Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Patna-Howrah Vande Bharat Express

2023-10-01T10:59:11Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with 'The 22347/22348 Patna - Howrah Vande Bharat Express is India's upcoming Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the city of Patna in Bihar with Howrah in West Bengal.[1][2] The train is slated to be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 September 2023 via video conference from New Delhi.[3]'

#REDIRECT [[Howrah–Patna Vande Bharat Express]]

Muthuvallur

2023-10-01T10:14:48Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{refimprove|date=October 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muthuvallure
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|10|40|N|75|58|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 31157
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673 638
| registration_plate = KL-80 (KONDOTTY)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Muthuvallur ''' is a gampanchayat in [[Malappuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=2023-05-08 |title=A Kerala Story: How a mosque donated land to a temple and a Dalit colony |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-story-how-mosque-donated-land-temple-and-dalit-colony-176890 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> This panchayat is detached from Cheekkode gramapanchayat.

==Location==
Muthuvallur is located on the north of [[Kondotty]] town. it is on the main road from Kondotty to [[Edavannappara]].

==Suburbs and Villages==

* Mundilakkal

* Mundakkulam

* Vilayil
* Muthuvallur
* Muthuparamba
* Parathakkad
* Moochikkal
* West Moochikkal
* Vettukad
* Kangadi
* Chemmalaparamba
* Chullikkode

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Muthuvallur had a population of 31157 with 15298 males and 15859 females.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Muthuvallur village connects to other parts of India through [[Feroke]] town on the west and [[Nilambur]] town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through [[Pulikkal]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to [[Ooty]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]] through Highways.12,29 and 181. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Feroke]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Malappuram district}}
[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kondotty area]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

Kirtilata

2023-09-28T17:16:21Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

'''Kīrtilatā''' is a poem composed by [[Vidyapati]] at around 1380 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Felt Community|page=189|author=Rajat Kanta Ray |year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565863-7 |quote=The Kirtilata is said to have been composed in 1380.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kirtilata+composed+in}}</ref> It was composed in the [[Abahatta|Avahatta]] language.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshan Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA455&dq=Kirtilata+composed+in+avahatta|year=2010|page=455}}</ref> It discusses the local conflicts between the Hindu and Muslim communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism|editor=Esther Bloch, Marianne Keppens, Rajaram Hegde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&pg=PA29|page=29|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135182793 |quote=For his part, Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:14th-century poems]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]

{{poem-stub}}

Arjan Raikhy

2023-09-21T15:12:51Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with '{{short description|English footballer}} {{Infobox football biography |name = Arjan Raikhy |image = |fullname = |birth_...'

{{short description|English footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Arjan Raikhy
| image =
| fullname = Arjan Singh Raikhy<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 October 2020|title=2020/21 Premier League squads confirmed|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1869523|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020174721/https://www.premierleague.com/news/1869523 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |access-date=9 January 2020|website=Premier League Website}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Wolverhampton]], England
| height = 1.83 m
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]
| clubnumber = 47
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[West Bromwich Albion Academy|West Bromwich Albion]]
| youthyears2 = {{0|0000}}–2021
| youthclubs2 = [[Aston Villa Under-23s and Academy|Aston Villa]]
| years1 = 2021–2023
| clubs1 = [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = → [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] (loan)
| caps2 = 5
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022
| clubs3 = → [[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] (loan)
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 25 May 2022
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Arjan Singh Raikhy''' (born 20 October 2002) is a [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[EFL Championship|Championship]] club [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]. He is a product of the Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion academies.

==Career==
===Youth football===
Raikhy played at [[West Bromwich Albion]] in his early teens, before switching to the nearby [[Aston Villa Academy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dean Smith sent 'special' demand after Jack Grealish watches Aston Villa youngsters dazzle |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-news-grealish-liverpool-20603588 |access-date=29 July 2021 |agency=[[Birmingham Mail]] |date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

Having played regularly for the under-18 side in the 2019–20 season, Raikhy featured for the Aston Villa U21 side in the [[EFL Trophy]] against [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]], losing 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |title=MATCH REPORT: United 3 - 1 Villa U21 |url=https://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/matches/fixtures/first-team/202021/november/carlisle-united-vs-aston-villa-u21-on-10-nov-20/ |website=[[Carlisle United F.C.]] |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

Having been a key player in Villa's Under-18 [[FA Youth Cup]] squad that season, on 24 May 2021, Raikhy was part of the side that defeated [[Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy|Liverpool U18]] 2–1 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Preece|first=Ashley|date=2021-05-24|title=Aston Villa vs Liverpool FA Youth Cup final LIVE updates|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/aston-villa-youth-cup-liverpool-20666405|access-date=2021-05-24|website=BirminghamLive|language=en}}</ref>

===Aston Villa debut and loans===
Raikhy was named in the [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] starting line-up for his senior debut on 8 January 2021 in an [[FA Cup]] third-round tie against [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/january/Villa-hand-senior-debuts-to-all-starting-XI/|title=Aston Villa name young and inexperienced side for their FA Cup third-round tie against Liverpool |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=www.avfc.co.uk |publisher=Aston Villa F.C.|date=8 January 2021}}</ref> On 7 July 2021, Raikhy was one of several young players who signed a new contract with Aston Villa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 July 2021|title=Young Lions sign new contracts|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/Young-Lions-sign-new-contracts/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Aston Villa Football Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707114602/https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/Young-Lions-sign-new-contracts/ |archive-date=2021-07-07 }}</ref>

On 20 August, Raikhy joined [[National League (English football)|National League]] side [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] on a season-long loan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 August 2021|title=Raikhy joins Stockport County on loan|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/august/Raikhy-joins-Stockport-County-on-loan/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Aston Villa Football Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820131913/https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/august/Raikhy-joins-Stockport-County-on-loan/ |archive-date=2021-08-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=Exciting midfielder joins County on loan|url=https://www.stockportcounty.com/exciting-midfielder-joins-county-on-loan/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Stockport County|language=en-US}}</ref> He made his National League debut in a 1–0 victory over [[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Southend United 0-1 Stockport County|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58289765|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref> He made eight appearances for Stockport, including one [[Player of the match|man of the match]] award, before being recalled to Aston Villa on 3 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=Midfielder returns to parent club|url=https://www.stockportcounty.com/midfielder-returns-to-parent-club/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Stockport County|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 24 January 2022, Raikhy went on loan to the National League once again, this time joining [[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] until the end of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title=Mariners Secure Raikhy On Loan! - Grimsby Town Football Club|url=https://gtfc.co.uk/mariners-secure-raikhy-on-loan/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=gtfc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> The following day, he made his Grimsby debut as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 defeat to [[Wrexham A.F.C.|Wrexham]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wrexham debutant Palmer sinks Mariners|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60019019|access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref> On 5 June 2022, Raikhy played in the [[2022 National League play-off Final|National League play-off final]] at the [[London Stadium]] as Grimsby beat [[Solihull Moors F.C.|Solihull Moors]] in extra time to secure promotion back to the [[English Football League|Football League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peddy |first=Chris |date=5 June 2022 |title=Grimsby beat Solihull Moors to seal EFL return |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61628696 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> This marked an unusual achievement, as both of the teams he had been at loan to in that National League season had been promoted.

On 16 June 2023, Raikhy was released by Aston Villa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League clubs publish 2022/23 retained lists |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3537139 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.premierleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Leicester City ===
On 17 August 2023, Raikhy signed for [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorsett |first=Rob |date=17 August 2023 |title=Arjan Raikhy: Punjabi wonderkid joins former Premier League champions Leicester after leaving Aston Villa |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12941599/arjan-raikhy-punjabi-wonderkid-joins-former-premier-league-champions-leicester-after-leaving-aston-villa |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Raikhy is from a [[British Punjabi]] [[Sikh]]<ref>https://mobile.twitter.com/arjanraikhy20/status/1382419105937043460</ref> family, he was born in [[Wolverhampton]] and attended school in [[Telford]].<ref name="Background">{{cite web |title='Dad, he looks like me' - The Aston Villa teenager who blazed a trail against Liverpool |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-punjabi-villans-raikhy-19619712 |website=[[Birmingham Mail]] |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|19 September 2023}}<ref>{{Soccerway|arjan-raikhy/627167|access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[FA Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[EFL Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|[[2020–21 Aston Villa F.C. season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Premier League]]
|0||0||1||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}}||0||2||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Aston Villa F.C. season|2021–22]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Aston Villa F.C. season|2022–23]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!0!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!4!!0!!5!!0
|-
|[[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 National League|2021–22]]
|[[National League (English football)|National League]]
|5||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|[[Grimsby Town F.C.|Grimsby Town]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 National League|2021–22]]
|National League
|7||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=NLP|Appearances in [[National League play-offs]]}}||0||9||0
|-
|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]
|[[2023–24 Leicester City F.C. season|2023–24]]
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=EFLT}}||1||1||1
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Career total'''
!12!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!7!!1!!23!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''Aston Villa U18'''
*[[FA Youth Cup]]: [[2020-21 FA Youth Cup|2020–21]]
'''Grimsby Town'''

* [[National League play-offs]]: [[2022 National League play-off Final|2022]]
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== See also ==
*[[List of Sikh Footballers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Raikhy, Arjan}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Aston Villa F.C. players]]
[[Category:British Asian footballers]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National League (English football) players]]
[[Category:Stockport County F.C. players]]
[[Category:Leicester City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Wolverhampton]]

Badi Dargah, Bihar Sharif

2023-09-16T13:52:01Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Started a fresh page.

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Badi Dargah
| building_name = Dargah-e-Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri
| native_name = बड़ी दरगाह
| native_name_lang = hi
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Badi_Dargah_I.jpg
| caption = The Picture of Badi Dargah Shrine
| festival = [[Urs-e-Makhdoom-e-Jahan]]
| municipality = Bihar Sharif Municipal Corporation
| district = [[Nalanda district]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| province = [[Magadh]]
| country = India
| type = Shrine
| governing_body = Khanquah-e-Mozzamia
}}
'''Badi Dargah''' is the Shrine of [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri|Makhdoom Sheikh Syed Sharfuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri]], a Sufi saint from Bihar. He is buried under the Dargah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dargahinfo - Complete Collection of Dargahs World Wide |url=http://dargahinfo.com/DargahDetails.aspx?DargahID=50 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=dargahinfo.com}}</ref> The [[Urs-e-Makhdoom-e-Jahan]] is celebrated here every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नालंदा में सज गया मखदूम-ए-जहां का दरबार, पांच दिवसीय चिरागा मेला बुधवार से |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-nalanda-makhdoom-e-jahan-darbar-decorated-five-day-chiraga-fair-from-wednesday-2023062.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मखदूम जहां का 656 वां सालाना उर्स शुरु |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-annual-urs-at-badi-daragah-starts-1163679.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मखदूम जहां के उर्स मेले के दूसरे दिन मजार पर उमड़ी भीड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-2nd-day-of-urs-at-badi-daragah-1165169.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> This Dargah is recognised under the [[Bihar tourism|Bihar Tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badi Dargah |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/nalanda/badi-dargah |website=tourism.bihar.gov.in/}}</ref>

== Events ==

* After the Urs ceremony the officials of Dargah organises the Health checkup program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बड़ी दरगाह कैंप में 175 लोगों की हुई स्वास्थ्य जांच |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-health-checkup-of-175-people-in-badi-dargah-camp-8167034.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dargahs in Bihar]]
[[Category:Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalanda district]]

Monophysitism

2023-09-04T20:39:12Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: corrected link to "diaphysite"

{{short description|Christological doctrine}}
{{Christology|expanded=Doctrines}}
'''Monophysitism''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ɪ|s|aɪ|ˌ|t|ɪ|z|əm}} or {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ɪ|s|ɪ|ˌ|t|ɪ|z|əm}}) or '''monophysism''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ɪ|z|ɪ|z|əm}}) (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|μόνος}} {{transl|grc|monos}}, "solitary"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mo/nos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μόνος|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> and {{lang|grc|φύσις}} {{transl|grc|physis}}, "[[Nature (philosophy)|nature]]") is a [[Christology]] that states that in the person of the [[incarnation (Christianity)|incarnated]] [[Logos (Christianity)|Word]] (that is, in [[Jesus Christ]]) there was only one nature—the divine".<ref name="EspínNickoloff2007">{{cite book|author1=Orlando O. Espín|author2=James B. Nickoloff|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA902|year=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=902}}</ref>

== Background ==

The [[First Council of Nicaea]] (325) declared that Christ was divine ([[homoousios]], [[Consubstantiality|consubstantial]], of one being or essence, with [[God the Father|the Father]]) and human (was [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnate]] and became man). In the fifth century a heated controversy arose between the [[episcopal see|sees]] and theological schools of [[see of Antioch|Antioch]] and [[see of Alexandria|Alexandria]] about how divinity and humanity existed in Christ,<ref>{{cite book|author=Ted Campbell|title=Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2mUxxxGt_sC&pg=PA43|date= 1996|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25650-0|page=43}}</ref> the former stressing the humanity, the latter the divinity of Christ. [[Cyril of Alexandria]] succeeded in having [[Nestorius]], a prominent exponent of the Antiochian school, condemned at the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431, and insisted on the formula "one ''physis'' of the incarnate Word", claiming that any formula that spoke of two ''physeis'' represented [[Nestorianism]]. Some taught that in Christ the human nature was completely absorbed by the divine, leaving only a divine nature. In 451, the [[Council of Chalcedon]], on the basis of [[Pope Leo the Great]]'s [[Leo's Tome|449 declaration]], [[Chalcedonian Definition|defined]] that in Christ there were two ''natures'' united in one ''person''.<ref name="Kleinhenz2004">{{cite book|author=Christopher Kleinhenz|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT762|date=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|page=762}}</ref>

Those who insisted on the "one ''physis''" formula, [[Miaphysites]], were referred to as ''Monophysites'', while those who accepted the "two natures" definition were called ''[[Dyophysites]]'', a term applied also to followers of Nestorianism.

== Groups called monophysite ==

The forms of monophysism were numerous, and included the following:
* [[Acephali]] were Monophysites who in 482 broke away from [[Peter III of Alexandria]] who made an agreement with [[Acacius of Constantinople]], sanctioned by Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] with his [[Henotikon]] edict that condemned both Nestorius and Eutyches, as the Council of Chalcedon had done, but ignored that council's decree on the two natures of Christ. They saw this as a betrayal of S. Cyrils use of "Mia Physis" and refused to be subject to the Chalcedonian Patriarch of Alexandria, preferring to be instead ecclesiastically "without a head" (the meaning of ''acephali'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01100c.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Acephali|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> For this, they were known as Headless Ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Reply to Fr. John Morris Concerning His Review of My Book, The Non-Orthodox |url=http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/morris_review.aspx |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=orthodoxinfo.com}}</ref>
* [[Agnoetae]], Themistians or Agnosticists, founded by Themistius Calonymus around 534, held that the nature of Jesus Christ, although divine, was like other men's in all respects, including limited knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Frank Leslie Cross|editor2= Elizabeth A. Livingstone |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Justo L. González|title=A History of Christian Thought Volume II: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEXOzNeSgWoC&pg=PA81|date= 2010|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-1-4267-2191-5|page=81}}</ref> They must be distinguished from a fourth-century group called by the same name, who denied that God knew the past and the future.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. C. Cooper|title=Dictionary of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-26546-6|page=119}}</ref>
* [[Aphthartodocetae]], [[Phantasiasts]] or, after their leader [[Julian of Halicarnassus]], Julianists believed "that the body of Christ, from the very moment of his conception, was incorruptible, immortal and impassible, as it was after the resurrection, and held that the suffering and death on the cross was a miracle contrary to the normal conditions of Christ's humanity".<ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Clayton|title=The Apocryphal Gospels of Mary in Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLxwYDgHf54C&pg=PA43|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58168-4|page=43}}</ref> Emperor [[Justinian I]] wished to have this teaching adopted as orthodox, but died before he could put his plans into effect.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Holmes|title=The Age of Justinian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLh4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280|date=2017|publisher=Jovian Press|isbn=978-1-5378-1078-2|page=280}}</ref>
* [[Apollinarianism|Apollinarians]] or Apollinarists, named after [[Apollinaris of Laodicea]] (who died in 390) proposed that Jesus had a normal human body but had a divine mind instead of a regular human [[soul]]. This teaching was condemned by the [[First Council of Constantinople]] (381) and died out within a few decades.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01615b.htm Sollier, Joseph. "Apollinarianism." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 8 February 2019</ref> Cyril of Alexandria declared it a mad proposal.<ref name="McGuckin1994">{{cite book|author=McGuckin|title=St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy: Its History, Theology, and Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-p5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=1994|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-31290-6|page=109}}</ref>
* [[Docetism|Docetists]], not all of whom were Monophysites, held that Jesus had no human nature: his humanity was only a phantasm, which, united with the impassible, immaterial divine nature, could not really suffer and die.<ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel R. Streett|title=They Went Out from Us: The Identity of the Opponents in First John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2XN2zFinK8C&pg=PA38|date=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024771-8|pages=38–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J.R.C. Cousland|title=Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|date= 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-66817-2|page=99}}</ref>
* [[Eutychianism|Eutychians]] taught that Jesus had only one nature, a union of the divine and human that is not an even compound, since what is divine is infinitely larger than what is human: the humanity is absorbed by and transmuted into the divinity, as a drop of honey, mixing with the water of the sea, vanishes. The body of Christ, thus transmuted, is not consubstantial [[homoousios]] with humankind.<ref>{{cite book|author1=E. A. Livingstone|author2=M. W. D. Sparks|author3=R. W. Peacocke|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-965962-3|chapter=Monophysitism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fred Sanders|author2=Klaus Issler|title=Jesus in Trinitarian Perspective: An Introductory Christology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkWPkbi0NhoC&pg=PA22|year=2007|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8054-4422-3|page=22}}</ref> In contrast to Severians, who are called verbal Monophysites, Eutychianists are called real or ontological Monophysites,<ref name="Hannah2019"/><ref name="Loon2009">{{cite book|author=Hans van Loon|title=The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BWwCQAAQBAJ|date=2009|publisher=Brill|page=33|isbn=978-90-474-2669-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bernhard Bischoff|author2=Michael Lapidge|title=Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School of Theodore and Hadrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCn2EL3rT84C&pg=PA11|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33089-3|page=11}}</ref> and their teaching is "an extreme form of the Monophysite heresy that emphasizes the exclusive prevalence of the divinity in Christ".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eutyches |title = Eutyches | Orthodox abbot}}</ref>
* [[Severus of Antioch|Severians]] accepted the reality of Christ's human nature to the extent of insisting that his body was capable of corruption, but argued that, since a single person has a single nature and Christ was one person, not two, he had only a single nature. Agreeing in substance, though not in words, with the Definition of Chalcedon, Severians are known also as verbal Monophysites.<ref name="Hannah2019">{{cite book|author=John D. Hannah|title=Invitation to Church History: World: The Story of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daamDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date= 2019|publisher=Kregel Academic|isbn=978-0-8254-2775-6|page=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Justo L. González|title=A History of Christian Thought Volume II: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEXOzNeSgWoC&pg=PA77|date= 2010|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-1-4267-2191-5|pages=77–78, 81}}</ref>
* [[Tritheism|Tritheists]], a group of sixth-century Monophysites said to have been founded by a Monophysite named John Ascunages<ref>{{cite book|author=Simplicius|title=On Aristotle On the Heavens 1.2-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAQsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4725-0166-0|page=9}}</ref> of Antioch. Their principal writer was [[John Philoponus]], who taught that the common nature of Father, Son and Holy Spirit is an abstraction of their distinct individual natures.<ref>{{cite book|author1=E. A. Livingstone|author2=M. W. D. Sparks|author3=R. W. Peacocke|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA573|date= 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-965962-3|page=573}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15061b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tritheists|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
* Some members of the early [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] believed in Monophysitism,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olupona |first=Jacob K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781 |title=African Religions: A Very Short Introduction |date= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-979058-6 |location=Oxford |pages=90 |oclc=839396781}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title=Theodosius Of Alexandria |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodosius-of-Alexandria |access-date=2023-04-24 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> although others preferred to label their non-Chalcedonian beliefs as Miaphysitism and these beliefs were generally different from the Monophysitism-believing church members'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lotha |first=Gloria |date=2023-03-16 |title=Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Coptic-Orthodox-Church-of-Alexandria |access-date=2023-04-24 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Petruzzello |first=Melissa |date=2023-04-13 |title=Monophysite |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/monophysite |access-date=2023-04-24 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Verbal monophysitism==

Concerning verbal declarations of Monophysitism, Justo L. González stated, "in order not to give an erroneous idea of the theology of the so-called Monophysite churches, that have subsisted until the twentieth century, one should point out that all the extreme sects of Monophysism disappeared within a brief span, and that the Christology of the present so-called Monophysite churches is closer to a verbal than to a real Monophysism".
<ref>{{cite book|author=Justo L. González|title=A History of Christian Thought Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMeQcNyDjYC&pg=PA82|year=1987|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-0-687-17183-5|page=82}}</ref>

== Political situation of monophysitism after Chalcedon ==

Under Emperor [[Basiliscus]], who ousted Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] in 475, "the Monophysites reached the pinnacle of their power". In his ''Encyclion'', which he issued in the same year, he revoked the Council of Chalcedon and recognized the [[Second Council of Ephesus]] of 449 except for its approval of Eutyches, whom Basiliscus condemned. He required his edict to be signed by each bishop. Among the signatures he obtained were those of three of the four Eastern Patriarchs, but the Patriarch and the populace of the capital protested so resolutely that in 476, seeing that his overthrow was imminent, he issued his ''Anti-Encyclion'' revoking his former edict. In the same year, Zeno returned victoriously.<ref>{{cite book|author=E. Glenn Hinson|title=The Early Church: Origins to the Dawn of the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ymn8dHYbaUC&pg=PT298|year=1996|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-0-687-00603-8|page=298}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Philip Hughes|title=History of the Church: Volume 1: The World In Which The Church Was Founded|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265|date= 1948|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7220-7981-2|page=265}}</ref>

Events had made it clear that there was a split between the population, staunchly Chalcedonian in sympathies, of Constantinople and the Balkans and the largely anti-Chalcedonian population of Egypt and Syria. In an attempt to reconcile both sides, Zeno, with the support of [[Acacius of Constantinople]] and [[Peter III of Alexandria]], tried to enforce the compromise [[Henoticon]] (Formula of Union) decree of 482, which condemned Eutyches but ignored Chalcedon. Schisms followed on both sides. [[Holy See|Rome]] excommunicated Acacius (leading to the 35-year [[Acacian schism]]), while in Egypt the [[Acephali]] broke away from Peter III. The Acacian schism continued under Zeno's successor, the Monophysite [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] and ended only with the accession of the Chalcedonian [[Justin I]] in 518.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bryan Ward-Perkins|author2=Michael Whitby|title=The Cambridge ancient history. 14. Late antiquity: empire and successors, A.D. 425–600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA51|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32591-2|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Justo L. González|title=A History of Christian Thought Volume II: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEXOzNeSgWoC&pg=PA79|date= 2010|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-1-4267-2191-5|pages=79–82}}</ref>

Justin I was succeeded by the Chalcedonian [[Justinian I]] (527–565), whose wife, however, the [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Empress Theodora]], protected and assisted the Monophysites.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ghassanids|Ghassanid]] patronage of the Monophysite Syrian Church during this time, under [[phylarch]] [[Al-Harith ibn Jabalah]], was crucial for its survival and revival, and even its spread.<ref>Rome in the East, Warwick Ball, Routledge, 2000, p. 105</ref> Justinian I was followed by [[Justin II]], who, after being, perhaps because of Theodora's influence, a Monophysite, converted to the Chalcedonian faith before obtaining the imperial throne. Some time later, he adopted a policy of persecuting the Monophysites.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=John Wesley Barker|title=Justinian and the Later Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA212|year=1966|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-03944-8|pages=212–213}}</ref> From Justinian I on, no emperor was a declared Monophysite, although they continued their efforts to find compromise formulas such as [[monoenergism]] and [[monothelitism]].

== See also ==

* [[Miaphysitism]]
* [[Chalcedonian Christianity]] (Jesus's divinity was also viewed as one nature by a minority of Roman Christians around the time of the [[Council of Chalcedon]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olupona |first=Jacob K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781 |title=African Religions: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-979058-6 |location=Oxford |pages=90 |oclc=839396781}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Christian theology}}
{{Heresies condemned by the Catholic Church}}

[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christianity in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Christianity in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Heresy in Christianity]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]
[[Category:Nature of Jesus Christ]]

Jitendra Rai

2023-07-14T18:36:58Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{notability|1=Biographies}}

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Indian name|Jitendra|Rai}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jitendra Rai
| image = Jitendra Rai.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|06|27}}
| birth_place = Simeria, [[Begusarai]], [[Bihar]], India
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2016-present
}}

'''Jitendra Rai''' (born June 27, 1982) is an Indian actor known for his work in Bollywood films and theatres. He is known for films such as "[[83 (film)|83]]", "[[An Action Hero]]" and "[[Cuttputlli]]".

== Bollywood projects ==

In 2020, Rai made his debut as a lead actor in the film "Wishlist"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/hina-khan-s-wishlist-is-a-heartwarming-story-about-love-and-life-watch-trailer-1747684-2020-12-08|title=Hina Khan's Wishlist is a heartwarming story about love and life|work=India Today|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/hina-khan-and-jitendra-rai-make-for-a-good-looking-duo-as-they-shoot-for-wish-list-in-paris-view-pics-1419676/|title=Hina Khan and Jitendra Rai make for a good-looking duo as they shoot for Wish List in Paris - view pics|work=Bollywood Life|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> alongside [[Hina Khan]]. The film was released on [[MX Player]] in December 2020 and also streamed on Amazon worldwide. He gained critical acclaim for his role as [[antagonist]] Anjan Kumar in the film "San 84 Justice," which had a limited theatrical release in India in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/san-84-justice/movieshow/87487143.cms|title=San 84 Justice|work=Times Of India|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> He also directed a short In the film titled Baitullah with Actor [[Vipin Sharma]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/nov/17/actor-vipin-sharmas-film-baitullah-raises-pertinent-questions-about-child-labour-45565.html|title=Actor Vipin Sharma's film Baitullah raises pertinent questions about child labour|work=Indulge Express|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>"[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]", he played the role of a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] Translator.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''Wishlist'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' || Little Boy's Father || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''San 84 Justice'' || Antagonist || ||
|-
| ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' || Punjabi Translator || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[An Action Hero]]'' || RAW Agent || ||
|-
| ''[[Cuttputlli]]'' || Akshay Kumar's Landlord || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" {{TBA}}||{{Pending film| Lal Batti}} || {{TBA}} || Post-production ||
|-
| {{Pending film| 2 Band Radio}} || {{TBA}} || Post-production || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/2-band-radio-opens-in-london-with-an-awesone-response/articleshow/68847800.cms|title='2 Band Radio' opens in London with an awesone response|work=Times Of India|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" {{TBA}}||{{Pending film| Simulacra}} || {{TBA}} || Post-production ||
|-
| {{Pending film| Superwoman}} || {{TBA}} || ||
|-
|}

===As Producer===
*''[[T (2023 film)]]'' (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|9435649}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]

Croatian Parliament

2022-09-20T18:31:18Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Shared an inspiring article.

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| next_election1 = [[Next Croatian parliamentary election|Next]]
| session_room = Edifice du Parlement croate.jpg
| session_res = 260px
| session_alt = Building with columns in front
| meeting_place = [[Sabor Palace|Parliament Palace]], [[Zagreb]]
| website = {{url|https://www.sabor.hr/|sabor.hr}}
}}

{{Politics of Croatia}}
The '''Croatian Parliament''' ({{lang-hr|Hrvatski sabor}}) or the '''Sabor'''{{refn|group=upper-alpha|Note: the Croatian word ''Sabor'' is used only for the Croatian parliament. For the parliaments of other countries, Croatian speakers use the words ''parlament'' (parliament) or ''skupština'' (assembly).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23906&sec=2732|title=Hrvatski sabor obilježava Međunarodni dan demokracije|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian Parliament marks the international day of democracy|date=15 September 2009|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190304/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23906&sec=2732|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} is the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]] of the [[Republic of Croatia]]. Under the terms of the [[Constitution of Croatia|Croatian Constitution]], the Sabor represents the [[nation|people]] and is vested with legislative power. The Sabor is composed of 151 members [[Elections in Croatia|elected]] to a four-year term on the basis of direct, universal and equal [[suffrage]] by [[secret ballot]]. Seats are allocated according to the [[Croatian Parliament electoral districts]]: 140 members of the parliament are elected in multi-seat [[constituency|constituencies]]. An additional three seats are reserved for the [[Croatian diaspora|diaspora]] and [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croats]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], while [[national minorities]] have eight places reserved in parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Knife-Edge Result Likely in Croatian Elections|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2015/11/06/knife-edge-result-likely-in-croatian-elections-11-05-2015/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> The Sabor is presided over by a [[Speaker of the Croatian Parliament|Speaker]], who is assisted by at least one deputy speaker (usually four or five deputies).

The Sabor's powers are defined by the [[Constitution of Croatia|Constitution]] and they include: defining economic, legal and political relations in Croatia, preservation and use of its heritage and entering into alliances. The Sabor has the right to deploy the [[Croatian Armed Forces]] abroad, and it may restrict some constitutional rights and liberties in wartime or in cases of imminent war or following natural disasters. The Sabor amends the borders of Croatia or the Constitution, enacts legislation, passes the state budget, declares war and decides on cessation of hostilities, adopts parliamentary resolutions and bylaws, adopts long-term national security and defence strategies, implements civil supervision of the armed forces and security services, calls [[referendum]]s, performs elections and appointments conforming to the constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the [[Government of Croatia|Government]] and other civil services [[responsible government|responsible]] to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs other duties defined by the constitution.

The oldest Sabor with extant records was held in [[Zagreb]] on 19 April 1273. This was the Sabor of [[Slavonia]], and not of [[Croatia proper|Croatia]] and [[Dalmatia]]. The earliest Sabor of the [[Croatia in union with Hungary|Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia]] dates to 1351{{citation needed }}. The [[Election in Cetin|Parliament session held in 1527 in Cetin affirmed]] the [[House of Habsburg]] as Croatian rulers. After this, the Sabor became a regular gathering of the nobility, and its official title gradually stabilised by 1558 as the Parliament of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]]. Since 1681, it has been formally called the Diet of the [[Triune Kingdom|Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia]]. In 1712, the Sabor once again invoked its prerogative to select the ruler, supporting what later became the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]]. Since the mid-1800s, the Sabor has regularly met and its members have been regularly elected. Exercising its sovereignty once again on 29 October 1918, the Sabor decided on independence from [[Austria-Hungary]] and formation of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] which later joined the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. The Sabor did not meet between 1918 and 1945, except for an unelected Sabor convened in 1942. The Sabor initially reconvened as an assembly of [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia]] (ZAVNOH) in 1943 and evolved since through various structures following the November 1945 elections and several changes of the constitution. After the [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|first multi-party elections]] since [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Communist rule]] and the adoption of the 1990 constitution, the Sabor was [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] (Chamber of Representatives and Chamber of Counties) until 2001, when constitutional amendments changed it to the unicameral form currently used.

==Historical background==
[[File:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|left|Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] at the opening of the first modern Croatian Parliament (''Sabor''), June 5, [[1848]]. The tricolour flag can be seen in the background.]]

The Sabor, in its various forms, has represented the identity and opinions of [[Croats]] from the [[Diet (assembly)|diet]]s of the 9th century nobility to the modern parliament. The oldest Sabor whose records are preserved was held in [[Zagreb]] on 19 April 1273{{citation needed }} as the ''Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie generalis'' or ''Universitas nobilium Regni Sclavoniae'' (General diet of the entire kingdom of Slavonia or Community of the nobility of the kingdom of Slavonia). Its decisions had legislative power.<ref name="Saborovanje">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404 |title=Povijest saborovanja |trans-title=History of parliamentarism |language=hr |publisher=[[Sabor]] |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202061135/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404 }}</ref> The 1527 Parliament decision was a decisive event of fundamental importance for the extension and confirmation of Croatian statehood, as described by the Constitution of Croatia.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/> The parliament freely chose [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] as the new ruler of Croatia, after centuries of [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatian personal union with Hungary]].<ref name="Saborovanje"/><ref name="frucht422">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-57607-800-6|access-date=18 October 2011|pages=422–423}}</ref> Following the entry into the Habsburg Monarchy, the Sabor became a regular noble diet, and its official title gradually stabilised by 1558 to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. Since 1681 it has been formally styled as the ''Congregatio Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae'' or ''Generalis Congregatio dominorum statuum et ordinum Regni'' (Diet of the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia or General Diet of the Estates of the Realm).<ref name="Saborovanje"/> In 1712, the Sabor once again invoked its prerogative to select the ruler, supporting what later became the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] and electing [[Maria Theresa of Austria]] as [[monarch]].<ref name="Saborovanje"/> This event is also specified by the Constitution of Croatia as a part of the foundation of unbroken Croatian statehood from the [[Middle Ages]] to the present.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/>

In 1848, first modern Diet with the elected representatives was summoned (even high nobility and high dignitaries of the Catholic and Orthodox church remained ''ex officio'' members). The Sabor operated as the legislative authority during the existence of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] (1848/1868 – 1918). The [[Revolutions of 1848|events of 1848]] in Europe and in the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Austrian Empire]] represent a watershed in Croatian society and politics, given their linkage to the [[Croatian national revival]] that strongly influenced and significantly shaped political and social events in Croatia from that point onwards to the end of the 20th century. At the time, the Sabor advocated the implicit severance of ties with the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]], emphasizing links to other [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] lands within the empire. A period of [[neo-absolutism]] was followed by the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] and [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement]], recognizing the limited independence of Croatia, together with reinvigorated claims of uninterrupted Croatian statehood.<ref name="Matković-parties" /> Two political parties that evolved in the 1860s and contributed significantly to this sentiment were the [[Party of Rights (1861–1929)]] and the [[People's Party (Kingdom of Croatia)|People's Party]]. They were opposed by the [[Croatian-Hungarian Party|National Constitutional Party]] that was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and 1918, which advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary. Another significant party formed in this era was the [[Serb People's Independent Party]], which would later form the [[Croat-Serb Coalition]] with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties. This Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), established in 1904 and led by [[Stjepan Radić]], advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918.<ref name="Matković-parties">{{cite journal|journal=Review of Croatian History|issn=1845-4380|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|volume=6|issue=1|author=Stjepan Matković|title=Croatian-Slovenian relations in politics, 1848–1914: examples of mutual ties|pages=115–132|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=100777|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]], two major parties were the [[People's Party (Kingdom of Dalmatia)|People's Party]], a branch of the People's Party active in the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]], and the [[Autonomist Party]], which advocated maintaining the autonomy of Dalmatia, opposing the People's Party's demands for unifying Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. The Autonomist Party was also linked to [[Italian irredentism]].
[[File:Sabor 1914.jpg|thumb|The Sabor in [[1914]]]]

By the 1900s, the Party of Rights also made electoral gains in Dalmatia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18696|issn=1330-0474|title=O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća|language=hr|trans-title=Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the 19th Century|author=Šime Peričić|issue=45|pages=327–355|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> In Dalmatia, the Autonomists won the first three elections held there in 1861, 1864 and 1867, while those from 1870 to 1908 were won by the People's Party. In 1861–1918, there were 17 elections in Croatia-Slavonia and 10 in Dalmatia.<ref name="Matković-parties"/>

Exercising its sovereignty once again on 29 October 1918, the Sabor decided on independence from [[Austria-Hungary]] and formation of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]. The council of the newly established state voted to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]; however, the Sabor never confirmed that decision.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/><ref name="Saborovanje"/> The [[Vidovdan Constitution|1921 constitution]] defining the new kingdom as a [[unitary state]], and the abolition of historical administrative divisions, effectively ended Croatian autonomy for the time and the Sabor did not convene until the 1940s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497|volume=3|issue=1|title=Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932|access-date=17 October 2011|pages=452–470}}</ref> The [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]] of August 1939 established the autonomous [[Banovina of Croatia|Province of Croatia]], or [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia#Banovinas .281929.E2.80.931941.29|Banovina]] of Croatia, in which the Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport, while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed [[Ban (title)|ban]] ([[Viceroy]] or governor).<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-121-123">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC|author1=Matjaž Klemenčič|author2=Mitja Žagar|title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57607-294-3|access-date=17 October 2011|pages=121–123}}</ref> Before any elections were held, the establishment was made obsolete with the beginning of [[World War II]] and the establishment of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] which banned all political opposition.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5opW1yV7FcC|title=The Oxford handbook of fascism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-929131-1|author=R.J.B. Bosworth|page=431|author-link=R.J.B. Bosworth}}</ref> In 1942, three sessions of an unelected Sabor were held in the Independent State of Croatia; these were held between 23 February and 28 December 1942, when it was formally dissolved. The assembly had no real power as the state was under the direct rule of (the fascist) [[Ante Pavelić]].<ref name="Saborovanje"/>

The post-World War II Sabor developed from the [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia|National Anti-fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia]] (ZAVNOH), formed in 1943.<ref name="Saborovanje"/> In 1945, ZAVNOH transformed itself into the National Sabor of Croatia, preserving the continuity of Croatian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Sabor]]|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1772&sec=461|language=hr|title=Važniji datumi iz povijesti saborovanja|trans-title=Important dates in the history of Sabor|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203014604/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1772&sec=461|archive-date=3 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the war, the Communists ran unopposed in the 1945 elections;<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta U Splitu|publisher=[[University of Split]], Faculty of Law|issn=0584-9063|title=Jugoslavija: unitarna država ili federacija povijesne težnje srpskoga i hrvatskog naroda – jedan od uzroka raspada Jugoslavije|language=hr|trans-title=Yugoslavia: A Unitary State or a Federation (Conflicting historical tensions – one of the causes of the dissolution of Yugoslavia)|author1=Davorin Rudolf|author2=Saša Čobanov|pages=287–317|volume=46|issue=2|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=60049|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> all opposition parties boycotted the elections due to coercion and intimidation by the [[OZNA]] secret police and the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Communist Party]], aimed at eliminating electoral dissent.<ref>{{cite book|pages=1–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8JFi7Wh8gwC|title=The Balkans and the West: constructing the European other, 1945–2003|author=Andrew Hammond|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7546-3234-4|access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> Once in power, the Communists introduced a single-party political system, with the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (from 1952 the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]) as the ruling party and the [[Communist Party of Croatia]] (from 1952 the [[League of Communists of Croatia]]) as a branch party.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Arhivski Vjesnik|publisher=Croatian State Archive|issn=0570-9008|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/9046?lang=en|language=hr|title=Prilog poznavanju institucija: Sabor Narodne Republike Hrvatske, saziv 1953–1963.|trans-title=Contribution to the History of Institutions: Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia, Convocation 1953–1963|author=Marina Štambuk-Škalić|issue=45|access-date=15 November 2011|pages=83–102}}</ref> In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian [[Political faction|faction]] demanding a looser federation.<ref name="Pauković-14Congress-2009">{{cite journal|author=Davor Pauković|publisher=Centar za politološka istraživanja|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640|language=hr|title=Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada|trans-title=Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–33|issn=1847-2397|access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Proglašenje raskida veza s Austro-Ugarskom.jpg|thumb|left|Celebration in front of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the severance of state and legal ties between Croatia and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy [[1918]]]]

