a verse with a word Kizhavi. Mother Periyanayagi came there as an old woman and replied that Kizhavi-old woman cannot bring food, only young woman can. The devotee sang another verse describing the youthfulness of Ambica. She appeared as a young beautiful woman and fed the devotee and thus came to be known as Balambika – young Mother.

== Worship and religious practices ==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Virudhagiriswarar and Viruthambigai Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Maasi Magam is an important festival. It is believed that Vibasithu Munivar sought the darshan of Lord Siva, through the Nandi. On the sixth day of the Masi Magam festival, Lord Vriddhagiriswarar, along with his Consort Goddess Viruthambigai, appeared before Vibasithu Munivar.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=493|title=Sri Virdhagiriswarar temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> The consecration of the temple was performed on 7 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumbabhishekam of Virudhagiriswar temple|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/765032-virudhachalam-viruthakiriswarar-temple.html|publisher=Hindu (Tamil)|accessdate=2 October 2022|date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

== Idol Theft ==
[[File:Nswag, india del sud, tamil nadu, periodo chola (850-1150), ardhanarishvara.JPG|180px|thumb|Stolen Ardhanarisvara]]
A total of 6 stone sculptures, including that of a [[Ardhanarisvara]] belonging to the temple were believed to be stolen and smuggled abroad sometime after 1974 (documented photographic evidence from [[French Institute of Pondicherry]]).<ref name="CA">{{cite news |title=Lost and Found: Images Show Art Gallery NSW’s Sculpture Was Stolen From An Indian Temple |url=https://chasingaphrodite.com/2013/07/01/lost-and-found-images-show-art-gallery-nsws-sculpture-was-stolen-from-an-indian-temple/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=Chasing Aphrodite |agency= |date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|last1=R.|first1=Sivaraman|title=Police confirm idol in Australian gallery was stolen from T.N. temple|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/police-confirm-idol-in-australian-gallery-was-stolen-from-tn-temple/article5214659.ece |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |agency= |date=8 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="TF">{{cite news|last1=N.|first1=Vinoth Kumar|title=Tracing stolen idols: An 'archival' method |url=https://thefederal.com/embed/stolen-idols/index.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=The Federal |agency= |date=6 March 2020|quote=... The idol of Ardhanarishwarar (half-male Shiva and half-female, Parvathy) was stolen from Virudachalam and exhibited at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. It has now been returned to India. The IFP/EFEO had photographed the idol thrice in 1958, 1967 and 1974, which helped to prove that the idol was not stolen before 1971. ...}}</ref> The ''Idol Wing'' of the Tamil Nadu [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (IW-CID) has traced it to the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] in [[Australia]] and successfully '''repatriated''' the ''Ardhanarisvara'' sculpture in 2014 and the ''Pratyangira'' sculpture in 2017.<ref name="TH2">{{cite news|last1=R.|first1=Sivaraman|title=Two idols brought back from Australia, now in Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/two-idols-brought-back-from-australia-now-in-chennai/article6404525.ece |access-date=4 August 2023|work=The Hindu |agency= |date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="TH3">{{cite news|last1=R.|first1=Sivaraman|title=Return of Ardhanareeswara sculpture gladdens residents|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/return-of-ardhanareeswara-sculpture-gladdens-residents/article6388346.ece |access-date=4 August 2023|work=The Hindu |agency= |date=7 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="TH4">{{cite news|last1=R.|first1=Sivaraman|title=1,000-year-old ‘Narasimmee’ comes back to Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/1000-year-old-narasimmee-comes-back-to-tamil-nadu/article18586792.ece |access-date=6 August 2023|work=The Hindu |agency= |date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A citizen sleuth is tracking down India’s stolen artifacts—but what happens to the idols once they’re home? |url=https://www.thebeliever.net/idol-threats-shruti-ravindran/|access-date=4 August 2023|publisher=The Believer}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" sortable
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Deity
! scope="col" | Stolen Idol traced to
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Current status
! scope="col" | More Details
|- align="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Ardhanarisvara]]
| [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]]
| [[Australia]]
| Recovered
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Provenance project: Works from Art of the Past gallery |url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/6lw3xx|access-date=4 August 2023|publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales|quote=... This work, Ardhanarishvara, was purchased by the Art Gallery in 2004 from Art of the Past and returned to India in 2014. ...}}</ref><ref name="TH2" /><ref name="TH3" />
|-
|2
| [[Pratyangira]] / Narasimmee
| [[National Gallery of Australia]]
| [[Australia]]
| Recovered
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Acquisitions from Art of the Past, New York |url=https://nga.gov.au/media/dd/documents/NGA-acquisitions-from-art-of-the-past.4be5e8f.pdf|access-date=4 August 2023|publisher=National Gallery of Australia|quote=... stolen from Sri Vriddhachalesvara temple, Vriddhachalam, Tamil Nadu, India, between 1974 and 2005 with Subhash Kapoor of art dealership Art of the Past, New York, United States of America, 2005 or before which sold it for USD 247,500 to the National Gallery of Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Australia ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Exhibition ‘Return of the Three Stone Sculptures from Australia to India’ begins in National Museum |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=162071 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref><ref name="TH4" />
|-
|3
| [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar]]
|
|
| Unknown
| <ref name="TH5">{{cite news|last1=R.|first1=Sivaraman|title=How idol thieves deceived devotees|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-idol-thieves-deceived-devotees/article18587027.ece |access-date=6 August 2023|work=The Hindu |agency= |date=27 May 2017|quote=... Police are yet to locate the four other Vriddhachalam idols — Pillaiyar, Itchasakthi, Gnanasakthi and Kriyasakthi. ...}}</ref>
|-
|4
| Itchasakthi
|
|
| Unknown
| <ref name="TH5" />
|-
|5
| Gnanasakthi
|
|
| Unknown
| <ref name="TH5" />
|-
|6
| Kriyasakthi
|
|
| Unknown
| <ref name="TH5" />
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|pages=66}}

{{commons category|Virudhagiriswarar temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Temples with Bharatanatyam Karanas]]