During Communist rule, the Sabor went from a unicameral parliament as specified by the 1947 constitution, to bicameral in 1953, changing again in 1963 to as many as five chambers and then to three in 1974. The constitutional amendments of 1971 established the Presidency of the Sabor, and one of its functions became [[Head of state|representing]] Croatia,<ref name="Saborovanje"/> as the Yugoslav constituent republics were essentially viewed as nation-states generally surrendering only their foreign and defence policies to the federation; the federal bodies were no longer independent of, but instead formed by, the republics (after 1974 constitution, this role was taken by newly formed Presidency of the Republic elected by the Sabor).<ref>{{cite book|pages=77–82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC|title=Yugoslavia: a state that withered away|author=Dejan Jović|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-55753-495-8|access-date=12 February 2012|author-link = Dejan Jović}}</ref>

The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), established on 20 May 1989, followed by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) on 17 June 1989. In December, [[Ivica Račan]] became the head of the reformed Communist party. At this time, the Communist party decided to cancel political trials, release political prisoners and endorse a [[multi-party system|multi-party political system]]. The Civil Organisations Act was formally amended to allow multiple political parties on 11 January 1990, legalising the new parties. By the time of the first round of the [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|first multi-party elections]], held on 22 April 1990, there were 33 registered parties. There were single-seat constituencies for half of the seats and a single nationwide constituency (through election lists) for the remaining seats.<ref name="Podolnjak">{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=49607|title=Hrvatsko izborno zakonodavstvo: moguće i nužne promjene|trans-title=Croatian electoral legislation: possible and necessary amendments|language=hr|pages=305–343|journal=Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta U Splitu|publisher=University of Split, Faculty of Law|issn=0584-9063|author=Robert Podolnjak|volume=45|issue=2|access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> Still, the most relevant parties and coalitions were the renamed Communist party (the League of Communists of Croatia — Party of Democratic Changes), the HDZ and the [[Coalition of People's Accord]] (KNS), which included the HSLS, led by [[Dražen Budiša]], and the HSS, which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989.<ref name="HSS-Statut">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Peasant Party]]|url=http://www.hss.hr/o-nama/statut|language=hr|title=Statut|trans-title=Constitution|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru|publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|issn=1330-0474|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95848|title=Začetci višestranačja u Hrvatskoj 1989. godine|trans-title=The Origins of the Multi-Party System in Croatia in 1989|author=Šime Dunatov|issue=52|pages=381–397|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> The [[runoff election]], open to any candidate receiving at least 7% of the vote,<ref name="Podolnjak"/> was held on 6 May 1990. The HDZ led by Franjo Tuđman won ahead of the reformed Communists and the KNS. The KNS, led by the former leaders of the [[Croatian Spring]] ([[Savka Dabčević-Kučar]] and [[Miko Tripalo]]), soon splintered into individual parties. On 8 October 1991, Croatia's declaration of independence took effect.<ref name="Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991">{{cite web|work=Official web site of the Croatian Parliament|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462|title=Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021206/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462}}</ref> The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary elections when it was defeated by the SDP led by Račan.<ref name="VRH-Prethodne">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Government|url=http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/prethodne_vlade_rh|language=hr|title=Prethodne vlade RH|trans-title=Previous governments of the Republic of Croatia|access-date=10 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123152513/http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/prethodne_vlade_rh|archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The HDZ returned to power in the [[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003 elections]], while the SDP remained the largest opposition party.<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/>
[[File:Session of Sabor.jpg|thumb|right|Session of the Sabor on 29 October [[1918]]]]

==Parliamentary powers==

The Parliament [[Representative democracy|represents]] the citizens of the [[Republic of Croatia]]; it acts as the country's [[legislature]]. It convenes regularly in two sessions each year, from 15 January to 15 July and from 15 September to 15 December; however, extraordinary sessions may be called by the [[President of Croatia]], the [[government of Croatia]] or a majority of the parliamentary members. The sessions are open to the public. The parliament decides through [[Majority|simple majority]] votes, except in issues pertaining to (constitutionally recognised) [[ethnic minorities in Croatia]], the constitution, electoral legislation, the scope and operational methods of governmental bodies and local government; in these cases, decisions are made by [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] votes. The parliament may authorise the government to enact regulations dealing with matters normally covered by parliamentary acts. Such regulations expire one year after the authorisation is issued. The authorisation does not apply to matters that must be decided upon by a parliamentary two-thirds vote. Legislation enacted by the parliament is either endorsed by the President of Croatia within eight days or referred to the [[Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia]].<ref name="Ustav-RH" />
[[File:Coat Croatian Parliament.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Shield with colored painting on stone building|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia on the Croatian Parliament building]]

The members are granted [[parliamentary immunity]]; their criminal prosecution is possible only after parliamentary consent, except for crimes with five or more years of imprisonment mandated. The parliament may appoint investigative commissions for any matter of public interest.<ref name="Ustav-RH">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|language=hr|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_07_85_2422.html|title=Ustav Republike Hrvatske|trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of Croatia|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

The Croatian parliament's powers are defined by the Constitution of Croatia. These include: defining economic, legal and political relations in the Republic of Croatia; preservation of Croatia's natural and cultural heritage and its utilisation; and forming alliances with other states. The parliament has the right to deploy [[Croatian Armed Forces]] abroad. It may also restrict constitutional rights and liberties in wartime or in cases of imminent war or following natural disasters, although that constitutional provision is limited to specific rights—right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or denigrating conduct or punishment, upholding of [[habeas corpus]] and freedoms of thought, conscience and religious views. In addition, in those circumstances parliamentary members' terms may be extended. (As these rights are defined by the constitution, the decision would require a two-thirds majority. Since Croatia never declared a state of war during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], this option has not been exercised in practice.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Nacional (weekly)]] |url=http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/29793/visak-generala-hv-u-prepreka-za-nato |title=Višak generala HV-u prepreka za NATO |trans-title=Surplus of Croatian Army generals is an obstacle to NATO |language=hr |author=Eduard Šoštarić |access-date=12 February 2012 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509140713/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/29793/visak-generala-hv-u-prepreka-za-nato |url-status=live }}</ref>) The parliament reserves the right to amend the borders of Croatia. The parliament decides on constitutional amendments, enacts legislation, passes the state budget, declares war and decides on the cessation of hostilities, adopts declarations of policy of the parliament, adopts national defence strategy, representing a long-term defence resource planning document,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morh.hr/hr/zakoni-i-strategije/strategije/strategija-obrane-nn33/02.html|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Croatia)]]|title=Stragegija obrane (NN 33/02)|language=hr|trans-title=Defence strategy (OG 33/02)|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511151850/http://www.morh.hr/hr/zakoni-i-strategije/strategije/strategija-obrane-nn33/02.html |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> and national defence strategy, which defines bases for establishment and implementation of institutions, measures and activities in response to general security issues and specific challenges and threats to Croatia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morh.hr/hr/zakoni-i-strategije/strategije/strategija-nacionalne-sigurnosti-republike-hrvatskenn-33/02.html|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Croatia)]]|title=Stragegija nactionalne sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske (NN 33/02)|language=hr|trans-title=National security strategy of the Republic of Croatia (OG 33/02)|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000549/http://www.morh.hr/hr/zakoni-i-strategije/strategije/strategija-nacionalne-sigurnosti-republike-hrvatskenn-33/02.html |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref> implements civil supervision of the armed forces and security services, calls [[referendum]]s, performs elections and appointments conforming to the constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the government (headed by the [[Prime Minister of Croatia]]) and other civil services responsible to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs various other duties defined by the constitution.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/> Becoming the Prime Minister of Croatia requires majority support in the parliament.<ref name="VL-Current21">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Večernji list]]|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/novi-clanovi-banskih-dvora-milanovicevih-21-clanak-359295|language=hr|title=Novi članovi Banskih dvora – Milanovićevih 21|trans-title=New members of Banski Dvori – Milanović's 21|access-date=23 December 2011|author=Ivanka Toma}}</ref>

The Government is [[responsible government|responsible]] to the parliament; some other institutions, such as the [[Croatian National Bank]] and the State Audit Office, also report directly to the parliament. The parliament appoints an [[ombudsman]] to promote and protect human rights and liberties established by the constitution, parliamentary legislation and treaties adopted by Croatia. The ombudsman is appointed for an eight-year term; the ombudsman's work is independent. The ombudsman, as well as all other persons authorised to act on behalf of the parliament, is granted parliamentary immunity equal to that enjoyed by parliamentary members.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/>

==Speaker of the Parliament==
{{See also|Speaker of the Croatian Parliament}}
[[File:Visita del presidente del Gobierno Pedro Sánchez a Croacia en 2021 (6).jpg|thumb|Painting in the Sabor Palace marking the 25th of June 1991 on which day the Sabor passed the Constitutional Decision on the Independence and Sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia, thus declaring the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]] an independent and sovereign state.]]

The members of the parliament elect the Speaker of the Parliament and one or more deputy speakers by a simple majority vote.<ref name="Ustav-RH" />

Since the first multi-party elections held after the start of Communist rule, there have been eight speakers of the parliament; the first five, executing the office until constitutional amendments in March 2001, were also speakers of the Chamber of Deputies (since the parliament was bicameral at the time).<ref name="Previous-Speakers">{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=1200|title=Prethodni predsjednici Sabora|trans-title=Previous Speakers of the Parliament|language=hr|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303013717/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=1200|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 28 December 2015, [[Željko Reiner]] (HDZ) is the tenth Speaker of the Sabor. There are five deputy speakers in the current parliament: [[Ante Sanader]] ([[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]), [[Rajko Ostojić]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]), [[Željko Reiner]] ([[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]), Davorko Vidović (Ind.) and [[Furio Radin]] (Ind.).

The speaker of the parliament becomes the acting President of the Republic in the event of the death, resignation or incapacitation<ref group=upper-alpha>Incapacitation is determined by the Constitutional Court of Croatia upon a request by the government; the constitution itself does not specify exactly what is incapacitation.</ref> of the President of Croatia, as specified by the constitution.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/> This situation occurred after the death of [[Franjo Tuđman]] in 1999, when [[Vlatko Pavletić]] became the acting president.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=14221&sec=1200|title=Akademik Vlatko Pavletić, predsjednik Sabora od 1995. do 2000. godine|trans-title=Academician Vlatko Pavletić, Speaker of the Parliament from 1995 to 2000|language=hr|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102210308/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=14221&sec=1200|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000 parliamentary elections]], the role was transferred to [[Zlatko Tomčić]], who filled the office until [[Stjepan Mesić]] was [[2000 Croatian presidential election|elected President of Croatia in 2000]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=14222&sec=1200|title=Zlatko Tomčić, predsjednik Sabora od 2000. do 2003. godine|trans-title=Zlatko Tomčić, Speaker of the Parliament from 2000 to 2003|language=hr|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118175553/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=14222&sec=1200|archive-date=18 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Name
! From
! To
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Žarko Domljan]]
| align=center|30 May 1990
| align=center|7 September 1992
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Stjepan Mesić]]
| align=center|7 September 1992
| align=center|24 May 1994
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Nedjeljko Mihanović]]
| align=center|24 May 1994
| align=center|28 November 1995
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Vlatko Pavletić]]
| align=center|28 November 1995
| align=center|2 February 2000
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Zlatko Tomčić]]
| align=center|2 February 2000
| align=center|22 December 2003
| width=5px style="background-color:#22B14D"|
| [[Croatian Peasant Party|HSS]]
|-
| [[Vladimir Šeks]]
| align=center|22 December 2003
| align=center|11 January 2008
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Luka Bebić]]
| align=center|11 January 2008
| align=center|22 December 2011
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Boris Šprem]]
| align=center|22 December 2011
| align=center|30 September 2012
| width=5px style="background-color:#ED1C24"|
| [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]
|-
| [[Josip Leko]]
| align=center|10 October 2012
| align=center|28 December 2015
| width=5px style="background-color:#ED1C24"|
| [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]
|-
| [[Željko Reiner]]
| align=center|28 December 2015
| align=center|14 October 2016
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Božo Petrov]]
| align=center|14 October 2016
| align=center|4 May 2017
| width=5px style="background-color:#E85726"|
| [[Bridge of Independent Lists|MOST]]
|-
| [[Gordan Jandroković]]
| align=center|5 May 2017
| align=center|''Incumbent''
| width=5px style="background-color:#295BA5"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| colspan=5| Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303013717/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=1200 Former Speakers of the Parliament]
|}
[[File:Predstavljanje_nove_Vlade_RH_(6558633915).jpg|thumb|Sabornica, the parliament's main hall]]

==Composition==
{{Update}}
{{Main|Elections in Croatia#Parliamentary elections}}

The [[Constitution of Croatia]] mandates that the parliament consists of at least 100 members and no more than 160 members, elected by a direct [[secret ballot]] for four-year terms. Parliamentary elections are held within 60 days following the term's expiration or parliamentary dissolution (the latter takes place with a parliamentary no-confidence vote or if the parliament fails to approve a state budget within 120 days after the government submits one for approval), and a new parliament must convene within 20 days after the elections.<ref name="Ustav-RH" />

As specified by the current electoral legislation in Croatia, 140 members of the Parliament are elected in multi-seat [[Croatian Parliament electoral districts|constituencies]], up to 3 members are chosen by [[proportional representation]] to represent Croatian citizens residing abroad and 8 members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities (including "undeclared", "unknown", or otherwise other than constitutionally recognized groups).<ref name="Sabor-about">{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713|title=About the Parliament|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706061905/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713|archive-date=6 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The model of parliamentary elections is based on the [[Christmas Constitution]] (1990), but has been significantly modified four times since then, most recently in 1999.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.izbori.hr/izbori/ip.nsf/WPDS/AFC7860F3118287AC1257448002FB15B?open&1 | language = hr | title = Izborni modeli za parlamentarne izbore | work = Izborna enciklopedija | year = 2008 | publisher = State Election Committee (Državno izborno povjerenstvo) | access-date = 31 December 2015}}</ref>
The most recent substantial revision of the election law came in February 2015, and was partially upheld by the [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Constitutional Court]] in September 2015. An element of preferential voting was introduced by letting voters choose not only for a list of candidates, but also a single member of the same list. If the percentage of votes for a candidate exceeds 10%, they are elected as if it was an [[open list]] system. The list ranking is maintained for those candidates that do not meet this quota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/croatian-parliament-backs-changes-to-electoral-law/ |title=Croatian parliament backs changes to electoral law |publisher=europeanvoice.com |access-date=2015-02-26}}</ref>

===Previous parliamentary elections===
[[File:Croatian parliamentary seats 1992-2020.png|thumb|right|480px|alt=Graph|Croatian parliamentary election results, 1992–2020; parties winning 10 seats or more at any individual election shown individually]]
Since 1990, seven parliamentary elections have been held in Croatia. The elections held in 1990 were the first multi-party elections following 45 years of Communist rule. The Parliament had three chambers at the time; the candidates ran for all 80 seats in the Social-Political Council of Croatia, all 116 seats to the Municipalities Council of Croatia and all 160 seats to the Associated Labour Council of Croatia. The first round of the election saw a turnout of 85.5%; the turnout for the runoff election was 74.8%. In this election, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won 205 seats and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia won 107. Between then and 2007, five parliamentary elections were held for the Chamber of Deputies ({{lang-hr|Zastupnički dom}}) of the parliament or the unicameral parliament since (in 1992, 1995, 2000, 2003 and 2007). Starting with the 1992 elections, the number of seats first in the Chamber of Deputies, and then in the unicameral parliament, were significantly variable: ranging from 127 in 1995 to 153 in 2007. In the Croatian parliamentary elections held since 1992, when the number of seats in the parliament was limited to below 160, only 5 parties have won 10 seats or more in any one parliamentary election. These were the HDZ, the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS), the [[Croatian Social Liberal Party]] (HSLS) and the SDP.<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora">{{cite web|publisher=State Election Commission|url=http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/arhiva.html|title=Arhiva izbora|trans-title=Elections Archive|language=hr|access-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031012140/http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/arhiva.html|archive-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several political parties, besides the HDZ, HSS, HNS, HSLS and SDP, have won parliamentary seats in the elections since 1990. These have been (in alphabetical order): the [[Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar]] (previously named Rijeka Democratic Alliance), the [[Croatian Christian Democratic Union]], the Croatian Citizen Party, the Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja, the [[Croatian Democratic Peasant Party]], the [[Croatian Independent Democrats]], the Croatian Party of Pensioners, the [[Croatian Party of Rights]], the Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, the [[Dalmatian Action]] party, the Democratic Centre party, the Istrian Democratic Assembly, the [[Liberal Party (Croatia)|Liberal Party]], the [[Party of Liberal Democrats]], the [[Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serb Democratic Party]], the [[Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party]], and the [[Social Democratic Action of Croatia]] party.<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/>
The following parties have won special seats reserved for representatives elected by<ref group=upper-alpha>The representatives themselves are not required to be minorities, but are historically very likely to be.</ref> [[national minority|minorities]] (also in alphabetical order): the Bosnian Democratic Party of Croatia, the [[Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia]], the [[German People's Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia]], the Independent Democratic Serb Party, the [[Party of Democratic Action of Croatia]], and the [[Serb People's Party (Croatia)|Serb People's Party]].<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/>

In addition, some [[independent (politician)|independent]]s have won seats through party lists by being elected as an independent running on a party's list, and [[Ivan Grubišić]]'s list of non-partisan candidates has won seats as well.<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/> Since individuals (not parties) possess parliamentary seats once won, there also can be (and have been) instances where seat-holders became independent or switched to another political party.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao|issn=0032-3241|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Science|volume=36|issue=3|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=50836|pages=151–174|title=Strukturna dinamika hrvatskog parlamenta|language=hr|trans-title=Structural Dynamics of the Croatian Parliament|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=4|Parliamentary elections overview since 1990 ([[Tricameralism|Tricameral parliament]] (1990), Chamber of Representatives (Lower house 1990–2001), unicameral parliament (2001–present))
|-
! Election || Turnout || Results || [[Cabinet of Croatia|Cabinet(s)]]
|-align=left
| [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|1990]] || * || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|1st assembly]]|| [[Cabinet of Stjepan Mesić]], [[Cabinet of Josip Manolić]], [[Cabinet of Franjo Gregurić]]
|-align=left
| [[1992 Croatian parliamentary election|1992]] || 75.6% || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 1992|2nd assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Hrvoje Šarinić]], [[Cabinet of Nikica Valentić]]
|-align=left
| [[1995 Croatian parliamentary election|1995]] || 68.8% || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 1995|3rd assembly]]|| [[Cabinet of Zlatko Mateša]]
|-align=left
| [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000]] || 70.5% || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 2000|4th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Ivica Račan I]], [[Cabinet of Ivica Račan II]]
|-align=left
| [[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003]] || 61.7% || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 2003|5th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Ivo Sanader I]]
|-align=left
| [[2007 Croatian parliamentary election|2007]] || 59.5% || [[List of MPs elected in the Croatian parliamentary election, 2007|6th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II]], [[Cabinet of Jadranka Kosor]]
|-align=left
| [[2011 Croatian parliamentary election|2011]] || 54.3% || [[List of members of Croatian Parliament, 2011–15|7th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Zoran Milanović]]
|-align=left
| [[2015 Croatian parliamentary election|2015]] || 60.8% || [[List of members of Croatian Parliament, 2015–|8th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Tihomir Orešković]]
|-align=left
| [[2016 Croatian parliamentary election|2016]] || 52.6% || [[List of members of Croatian Parliament, 2016–2020|9th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Andrej Plenković I]]
|-align=left
| [[2020 Croatian parliamentary election|2020]] || 46.4% || [[List of members of Croatian Parliament, 2020–|10th assembly]] || [[Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II]]
|-
! colspan=4|Source: State Election Commission<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/>
|}

(*)In the first multi-party elections in 1990 three parliamentary chambers were elected in a two-round majoritarian system: the Social-Political Council, the Council of Municipalities and the Council of Associated Labour. Turnout for the election each chamber varied. It was as follows: Social-Political council (84.5% in first round in all constituencies, 74.82% in second round in 51 of 80 constituencies), Council of Municipalities (84.1% in first round, 74.6% in second round) and Council of Associated Labour (76.5% in first round in all constituencies, 66% in second round in 103 of 160 constituencies).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-class="sortbottom"
! colspan=11 | Seats won in parliamentary elections (since 1990, Chamber of Deputies or unicameral parliament)
|-
! Party || [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|1990]]|| [[1992 Croatian parliamentary election|1992]] || [[1995 Croatian parliamentary election|1995]] || [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000]] || [[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003]] || [[2007 Croatian parliamentary election|2007]] || [[2011 Croatian parliamentary election|2011]] || [[2015 Croatian parliamentary election|2015]] || [[2016 Croatian parliamentary election|2016]] || [[2020 Croatian parliamentary election|2020]]
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Bloc for Croatia]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Bloc of Pensioners - Together]]|| {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Bosniak Democratic Party of Croatia]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Bridge of Independent Lists]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 19 || 13 || 8
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Civic Liberal Alliance]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Coalition of People's Accord]] || 3 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Christian Democratic Union]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left |[[Croatian Citizen Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 2 || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|-}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || 6 || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Democratic Peasant Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Democratic Union]] || 55 || 85 || 75 || 46 || 66 || 66 || 44 || 50 || 57 || 62
|-align=center | align=left|[[Croatian Independent Democrats]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Growth]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left | [[Croatian Labourists – Labour Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 6 || 3 ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Party of Pensioners]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Party of Rights]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 5 || 4 || 4 || 8 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left |[[Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 3 ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Peasant Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || 10 || 17 || 10 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 2
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 6 || 2 || 2 || 10 || 7 || 14 || 9 || 9 || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Social Liberal Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 14 || 12 || 25 || 2 || 2 || {{sort|0|–}} || 2 || 1 || 2
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Sovereignists]]|| {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 4
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Dalmatian Action]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Democratic Centre (Croatia)|Democratic Centre]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Focus (Croatian political party)|Fokus]]|| {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[German People's Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia|German People's Union]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Human Blockade]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 4 || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Independent Democratic Serb Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Istrian Democratic Assembly]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 4 || 3 || 4 || 4 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Liberal Party (Croatia)|Liberal Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 2 || 2 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Milan Bandić 365 - The Party of Labour and Solidarity]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Miroslav Škoro Homeland Movement]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 9
|-align=center
| align=left|[[New Left (Croatia)|New Left]]|| {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Party of Democratic Action of Croatia]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[People's Party - Reformists]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[LIBRA|Party of Liberal Democrats]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Party with a First and Last Name]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serb Democratic Party]] || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Serb People's Party (Croatia)|Serb People's Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || 3 || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Pametno|Smart]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || 1
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Social Democratic Action of Croatia]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || 1 || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}}
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]] || 20 || 6 || 10 || 43 || 34 || 56 || 61 || 42 || 39 || 32
|-align=center
| align=left|[[We can! (Croatia)|We can!]] || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} || {{sort|0|–}} ||{{sort|0|–}} || 4
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || 1 || 4 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 4 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5
|-class="sortbottom"
! colspan=11 | Source: State Election Commission<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/>
|}

==Chamber of Counties==
{{See also|Speaker of the Chamber of Counties of Croatia}}
Under the Constitution of Croatia adopted in 1990, the parliament became [[bicameral]]. The Chamber of Deputies had been elected a few months earlier; its members enacted legislation creating a new [[Administrative divisions of Croatia|territorial organisation of Croatia]]. This reorganisation included [[Counties of Croatia|counties]] that were to be represented by the new Chamber of Counties ({{lang-hr|Županijski dom}}). The [[1993 Croatian Chamber of Counties election|first election]] of members of the chamber was on 7 February 1993, with each of the counties acting as a three-seat constituency using proportional representation. In addition, as per Article 71 of the 1990 constitution, the President of Croatia was given the option of appointing up to 5 additional members of the Chamber of Counties; it could have as many as 68 members.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=HIDRA|url=http://digured.hr/cadial/searchdoc.php?query=Zakon+o+izmjenama+i+dopunama+Kaznenog+zakona&searchText=on&searchTitle=on&filteracttype=all&filtereuchapter=all&resultlimitnum=10&action=search&filterfields=35338&resultoffset=&lang=en&annotate=on&bid=v8ewpwn3TzF4b21Qt8aGNw%3D%3D|title=Ustav Republike Hrvatske (NN 056/1990)|language=hr|trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (NN 056/1990)|access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> The [[1997 Croatian Chamber of Counties election|second and last election]] for the Chamber of Counties of the parliament was on 13 April 1997.<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/><ref name="CC-1997">{{cite web|publisher=State Election Commission|url=http://www.izbori.hr/izbori/ipFiles.nsf/0/9AE655F84501F7B6C1257455003AD695/$FILE/1997_županijski%20dom.pdf|language=hr|title=Rezultati izbora za županijski dom Sabora Republike Hrvatske 1997. godine|trans-title=Results of Election for the Chamber of Counties of the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia in Year 1997|access-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102082245/http://www.izbori.hr/izbori/ipFiles.nsf/0/9AE655F84501F7B6C1257455003AD695/$FILE/1997_%C5%BEupanijski%20dom.pdf|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chamber of Counties was abolished by a 2001 constitutional amendment.<ref name="CC-Hist">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Constitutional Court]] |url=http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_o_sudu&G1=&G2=&G3=&m1=15&m2=0&Lang=en |title=History of Croatian Constitutional Judicature |access-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415021807/http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_o_sudu&G1=&G2=&G3=&m1=15&m2=0&Lang=en |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! colspan=5|Speakers of the Chamber of Counties
|-
! Name
! Start
! End
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Josip Manolić]]
| align=center|22 March 1993
| align=center|23 May 1994
| width=5px style="background-color:#005BAA"|
| [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|-
| [[Katica Ivanišević]]
| align=center|23 May 1994
| align=center|28 March 2001
| width=5px style="background-color:#005BAA"|
| HDZ
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=3|Seats won in parliamentary elections by individual parties Chamber of Counties elections 1993–1997
|-
! Party || [[1993 Croatian Chamber of Counties election|1993]]|| [[1997 Croatian Chamber of Counties election|1997]]
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Democratic Union]] || 39 || 42
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Party of Rights]] || – || 2
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Peasant Party]] || 5 || 9
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats|Croatian People's Party]] || 1 || –
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Croatian Social Liberal Party]] || 16 || 7
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Istrian Democratic Assembly]] || 3 || 2
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]] || 1 || 4
|-align=center
| align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || 3 || 2
|-
! colspan=7|Source: State Election Commission<ref name="Arhiva-Izbora"/><ref name="CC-1997"/>
|}

==Publication of proceedings==
The Croatian Parliament publishes all its decisions in [[Narodne Novine]], the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia. Article 90 of the constitution requires publication of all acts and other regulations in the gazette before they are legally binding.<ref name="Ustav-RH"/> Narodne Novine is available through a paid subscription as print,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Narodne Novine]]|url=http://www.nn.hr/ObavijestOPretplatiZa01|title=Poštovani pretplatnici!|trans-title=Dear subscribers!|language=hr|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715234507/http://www.nn.hr/ObavijestOPretplatiZa01|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> or for free online.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Narodne Novine]]|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/default.aspx|title=Službeni dio|trans-title=Official section|language=hr|access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> Parliamentary debates and other proceedings are the subject of news coverage by [[media of Croatia]], and [[Saborska televizija]] was set up in 2007 in addition as an [[IPTV]] channel broadcasting all [[plenary session]]s of the parliament.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Nova TV (Croatia)]]|url=http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/saborska-televizija-dostupna-i-na-internetu.html|title=Saborska televizija dostupna i na Internetu|trans-title=Parliament television also available on the internet|language=hr|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|language=hr|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=1143|title=Sjednice sabora|trans-title=Sessions of the Parliament|access-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925052858/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=1143|archive-date=25 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Finally, the Parliament's Public Relations Department publishes a news bulletin available to all institutions and citizens of Croatia through a print paid subscription,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=722|title=Public Relations Department|access-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202175631/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=722|archive-date=2 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and online for free.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=45940&sec=3241|title=Izvješća Hrvatskoga sabora – tjedni pregled|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian Parliament reports – weekly review|access-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510004247/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=45940&sec=3241|archive-date=10 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Parliamentary location==
{{main|Sabor Palace}}
[[File:Predstavljanje nove Vlade RH (6558623193) (2).jpg|thumb|The main hall of the Croatian parliament.]]
The Sabor has convened in Zagreb since the 13th century, but there was no special building for this until the 18th century. Previously, sessions of the Sabor had been held in private houses, in royal estates in [[Gradec, Zagreb|Gradec]] and at the bishop's residence.<ref name="hist-palace"/> During the [[Croatian-Ottoman Wars]], which severely disrupted the functioning of the Croatian kingdom, the Sabor's sessions became so impractical that the 1685 session decided to have the ban appoint a six-member committee to do the work of the Sabor when sessions were not possible. This body became operational in 1689 and had its mandate extended through the entire 18th and into the 19th century. This ''{{lang|la|Conferentia Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae}}'' consisted of the ban, two high clerics and three or four noblemen, and it would bring forward numerous acts; it met in various places, usually Zagreb or [[Varaždin]], but also in [[Čiče]], [[Ludbreg]], [[Kerestinec]], [[Vienna]], [[Želin]], [[Bratislava]], [[Klenovnik, Croatia|Klenovnik]], [[Slunj]], [[Glina, Croatia|Glina]], [[Petrinja]], [[Rasinja]], [[Ptuj]] and [[Budim]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1739 | language = hr | title = Hrvatska kraljevinska konferencija iz 1729. donijela prvi proračun hrvatskoga kraljevstva | work = Saborske povijesne zanimljivosti | publisher = Croatian Parliament | access-date = 30 December 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119162230/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1739 | archive-date = 19 January 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1731, the government purchased houses at the site of the present building and construction of a new building started the next year. The Sabor first met in the new building on 6 May 1737. The building was originally designed to accommodate [[Croatian State Archives|archives]], [[Tabula Banalis|the court]] and the office of the ban; however, the government of [[Zagreb County (former)|Zagreb County]] moved in as well in 1765. The ban's office, the court and the archives moved out of the building in 1807, when a building across [[St. Mark's Square, Zagreb|St. Mark's Square]] was bought to accommodate them. Subsequently, the newly purchased building was named [[Banski dvori]] after its new primary purpose of housing the ban and his office. The Zagreb County government purchased buildings adjacent to the parliament in 1839 and commissioned a new building at the site. It was completed in 1849; in the meantime, the Sabor had to convene elsewhere; it met in a theatre building located on a corner of the square. The theatre building later became the [[Old City Hall (Zagreb)|Zagreb City Hall]].<ref name="hist-palace"/>

In 1907, the government of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia bought the parliament building and adjacent structures, starting construction of the present parliament building. At the same time, the Zagreb County government moved its headquarters elsewhere, leaving the Sabor as the sole user. The present parliament building was completed in 1911 using the design of Lav Kalda and Karlo Susan.<ref name="hist-palace">{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|language=hr|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=484|title=Povijest saborske palače|trans-title=History of the parliament palace|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504171647/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=484|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
* [[Constitution of Croatia]]
* [[Elections in Croatia]]
* [[Politics of Croatia]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha|colwidth=30em}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/98005|title=Stranačka struktura Hrvatskog sabora 1990–2010.|journal=Pravnik|volume=44|issue=89|year=2010|last=Mašić|first=Barbara|pages=67–82|language=hr|access-date=15 January 2020}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sabor.hr/ Official website] of the Croatian Parliament {{in lang|hr}}
* [https://www.sabor.hr/en/home Official website] of the Croatian Parliament {{in lang|en}}
* [https://itv.sabor.hr/video/ Internet Television] of the Croatian Parliament {{in lang|hr}}

{{Croatia topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}

{{Coord|45|48|58|N|15|58|28|E|display=title|region:HR_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}

[[Category:Politics of Croatia]]
[[Category:Government of Croatia]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Croatia]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Croatia]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Croatia]]

2014 Railway budget of India

2022-06-29T06:52:29Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Added a new entry to the collection.

{{use dmy dates}}
{{use Indian English}}
{{Infobox government budget
| country = India
| previous_budget = 2013 Railway Budget of India
| previous_year = 2013
| next_budget = 2015 Railway Budget of India
| next_year = 2015
| image = Emblem_of_India.svg
| caption = [[Emblem of India]]
| submitter = [[Suresh Prabhu]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]]
| presented = 25 February 2015
| parliament = [[Indian Parliament]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| url = {{url|http://www.indiabudget.nic.in}}
}}
The '''2014 Railway Budget of India''' refers to the [[Railway Budget]] of the [[Indian Railways]] in the fiscal year 2014–15. The budget was presented in the [[India Parliament]] by Railway Minister [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] on 8 July 2014.<ref name=RailBudget>{{cite news|title=Railway Budget 2014-15: Highlights|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railway-budget-201415-highlights/article6189594.ece|accessdate=20 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Summary==
The budget emphasized increased amenities for travelers, better safety, and timely completion of projects. There were no fare hikes announced as both passenger and freight fares had been increased the previous month. But, it was announced that fares will be revised twice a year to absorb fuel costs. Gowda criticized previous governments for announcing new projects and failing to complete them. He said projects will now be prioritized, such as decongesting major routes instead of announcing new ones. Gowda announced no major new projects, but announced 54 new trains. He also criticized the last government for driving the railways into a loss.<ref name=ModisBulletTrain>{{cite news|title=Rail Budget: Private sector, foreign investors get ticket to ride on Modi's bullet train|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-2015/rail-budget-2015/Rail-Budget-Private-sector-foreign-investors-get-ticket-to-ride-on-Modis-bullet-train/articleshow/38037155.cms?|accessdate=27 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=FuelModi/>

Gowda announced a bullet train between {{w|Mumbai}} and {{w|Ahmedabad}}; new [[semi-high speed train]]s in nine sectors connecting metros; and new measures towards improving cleanliness, food, and {{w|electronic ticket|e-ticketing}} were announced. He said {{w|Closed-circuit television|CCTVs}} will be installed in major stations to monitor cleanliness, and major stations will have food courts serving local cuisines and precooked food from reputable catering brands will be served on board. The railways have faced complaints of substandard food in the past.<ref name=ModisBulletTrain/><ref name=FuelModi/>

He announced the introduction of a new rail-flaw detection system to better investigate the causes of accidents. The budget allocated a significant sum to the construction of bridges at unmanned crossings, a major cause of rail-track deaths. He announced a new project to introduce automatic closing doors on mainline and suburban trains, and said {{w|Wi-Fi}} will be provided in larger stations and select trains. {{w|Workstation|Workstations}} will be available for on-board use for a fee by business travelers. The e-ticketing system will be extended from booking tickets to booking coaches and entire trains, and also retiring rooms in stations. Electric mobility carts will be provided to elderly and handicapped passengers at all major stations. Also, {{w|Railway Protection Force}} will recruit four thousand female constables and escorted carriages will be provided for women. A significant amount was announced for improving rail connectivity in north-east India.<ref name=ModisBulletTrain/><ref name=FuelModi>{{cite news|title=Rail Budget 2014: Foreign Direct Investment to fuel Modi train|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140709/nation-current-affairs/article/fdi-fuel-modi-train|accessdate=27 February 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Gowda emphasized use of {{w|public-private partnerships}} (PPPs) to fund future projects. He also said he will ask the {{w|Cabinet of India|Cabinet}} to approve foreign direct investment (FDI) in Indian Railways. Some stations are to be improved using PPPs.<ref name=ModisBulletTrain/><ref name=FuelModi/>

==Responses==
Manish R. Sharma, executive director of capital projects and infrastructure at {{w|PricewaterhouseCoopers}}, pointed out the budget didn't contain any information on how the government intends to attract private investors. [[Deven_R_Choskey|Deven Choksey]], managing director at K. R. Choksey securities, said the government now seemed to be more inclined towards PPPs than before. India's stock index {{w|SENSEX}} dropped and closed 2% below opening. Investors were observed selling shares in energy, infrastructure, and real estate sectors.<ref name=Derailed>{{cite news|title=Markets derailed|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/markets-derailed-114070801060_1.html|accessdate=27 February 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name=Indiasaysprivate>{{cite news|title=India says private funds will help rail system, but gives no details|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-budget-railways-idINKBN0FD0JS20140708|accessdate=27 February 2015|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Railway Budget of India]]
* [[Railway Budget of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/India_Railway_Minister_presents_2014-15_budget|sourcearticle=India Railway Minister presents 2014-15 budget|revision=649071267}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Highlights of the Railway Budget – 2014-15|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/rbudget2014highlight.htm|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}

{{Union budget of India}}

[[Category:Railway Budgets of India]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2014 in rail transport]]
[[Category:2014 government budgets|Railway Budget of India]]

User:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-27T15:06:54Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

'''Engineer''' by ''profession'', ''Understand'' '''Science''' well, ''little weak'' in '''vocabulary''' , '''Still Learning.''' ''Faccinated by'' '''Indian History.'''

== Pages Created ==
# [[Rani Durgavati Fort]]
# [[Information Technology Rules, 2021]]
# [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
# [[Anna Hazare]]
# [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
# [[Sound Engineer]]
# [[Youtube]]
# [[Adarsh Sahu]]

Rani Durgavati Fort

2021-05-26T11:02:32Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created Page

{{Infobox building
| name = Rani Durgavati Fort
| native_name = Madan Mahal Fort
| image = Rani Durgavati Fort.jpg
| caption =
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|8|54.19|N|79|54|5.85|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 11th Century
| date_demolished =
| architect =
| cost =
| map_type = India
| style = Gondwana Structure
| structural_system =
| client =
| size =
| engineer =
}}'''Rani Durgavati Fort'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=rani durgavati fort - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=rani+durgavati+fort&oq=ra&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l3j69i57j46i67i175i199j69i61j69i60l2.1690j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.google.com}}</ref> is a small but enchanting fort of the [[Gondwana Kingdom|Rajgond]] rulers. It was more of a manned post on vigil for invaders now enveloped in shroud of history. The fort dates back to 11th century AD. The fort is well associated with [[Rani Durgavati]] the Gond Queen and her son Veer Narayan. [[Rani Durgavati]] eventually died fighting the mughals and is hailed as a martyr in Indian history. She also built numerous temples and tanks scattered around [[Jabalpur]] chiefly around her Garha principality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jabalpur|url=https://www.mptourism.com/destination-jabalpur.php|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.mptourism.com}}</ref>

The Rajgond rulers reigned over Jabalpur, [[Mandla]] and surrounding regions. '''Rani Durgavati Fort''' is one such fort built by them. Though not exactly an architectural marvel, the little fort is characterized by intrigue of ancient monuments in India.

There are many myths floating about the fort of the Gonds. It is said to harbor gold bricks and Gond treasures hidden somewhere in it in accessible underground folds. A tunnel covering a long distance is said to be located somewhere around the precinct - a possible escape route and transportation artery of the Gonds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rani Durgavati Fort - Reviews, Photos - Madan Mahal Fort|url=http://www.tripadvisor.in/ShowUserReviews-g503699-d3705308-r394583728-Madan_Mahal_Fort-Jabalpur_Jabalpur_District_Madhya_Pradesh.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Tripadvisor|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The structure generates an aura of awe being compact and yet fully equipped for martial encounters. The stable, war rooms, small reservoir and main pleasure chamber of the rulers offer visitors much to see and admire.

== Location ==
'''Rani Durgavati Fort''' is located in the center of the city [[Jabalpur]] Madhya Pradesh, the area is also known as Madan Mahal after which the fort is also known as Madan Mahal Fort.

Nearest Railway Station :- [[Madan Mahal railway station|Madan Mahal Railway Station]]

Nearest Bus Station :- Interstate bus terminal Jabalpur (ISBTJ)

Nearest Airport :- [[Jabalpur Airport]]

== See Also ==

# [[Rani Durgavati]] (Maharani Of Gondwana)
# [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya|Rani Durgavati Vishwavidhyalaya]] (University)
# [[Jabalpur]]
# [[Mandla]] (Ramnagar Fort Mandla)

== External Links ==

# https://www.mptourism.com/
# https://tourism.mp.gov.in/
# https://www.google.com/search?q=rani+durgavati+fort&oq=rani+&aqs=chrome.1.69i59l3j69i57j35i39j69i60l3.3436j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
# https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-president-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-renovation-of-fort
# https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/amazing-fort-of-queen-45-km-long-tunnel-and-gold-coins-with-paras-6699486/

User:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-26T11:01:00Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Added Information

'''Engineer''' by ''profession'', ''Understand'' '''Science''' well, ''little weak'' in '''vocabulary''' , '''Still Learning.''' ''Faccinated by'' '''Indian History.'''

== Pages Created ==
# [[Rani Durgavati Fort]]
# [[Information Technology Rules, 2021]]
# [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
# [[Anna Hazare]]
# [[Mrityunjay Singh]]
# [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
# [[Sound Engineer]]
# [[Youtube]]
# [[Adarsh Sahu]]

Information Technology Rules, 2021

2021-05-26T10:52:47Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created Article

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code
| long_title = Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
| citation = [https://web.archive.org/web/20210226232352/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/225464.pdf via The Gazette of India]
| date_commenced = 25 February 2021
| introduced_by = [[Government of India]]
| status = In Force
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

The '''Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021''' is [[Primary and secondary legislation|secondary or subordinate legislation]] that suppresses [[India]]'s Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011.{{Efn|The IT Act elaborates that intermediaries must observe due diligence while discharging their duties, and also observe such other guidelines as prescribed by the Central Government. Accordingly, the Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011 came into being.|name=|group=}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Internet Freedom|date=27 February 2021|title=Explainer: Why India's new rules for social media, news sites are anti-democratic, unconstitutional|url=https://scroll.in/article/988105/explainer-how-indias-new-digital-media-rules-are-anti-democratic-and-unconstitutional|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The 2021 rules have stemmed from section 87 of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] and are a combination of the draft Intermediaries Rules, 2018 and the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] Regulation and Code of Ethics for Digital Media.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Latest Draft Intermediary Rules: Fixing big tech, by breaking our digital rights?|url=https://internetfreedom.in/latest-draft-intermediary-rules-fixing-big-tech-by-breaking-our-digital-rights/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Internet Freedom Foundation}}</ref><ref>[https://meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Draft_Intermediary_Amendment_24122018.pdf <nowiki>The Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018</nowiki>]. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2021|title=Analysis of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021|url=https://sflc.in/analysis-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=SFLC.in|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Central Government of India]] along with the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] (MeitY) and the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (MIB) have coordinated in the development of the rules.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dalmia|first=Vijay Pal|date=4 March 2021|title=Information Technology (Guidelines For Intermediaries And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/social-media/1042586/information-technology-guidelines-for-intermediaries-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.mondaq.com}}</ref>

Intermediaries had until 25 May 2021 to comply with the rules.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 May 2021|title=WhatsApp moves Delhi High Court against IT Intermediary Rules 2021 mandating it to trace first originator of information|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/whatsapp-moves-delhi-high-court-against-it-intermediary-rules-2021-trace-originator-information|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Bar and Bench|language=en}}</ref>

These rules have been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000]] and in supersession of the earlier Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700749|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==

* '''2018'''

The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] Of India(SC) had observed that the Government of India may frame necessary guidelines to eliminate child pornography, rape and gangrape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2018-12-25|title=Govt.’s draft rules to regulate social media echo SC orders|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govts-draft-rules-to-regulate-social-media-echo-sc-orders/article25828880.ece|access-date=2021-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the Monsoon session of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 2018 a [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]] on “Misuse of social media platforms and spreading of fake news” was admitted. The [[Ravi Shankar Prasad|Minister for Electronics and IT]], accordingly made a detailed statement of the "resolve of the Government to strengthen the legal framework and make the social media platforms accountable under the law". MeitY then prepared the draft Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2018 to replace the 2011 rules.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comments / suggestions invited on Draft of "The Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018|url=https://meity.gov.in/content/comments-suggestions-invited-draft-%E2%80%9C-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines|website=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref> The [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] provided that intermediaries are protected liabilities in some cases.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Analysis Of The Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018 - Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment - India|url=http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/794624/Social+Media/Analysis+Of+The+Information+Technology+Intermediaries+Guidelines+Amendment+Rules+2018|access-date=2020-01-04|website=www.mondaq.com}}</ref> The draft 2018 Rules sought to elaborate the liabilities and responsibilities of the intermediaries in a better way.<ref name=":2" /> Further the draft Rules have been made "in order to prevent spreading of fake news, curb obscene information on the internet, prevent misuse of social-media platforms and to provide security to the users."<ref name=":2" /> The move followed a notice issued to [[WhatsApp]] in July 2018, warning it against helping to spread fake news and look on as a "mute spectator".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sonkar|first1=Siddharth|last2=Tarafder|first2=Agnidipto|date=2018-12-26|title=Unclear understanding of 'unlawful content' may end up curbing free speech|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/unclear-understanding-of-unlawful-content-may-end-up-curbing-free-speech-118122600084_1.html|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

In relation to the [[Prajwala|Prajawala]] case, on 11 December 2018, the Supreme Court of India observed that "the Government of India may frame the necessary Guidelines / SOP and implement them within two weeks so as to eliminate child pornography, rape and gang rape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications." Further a parliamentary report laid in 2020 studied the effect of pornography on children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=25 February 2021|others=Ministry of Electronics & IT|title=Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700749|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prajwala Letter Suo Moto Writ Petition (CRL) No(s). 3/2015|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/80437106/|url-status=live|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

On 5 January 2019 a government open house was held to discuss the Rules.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-01-02|title=Government to hold open house on intermediary guidelines on January 5; publish comments online|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-to-hold-open-house-on-intermediary-guidelines-on-january-5-publish-comments-online/articleshow/67351763.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref> Further, ten days were given for counter comments, until 28 January.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Legal 'hole' in online draft|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/legal-hole-in-online-draft/cid/1680810|access-date=2020-01-04|website=Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref> On 21 September 2019 the Centre informed the [[Madras High Court]] bench under Justice [[M Sathyanarayanan]] that deliberations on the Draft Rules 2018 had been completed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=2019-09-21|title=Draft rules to regulate social media ready: Government|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/draft-rules-to-regulate-social-media-ready-government/article29472398.ece|access-date=2020-01-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Facebook]] wrote a plea to transfer the matter to the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=T.|first=Prashant Reddy|date=28 December 2018|title=Liability, Not Encryption, Is What India's New Intermediary Regulations Are Trying to Fix|url=https://thewire.in/government/liability-not-encryption-is-what-indias-new-intermediary-regulations-are-trying-to-fix|access-date=2020-01-04|website=The Wire|quote=Author is a Senior Resident Fellow at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, New Delhi.}}</ref>

MeitY had invited comments on proposed amendments early in 2019. The amendments were seen by many to "overstep the aforesaid intention sparking concerns of violating free speech and privacy rights of individuals."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kittane|first=Purushotham|date=15 March 2019|title=Under India's New Intermediary Rules, Fundamental Rights Take Backstage|url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/under-indias-new-intermediary-rules-fundamental-rights-take-backstage/|access-date=2020-01-04|website=OHRH, [[Faculty of Law, University of Oxford]]}}</ref> It is seen that "the guidelines suffer with excessive delegation of powers and shift the burden of responsibility of identification of unlawful content from a government/ judiciary to intermediaries."<ref>Consumer Unity and Trust Society (2019) "[https://cuts-ccier.org/pdf/Counter_comments_on_the_submissions_made_to_meity_on_draft_of_the_information_technology_intermediary_guidelines_rules2018.pdf Counter Comments On The Submissions Received By Ministry Of Electronics And Information Technology On ‘The Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018’]"</ref> A total of 171 comments were received by MeitY; all of the comments were published for counter comments.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=21 October 2019|title=Stricter social media regulations in India to be finalised in three months: MeitY- Technology News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/stricter-social-media-regulations-in-india-to-be-finalised-in-three-months-meity-7532091.html|access-date=2020-01-04|website=Firstpost Tech2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Arindrajit|date=19 February 2019|title=Resurrecting the marketplace of ideas|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/resurrecting-the-marketplace-of-ideas/article26313605.ece|access-date=2020-01-04|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> On 21 October 2019, MeitY asked the court for three months’ time for finalisation of the Intermediary Rules, 2018.<ref name=":4" />

* '''2020'''

An Ad-hoc committee of the Rajya Sabha laid its report after studying the alarming issue of pornography on social media and its effect on children and society as a whole and recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such contents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700749|access-date=2021-05-26|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The government brought video streaming over-the-top (OTT) platforms under the ambit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-11-11|title=Government to govern Netflix, Amazon Prime and other OTT platforms|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/netflix-amazon-prime-other-ott-platforms-now-under-govt-regulation/article33072710.ece|access-date=2021-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== About ==

=== '''Guidelines for Social Media/Intermediaries:'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Anumeha|last2=Dave|first2=Sachin|title=Aim to comply with India's new social media guidelines, says Facebook|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/aim-to-comply-with-indias-new-social-media-guidelines-facebook/articleshow/82933822.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> ===

* '''''Categories of Social Media Intermediaries''':''
** Based on the number of users, on the social media platform intermediaries have been divided in two groups:
*** Social media intermediaries.
*** Significant social media intermediaries.
* '''''Due Diligence to be Followed by Intermediaries''''':
** In case, due diligence is not followed by the intermediary, safe harbour provisions will not apply to them.
** The safe harbour provisions have been defined under Section 79 of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|IT Act]], and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.
* '''''Grievance Redressal Mechanism is Mandatory:'''''
** Intermediaries shall appoint a Grievance Officer to deal with complaints and share the name and contact details of such officers.
** Grievance Officer shall acknowledge the complaint within twenty four hours and resolve it within fifteen days from its receipt.
* '''''Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users:'''''
** Intermediaries shall remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints of contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images etc.
** Such a complaint can be filed either by the individual or by any other person on his/her behalf.
* '''''Additional Due Diligence for the Significant Social Media Intermediaries:'''''
** Appointments: Need to appoint Chief Compliance Officer, a Nodal Contact Person and a Resident Grievance Officer, all of whom should be resident in India.
** Compliance Report: Need to publish a monthly compliance report mentioning the details of complaints received and action taken on the complaints as well as details of contents removed proactively.
** Enabling Identity of the Originator:
*** Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall enable identification of the first originator of the information.
*** Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order,
*** Or of incitement to an offence relating to the above or in relation with rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material punishable with imprisonment for a term of not less than five years.
* '''''Removal of Unlawful Information:'''''
** An intermediary upon receiving actual knowledge in the form of an order by a court or being notified by the Appropriate Govt. or its agencies through authorized officer should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc.

=== '''Rules for News Publishers and OTT (Over The Top)Platforms and Digital Media''':<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Digital news publishers and OTT Platforms rules: Govt says this about Part III guidelines|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-digital-news-publishers-and-ott-platforms-rules-govt-says-this-about-part-iii-guidelines-153552|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Zee Business}}</ref> ===

* '''For OTT'''
** '''''Self-Classification of Content:'''''
*** The OTT platforms, called as the publishers of online curated content in the rules, would self-classify the content into five age based categories- U (Universal), U/A 7+, U/A 13+, U/A 16+, and A (Adult).
** '''''Parental Lock:'''''
*** Platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content classified as U/A 13+ or higher, and reliable age verification mechanisms for content classified as “A”.
** '''''Display Rating:'''''
*** Shall prominently display the classification rating specific to each content or programme together with a content descriptor informing the user about the nature of the content, and advising on viewer description (if applicable) at the beginning of every programme enabling the user to make an informed decision, prior to watching the programme.
* '''For Publishers of News on Digital Media :'''
** They would be required to observe Norms of Journalistic Conduct of the Press Council of India and the Programme Code under the Cable Television Networks Regulation Act 1995 thereby providing a level playing field between the offline (Print, TV) and digital media.
* '''Grievance Redressal Mechanism:'''
** A three-level grievance redressal mechanism has been established under the rules with different levels of self-regulation.
*** '''''Level-I''''': Self-regulation by the publishers;
*** '''''Level-II''''': Self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers;
*** '''''Level-III''''': Oversight mechanism.
* '''Self-regulation by the Publisher:'''
** Publisher shall appoint a Grievance Redressal Officer based in India who shall be responsible for the redressal of grievances received by it.
** The officer shall take decision on every grievance received by it within 15 days.
* '''Self-Regulatory Body:'''
** There may be one or more self-regulatory bodies of publishers.
** Such a body shall be headed by a retired judge of the SC, a High Court or independent eminent person and have not more than six members.
** Such a body will have to register with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
** This body will oversee the adherence by the publisher to the Code of Ethics and address grievances that have not been resolved by the publisher within 15 days.
* '''Oversight Mechanism:'''
** Ministry of Information and Broadcasting shall formulate an oversight mechanism.
** It shall publish a charter for self-regulating bodies, including Codes of Practices. It shall establish an Inter-Departmental Committee for hearing grievances.

== Concerns ==

=== Concerns over the 2018 draft ===
Various issues have been pointed out with the rules such as restriction of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], unreasonable requirements such as automatic identification and removal of content, and lack of elaboration on how the five million users will be calculated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-01-30|title=Draft Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018|url=http://prsindia.org/billtrack/draft-information-technology-intermediaries-guidelines-amendment-rules-2018|access-date=2020-01-02|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> Questions raised included if "intermediaries" include online media portals, raised by [[Free Software Movement of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/feb/14/do-intermediaries-include-online-media-portals-asks-fsmi-1938603.html|title=Do 'intermediaries' include online media portals, asks FSMI|date=14 February 2019|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> [[Mozilla]] (Firefox), also raised issues with the draft Rules.<ref name=":5" /> [[BSA (The Software Alliance)]] wrote to MeitY to "exclude enterprise cloud service providers" from the scope of the Rules and to remove the filtering obligations.<ref>[[BSA (The Software Alliance)|BSA The Software Alliance]] (31 January 2019). [https://www.bsa.org/files/policy-filings/01312019BSAResponseDraftIntermediaryGuidelinesMeitY.pdf ''<nowiki>BSA Submission on Draft Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018</nowiki>'']</ref>

[[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]] has raised concerns with the draft rules and has asked for changes such as that draft Rule 3(2), Rule 3(4), Rule 3(5), Rule 3(10) be completely deleted.<ref>Gurshabad Grover [[et al]] (31 January 2019). [https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/resources/Intermediary%20Liability%20Rules%202018.pdf Response to the Draft of The Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules<nowiki>]</nowiki> 2018]. [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]]</ref> Divij Joshi, Tech Policy Fellow at Mozilla, also recommends that draft Rule 3(5) be deleted and that "requirement to proactively identify and remove access to all 'unlawful content' is vague and overbroad."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Divij|date=2019|title=Towards a Safer Social Media – Submissions to the Ministry of Information and Technology, Government of India, on the Draft Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3326368|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3326368|issn=1556-5068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet our Fellows|url=https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/fellowships/meet-our-fellows/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Mozilla Foundation|language=en}}</ref>

A joint letter written by a group of experts from research, academia, and media, including [[Faisal Farooqui]], [[Karma Paljor]], [[Nikhil Pahwa]], [[Shamnad Basheer]] and professors from IIM Bangalore and IIT Bombay, and organisations including [[Free Software Foundation Tamil Nadu]], [[Free Software Movement of India]], [[Free Software Movement of Karnataka|Free Software Movement Karnataka]] and [[Software Freedom Law Center|Software Freedom Law Centre]], India, to [[MeitY]], pointed out various issues the Rules could causes such as the traceability requirements interfering with the privacy rights of citizens.{{Efn|Say the rights to privacy enshrined in the [[Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors.|Puttaswamy judgement of the Supreme Court]].|name=|group=}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/draft-information-technology-rules-experts-write-to-meity-highlight-key-concerns/story/317640.html|title=Draft Information Technology rules: Experts write to MeitY, highlight key concerns|last=Khetarpal|first=Sonal|date=6 February 2019|website=Business Today|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Amit Khare, Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has called the rules as a "progressive institutional mechanism".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khare|first=Amit|author-link=Amit Khare|date=2021-03-08|title=Doubts about new IT rules are groundless|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/social-media-it-act-new-rules-modi-govt-control-digital-content-7218741/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Immediately following the publication of the rules, a number of platforms advised creators of caution on the basis of the new rules.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-03-08|title=OTTs tread cautiously, cancel shows|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/otts-tread-on-cautious-ground-axe-shows-11615188592226.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Petitions have been filed challenging the rules with respect to the digital news media.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2021|others=PTI|title=Delhi HC seeks Centre's response on plea challenging new IT Rules|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-hc-seeks-centres-response-on-plea-challenging-new-it-rules/articleshow/81408634.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2021|title=Delhi HC Issues Notice in The Wire's Challenge to New IT Rules|url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-hc-notice-the-wire-petition-challenge-new-it-rules-mk-venu-dhanya-rajendran|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Wire}}</ref>

The Foundation for Independent Journalism editor [[M. K. Venu]] ([[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']]) and ''[[The News Minute]]'' editor [[Dhanya Rajendran]] filed the first case challenging the rules. ''[[LiveLaw]]'', [[The Quint|''The Quint'']] and ''[[Pratidhvani]]'' have challenged the rules in court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=In another challenge to the new IT Rules 2021, Kannada News Portal 'Pratidhvani' files petition|url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/in-another-challenge-to-the-new-it-rules-2021-kannada-news-portal-pratidhvani-files-petition/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Latest Laws|language=en}}</ref>

On 25 May 2021, the last day for intermediaries to comply, WhatsApp sued the Government of India over the rules.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=WhatsApp sues India govt, says new rules mean end to privacy: Report|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/whatsapp-sues-india-govt-says-new-rules-mean-end-to-privacy-report-11621998397369.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Information Technology Act, 2000]]
*[[Personal Data Protection Bill 2019]]
*''[[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]]''

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* (30 Dec 2019). "''[https://www.livemint.com/opinion/quick-edit/opinion-wikipedia-must-stay-open-11577711314184.html Opinion | Wikipedia must stay open]''" [[LiveMint]]
* Torsha Sarkar (12 August 2019). "''[https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cyber-brics-august-12-2019-torsha-sarkar-rethinking-the-intermediary-liability-regime-in-india Rethinking the intermediary liability regime in India]''" [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]]
* Gurshabad Grover [[et al]] (31 January 2019). [https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/resources/Intermediary%20Liability%20Rules%202018.pdf ''Response to the Draft of The Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules<nowiki>]</nowiki> 2018'']. [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]]
* Joshi, Divij (January 31, 2019). ''Towards a Safer Social Media – Submissions to the Ministry of Information and Technology, Government of India, on the Draft Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018''. Available at SSRN: [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3326368] or [http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3326368]
* Asia Internet Coalition (28 January 2019) "[https://aicasia.org/2019/01/28/aic-submits-comments-on-indias-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-amendment-rules-2018/ ''AIC Submits Comments on India’s Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules 2018'']" ([https://aicasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/AIC-Industry-Submission_India-IT-Intermediary-Guidelines-.pdf submission])
* Esya Centre (30 January 2019) "[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bcef7b429f2cc38df3862f5/t/5c5404ce652dea8be05fab84/1549010134834/Esya+Centre+-+Response+to+Draft+Intermediary+Liability+Rules+%28Meity%29.pdf ''Response to the Draft Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules<nowiki>]</nowiki>, 2018'']"
* Consumer Unity and Trust Society (2019) "[https://cuts-ccier.org/pdf/Counter_comments_on_the_submissions_made_to_meity_on_draft_of_the_information_technology_intermediary_guidelines_rules2018.pdf Counter Comments On The Submissions Received By Ministry Of Electronics And Information Technology On ‘The Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018’]"
* Yesha Tshering Paul (14 January 2019) "[https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/fake-news-misguided-policymaking-to-counter-misinformation ''Fake News: Misguided Policymaking To Counter Misinformation'']". BloombergQuint


{{Indian legislation|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Information privacy]]
[[Category:Data laws of Asia]]
[[Category:Data protection]]
[[Category:Law in India]]
[[Category:Computing legislation]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Internet in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:2018 in law]]
[[Category:Medical privacy legislation]]

Jan Lokpal Bill

2021-05-26T09:48:57Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: created page

{{short description|proposed legislative bill in India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]], an anti-corruption Act passed by the parliament of India}}

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
The '''Jan Lokpal Bill''', also referred to as the '''Citizen's Ombudsman Bill''', was a bill drawn up by civil society activists in India seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body to investigate corruption cases.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/what-is-the-jan-lokpal-bill-why-its-important-96600&cp|title=What is the Jan Lokpal Bill, why it's important|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

The Jan Lokpal aimed to deter corruption, compensate citizen grievances, and protect [[whistle-blowers]]. The prefix ''Jan'' (translation: citizens) signifies that these improvements include inputs provided by "ordinary citizens" through an activist-driven, non-governmental public consultation.<ref name="toi_iac">{{cite web|title=Support for Anna Hazare grows online|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/mumbai/29892098_1_anna-hazare-website-caller-tune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/mumbai/29892098_1_anna-hazare-website-caller-tune|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

The word ''Lokpal'' was coined in 1963 by [[L. M. Singhvi]], a member of parliament during a debate.

==Inspiration==
The demand for a Jan Lokpal was inspired by the Hong Kong [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India marcheslka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ws280111SOCIETY_II.asp|work=[[Tehelka]] |date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India should learn a lesson from Hong Kong on tackling corruption|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/news/29858808_1_icac-corruption-transparency|work=The Economic Times |location=India |date=6 August 2011}}</ref> and taken forward by a group of activists that came to be styled by the media as [[Team Anna]].

==Key features==
Some important features of the bill are:<ref name=ndtv/>
# To establish a centre anti-corruption institution called ''Lokpal'', supported by ''[[Lokayukta]]'' at the state level.
# As is the case with the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]], the ''Lokpal'' will be supervised by the [[Cabinet Secretary]] and the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]]. As a result, it will be completely independent of the government and free from ministerial influence in its investigations.
# Members will be appointed by judges, [[Indian Administrative Service]] officers with a clean record, private citizens and constitutional authorities through a transparent and participatory process.
# A selection committee will invite short-listed candidates for interviews, the video recordings of which will thereafter be made public.
# Inquiry has to be completed within 60 days and investigation to be completed within six months. Lokpal shall order an investigation only after hearing the public servant.
# Losses to the government by a corrupt individual will be recovered at the time of conviction.
# [[Whistle-blower]]s who alert the agency to potential corruption cases will also be provided with protection.

== Campaign for passage ==

The first version of the Lokpal Bill drafted by the [[Government of India]] in 2010 was considered ineffective by some anti-corruption activists from civil society,<ref name="FirstOpposition">{{cite news|title=Social activists draft new Lokpal Bill|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_social-activists-draft-new-lokpal-bill_1485559|publisher=DNA|date=24 December 2010}}</ref> who came together to draft a citizen's version of the Lokpal Bill later called the Jan Lokpal.<ref name="FirstOpposition"/> Public awareness drives<ref>{{cite news |title=Drive around Delhi to demand strong Lokpal Bill|url=http://www.sify.com/news/drive-around-delhi-to-demand-strong-lokpal-bill-news-national-ldnuaeejieb.html |newspaper=Sify News |date =9 February 2021 |access-date =5 April 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5xi4nNr1v?url=http://www.sify.com/news/drive-around-delhi-to-demand-strong-lokpal-bill-news-national-ldnuaeejieb.html |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref> and protest marches<ref name=FirstOpposition/> were carried out to campaign for the bill. Public support for the Jan Lokpal Bill draft gathered steam after Anna Hazare announced that he would hold an [[hunger strike|indefinite fast]] from 5 April 2011 for the passing of the Jan Lokpal bill.<ref>{{cite news |title = Anna Hazare announces fast unto death till Jan Lokpal Bill enacted | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/anna-hazare-announces-fast-unto-death-till-jan-lokpal-bill-enacted/articleshow/7868097.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date = 4 April 2011 |access-date =5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/5xi4sP1kB?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/anna-hazare-announces-fast-unto-death-till-jan-lokpal-bill-enacted/articleshow/7868097.cms |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Mumbai to join Hazare's fast today for Jan Lokpal |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-to-join-hazares-fast-today-for-jan-lokpal/771505/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date = 5 April 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/5xi599Dzh?url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-to-join-hazares-fast-today-for-jan-lokpal/771505/ |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref>

To dissuade Hazare from going on an indefinite hunger strike, the Office of the Prime Minister directed the personnel and law ministries to see how the views of social activists could be included in the bill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Find-ways-to-include-activists-opinion-PMO/Article1-671509.aspx |title=Find ways to include activists' opinion: PMO |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314082809/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Find-ways-to-include-activists-opinion-PMO/Article1-671509.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> On 5 April, the [[National Advisory Council]] rejected the Lokpal bill drafted by the government. Union Human Resource Development Minister [[Kapil Sibal]] then met social activists [[Swami Agnivesh]] and [[Arvind Kejriwal]] on 7 April to find ways to bridge differences over the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://truthdive.com/2011/04/07/Hazare-fast-Sibal-meets-Agnivesh-Kejriwal-to-pursue-constructive-dialogue.html |title=Hazare fast: Sibal meets Agnivesh, Kejriwal to pursue constructive dialogue |publisher=TruthDive |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041004/http://truthdive.com/2011/04/07/Hazare-fast-Sibal-meets-Agnivesh-Kejriwal-to-pursue-constructive-dialogue.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> However, no consensus could be reached on 7 April owing to several differences of opinion between the social activists and the Government.

===Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill 2011 in Parliament===
On 27 December 2011, [[Lok Sabha]] Parliament winter session passed the Government's Lokpal as the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill 2011. Before passing this bill, it was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] with key amendments moved. During the 10-hour house debate, a number of opposition parties claimed introduced bill was weak and wanted it withdrawn. Key amendments that were discussed but defeated were following:
* Including corporates, media and NGOs receiving donations
* Bringing CBI under the purview of Lokpal
Amendments that the house agreed upon were:
* Keeping the defence forces and coast guard personnel out of the purview of the anti-graft ombudsman
* Increasing the exemption time of former MPs from five to seven years<ref name="news_ls_passes_lkpb">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-lokpal-bill/892719/|title=Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bil|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

This bill was then presented in Rajya Sabha where it hit a logjam.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758728.ece No vote on Lokpal, Rajya Sabha adjourns abruptly]</ref>

==Criticisms==

===Naïve approach===
The activist bill was criticised as being [[naïve]] in its approach to combating corruption. According to Pratap Bhanu Mehta, President of the Center for Policy Research Delhi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/of-the-few-by-the-few/772773/0|title=Of the few, by the few version|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2011|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> the bill "is premised on an institutional imagination that is at best naïve; at worst subversive of representative democracy". The very concept of a Lokpal concept received criticism from ex [[Human Resource Development]] minister [[Kapil Sibal]] in that it would lack accountability, be oppressive and undemocratic.<ref name=SibalCriticism>[https://archive.today/20130103113142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/india/29721063_1_lokpal-panel-janlokpal-kapil-sibal Jan Lokpal a Frankenstein's monster: Sibal], Abantika Ghosh, TNN, 30 June 2011, NEW DELHI, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ The Times of India]</ref>

===Extra-constitutional===
Kejriwal rejected the claim of Lokpal being extra-constitutional with the explanation that the body will only investigate corruption offences and submit a charge sheet which would then be tried and prosecuted through trial courts and higher courts, and that other bodies with equivalent powers in other matters exist. The bill also lists clear provisions for the Supreme Court to abolish the Lokpal.<ref name="Joyson">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1607789.ece |title=I will fight till death: Anna Hazare|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 April 2011|access-date=12 April 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=Jiby|last=Kattakayam}}</ref>

Despite these clarifications, critics feel that the exact judicial powers of Lokpal are rather unclear in comparison with its investigative powers. The bill<ref>[http://www.annahazare.org/pdf/Jan%20lokpal%20bill%20by%20Expert%20(Eng).pdf Jan Lokpal Bill version 1.8], annahazare.org</ref> requires "...members of Lokpal and the officers in the investigation wing of Lokpal shall be deemed to be police officers". Although some supporters have denied any judicial powers of Lokpal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041556271000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417075219/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041556271000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2011 |title=Opinion: Jan Lokpal bill: addressing concerns |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> the government and some critics have recognised Lokpal to have quasi-judicial powers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parsai |first=Gargi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052465041200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530105008/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052465041200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2011 |title=Lokpal panel postpones sticky issues |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The bill also states that "Lokpal shall have, and exercise the same jurisdiction powers and authority in respect of contempt of itself as a High court has and may exercise, and, for this purpose, the provisions of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 (Central Act 70 of 1971) shall have the effect subject to the modification that the references therein to the High Court shall be construed as including a reference to the Lokpal."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409234626/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-the-jan-lokpal-bill/148401-53.html Full text: The Jan Lokpal Bill], CNN-IBN, 7 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://e-news4u.com/news_details.php?/full/details/jan//lokpal/bill/-/draft/&id=5423 Full details Jan Lokpal Bill – Draft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081240/http://e-news4u.com/news_details.php?%2Ffull%2Fdetails%2Fjan%2F%2Flokpal%2Fbill%2F-%2Fdraft%2F&id=5423 |date=26 April 2012 }}, Saturday, 9 April 2011, e-news4u.com</ref><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/52734312/Lokpal-Bill Lokpal Bill], Jan Lokpal Bill version 1.8,</ref> Review of proceedings and decisions by Lokpal is prevented in the bill by the statement "...no proceedings or decision of the Lokpal shall be liable to be challenged, reviewed, quashed or called in question in any court of ordinary Civil Jurisdiction.". As a result, how the trials will be conducted is unclear in the bill, although the bill outlines requiring judges for special courts, presumably to conduct trials that should be completed within one year. The critics hence express concern that, without judicial review, Lokpal could potentially become an extra-constitutional body with investigative and judicial powers whose decisions cannot be reviewed in regular courts.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708555_1_civil-society-upa-government-rahul-gandhi | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719071138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708555_1_civil-society-upa-government-rahul-gandhi | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 July 2012 | title=Can Lokpal be investigator, prosecutor, jury and judge? |author=Dhananjay Mahapatra| work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 June 2011 }}</ref>

===Scope===
The matter of whether the Indian Prime Minister and higher judiciary should or should not be prosecutable by the Lokpal remains as one of the major issues of dispute. Anna's own nominee for co-chairing the joint panel Justice Verma, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, has expressed his constitutional objections for including the Prime Minister and higher judiciary under Lokpal.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hazare-proposes-justices-verma-hegde-as-chairman-of-lokpal-bill-panel/773523 | title = Hazare proposes Justices Verma, Hegde as chairman of Lokpal Bill panel | newspaper=The Indian Express| date = 8 April 2011}}</ref> According to him, "this would foul with the basic structure of the constitution".<ref>{{cite news| url = http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=&contentId=9571258&programId=1073750974&tabId=1&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ | title = Judiciary, PM should not be under Lokpal: Former CJI | newspaper=Malayala Manorama| date = 26 June 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism from the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation===
In a presentation before the Standing Committee of the Parliament, the Central Bureau of Investigation strongly argued against its vivisection and merger of its anticorruption wing with the Lokpal, noting that this would seriously cripple the core functioning of the bureau and reduce it to irrelevance. An organisation built over last 60 years comprising competent professionals should not be subsumed under Lokpal. Central Bureau of Investigation officers concede that in some sensitive political cases there is interference from the government, but in respect of an overwhelming majority of cases the Central Bureau of Investigation functions well, unfettered and uninfluenced by extraneous considerations. For this reason there is an ever-increasing demand for Central Bureau of Investigation investigations from all over the country in respect of important cases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Functioning of Lokpal and the CBI: Need for Synergy|url=http://www.cbi.nic.in/articles/pdf/FunctioningofLokpal.pdf|publisher=CBI}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Law}}

{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Corruption in India]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org.in/ India Against Corruption]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110626114003/http://www.persmin.nic.in/Lokpal/Lokpal_Bill_Version2.3.pdf Final Version 2.3 under official consideration – redrafted by Ramarao Veluri, available on Govt of India website]

[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]

Anna Hazare

2021-05-26T09:46:05Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created Page

{{short description|Indian activist}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anna Hazare
| image = Anna Hazare on 2nd Oct.JPG
| birth_name = Kisan Baburao Hazare
| caption = Hazare at his village [[Ralegan Siddhi]], Maharashtra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1937|6|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bhingar]], Bombay Province, British India
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| known_for = [[2012 Indian anti-corruption movement|Indian anti-corruption movement – 2012]], [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Indian anti-corruption movement – 2011]], [[#Watershed development programme|Watershed development programmes]], [[Freedom of information|Right to Information]]
| movement = [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Indian anti-corruption movement]], [[Peace movement]]
| other_names = Kisan Baburao Hazare
| mother = Laxmibai Hazare
| father = Baburao Hazare
| awards = {{nowrap|[[Padma Shri]] (1990) [[Padma Bhushan]] (1992)}}
| website = {{URL|www.annahazare.org|Official Website}}
}}

'''Kisan Baburao Hazare''' ({{audio|Kisan Babaurao Hazare.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 15 June 1937), popularly known as '''Anna Hazare''' ({{audio|Anna Hazare.ogg|pronunciation}}), is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish corruption in public life. In addition to organising and encouraging grassroots movements, Hazare frequently conducted hunger strikes to further his causes—a tactic reminiscent, to many, of the work of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14540696|first=Alizeh|last=Kohari| title= Hunger strikes: What can they achieve?|work=BBC News|date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/19/world/asia/19hazare.html|title=Unlikely Echo of Gandhi Inspires Indians to Act|work=The New York Times|date=18 August 2011|first=Jim|last=Yardley|access-date=19 August 2011}}</ref> Hazare also contributed to the development and structuring of [[Ralegan Siddhi]], a village in [[Parner taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar district]], Maharashtra, India. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]]—the third-highest civilian award—by the [[Government of India]] in 1992 for his efforts in establishing this village as a model for others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=410|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423094740/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=410|archive-date=23 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hazare started a [[hunger strike]] on 5 April 2011 to exert pressure on the Indian government to enact a stringent anti-corruption law, [[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]] as envisaged in the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]], for the institution of an [[ombudsman]] with the power to deal with corruption in public places. The fast led to nationwide protests in support. The fast ended on 9 April 2011, a day after the government accepted Hazare's demands. The government issued a gazette notification on the formation of a joint committee, consisting of government and civil society representatives, to draft the legislation.<ref name="India activist Anna Hazare ends hunger strike">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13022337|title=India activist Anna Hazare ends hunger strike|date=9 April 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=9 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409035009/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13022337|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Govt issues notification on committee to draft Lokpal Bill">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1637935.ece|title=Govt issues notification on committee to draft Lokpal Bill|agency=Press Trust of India|date=9 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 April 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213950/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1637935.ece|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Foreign Policy magazine|Foreign Policy]]'' named him among top 100 global thinkers in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,30|title=Foreign Policy top 100 global thinkers|work=Foreign Policy|date=30 November 2011|access-date=30 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230008/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,30|archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Also in 2011, Hazare was ranked as the most influential person in [[Mumbai]] by a national daily newspaper.<ref name="The DNA power list: Top 50 influentials">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow_the-dna-power-list-top-50-influentials_1570626#top|title=The DNA power list: Top 50 influentials|date=29 July 2011|publisher=DNA|access-date=30 July 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref> He has faced criticism for his authoritarian views on justice, including death as punishment for corrupt public officials and his alleged support for forced [[vasectomy|vasectomies]] as a method of family planning.<ref name="The Open Magazine">{{cite news|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/spare-us-the-gandhian-halo|title=Spare Us the Gandhian Halo|author=Hartosh Singh Bal|work=[[The Open Magazine]]|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo! News">{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/blogs/opinions/rorschach-effect-indian-politics-053923332.html|title=The Rorschach Effect in Indian Politics|author=Amit Varma|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kisan Baburao Hazare was born on 15 June 1937<ref>{{cite news|title=Happy birthday Anna Hazar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-happy-birthday-anna-hazare-1555329|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=DNA News India|date=15 June 2011}}</ref> (some sources say 15 January 1940<ref>* {{cite book|title=Making a difference |last=Alphons |first=K. J. |lccn=96902754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd3sAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=181|isbn=9780670870875 }}</ref>) in [[Bhingar]], near [[Ahmednagar]]. He was the eldest son of Baburao Hazare and Laxmi Bai. He has two sisters and four brothers. He later adopted the name ''Anna'', which in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] means "elder person" or "father".