List of Telugu films of 1942

2025-12-02T05:40:54Z

Jainil Prajapati: small changes

{{Short description|None}}
{{Tollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] film industry based in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1942 in film|1942]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/tollywood-1942-cinema-list/|title=1942 Telugu Films|access-date=2019-12-02|publisher=pedia.desibantu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earlytollywood.blogspot.com/2008/01/list-of-movies-released-in-1941-1951.html|title=1940's Telugu Films|access-date=2019-12-02|publisher=earlytollywood}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Production
|-
|''[[Babruvahana (1941 film)|Babruvahana]]''|| [[R. S. Prakash]] || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]], [[Rushyendramani]] ||
|-
|''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''|| [[C. Pullaiah]] || [[Kanchanamala]], [[Banda Kanakalingeshwara Rao]], [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]], [[Pushpavalli]] || [[Gemini Studios]]
|-
|''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''|| [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayana Murthy]] || [[Vemuri Gaggaiah]], [[C. H. Narayana Rao]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[G. Varalakshmi]] || Sobhanachal Productions
|-
|''[[Deena Bandhu]]''|| M. L. Tandon || [[C. H. Narayana Rao]], [[Suryakumari|T. Suryakumari]] || Rupavani Production
|-
|''[[Gharana Donga]]'' || [[H. M. Reddy]] || [[L. V. Prasad]] ||
|-
|''[[Jeevana Mukthi]]''|| T. V. Neelakantan || [[Puvvula Suri Babu|P. Suribabu]], 'Bezawada' Rajarathnam, Kamala Kumari || [[Gemini Studios]]
|-
|''[[Patni (1942 film)|Patni]]''|| [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]] || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]], [[Rushyendramani]], [[Surabhi Kamalabai]], [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] || Saradhi Films
|-
|''[[Satyabhama (1942 film)|Satyabhama]]''|| [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]] || [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]], [[Pushpavalli]], [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]], Adhanki Srirama Murthy || Jagadish Films
|-
|''[[Satyame Jayam]]'' || [[H. M. Reddy]] || || Rohini Pictures
|-
|''[[Shanta Bala Nagamma]]''|| S. V. S. Rama Rao || M. Krishna Rao, [[Kumari (actress)|Kumari]] || Royal Pictures
|-
|''[[Sumati (1942 film)|Sumati]]''|| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]] || [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], [[P. Kannamba]], T. Ramakrishna Sastry || [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|Rajarajeshwari Films]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=te|1&sort=year,asc&start=51 Earliest Telugu language films at IMDb.com (74 to 81)]

{{Tollywood|horiz}}
{{1942 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1942]]
[[Category:Lists of 1942 films by country|Telugu]]
[[Category:1942 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

Basirhat II

2025-11-10T20:31:56Z

Jainil Prajapati: enhance details and updated info to improve readability

{{other uses|Basirhat (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basirhat II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Basirhat-II in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.683409|N|88.815043|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 132.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5
| population_total = 226,130
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 155,685 (78.30%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743428 (Kholapota) 743437 (Dhanyakuria) 743486 (Nehalpur) 743445 ([[Chaita]])
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Basirhat II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Mathurapur, a census town in Basirhat II block, is located at {{coord|22.683409|N|88.815043|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}.

Basirhat II CD Block is bounded by [[Baduria (community development block)|Baduria]] CD Block in the north, [[Basirhat I]] CD Block in the east, [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] CD Block in the south and [[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]] CD Block in the west. While [[Baduria]] municipality is in the north [[Basirhat]] municipality is in the east.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Basirhat II CD Block is part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. The [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] flows through the eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Bidyadhari River|Bidyadhari]] flows along the south-western border of the CD Block separating it from [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] CD Block.<ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Basirhat II CD Block, Page 543 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Basirhat II CD Block has an area of 127.42 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 134 gram sansads (village councils), 69 [[mouza]]s and 68 inhabited villages. Basirhat police station serves this block, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Basirhat II block/ panchayat samiti are: Begumpur Bibipur, [[Dhanyakuria]], [[Kholapota]], Ghorarash Kulingram, Rajendrapur, [[Chaita]], Shrinagar Matia, [[Champapukur]] and [[Kachua, West Bengal|Kachua]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Basirhat II CD Block had a total population of 226,130, of which 208,940 were rural and 17,209 were urban. There were 115,735 (51%) males and 110,395 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 27,291. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 19,794 (8.75%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 5,687 (2.51%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Basirhat II CD block has a total population of 194,006 out of which 99,295 were males and 94,711 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There are three [[census towns]] in Basirhat II CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Dhanyakuria]] (5,148), [[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]] (6,803) and [[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas|Raghunathpur]] (P) (5,339).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Basirhat II block (2011 census figures in brackets): Eojnagar (11,051), Nehalpur (7,682), Begampur (6,923), [[Kachua, West Bengal|Kachua Swarupnagar]] (8,383), Kripalpur (4,134), Sadiknagar (5,082) Srinagar (11,028), Matia (4,579), Sangbaria (4,452), [[Champapukur|Chanpa Pukhuria]] (5,738), Zafarpur (15,159), Ghona (5,763), Rajendrapur (10,417) and Tyntra Neora (4,070).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,18.13,16.55
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Basirhat II CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Basirhat II ICD Block in 2001-2011 was 16.55%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Basirhat II CD Block in 1991-2001 was 18.31%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension| title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan| last = Mishra| date = 8 July 2017| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 29 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223205/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Basirhat II CD Block was 155,685 (78.30% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 83,196 (81.69% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 72,489 (74.73% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 6.96%.<ref name=census2011/>
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Basirhat II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|70.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|29.67}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.23}}
}}

In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 158,514 and formed 70.10% of the population in Basirhat II CD Block. Hindus numbered 67,085 and formed 29.67% of the population. Others numbered 531 and formed 0.23% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Muslims numbered 62,735 and formed 69.88% of the population and Hindus numbered 27,032 and formed 30.42% of the population in Basirhat I CD Block. In 1981 Hindus numbered 69,052 and formed 55.09% of the population and Muslims numbered 54,437 and formed 44.01% of the population in Basirhat II CD Block. In 1991 Muslims numbered 187,528 and formed 65.54% of the population and Hindus numbered 98,619 and formed 34.46% of the population in Basirhat I and Basirhat II CD Blocks taken together. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001 in Baduria CD block Muslims were 133,527 (68.82%) and Hindus 60,316 (31.09%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.93% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
34.60% of households in Basirhat II CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Basirhat II CD Block'''
|value1 = 11.31
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 33.07
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.68
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 49.94
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Basirhat II CD Block, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8,826 and formed 11.31% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 25,813 and formed 33.07%, household industry workers numbered 4,431and formed 5.68% and other workers numbered 38,981 and formed 49.94%. Total workers numbered 78,051 and formed 34.52% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 148,079 and formed 65.48% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 66 inhabited villages in Basirhat II CD Block, as per the District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 19 villages (28.79%) have post offices. 63 villages (95.45%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 32 villages (48.48%) have a pucca approach road and 27 villages (40.91%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 11 villages (16.67%) have agricultural credit societies and 16 villages (24.24% ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Basirhat II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3,109 (7.14%), patta (document) holders 6,633 (15.22%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2,020 (4.64%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 16,390 (37.62%) and agricultural labourers 15,418 (35.39%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Basirhat II CD Block had 73 fertiliser depots, 28 seed stores and no [[Public distribution system|fair price shop]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, Basirhat II CD Block produced 15,492 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 4,018 hectares, 8,886 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,715 hectares, 26 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 10 hectares, 154 tonnes of wheat from 57 hectares, 61,895 tonnes of jute from 2,746 hectares and 3,528 tonnes of potatoes from 142 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In Basirhat II CD Block in 2010-11, 139 hectares were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010-11, the net area under effective [[pisciculture]] in Basirhat II CD Block was 3,629.81 hectares and 15,358 people were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 108,894.3 [[quintal]]s.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010-11, Basirhat II CD Block had offices of 8 commercial bank and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] passes through this CD Block.<ref name=censusmap/>

There are stations like - [[Malatipur railway station]], [[Ghovarash Ghona railway station]] and [[Champapukur railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Barasat-Hasnabad line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/17692/7870/7862 |title = 33311 Barasat-Hasnabad local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 29 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010-11, Basirhat II CD Block had 122 primary schools with 13,490 students, 1 middle school with 1,088 students, 10 high schools with 7,908 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 7,024 students. Basirhat II CD Block had 321 institutions for special and non-formal education with 16,820 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Basirhat II CD Block, amongst the 66 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 30 villages had more than 1 primary school, 13 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 8 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Basirhat II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 25 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 27 family welfare subcentres. 2,575 patients were treated indoor and 124,132 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Dhanyakuria Rural Hospital at [[Dhanyakuria]] with 30 beds in the main medical facility in Basirhat II CD Block, there are primary health centres at Sikra Kulingram (with 6 beds) and Rajendrapur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Basirhat II block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) | access-date = 2011-02-17 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

Jothi Venkatachalam

2025-10-30T15:19:26Z

Jainil Prajapati:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jothi Venkatachalam
| image = Jothi Venkatachalam.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Governor of Kerala|Governor]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Maymyo]], [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]], Now [[Myanmar]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|11|28|1917|10|27}}
| death_place =
|awards = [[Padma Shri]] {{small|(1974)}}
}}

'''Jothi Venkatachalam''' (27 October 1917 - 28 November 1992) was an Indian politician who served as [[List of Governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Life and career==
Jothi Venkatachalam was born in [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Maymyo]], hill city of British Burma (now Myanmar), on 27 October 1917 to G. Kuppuram and MeenaPai.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Her father was appointed to serve in Secretary office of British Burma, resigned and came back to Chennai in 1930 due to political turmoil during that time in Burma. Jothi continued her study in [[C.S.I. Ewart Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Ewart Matriculation Higher Secondary School]], Veppery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Jothi was more involved in social works and came to the attention of Congress party. She was appointed minister for Liquor Prohibition and Women's Welfare in the [[C. Rajagopalachari]] cabinet between 10 October 1953 and 12 April 1954. Thus Jothi Venkatachalam became the first woman to be minister in Tamil Nadu state in the republic of India.<ref>{{Cite book | title = முதல் பெண்கள் - ஜோதி வெங்கடாசலம் | publisher = Vikatan | year = 2020 | url= https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/women/jothi-venkatachalam-the-first-women-minister-of-tamil-nadu}}</ref> In that very brief stint, she clubbed the liquor prohibition department with Police department.

Later she was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]] election, and as an [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] candidate from [[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam constituency]] in [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]] election.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> This time Chief Minister [[K. Kamaraj]] appointed her as minister for public health in [[K. Kamaraj]]'s cabinet from 1962 and continued in [[M. Bhaktavatsalam|M. Bhakthavatchalam]]'s ministry till 1967.<ref name="kan1">{{cite book |author=Kandaswamy. P|title=The political Career of K. Kamaraj|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008 |pages=62–64 |isbn=8170228018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/03assly/03_01_1%20&%202.pdf The Madras Legislative Assembly, Third Assembly I Session]</ref><ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/03assly/03_02_1.pdf The Madras Legislative Assembly, Third Assembly II Session]</ref>

Later she served as the governor of [[Kerala]] from 14 October 1977 to 26 October 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=41 |title=Governors of Kerala |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813042814/http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=41 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1974, Jothi Venkatachalam was conferred with a '[[Padma Shri]]' award for her dedicated contribution in the field of Public Affairs.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

On 19 July 1961, her husband was killed in a road accident. Jothi Venkatachalam is also deceased.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/trailblazers-from-another-era/article4889525.ece Trailblazers from another era]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Public Affairs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatachalam, Jothi}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Women in Kerala politics]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid

2025-10-23T01:01:26Z

Jainil Prajapati: Created new stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian Vedic scholar and astrologer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Vedic scholar, astrologer
| known_for = Vedic astrology, determining muhurta for Ram Mandir consecration
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}

'''Pandit Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid''' is an Indian Vedic scholar, astrologer, and Sanskrit academic based in [[Kashi, Uttar Pradesh|Kashi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is widely recognised for his contributions to traditional Hindu rituals, Vedic sciences, and astrology. In 2025, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian award, for his distinguished service in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानें कौन हैं गणेश्वर शास्त्री द्रविड़ जिन्होंने राम मंदिर प्राण प्रतिष्ठा का शुभ मुहूर्त निर्धारित किया |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/faith-hindi/know-who-is-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-who-determined-the-auspicious-time-for-the-ram-madir-pran-pratishtha-time-6608273/ |work=India.com (Hindi) |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं पंडित गणेश्वर शास्त्री द्रविड़, जिन्होंने अयोध्या में रामलला की मूर्तिपूजा का शुभ मुहूर्त निर्धारित किया |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/varanasi/who-is-pandit-ganeshwar-shastri-who-determined-auspicious-time-for-consecration-of-ramlala-ayodhya/2026969 |work=Zee News (Hindi) |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पंडित गणेश्वर शास्त्री द्रविड़ को पारंपरिक ढेर पहन कपड़े में मिला पद्म श्री, जानें उनके बारे में |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/pandit-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-received-padma-shri-in-indian-attire-dhoti-know-more-about-him/2735081 |work=Zee News (Hindi) |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Padma Awards 2025 announced
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285
|website=Press Information Bureau
|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
|date=25 January 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Padma Awards 2025 – Notifications |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf
|website=Padma Awards (Official)
|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Padma Shri‑awarded Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid? History |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/astro/who-is-padma-shri-awarded-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-history-2870913 |work=ABP Live |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

== Career and contributions ==
Dravid is a senior scholar affiliated with the [[Kashi Vidvat Parishad]], a prestigious institution of Vedic scholars. He has significantly contributed to the preservation and promotion of Vedic knowledge and astrology. One of his most widely acknowledged contributions was identifying the auspicious muhurta (ceremonial time) for the [[Pran Pratishtha]] of the [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]], which took place on 22 January 2024.<ref name="toi-padma">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri received by Kashi Vedic scholar Dravid Ganeshwar Shastri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/padma-shri-received-by-kashi-vedic-scholar-dravid-ganeshwar-shastri/articleshow/120742028.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="hindupost">{{cite news |title=Shri Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid – the unsung Vedic luminary behind Bharat's sacred moments honored with Padma Shri |url=https://hindupost.in/news/shri-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-the-unsung-vedic-luminary-behind-bharats-sacred-moments-honored-with-padma-shri/ |work=Hindu Post |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned astrologer Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid to oversee Pran Pratishtha rituals in Ayodhya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/renowned-astrologer-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-to-oversee-pran-pratishtha-rituals-in-ayodhya/articleshow/107021429.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्या राम मंदिर उद्घाटन: रामलल्ला की मूर्तिपूजा के शुभ समय का निर्धारण करने वाले पंडित गणेश्वर शास्त्री का परिचय |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-ayodhya-ram-temple-inauguration-who-is-pandit-ganeshwar-shastri-who-determined-the-auspicious-time-for-the-consecration-of-ramlala-read-profile-9107613.html |work=Live Hindustan (Hindi) |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वाराणसी के 10 शख्सियतों में पद्म श्री से सम्मानित गणेश्वर शास्त्री, राम मंदिर समारोह में निभाई भूमिका |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/uttar-pradesh-varanasi-kashi-10-personalities-writer-ram-bahadur-rai-sadhvi-ritambhara-devi-honored-padma-shri-ganeshwar-shastri-ram-temple-134361012.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