His father worked as an unskilled labourer in Ayurveda Ashram Pharmacy<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Arvind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2lwBgAAQBAJ&q=Anna+hazare+father+Ayurveda&pg=PP3|title=Anna Hazare|date=January 0101|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5186-112-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-20|title=Anna Hazare: In the footsteps of Gandhi|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/anna-hazare-in-the-footsteps-of-gandhi-2340759.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> and struggled to support the family financially. In time, the family moved to their ancestral village of [[Ralegan Siddhi]], where they owned a small amount of agricultural land. A relative took on the burden of providing Kisan with an education, taking him to Mumbai because the village had no primary school. The relative became unable financially to continue the support and Kisan's schooling ended in the Standard Seventh grade; his siblings never attended school.<ref name=Satpathy2008p12/> He started selling flowers at the [[Dadar]] railway station in Mumbai and eventually managed to own two flower shops in the city.<ref name="times">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anna-hazare-the-guest-editor/top-headlines/I-was-re-born-in-the-battlefield-of-Khem-Karan/articleshow/8002771.cms|title=I was re-born in the battlefield of Khem Karan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 April 2011|access-date=17 April 2011|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit}}</ref> He also became involved in vigilantism, joining groups who acted to prevent landlords' thugs from intimidating the poor out of their shelter.<ref name=Seabrook1993p110/>

==Military service==
Hazare was drafted into the [[Indian Army]] in April 1960, where he initially worked as an army truck driver and was later attested as a soldier.<ref name="govindubiography">{{cite web|last=Govindu|first=Venu Madhav|title=Anna Hazare – a biography|url=http://www.cfar.umd.edu/~venu/ANNA/anna.html|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> He undertook army training at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name=Satpathy2008p12>{{cite book|first1=Trishna|last1=Satpathy|first2=Aasha Kapur|last2=Mehta|date=September 2008|title=Escaping poverty: the Ralegan Siddhi case|publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA)|location=Hyderabad|issue=119|page=12|isbn=978-1-906433-20-8|url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009052749/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2011|access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Hazare was posted at the border in the [[Khem Karan]] sector. He was the sole survivor of an enemy attack—variously claimed to have been a bomb, an aerial assault and an exchange of fire at the border—while he was driving a truck.<ref name=Satpathy2008p12/><ref name="times"/><ref name="gosling">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionecologyi0000gosl|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionecologyi0000gosl/page/64 64]–6|title=Religion and ecology in India and Southeast Asia|last=Gosling|first=David L.|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-415-24031-X|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> The experiences of wartime, coupled with the poverty from which he had come, affected him. He considered suicide at one point but instead turned to pondering the meaning of life and death.<ref name=Satpathy2008p12/> He said of the truck attack, "[It] sent me thinking. I felt that God wanted me to stay alive for some reason. I was reborn in the battlefield of Khem Karan. And I decided to dedicate my new life to serving people."<ref name="times"/> At a book stand in New Delhi railway station, he came across [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s booklet "Call to the youth for nation building" which inspired him to think deeper. He spent his spare time reading the works of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Gandhi]], and [[Vinoba Bhave]].<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-07/india/29392266_1_indefinite-hunger-delays-in-government-offices-anna-hazare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412200659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-07/india/29392266_1_indefinite-hunger-delays-in-government-offices-anna-hazare|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Anna Hazare: The man who can't be ignored|date=7 April 2011}}</ref> In a blog post, Hazare expressed his views on [[Kashmir]] by saying that it was his "active conviction that Kashmir is an integral part of India" and that if required once again for service, he would remain "ready to take part in war against Pakistan."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/277240/ready-to-take-part-in-war-against-pakistan-if-needed-hazare/|title=Ready to take part in war against Pakistan if needed: Hazare|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=19 October 2011|access-date=19 October 2011}}</ref>

During his fifteen-year career in the army (1960–75),<ref name="govindubiography" /> Anna Hazare was posted at several locations, including [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ([[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo Pak war 1965]]), [[Nagaland]], [[Bombay]] (1971) and [[Jammu]] (1974)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopal Kadekodi|first=N.Antia|title=Dynamics of Rural Development: Lessons from Ralegan Siddhi|year=2002|publisher=Foundation for Research in Community Health|location=Bombay}}</ref>

During the Indo pak war, Hazare survived a road crash while driving for the army. He interpreted his survival as a further sign that his life was intended to be dedicated to service.<ref name=Seabrook1993p110>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb804ulCzSMC&pg=PA109|page=110|title=Victims of Development: Resistance and Alternatives|last=Seabrook|first=Jeremy|publisher=Verso|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-86091-385-6|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> He had another escape in Nagaland, where one night, underground Naga rebels attacked his post and killed all the inmates. He had a miraculous escape as he had gone out to return nature's call and hence turned out to be the lone survivor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dashrath Panmand|first=Ramesh Awasthi|title=Dynamics of Rural Development: Lessons from Ralegan Siddhi|year=1994|publisher=Foundation for Research in Community Health|location=Mumbai|url=http://www.cfar.umd.edu/~venu/ANNA/anna.html}}</ref>

Official records show that he was honourably discharged in 1975 after completing 12 years of service.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106045414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-21/india/29911427_1_anna-hazare-rti-activist-indian-army Anna didn't desert Army: RTI] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

==Transformation of Ralegan Siddhi==
Hazare returned to [[Ralegan Siddhi]], a village then described by Satpathy and Mehta as "one of the many villages of India plagued by acute poverty, deprivation, a fragile ecosystem, neglect and hopelessness."<ref name=Satpathy2008p9>{{cite book|first1=Trishna|last1=Satpathy|first2=Aasha Kapur|last2=Mehta|date=September 2008|title=Escaping poverty: the Ralegan Siddhi case|publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA)|location=Hyderabad|issue=119|page=9|isbn=978-1-906433-20-8|url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009052749/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2011|access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

Although most of the villagers owned some land, cultivation was extremely difficult due to the rocky ground preventing retention of the [[monsoon]] rains, this situation was worsened by gradual environmental deterioration as trees were cut down, [[erosion]] spread and droughts were also experienced. The shortage of water also led to disease from unsanitary conditions and water reuse for multiple purposes. The economy of the village had become reliant on the illegal manufacture and sale of alcohol, a product on which many of the villagers had become dependent. Many inhabitants borrowed from [[moneylender]]s to survive, paying monthly interest rates of as much as 10%. Crime and violence (including domestic violence) had become commonplace, while education and employment opportunities were poor.<ref name=Seabrook1993p110/><ref name=Satpathy2008pp10-11>{{cite book|first1=Trishna|last1=Satpathy|first2=Aasha Kapur|last2=Mehta|date=September 2008|title=Escaping poverty: the Ralegan Siddhi case|publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA)|location=Hyderabad|issue=119|pages=10–11|isbn=978-1-906433-20-8|url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009052749/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2011|access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Anna with gandhi.JPG|thumb|Anna with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] statue in [[Ralegan Siddhi]]]]

Hazare was relatively wealthy because of the [[gratuity]] from his army service. He set about using that money to restore a run-down, vandalised village temple as a focal point for the community. Some were able to respond with small financial donations but many other villagers, particularly among the elderly, donated their labour in a process that became known as ''shramdaan''. Some youths also became involved in the work and these he organised into a ''Tarun Mandal'' (Youth Association). One of the works of Vivekananda which he had read was ''Call to the youth for nation building''.<ref name=Satpathy2008pp12-13>{{cite book|first1=Trishna|last1=Satpathy|first2=Aasha Kapur|last2=Mehta|date=September 2008|title=Escaping poverty: the Ralegan Siddhi case|publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre of Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA)|location=Hyderabad|issue=119|pages=12–13|isbn=978-1-906433-20-8|url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009052749/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/127255/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f0bdd4a1-2df8-498c-9515-66d6e87fe5c4%2Fen/WP119_KapurMehta-Satpathy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2011|access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

===Prohibition of alcohol===
Hazare and the youth group decided to take up the issue of alcoholism to drive a process of reform. At a meeting conducted in the temple, the villagers resolved to close down liquor dens and ban alcohol in the village. Since these resolutions were made in the temple, they became, in a sense, religious commitments. Over thirty liquor brewing units voluntarily closed their establishments. Those who did not succumb to social pressure were forced to close their businesses when the youth group smashed their premises. The owners could not complain as their businesses were illegal.<ref name=Seabrook1993p250>{{cite book|last=Seabrook|first=Jeremy|title=Victims of Development: Resistance and Alternatives|publisher=Verso|year=1993|page=250|isbn=0-86091-385-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb804ulCzSMC&pg=PA260}}</ref>

Once 3 drunken villagers were tied to pillars and then [[Flagellation|flogged]], personally by Hazare with his army belt. He justified this punishment by stating that "rural India was a harsh society",<ref name="Why God Saved Anna Hazare">{{cite journal|url=http://www.readersdigest.co.in/anna-hazare?page=2 |title=Why God Saved Anna Hazare |publisher=The Reader's Digest Association |last=Sivanand |first=Mohan |year=1986 |access-date=1 August 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019184312/http://readersdigest.co.in/anna-hazare?page=2 |archive-date=19 October 2011 }}</ref> and that

{{quote|Doesn't a mother administer bitter medicines to a sick child when she knows that the medicine can cure her child? The child may not like the medicine, but the mother does it only because she cares for the child. The alcoholics were punished so that their families would not be destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110416/jsp/opinion/story_13857544.jsp|title=Unreal Remedies – The best solution is to let existing systems start functioning again| work=The Telegraph|last=Datta-Ray|first=Sunanda|location=Calcutta|date=16 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926122659/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/unreal-remedies-the-best-solution-is-to-let-existing-systems-start-functioning-again/cid/409420|archive-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>}}

Hazare appealed to the government of [[Maharashtra]] to pass a law whereby prohibition would come into force in a village if 25% of the women in the village demanded it. In 2009 the state government amended the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 to reflect this.<ref name="Anna Hazare, our one, big hope, and why he can do it"/>

It was decided to ban the sale of tobacco, cigarettes, and [[beedi]]es (an unfiltered cigarette where the tobacco is rolled in [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]], also known as [[Diospyros melanoxylon|Coromandel ebony]], leaves instead of paper) in the village. To implement this resolution, the youth group performed a unique "[[Holi]]" ceremony twenty two years ago.{{when|date=April 2011}} The festival of Holi is celebrated as a symbolic burning of evil. The youth group brought all the tobacco, cigarettes, and beedies from the shops in the village and burnt them in a Holi fire. Tobacco, cigarettes, or beedies are no longer sold.<ref name="Anna Hazare: India's pioneering social activist">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13017897|title=Anna Hazare: India's pioneering social activist|last=Sharma|first=Kalpana|date=8 April 2011|publisher=BBC|access-date=9 April 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="Hazare hails govt move to ban gutkha">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970709/19050843.html|title=Hazare hails govt move to ban gutkha|author=United News of India|date=9 July 1997|work=The Indian Express|access-date=9 April 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

=== Grain Bank ===
In 1980, Hazare started the Grain Bank at the temple, with the objective of providing food security to needy farmers during times of drought or crop failure. Rich farmers, or those with surplus grain production, could donate a [[quintal]] to the bank. In times of need, farmers could borrow the grain, but they had to return the amount of grain they borrowed, plus an additional quintal as an interest. This ensured that nobody in the village ever went hungry or had to borrow money to buy grain. This also prevented distress sales of grain at lower prices at harvest time.<ref name=Satpathy2008p12/>

===Watershed development programme===
Ralegan Siddhi is located in the foothills, so Hazare persuaded villagers to construct a [[Catchment basin|watershed]] embankment and associated works to stop water and allow it to percolate and increase the ground water level and improve [[irrigation]] in the area. These efforts solved the problem of water scarcity in the village and made irrigation possible.<ref name=Seabrook1993p110/><ref name="toi1"/>

Cultivation of water-intensive crops like [[sugarcane]] was banned. Crops such as [[pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[oilseed]]s, and certain cash crops with low water requirements replaced them. The farmers started growing high-yield varieties and changed cropping pattern. Hazare has helped farmers of more than 70 villages in drought-prone regions in the state of Maharashtra since 1975.<ref name="Activist fights Indian Corruption">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bQ4pAAAAIBAJ&pg=6114,4477966|title=Activist fights Indian Corruption|agency=Associated Press|date=1 December 1996|newspaper=Southeast Missourian|access-date=7 April 2011|location=Ralegan Siddhi}}</ref> When Hazare came to Ralegan Siddhi in 1975 only {{convert|70|acres}} of land was irrigated, Hazare converted it into about {{convert|2500|acres}}.<ref name=Seabrook1993p250 />

===Education===
In 1932, [[Ralegan Siddhi]] got its first formal school, a single classroom primary school.{{clarify|reason=this seems to contradict other sources cited earlier, which explain why AH had to be schooled in Mumbai|date=September 2011}} In 1962, the villagers added more classrooms through community volunteer efforts. By 1971, out of an estimated population of 1,209, only 30.43% were literate (72 women and 290 men). Boys moved to the nearby towns of [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] and [[Parner]] to pursue higher education, but girls were limited to primary education. Hazare, along with the youth of Ralegan Siddhi, worked to increase literacy rates and education levels. In 1976 they started a pre-school and a high school in 1979. The villagers formed a [[charitable trust]], the ''Sant Yadavbaba Shikshan Prasarak Mandal'', which was registered in 1979.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

===Removal of untouchability===
The social barriers and discrimination that existed due to the [[caste system in India]] have been largely eliminated by Ralegan Siddhi villagers. It was Hazare's moral leadership that motivated and inspired the villagers to shun [[Dalit|untouchability]] and caste discrimination. Marriages of [[Dalit]]s are held as part of community marriage program together with those of other castes. The Dalits have become integrated into the social and economic life of the village. The upper caste villagers built houses for the lower caste Dalits by ''shramdaan'' and helped to repay their loans.<ref name="DEVELOPMENT WITH EQUITY">{{cite web|url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~venu/ANNA/withequity.html|title=Development with Equity|author1=Ramesh Awasthi |author2=Dashrath K. Panmand |publisher=University of Maryland|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Moving the masses Anna's way">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/newmanager/article2040275.ece|title=Moving the masses Anna's way|work=Business Line|access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Globalization, liberalisation, and environmentalism">{{cite book|last=Poddar|first=Ganeshdatta|title=Globalization, liberalization, and environmentalism|publisher=Rawat Publications |year=2009|pages=262 pages|isbn=978-81-316-0109-9|url=http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=Dalits+in+Ralegan+Siddhi&oq=Dalits+in+Ralegan+Siddhi&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=91589l94266l0l95035l5l5l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0|access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

===Gram Sabha===
The [[Gandhian philosophy]] on rural development considers the [[Gram panchayat|Gram Sabha]] as an important democratic institution for collective decision-making in the villages of India.<ref name="marothia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_z4vcGrGmwC&pg=PA122|title=Institutionalizing Common Pool Resources|last=Marothia|first=Dinesh K.|pages=122=8|year=2002|publisher=Concept Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7022-981-2|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Hazare campaigned between 1998 and 2006 for amending the Gram Sabha Act, so that villagers have a say in the village's development. The state government initially refused, but eventually gave in to public pressure. It became mandatory to seek the sanction of the Gram Sabha (an assembly of all village adults, and not just the few elected representatives in the gram panchayat) for expenditures on development works in the village.<ref name="Anna Hazare, our one, big hope, and why he can do it">{{cite news|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/anna-hazare-our-one-big-hope-and-why-he-can-do-it/15399.html|title=Anna Hazare, our one, big hope, and why he can do it|last=Deshmukh|first=Vinita|date=7 April 2011|publisher=Moneylife|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>

==Activism==
===Anti-corruption protests in Maharashtra===

[[File:Anna-Cap1.JPG|right|thumb|Anna Hazare's supporter's cap which reads "I am Anna Hazare"]]
In 1991 Hazare launched the Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA, People's Movement against Corruption), a popular movement to fight against corruption<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/134525/people-against-corruption/the-story-of-social-activist-anna-hazare.html|title=The rise and rise of Anna Hazare|date=6 April 2011|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> in Ralegaon Siddhi. In the same year he protested against the collusion between 40 forest officials and timber merchants. This protest resulted in the transfer and suspension of these officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?271254|title=Wielding The Broom|author=Raman, Anuradha|author2=Smruti Koppikar|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=18 April 2011}}</ref>

In May 1997 Hazare protested alleged malpractice in the purchase of powerlooms by the Vasantrao Naik Bhathya Vimukt Jhtra Governor [[P. C. Alexander]].<ref name="ia2">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970521/14150313.html |title=Hazare trains guns on Gholap |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 May 1997|access-date=8 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411003148/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970521/14150313.html |archive-date=11 April 2011 }}</ref> On 4 November 1997 Gholap filed a defamation suit against Hazare for accusing him of corruption. He was arrested in April 1998 and was released on a personal bond of {{INRConvert|5000||−1}}.<ref name="ia4">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27926/ |title=Hazare released on bond in Gholap case |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 April 1998|access-date=8 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134450/http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27926/ |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> On 9 September 1998 Hazare was imprisoned in the Yerawada Jail to serve a three-month sentence mandated by the Mumbai Metropolitan Court.<ref name="gosling"/><ref name="ia1">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980910/25350544.html |title=Anna Hazare sentenced to three months imprisonment |date=10 September 1998|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121101353/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980910/25350544.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref> The sentencing caused leaders of all political parties except the BJP and the Shiv Sena to support him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hazare sentenced|url=http://downtoearth.org.in/node/22490|work=Anna Hazare sentenced|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Later, due to public protests, the Government of Maharashtra ordered his release. Hazare wrote a letter to then chief minister [[Manohar Joshi]] demanding Gholap's removal for his role in alleged malpractices in the Awami Merchant Bank.<ref name="ia3">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981212/34650614.html |title=Hazare wants Gholap sacked |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 December 1998|access-date=8 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134438/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981212/34650614.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Gholap resigned from the cabinet on 27 April 1999.<ref name="ia5">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990428/ipo28060.html |title=Snap polls woke Rane up to sack Gholap |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 April 1999|last=Marpakwar |first=Prafulla |access-date=10 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121101400/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990428/ipo28060.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>

In 2003 corruption charges were raised by Hazare against four NCP ministers of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365095&catid=36 |title=Pawar-Hazare rivalry revived |date=6 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501061834/http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365095&catid=36 |archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> He started his [[fast unto death]] on 9 August 2003. He ended his fast on 17 August 2003 after then chief minister [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]] formed a one-man commission headed by the retired justice [[P. B. Sawant]] to probe his charges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/17anna.htm|title=Anna Hazare ends protest fast|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 August 2003|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> The P. B. Sawant commission report, submitted on 23 February 2005, indicted [[Sureshdada Jain]], Nawab Malik, and [[Padamsinha Bajirao Patil|Padmasinh Patil]]. The report exonerated Vijaykumar Gavit. Jain and Malik resigned from the cabinet in March 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-11/mumbai/27840291_1_minister-nawab-malik-anna-hazare|title=Nawab Malik is second NCP minister to quit|date=11 March 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 April 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Three trusts headed by Anna Hazare were also indicted in the P. B. Sawant commission report. {{INRConvert|220000||−1}} spent by the ''Hind Swaraj Trust'' for Anna Hazare's birthday celebrations was concluded by the commission as illegal and amounting to a corrupt practice,<ref name="india today">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/modi-remark-congress-slams-anna-hazare/1/135497.html|title=Congress continues to target Anna Hazare on Narendra Modi remark|work=India Today|date=17 April 2011|author=Joshi, Poornima|author2=Kavita Chowdhury |author3= Sangeeth Sebastian Kurien|access-date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Justice Sawant Report">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/savantCommission.pdf?q=sawant |title=Report: Justice P. B. Sawant Commission of Inquiry |publisher=Government of Maharashtra website |pages=256–372 |access-date=8 June 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125080539/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/savantCommission.pdf?q=sawant |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> though Abhay Firodia, an industrialist subsequently donated {{INRConvert|248000||−1}} to the trust for that purpose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-29/pune/27151490_1_hind-swaraj-trust-anna-hazare-p-b-sawant-commission|title=Trust funds used for Hazare's birthday: Jain|date=29 June 2004|last=Damle|first=Manjiri Madhav|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 April 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The setting apart of 11 acres of its land by the trust in favour of the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] without obtaining permission from the charity commissioner was concluded as a case of maladministration. The commission also concluded that the maintenance of accounts of the ''Bhrashtachar Virodhi Janandolan Trust'' after 10 November 2001 had not been according to the rules and {{INRConvert|46374||−1}} spent by the ''Sant Yadavbaba Shikshan Prasarak Mandal Trust'' for renovating a temple thwarted its object of imparting secular education.<ref name="india today"/><ref name="Justice Sawant Report"/>

===Right to Information movement===
In the early 2000s Hazare led a movement in Maharashtra state which forced the state government to enact a revised Maharashtra Right to Information Act. This Act was later considered as the base document for the [[Right to Information Act]] 2005 (RTI), enacted by the Union Government. It also ensured that the President of India assented to this new Act.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSaXTqOv6rAC&q=Anna+Hazare+RTI+movement&pg=PA24|title=The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World|page=24|last=Florini|first=Ann|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-14158-1|access-date=20 August 2011|year=2007}}</ref>

On 20 July 2006 the Union Cabinet amended the Right to Information Act 2005 to exclude the file noting by the government officials from its purview. Hazare began his [[fast unto death]] on 9 August 2006 in [[Alandi]] against the proposed amendment. He ended his fast on 19 August 2006, after the government agreed to change its earlier decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-19/india/27813455_1_rti-amendment-anna-hazare-anti-corruption-crusader|title=Anna Hazare calls off fast on RTI amendment|date=19 August 2006|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 April 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Regulation of Transfers and Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act===
Before 2006 in the state of Maharashtra, honest government officers were transferred to other places according to ministerial wish, while some corrupt and favoured officials stayed put for decades. Hazare fought for a law whereby a government servant must clear files within a specified time, and transfers must take place only after three years. After many years of Hazare's efforts, on 25 May 2006 Maharashtra announced the Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act 2006. This act provided for disciplinary action against officials who clear files slowly, and enabled monitoring of officials who overstay a post, and for involvement in a corrupt nexus.

This act mandated the government to effect transfers of all government officers and employees, except Class IV workers, no sooner and no later than three years, except in emergency or exceptional circumstances. Maharashtra was the first state to introduce such an act.<ref name="Anna Hazare, our one, big hope, and why he can do it"/> However, this law was not fully followed.<ref name="Practise existing laws first: Anna Hazare">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Practise-existing-laws-first-Anna-Hazare/Article1-662898.aspx |title=Practise existing laws first: Anna Hazare |last=Chavan |first=Prajakta |date=16 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 June 2011|location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Practise-existing-laws-first-Anna-Hazare/Article1-662898.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="State all set to scrap MAT">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-29/mumbai/28314355_1_transfer-orders-tribunals-official-duties-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826002942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-29/mumbai/28314355_1_transfer-orders-tribunals-official-duties-act|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2012|title=State all set to scrap MAT|last=Marpakwar|first=Prafulla|date=29 July 2010|access-date=9 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

=== Campaign against liquor from food grains ===
Article 47 of India's Constitution commits the State to raise the standard of living, improve public health and prohibit the consumption of [[intoxicant|intoxicating]] drinks and drugs injurious to health.<ref>{{Harvnb|Basu|2003|p=459}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|title=Shorter Constitution of India|last=Basu|first=Durga Das|year=2003|edition=13th|place=Nagpur|publisher=Wadhwa & Co|isbn=978-81-8038-206-2|page=1972}}</ref><ref name="मद्यनिर्मितीला प्रोत्साहन देणारे धोरण घटनाबाह्य">{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5687728.cms|title=मद्यनिर्मितीला प्रोत्साहन देणारे धोरण घटनाबाह्य|date=16 March 2010|work=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=12 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

In 2007 Maharashtra rolled out a policy aimed to encourage production of alcohol from food grain to fill the rising demand for industrial alcohol and liquor. It issued 36 licences for distilleries for making alcohol from food grain.<ref name="मद्यनिर्मितीला प्रोत्साहन देणारे धोरण घटनाबाह्य"/>

Anna Hazare opposed the government's policy to promote making liquor from food grain. He argued that Maharashtra had to import food, so producing liquor from food grain was inappropriate.<ref name="Maharashtra urged to scrap permits for grain-based distilleries, There is no law to scrap the licences, says Principal Secretary">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article445165.ece|title=Maharashtra urged to scrap permits for grain-based distilleries, There is no law to scrap the licences, says Principal Secretary|date=3 June 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 June 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=Rahi|last=Gaikwad}}</ref> One State minister, Laxman Dhoble said that those opposing the use of food grain for the production of liquor were anti-farmer, and that opponents should be beaten with sugarcane sticks.<ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5409624.cms ढोंबळेंनी मागितली माफी] Maharashtra Times(Marathi)4 January 2010,</ref><ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nD1wpQg0jEA|title=Laxman Dhoble- "people should be beaten up with sugarcane sticks"|via=YouTube|date=4 January 2010|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

Hazare began fasting at [[Shirdi]], but on 21 March 2010 the government promised to review the policy and Anna ended his 5-day fast.<ref name="धान्यापासून दारू नाही!">{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5707395.cms|title=धान्यापासून दारू नाही!|date=21 March 2010|work=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=11 June 2011|location=shirdi}}</ref> But the government later granted 36 licences and grants of {{INRConvert|10|}} (per litre of alcohol) to politicians or their sons who were engaged in making alcohol from foodgrains. Recipients included Amit and Dheeraj Deshmukh, sons of Union Heavy Industries Minister [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Gopinath Munde]]'s daughter Pankaja Palwe and her husband Charudatta Palwe, sons-in-law of [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] and Rajya Sabha MP Govindrao Adik.<ref name="Maharashtra urged to scrap permits for grain-based distilleries, There is no law to scrap the licences, says Principal Secretary"/><ref name="Liquor from food grains, leaves farmers in lurch">{{cite news|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/sakaaltimesbeta/20100628/5136859575247291505.htm|title=Liquor from food grains, leaves farmers in lurch|date=28 June 2010|publisher=e Sakal|access-date=11 June 2011|location=PUNE}}</ref><ref name="Alcohol from grains uncorks deficit issue">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_alcohol-from-grains-uncorks-deficit-issue_1323413|title=Alcohol from grains uncorks deficit issue|date=14 December 2009|publisher=DNA|access-date=11 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref> The government approved the licences despite stiff opposition from the planning and finance departments, saying there was a huge demand in other countries for distilled spirits compared to that of [[molasses]].<ref name="HC says no to Anna's PIL on liquor production from foodgrains">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/159170/hc-says-no-annas-pil.html|title=HC says no to Anna's PIL on liquor production from foodgrains|date=5 May 2011|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 June 2011|location=Nagpur}}</ref> Hazare [[Public Interest Litigation|sued]] Maharashtra over the policy in the Nagpur bench of the [[Bombay High Court]]. On 20 August 2009 Maharashtra stopped the policy. However, distilleries sanctioned before that date and those who started production within two years of sanction were entitled for subsidies.

On 5 May 2011 the court refused to hear the suit, saying, "not before me, this is a court of law, not a court of justice".<ref name="Liquor to ooze from chikoo, jambhul">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_liquor-to-ooze-from-chikoo-jambhul_1365071|title=Liquor to ooze from chikoo, jambhul|last=Tare|first=Kiran|date=30 March 2010|publisher=DNA|access-date=11 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="HC bench says no to hear Anna plea on liquor production">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/8164528.cms?prtpage=1|title=HC bench says no to hear Anna plea on liquor production|date=5 May 2011|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 June 2011|location=Mumbai|first1=Manka|last1=Behl}}</ref> A Maharashtra Principal Secretary, C.S. Sangeet Rao, stated that no law existed to scrap these licences.<ref name="Maharashtra urged to scrap permits for grain-based distilleries, There is no law to scrap the licences, says Principal Secretary"/>

===Lokpal Bill movement===
[[File:Anna Hazare on 2nd day.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Hazare's hunger strike at [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] in New Delhi.]]
{{Main|2011 Indian anti-corruption movement}}

In 2011, Hazare participated in the [[satyagraha]] movement campaigning for a stronger anti-corruption ''Lokpal'' ([[ombudsman]]) bill in the Indian parliament. Known as the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] (People's Ombudsman Bill), it was drafted by [[N. Santosh Hegde]], a former justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Lokayukta]] of [[Karnataka]], [[Prashant Bhushan]], and social activist [[Arvind Kejriwal]]. The draft incorporated more stringent provisions and gave wider power to the ''Lokpal'' than the government's 2010 draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/29/stories/2011032963791300.htm|title=Anna Hazare faults Lokpal Bill|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 March 2011|last=Deshpande|first=Vinaya|access-date=5 April 2011|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426200654/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/29/stories/2011032963791300.htm|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> These included placing "the Prime Minister within the ambit of the proposed lokpal's powers".<ref name="pace">{{cite news|title=Anna sets pace for faltering govt |date=20 August 2011|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/NewDelhi/Anna-sets-pace-for-faltering-govt/Article1-735238.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103033601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/NewDelhi/Anna-sets-pace-for-faltering-govt/Article1-735238.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013|work=Hindustan Times |location=India |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Hunger strike====
Hazare began an "[[Hunger strike|indefinite fast]]"<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/indefinite-fast-only-option-anna-hazare-144205887.html Indefinite fast the only option : Anna Hazare – Yahoo!]. Yahoo! News.com (29 July 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> on 5 April 2011 at [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] in Delhi as part of the campaign to form a joint committee of government and civil society representatives. He wanted this committee to draft a bill with more stringent penal provisions and gave more independence to the ''Lokpal'' and ''Lokayukta''s (ombudsmen in the states). The fast came after his demand was rejected by the prime minister, [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anna-Hazare-to-start-fast-unto-death-for-strong-Lokpal-Bill/Article1-681415.aspx |title=Anna Hazare to start fast unto death for strong Lokpal Bill |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 April 2011|access-date=5 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410042738/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anna-Hazare-to-start-fast-unto-death-for-strong-Lokpal-Bill/Article1-681415.aspx |archive-date=10 April 2011 }}</ref> Hazare said, "I will fast until Jan Lokpal Bill is passed".<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12994855|title=India activist Anna Hazare anti-graft fast stokes anger|publisher=BBC|date=7 April 2011|access-date=7 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408055959/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12994855|archive-date=8 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

The movement attracted attention in the media and thousands of supporters. Almost 150 people reportedly joined Hazare in his fast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-hazares-antigraft-campaign-gathers-steam/148396-3.html|title=Thousands join Anna Hazare's anti-graft fight|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=6 April 2011|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101056/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-hazares-antigraft-campaign-gathers-steam/148396-3.html|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Social activists, including [[Medha Patkar]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]], former [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer [[Kiran Bedi]], and [[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Jayaprakash Narayan]] lent their support. People showed support in social media. In addition to spiritual leaders [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], [[Swami Ramdev]], [[Swami Agnivesh]], the former Indian cricketer [[Kapil Dev]] and many other celebrities supported him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1606249.ece|title=Support pours in for Hazare's movement|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|date=7 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood supports Anna Hazare |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-extends-support-to-anna-hazare/40029/story.htm |access-date=6 April 2011|newspaper=nowrunning |date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015252/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-extends-support-to-anna-hazare/40029/story.htm |archive-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live }}</ref> Hazare decided that he would not allow any politician to sit with him. The protesters rejected [[Uma Bharti]], [[Om Prakash Chautala]] and others when they visited the protest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/uma-bharti-chautala-heckled-at-hazare-protest-96854|title=Uma Bharti, Chautala heckled at Hazare protest|date=6 April 2011|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref> On 6 April 2011 [[Sharad Pawar]] resigned from the group of ministers formed for reviewing the 2010 draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-07/india/29391933_1_anna-hazare-corruption-panel-sharad-pawar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-07/india/29391933_1_anna-hazare-corruption-panel-sharad-pawar|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sharad Pawar quits corruption panel as support for Anna Hazare grows|date=7 April 2011}}</ref>

Protests spread to [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and other cities.<ref name="Northeast support to Hazare's">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/guwahati/29400372_1_anna-hazare-lokpal-bill-corruption|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/guwahati/29400372_1_anna-hazare-lokpal-bill-corruption|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Northeast support to Hazare's|date=9 April 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=GUWAHATI/ SHILLONG/ AIZAWL}}</ref>

On 8 April 2011 the Government accepted the movement's demands. On 9 April it issued a notification in the ''[[The Gazette of India|Gazette of India]]'' on formation of a joint committee. It accepted the formula that it should be co-chaired by a politician and social activist. The notification stated, "The Joint Drafting Committee shall consist of five nominee ministers of the Government of India and five nominees of the civil society. The five nominee Ministers of the Government of India are [[Pranab Mukherjee]], Union Minister of Finance, [[P. Chidambaram]], Union Minister of Home Affairs, [[M. Veerappa Moily]], Union Minister of Law and Justice, [[Kapil Sibal]], Union Minister of Human Resource and Development and Minister of Communication and Information Technology and [[Salman Khursheed]], Union Minister of Water Resources and Minister of Minority Affairs. The five non-politician nominees were Anna Hazare, [[N. Santosh Hegde]], [[Shanti Bhushan]] Senior Advocate, [[Prashant Bhushan]], Advocate and [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref name="GOVERNMENT ISSUES NOTIFICATION TO CONSTITUTE A JOINT DRAFTING COMMITTEE TO PREPARE DRAFT LOK PAL BILL- (Release ID :71560)">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=71560|title=Government issues notification to constitute a joint drafting committee to prepare draft Lok Pal Bill|author=Press Information Bureau|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|page=1|access-date=9 April 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501011847/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=71560|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lokpal Bill: Text of Gazette notification">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1645254.ece|title=Lokpal Bill: Text of Gazette notification|agency=Press Trust of India|date=9 April 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 April 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213859/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1645254.ece|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the morning of 9 April 2011 Hazare ended his 98-hour hunger strike. He addressed the people and set a deadline of 15 August 2011 to pass the bill. He said that {{quote|Real fight begins now. We have a lot of struggle ahead of us in drafting the new legislation. We have shown the world in just five days that we are united for the cause of the nation. The youth power in this movement is a sign of hope.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rama|last=Lakshmi|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india_agrees_to_protesters_demand_on_graft_panel/2011/04/09/AFFyy05C_story.html?wprss=rss_homepage|title=India agrees to protesters' demand on graft panel|work=The Washington Post|date=9 April 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>}}

Hazare said that if the bill did not pass he would call for a mass nation-wide agitation.<ref name="India agrees to protesters' demand on graft panel">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india_agrees_to_protesters_demand_on_graft_panel/2011/04/09/AFFyy05C_story.html?wprss=rss_homepage|title=India agrees to protesters' demand on graft panel|last=Lakshmi|first=Rama|date=9 April 2011|work=The Washington Post|access-date=9 April 2011|location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name="Anna Hazare ends fast, says his fight against corruption to continue">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/134778/india/lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-ends-fast-says-fight-against-corruption-will-continue.html |title=Anna Hazare ends fast, says his fight against corruption to continue |author=Headlines Today Bureau |date=9 April 2011|work=India Today |access-date=9 April 2011|location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412014955/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/134778/india/lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-ends-fast-says-fight-against-corruption-will-continue.html |archive-date=12 April 2011}}</ref> He called his movement a "second struggle for [[Indian independence movement|independence]]" and he will continue the fight.<ref name="India wins again, Anna Hazare calls off fast">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/india/29400310_1_anna-hazare-revolutions-on-other-issues-law-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/india/29400310_1_anna-hazare-revolutions-on-other-issues-law-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=India wins again, Anna Hazare calls off fast|date=9 April 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Hazare threatened on 28 July 2012 to proceed with his fast-unto-death on the Jan Lokpal Bill issue. He also stated that country's future is not safe in the hands of Congress and BJP and he would campaign in the coming elections for those with clean background.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-28/india/32906346_1_anna-hazare-team-anna-fast-unto-death|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-28/india/32906346_1_anna-hazare-team-anna-fast-unto-death|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Anna Hazare threatens fast-unto-death from tomorrow on Lokpal issue|date=28 July 2012}}</ref> On the third day of his indefinite fast, Anna stated that he will not talk even to the Prime Minister till his demands are met.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3708020.ece|title=Hazare says no talks even with Manmohan until demands are met|date=1 August 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 2 August 2012 Hazare said that there was nothing wrong with forming a new political party but, he would neither join the party nor contest elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/india/33000218_1_protest-venue-gopal-rai-jantar-mantar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/india/33000218_1_protest-venue-gopal-rai-jantar-mantar|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=I won't join a party or contest polls: Anna Hazare|date=2 August 2012}}</ref> Team and Anna have decided to end their indefinite fast on 3 August 2012 at 5 pm after which the team will announce their decision to enter politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/team-anna-to-join-politics/liveblog/15326702.cms|title=Anna Hazare talks about giving political alternative to people|date=2 August 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

====Draft bill====
[[File:People on road for anna.jpg|thumb|right|People on road in support of Anna Hazare near Ramlila maidan.]]
During the meeting of the joint drafting committee on 30 May 2011, the Union government members opposed the inclusion of the prime minister, higher judiciary and the acts of the [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] under the purview of the JanLokpal in the draft bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/article2062166.ece/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111092251/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/article2062166.ece/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Contentious issues bog down Lokpal Bill panel |date=30 May 2011|last=Balchand |first=K. |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> On 31 May, Mukherjee sent a letter to the chief ministers of all [[States and union territories of India|states]] and party leaders seeking their opinion on six contentious issues, including whether to bring the prime minister and judges of India's Supreme Court and High Courts under the law's purview.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/india/29608301_1_lokpal-bill-lokpal-and-lokayukta-chief-ministers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826002946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/india/29608301_1_lokpal-bill-lokpal-and-lokayukta-chief-ministers|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2012|title=Centre ropes in states, parties on PM question|date=1 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> But the civil society members of the drafting committee considered that keeping them out would be a violation of the [[United Nations Convention against Corruption]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Keeping-PM-out-of-Lokpal-breach-of-UN-law-Team-Anna/Article1-705442.aspx |title=Keeping PM out of Lokpal breach of UN law: Team Anna |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=4 June 2011|last=Sharma |first=Nagendar |access-date=6 June 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607040248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Keeping-PM-out-of-Lokpal-breach-of-UN-law-Team-Anna/Article1-705442.aspx |archive-date= 7 June 2011 }}</ref>

Hazare and other civil society members decided to boycott the 6 June 2011 drafting committee meeting to protest the forcible eviction of [[Swami Ramdev]] and his followers by the [[Department of Police, Delhi|Delhi Police]] from [[Ramlila Maidan]] on 5 June 2011, while they were on a hunger strike against black money and corruption.<ref>
{{cite news|title=Fallout of midnight crackdown: Anna to fast again on June 8|date=5 June 2011|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/india/29623068_1_anna-hazare-lokpal-bill-hunger-strike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/india/29623068_1_anna-hazare-lokpal-bill-hunger-strike|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

On 6 June 2011, the civil society members wrote to Mukherjee, explaining reasons for their absence and also asking government to go public on the major issues. They also decided to attend only future meetings that were telecast live.<ref name="Action against Ramdev: Anna Hazare supporters to observe countrywide hunger strike">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_team-anna-terms-police-action-on-ramdev-barbaric-to-boycott-lokpal-meet_1551517|title=Action against Ramdev: Anna Hazare supporters to observe countrywide hunger strike|date=6 November 2004|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|access-date=6 June 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 8 June at Rajghat, describing his movement as the second freedom struggle, Hazare criticised the Government for trying to discredit the drafting committee and threatened to go on indefinite fast again starting 16 August 2011 if the Lokpal Bill had not passed. He also criticised the Government for putting hurdles in front of the Bill and for maligning the civil society members.<ref name="toixx">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29634453_1_anna-hazare-sets-ramdev-camp-death-sets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29634453_1_anna-hazare-sets-ramdev-camp-death-sets|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Anna Hazare holds fast, gives govt Aug 15 deadline for Lokpal Bill|date=8 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Govt trying to discredit Lokpal panel: Hazare">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-trying-to-discredit-lokpal-panel-hazare/157689-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610053859/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-trying-to-discredit-lokpal-panel-hazare/157689-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2011|title=Govt trying to discredit Lokpal panel: Hazare|date=8 June 2011|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=8 June 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Second-freedom-movement-on-long-way-to-go-Anna/Article1-707077.aspx |title=Second freedom movement on, long way to go: Anna |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021231217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Second-freedom-movement-on-long-way-to-go-Anna/Article1-707077.aspx |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref>

==== Indefinite fast ====
[[File:IAC campaign in Whitefield, Bangalore on 19th August.jpg|thumb|[[India Against Corruption]] campaign in Whitefield, [[Bangalore]].]]
On 28 July 2011 the union cabinet approved a draft of the Lokpal Bill, which kept the Prime Minister, judiciary and lower bureaucracy out of the ombudsman's scope. Hazare rejected the government version by describing it as "cruel joke". He wrote a letter to Singh announcing his decision to begin an indefinite fast from 16 August 2011 at Jantar Mantar, if the government introduced its own version of the bill without taking suggestions from civil society members.<ref name="Anna Hazare warns of fast unto death from 16 Aug 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/anna-hazare-warnsfast-unto-deathaug-16/443215/|title=Anna Hazare warns of fast unto death from Aug 16|date=19 July 2011|work=Business Standard|access-date=30 July 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Hazare to go on fast from 16 August demanding revised Bill">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2302166.ece|title=Hazare to go on fast from August 16, 2011 demanding revised Bill|last=PARSAI|first=GARGI|date=28 July 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Hazare wrote:-

{{quote|Why are you (government) sending the wrong draft? We have faith in Parliament. But first send the right draft, our agitation is against government, not Parliament. The government has overlooked many points. How will it fight corruption by excluding government employees, CBI and prime minister from the Lokpal's purview? We were told that both the drafts would be sent to the Cabinet. But only the government's draft was sent. This is a deceitful government. They are lying. How will they run the country? Now I have no trust in this government. If it is really serious about fighting corruption, why is it not bringing government employees and CBI under Lokpal?<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/lokpal-anna-slams-government-for-presenting-wrong-draft/1/146483.html Lokpal Bill: I have no trust in this government, it deceives, says Anna Hazare] India Today 29 July 2011</ref>}}

Within twenty four hours of cabinet's endorsement of a weak Lokpal Bill, over ten thousand people from across the country sent [[fax]]es directly to the government demanding a stronger bill.<ref name="Avaaz decries cabinet's endorsement of a weak Lokpal Bill">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/india/29829792_1_lokpal-bill-corruption-strong-bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/india/29829792_1_lokpal-bill-corruption-strong-bill|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2012|title=Avaaz decries cabinet's endorsement of a weak Lokpal Bill|date=28 July 2011|access-date=30 July 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Mumbai Taxi Men's Union, comprising over 30,000 taxi drivers supported Hazare's fast by keeping all taxis off the roads on 16 August.<ref name="Taxi union to join Hazare's fight for lokpal">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Taxi-union-to-join-Hazare-s-fight-for-lokpal/H1-Article1-726436.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208110818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Taxi-union-to-join-Hazare-s-fight-for-lokpal/Article1-726436.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2011|title=Taxi union to join Hazare's fight for lokpal |last=Rao |first=Shashank |date=28 July 2011|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 July 2011|location=Mumbai, India }}</ref> Lawyers of [[Allahabad High Court]] described the government proposal as against the national interest and pledged their support to Hazare by hunger striking at Allahabad on 16 August.<ref name="Lawyers hold protest in Allahabad in support of Anna Hazare">{{cite news|url=http://www.lawetalnews.com/NewsDetail.asp?newsid=4452 |title=Lawyers hold protest in Allahabad in support of Anna Hazare |last=Malviya |first=Alok |date=30 July 2011|publisher=Lawetal news |access-date=30 July 2011|location=Allahabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107183647/http://www.lawetalnews.com/NewsDetail.asp?newsid=4452 |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> On 30 July [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] supported his fast by saying movement for an effective anti-corruption ombudsman needed the people's backing.<ref name="Lokpal: VHP calls for support to Hazare">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-30/news/29833277_1_lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-vhp-president|title=Lokpal: VHP calls for support to Hazare|last= PTI|date=30 July 2011|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

On 1 August 2011, [[Public interest litigation]] was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] by Hemant Patil, a Maharashtra-based social worker and businessman, to restrain Hazare, alleging that Hazare's demands were unconstitutional and amounted to interference in the legislative process.<ref name=" Hazare's demands are unconstitutional: PIL">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hazares-demands-are-unconstitutional-pil/825549/|title=Hazare's demands are unconstitutional: PIL|date=1 August 2011|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 August 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

====Arrest and aftermath====
On 16 August 2011, Hazare was arrested, four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/india/29891738_1_jai-prakash-narain-park-anna-hazare-delhi-police|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/india/29891738_1_jai-prakash-narain-park-anna-hazare-delhi-police|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=India Against Corruption: Anna Hazare arrested by Delhi Police ahead of fast|date=16 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> Rajan Bhagat, spokesman for Delhi Police, said police arrested Hazare for illegally gathering in a Delhi park to begin his hunger strike, claiming that Hazare refused to meet police conditions for allowing the protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/team-anna-detained-for-defying-orders-govt/175962-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017025118/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/team-anna-detained-for-defying-orders-govt/175962-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2012|title=Team Anna detained for defying orders: Govt|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> The conditions included restricting the fast to three days and the number of protesters to 5,000. Later in the afternoon, Hazare refused bail. The magistrate dispatched him to [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar jail]] for seven days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/india/29891820_1_prohibitory-orders-anna-hazare-shanti-bhushan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/india/29891820_1_prohibitory-orders-anna-hazare-shanti-bhushan|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Anna Hazare sent to judicial custody|date=16 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> After announcements by Prashant Bhushan, local television, and social media sites (including Facebook), thousands marched in support from the [[India Gate]] to [[Jantar Mantar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hazare supporters proceed to Jantar Mantar|date=17 August 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2365802.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Media reported that about 1,300 supporters were detained by police in Delhi, including [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Shanti Bhushan]], [[Kiran Bedi]] and [[Manish Sisodia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/17/world/asia/17india.html?_r=1&ref=world|title=New Delhi Police Arrest Leader of Anti-Corruption Protest and Hundreds of Others|work=The New York Times|date=16 August 2011|access-date=16 August 2011|first=Jim| last=Yardley}}</ref> Protesters reportedly courted arrest in different parts of the country. Opposition parties came out against the arrest, likening the government action to the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency imposed in the country in 1975]]. Both houses of Parliament adjourned over the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2361785.ece?homepage=true|title=Anna Hazare's arrest sparks angry protests, both Houses adjourned|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2011|access-date=16 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=Gargi|last=Parsai}}</ref>

After four hours in detention Hazare was released unconditionally by the police, but
refused to leave [[Tihar Jail]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Aurangzeb |last1=Naqshbandi |first2=Saubhadra |last2=Chatterji |first3=Nagendar |last3=Sharma |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Refusing-to-leave-jail-Anna-holds-government-hostage/Article1-733990.aspx |title=Refusing to leave jail, Anna holds government hostage |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |date=16 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817175214/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Refusing-to-leave-jail-Anna-holds-government-hostage/Article1-733990.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> Hazare demanded unconditional permission to fast at Ramlila Maidan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/anna-refuses-to-come-outjail/446072/|title=Anna refuses to come out of jail|work=Business Standard|date=17 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> Hazare continued his fast inside the jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29896134_1_anna-hazare-prohibitory-orders-tihar-jail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29896134_1_anna-hazare-prohibitory-orders-tihar-jail|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Anna Hazare to spend night in Tihar jail|date=17 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

After his arrest, Hazare received support from people across the country. There were reports of "nearly 570 demonstrations and protests by Anna supporters across the country".<ref name="pace"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29896030_1_anna-hazare-corruption-hatao-datta-awari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29896030_1_anna-hazare-corruption-hatao-datta-awari|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Anna Hazare arrest: A million mutinies erupt across India|date=17 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> Due to the millions of protesters nationwide,<ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Hazare's fight for change has inspired millions of Indians|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/anna-hazare-arrest-inspired-indians?intcmp=239|author=Chetan Bhagat|work=The Guardian |location=UK|date=17 August 2011}}</ref> the government allowed him to begin a public hunger strike of fifteen days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/19/anna-hazare-leaves-jail-india|location=London|work=The Guardian|title=Anna Hazare leaves jail to begin public hunger strike|first=Pankaj|last=Nangia|date=19 August 2011}}</ref> After talks with public authorities, Hazare decided to hold his protest at [[Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramlila Maidan likely to be Anna Hazare's fast venue|date=17 August 2011|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29895684_1_hazare-team-anna-hazare-tihar-jail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207082543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/india/29895684_1_hazare-team-anna-hazare-tihar-jail|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> On 20 August Hazare "left the Tihar Jail for the Ramlila Grounds".<ref>{{cite news|title=Anna's village jubilant but family is anxious|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2373944.ece|work=Hindustan Times |location=India|date=20 August 2011|first=Amruta|last=Byatnal}}</ref> Hazare promised reporters "he would fight to the 'last breath' until the government gets his team's Jan Lokpal Bill passed in this session of Parliament, which ends on 8 September."<ref name="pace"/>

====Fast at Ramlila Maidan====
[[File:Anna Hazare on Fast unto Death.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Hazare on fast unto death protest.]]
On 20 August 2011 thousands came to show their support for Hazare,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2396206.ece Team Anna calls for 'Dilli chalo' march from Saturday]. ''The Hindu'' (25 August 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> while "his advisers made television appearances to rally public support and defend themselves against criticism that their protest campaign and refusal to compromise is undermining India's parliamentary process."<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigraft Activists in India Intensify Drive for Reform|author=Jim Yardley|date=20 August 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/world/asia/21india.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) condemned Hazare's deadline for passing the bill as undermining democracy, which operates by

{{quote|text="holding wide-ranging consultations and discussions, allowing for dissent and evolving a consensus.... He [Hazare] has the right to protest and dissent. But nobody can claim it as an absolute right and deny the right of dissent to others."<ref>{{cite news|title=Hazare runs into civil society protest|author=Radhika RAmaseshan|date=20 August 2011|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110821/jsp/nation/story_14404408.jsp|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>}}

The Congress party confirmed that Maharashtra Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Umesh Chandra Sarangi, who had a history of mediating between Hazare and officials, was meeting "to find points of consensus and defuse the situation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarangi meets Hazare to find points of consensus and defuse crisis|date=21 August 2011|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2379757.ece|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 21 August "tens of thousands" watched Hazare as he sat on an elevated platform.<ref name="Yardly">{{cite news|author=Jim Yardly|work=The New York Times|date=21 August 2011|title=Thousands Back Antigraft Hunger Strike in New Delhi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/world/asia/22india.html}}</ref> It was reported that Hazare at that point had "lost more than seven pounds since beginning his fast". Despite this he stated, "I will not withdraw my hunger strike until the Jan Lokpal bill is passed in the Parliament. I can die but I will not bend."<ref name="Yardly"/> Hazare ended his fast on 28 August, after the Lokpal Bill passed unanimously.

He was admitted to Medanta Medicity, [[Gurgaon]] for post-fast care.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084838/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-dehydrated-and-exhausted-say-doctors/179349-3.html Anna dehydrated and exhausted, say doctors – India News – IBNLive]. CNN-IBN.in.com (10 May 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> He had lost {{convert|7.5|kg}}<ref name="ibnlive.in.com"/> and was very dehydrated after the 288-hour fast.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-hazare-breaks-fast-after-288-hours/179228-3.html Anna Hazare breaks fast after 288 hours]. IBNlive (10 May 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

====I Am Anna Campaign====
[[File:People Gathered at Ramlila maidan on Anna Hazare's Fast.jpg|thumb|right|People wear ''I AM ANNA topi'' Gathered at Ramlila maidan on Anna Hazare's Fast]]
Within a few days of Anna Hazare's first fast demanding a strong Lokpal (on 5 April 2011), supporters started a campaign known as "I Am Anna Hazare", which was similar to the "We Are All Khaled Said" campaign from the Egyptian uprising.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/idINIndia-58938520110824 Anna Hazare's campaign awakens middle class | Reuters]. In.reuters.com. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> During Anna Hazare's second fast, his ''topi'', the cap which became synonymous with Anna Hazare, became almost a fashion statement.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/editorial/anna-hazare-topi-becomes-fashion-statement/articleshow/9753979.cms Anna Hazare 'topi' becomes fashion statement]. ''The Economic Times'' (India). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> Sales of the topis hit an all-time high.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106053444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-19/delhi/29904418_1_anna-hazare-t-shirts-tshirts Brand Anna is a rage: Youth wear him on T-shirts] ''The Times of India''. (19 August 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> [[Kiran Bedi]] recommended that the "I am Anna" topi be displayed whenever someone asked for a bribe.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wear-the-Anna-cap-to-fight-corruption-says-Kiran-Bedi/articleshow/9760024.cms Wear the Anna cap to fight corruption, says Kiran Bedi] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

==== Fast on MMRDA ground ====
On 27 December 2011, Hazare began a 3-day hunger strike at [[MMRDA]] grounds, [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], to demand a stronger Lokpal bill than was in debate.<ref name="toi27">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103041336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/india/30561360_1_lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-team-anna Anna begins fast in Mumbai as LS debates Lokpal bill in Delhi], 27 December 2011. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 27 December 2011</ref> Hazare ended the fast on 28 December, after his doctors said that his kidneys might fail if he continued.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/activist-anna-hazare-ends-fast-for-health-reasons.html Indian Activist Calls Off Fast but Vows to Keep Fighting]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.</ref>

Before reaching the venue, Anna paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at [[Juhu Beach]]. On his way to a rally with several thousand people,<ref name="toi27"/> he took two-and-half hours to reach the ground, passing through [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], Tulip Star Hotel, [[Mithibai College]], SV Road, [[Vile Parle]], [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]] and Bandra Highway.<ref name="ht27">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Anna-fasts-for-strong-Lokpal-as-Lok-Sabha-debates-bill/Article1-787711.aspx Anna fasts for strong Lokpal as Lok Sabha debates bill] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227104957/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Anna-fasts-for-strong-Lokpal-as-Lok-Sabha-debates-bill/Article1-787711.aspx |date=27 December 2011}}, 27 December 2011. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 27 December 2011</ref>

A PIL petition filed against the fast was turned down by the Karnataka High Court. A judge noted that there was no public interest in the petition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/india/30560851_1_anna-hazare-pil-jail-bharo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103041446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/india/30560851_1_anna-hazare-pil-jail-bharo|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=PIL against Anna Hazare's fast dismissed, high court says citizens have right to protest|date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

===Electoral reform movement===
In 2011, Hazare demanded an amendment to the electoral law to incorporate the option of [[None of the above]] in the [[electronic voting machine]]s during the Indian elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Govt-notifies-joint-panel-Anna-breaks-fast/774133/ |title=Govt notifies joint panel, Anna breaks fast |date=10 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121101557/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Govt-notifies-joint-panel-Anna-breaks-fast/774133/ |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/annas-next-target-is-electoral-reform|title=Anna's next target is electoral reform|date=17 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|last=Singh|first=Abhimanyu}}</ref> The "None of the above (NOTA)" is a ballot option that allows an electorate to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in an electoral system, in case of non-availability of any candidate of his choice, as his [[Right to Reject]]. Soon, the Chief Election Commissioner of India [[Shahabuddin Yaqoob Quraishi]] supported Hazare's demand for the electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anna-Hazare-has-CEC-Quraishi-s-vote-for-electoral-reforms/Article1-684553.aspx |title=Anna Hazare has CEC Quraishi's vote for electoral reforms |date=13 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Chauhan |first=Chetan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416100834/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anna-Hazare-has-CEC-Quraishi-s-vote-for-electoral-reforms/Article1-684553.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref>

On 31 March 2013 Hazare started ''Jantantra Yatra'' from the city of [[Amritsar]]. He is expecting to address various issues, including electoral reforms such as the right to reject a candidate.<ref name="Anna on national tour to push poll reforms">{{cite news|title=Anna on national tour to push poll reforms|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/india/38162158_1_jantantra-morcha-anna-hazare-former-army-chief-general|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/india/38162158_1_jantantra-morcha-anna-hazare-former-army-chief-general|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Protest against atrocities against Swami Ramdev and his supporters ===
On 8 June 2011 Anna Hazare and thousands of his supporters fasted from 10 am to 6 pm at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] to protest against the midnight crackdown of 5 June by the [[Department of Police, Delhi|Delhi Police]] on Swami Ramdev's fast at Ramlila ground protests.<ref name="toixx"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazare-and-team-shift-fast-venue-to-Rajghat/articleshow/8758809.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716094227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazare-and-team-shift-fast-venue-to-Rajghat/articleshow/8758809.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=7 June 2011|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 June 2011|title=Anna Hazare and team shift fast venue to Rajghat }}</ref> Anna Hazare held the Prime Minister of India responsible for the atrocities<ref name="Anna and team to protest against Govt on 8 June">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-and-team-to-protest-against-govt-on-june-8/156922-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171052/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-and-team-to-protest-against-govt-on-june-8/156922-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2011|title=Anna and team to protest against Govt on June 8|date=5 June 2011|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=6 June 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and termed the police action as an attempt to stifle democracy.<ref name="toixx"/> According to one of Hazare's young supporters, the large presence of youths at the protest was due to his use of nonviolent protest, similar to [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]].<ref name="8 JUN 2011, 05.45 pm IST, IANS Anna Hazare fasts again, government faces anti-corruption heat">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/news/29633886_1_lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-hunger-strike |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103181258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/news/29633886_1_lokpal-bill-anna-hazare-hunger-strike |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Anna Hazare fasts again, government faces anti-corruption heat |date=8 June 2011|work=The Economic Times |access-date=8 June 2011|location=New Delhi }}</ref>

On 9 August 2013, Anna's office announced his anti-corruption organisation Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA) is no longer tackling corruption issues at a personal or social level. In an email circulated to [[India Against Corruption]]'s membership, the veteran Gandhian's office has clarified that Anna "is now focused on Janlokpal, Right to Reject, Right to Recall, Farmers problems, Change in Education in System".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianewsco.com/news/anna-retires-anti-corruption-war-9170425 |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215058/http://www.indianewsco.com/news/anna-retires-anti-corruption-war-9170425 |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>http://humjanege.blogspot.in/2013/08/iacrg-who-anna-retires-from-anti.html</ref>

===2015 Land acquisition ordinance protest===
In February 2015, he protested for two days at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] in Delhi against ordinance on the [[Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]].<ref name="The Hinduv2015">{{cite web|title=Hazare urges Modi to refrain from new ordinance on Land Bill |website=The Hindu |date=1 April 2015 |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hazare-urges-modi-to-refrain-from-new-ordinance-on-land-bill/article7057529.ece/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406193120/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hazare-urges-modi-to-refrain-from-new-ordinance-on-land-bill/article7057529.ece/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="The Hinduvb2015">{{cite web|title=Land Bill: Hazare challenges Modi to an open debate |website=The Hindu |date=26 March 2015 |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/land-bill-hazare-challenges-modi-to-an-open-debate/article7036159.ece/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406193600/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/land-bill-hazare-challenges-modi-to-an-open-debate/article7036159.ece/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Controversies and criticism==
===Alleged link with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh===
Hazare has been criticised for being an agent of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) a right-wing [[Hindu]] body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-an-rss-agent-army-deserter-congress/214939-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107212643/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-an-rss-agent-army-deserter-congress/214939-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012|title=Anna an RSS agent, Army deserter: Congress|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com|date=25 December 2011|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> According to [[Digvijay Singh (politician)|Digvijay Singh]] a senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], the entire crusade of [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] was planned by RSS in which Plan-A was [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] while Plan-B was Anna Hazare. Their basic job was to disturb national security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/anna-hazare-ungrateful-to-rss-digvijay/867761/|title=Anna Hazare ungrateful to RSS: Digvijay|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 October 2011|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> Singh also charged Hazare with having links with late RSS leader [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Anna-ridicules-Digvijaya-s-allegation-on-RSS-links/Article1-787078.aspx |title=Anna ridicules Digvijaya's allegation on RSS links |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2011|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104320/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Anna-ridicules-Digvijaya-s-allegation-on-RSS-links/Article1-787078.aspx |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> with whom he worked as a secretary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Never-worked-with-Nanaji-Deshmukh-tweets-Digvijaya/Article1-787208.aspx |title=Never worked for Nanaji Deshmukh, tweets Digvijaya |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 December 2011|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110065623/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Never-worked-with-Nanaji-Deshmukh-tweets-Digvijaya/Article1-787208.aspx |archive-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref> Hazare denied any such associations.

===Acting as proxy for political parties===
India's ''[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN Magazine]]'' editorialised that it was "nonsense" to say Hazare's anti-corruption movement of 2011–12 was apolitical.<ref name="Nonsense">{{cite web | url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/nonsense | title=Nonsense | work=OPEN Magazine | date=12 October 2011| access-date=11 June 2016| author=[[Hartosh Singh Bal]]}}</ref> The op-ed went on to say that the purpose of the movement was that, so long as the Congress Party was kept out of power, corrupt politicians of any other party could be elected to Parliament. The example of [[Ajay Chautala]] (now convicted for corruption) was cited. "''In effect, Anna and his team are campaigning for Ajay Chautala effectively the first candidate put up for election by the [[India Against Corruption]] movement''".

===Views on Narendra Modi and Nitish Kumar===
In a press conference in April 2011, Hazare praised [[Narendra Modi]], the chief minister of [[Gujarat]] and [[Nitish Kumar]], chief minister of [[Bihar]] for their efforts on rural development, saying that other chief ministers should emulate them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Hazare praises Narendra Modi, Nitish Kumar; asks CMs to emulate them|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_anna-hazare-praises-narendra-modi-nitish-kumar-asks-cms-to-emulate-them_1530483|date=10 April 2011|access-date=27 May 2011|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref> Subsequently, Modi wrote an open letter to him, hailing him as a [[Gandhian]] anti-corruption activist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/narendra-modis-open-letter-to-anna-hazare/148924-53.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412165511/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/narendra-modis-open-letter-to-anna-hazare/148924-53.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2011|title=Narendra Modi writes an open letter to Anna|date=12 April 2011|access-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> while Digvijay Singh criticised Hazare for his comment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Digvijay singh slams Anna for modi's praise|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/modi-remark-congress-slams-anna-hazare/1/135497.html|access-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> In May 2011, during his visit to Gujarat, Hazare changed his view and criticised Modi for rampant corruption. He urged Modi to appoint a [[Lokayukta]]. He also commented that the media had projected an incorrect image of [[Vibrant Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hazare now sees 'ghotala' in Gandhi's Gujarat|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-27/ahmedabad/29591246_1_anna-hazare-agnivesh-and-arvind-kejriwal-gujarat-visit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-27/ahmedabad/29591246_1_anna-hazare-agnivesh-and-arvind-kejriwal-gujarat-visit|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|date=27 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, Hazare declared that Modi is not a suitable candidate for the position of Prime Minister. He criticised Modi for not doing enough to curb corruption and his unwillingness to set up a Lokayukta in Gujarat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103041556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/india/36657912_1_anna-hazare-strong-lokayukta-bill-prime-ministerial-candidate Anna Hazare raises question on Narendra Modi as PM]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rahul, Modi not fit for PM's post: Hazare|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-modi-not-fit-pms-post-hazare/article4955917.ece?homepage=true|date=27 May 2011|access-date=26 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Hazare questioned Modi's secular credentials.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/narendra-modi-is-not-secular-anna-hazare-394455 Narendra Modi is not secular- Anna Hazare]</ref>

=== Accusations of corruption ===
The government of the state of Maharashtra instituted a Commission of Inquiry under Justice PB Sawant in September 2003 to enquire into allegations of corruption against several people, including four ministers in the state as well as the "Hind Swaraj Trust" headed by Hazare. The Commission submitted its report on 22 February 2005, indicting the Trust for corruptly spending Rs. 220,000 on Hazare's birthday celebrations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Had held Hazare guilty of corruption: PB Sawant|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/had-held-hazare-guilty-of-corruption-pb-sawant/175659-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017053647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/had-held-hazare-guilty-of-corruption-pb-sawant/175659-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2012|date=14 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>

Two days ahead of Hazare's Lokpal fast, the Indian National Congress, attacked him, alleging that "the moral core of Hazare has been ripped apart" by the Justice P B Sawant Commission.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Hazare himself involved in corruption, says Congress|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-14/news/29886595_1_hind-swaraj-trust-anna-hazare-lokpal-bill|date=14 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

Hazare's lawyer Milind Pawar responded that the commission had remarked about "irregularities" in the accounts, but had not held him guilty of any "corrupt" practices. Pawar said that on 16 June 1998, a celebration was organised to congratulate Hazare on winning an award from a US–based NGO and it coincided with his 61st birthday. The trust spent Rs 218,000 for the function. Abhay Phirodia, a Pune-based industrialist, who took the initiative to organise this function donated an amount of Rs {{formatnum:248950}} to the trust by cheque soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sawant Commission didn't term Hazare corrupt: Lawyer|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sawant-commission-didnt-term-hazare-corrupt-lawyer/832118/|date=15 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Hazare dared the government to file a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) against him to prove the charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Angry Anna dares govt to file FIR and prove he is corrupt|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_anna-hazare-dares-congress-to-prove-corruption-charges-against-him_1575981|date=14 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>

===Accusation of being anti-democratic and anti-Dalit===
An article written in [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|Kolkata Telegraph]] by [[Ramchandra Guha]] stated that environmental journalist Mukul Sharma claimed that Hazare forced the Dalit families in Ralegan Siddhi to adopt a vegetarian diet, and that those who violated the decree were tied to a post and flogged.<ref name="A Patriarch for Nation?">{{cite news|title=A Patriarch for Nation?|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110827/jsp/opinion/story_14423092.jsp|date=19 August 2011|access-date=21 August 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> Mukul Sharma also found that no panchayat elections have been held in the village for the past two decades, and that no campaigning was allowed during state and national elections, upon Hazare's instructions.<ref name="A Patriarch for Nation?"/>

[[Dalit]] columnist [[Chandrabhan Prasad]] opined that Hazare's anti-corruption movement rejected representative democracy and alleged that it was an upper-caste uprising. He also claimed that centralising powers in Lokapal, which was a non-elected entity, was anti-democratic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Want to live in the India Anna wants to build?|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/anna-hazare-india-upper-castes-lokpal-corruption/20110826.htm|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aug 19|first1=Avijit Ghosh / TNN / Updated|last2=2011|last3=Ist|first3=22:04|title='Anna Hazare's movement is anti-social justice, manuwadi' {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazares-movement-is-anti-social-justice-manuwadi/articleshow/9664784.cms|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Dalit activist [[Kancha Ilaiah]] commented in a similar fashion, that "The Anna movement is an anti-social justice, manuvadi movement. The Dalits, tribals, OBCs and minorities have nothing to do with it. We oppose it."<ref name="http">{{cite news|title='Anna Hazare's movement is anti-social justice, manuwadi'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-19/india/29904753_1_dalit-d-shyam-babu-anna-hazare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319041739/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-19/india/29904753_1_dalit-d-shyam-babu-anna-hazare|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2012|date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> Activist Anoop Kheri claimed that "The language, symbols used by the movement clearly reflects its upper caste [[Hindu]] nature, a very rightwing Hindu patriotism is being used to get the entire country against corruption. And as a dalit, I have a problem with it."<ref name="http"/>

There was also an allegation that an RTI activist was denied permission to protest by having a fast-unto-death at [[Ralegan Siddhi]], the grama sabha stating that the reason was that only Hazare can hold such fasts in his village.<ref>{{cite news|title='Here is why RTI activist could not fast in Anna Hazare's village' |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/2010101220101012233239336854a4d16/Here-is-why-RTI-activist-could-not-fast-in-Anna-Hazare%92s-village.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907215938/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/2010101220101012233239336854a4d16/Here-is-why-RTI-activist-could-not-fast-in-Anna-Hazare%92s-village.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012|date=12 October 2010|access-date=21 August 2011|newspaper=[[Pune Mirror]] }}</ref>

Activist [[Udit Raj]] was denied permission to protest against Hazare, who he claimed was against parliamentary processes.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aug 24|first1=Subodh Ghildiyal / TNN / Updated|last2=2011|last3=Ist|first3=03:04|title=Dalits come out against Anna Hazare's fast {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dalits-come-out-against-Anna-Hazares-fast/articleshow/9714045.cms|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Raj warned that succumbing to Hazare's demands would set a dangerous trend rendering the "backward" classes more vulnerable. He claimed that mass mobilisations coerced the government into a "set of solutions" against constitutional processes could be used against [[affirmative action]] and threatened democracy.<ref>{{cite news|title='Dalits come out against Anna Hazare's fast'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-24/india/29921916_1_dalit-intellectuals-caste-system-hazare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103041222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-24/india/29921916_1_dalit-intellectuals-caste-system-hazare|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|date=24 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref>

Later, it came to light that poor dalits had been paid up to {{INR}} 200 each to shout slogans against Hazare, although the organisers denied it. Some protesters said that they had been told that it was a pro-Anna protest, but felt cheated after realising that it was against Hazare.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/737720.aspx Protesters 'bought' for anti-Anna agitation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105010047/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/737720.aspx |date=5 November 2013}}. ''Hindustan Times''. (25 August 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

===Accusation of being anti-Muslim===
On 22 August 2011 writer-actor [[Arundhati Roy]] accused Hazare in a newspaper article of being nonsecular. She questioned his secular credentials, pointing out his "support for [[Raj Thackeray]]'s [[Marathi Manoos]] [[xenophobia]] and [has praised] the 'development model' of Gujarat's CM who oversaw the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 pogrom]] against [[Muslim]]s". The website of the newspaper published many responses to her article and these were mostly critical of her views.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/india/29918322_1_anna-hazare-arundhati-roy-secular-credentials Anna Hazare is not secular: Arundhati Roy]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. (23 August 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> Activist [[Medha Patkar]] criticised Roy, saying that her views were misplaced.<ref>Mukherjee, Vishwajoy (22 August 2011). [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws220811LOKPAL_BILLII.asp "We Are Not Like the Maoists: Medha Patkar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120913231839/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws220811LOKPAL_BILLII.asp |date=13 September 2012}}. ''[[Tehelka]]''. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

Hazare in the past stood in firm opposition to the [[Shiv Sena]] and BJP governments in Maharashtra. Activist and writer [[Asghar Ali Engineer]] in an EPW article on [[Communalism]] and Communal Violence reported,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|title=Communalism and Communal Violence, 1996|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=32|issue=7|date=15 February 1997}}</ref>
{{quote|text=The Shiv Sena is also facing serious problems from the social activist Anna Hazare who has accused its ministers of corruption and demanded their resignation. The SS-BJP government is facing serious corruption charges and is greatly worried. The Anna Hazare movement began in late November when he went on fast against the corrupt practices of the Shiv Sena ministers. The BJP initially supported the Hazare movement and now its deputy chief minister Gopinath Munde is also under a cloud. Initially the Hazare movement had created a rift between the Shiv Sena and the BJP but with Gopinath Munde himself under a cloud, both may close ranks. The Hazare movement has certainly posed a great challenge for the saffron government at the end of 1996.}}

Hazare was accused of working at the behest of RSS and BJP, and against Muslims by cleric [[Syed Ahmed Bukhari|Bukhari]] of the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]. Bhukhari was subsequently criticised for being a Royal Imam and for claiming that his personal views represented the view of ordinary Muslims.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/anti-anna-cleric-bukhari-draws-flak_727746.html Anti-Anna cleric Bukhari draws flak]. Zeenews.india.com (23 August 2011). Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref>

{{Update|section|date=April 2021}}

== Conspiracy to murder Hazare ==
Hazare exposed corruption in cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra, including one controlled by [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr.Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]], a member of Parliament of 15th [[Lok Sabha]] and higher-ranking Leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] from [[Osmanabad]]. Patil was accused in the 2006 murder case of Congress leader Pawanraje Nimabalkar.<ref name="NCP MP Padamsinh Patil Held for Murder">{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?660914 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104073016/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?660914 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013|title=NCP MP Padamsinh Patil Held for Murder |date=7 June 2009|work=Outlook |access-date=4 June 2011|location=Mumbai }}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha told of Padmsinh Patil's arrest">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/09/stories/2009060955991000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418194920/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/09/stories/2009060955991000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2011|title=Lok Sabha told of Padmsinh Patil's arrest|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|date=9 June 2009|access-date=4 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The conspiracy to kill Hazare was exposed when Parasmal Jain, an accused in the Nimbalkar murder case, in his written confession before a magistrate said that Patil had paid him {{INRConvert|3000000||−1}} to murder Nimbalkar, and also offered him supari (contract killing sum) to kill Anna Hazare.<ref name="Plot to kill Anna Hazare revealed">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/plot-to-kill-anna-hazare-revealed-news-features-jgbuanbdjhb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021025227/http://www.sify.com/news/plot-to-kill-anna-hazare-revealed-news-features-jgbuanbdjhb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012|title=Plot to kill Anna Hazare revealed|date=1 June 2009|publisher=Sifi News|access-date=12 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="Plot to kill Magsaysay winner Anna Hazare revealed">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/plot-to-kill-magsaysay-winner-anna-hazare-revealed/93908-3.html?from=rssfeed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015204635/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/plot-to-kill-magsaysay-winner-anna-hazare-revealed/93908-3.html?from=rssfeed|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2012|title=Plot to kill Magsaysay winner Anna Hazare revealed|last=IANS|date=1 June 2009|publisher=IBM Live|access-date=12 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref> After this written confession, Hazare appealed to the state government of Maharashtra to lodge a separate [[First Information Report]] ( FIR ) against Patil but the government declined. On 26 September 2009 Hazare lodged his own complaint at [[Parner]] police station of [[Ahmednagar]] District in Maharashtra against Patil.<ref name="Anna Hazare files police complaint against Padamsingh">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article25477.ece|title=Anna Hazare files police complaint against Padamsingh|last=Press Trust of India|date=26 September 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 June 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Patil approached the High Court seeking [[anticipatory bail]] but on 14 October 2009, the Aurangabad bench of [[Bombay High Court]] rejected his application, observing that there was prima facie case against him.<ref name="HC rejects Padamsinh Patil's bail plea in Hazare's complaint">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/HC-rejects-Padamsinh-Patil-s-bail-plea-in-Hazare-s-complaint/Article1-465210.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125084719/http://www.hindustantimes.com/HC-rejects-Padamsinh-Patil-s-bail-plea-in-Hazare-s-complaint/Article1-465210.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013|title=HC rejects Padamsinh Patil's bail plea in Hazare's complaint |last=Press Trust of India |date=14 October 2009|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 June 2011|location=Mumbai }}</ref><ref name="Hazare plaint: Court rejects Padamsinh's bail plea">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-15/mumbai/28080698_1_ncp-leader-padamsinh-patil-pawanraje-nimbalkar-anna-hazare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-15/mumbai/28080698_1_ncp-leader-padamsinh-patil-pawanraje-nimbalkar-anna-hazare|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2012|title=Hazare plaint: Court rejects Padamsinh's bail plea|last=TNN|date=15 October 2009|access-date=12 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Padmasinh Patil appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] losing again, on 6 November 2009.<ref name="SC rejects anticipatory bail of Padamsinh Patil">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/state-news/sc-rejects-anticipatory-bail-of-padamsinh-patil_576544.html|title=SC rejects anticipatory bail of Padamsinh Patil|date=6 November 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=12 June 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 11 November 2009 Patil surrendered before the sessions court in [[Latur]] and was sent to judicial remand for 14 days.<ref name="NCP leader Padamsinh Patil surrenders, sent to 14-day judicial remand">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-11/india/28060164_1_parasmal-jain-judicial-remand-ncp-leader-padamsinh-patil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826214927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-11/india/28060164_1_parasmal-jain-judicial-remand-ncp-leader-padamsinh-patil|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2011|title=NCP leader Padamsinh Patil surrenders, sent to 14-day judicial remand|date=11 November 2009|access-date=12 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=LATUR (MAHARASHTRA)}}</ref> On 16 December 2009 the Aurangabad bench granted bail.<ref name="Padamsinh gets bail in Anna Hazare murder plot case">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/state-news/padamsinh-gets-bail-in-anna-hazare-murder-plot-case_588105.html|title=Padamsinh gets bail in Anna Hazare murder plot case|last=PTI|date= 16 December 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=12 June 2011|location=Aurangabad}}</ref> {{As of|2011|08|16}}, the verdict is pending.