In addition to his scholarly contributions, he was one of the proposers for Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]’s 2024 Lok Sabha nomination from Varanasi.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |title=Who is Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid, seen with PM Narendra Modi while filing nomination from Varanasi? |url=https://ndtv.in/india/who-is-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-seen-with-pm-narendra-modi-while-filing-nomination-from-varanasi-5659857 |work=NDTV |date=14 May 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="amarujala-proposer">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awarded to Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid, proposer of PM Modi |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/padma-award-2025-kashi-scholar-pandit-ganeshwar-shastri-dravid-proposer-of-pm-modi-awarded-padma-shri-ann-2870930 |work=Amar Ujala |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Pandit Dravid was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 by the Government of India in recognition of his lifelong dedication to Sanskrit scholarship, astrology, and his pivotal role in the Ram Mandir ceremonies.<ref name="ht-padma">{{cite news |title=Four from UP among Padma Shri awardees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/four-from-up-among-padma-shri-awardees-101745868905746.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="ie-padma">{{cite news |title=Key figures behind Ram Temple opening among Padma Shri awardees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/key-figures-behind-ram-temple-opening-among-padma-shri-awardees-9799505/ |work=Indian Express |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news |title=Journalist, astrologer from Varanasi get Padma Awards |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/journalist-astrologer-from-varanasi-get-padma-awards-enn25012602351 |work=ETV Bharat |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ram Mandir]]
* [[Kashi Vidvat Parishad]]
* [[Chandrakant Sompura]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:Indian Vedic scholars]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indian Mirror

2025-10-12T21:33:39Z

Jainil Prajapati: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|19th century Indian newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Indian Mirror
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format =
| language =
| founded = 1861
| founder = [[Devendranath Tagore]]
| ceased_publication =
| publishing_country =
}}
The '''''Indian Mirror''''' was a nineteenth century Indian periodical founded in 1861 by Man Mohan Ghosh and [[Devendranath Tagore]]. Having started as a fortnightly production, it had little competition other than the ''[[Hindoo Patriot]]'', and later became a daily publication. Its publication ceased in 1889.<ref name=Codell2004>{{cite journal |last=Codell |first=Julie F. |title=Introduction: The Nineteenth-Century News from India |journal=Victorian Periodicals Review |date=2004 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=106–123 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20084001?typeAccessWorkflow=login&seq=3 |issn=0709-4698}}</ref><ref name=lccn>{{Cite web |title=The Indian mirror. |url=https://lccn.loc.gov/sn88088320 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name=Van1996>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri|first=Brahma|editor1-last=VanArsdel |editor1-first=Rosemary|editor2-last=Vann |editor2-first=Jerry Don |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcQMpaavVNAC&pg=PA191 |title=Periodicals of Queen Victoria's Empire: An Exploration |date=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|chapter=3. India |isbn=978-0-8020-0810-7 |language=en|page=191}}</ref><ref name=Dutt>{{Cite book |last=Dutt|first=Manmatha Nath|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5goAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102 |title=Gleanings from Indian Classics |location=Calcutta|date=1894 |publisher=G.C. Chackravarti] at the Deva Press |language=en|chapter=Appendix|page=102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Natarajan |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1c-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|title=History of Indian Journalism |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2638-1 |language=en|page=122}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1889 disestablishments in British India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Buddhi Vardhak Granth

2025-10-05T00:40:22Z

Jainil Prajapati: Created some post added tags

{{Short description|19th-century reformist journal in British India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Buddhi Vardhak Granth
| type = [[Periodical|Monthly journal]]
| format = Journal
| publisher = Buddhi Vardhak Hindu Sabha
| editor = [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmad]] (initially)
| founded = {{sda|1851}}
| political_position = Social reformism
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| headquarters = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| ceased_publication = Unknown
| publishing_country = [[British Raj]]
}}

'''Buddhi Vardhak Granth''' ({{Literal translation|Book for the Advancement of Knowledge}}){{Efn|Likely also referred to as "Gnan Vardhak" in academic literature}} was a 19th-century [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] journal published from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) during [[British Raj]] in India. It was the official publication of the [[Buddhi Vardhak Sabha]], a social reform organisation, and served as a platform for advocating social change.

== History ==
The Buddhi Vardhak Sabha was founded in Bombay in 1851 by young, educated members of the Jnayan Prasarak Mandali, a branch of the Students' Literary and Scientific Society of [[Elphinstone College]].<ref name="Raval19832">{{cite thesis |last=Raval |first=R. L. |title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in Gujarat During the Nineteenth Century |date=1983 |type=PhD |publisher=School of Social Sciences, [[Gujarat University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/46633 |pages=117–121 |hdl=10603/46633 |location=Ahmedabad}}</ref> The founders included notable figures like [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmad]], [[Karsandas Mulji]], Pranlal Mathurdas, and Mohanlal Ranchhoddas Jhaveri.<ref name="Motiwala1935">{{cite book |last=Motiwala |first=Bhavanidas Narandas |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.233614/page/17/mode/2up |title=Karsondas Mulji: A Biographical Study |date=1935 |publisher=Karsondas Mulji Centenary Celebration Committee |location=Bombay |page=17}}</ref> The Sabha's primary objective was to promote the social welfare of the Gujarati Hindu community and to challenge religious orthodoxy and harmful social customs through lectures, debates, and writings.<ref name="Raval19832" />

The Sabha launched a monthly journal, the ''Buddhi Vardhak Granth'', in 1851 to disseminate its ideas,<ref name="u200">{{cite book |last=Parikh |first=R. D. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Press_and_Society/WKtZAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%2522buddhi+vardhak+granth%2522&dq=%2522buddhi+vardhak+granth%2522&printsec=frontcover |title=The Press and Society: A Sociological Study |date=1965 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=37 |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref> and [[Narmad]] assumed the role of its first editor.<ref name="n200">{{cite book |last=Rāyẏa |first=Niśītha Rañjana |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Public_Associations_in_India/d9y1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%2522buddhi+vardhak+granth%2522&dq=%2522buddhi+vardhak+granth%2522&printsec=frontcover |title=Public Associations in India |date=1984 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |page= |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref> The publication had an intermittent start, with its first three issues appearing between 1851 and 1853, before beginning regular publication from March 1856.<ref name="Raval19832" /><ref name="Jhaveri1949">{{cite book |last=Jhaveri |first=Krishnalal Mohanlal |url=https://southasiacommons.net/artifacts/2361471/further-milestones-in-gujarati-literature/3369157/ |title=Further Milestones in Gujarati Literature |date=1949 |publisher=N. M. Tripathi & Co. |location=Bombay |page=15}}</ref>