As of December 2011, Hazare received [[Security categories in India|Z+ security]].<ref name="Anna's fast: Cops take stock of security situation at MMRDA">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Anna-s-fast-Cops-take-stock-of-security-situation-at-MMRDA/Article1-786857.aspx |title=Anna's fast: Cops take stock of security situation at MMRDA |date=25 December 2011|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 December 2011|location=MUMBAI (MAHARASHTRA) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Anna-s-fast-Cops-take-stock-of-security-situation-at-MMRDA/Article1-786857.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Honours, awards and international recognition==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Awarding organisation
|-
| 2013
| [[Allard Prize for International Integrity]]
| [[University of British Columbia Faculty of Law]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/anna-hazare-awarded-inaugural-allard-prize-for-international-integrity-in-canada-113093000600_1.html|title=Anna Hazare awarded inaugural Allard Prize for International Integrity in Canada|author=ANI|work=Business Standard|location=Vancouver|date= 30 September 2013|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] with [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-2011-142183|title=NDTV Indian of the Year 2011|work=ndtv.com|access-date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
| [[NDTV]]
|-
| 2008
| Jit Gill Memorial Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://srimca.edu.in/srijan/SrijanOCt2011/Biography/AnnaHAzare.html|title=Anna Hazare|work=srimca.edu.in|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235830/http://srimca.edu.in/srijan/SrijanOCt2011/Biography/AnnaHAzare.html|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biztechreport.com/story/1650-can-social-activist-anna-hazare-curtail-supremacy-corruption-indial |title=Can a Social Activist like Anna Hazare Curtail the Supremacy of Corruption in India? |work=biztechreport.com |access-date=28 December 2013 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/657264/wolfowitz-and-hazare|title=Wolfowitz and Hazare|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/node/64309|title=Anna Hazare, Indian green pioneer, wins World Bank award|work=twocircles.net|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>
| [[World Bank]]
|-
| 2005
| [[Doctor (title)#Honorary doctorates|Honorary Doctorate]]
| [[Gandhigram Rural University]]
|-
| 2003
| Integrity Award<ref name="annahazare">{{cite web |url= http://www.annahazare.org/awards.html|title=Awards|access-date= 28 December 2013}}</ref>
| [[Transparency International]]
|-
| 1999
| Leading Social Contributor Award
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| 1998
| [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]] Award<ref name="annahazare" />
| [[CARE (relief agency)]]
|-
| 1997
| Mahaveer Award<ref name="annahazare" />
|
|-
| 1996
| Shiromani Award<ref name="annahazare" />
|
|-
| 1992
| [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="annahazare" />
| [[President of India]]
|-
| 1990
| [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="annahazare" />
| [[President of India]]
|-
| 1989
| Krushi Bhushana Award<ref name="annahazare" />
| [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
| 1986
| [[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards]]<ref name="annahazare" />
| [[Government of India]]
|}

===Film===
*The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Mala Anna Vhaychay'' (I want to become Anna) is based on Hazare's work. The role of Hazare has been played by [[Arun Nalawade]].<ref name="DNA-20110903">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1582718/report-coming-soon-mala-anna-vhaychay-a-marathi-film-on-anna-stir|title=Coming soon: Mala Anna Vhaychay, a Marathi film on Anna stir|date=3 September 2011|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[Anna (2016 film)|Anna]] – a 2016 Indian Hindi-language biographical film based on the life of Anna Hazare, directed & written by Shashank Udapurkar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shashank-udapurkar-to-make-a-biopic-on-anna-hazare-s-life-1979025|title=Shashank Udapurkar to make a biopic on Anna Hazare' s life|date= 16 April 2014|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hazare is unmarried. He has lived in a small room attached to the Sant Yadavbaba temple in [[Ralegan Siddhi]] since 1975. On 16 April 2011, he declared his bank balance of {{INRConvert|67183||−1}} and {{INRConvert|1500||−1}} as money in hand.<ref name="Anna Hazare declares bank balance of Rs 67,183 and Rs 1,500 as money in hand">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-16/news/29425309_1_immovable-assets-anna-hazare-mutual-funds|title=Anna Hazare declares bank balance of Rs 67,183 and Rs 1,500 as money in hand|date=16 April 2011|work=The Economic Times|access-date=14 June 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> He owns 0.07 hectares of family land in Ralegan Siddhi, which is being used by his brothers. He donated for village use two other pieces of land donated to him by the [[Indian Army]] and by a villager.<ref name="Anna Hazare, others declare assets">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/16/stories/2011041662461600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418194721/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/16/stories/2011041662461600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2011|title=Anna Hazare, others declare assets|date=16 April 2011|access-date=14 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Writings==
* {{cite book|last=Hazare|first=Anna|author2=Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Lokur|title=Adarsh Gaon Yojana: Government Participitation in a Peoples Program: Ideal Village Project of the Government of Maharashtra|publisher=Hind Swaraj Trust|year=1996|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh4pHAAACAAJ|access-date=20 August 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Hazare|first=Anna|title=My Village – My Sacred Land|publisher=CAPART|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Hazare |first=Anna |others=Translated by B.S. Pendse |title=Ralegaon Siddhi: A Veritable Transformation |publisher=Ralegan Siddhi Pariwar Prakashan |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCENHAAACAAJ&q=Anna+Hazare |access-date=7 April 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110511063438/http://books.google.com/books?id=mCENHAAACAAJ&dq=Anna+Hazare&hl=en&ei=ZnSdTZGjBsmYhQeK3-26BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg |archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Hazare|first=Anna|title=वाट ही संघर्षाची|language=mr|publisher=Signet Publications|year=2007|location=Pune}}

==See also==
* [[Uprising 2011, Indians Against Corruption|Uprising 2011 India against corruption]]
* [[Hartal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Reilly |first=Carmel |year=2007 |title=Ralegan Siddhi: a special community |publisher=Thomson Nelson |isbn=9780170126908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxMhcgAACAAJ&q=Ralegan+Siddhi |access-date=9 April 2011|id={{subscription}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511063416/https://books.google.com/books?id=LxMhcgAACAAJ&dq=Ralegan%20Siddhi&hl=en&ei=XpSdTbyXKIvQrQf-xZ2zBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ |archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sivanand |first=Mohan |year=1986 |title=Why God Saved Anna Hazare |publisher=The Reader's Digest Association, Inc |page=3 |url=http://www.readersdigest.co.in/anna-hazare?page=2 |access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019184312/http://readersdigest.co.in/anna-hazare?page=2 |archive-date=19 October 2011 }}
* {{cite book|last=Seabrook |first=Jeremy |year=1986 |title=Victims of development: resistance and alternatives |publisher=Verso |page=250 |isbn=0860913856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb804ulCzSMC&q=Anna+Hazare |access-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110511063435/http://books.google.com/books?id=gb804ulCzSMC&dq=Anna+Hazare&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Ismail Serageldin|first=David R. Steeds|year=1998|title=Rural well-being from vision to action|publisher=World Bank Publications|issue=15 of Environmentally and socially sustainable development proceedings series/ESSD proceedings series|page=433|isbn=0821339877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP1w77REun8C&q=Anna+Hazare&pg=PA130|access-date=10 April 2011}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YG-875pU3awC&pg=PA151 Periwinkle Environmental Education Part-X] Author-Harendra Chakhaiyar, Publisher- Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd, {{ISBN|8177444948}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=E6FIAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&dq=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&hl=en&ei=UFmfTcSWEYjLrQeMppGAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCQ From Poverty to Plenty: The Story of Ralegan Siddhi] Volume 5 of Studies in Ecology and Sustainable Development. Authors- Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare. Publisher: Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, 1992. {{ISBN|8190006142}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rAvaAAAAMAAJ&q=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&dq=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&hl=en&ei=UFmfTcSWEYjLrQeMppGAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA Dynamics of rural development: lessons from Ralegan Siddhi] Publisher- Foundation for Research in Community Health, 2002.
* [http://www.farmedia.org/spectrum/dry_wet.html.'Dry Troubles and Wet Solutions: Success Story of Ralegan Siddhi's Watershed Development Project]{{Dead link|date=January 2012}} Centre for Alternative Agriculture Media
* {{cite book|author1=Bron Raymond Taylor |author2=Jeffrey Kaplan |author3=Laura Hobgood-Oster |author4=Adrian J. Ivakhiv |author5=Michael York |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature: K-Z|publisher=Thoemmes Continuum|year=2005|page=1877|isbn=1-84371-138-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kgUAQAAIAAJ&q=Anna+Hazare|access-date=17 June 2011}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPPsAAAAMAAJ&q=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&dq=Ralegan+Siddhi+Education&hl=en&ei=UFmfTcSWEYjLrQeMppGAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ Ralegan Siddhi] Authors: Ramesh Awasthi, Dashrath K. Panmand, Foundation for Research in Community Health (Bombay, India) Publisher: Foundation for Research in Community Health, 1994. Original from The University of Michigan. Digitized 22 December 2009. Length 92 pages
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0t6BemLaMC&pg=PA66&dq=Anna+Hazare&hl=en&ei=p42dTd_CCIyBhQeOrayzBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Anna%20Hazare&f=false Religion and ecology in India and Southeast Asia] Authors- David L. Gosling, Ninian Smart, Contributor- Ninian Smart, Edition-illustrated, Publisher- Routledge, 2001, {{ISBN|0-415-24030-1}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=sWFtJw4V5-8C&pg=PA335&dq=Anna+Hazare&hl=en&ei=o5GdTeXEAca8rAepopCuBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Anna%20Hazare&f=false Springs of life: India's water resources] Authors Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare, Binayak Das, World Water Institute (Pune, India), Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society, Edition- illustrated, Publisher-Academic Foundation, 2006. {{ISBN|817188489X}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Anna Hazare}}
* [http://www.annahazare.org/ Anna Hazare] – ''Official website''
* [http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/ Civil Society] – ''Official website''
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/anna-hazare}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/h/anna_hazare}}
* {{Guardian topic}}

{{Ethics}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Portalbar|India|Biography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazare, Anna}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Freedom of information activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian male social workers]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra academics]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]

Draft:Mrityunjay Singh

2021-05-26T09:42:17Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: JaggaBadaJasoos moved page Draft:Mrityunjay Singh to Mrityunjay Singh over redirect

{{Infobox person
| name = Mrityunjay Singh
| image = Mirityunjay Singh.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|01|26}}<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=छोटे से गाँव से निकलकर हैकर बनने तक का सफर : मृत्युंजय सिंह|url=https://www.matrubharti.com/book/19881400/mrityunjay-singh|website=Matrubharti}}</ref>
| birth_place = Varanasi
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Ethical hacker, cyber security expert and author
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = VGMSecurity
}}

'''Mrityunjay Singh''' (born 26 January, 1997) is an Indian ethical hacker, cyber security expert and author<ref>{{cite web|first1=Libza|last1=Mannan|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=Here are the seven startups from small cities that shone at UP Startup Yatra|url=https://yourstory.com/2018/02/seven-startups-small-cities-shone-startup-yatra|date=16 February 2018|website=YourStory.com}}</ref> known for developing Very Good Morning (VGM), a mobile application that send the location to the police emergency number by pressing the mobile’s power button thrice.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=IIT- BHU launches emergency security app ‘VGM’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iit-bhu-launches-emergency-security-app-vgm/story-z4lBWsDrD5QoN7hzYGAgBI.html|date=20 January 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is the founder and CEO of VGMSecurity, Adjuction.com and VGM Lite.<ref>{{cite web|last1=GK|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=Meet Mrithunjay Singh , the Man Behind Adjunction.com|url=https://studdle.org/2020/01/16/meet-mrithunjay-singh-the-man-behind-adjunct-com/|date=16 January 2020|website=Studdle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=पिता से 1,800 रुपये उधार लेकर शुरू की कंपनी, लाखों का टर्नओवर|url=https://www.matrubharti.com/book/19874204/the-success-story|website=Matrubharti}}</ref>

==Personal life and career==
Mrityunjay was born in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh where he completed his early education and later completed his graduation in Bachelor of Arts from [[:en:|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] Varanasi. He also received diploma in security and hacking field of Study Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications from Indian school of ethical hacking in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=About Mrityunjay Singh|url=https://mrityunjaysingh.com/about-me/}}</ref>

He started his career in 2016 and founded a security app VGMSecurity that was downloaded by over 1 lakh user in play store and received 4.3 stars on the Google play store.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=IIT- BHU launches emergency security app ‘VGM’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iit-bhu-launches-emergency-security-app-vgm/story-z4lBWsDrD5QoN7hzYGAgBI.html|date=20 January 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Asian News International New|last1=DelhiJanuary 21|first2=2020UPDATED:|last2=January 21|first3=2020 09:46|last3=Ist|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=IIT BHU launches emergency security app 'VGM'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bhu-launches-emergency-security-app-vgm-1638690-2020-01-21|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=UP: फोन चोरी होने पर लोकेशन के साथ मिलेगी चोर की तस्वीर, बस इंस्टॉल करना होगा ये एप|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/iit-bhu-student-has-made-an-app-through-which-picture-of-thief-and-location-of-phone-will-get-when-stolen/625657/amp|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> He later founded Bharat Messenger, a messenger that was released on the Google Play Store in June 2019. The application was installed by 500K+ user and it received over 6,100 reviews to date.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=What is the Bharat Messenger app? Is the app made in India? Details inside|url=https://www.republicworld.com/technology-news/apps/what-is-the-bharat-messenger-app-is-the-app-made-in-india.html|website=Republic World}}</ref>

==Books==
*Complete Cyber Security eBook
*Hacking TALK with Mrityunjay Singh
*A Complete Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security

==Awards==
*Won Startup Yatra UP Edition 2017
*Top 3000 Innovative startup in India
*Top 10 hacker in Varanasi<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-11-09|title=Top 10 hacker in varanasi|url=https://www.jagran.com/blogs/dainikjagrannews/top-10-hacker-in-varanasi/|website=Jagran blog}}</ref>
*Awarded for BAD Boy in Startup
*Best Safety App for women

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://mrityunjaysingh.com/}}
*{{Facebook|mrityunjaysinghfan}}
*{{Twitter|vgmlite}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Indian ethical hackers]]
[[Category:Indian authors]]

Adarsh sahu

2021-05-24T16:26:16Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: JaggaBadaJasoos moved page Adarsh sahu to Adarsh Sahu: Surname Capitilization

#REDIRECT [[Adarsh Sahu]]

Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-24T16:26:11Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: JaggaBadaJasoos moved page Adarsh sahu to Adarsh Sahu: Surname Capitilization

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Sahu
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Song Writer|Sound Engineer}}
| years_active = 2020–present
| signature =
}}

'''Adarsh Sahu''' is a Indian Musical Artist , singer and rapper. he also manages an independent record label "[https://.youtube.com/jabalimusic Jabali Music]" , he is also a [[Sound Engineer]], he studied engineering from [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] . He also owns a [[youtube]] channel named "[https://youtube.com/JabaliMusic Jabali Music]"
== Career ==
'''Adarsh Sahu''' started his musical journey in his early stage, he use to lead his school musical club and performs in various singing competition and functions, when he reached college he continued his musical interest, in 2020 he was commercially launched with the song "Meri Life" also known as the Indian version of the song "Baby" by [[Justin Bieber]]
== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song name
!Date Released
|-
|Meri Life<ref>{{Citation|title=Meri Life (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/meri-life/BhAKdAwGQGw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|27/Aug/2020
|-
|Emptiness<ref>{{Citation|title=Emptiness (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/emptiness/O1kjVCcFX30|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|14/Sep/2020
|-
|Aahatein X JiyenKyun<ref>{{Citation|title=Aahatein X Jiyenkyun|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/26eAKBqukz0reLb5fevbgn|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|29/Sep/2020
|-
|Heer Ranjha<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Heer Ranjha|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/heer-ranjha/58179011/|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|02/Oct/2020
|-
|Rehnuma<ref>{{Citation|title=Rehnuma (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/rehnuma/N14OUhdXfno|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|11/Oct/2020
|-
|Jee Raha Hoon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/jee-raha-hoon/60472920/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.hungama.com}}</ref>
|04/Dec/2020
|}
== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

Youtube

2021-05-24T16:14:16Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Short description|Online video platform owned by Google}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = YouTube |..."

{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Short description|Online video platform owned by Google}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox website
| name = YouTube
| logo = YouTube Logo 2017.svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2017
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt = The YouTube logo is made of a red round-rectangular box with a white "play" button inside and the word "YouTube" written in black.
| screenshot = YouTube homepage.png
| caption = Screenshot of YouTube's front page on August 29, 2017
| collapsible = no
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| type = [[Online video platform]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2005|2|14}}
| location = 901 Cherry Avenue [[San Bruno, California]]
| country = United States
| area_served = Worldwide (excluding [[censorship of YouTube|blocked countries]])
| founder = {{ubl|[[Chad Hurley]]|[[Steve Chen]]|[[Jawed Karim]]}}
| key_people = [[Susan Wojcicki]] ([[CEO]]) Chad Hurley (advisor)
| industry = {{ubl|[[Internet]]|[[Video hosting service]]}}
| products = [[YouTube Premium]] [[YouTube Music]] [[YouTube TV]] [[YouTube Kids]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{USD|19.8 billion}} (2020)<ref name="2020revenue"/>
| owner = [[Alphabet Inc.]]
| parent = [[Google LLC]] (2006–present)
| url = {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/|YouTube.com}} (see [[#Localization|list of localized domain names]])
| content_license = Uploader holds copyright (standard license); [[Creative Commons]] can be selected.
| programming_language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]] (core/API),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Claburn |first1=Thomas |title=Google's Grumpy code makes Python Go |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/05/googles_grumpy_makes_python_go/ |website=The Register |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en |date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> [[C (programming language)|C]] (through [[CPython]]), [[C++]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (through [[Guice]] platform),<ref>{{cite web |first=Jesse |last=Wilson |title=Guice Deuce |url=http://googlecode.blogspot.no/2009/05/guice-deuce.html |website=Official Google Code Blog |date=May 19, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://highscalability.com/blog/2008/3/12/youtube-architecture.html |title=YouTube Architecture |publisher= High Scalability|access-date=October 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Go (programming language)|Go]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Golang Vitess: a database wrapper written in Go as used by Youtube |url=https://github.com/youtube/vitess|date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> [[JavaScript]] (UI)
| advertising = [[Google AdSense]]
| registration = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:left; background-color:transparent
| title = Optional
| Not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists, liking or disliking videos, and posting comments
}}
| users = {{increase}} 2 billion (October 2020)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/intl/es-419/about/press/ Más de 2000 millones de usuarios esta es la cantidad de usuarios de YouTube, que equivale casi a un tercio de los usuarios de Internet] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
| launched = {{start date and age|2005|02|14}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''YouTube''' is an [[online video platform]] owned by [[Google]]. In total, [[user (computing)|users]] watch more than one billion hours of YouTube videos each day,<ref name="1 billion hours">{{cite web|last1=Goodrow|first1=Cristos|date=February 27, 2017|title=You know what's cool? A billion hours|url=https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours|access-date=19 April 2021|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> and hundreds of hours of video content are [[upload]]ed to YouTube [[server (computing)|servers]] every minute.<ref name="500 hours per minute">{{cite news|author=Loke Hale, James|date=May 7, 2019|title=More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute|work=[[TubeFilter]]|location=Los Angeles, CA|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref> It was founded by [[Steve Chen]], [[Chad Hurley]], and [[Jawed Karim]].

YouTube provides several ways to watch videos, including the [[website]], the [[mobile app]]s, and permitting other websites to embed them. Available content includes [[music video]]s, [[video clip]]s, [[short film|short]] and [[documentary film|documentary]] films, audio recordings, [[Trailer (promotion)|movie trailers]], [[live stream]]s, and [[video blog]]s. Most content is generated by [[user-generated content|individuals]], but media corporations also publish videos. Besides watching and uploading, [[registered user|registered]] users can comment on videos, rate them, create playlists, and [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|subscribe]] to other users.

Founded in 2005, YouTube was acquired the following year by Google for US$1.65 billion. It has become one of the company's most lucrative [[subsidiary|subsidiaries]], earning $19.8 billion in 2020.<ref name="2020revenue"/> YouTube and selected creators earn advertising revenue from Google's [[Google AdSense|AdSense]] program. The vast majority of videos are free to view, but some require a [[YouTube Music|music]] or [[YouTube Premium|premium]] subscription.

Given the popularity of YouTube and its abundance of video content, the platform has made a significant [[Social impact of YouTube|social impact]] throughout the world. There have also been numerous controversies regarding the business, moral, and political aspects of YouTube.

{{TOC limit|3}}

=={{Anchor|Company history}}{{Anchor|Website history}}History==
{{Main|History of YouTube}}

===Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)===
[[File:Youtube founders.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|From left to right: [[Chad Hurley]], [[Steve Chen]] and [[Jawed Karim]], the founders of YouTube]]

YouTube was founded by [[Steve Chen]], [[Chad Hurley]], and [[Jawed Karim]]. The trio were all early employees of [[PayPal]] which they left enriched after the company was bought by [[eBay]].<ref name=":7" /> Hurley had studied design at [[Indiana University of Pennsylvania]], and Chen and Karim studied [[computer science]] together at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2006|title=YouTube founders now superstars|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/youtube-founders-now-superstars-20061011-gdokrc.html|access-date=March 18, 2021|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref>

There are multiple stories told of the company's founding. According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".<ref name="YouTube gurus">{{Cite magazine|last=Cloud|first=John|date=December 25, 2006|title=The YouTube Gurus|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from [[Janet Jackson]]'s role in the [[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|2004 Super Bowl incident]] when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]]. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Hopkins |title=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm |website=[[USA Today]] |date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an [[online dating service]], and had been influenced by the website [[Hot or Not]].<ref name="YouTube gurus"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/https://www.youtube.com/ Earliest surviving version of the YouTube website] [[Wayback Machine]], April 28, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2013.</ref> They created posts on [[Craigslist]] asking attractive women to upload videos of themselves to YouTube in exchange for a $100 reward.<ref>{{Cite web|title=r {{!}} p 2006: YouTube: From Concept to Hypergrowth – Jawed Karim|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=XAJEXUNmP5M&t=2398}}</ref> Difficulty in finding enough dating videos led to a change of plans, with the site's founders deciding to accept uploads of any type of video.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Stuart |last=Dredge |title=YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website |work=The Guardian|date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Youtube logo.jpg|thumb|The YouTube logo was used from its launch until 2011. Another version of this logo without their "''Broadcast Yourself"'' slogan was used until 2015.]]

YouTube began as a [[venture capital]]–funded technology [[startup company|startup]]. Between November 2005 and April 2006, the company raised money from a variety of investors with [[Sequoia Capital]], $11.5 million, and Artis Capital Management, $8 million, being the largest two.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |first1=Miguel |last1=Helft |first2=Matt |last2=Richtel |title=Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 10, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Helft |first1=Miguel |title=San Francisco Hedge Fund Invested in YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12hedges.html |work=The New York Times |issue=Vol.156, Issue 53,730 |date=October 12, 2006 |language=en}}</ref> YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in [[San Mateo, California]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sara |last=Kehaulani Goo |title=Ready for Its Close-Up |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 7, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In February 2005, the company activated <code>www.youtube.com</code>.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whois Record for <code>www.youtube.com</code>|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com|access-date=April 1, 2009|publisher=DomainTools}}</ref> The first video was uploaded April 23, 2005. Titled ''[[Me at the zoo]]'', it shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the [[San Diego Zoo]] and can still be viewed on the site.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |title=YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 23, 2005|title=Me at the zoo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw|access-date=August 3, 2009|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> In May the company launched a public beta and by November a Nike ad featuring [[Ronaldinho]] became the first video to reach one million total views.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=aRHk8ol0vTw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125105508/https://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=aRHk8ol0vTw|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2005 |title=Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold – YouTube |work=[[Wayback Machine]] |date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/browse.php?s=mp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102073554/https://www.youtube.com/browse.php?s=mp|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2005 |title=Most Viewed – YouTube |work=[[Wayback Machine]] |date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref> The site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube: a history |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/7596636/YouTube-a-history.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=April 17, 2010 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Megan Rose |last=Dickey |title=The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> Clips at the time were limited to 100 megabytes, as little as 30 seconds of footage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Jefferson|date=November 21, 2005|title=Video websites pop up, invite postings|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

YouTube was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet, as [[Vimeo]] was launched in November 2004, though that site remained a side project of its developers from [[CollegeHumor]] at the time and did not grow much either.<ref name="fortune vimeo">{{cite web | url = https://fortune.com/2011/02/23/how-vimeo-became-hipster-youtube/ | title = How Vimeo became hipster YouTube | first = John Patrick | last= Pullen | date = February 23, 2011 | access-date = May 8, 2020 | work = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] }}</ref> The week of YouTube's launch, NBC-Universal's ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' ran a skit "[[Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)|Lazy Sunday]]" by [[The Lonely Island]]. Besides helping to bolster ratings and long-term viewership for ''Saturday Night Live'', "Lazy Sunday"'s status as an early [[viral video]] helped established YouTube as an important website.<ref name=":8">{{cite web | url = https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/heres-what-people-thought-of-youtube-when-it-first-laun-1832019272 | title = Here's What People Thought of YouTube When It First Launched in the Mid-2000s | first = Matt | last = Novak | date = February 14, 2020 | access-date = February 14, 2020 | work = [[Gizmodo]] }}</ref> Unofficial uploads of the skit to YouTube drew in more than five million collective views by February 2006 before they were removed when [[NBCUniversal]] requested it two month later based on copyright concerns.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/20/business/media/a-video-clip-goes-viral-and-a-tv-network-wants-to-control-it.html | title = A Video Clip Goes Viral, and a TV Network Wants to Control It | first = John | last =Biggs | date = February 20, 2006 | access-date = February 14, 2020 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Despite eventually being taken down, these duplicate uploads of the skit helped popularize YouTube's reach and led to the upload of further third-party content.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/lazy-sunday-10th-anniversary-snl-1201657949/ | title = 'Lazy Sunday' Turns 10: 'SNL' Stars Recall How TV Invaded the Internet | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Wallenstein | first2= Todd | last2= Spangler | date = December 18, 2015 | access-date = April 27, 2019 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywood-flashback-snls-lazy-sunday-put-youtube-map-2005-1044829 | title = Hollywood Flashback: 'SNL's' 'Lazy Sunday' Put YouTube on the Map in 2005 | first= Bill | last =Higgens | date = October 5, 2017 | access-date = April 27, 2019 |work =[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref> The site grew rapidly and, in July 2006, the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm |website=[[USA Today]] |date=July 16, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

The choice of the name <code>www.youtube.com</code> led to problems for a similarly named website, <code>www.utube.com</code>. That site's owner, [[Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment]], filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube subsequently changed its website to<code>www.utubeonline.com</code>.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Help! YouTube is killing my business! |author=Zappone, Christian |publisher=CNN |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm |access-date=November 29, 2008 |date=October 12, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Utube sues YouTube |author=Blakely, Rhys |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece |access-date=November 29, 2008 |date=November 2, 2006}}</ref>

===Acquisition by Google (2006–2013)===
[[File:901 Cherry Avenue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California]]
On October 9, 2006, [[Google]] announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock.<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul R. |last=La Monica |title=Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/ |website=[[CNNMoney]] |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=October 9, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Arrington |title=Google Has Acquired YouTube |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 9, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> The deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Arrington |title=Google Closes YouTube Acquisition |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 13, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google closes $A2b YouTube deal |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Busness/Google-closes-A2b-YouTube-deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220214911/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Busness/Google-closes-A2b-YouTube-deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html |website=[[The Age]] |date=November 14, 2006 |archive-date=December 20, 2007 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Google's acquisition launched new newfound interest in video-sharing sites; [[IAC (company)|IAC]], which now owned Vimeo focused on supporting the content creator to distinguish itself from YouTube.<ref name="fortune vimeo"/>
[[File:Logo of YouTube (2015-2017).svg|thumb|upright=0.9|YouTube logo from 2015 until 2017]]
The company experienced rapid growth. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' wrote that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] as the entire Internet in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carter|first=Lewis|date=April 7, 2008|title=Web could collapse as video demand soars|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584230/Web-could-collapse-as-video-demand-soars.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> By 2010, the company had reached a [[market share]] of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos according to [[comScore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=comScore Releases May 2010 U.S. Online Video Rankings|url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/comScore_Releases_May_2010_U.S._Online_Video_Rankings|access-date=June 27, 2010|publisher=[[comScore]]}}</ref> That year the company also redesigned its interface with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site.<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube redesigns website to keep viewers captivated|agency=AFP|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jfGfKKsiwbxNv8XoUbm8ZlRZZWyw|access-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, more than three billion videos were being watched each day with 48 hours of new videos uploaded every minute.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 25, 2011|title=YouTube moves past 3 billion views a day|url=https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/youtube-moves-past-3-billion-views-a-day/|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bryant|first=Martin|date=May 25, 2011|title=YouTube hits 3 Billion views per day, 2 DAYS worth of video uploaded every minute|url=https://thenextweb.com/google/2011/05/25/youtube-hits-3-billion-views-per-day-2-days-worth-of-video-uploaded-every-minute/|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=The Next Web}}</ref><ref name="48-60">{{Cite news|last=Oreskovic|first=Alexei|date=January 23, 2012|title=Exclusive: YouTube hits 4 billion daily video views|newspaper=Reuters|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube-idUSTRE80M0TS20120123|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> However, most of these views came from a relatively small number of videos; according to a software engineer at that time, 30% of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Whitelaw|first=Ben|date=April 20, 2011|title=Almost all YouTube views come from just 30% of films|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8464418/Almost-all-YouTube-views-come-from-just-30-of-films.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> That year the company again changed its interface and at the sametime introduced a new logo with a darker shade of red.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 2, 2011|title=YouTube's website redesign puts the focus on channels|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16006524|access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Cashmore, Pete|date=October 26, 2006|title=YouTube Gets New Logo, Facelift and Trackbacks – Growing Fast!|url=http://mashable.com/2006/10/26/youtube-gets-new-logo-facelift-and-trackbacks-growing-fast/|access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref> A further interface change, designed to unify the experience across desktop, TV, and mobile, was rolled out in 2013.<ref name="tnw-one">[https://thenextweb.com/google/2013/06/05/youtube-rolls-out-redesigned-one-channel-layout-to-all-users/ “YouTube rolls out redesigned ‘One Channel’ layout to all users”] (TheNextWeb article, June 5, 2013).</ref> By that point more than 100 hours were being uploaded every minute, a number that would increase to 300 hours by November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=May 19, 2013|title=YouTube users now upload 100 hours of video every minute|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/19/4345514/youtube-users-upload-100-hours-video-every-minute|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=E. Solsman|first=Joan|date=November 12, 2014|title=YouTube's Music Key: Can paid streaming finally hook the masses?|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-key-googles-stab-at-taking-paid-streaming-songs-mainstream/|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>

During this time, the company also went through some organizational changes. In October 2006, YouTube moved to a new office in [[San Bruno, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wasserman|first1=Todd|date=February 15, 2015|title=The revolution wasn't televised: The early days of YouTube|url=https://mashable.com/2015/02/14/youtube-history/#hEWvSDo5TPql|access-date=July 4, 2018|website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that [[Salar Kamangar]] would take over as head of the company in October 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 29, 2010|title=Hurley stepping down as YouTube chief executive|agency=AFP|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggtnJSISuXoPHgxu6HwPJJqVTT6g?docId=CNG.f7ff59e3829714d23524d35ed1afdd63.921|access-date=October 30, 2010}}</ref>

===New revenue streams (2013–2018)===
[[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|YouTube logo since 2017]]
[[Susan Wojcicki]] was appointed [[chief executive officer|CEO]] of YouTube in February 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Oreskovic|first1=Alexei|date=February 5, 2014|title=Google taps longtime executive Wojcicki to head YouTube|language=en-IN|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube/google-taps-longtime-executive-wojcicki-to-head-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205|access-date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> In January 2016, YouTube expanded its headquarters in San Bruno by purchasing an office park for $215 million. The complex has 51,468 square metres (554,000 square feet) of space and can house up to 2,800 employees.<ref name="office_park">{{Cite news|last=Avalos|first=George|date=January 20, 2016|title=YouTube expansion in San Bruno signals big push by video site|work=San Jose Mercury News|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_29405413/youtube-expansion-san-bruno-signals-big-push-by|access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref> YouTube officially launched the "polymer" redesign of its user interfaces based on [[Material Design]] language as its default, as well a redesigned logo that is built around the service's play button emblem in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube has a new look and, for the first time, a new logo|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/29/16216868/new-youtube-logo-redesign-font-color-app-design|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref>

Through this period, YouTube tried several new ways to generate revenue beyond advertisements. In 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels within the platform.<ref name="subscription">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715 |title=YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels |work=[[BBC News]] |date=May 9, 2013 |access-date=May 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_23184159/youtube-providers-could-begin-charging-fees-this-week |title=YouTube providers could begin charging fees this week |last=Nakaso |first=Dan |work=[[San Jose Mercury News|Mercury News]] |date=May 7, 2013 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> This effort was discontinued in January 2018 and relaunched in June, with US$4.99 channel subscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paid content discontinued January 1, 2018 - YouTube Help|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7515570?hl=en|access-date=2021-04-19|website=support.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=2018-06-22|title=YouTube introduces paid subscriptions and merchandise selling in bid to help creators monetize the platform|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/22/youtube-introduces-paid-channel-subscriptions-and-merchandise-selling.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> These channel subscriptions complemented the existing Super Chat ability, launched in 2017, which allows viewers to donate between $1 and $500 to have their comment highlighted.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Laura|date=April 12, 2017|title=A Chat With a Live Streamer Is Yours, for a Price|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/technology/personaltech/paying-for-live-stream-chat.html|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> In 2014, YouTube announced a subscription service known as "Music Key," which bundled ad-free streaming of music content on YouTube with the existing [[Google Play Music]] service.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service|access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> The service continued to evolve in 2015, when YouTube announced YouTube Red, a new premium service that would offer ad-free access to all content on the platform (succeeding the Music Key service released the previous year), premium original series, and films produced by YouTube personalities, as well as background playback of content on mobile devices. YouTube also released [[YouTube Music]], a third app oriented towards streaming and discovering the music content hosted on the YouTube platform.<ref name="Youtubered">{{cite web|last1=Reader|first1=Ruth|date=October 21, 2015|title=Google wants you to pay $9.99 per month for ad-free YouTube|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/10/21/google-wants-you-to-pay-9-99-per-month-for-ad-free-youtube/|access-date=October 22, 2015|website=Venturebeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|language=en-US|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web|title=YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds|url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/|access-date=November 7, 2016|publisher=Engadget}}</ref>

The company also attempted to create products to appeal to specific kinds of viewers. YouTube released a mobile app known as [[YouTube Kids]] in 2015 designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Hands on With "YouTube Kids," Google's Newly Launched, Child-Friendly YouTube App |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/23/hands-on-with-youtube-kids-googles-newly-launched-child-friendly-youtube-app/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 23, 2015 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Also in 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a [[video gaming]]-oriented vertical and app for videos and live streaming, intended to compete with the [[Amazon.com]]-owned [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch |work=The Guardian |first=Stuart |last=Dredge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps |date=August 26, 2015 |access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Consolidation and conflict (2018–present) ===
The company was attacked on April 3, 2018, when [[2018 YouTube headquarters shooting|a shooting]] took place at YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California which wounded three and resulted in two deaths (including the shooter).<ref name="shooting">{{Cite news|date=April 4, 2018|title=YouTube shooting: Suspect visited shooting range before attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43645812|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> By February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube were watched every day and 400 hours of video were uploaded every minute.<ref name="1 billion hours" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Lumb|first=David|date=February 27, 2017|title=One billion hours of YouTube are watched every day|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-watched-daily/|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[Engadget]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> Two years later, the uploads increased to more than 500 hours per minute.<ref name="500 hours per minute" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], when most of the world was under [[stay-at-home order]]s, usage of services such as YouTube grew greatly. One data firm estimated that YouTube was accounting for 15% of all internet traffic, twice its pre-pandemic level.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rouse|first=Kevin|date=2020-06-04|title=Rabbit Hole, episode Eight: ‘We Go All’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/podcasts/rabbit-hole-qanon-youtube-tiktok-virus.html|access-date=2021-05-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In response to EU officials requesting that such services reduce bandwidth as to make sure medical entities had sufficient bandwidth to share information, YouTube along with Netflix stated they would reduce streaming quality for at least thirty days as to cut bandwidth use of their services by 25% to comply with the EU's request.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gold|first=Hadas|date=March 19, 2020|title=Netflix and YouTube are slowing down in Europe to keep the internet from breaking|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/tech/netflix-internet-overload-eu/index.html|access-date=March 20, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> YouTube later announced that they will continue with this move worldwide, "We continue to work closely with governments and network operators around the globe to do our part to minimize stress on the system during this unprecedented situation".<ref>{{cite web|title=YouTube is reducing the quality of videos for the next month — and it's because increased traffic amid the coronavirus outbreak is straining internet bandwidth|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-reducing-video-quality-globally-coronavirus-streaming-bandwidth-2020-3|access-date=March 24, 2020|publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>

Following a 2018 complaint alleging violations of the [[Children's Online Privacy Protection Act]] (COPPA).,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=April 9, 2018|title=YouTube Illegally Tracks Data on Kids, Groups Claim in FTC Complaint|language=en-US|work=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-children-data-illegal-tracks-ftc-1202747401/|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> the company was fined $170 million by the FTC for collecting personal information from minors under the age of 13.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mike|first=Masnick|title=FTC's Latest Fine Of YouTube Over COPPA Violations Shows That COPPA And Section 230 Are On A Collision Course|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190905/17343942934/ftcs-latest-fine-youtube-over-coppa-violations-shows-that-coppa-section-230-are-collision-course.shtml|access-date=September 7, 2019|website=Techdirt.}}</ref> YouTube was also ordered to create systems to increase children's privacy.<ref name="verge-coppafine">{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Makena|date=September 4, 2019|title=Google will pay $170 million for YouTube's child privacy violations|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/4/20848949/google-ftc-youtube-child-privacy-violations-fine-170-milliion-coppa-ads|access-date=September 4, 2019|website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fung|first=Brian|title=Google and FTC reach $170 million settlement over alleged YouTube violations of kids' privacy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/04/tech/google-youtube-ftc-settlement/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2019|website=[[CNN Business]]}}</ref> Following criticisms of its implementation of those systems, YouTube started treating all videos designated as "made for kids" as liable under COPPA on January 6, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Matthews|first=David|date=January 6, 2020|title=YouTube rolls out new controls aimed at controlling children's content|url=https://www.techspot.com/news/83422-youtube-rolls-out-new-controls-aimed-controlling-children.html|access-date=January 9, 2020|work=TechSpot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Makena|date=December 11, 2019|title=YouTube calls for 'more clarity' on the FTC's child privacy rules|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/11/21011229/youtube-google-coppa-ftc-creators-videos-childrens-privacy-regulations|access-date=December 11, 2019|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Joining the YouTube kids app, the company created a supervised mode, designed more for [[tweens]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|last2=Spangler|first2=Todd|date=2021-02-24|title=YouTube New ‘Supervised’ Mode Will Let Parents Restrict Older Kids’ Video Viewing|url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-supervised-accounts-kid-controls-1234913968/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

During this period, YouTube also got into disputes with other tech companies. For over a year in 2018 and 2019 there was no YouTube app available for [[Amazon Fire TV|Amazon Fire]] products and in 2020 [[Roku]] was forced to remove the app from its streaming store after the two companies couldn't come to an agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=2019-04-18|title=YouTube is finally coming back to Amazon’s Fire TV devices|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18412525/youtube-amazon-fire-tv-prime-video-chromecast-return-announcement|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Solsman|first=Joan E.|title=Roku: YouTube TV app removed from channel store as deal with Google ends|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/roku-youtube-tv-app-removed-from-channel-store-as-deal-with-google-ends/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref>

==Features==
===Video technology===
YouTube primarily uses the [[VP9]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] video formats, and the [[Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP]] protocol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barman|first1=Nabajeet|last2=Martini|first2=Maria G.|date=May 2017|title=H.264/MPEG-AVC, H.265/MPEG-HEVC and VP9 codec comparison for live gaming video streaming|journal=2017 Ninth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)|pages=1–6|doi=10.1109/QoMEX.2017.7965686|isbn=978-1-5386-4024-1|s2cid=28395957}}</ref> By January 2019, YouTube had begun rolling out videos in [[AV1]] format.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyqf6gJt7KuHBmeVzZteZUlNUQAVLwrZS|title=AV1 Beta Launch Playlist|website=YouTube|access-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref> In 2021 it was reported that the company was considering requiring AV1 in streaming hardware order to decrease bandwidth and increase quality.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schoon|first=Ben|date=2021-01-27|title=YouTube may require AV1 support in the future|url=https://9to5google.com/2021/01/27/youtube-av1-netflix-requirement/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=9to5Google|language=en-US}}</ref>

At launch in 2005, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the [[Adobe Flash Player]] plug-in to be installed in the browser.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flash moves on to smart phones |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8287239.stm |access-date=November 30, 2009 |date=October 5, 2009 |first=Jonathan |last=Fildes}}</ref> In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the [[HTML5]] standard.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Protalinski|first=Emil|date=2015-01-27|title=YouTube ditches Flash for HTML5 video by default|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/01/27/youtube-ditches-flash-for-html5-video-by-default/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-05|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref> This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downloadsquad.com/2009/11/08/html5-youtube-viewer-close-but-not-quite-there/ |title=HTML5 YouTube viewer: close, but not quite there |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110003012/http://www.downloadsquad.com/2009/11/08/html5-youtube-viewer-close-but-not-quite-there/ |archive-date=November 10, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> On January 27, 2015, YouTube announced that HTML5 would be the default playback method on [[HTML5 video support|supported browsers]].<ref name=":10" /> With the switch to HTML5 video streams using [[Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP]] (MPEG-DASH), an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution optimizing the bitrate and quality for the available network.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rajeev Tiwari |url=http://streamingcodecs.blogspot.hu/2013/01/mpeg-dash-support-in-youtube.html |title=Streaming Media and RTOS: MPEG-DASH Support in Youtube |publisher=Streamingcodecs.blogspot.hu |date=January 3, 2013 |access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>