== Content and ideology ==
The articles published in ''Buddhi Vardhak Granth'' dealt primarily with social issues.<ref name="Raval19832" /> As a vehicle for the Sabha's reformist agenda, its content focused on advocating for female education, supporting widow remarriage, and mounting critiques against religious superstition and the entrenched power of traditionalist religious leaders.<ref name="Sharma2013">{{cite thesis |last=Sharma |first=Shital |title=A Prestigious Path to Grace: Class, Modernity, and Female Religiosity in Pustimarg Vaisnavism |date=2013 |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |url=https://ia803407.us.archive.org/5/items/Pushtimarg/A%20prestigious%20path%20to%20grace%20class%20modernity%20and%20female%20religiosity%20in%20Pustimarg%20Vaisnavism.pdf |page=100}}</ref><ref name="n200" />

The journal was one of the few reformist publications in Bombay that included the [[Parsi language|Parsi]]-run ''[[Rast Goftar]]'' and Karsondas Mulji's influential paper ''[[Satyaprakash]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shodhan |first=Amrita |date=1997-09-01 |title=Women in the Maharaj Libel Case: A Re-examination |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152159700400201 |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=EN |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=123–139 |doi=10.1177/097152159700400201 |issn=0971-5215|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These papers collectively advocated for social change within Hindu society and often included essays on scientific subjects and critiques of traditional customs, aiming to awaken public opinion.

The paper's advocacy centered on what the reformers considered the key social issues of the time, particularly those affecting women.<ref name="n200" /> The journal was instrumental in the public debates surrounding events like the [[Maharaj Libel Case]] of 1862, in which the journal's key figures, Narmad and Karsondas Mulji, were deeply involved.<ref name="Sharma2013" />

== See also ==
* [[Media in Gujarati language]]
* [[List of Gujarati-language magazines]]
* [[Satyaprakash]]
* [[Rast Goftar]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Periodicals]]

2023 AIFF Super Cup group stage

2025-10-02T19:06:24Z

Jainil Prajapati: Stub

{{Short description|Group stage of 2023 Super Cup}}

The '''[[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023 Hero Super Cup]] group stage''' was played from 8th to 19th April.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala to host Hero Super Cup in April |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |website=the-aiff.com |access-date= |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124090846/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 16 teams, consisting of 11 [[Indian Super League|ISL]] and 5 [[I-League]], competed in the group stage to decide the 4 places in the [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

==Draw==
The draw for the group stage was held at the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] headquarters, Football House in [[New Delhi]] on Tuesday, March 7, 2023. The 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots, each of four teams, based on the following principles:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala|title=Hero Super Cup draw held at Football House, tournament kicks off on April 3 in Kerala: AIFF|website=the-aiff.com|url-status=live|access-date=2023-03-07|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307114544/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala}}</ref>
*Pot 1 contained the top four finishers in the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]].
*Pot 2 contained 5th- to 8th-placed teams in the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]].
*Pot 3 contained the remaining 3 teams in the ISL and [[2022–23 I-League]] champions.
*Pot 4 contained the 4 winners of the qualifying round.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=25%| Pot 1
!width=25%| Pot 2
!width=25%| Pot 3
!width=25%| Pot 4
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]] [[Hyderabad FC]] [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] [[Bengaluru FC]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC]] [[Odisha FC]] [[FC Goa]] [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|[[East Bengal FC]] [[Jamshedpur FC]] [[NorthEast United FC]] [[RoundGlass Punjab FC]]
|Qualifier 1 winner Qualifier 2 winner Qualifier 3 winner Qualifier 4 winner
|}

== Format ==
Each group was played in a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top team advanced to the knockout stage.

=== Tiebreakers ===
The teams were ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). When tied on points, tiebreakers were applied in the following order:<ref>{{cite web |title=Hero Super Cup 2023: Schedule, Results, Teams, Groups, Points Table, Telecast & Live Streaming Info |date=25 April 2023 |first=Mark |last=Hoover |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-super-cup-2023-schedule-results-teams-groups-points-table-212997.html |access-date= |website=mykhel.com |publisher=My Khel |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427140141/https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-super-cup-2023-schedule-results-teams-groups-points-table-212997.html }}</ref>
#Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
#Goal difference in all group matches;
#Goals scored in all group matches;
#Drawing of lots.

== Centralised venues ==
On 7 March, the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] announced that for the first time the tournament would be played in [[Kerala]], across two cities— [[Kozhikode]] and [[Manjeri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hero Super Cup draw held at Football House, tournament kicks off on April 3 in Kerala |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307114544/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Group A, C: [[EMS Stadium]]
* Group B, D: [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]

== Groups ==

=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group A
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala AIFF]

|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_RGP=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete

|win_BEN=1 |draw_BEN=2 |loss_BEN=0 |gf_BEN=4 |ga_BEN=2
|win_KER=1 |draw_KER=1 |loss_KER=1 |gf_KER=4 |ga_KER=4
|win_RGP=1 |draw_RGP=0 |loss_RGP=2 |gf_RGP=2 |ga_RGP=5
|win_SRD=1 |draw_SRD=1 |loss_SRD=1 |gf_SRD=3 |ga_SRD=2


|team1=BEN
|team2=SRD
|team3=KER
|team4=RGP

|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]
|hth_KER=Head-to-head points: Sreenidi Deccan 3, Kerala Blasters 0.
|hth_SRD=KER

|match_BEN_KER=1-1
|match_BEN_RGP=null
|match_BEN_SRD=1-1

|match_KER_BEN=null
|match_KER_RGP=3-1
|match_KER_SRD=null

|match_RGP_BEN=0-2
|match_RGP_KER=null
|match_RGP_SRD=1-0

|match_SRD_BEN=null
|match_SRD_KER=2-0
|match_SRD_RGP=null

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|08|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18428 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = * [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|10}}
| goals2 = * [[Faysal Shayesteh|Shayesteh]] {{goal|21}}
* [[Thounaogam Dinesh Singh|Dinesh]] {{yel|24}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,214
| motm = [[Bijay Chhetri]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Rowan Arumughan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|08|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18429 Report]
| team2 = [[Punjab FC]]
| goals1 = * [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|41|p}}
* [[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{goal|54}}
* [[Rahul K. P.|Rahul]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 = * [[Brandon Vanlalremdika|Vanlalremdika]] {{yel|50}}
* [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Mera]] {{yel|65}}
* [[Krishananda Singh|Krishananda]] {{goal|73}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 11,562
| motm = [[Nishu Kumar]] (Kerala Blasters)
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18441 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|17}}
* [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|44}}
* [[Thounaogam Dinesh Singh|Dinesh]] {{yel|64}}
| goals2 = * [[Ayush Adhikari|Adhikari]] {{yel|16}}
* [[Jeakson Singh|Jeakson]] {{yel|59}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{yel|89}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 7,458
| motm = [[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18442 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 = * K. Lhungdim {{yel|35}}
* [[Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{sent off|2|54|78}}
| goals2 = * [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|39}}
* [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]] {{yel|40}}
* [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{yel|53}}
* [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]] {{goal|67}}
* [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|90+6|p}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,375
| motm = [[Sandesh Jhingan]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|16|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18443 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = * [[Hmingthanmawia|Valpuia]] {{yel|7}} {{goal|41}}
* F. Lallawmawma {{yel|71}}
| goals2 = * [[Arijit Bagui|Bagui]] {{yel|45+4}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,023
| motm = [[Kiran Chemjong]] (RoundGlass Punjab)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|16|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18444 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|23}} {{yel|45}}
| goals2 = * [[Marko Lešković|Lešković]] {{yel|35}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|77}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 22,565
| motm = [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group B
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala AIFF]

|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete
|win_HYD=1 |draw_HYD=1 |loss_HYD=1 |gf_HYD=6 |ga_HYD=6
|win_OFC=2 |draw_OFC=1 |loss_OFC=0 |gf_OFC=6 |ga_OFC=2
|win_EAB=0 |draw_EAB=3 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=6 |ga_EAB=6
|win_AIZ=0 |draw_AIZ=1 |loss_AIZ=2 |gf_AIZ=3 |ga_AIZ=7


|team1=OFC
|team2=HYD
|team3=EAB
|team4=AIZ

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_HYD_OFC=1-2
|match_HYD_EAB=null
|match_HYD_AIZ=2-1

|match_OFC_HYD=null
|match_OFC_EAB=1–1
|match_OFC_AIZ=null

|match_EAB_HYD=3–3
|match_EAB_OFC=null
|match_EAB_AIZ=2–2

|match_AIZ_HYD=null
|match_AIZ_OFC=0-3
|match_AIZ_EAB=null

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18445 Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = * [[Joel Chianese|Chianese]] {{goal|17}}
* [[Manoj Mohammed|Mohammed]] {{yel|36}}
* [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|Victor]] {{goal|51|p}}
| goals2 = * Lalramsanga {{yel|11}}
* [[Lalchhawnkima]] {{yel|90}}
* [[Ivan Veras|Veras]] {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 452
| motm = [[Joel Chianese]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18446 Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| goals1 = * [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Mawihmingthanga]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]] {{yel|54}}
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|73}}
| goals2 = * [[Mobashir Rahman|Rahman]] {{goal|38}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,412
| motm = [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18447 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|47}}
* [[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|55}}
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|90+2}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 272
| motm = [[Aniket Jadhav]] (Odisha)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18448 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 = * [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]] {{goal|4||45}}
* [[Suhair Vadakkepeedika|Suhair]] {{goal|17}}
* [[Jake Jervis|Jervis]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Kamaljit Singh|Kamaljit]] {{yel|73}}
| goals2 = * [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|11||71}} {{yel|90}}
* [[Abdul Rabeeh|Rabeeh]] {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,772
| motm = [[Javier Siverio]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = Rowan Arumughan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|17|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18449 Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = * [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]] {{goal|17}} {{yel|49}}
* [[Sumeet Passi|Passi]] {{goal|22}}
* [[Sarthak Golui|Golui]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * H. Lalhruaitluanga {{goal|42}}
* Lalramsanga {{yel|45}}
* D. Lalhlansanga {{goal|48}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 113
| motm = David Lalhlansanga (Aizawl)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|17|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18450 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 = * [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Nikhil Poojari|Poojari]] {{yel|39}}
* [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Sana]] {{yel|45+3}}
* [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet]] {{sent off|0|90+6}}
| goals2 = * [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|55}}
* [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|86}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,860
| motm = [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}

=== Group C ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group C
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala AIFF]

|name_AMB=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete
|win_AMB=1 |draw_AMB=0 |loss_AMB=2 |gf_AMB=5 |ga_AMB=5 |status_AMB=
|win_FCG=2 |draw_FCG=0 |loss_FCG=1 |gf_FCG=5 |ga_FCG=5 |status_FCG=
|win_JAM=3 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM=0 |gf_JAM=11 |ga_JAM=5 |status_JAM=
|win_GOK=0 |draw_GOK=0 |loss_GOK=3 |gf_GOK=3 |ga_GOK=9 |status_GOK=H


|team1=JAM
|team2=FCG
|team3=AMB
|team4=GOK
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_AMB_FCG=0-1
|match_AMB_JAM=null
|match_AMB_GOK=5-1

|match_FCG_AMB=null
|match_FCG_JAM=3-5
|match_FCG_GOK=null

|match_JAM_AMB=3-0
|match_JAM_FCG=null
|match_JAM_GOK=3-2

|match_GOK_AMB=null
|match_GOK_FCG=1–0
|match_GOK_JAM=null

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 5–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18451 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = * [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|6||27}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|70}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = * [[Mohammed Jassim|Jassim]] {{yel|38}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia|Mendigutxia]] {{goal|72}}
* [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|87}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,743
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 3–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18452 Report]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 = * [[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{goal|6||70}}
* [[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{goal|61}}
| goals2 = * [[Pratik Chaudhari|Chaudhari]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]] {{goal|27||59}}
* [[Pronay Halder|Halder]] {{yel|28}}
* [[Fares Arnaout|Arnaout]] {{goal|45+4|o.g.}}
* [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Sawyer]] {{goal|82}}
* [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chukwu]] {{yel|90+2}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,247
| motm = [[Rafael Crivellaro]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18453 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{yel|72}}
| goals2 = * [[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{goal|90}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,274
| motm = [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Goa)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18454 Report]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = * [[Boris Singh Thangjam|Boris]] {{goal|22||43}} {{yel|66}}
* [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chukwu]] {{yel|33}}
* [[Laldinliana Renthlei|Renthlei]] {{yel|58}}
* [[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Sawyer]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = * [[Slavko Damjanović|Damjanović]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Glan Martins|Martins]] {{yel|43}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,225
| motm = [[Pratik Chaudhari]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18455 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = * [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Sawyer]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Farukh Choudhary|Choudhary]] {{goal|59}}
* [[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 = * S. Konney {{goal|33||62}}
* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Saini]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Shilton D'Silva|D'Silva]] {{yel|71}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,123
| motm = [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Harry Sawyer]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18456 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Glan Martins|Martins]] {{yel|62}}
* [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Khawlhring]] {{yel|87}}
| goals2 = * [[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{yel|12}}
* [[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] {{yel|17}}
* [[Fares Arnaout|Arnaout]] {{goal|89}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,156
| motm = [[Fares Arnaout]] (Goa)
| referee = Rowan Arumughan
}}