The platform is able to serve videos at optionally lower resolution levels starting at 144p for smoothening playback in areas and countries with limited [[Internet speed]]s, improving compatibility, as well as for preservation of limited cellular [[data plan]]s. The resolution setting can be adjusted automatically based on detected connection speed, as well as be set manually.<ref>[https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/91449?hl=en Change the quality of your video - YouTube Help]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Conner|first1=Katie|date=2019-07-01|title=Make YouTube videos sharper or load faster|url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/change-the-quality-of-youtube-videos-on-your-phone-tv-and-laptop/|url-status=live|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref>

From 2008 to 2017, users could add "annotations" to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks and which allowed for [[interactive video]]s. By 2019 all annotations had been removed from videos, breaking some videos which depended on the feature. YouTube introduced standardized [[Widget (GUI)|widgets]] intended to replace annotations in a cross-platform manner, including "end screens" (a customizable array of thumbnails for specified videos displayed near the end of the video).<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube launches mobile-friendly "End Screens" feature to keep viewers watching more video|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/26/youtube-launches-mobile-friendly-end-screens-feature-to-keep-viewers-watching-more-video/|access-date=January 14, 2019|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=November 27, 2018|title=YouTube annotations will disappear for good in January|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/27/18114581/youtube-annotations-discontinued-january-2019|access-date=January 14, 2019|website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=March 16, 2017|title=YouTube to discontinue video annotations because they never worked on mobile|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/16/14953756/youtube-annotations-feature-discontinue-cards-end-screens|access-date=January 14, 2019|website=The Verge}}</ref>

In 2018, YouTube became an [[ISNI]] registry, and announced its intention to begin creating ISNI identifiers to uniquely identify the musicians whose videos it features.<ref name="ISNIYouTube1">{{cite web|title=YouTube Adopts ISNI ID for Artists & Songwriters|url=http://www.isni.org/content/youtube-adopts-isni-id-artists-songwriters|access-date=June 1, 2018|publisher=ISNI}}</ref>

====Uploading====
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users can verify their account, normally through a mobile phone, to gain the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, as well as produce live streams.<ref name="videolength">[https://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=71673 "Upload videos longer than 15 minutes"] YouTube Help. Retrieved July 15, 2017.</ref><ref name="intro to live">[https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2474026? "Introduction to live streaming"] YouTube Help. Retrieved September 22, 2017.</ref> When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Fisher |title=YouTube caps video lengths to reduce infringement |url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/03/6481-2/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 29, 2006 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Lowensohn |title=YouTube bumps video limit to 15 minutes |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-bumps-video-limit-to-15-minutes/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=July 29, 2010 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> Videos can be at most 128 [[gigabyte|GB]] in size or 12 hours, whichever is less.<ref name="videolength"/> {{Anchor|closed captioning}}{{As of|2021}}, automatic [[Closed captioning|closed captions]] using [[speech recognition]] technology when a video is uploaded is available in 13 languages. YouTube also offers manual closed captioning as part of its creator studio.<ref name="captioning">{{cite web |title=Adding Captions to YouTube Videos |author=University of Washington |publisher=[[University of Washington]] |url=http://www.washington.edu/accessibility/videos/youtube/ |access-date=September 4, 2016|author-link=University of Washington }}</ref> YouTube formerly offered a 'Community Captions' feature, where viewers could write and submit captions for public display upon approval by the video uploader, but this was deprecated in September 2020.<ref name="community captions">{{cite web |title= YouTube Will Discontinue Community Captions Feature in September |author=Julia Metraux |publisher=[[MSN]] |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/youtube-will-discontinue-community-captions-feature-in-september/ar-BB17q3RQ |access-date=September 12, 2020|author-link=Julia Metraux }}</ref>

YouTube accepts the most common [[Digital container format|container formats]], including [[MPEG-4 Part 14|MP4]], [[Matroska]], [[Flash Video|FLV]], [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]], [[WebM]], [[3GP and 3G2|3GP]], [[MPEG program stream|MPEG-PS]], and the [[QuickTime File Format]]. Some intermediate video formats (i.e., primarily used for professional video editing, not for final delivery or storage) are also accepted, such as [[Apple ProRes|ProRes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supported YouTube file formats - YouTube Help|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/troubleshooter/2888402?hl=en|access-date=November 24, 2020|website=support.google.com}}</ref> YouTube provides recommended encoding settings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recommended upload encoding settings - YouTube Help|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171|access-date=November 24, 2020|website=support.google.com}}</ref>

====Quality and formats====
YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 [[pixel]]s using the [[Sorenson codec|Sorenson Spark]] codec (a variant of [[H.263]]),<ref name="incomplete-h263">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaourantin.net/2005/08/quest-for-new-video-codec-in-flash-8.html |title=The quest for a new video codec in Flash 8 |author=Tinic Uro |quote=We went this route before with Sorenson Spark which is an incomplete implementation of H.263 and it bit us badly when trying to implement certain solutions. |date=August 13, 2005 |access-date=January 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206142709/http://kaourantin.net/2005/08/quest-for-new-video-codec-in-flash-8.html |archive-date=February 6, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="flash-video">{{cite web |url=http://download.macromedia.com/f4v/video_file_format_spec_v10_1.pdf |title=Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification Version 10.1 |author=Adobe Systems Incorporated |page=72 |quote=Sorenson H.263 |year=2010 |access-date=January 27, 2011}}</ref> with mono MP3 audio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sorensonmedia.com/news/?n=379 |title=Market Demand for Sorenson Media's Sorenson Spark Video Decoder Expands Sharply |publisher=Sorenson Media |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827160021/http://www.sorensonmedia.com/news/?n=379 |archive-date=August 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in [[3GP and 3G2|3GP]] format on mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downloadsquad.com/2007/06/17/youtube-mobile-goes-live/ |title=YouTube Mobile goes live |date=June 17, 2007 |access-date=August 11, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083032/http://www.downloadsquad.com/2007/06/17/youtube-mobile-goes-live/ |archive-date=June 20, 2007 }}</ref> In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Videos in High Quality |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2008/03/youtube-videos-in-high-quality.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> In December 2008, [[720p]] [[high-definition video|HD]] support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a [[4:3]] [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] to a [[widescreen]] [[16:9]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Lowensohn |title=YouTube videos go HD with a simple hack |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-videos-go-hd-with-a-simple-hack/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=November 20, 2008 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] as its default video compression format. In November 2009, [[1080p]] HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in [[4K resolution|4K]] format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ramesh |last=Sarukkai |title=What's bigger than 1080p? 4K video comes to YouTube |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/07/whats-bigger-than-1080p-4k-video-comes.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Lowensohn |title=YouTube now supports 4K-resolution videos |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-now-supports-4k-resolution-videos/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> In March 2015, support for [[4K resolution]] was added, with the videos playing at 3840 × 2160 pixels. In June 2015, support for [[8K resolution]] was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mashable.com/2015/06/10/youtube-8k-video/ |title=You can watch an 8K video on YouTube – in theory |publisher=MashableUK |date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=July 2, 2015 |first=Stan |last=Schroeder}}</ref> In November 2016, support for [[High-dynamic-range video|HDR video]] was added which can be encoded with [[Hybrid Log-Gamma]] (HLG) or [[Perceptual Quantizer]] (PQ).<ref>{{cite web |first1=Steven |last1=Robertson |first2=Sanjeev |last2=Verma |title=True colors: adding support for HDR videos on YouTube |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2016/11/true-colors-adding-support-for-hdr.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=November 7, 2016 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> HDR video can be encoded with the [[Rec. 2020]] color space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upload High Dynamic Range (HDR) videos |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7126552 |website=YouTube Help |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

In June 2014, YouTube began to deploy support for [[high frame rate]] videos up to 60 [[frames per second]] (as opposed to 30 before), becoming available for user uploads in October. YouTube stated that this would enhance "motion-intensive" videos, such as [[video game]] footage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/185454-will-60fps-youtube-videos-force-game-developers-to-prioritize-frame-rate|title=Will 60fps YouTube videos force game developers to prioritize frame rate?|website=ExtremeTech|access-date=November 14, 2019|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/29/7121143/youtube-adds-support-for-60fps-video-playback|title=YouTube now supports 60fps playback, and video games look amazing|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=October 29, 2014|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/27/battlefield-hardline-youtube-trailers-games |title=Battlefield Hardline ushers in era of smooth YouTube trailers |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2014 |first=Keith |last=Stuart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Kumparak |title=YouTube Can Now Play Videos at a Buttery 60 Frames Per Second |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/29/60-fps-youtube/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 29, 2014 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ), and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in the [[VP9]] format with stereo [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] audio; if VP9/WebM is not supported in the browser/device or the browser's user agent reports [[Windows XP]], then [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] video with stereo [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] audio is used instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vimeo.com/109102513 |title=Deploying VP9 at YouTube: a postmortem |author= Steven Robertson |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Since 2009, viewers have had the ability watch 3D videos.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 21, 2009|title=YouTube in 3D|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ANcspdYh_U|access-date=August 3, 2009|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> In 2015, the company began natively supporting [[360-degree video]] and it has since allowed for live streaming of 360° video at up to 4K resolution.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bonnington|first=Christina|date=2015-03-13|title=You Can Now Watch and Upload 360-Degree Videos on YouTube|language=en-US|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/03/youtube-360-degree-video/|access-date=2021-05-10|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name="Verge 2016" /> Citing the limited number of users who watched more than 90-degrees, the company began supporting an alternative stereoscopic video format known as VR180 which it said was easier to produce.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube's "VR180" format cuts down on VR video's prohibitive requirements|language=en-us|work=Ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/06/youtubes-vr180-format-makes-vr-video-more-accessible/|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> The company now allows users to watch any video using virtual reality headsets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Broida|first=Rick|title=Watch any YouTube video in VR mode|url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/watch-any-youtube-video-in-vr-mode/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref>

In response to increased viewership during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company temporarily downgraded the quality of its videos.<ref>{{cite web|title=YouTube, Amazon and Netflix cut picture quality in Europe|url=https://www.ft.com/content/70333747-f180-4887-8a26-27ab6b230299|access-date=March 20, 2020|work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=March 24, 2020|title=YouTube is reducing its default video quality to standard definition for the next month|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/24/21192384/youtube-video-quality-reduced-hd-broadband-europe-streaming|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=The Verge}}</ref> The company developed its own chip, called Argos, to help with encoding higher resolution videos in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|title=Google supercharges YouTube with a custom video chip|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-supercharges-youtube-with-a-custom-video-chip/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref>

====Live streaming====
YouTube carried out early experiments with [[live streaming]], including a concert by [[U2]] in 2009, and a question-and-answer session with US President [[Barack Obama]] in February 2010.<ref name="CNN 2010">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/09/13/youtube.livestreaming/index.html?hpt=C2 |title=YouTube testing live streaming |last=Gross |first=Doug |date=September 13, 2010 |website=CNN |access-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> These tests had relied on technology from 3rd-party partners, but in September 2010, YouTube began testing its own live streaming infrastructure.<ref name="BBC 2010">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11282240 |title=YouTube in two-day live video-streaming test |date=September 13, 2010 |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> In April 2011, YouTube announced the rollout of ''YouTube Live''. The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners.<ref name="YT Blog 2011">{{Cite web |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2011/04/youtube-is-going-live.html |title=YouTube is going LIVE |date=April 8, 2011 |website=YouTube Official Blog |access-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> It was used for real-time broadcasting of events such as the 2012 Olympics in London.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/youtube-sleeping-giant-livestreaming/ |title=YouTube Is the Sleeping Giant of Livestreaming |last=Pierce |first=David |journal=Wired |language=en-US|access-date=September 22, 2017|date=August 17, 2015 }}</ref> In October 2012, more than 8 million people watched [[Felix Baumgartner]]'s [[Red Bull Stratos|jump from the edge of space]] as a live stream on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/felix-baumgartner-s-jump-from-space-s-edge-watched-by-millions-1.4115479 |title=Felix Baumgartner's jump from space's edge watched by millions |agency=Associated Press |date=October 15, 2012 |access-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018071353/http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/felix-baumgartner-s-jump-from-space-s-edge-watched-by-millions-1.4115479|archive-date=October 18, 2012 }}</ref>

In May 2013, creation of live streams was opened to verified users with at least 1,000 subscribers; in August of that year the number was reduced to 100 subscribers,<ref name="Verge 2013">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/3/4586624/youtube-live-streaming-now-available-to-channels-with-100-subscribers |title=YouTube opens up live streaming to anyone with 100 or more subscribers |last=Blagdon |first=Jeff |date=August 3, 2013 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> and in December the limit was removed.<ref name="MacNN 2013">{{Cite web |url=http://www.macnn.com/articles/13/12/13/youtube.abandons.100.subscriber.limit.for.live.streaming/ |title=YouTube opens live streaming for all verified accounts |date=December 13, 2013 |website=MacNN |access-date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> In February 2017, live streaming was introduced to the official YouTube mobile app. Live streaming via mobile was initially restricted to users with at least 10,000 subscribers,<ref name="Ars Technica 2017-02-08">{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/02/youtube-now-lets-creators-with-10000-subscribers-live-stream-video-on-mobile/ |title=YouTube now lets creators with 10,000 subscribers live-stream video on mobile |last=Palladino |first=Valentina |date=February 8, 2017 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> but as of mid-2017 it has been reduced to 100 subscribers.<ref name="create live">[https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2853700 "Create a live stream"] YouTube Help. Retrieved September 22, 2017.</ref> Live streams support HDR can be up to 4K resolution at 60 fps, and also support 360° video.<ref name="Verge 2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13783272/youtube-update-4k-live-streaming-support-360-video |title=YouTube now supports 4K live-streaming for both 360-degree and standard video |last=Garun |first=Natt |date=November 30, 2016 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2020-12-08|title=YouTube live streams now support HDR|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/8/22162889/youtube-live-stream-hdr-support|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

===User features===

====Community====
On September 13, 2016, YouTube launched a [[public beta]] of Community, a [[social media]]-based feature that allows users to post text, images (including [[GIF]]s), live videos and others in a separate "Community" tab on their channel.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=YouTube gets its own social network with the launch of YouTube Community |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/13/youtube-gets-its-own-social-network-with-the-launch-of-youtube-community/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Prior to the release, several creators had been consulted to suggest tools Community could incorporate that they would find useful; these [[YouTuber]]s included [[Vlogbrothers]], [[AsapScience]], [[Lilly Singh]], [[MatPat|The Game Theorists]], [[Karmin]], [[The Key of Awesome]], The Kloons, [[Peter Hollens]], [[Rosianna Halse Rojas]], [[Sam Tsui]], [[Threadbanger]] and Vsauce3.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kiley |last=McEvoy |title=YouTube Community goes beyond video |url=https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2016/09/youtube-community-goes-beyond-video.html |website=YouTube Creators Blog |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

After the feature has been officially released, the ''community post'' feature gets activated automatically for every channel that passes a specific threshold of subscriber counts or already has more subscribers. This threshold was lowered over time{{when|date=September 2019}}, from 10000 subscribers  to 1500 subscribers, to 1000 subscribers, which is the current threshold as of September 2019.<ref name=community-activate>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7124474?co=GENIE.Platform=Desktop&hl=en|title=Create a Community post – Computer – YouTube Help|website=support.google.com}}</ref>

Channels that the community tab becomes enabled for, get their channel discussions (the name before March 2013 “One channel layout” redesign finalization: “channel comments”) permanently erased, instead of co-existing or migrating.<ref name=community-help>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7124175?co=GENIE.Platform=Desktop|title=Engage with creators on Community posts – Computer – YouTube Help|website=support.google.com}}</ref>

==== User comments ====
{{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube user comments}}

Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the [[Troll (Internet)|negative]] aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' praised [[Web 2.0]] for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossman|first=Lev|date=December 25, 2006|title=You – Yes, You – Are TIME's Person of the Year|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html|journal=Time|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:<ref>{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=November 3, 2009|title=Our top 10 funniest YouTube comments – what are yours?|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/nov/03/youtube-funniest-comments|access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>

{{quote|Juvenile, aggressive, misspelled, sexist, homophobic, swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a LOL, YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance—with the occasional burst of wit shining through.}}

In September 2008, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' commented that YouTube was "notorious" for "some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Matthew|date=September 2, 2008|title=YouTube's worst comments blocked by filter|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2668997/YouTubes-worst-comments-blocked-by-filter.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' noted in April 2012 that finding comments on YouTube that appear "offensive, stupid and crass" to the "vast majority" of the people is hardly difficult.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rundle|first=Michael|date=April 7, 2012|title=Policing Racism Online: Liam Stacey, YouTube And The Law Of Big Numbers|newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/04/06/policing-racism-online-liam-stacey-fabrice-muamba-abuse-twitter-youtube-facebook_n_1407795.html|access-date=June 1, 2012}}</ref>

On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a comment system oriented on Google+ that required all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos. The stated motivation for the change was giving creators more power to moderate and block comments, thereby addressing frequent criticisms of their quality and tone.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/07/youtube-comments-trolls-moderation-google "YouTube aims to tame the trolls with changes to its comments section"], Stuart Dredge, ''The Guardian'', November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</ref> The new system restored the ability to include [[URL]]s in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse.<ref>{{cite web|year=2009|title=No more links in comments?|url=http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/youtube/OdxWjrLvzYw|access-date=August 28, 2013|work=Google product forums}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=View and post comments|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/171666?hl=en-GB|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117041605/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/171666|archive-date=November 17, 2013|access-date=November 11, 2013|work=Google Support}}</ref> In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=November 8, 2013|title=YouTube co-founder hurls abuse at Google over new YouTube comments|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/08/youtube-cofounder-why-the-fuck-do-i-need-a-google-account-to-comment|access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref> The official YouTube announcement<ref>{{YouTube|bVGp8Z8Yb28|"Meet the new YouTube comments"}}, November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</ref> received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/youtube-founder-blasts-new-youtube-comments-jawed-karim-outraged-google-plus-requirement-1462814 "YouTube Founder Blasts New YouTube Comments: Jawed Karim Outraged At Google Plus Requirement"], Ryan W. Neal, ''International Business Times'', November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</ref> Writing in the ''Newsday'' blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:<ref>{{cite news|last=Chase|first=Melvin|date=November 20, 2013|title=YouTube comments require Google+ account, Google faces uproar|newspaper=Newsday|url=http://www.newsday.com/business/technology/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420}} {{subscription}} [http://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420 Alternate link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000813/http://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420|date=December 3, 2013}}.</ref>

{{quote|Perhaps user complaints are justified, but the idea of revamping the old system isn't so bad.

Think of the crude, misogynistic and racially-charged mudslinging that has transpired over the last eight years on YouTube without any discernible moderation. Isn't any attempt to curb unidentified libelers worth a shot? The system is far from perfect, but Google should be lauded for trying to alleviate some of the damage caused by irate YouTubers hiding behind animosity and anonymity.}}

On July 27, 2015, Google announced in a blog post that it would be removing the requirement to sign up to a Google+ account to post comments to YouTube.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 28, 2015|title=Google unlinking Google+ from YouTube|work=BBC News|location=London|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-33687110|access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>

On November 3, 2016, YouTube announced a trial scheme which allows the creators of videos to decide whether to approve, hide or report the comments posted on videos based on an [[algorithm]] that detects potentially offensive comments.<ref>{{cite web|last=E. Solsman|first=Joan|date=November 3, 2016|title=YouTube helps creators blast trolls from comments|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-comments-new-tools-algorithmic-pinned-hearts-usernames/|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> Creators may also choose to keep or delete comments with links or hashtags in order to combat spam. They can also allow other users to moderate their comments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jotham|first1=Immanuel|date=July 24, 2017|title=New YouTube feature allows creators to automatically block spam|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-youtube-feature-allows-creators-automatically-block-spam-1631665|access-date=September 17, 2017|website=International Business Times UK|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2020, it was noted that comments in videos and live streams containing the mandarin phrases "[[wikt:共匪|共匪]]" (“communist bandit”) or "[[wikt:五毛|五毛]]" (“50-cent party”) were automatically deleted within 15 seconds.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vincent|first1=James|date=May 26, 2020|title=YouTube is deleting comments with two phrases that insult China's Communist Party|language=en|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Flood|first1=Brian|date=May 26, 2020|title=YouTube investigating 'error' that deleted comments offensive to China's Communist Party|work=Fox News|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/youtube-china-error-communist-party|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube Is Removing Chinese Phrases Critical of China's Communist Party|language=en|work=PCMAG|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/youtube-is-removing-chinese-phrases-critical-of-chinas-communist-party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 26, 2020|title=Rep. Banks Demands Answers from Google over Alleged YouTube Censorship of CCP Criticism|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/rep-banks-demands-answers-from-google-over-alleged-youtube-censorship-of-ccp-criticism/|access-date=May 26, 2020|website=National Review}}</ref> The censorship was considered odd as YouTube is blocked in China.

In December 2020 it was reported that YouTube is launching a new feature that will warn users who post a comment that "may be offensive to others."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=December 3, 2020|title=YouTube will ask commenters to rethink posting if their message seems offensive|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/3/22150197/youtube-comments-posting-hurtful-hate-videos-discrimination-monetization-search|access-date=December 9, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube introduces new feature to address toxic comments|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/12/03/youtube-introduces-new-features-to-address-toxic-comments/|access-date=December 9, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Content accessibility===
YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of [[HTML]] that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athenswalk.net/_/Blog/Entries/2013/7/30_YouTube_embed_code_guide.html|title=YouTube embedded video guide}}</ref> This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by, or related to another user's video can make a "video response".

On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature.<ref>{{cite web |title=So long, video responses ... Next up: better ways to connect |url=https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2013/08/so-long-video-responsesnext-up-better.html |website=YouTube Creators Blog |date=August 27, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/58123 |title=Control comments and video responses |author=YouTube |access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/t/terms |title=Terms of Use, 5.B |publisher=YouTube |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> A small number of videos can be downloaded as [[MPEG-4 Part 14|MP4]] files.<ref>{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Lowensohn |title=(Some) YouTube videos get download option |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/some-youtube-videos-get-download-option/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=January 16, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]] allow users to download YouTube videos.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/---mark-milian.html?cid=149000259 |title=YouTube looks out for content owners, disables video ripping |author=Milian, Mark |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=February 21, 2009}}</ref>

In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through [[Google Checkout]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Leena |last=Rao |title=YouTube Hopes To Boost Revenue With Video Downloads |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/12/AR2009021203239.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In June 2012, Google sent [[cease and desist]] letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://torrentfreak.com/google-threatens-to-sue-huge-youtube-mp3-conversion-site-120619/ |title=Google Threatens To Sue Huge YouTube MP3 Conversion Site |author=Torrentfreak |date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=September 4, 2013}}</ref> In response, [[Zamzar]] removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.zamzar.com/2012/06/12/downloading-youtube-videos-no-longer-supported/ |title=Downloading YouTube videos – no longer supported |author=Zamzar |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=September 4, 2013}}</ref> Users retain copyright of their own work under the default Standard YouTube License,<ref>{{cite web |first=Jane |last=Park |title=YouTube launches support for CC BY and a CC library featuring 10,000 videos |url=https://creativecommons.org/2011/06/02/youtube-launches-support-for-cc-by-and-a-cc-library-featuring-10000-videos/ |publisher=Creative Commons |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> but have the option to grant certain usage rights under any [[public copyright license]] they choose.

Since July 2012, it has been possible to select a [[Creative Commons]] attribution license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material.<ref>{{cite web |first=Cathy |last=Casserly |title=Here's your invite to reuse and remix the 4 million Creative Commons-licensed videos on YouTube |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2012/07/heres-your-invite-to-reuse-and-remix-4.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=July 25, 2012 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

====Platforms====
Most modern [[smartphone]]s are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using [[Real Time Streaming Protocol|RTSP]] streaming for the video.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Chitu |title=Mobile YouTube |url=http://googlesystem.blogspot.no/2007/06/mobile-youtube.html |website=Unofficial Google Blog |date=June 15, 2007 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]], a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including [[Apple TV]], [[iPod Touch]] and the [[iPhone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/20youtube.html |title=YouTube Live on Apple TV Today; Coming to iPhone on June 29 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=January 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228063433/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/20youtube.html |archive-date=December 28, 2008 }}</ref>

In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on [[HTML5]], avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geek.com/articles/mobile/goodbye-flash-youtube-mobile-goes-html5-on-iphone-and-android-2010079/ |title=Goodbye Flash: YouTube mobile goes HTML5 on iPhone and Android |author=Zibreg, Christian |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=January 9, 2012}}</ref> The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Kincaid |title=YouTube Mobile Goes HTML5, Video Quality Beats Native Apps Hands Down |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/07/youtube-iphone-mobile-html5/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2010/12/youtube-21-app-now-available-on-android.html |title=YouTube 2.1 App Now Available on Android Market |date=December 8, 2010 |access-date=January 9, 2012}}</ref>

In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2012/sep/11/youtube-iphone-app |title=New YouTube iPhone app preempts iOS6 demotion |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 11, 2012 |first=Stuart |last=Dredge}}</ref> According to [[GlobalWebIndex]], YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third-most used app.<ref>{{cite web |first=Cooper |last=Smith |title=Google+ Is The Fourth Most-Used Smartphone App |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/google-smartphone-app-popularity-2013-9#infographic |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 5, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

A [[TiVo]] service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5026092/tivo-getting-youtube-streaming-today |title=TiVo Getting YouTube Streaming Today |website=[[Gizmodo]] |date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=February 17, 2009}}</ref>

In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Wii]] [[video game console]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/01/youtube-wii-ps3.html |title=YouTube video comes to Wii and PlayStation 3 game consoles |work=Los Angeles Times |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=January 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coming Up Next ... YouTube on Your TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=sDFlZe7FwJI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622121857/https://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=sDFlZe7FwJI |archive-date=June 22, 2009 |publisher=YouTube Blog |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=May 10, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Experience YouTube XL on the Big Screen |url=https://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=ByKmsHdhra8 |work=YouTube Blog |publisher=YouTube |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 20, 2009}}</ref> YouTube is also available as an app on [[Xbox Live]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Xbox Live Getting Live TV, YouTube & Bing Voice Search |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/06/youtube-bing-tv-xbox-live/ |work=Mashable |date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=December 22, 2011}}</ref>

On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/gaming/consoles/youtube-app-wanders-onto-nintendo-wii-days-before-wii-u-launch-1112972 |title=YouTube app wanders onto Nintendo Wii days before Wii U launch |publisher=Techradar.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=November 20, 2012}}</ref> An app was available for [[Wii U]] and [[Nintendo 3DS]], but was discontinued in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/47010/~/youtube-app-for-nintendo-3ds-discontinuation|title=YouTube App for Nintendo 3DS Discontinuation|work=Nintendo America|access-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref> Videos can also be viewed on the [[Internet Browser (Wii U)|Wii U Internet Browser]] using HTML5.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Ali |title=Just for U: YouTube arrives on Wii U |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2012/11/just-for-u-youtube-arrives-on-wii-u.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}{{Primary source inline|date=September 2019}}</ref> Google made YouTube available on the [[Roku]] player on December 17, 2013,<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Spangler |title=YouTube Channel Now Playing on Roku |url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/youtube-channel-now-playing-on-roku-1200969005/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 17, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> and, in October 2014, the Sony [[PlayStation 4]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=O'Grady |title=Pwn, share, repeat with YouTube on PlayStation 4 |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2014/10/pwn-share-repeat-with-youtube-on.html |website=Official YouTube Blog |date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2018, YouTube launched as a downloadable app for the [[Nintendo Switch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube for Nintendo Switch |url=https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/youtube-switch |website=Nintendo Game Details |publisher=Nintendo of America |access-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref>

===Localization===
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] appeared in Paris to launch the new [[Internationalization and localization|localization]] system.<ref name="local" /> The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, one territory (Hong Kong) and a worldwide version.<ref>See YouTube localization list on the bottom of the YouTube website.</ref>

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;" width="70%"
|+ '''Countries with YouTube localization'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=4 | [[File:YouTube Localisation.svg|600px]]
|-
! Country
! Language(s)
! Launch date
|-
| {{flag|United States}} (and worldwide launch)
| [[American English|English]], [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2005|February|15|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| [[French language|French]], [[Basque language|Basque]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local">{{Cite news |first=Peter |last=Sayer |url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772 |title=Google launches YouTube France News |publisher=PC Advisor |date=June 19, 2007 |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| [[Hiberno-English|English]], [[Irish language|Irish]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[British English|English]]
| {{dts|2007|June|19|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| [[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2007|October|11|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |title=Presentan hoy YouTube México |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=September 9, 2010 |language=es |trans-title=YouTube México launched today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |archive-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Hong Kong}}
| [[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Hong Kong English|English]]
| {{dts|2007|October|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |title=中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場！ |publisher=Stanley5 |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 2, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011221455/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Taiwan}}
| [[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]]
| October 18, 2007
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| [[Australian English|English]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}<ref name="AUS-NZ">{{Cite news |first=Kristen |last=Nicole |url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/ |title=YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand |publisher=[[Mashable]] |date=October 22, 2007 |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| [[New Zealand English|English]]
| {{dts|2007|October|22|format=mdy}}<ref name="AUS-NZ" />
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| [[Canadian English|English]], [[Canadian French|French]]
| {{dts|2007|November|6|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Kristen |last=Nicole |url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/ |title=YouTube Canada Now Live |date=November 6, 2007 |publisher=[[Mashable]] |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| [[German language|German]]
| {{dts|2007|November|8|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Adam |last=Ostrow |url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/ |title=YouTube Germany Launches |publisher=[[Mashable]] |date=November 8, 2007 |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| {{dts|2007|November|13|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/ |title=YouTube перевелся на русский |language=ru |publisher=Kommersant Moscow |date=November 14, 2007 |access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}}
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| {{dts|2008|January|23|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Martyn |last=Williams |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html |magazine=[[PC World]] |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=March 22, 2012 |title=YouTube Launches Korean Site}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Indian English|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| {{dts|2008|May|7|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510222042/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 10, 2008 |title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation |date=May 8, 2008 |access-date=August 3, 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language in Israel|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2008|September|16|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| [[Czech language|Czech]]
| {{dts|2008|October|9|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Petr |last=Bokuvka |url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/ |title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks |work=The Czech Daily Word |publisher=Wordpress.com |date=October 12, 2008 |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| {{dts|2008|October|22|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden] October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| [[South African English|English]], [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| {{dts|2010|May|17|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| [[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2010|September|8|format=mdy}}<ref name="countries">{{cite web |url=http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |title=YouTube launches in Argentina |date=September 9, 2010 |access-date=September 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912172902/http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |archive-date=September 12, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1">{{cite web |url=http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |publisher=ArabCrunch |access-date=March 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314234447/http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |archive-date=March 14, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| [[French language|French]], [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2011|March|9|format=mdy}}<ref name="arabcrunch1" />
|-
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| {{dts|2011|September|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nmachi |last=Jidenma |url=https://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/ |title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya |publisher=The Next Web |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]]
| {{dts|2011|October|13|format=mdy}}<ref name="philippines">{{cite news |first=Tam |last=Nod |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&publicationSubCategoryId=200 |title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines' |newspaper=The Philippine Star |date=October 13, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| [[Singapore English|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Simplified Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{dts|2011|October|20|format=mdy}}<ref name="singapore">{{cite news |title=YouTube Launches Singapore Site |url=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |access-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |archive-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| [[Belgian French|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]]
| {{dts|2011|November|16|format=mdy}}<ref name="local" />
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| [[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2011|November|30|format=mdy}}<ref>[https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia] December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| [[Ugandan English|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| {{dts|2011|December|2|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=162 |date=January 4, 2012 }} December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| [[Nigerian Standard English|English]]
| {{dts|2011|December|7|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today |date=January 8, 2012 }} December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2012|January|20|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile] March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |date=March 25, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| {{dts|2012|February|29|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube] March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11 |date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| [[Malaysian language|Malay]], [[Malaysian English|English]]
| {{dts|2012|March|22|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia] March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Peru}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| {{dts|2012|March|25|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues] March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[English language|English]]
| {{dts|2012|April|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |title=UAE version of YouTube launched |publisher=Emirates 247 |date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |author=Bindu Suresh Rai}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| {{dts|2012|May|1|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[English language|English]]
| {{dts|2012|May|17|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443 "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version"], June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| [[English language|English]]
| {{dts|2012|June|5|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana "Google launches YouTube in Ghana"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |date=June 24, 2012 }}, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]]
| {{dts|2012|July|4|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal"], Jubr>
{{note|media_type_table_note_3}}[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live". July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| {{dts|2012|October|1|format=mdy}}<ref>[http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service"], October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| {{dts|2012|December|13|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Maryna |last=Tarasova |url=http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html |publisher=Google Ukraine Blog |title=YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!) |date=December 13, 2012 |location=Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |publisher=iProspect |title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark |access-date=April 17, 2013 |location=Denmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Vilja |last=Sormunen |url=http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |publisher=KLOK |title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2013 |location=Nordic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163345/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| {{dts|2013|February|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms |publisher=[[TONO]] |title=YouTube Launched in Norway |access-date=April 17, 2013 |location=Norway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms |archive-date=April 20, 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210 |publisher=[[swissinfo]] |title=YouTube goes Swiss |access-date=April 17, 2013 |location=Swiss}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| [[German language|German]]
| {{dts|2013|March|29|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html |publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]] |title=YouTube.at since Thursday online |access-date=April 17, 2013 |location=Austria}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
| {{dts|2013|April|18|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820 |publisher=ZF.ro |title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână |access-date=May 14, 2013 |location=Romania}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159 |publisher=Luso Noticias |title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube |access-date=May 14, 2013 |location=Portugal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| {{dts|2013|April|25|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube |publisher=Vat Pravda |date=May 21, 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |author=[http://vat.pravda.sk/autor/64-svec-tomas/ tš] |language=sk}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}<ref name="gcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC |publisher=tbreak Media |date=September 16, 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |author=[http://www.tbreak.ae/author/theregos Nick Rego] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213233858/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |archive-date=February 13, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}<ref name="gcc" />
|-
| {{Flag|Oman}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}<ref name="gcc" />
|-
| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2013|August|16|format=mdy}}<ref name="gcc" />
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България |publisher=New Trend |date=March 18, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |author=[http://newtrend.bg/author/ivelina Ивелина Атанасова] |language=bg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj |publisher=Lider |date=March 19, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |title=Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis! |publisher=Meedium |date=March 19, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |author=Siiri Oden |language=et |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā |publisher=Marketing |date=March 18, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |author=[http://marketing.lv/author/marta/ Marta] |language=lv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321170116/http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |archive-date=March 21, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
| {{dts|2014|March|17|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi |publisher=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]] |date=March 18, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |author=STA |language=sl}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| {{dts|2014|April|1|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html |title=YouTube introduces homepage especially |newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |date=April 3, 2014 |access-date=April 4, 2014 |author=Asina Pornwasin}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2014|May|1|format=mdy}}<ref name="gcc" />
|-
| {{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
| [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]], [[American English|English]]
| {{dts|2014|August|23|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| {{dts|2014|October|1|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{dts|2015|February|1|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| [[English language|English]]
| {{dts|2015|June|2|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="adriatics baltics">{{cite web |url=http://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |title=YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales |author=Stephen Hall |publisher=9to5 Google |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="adriatics baltics" />
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="adriatics baltics" />
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
| {{dts|2015|October|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="adriatics baltics" />
|-
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| November 9, 2015{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="himalayan">{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/youtube-launches-specific-homepages-for-nepal-pakistan-sri-lanka/ |title=YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages |newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]] |date=January 13, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1026164/youtube-launches-country-specific-homepages-for-pakistan/ |title=YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sri Lankan English|English]]
| {{dts|2016|January|12|format=mdy}}<ref name="himalayan" />
|-
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| [[Jamaican English|English]]
| August 4, 2016{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| [[English language|English]]
| June 24, 2018
|-
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| January 30, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Guarani language|Guarani]]
| February 21, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| February 21, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| March 13, 2019
|-
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| [[German language|German]]
| March 13, 2019
|-
|{{Flag|Venezuela}}
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| March 10, 2020
|-
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| [[English language|English]]
| ?, 2020
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|September 2, 2020
|-
|}
The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen based on the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn More: Video not available in my country |work=google.com |url=https://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en-uk&answer=92571 |access-date=August 4, 2009}}</ref> The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, which do not have local channel versions. Access to YouTube was blocked in [[Turkey]] between 2008 and 2010, following controversy over the posting of videos deemed insulting to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and some material offensive to Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816 |date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Turks censor YouTube censorship |author=Danforth, Nick |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/30/ED68191LKM.DTL |date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=August 4, 2009}}</ref> In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the domain <code>youtube.com.tr</code>. The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dara |last=Kerr |title=YouTube cedes to Turkey and uses local Web domain |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-cedes-to-turkey-and-uses-local-web-domain/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=October 2, 2012 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency [[PRS for Music]] led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach an agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Emma |last=Barnett |title=Music videos back on YouTube in multi-million pound PRS deal |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/6127624/Music-videos-back-on-YouTube-in-multi-million-pound-PRS-deal.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Now YouTube stops the music in Germany |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2009/apr/01/youtube-digital-music-and-audio |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=April 2, 2009}}</ref>

== Videos ==
In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical US citizen watching television.<ref name="seabrook20120116">{{cite news|author=Seabrook, John|date=January 16, 2012|title=Streaming Dreams|work=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|access-date=January 6, 2012}}</ref> In 2017, viewers on average watched YouTube on mobile devices for more than an hour every day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Updates from VidCon: more users, more products, more shows and much more|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2017/06/updates-from-vidcon-more-users-more.html|access-date=September 16, 2017|website=Official YouTube Blog}}</ref>

In December 2012, two billion views were removed from the view counts of Universal and [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]] music videos on YouTube, prompting a claim by ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' that the views had been deleted due to a violation of the site's terms of service, which ban the use of automated processes to inflate view counts. This was disputed by ''Billboard'', which said that the two billion views had been moved to Vevo, since the videos were no longer active on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoffberger|first=Chase|date=December 21, 2012|title=YouTube strips Universal and Sony of 2 billion fake views|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/youtube-universal-sony-fake-views-black-hat/|access-date=January 10, 2014|work=[[The Daily Dot]]|publisher=[[Complex Media, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sabbagh|first=Dan|author-link=Dan Sabbagh|date=December 28, 2012|title=Two billion YouTube music video views disappear ... or just migrate?|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/28/youtube-video-views-disappear-migrate|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> On August 5, 2015, YouTube patched the formerly notorious behaviour which caused a video's view count to freeze at "301" (later "301+") until the actual count was verified to prevent [[Click fraud|view count fraud]].<ref name="numberphile">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIkhgagvrjI|title=Why do YouTube views freeze at 301?|date=June 22, 2012|last=Haran|first=Brady|author-link=Brady Haran|access-date=August 30, 2018|work=[[Numberphile]]|via=YouTube}}</ref> YouTube view counts once again updated in real time.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Snyder|first=Benjamin|date=August 6, 2015|title=YouTube Finally Fixed This Annoying Feature|url=http://time.com/3987570/youtube-301-views/|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