=== Group D ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group D
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-super-cup-draw-held-at-football-house-tournament-kicks-off-on-april-3-in-kerala AIFF]

|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete
|win_MCI=2 |draw_MCI=0 |loss_MCI=1 |gf_MCI=4 |ga_MCI=3

|win_CHE=1 |draw_CHE=1 |loss_CHE=1 |gf_CHE=4 |ga_CHE=3

|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=0 |loss_NEU=1 |gf_NEU=10 |ga_NEU=8

|win_CHB=0 |draw_CHB=1 |loss_CHB=2 |gf_CHB=4 |ga_CHB=8

|hth_MCI=Head-to-head points: NorthEast United 3, Mumbai City 0.
|hth_NEU=MCI


|team1=NEU
|team2=MCI
|team3=CHE
|team4=CHB

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]


|match_MCI_CHE=1–0
|match_MCI_NEU=null
|match_MCI_CHB=2-1

|match_CHE_MCI=null
|match_CHE_NEU=4-2
|match_CHE_CHB=null

|match_NEU_MCI=2-1
|match_NEU_CHE=null
|match_NEU_CHB=6–3

|match_CHB_MCI=null
|match_CHB_CHE=0-0
|match_CHB_NEU=null

}}</onlyinclude>

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18457 Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 = * [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|90+3|p}}
| goals2 = * [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|9}}
* A. Gaonkar {{yel|26}}
* [[Lamgoulen Hangshing|Hangshing]] {{yel|84}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 553
| motm = [[Rowllin Borges]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 4–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18458 Report]
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 = * [[Rahim Ali|Ali]] {{goal|17||82}} {{yel|83}}
* [[Jiteshwor Singh|Jiteshwor]] {{yel|24}}
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Vanspaul]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Julius Düker|Düker]] {{goal|50}}
* [[Fallou Diagne|Diagne]] {{yel|73}}
| goals2 = * [[Alex Saji|Saji]] {{yel|22}}
* [[Rochharzela]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Mohammed Irshad|Irshad]] {{yel|68}}
* [[Laldanmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|90+3}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,264
| motm = [[Aakash Sangwan]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18459 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * [[Richard Costa|Costa]] {{sent off|2|66|85}}
* [[Lamgoulen Hangshing|Hangshing]] {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = * [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Das]] {{yel|29}}
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Vanspaul]] {{yel|71}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,225
| motm = [[Joseph Clemente]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18460 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = * [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|32|p|50}}
* [[Joe Zoherliana|Zoherliana]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Tondonba Singh|Tondonba]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Emil Benny|Benny]] {{yel|71}}
* [[Mirshad Michu|Michu]] {{yel|80}}
| goals2 = * [[Gurkirat Singh|Gurkirat]] {{yel|68}}
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|85}}
* [[Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu|Vikram]] {{yel|89}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 4,329
| motm = [[Wilmar Jordán]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 6–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18461 Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 = * [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|27||43||51||70}}
* A. Kholmurodov {{yel|59}}
* [[Gani Nigam|Nigam]] {{goal|78}}
* [[Jithin M. S.|Jithin]] {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 = * [[Kingsley Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|55}}
* [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|60}} {{yel|71}}
* [[Mohammed Irshad|Irshad]] {{goal|83|o.g.}}
* [[George D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{yel|86}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 828
| motm = [[Wilmar Jordán]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18462 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * A. Chhikara {{goal|33}}
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu|Vikram]] {{yel|72}}
| goals2 = * [[Vafa Hakhamaneshi|Hakhamaneshi]] {{yel|40}}
* [[Fallou Diagne|Diagne]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Kwame Karikari|Karikari]] {{yel|90+1}}
* [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{yel|90+7}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 4,617
| motm = [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

[[Category:2023 AIFF Super Cup]]

Hūmaḍa

2025-09-15T10:59:33Z

Jainil Prajapati: Added new post.

{{Jainism}}
{{moresources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Humad''' (or Humbad) is the name of an ancient [[Jain]] [[Digambara]] community originally from [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], India. Their traditional center is in the Rajasthan cities of [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]], [[Dungarpur, Rajasthan|Dungarpur]] and [[Sagwara]] region, often called [[Vagad]] (or Raidesh).

==References==
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)

2025-08-20T15:58:57Z

Jainil Prajapati:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Palak Jain
| image = Palak_Jain 1.jpg
| caption = Jain in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|07|27}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019 - Present
| known_for = ''[[Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar]]''
}}

'''Palak Jain''' is an Indian actress who works in films and television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-16 |title=Palak Jain: One wrong move in the industry and you go back to square one |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/palak-jain-one-wrong-move-in-the-industry-and-you-go-back-to-square-one-101650112257572.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607015342/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/palak-jain-one-wrong-move-in-the-industry-and-you-go-back-to-square-one-101650112257572.html |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her television debut in 2019 by playing role of Alisha Jindal in ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]],'' In 2021 she portrayed Richa in the show ''[[Teri Laadli Main]]'' and also portrayed Esha Mishra in ''[[Jagannath Aur Purvi Ki Dosti Anokhi]]''. She has worked in films like ''[[Patna Shuklla]]''.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2019 - 2020
|''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
|Alisha Jindal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-12-04 |title=SBS Originals: Day out with Guddan Tumse Na Ho Paayega actress Palak Jain |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/sbs-originals-day-out-with-guddan-tumse-na-ho-paayega-actress-palak-jain-1118576 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Teri Laadli Main]]''
|Richa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guddan Tumse Na Hopayega fame Palak Jain to enter Star Bharat's Teri Ladli Mein |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/guddan-tumse-na-hopayega-fame-palak-jain-enter-star-bharats-teri-ladli-mein-210113 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021 - 2023
|[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya'']]
|Renne Fernandes/Jaya (lead)
|Season 10 and 13
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya - Season 13 TV Serial 12th November 2022 Full Episode 4 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-13/0-6-4z5238498/ashutosh-and-jayas-love-story/0-1-6z5247964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714211841/https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-13/0-6-4z5238498/ashutosh-and-jayas-love-story/0-1-6z5247964 |archive-date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ZEE5 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jagannath Aur Purvi Ki Dosti Anokhi]]''
|Esha Mishra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palak Jain joins Dosti Anokhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/palak-joins-dosti-anokhi-388498/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dosti Anokhi actors Palak Jain and Chitra Banerjee get along like a house on fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dosti-anokhi-actors-palak-jain-and-chitra-banerjee-get-along-like-a-house-on-fire/articleshow/91596522.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Palak Jain is the new entry in Sony Entertainment |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/actress-palak-jain-is-the-new-entry-in-sony-entertainment-398231/amp |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Junooniyatt]]''
|Seerat Dosanjh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palak Jain on being part of Junooniyatt: Trying my best to portray Seerat well |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/palak-jain-on-being-part-of-junooniyatt-trying-my-best-to-portray-seerat-well_201584 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-06-28 |title=Junooniyatt: Palak Jain Reveals How She Is Similar To Her Character Seerat In The Show, Says "I Also Take A Stand For What Is Right & Wrong..." |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/junooniyatt-palak-jain-reveals-how-she-is-similar-to-her-character-seerat-in-the-show-says-i-also-take-a-stand-for-what-is-right-wrong/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KeysandPens |date=2023-06-20 |title='Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega' fame Palak Jain roped in for Colors' 'Junooniyat' |url=https://www.tellyupdates.com/guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-fame-palak-jain-roped-in-for-colors-junooniyat/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Telly Updates |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar]]''
|Mala Prasad
|Parallel Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar breaks records on OTT: Know plot, cast and more about the show |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/ott/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar-breaks-records-on-ott-know-plot-cast-and-more-about-the-show-2776548 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|''[[Patna Shuklla]]''
|Meghna Shrivastav
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm13046284}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Palak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Dwaraka Nagar

2025-08-10T01:03:51Z

Jainil Prajapati: typo fix

{{for|the village in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh|Dwaraka Nagar, Kadapa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dwaraka Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Dwarakanagr road.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dwaraka Nagar 2nd Lane
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.728670|N|83.308634|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 530016
| registration_plate = AP 31, AP 32 and AP 33
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Dwaraka Nagar''' is a locality in [[Visakhapatnam]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is one of the main commercial areas in the city. It is a hub for many shopping malls, educational institutes, hotels, lodges, food courts, restaurants, coaching centers etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commercial Area |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/citizens-complain-about-traffic-noise-to-cops-on-whatsapp/articleshow/57721606.cms|publisher=timesofindia|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

==Commerce==
It is the major commercial area in Visakhapatnam. It is the business center for all types of outlets and offices.

== Transport ==
Dwaraka Nagar is the Bus Transportation hub of Visakhapatnam. Central bus station of the city, [[Dwaraka bus station]] is located in this neighborhood.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Andhra Bank Complex at Visakhapatnam.jpg|Andhra Bank Complex at Dwarakanagar.
File:Vsquare-shoppingmall.jpg|Vsquare shopping mall at Dwarakanagar.
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Naa Bangaaru Talli

2025-08-04T06:08:09Z

Jainil Prajapati: enhance article per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Ente (film)]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Shivaji Nagar metro station (Bengaluru)

2025-07-21T06:07:48Z

Jainil Prajapati: New initial info needs work...

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shivaji Nagara
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Shivajinagara Bus Station, Shivaji Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001
| coordinates = {{coord|12.98358|77.60306|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagara BMTC Terminus]]
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Cantonment Railway Station|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Mahatma Gandhi Road|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Shivaji Nagara''' is an upcoming important underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station will consist of the main [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]] neighbourhood having the main '''Shivajinagara Bus Terminus''' leading towards many prime locations like [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda (Majestic) Bus Station]], [[Bagalur, Bangalore Urban|Bagalur]], [[Yelahanka]] and [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]. This also includes other prime locations such as Commercial Street, [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] and '''St. Mary's Basilica'''. [[Cubbon Park metro station|Cubbon Park]] will be the alternative metro station coming under [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)]].

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total distance of 13.8 km stretch ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Shivaji Nagar metro station along the 2.76 km National Military School - Shivaji Nagar stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]] emerged as the lowest bidders for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to a successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shivaji Nagar track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Cantonment Railway Station}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Mahatma Gandhi Road}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next Station:''' [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} '''Next Station:''' [[Cantonment Railway Station metro station|Cantonment Railway Station]]
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==Connections==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Kohima Jain temple

2025-07-10T01:47:25Z

Jainil Prajapati: Added location

{{Short description|Jain temples in Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kohima Jain Temple
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambar]]
| image = Kohima Jain Temple (2024).jpg
| alt = Kohima Jain Temple
| caption = Kohima Jain Temple
| map_type = India Nagaland#India
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Nagaland
| coordinates = {{coord|25|40|35|N|94|06|33|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
| deity = [[Mahavira]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Paryushan]]
| established = 1920
| creator = Shri Hardeo Sethi, Shri Hiralal Sethi
| website =
}}

'''Kohima Jain Temple''' is located in [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]. This temple is the oldest Jain temple in Nagaland built in 1920.

== History ==
During the pre-independence era, most of the Jain families in Nagaland were settled in Kohima. The first Jain temple in Nagaland was built in Kohima in 1920 by the 8 Sethi families whose patriarchs were Shri Hardeo Sethi and Shri Hiralal Sethi. However these families later moved to [[Dimapur]] in 1944 due to Japanese invasion during the [[World War II]].{{sfn|The Morung Express|2021}} The Moolnayak of the temple is an idol of [[Mahavira]]. These families then built the Dimapur Jain Temple in 1947, SD Jain School in 1947 and the SD Jain Charitable Hospital in 1975. The first President of the Kohima Jain Temple Committee was Shri Devalal Sethi followed by Shri Jethmal Sethi. Shri Phulchand Sethi served as the Secretary of the Temple. Shri Phulchand Sethi became the President of the Kohima Jain Temple Committee in 1947 and continued till 1965. He was followed by Shri Kishanlal Sethi, Shri Gaurilal Sethi, Shri Prakash Chand Sethi and Shri Sohanlal Sethi. Shri Pawan Kumar Sethi, son of [[Phulchand Sethi]] is the current president of the Kohima Jain Temple Committee.{{sfn|Sethi|2021|p=10}}{{sfn|Nagaland Post|2021}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
KohimaJainTemple.jpg|Inside the Kohima Jain Temple
KohimaJainTempleBoard.jpg| Board outside the Kohima Jain Temple
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Jainism in Nagaland]]
* [[Kohima]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last=Sethi | first=Raj Kumar | url={{Google books|kio4EAAAQBAJ|pg=PP10|plainurl=yes}} | title=100 years of Jainism in Nagaland - (A journey from 1885 to 1985) | publisher=Walnut Publication | year=2021 | isbn=978-93-91522-04-9 }}
* {{cite news | author=Nagaland Post | url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/book-on-jainism-released/235284.html | title=Book on Jainism released | work=[[Nagaland Post]] | date=20 June 2021 | access-date=21 June 2021 | archive-date=27 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627220423/http://www.nagalandpost.com/book-on-jainism-released/235284.html | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news | author=The Morung Express | url=https://morungexpress.com/kohima-jain-temple-marks-100th-year-with-book-release | work=[[The Morung Express]] | title=Kohima Jain Temple marks 100th year with book release | date=22 June 2021 }}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Kohima Jain Temple}}
* https://epaper.easternmirrornagaland.com/epaper/edition/381/eastern-mirror-june-21/page/3{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kohima]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:20th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]