Since September 2019, subscriber counts are abbreviated. Only three leading digits of channels' subscriber counts are indicated publicly, compromising the function of third-party real-time indicators such as that of [[Social Blade]]. Exact counts remain available to channel operators inside YouTube Studio.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019|title=Abbreviated public-facing subscriber counts|url=https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2019/08/abbreviated-public-facing-subscriber.html|website=YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog|language=en}}</ref> In March 2021 it was reported that YouTube was testing hiding dislikes on videos for viewers. YouTube creators would still be able to see the number of likes and dislikes in the YouTube Studio dashboard tool, according to YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2021-03-30|title=YouTube Launches Test to Hide Video ‘Dislike’ Counts|url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-test-hide-dislike-counts-1234940845/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube-tests-hiding-dislike-counts-on-videos/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Copyright ===
{{main|YouTube copyright issues}}
{{further|#Revenue to copyright holders}}

YouTube has faced numerous challenges and criticisms in its attempts to deal with copyright, including the site's first viral video, [[Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)|Lazy Sunday]], which had to be taken down, due to copyright concerns.<ref name=":8" /> At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marsden|first=Rhodri|date=August 12, 2009|title=Why did my YouTube account get closed down?|work=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/rhodri-marsden-why-did-my-youtube-account-get-closed-down-1770618.html|access-date=August 12, 2009}}</ref> Despite this advice, many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material remain on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] [[takedown notice]] pursuant to the terms of the [[Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act]]. Any successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a [[YouTube copyright strike]]. Three successful complaints for [[copyright infringement]] against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_strike Why do I have a sanction on my account?] YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 21, 2010|title=Is YouTube's three-strike rule fair to users?|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/8696716.stm|access-date=February 5, 2012}}</ref> From 2007 to 2009 organizations including [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]], [[Mediaset]], and the English [[Premier League]] have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 13, 2007|title=Viacom will sue YouTube for $1bn|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6446193.stm|access-date=May 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2008|title=Mediaset Files EUR500 Million Suit Vs Google's YouTube|publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]]|url=https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807301025DOWJONESDJONLINE000654_FORTUNE5.htm|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 5, 2007|title=Premier League to take action against YouTube|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2312532/Premier-League-to-take-action-against-YouTube.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

In August 2008, a US court ruled in ''[[Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.]]'' that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected [[fair use]] of the material.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Egelko|first=Bob|date=August 20, 2008|title=Woman can sue over YouTube clip de-posting|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/MNU412FKRL.DTL|access-date=August 25, 2008}}</ref> YouTube's owner Google announced in November 2015 that they would help cover the legal cost in select cases where they believe fair use defenses apply.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finley|first=Klint|date=November 19, 2015|title=Google Pledges to Help Fight Bogus YouTube Copyright Claims—for a Few|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/11/google-pledges-to-help-fight-bogus-youtube-copyright-claims-for-a-few/|journal=Wired|access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref>

In the 2011 case of ''[[Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC]]'', professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notices on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ohio Northern District Court|date=July 18, 2013|title=Court Docket|url=https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Ohio_Northern_District_Court/3--11-cv-00348/Smith__v_Summit_Entertainment_LLC/#q=|access-date=October 21, 2014|work=Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC|publisher=Docket Alarm, Inc.}}</ref> He asserted seven [[causes of action]], and four were ruled in Smith's favor.<ref>{{cite web|author=District Judge James G. Carr|date=June 6, 2011|title=Order|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4653165041580834913#|access-date=November 7, 2011|work=Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC|publisher=United States District Court, N.D. Ohio, Western Division}}</ref> In April 2012, a court in Hamburg ruled that YouTube could be held responsible for copyrighted material posted by its users.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 20, 2012|title=YouTube loses court battle over music clips|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17785613|access-date=April 20, 2012}}</ref> On November 1, 2016, the dispute with GEMA was resolved, with Google content ID being used to allow advertisements to be added to videos with content protected by GEMA.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 1, 2016|title=YouTube's seven-year stand-off ends|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37839038|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>

In April 2013, it was reported that [[Universal Music Group]] and YouTube have a contractual agreement that prevents content blocked on YouTube by a request from UMG from being restored, even if the uploader of the video files a DMCA counter-notice.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 5, 2013|title=YouTube's Deal With Universal Blocks DMCA Counter Notices|url=http://torrentfreak.com/youtube-deal-with-universal-blocks-dmca-counter-notices-130405/|access-date=April 5, 2013|publisher=TorrentFreak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Videos removed or blocked due to YouTube's contractual obligations|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=3045545|access-date=April 5, 2013}}</ref> As part of YouTube Music, Universal and YouTube signed an agreement in 2017, which was followed by separate agreements other major labels, which gave the company the right to advertising revenue when its music was played on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aswad|first=Jem|last2=Aswad|first2=Jem|date=2017-12-19|title=YouTube Strikes New Deals With Universal and Sony Music|url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/universal-music-group-and-youtube-reach-new-global-multi-year-agreement-1202644815/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> By 2019, creators were having videos taken down or demonetized when Content ID identified even short segments of copyrighted music within a much longer video, with different levels of enforcement depending on the record label.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2019-05-24|title=YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover|access-date=2021-04-22|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Experts noted that some of these clips said qualified for fair use.<ref name=":9" />

==== Content ID ====
{{main|Content ID (system)}}
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]], which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Delaney|first=Kevin J.|date=June 12, 2007|title=YouTube to Test Software To Ease Licensing Fights|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118161295626932114.html|access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> The system, which was initially called "Video Identification"<ref>{{Citation|last=YouTube Advertisers|title=Video Identification|date=February 4, 2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWizsV5Le7s|access-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=King|first=David|date=December 2, 2010|title=Content ID turns three|language=en-US|work=Official YouTube Blog|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/content-id-turns-three.html|access-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref> and later became known as Content ID,<ref>{{cite web|date=September 28, 2010|title=YouTube Content ID|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g2U12SsRns|access-date=May 25, 2015|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.<ref name="youtube">[https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_more More about Content ID] YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2011.</ref> When this occurs, the content owner has the choice of blocking the video to make it unviewable, tracking the viewing statistics of the video, or adding advertisements to the video.

By 2010, YouTube had "already invested tens of millions of dollars in this technology".<ref name=":3" />

In 2011, YouTube described Content ID as "very accurate in finding uploads that look similar to reference files that are of sufficient length and quality to generate an effective ID File".<ref name="youtube" />

By 2012, Content ID accounted for over a third of the monetized views on YouTube.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/t/press_statistics Press Statistics] YouTube. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref>

An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible.<ref>{{cite web|author=Von Lohmann, Fred|date=April 23, 2009|title=Testing YouTube's Audio Content ID System|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/04/testing-youtubes-aud|access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to [[YouTube copyright issues|controversy]] in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use.<ref>{{cite web|author=Von Lohmann, Fred|date=February 3, 2009|title=YouTube's January Fair Use Massacre|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/01/youtubes-january-fair-use-massacre|access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_dispute Content ID disputes] YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2011.</ref>

Before 2016, videos were not monetized until the dispute was resolved. Since April 2016, videos continue to be monetized while the dispute is in progress, and the money goes to whoever won the dispute.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=YouTube's Content ID System Gets One Much-Needed Fix|url=https://kotaku.com/youtubes-content-id-system-gets-one-much-needed-fix-1773643254|access-date=September 16, 2017|website=Kotaku}}</ref> Should the uploader want to monetize the video again, they may remove the disputed audio in the "Video Manager".<ref>{{cite web|title=Remove Content ID claimed songs from my videos – YouTube Help|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2902117?hl=en|access-date=September 17, 2017|website=support.google.com|language=en}}</ref> YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Siegel|first1=Joshua|last2=Mayle|first2=Doug|date=December 9, 2010|title=Up, Up and Away – Long videos for more users|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/up-up-and-away-long-videos-for-more.html|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=Official YouTube Blog}}</ref>

===Moderation and offensive content===
{{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube|Censorship by Google#YouTube}}
YouTube has a set of community guidelines aimed to reduce abuse of the site's features. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is forbidden by YouTube's "Community Guidelines".<ref name="guidelines">{{cite web|title=YouTube Community Guidelines|url=https://www.youtube.com/t/community_guidelines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304150155/https://www.youtube.com/yt/policyandsafety/communityguidelines.html|archive-date=March 4, 2017|access-date=November 30, 2008|publisher=YouTube}}{{better source needed|date=August 2019}}</ref> Generally prohibited material includes sexually explicit content, videos of animal abuse, [[shock site|shock videos]], content uploaded without the copyright holder's consent, hate speech, spam, and predatory behavior.<ref name="guidelines" /> YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's guidelines.<ref name="guidelines" /> Despite the guidelines, YouTube has faced criticism over aspects of its operations,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=May 10, 2018|title=The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco|access-date=November 3, 2019|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref> its [[recommender system|recommendation algorithms]] perpetuating [[#Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse|videos that promote conspiracy theories]] and falsehoods,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Julia Carrie|last2=Levin|first2=Sam|date=January 25, 2019|title=YouTube vows to recommend fewer conspiracy theory videos|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/25/youtube-conspiracy-theory-videos-recommendations|access-date=November 3, 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> hosting videos ostensibly targeting children but containing [[Elsagate|violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Orphanides|first=K. G.|date=March 23, 2018|title=Children's YouTube is still churning out blood, suicide and cannibalism|work=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-for-kids-videos-problems-algorithm-recommend|access-date=November 3, 2019|issn=1357-0978}}</ref> videos of minors attracting [[Pedophilia|pedophilic]] activities in their comment sections,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Orphanides|first=K. G.|date=February 20, 2019|title=On YouTube, a network of paedophiles is hiding in plain sight|work=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-pedophile-videos-advertising|access-date=November 3, 2019|issn=1357-0978}}</ref> and fluctuating policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising.<ref name=":6" />

YouTube contracts companies to hire content moderators, who view content flagged as potentially violating YouTube's content policies and determines if they should be removed. In September 2020, a class-action suit was filed by a former content moderator who reported developing [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) after an 18-month period on the job. The former content moderator said that she was regularly made to exceed YouTube's stated limited of four hours per day of viewing graphic content. The lawsuit alleges that YouTube's contractors gave little to no training or support for its moderator's mental health, made prospective employees sign NDAs before showing them any examples of content they would see while reviewing, and censored all mention of trauma from its internal forums. It also purports that requests for extremely graphic content to be blurred, reduced in size or made monochrome, per recommendations from the [[National Center for Missing and Exploited Children]], were rejected by YouTube as not a high priority for the company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimball|first=Whitney|date=September 22, 2020|title=Content Moderator Exposed to Child Assault and Animal Torture Sues YouTube|url=https://gizmodo.com/youtube-moderator-sues-over-ptsd-symptoms-lack-of-work-1845143110|access-date=October 11, 2020|work=Gizmodo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vincent|first=James|date=September 22, 2020|title=Former YouTube content moderator sues the company after developing symptoms of PTSD|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/22/21450477/youtube-content-moderator-sues-lawsuit-ptsd-graphic-content-exposure|access-date=October 11, 2020|work=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Elias|first=Jennifer|date=September 22, 2020|title=Former YouTube content moderator describes horrors of the job in new lawsuit|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/former-youtube-content-moderator-describes-horrors-of-the-job-in-lawsuit.html|access-date=October 11, 2020|publisher=CNBC}}</ref>

To limit the spread of misinformation and fake news via YouTube, it has rolled out a comprehensive policy regarding how to planned to deal with technically manipulated videos.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alba|first=Davey|date=February 3, 2020|title=YouTube Says It Will Ban Misleading Election-Related Content|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/technology/youtube-misinformation-election.html|access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>

YouTube has also been criticized for suppressing opinions dissenting from governments' positions, especially related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Mike|date=May 21, 2020|title=YouTube accused of 'censorship' for removing video claiming Covid-19 could 'burn out' before vaccine|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/21/youtube-accused-censorship-removing-video-claiming-covid-19/|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaminska|first=Izabella|date=May 27, 2020|title=Censortech strikes again|work=[[FT Alphaville]]|url=https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/05/27/1590591733000/Censortech-strikes-again/|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Letter to YouTube from BBW|url=https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Letter-to-YouTube-from-BBW-Index-ORG-ASI-16-April-2020.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2020|publisher=[[Big Brother Watch]]}}</ref>

Controversial content has included material relating to [[Holocaust denial]] and the [[Hillsborough disaster]], in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989.<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube criticized in Germany over anti-Semitic Nazi videos|agency=Reuters|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/898004.html|access-date=May 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fury as YouTube carries sick Hillsboro video insult|url=http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_headline=fury-as-youtube-carries-sick-hillsboro-video-insult%26method=full%26objectid=18729523%26page=1%26siteid=50061-name_page.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320021147/http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_headline%3Dfury-as-youtube-carries-sick-hillsboro-video-insult%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D18729523%26page%3D1%26siteid%3D50061-name_page.html|archive-date=March 20, 2012|access-date=November 29, 2015|publisher=icLiverpool}}</ref> In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating:

{{quote|We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=James |last1=Kirkup |first2=Nicole |last2=Martin |title=YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> (July 2008)}}

In October 2010, U.S. Congressman [[Anthony Weiner]] urged YouTube to remove from its website videos of imam [[Anwar al-Awlaki]].<ref>{{cite news|date=October 25, 2010|title=Al-Awlaki's YouTube Videos Targeted by Rep. Weiner|work=Fox News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/10/25/rep-weiner-calls-youtube-al-awlakis-videos/|access-date=November 13, 2010}}</ref> YouTube pulled some of the videos in November 2010, stating they violated the site's guidelines.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=F. Burns|first1=John|last2=Helft|first2=Miguel|date=November 4, 2010|title=YouTube Withdraws Cleric's Videos|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/world/05britain.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In December 2010, YouTube added the ability to flag videos for containing terrorism content.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennett|first=Brian|date=December 12, 2010|title=YouTube is letting users decide on terrorism-related videos|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-youtube-terror-20101213,0,3375845.story|access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref>

In 2018, YouTube introduced a system that would automatically add information boxes to videos that its algorithms determined may present conspiracy theories and other [[fake news]], filling the infobox with content from [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] and [[Wikipedia]] as a means to inform users to minimize misinformation propagation without impacting freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=March 13, 2018|title=YouTube will add information from Wikipedia to videos about conspiracies|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/13/17117344/youtube-information-cues-conspiracy-theories-susan-wojcicki-sxsw|access-date=April 15, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Notre-Dame de Paris fire]] on April 15, 2019, several user-uploaded videos of the landmark fire were flagged by YouTube' system automatically with an [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] article on the false conspiracy theories around the [[September 11 attacks]]. Several users complained to YouTube about this inappropriate connection. YouTube officials apologized for this, stating that their algorithms had misidentified the fire videos and added the information block automatically, and were taking steps to remedy this.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bergen|first=Mark|date=April 15, 2019|title=YouTube Flags Notre-Dame Fire as 9/11 Conspiracy, Says System Made 'Wrong Call'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-15/youtube-flags-notre-dame-fire-as-9-11-conspiracy-in-wrong-call?srnd=technology-vp|access-date=April 15, 2019|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref>

Five leading content creators whose channels were based on [[LGBTQ+]] materials filed a federal lawsuit against YouTube in August 2019, alleging that YouTube's algorithms diverts discovery away from their channels, impacting their revenue. The plaintiffs claimed that the algorithms discourage content with words like "lesbian" or "gay", which would be predominant in their channels' content, and because of YouTube's near-monopolization of online video services, they are abusing that position.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bensinger|first1=Greg|last2=Albergotti|first2=Reed|date=August 14, 2019|title=YouTube discriminates against LGBT content by unfairly culling it, suit alleges|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/08/14/youtube-discriminates-against-lgbt-content-by-unfairly-culling-it-suit-alleges/|access-date=August 14, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

==== Conspiracy theories and fringe discourse{{anchor|Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse}} ====
YouTube has been criticized for using an algorithm that gives great prominence to videos that promote conspiracy theories, falsehoods and incendiary fringe discourse.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Nicas|first=Jack|date=February 7, 2018|title=How YouTube Drives People to the Internet's Darkest Corners|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-youtube-drives-viewers-to-the-internets-darkest-corners-1518020478|access-date=June 16, 2018|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=As Germans Seek News, YouTube Delivers Far-Right Tirades|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/world/europe/youtube-far-right-extremism.html|access-date=September 8, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news|last1=Ingram|first1=Matthew|title=YouTube's secret life as an engine for right-wing radicalization|language=en|work=Columbia Journalism Review|issue=September 19, 2018|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/youtube-conspiracy-radicalization.php|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> According to an investigation by ''The Wall Street Journal'', "YouTube's recommendations often lead users to channels that feature conspiracy theories, partisan viewpoints and misleading videos, even when those users haven't shown interest in such content. When users show a political bias in what they choose to view, YouTube typically recommends videos that echo those biases, often with more-extreme viewpoints."<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Rebecca|date=September 2018|title=Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube|url=https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DS_Alternative_Influence.pdf|access-date=March 26, 2019|website=datasociety.net|publisher=Data and Society}}</ref> When users search for political or scientific terms, YouTube's search algorithms often give prominence to hoaxes and conspiracy theories.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube wants the news audience, but not the responsibility|language=en|work=Columbia Journalism Review|url=https://www.cjr.org/innovations/youtube-wants-the-news-audience-but-not-the-responsibility.php|access-date=September 23, 2018}}</ref> After YouTube drew controversy for giving top billing to videos promoting falsehoods and conspiracy when people made breaking-news queries during the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting]], YouTube changed its algorithm to give greater prominence to mainstream media sources.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nicas|first=Jack|date=October 6, 2017|title=YouTube Tweaks Search Results as Las Vegas Conspiracy Theories Rise to Top|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youtube-tweaks-its-search-results-after-rise-of-las-vegas-conspiracy-theories-1507219180|access-date=June 16, 2018|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Here's How YouTube Is Spreading Conspiracy Theories About The Vegas Shooting|language=en|work=BuzzFeed|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/heres-how-youtube-is-spreading-conspiracy-theories-about|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Big Tech Platforms Still Suck During Breaking News|language=en|work=BuzzFeed|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/the-big-tech-platforms-are-still-botching-breaking-news|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, it was reported that YouTube was again promoting fringe content about breaking news, giving great prominence to conspiracy videos about Anthony Bourdain's death.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube Is Spreading Conspiracy Theories about Anthony Bourdain's Death|language=en|work=BuzzFeed|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/daveyalba/conspiracy-theories-about-anthony-bourdains-death-are|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, it was revealed that advertisements were being placed on extremist videos, including videos by rape apologists, anti-Semites, and hate preachers who received ad payouts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=March 20, 2017|title=Google apologises as M&S pulls ads|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39325916|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> After firms started to stop advertising on YouTube in the wake of this reporting, YouTube apologized and said that it would give firms greater control over where ads got placed.<ref name=":2" />

[[Alex Jones]], known for right-wing conspiracy theories, had built a massive audience on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=February 2, 2018|title='Fiction is outperforming reality': how YouTube's algorithm distorts truth|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/02/how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth|access-date=June 16, 2018|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> YouTube drew criticism in 2018 when it removed a video from [[Media Matters]] compiling offensive statements made by Jones, stating that it violated its policies on "harassment and bullying".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=April 23, 2018|title=YouTube under fire for censoring video exposing conspiracy theorist Alex Jones|language=en|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/23/youtube-alex-jones-sandy-hook-media-matters-video|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> On August 6, 2018, however, YouTube removed Alex Jones' YouTube page following a content violation.<ref>Salinas, Sara (August 6, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/06/youtube-removes-alex-jones-account-following-earlier-bans.html "YouTube removes Alex Jones' page, following bans from Apple and Facebook."] [[CNBC]]. Retrieved October 15, 2018.</ref>

University of North Carolina professor [[Zeynep Tufekci]] has referred to YouTube as "The Great Radicalizer", saying "YouTube may be one of the most powerful radicalizing instruments of the 21st century."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} YouTube, the Great Radicalizer|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> Jonathan Albright of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University described YouTube as a "conspiracy ecosystem".<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parkland shooting 'crisis actor' videos lead users to a 'conspiracy ecosystem' on YouTube, new research shows|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/02/25/parkland-shooting-crisis-actor-videos-lead-users-to-a-conspiracy-ecosystem-on-youtube-new-research-shows/|access-date=September 23, 2018|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2019, YouTube said that it had introduced a new policy starting in the United States intended to stop recommending videos containing "content that could misinform users in harmful ways." YouTube gave [[Modern flat Earth societies|flat earth theories]], miracle cures, and [[9/11 Truth movement|9/11 trutherism]] as examples.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weill|first=Kelly|date=January 25, 2019|title=YouTube Tweaks Algorithm to Fight 9/11 Truthers, Flat Earthers, Miracle Cures|language=en|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/youtube-tweaks-algorithm-to-fight-911-truthers-flat-earthers-miracle-cures|access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref> Efforts within YouTube engineering to stop recommending borderline extremist videos falling just short of forbidden hate speech, and track their popularity were originally rejected because they could interfere with viewer engagement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bergen|first1=Mark|date=April 2, 2019|title=YouTube Executives Ignored Warnings, Letting Toxic Videos Run Rampant|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-04-02/youtube-executives-ignored-warnings-letting-toxic-videos-run-rampant|access-date=April 2, 2019}}</ref> In late 2019, the site began implementing measures directed towards "raising authoritative content and reducing borderline content and harmful misinformation."<ref name="YT blog">{{cite web|title=The Four Rs of Responsibility, Part 2: Raising authoritative content and reducing borderline content and harmful misinformation|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/12/the-four-rs-of-responsibility-raise-and-reduce.html|access-date=January 31, 2020|website=Official YouTube Blog|publisher=YouTube}}</ref>

A July 2019 study based on ten YouTube searches using the [[Tor Browser]] related to the climate and climate change, the majority of videos were videos that communicated views contrary to the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allgaier|first=Joachim|date=July 25, 2019|title=Science and Environmental Communication on YouTube: Strategically Distorted Communications in Online Videos on Climate Change and Climate Engineering|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2019.00036|issn=2297-900X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2019 BBC investigation of YouTube searches in ten different languages found that YouTube's algorithm promoted health misinformation, including fake cancer cures.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Carmichael|first1=Flora|last2=News|first2=Juliana Gragnani Beyond Fake|last3=Monitoring|first3=B.B.C.|title=How YouTube makes money from fake cancer cure videos|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-49483681|access-date=September 27, 2019|website=BBC News|language=en}}</ref> In Brazil, YouTube has been linked to pushing pseudoscientific misinformation on health matters, as well as elevated far-right fringe discourse and conspiracy theories.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Fisher|first1=Max|last2=Taub|first2=Amanda|date=August 11, 2019|title=How YouTube Radicalized Brazil|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/world/americas/youtube-brazil.html|access-date=August 12, 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Following the dissemination via YouTube of [[misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic]] that [[5G]] communications technology was responsible for the spread of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] which led to numerous 5G towers in the United Kingdom to be destroyed, YouTube removed all such videos linking 5G and the coronavirus in this manner.<ref name="guardian-youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory">{{Cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=April 5, 2020|title=YouTube moves to limit spread of false coronavirus 5G theory|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref>

====Hateful content====
Before 2019, YouTube has taken steps to remove specific videos or channels related to [[Supremacism|supremacist]] content that had violated its acceptable use policies but otherwise did not have site-wide policies against [[hate speech]].<ref name="youtubeblog june2019">{{cite web|date=June 5, 2019|title=Our ongoing work to tackle hate|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/06/our-ongoing-work-to-tackle-hate.html|access-date=April 9, 2020|publisher=YouTube}}</ref>

In the wake of the March 2019 [[Christchurch mosque attacks]], YouTube and other sites like Facebook and Twitter that allowed user-submitted content drew criticism for doing little to moderate and control the spread of hate speech, which was considered to be a factor in the rationale for the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=March 15, 2019|title=Questions about policing online hate are much bigger than Facebook and YouTube|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267638/new-zealand-christchurch-mass-shooting-online-hate-facebook-youtube|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Timberg|first1=Craig|last2=Harwell|first2=Drew|last3=Shaban|first3=Hamza|last4=Ba Tran|first4=Andrew|last5=Fung|first5=Brian|date=March 15, 2020|title=The New Zealand shooting shows how YouTube and Facebook spread hate and violent images – yet again|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/03/15/facebook-youtube-twitter-amplified-video-christchurch-mosque-shooting/|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> These platforms were pressured to remove such content, but in an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'', YouTube's chief product officer Neal Mohan said that unlike content such as [[ISIS]] videos which take a particular format and thus easy to detect through computer-aided algorithms, general hate speech was more difficult to recognize and handle, and thus could not readily take action to remove without human interaction.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roose|first=Kevin|date=March 29, 2019|title=YouTube's Product Chief on Online Radicalization and Algorithmic Rabbit Holes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/technology/youtube-online-extremism.html|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

YouTube joined an initiative led by France and New Zealand with other countries and tech companies in May 2019 to develop tools to be used to block online hate speech and to develop regulations, to be implemented at the national level, to be levied against technology firms that failed to take steps to remove such speech, though the United States declined to participate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=May 15, 2019|title=New Zealand and France unveil plans to tackle online extremism without the US on board|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/15/new-zealand-france-unveil-plans-to-tackle-online-extremism-without-us.html|access-date=April 9, 2020|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=May 15, 2019|title=Leaders and tech firms pledge to tackle extremist violence online|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/15/jacinda-ardern-emmanuel-macron-christchurch-call-summit-extremist-violence-online|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Subsequently, on June 5, 2019, YouTube announced a major change to its terms of service, "specifically prohibiting videos alleging that a group is superior in order to justify discrimination, segregation or exclusion based on qualities like age, gender, race, caste, religion, sexual orientation or veteran status." YouTube identified specific examples of such videos as those that "promote or glorify Nazi ideology, which is inherently discriminatory". YouTube further stated it would "remove content denying that well-documented violent events, like the Holocaust or the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary, took place."<ref name="youtubeblog june2019" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=June 5, 2019|title=YouTube just banned supremacist content, and thousands of channels are about to be removed|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18652576/youtube-supremacist-content-ban-borderline-extremist-terms-of-service|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

In June 2020, YouTube banned several channels associated with white supremacy, including those of [[Stefan Molyneux]], [[David Duke]], and [[Richard B. Spencer]], asserting these channels violated their policies on hate speech. The ban occurred the same day that [[Reddit]] announced the ban on several hate speech sub-forums including [[r/The_Donald]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=June 29, 2020|title=YouTube bans Stefan Molyneux, David Duke, Richard Spencer, and more for hate speech|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/29/21307303/youtube-bans-molyneux-duke-richard-spencer-conduct-hate-speech|access-date=June 29, 2020|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

===Child protection===
{{See also|FamilyOFive|Fantastic Adventures scandal|Elsagate}}
Leading into 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of videos related to children, coupled between the popularity of parents vlogging their family's activities, and previous content creators moving away from content that often was criticized or demonetized into family-friendly material. In 2017, YouTube reported that time watching family vloggers had increased by 90%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Belinda|date=May 18, 2017|title=The YouTube Parents Who are Turning Family Moments into Big Bucks|url=https://time.com/4783215/growing-up-in-public/|access-date=June 21, 2019|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=June 21, 2019|title=YouTube can't remove kid videos without tearing a hole in the entire creator ecosystem|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/21/18651223/youtube-kids-harmful-content-predator-comments-family-vlogging|access-date=June 21, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> However, with the increase in videos featuring children, the site began to face several controversies related to [[Child protection|child safety]]. During Q2 2017, the owners of popular channel [[FamilyOFive]], which featured themselves playing "pranks" on their children, were accused of [[child abuse]]. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody.<ref name="Ohlheiser2017">{{cite web|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=April 26, 2017|title=The saga of a YouTube family who pulled disturbing pranks on their own kids|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/04/25/the-saga-of-a-youtube-family-who-pulled-disturbing-pranks-on-their-own-kids/|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Cresci2017">{{Cite news|last=Cresci|first=Elena|date=May 7, 2017|title=Mean stream: how YouTube prank channel DaddyOFive enraged the internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2017/may/07/when-youtube-pranks-go-horribly-wrong|access-date=June 7, 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Dunphy2017">{{cite web|last=Dunphy|first=Rachel|date=April 28, 2017|title=The Abusive 'Pranks' of YouTube Family Vloggers|url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/04/daddyofive-youtube-abuse-controversy-explained.html|access-date=July 9, 2017|work=Select All|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="Gajanan2017">{{cite web|last=Gajanan|first=Mahita|date=May 3, 2017|title=YouTube Star DaddyOFive Loses Custody of 2 Children Shown in 'Prank' Videos|url=http://time.com/4763981/daddyofive-mike-martin-heather-martin-youtube-prank-custody/|access-date=July 9, 2017|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> A similar case happened in 2019 when the owners of the channel [[Fantastic Adventures scandal|Fantastic Adventures]] was accused of abusing her adopted children. Her videos would later be deleted.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eric Levenson and Mel Alonso|title=A mom on a popular YouTube show is accused of pepper-spraying her kids when they flubbed their lines|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/youtube-fantastic-adventures-mom-arrest-trnd/index.html|website=CNN}}</ref>

Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on [[YouTube Kids]] and attracted millions of views. The term "[[Elsagate]]" was coined on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy.<ref>Ben Popper, [https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/20/14489052/youtube-kids-videos-superheroes-disney-characters-fart-jokes Adults dressed as superheroes is YouTube's new, strange, and massively popular genre], ''The Verge'', February 4, 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=March 31, 2017|title=Report: Thousands of videos mimicking popular cartoons on YouTube Kids contain inappropriate content|url=http://news10.com/2017/03/31/report-thousands-of-videos-mimicking-popular-cartoons-on-youtube-kids-contain-inappropriate-content/|access-date=April 30, 2017|website=NEWS10 ABC}}</ref><ref name="NYT">Sapna Maheshwari, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/business/media/youtube-kids-paw-patrol.html On YouTube Kids, Startling Videos Slip Past Filters], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 4, 2017</ref><ref name="forbes">Dani Di Placido, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/28/youtubes-elsagate-illuminates-the-unintended-horrors-of-the-digital-age/#431289ed6ba7 YouTube's "Elsagate" Illuminates The Unintended Horrors Of The Digital Age], ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]'', November 28, 2017</ref> On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family friendly characters. As part as a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels which showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed ''[[Toy Freaks]]'', a channel with over 8.5 million subscribers, that featured a father and his two daughters in odd and upsetting situations.<ref name="auto">Todd Spangler, [https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-toy-freaks-channel-terminated-1202617834/ YouTube Terminates Toy Freaks Channel Amid Broader Crackdown on Disturbing Kids’ Content], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', November 17, 2017</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite news|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=November 9, 2017|title=YouTube says it will crack down on bizarre videos targeting children|work=[[The Verge]]|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116090955/https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|archive-date=November 16, 2017|quote=In August of this year, YouTube announced that it would no longer allow creators to monetize videos which "made inappropriate use of family friendly characters." Today it's taking another step to try to police this genre.}}</ref><ref>Sarah Templeton, [http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2017/11/disturbing-elsagate-toy-freaks-videos-removed-from-youtube-after-abuse-allegations.html Disturbing 'ElsaGate', 'Toy Freaks' videos removed from YouTube after abuse allegations], ''[[Newshub]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/youtube-crack-videos-showing-child-endangerment/story?id=51336368 YouTube to crack down on videos showing child endangerment], ''[[ABC News]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>Charlie Warzel, [https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/youtube-is-addressing-its-massive-child-exploitation-problem YouTube Is Addressing Its Massive Child Exploitation Problem] [[BuzzFeed]], November 22, 2017</ref> According to analytics specialist SocialBlade, it earned up to £8.7 million annually prior to its deletion.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bridge|first1=Mark|last2=Mostrous|first2=Alexi|date=November 18, 2017|title=Child abuse on YouTube|newspaper=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/child-abuse-on-youtube-q3x9zfkch|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref>

Even for content that appears to be aimed at children and appears to contain only child-friendly content, YouTube's system allows for anonymity of who uploads these videos. These questions have been raised in the past, as YouTube has had to remove channels with children's content which, after becoming popular, then suddenly include inappropriate content masked as children's content.<ref name="wsj kids love">{{Cite web|last1=Koh|first1=Yoree|last2=Morris|first2=Betsy|date=April 11, 2019|title=Kids Love These YouTube Channels. Who Creates Them Is a Mystery.|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814180500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|archive-date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> Alternative, some of the most-watched children's programming on YouTube comes from channels who have no identifiable owners, raising concerns of intent and purpose. One channel that had been of concern was "[[Cocomelon – Nursery Rhymes|Cocomelon]]" which provided numerous mass-produced animated videos aimed at children. Up through 2019, it had drawn up to {{USD|10 million}} a month in ad revenue, and was one of the largest kid-friendly channels on YouTube before 2020. Ownership of Cocomelon was unclear outside of its ties to "Treasure Studio", itself an unknown entity, raising questions as to the channel's purpose,<ref name="wsj kids love" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martineau|first=Paris|title=YouTube Has Kid Troubles Because Kids Are a Core Audience|url=https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811205146/https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|archive-date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|website=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham|first=Jefferson|date=June 22, 2019|title=Why YouTube's kid issues are so serious|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814181002/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/|archive-date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|website=USA Today}}</ref> but ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' had been able to confirm and interview the small team of American owners in February 2020 regarding "Cocomelon", who stated their goal for the channel was to simply entertain children, wanting to keep to themselves to avoid attention from outside investors.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bergan|first1=Mark|last2=Shaw|first2=Lucas|date=February 10, 2020|title=YouTube's Secretive Top Kids Channel Expands Into Merchandise|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/popular-youtube-kids-channel-cocomelon-gets-into-merch-and-toys|access-date=June 15, 2020|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> The anonymity of such channel raise concerns because of the lack of knowledge of what purpose they are trying to serve.<ref name="vice kids content">{{Cite web|last=Haskins|first=Caroline|date=March 19, 2019|title=YouTubers Are Fighting Algorithms to Make Good Content for Kids|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814182839/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids|archive-date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|website=[[Vice Media|Vice]]}}</ref> The difficulty to identify who operates these channels "adds to the lack of accountability", according to Josh Golin of the [[Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood]], and educational consultant Renée Chernow-O’Leary found the videos were designed to entertain with no intent to educate, all leading to both critics and parents to be concerns for their children becoming too enraptured by the content from these channels.<ref name="wsj kids love" /> Content creators that earnestly make kid-friendly videos have found it difficult to compete with larger channels like [[ChuChu TV]], unable to produce content at the same rate as these large channels, and lack the same means of being promoted through YouTube's recommendation algorithms that the larger animated channel networks have shared.<ref name="vice kids content" />

In January 2019, YouTube officially banned videos containing "challenges that encourage acts that have an inherent risk of severe physical harm" (such as, for example, the [[Consumption of Tide Pods|Tide Pod Challenge]]), and videos featuring pranks that "make victims believe they're in physical danger" or cause emotional distress in children.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palladino|first=Valentina|date=January 16, 2019|title=YouTube updates policies to explicitly ban dangerous pranks, challenges|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/01/youtube-updates-policies-to-explicitly-ban-dangerous-pranks-challenges/|access-date=January 16, 2019|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref>

==== Sexualization of children ====
{{see also|Elsagate}}

Also in November 2017, it was revealed in the media that many videos featuring children—often uploaded by the minors themselves, and showing innocent content such as the children playing with toys or performing gymnastics—were attracting comments from [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]]<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/15/16656706/youtube-videos-children-comments YouTube videos of children are plagued by sexual comments], ''[[The Verge]]'', November 15, 2017</ref><ref name="habits">{{Cite news|last1=Mostrous|first1=Alexi|last2=Bridge|first2=Mark|last3=Gibbons|first3=Katie|date=November 24, 2017|title=YouTube adverts fund paedophile habits|newspaper=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/youtube-adverts-fund-paedophile-habits-fdzfmqlr5|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> with predators finding the videos through private YouTube playlists or typing in certain keywords in Russian.<ref name="habits" /> Other child-centric videos originally uploaded to YouTube began propagating on the [[dark web]], and uploaded or embedded onto forums known to be used by pedophiles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tait|first=Amelia|date=April 24, 2016|title=Why YouTube mums are taking their kids offline|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/observations/2016/04/why-youtube-mums-are-taking-their-kids-offline|access-date=June 21, 2019|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref>

As a result of the controversy, which added to the concern about "Elsagate", several major advertisers whose ads had been running against such videos froze spending on YouTube.<ref name="forbes" /><ref>Todd Spangler, [https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-ad-boycott-pedophile-sexual-children-videos-1202622790/ YouTube Faces Advertiser Boycott Over Videos With Kids That Attracted Sexual Predators], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', November 25, 2017</ref> In December 2018, ''[[The Times]]'' found more than 100 grooming cases in which children were manipulated into sexually implicit behavior (such as taking off clothes, adopting sexualised poses and touching other children inappropriately) by strangers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Bridge|first=Harry Shukman, Mark|date=December 10, 2018|title=Paedophiles grooming children live on YouTube|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/paedophiles-grooming-children-live-on-youtube-3fv8gt730|access-date=February 18, 2019|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> After a reporter flagged the videos in question, half of them were removed, and the rest were removed after ''The Times'' contacted YouTube's PR department.<ref name=":5" />

In February 2019, YouTube vlogger Matt Watson identified a "wormhole" that would cause the YouTube recommendation algorithm to draw users into this type of video content, and make all of that user's recommended content feature only these types of videos. Most of these videos had comments from sexual predators commenting with timestamps of when the children were shown in compromising positions, or otherwise making indecent remarks. In some cases, other users had reuploaded the video in unlisted form but with incoming links from other videos, and then monetized these, propagating this network.<ref name="bloomberg mwatson">{{cite web|last1=Bergen|first1=Mark|last2=de Vynck|first2=Gerrit|last3=Palmeri|first3=Christopher|date=February 20, 2019|title=Nestle, Disney Pull YouTube Ads, Joining Furor Over Child Videos|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-20/disney-pulls-youtube-ads-amid-concerns-over-child-video-voyeurs|access-date=February 20, 2019|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> In the wake of the controversy, the service reported that they had deleted over 400 channels and tens of millions of comments, and reported the offending users to law enforcement and the [[National Center for Missing and Exploited Children]]. A spokesperson explained that "any content—including comments—that endangers minors is abhorrent and we have clear policies prohibiting this on YouTube. There's more to be done, and we continue to work to improve and catch abuse more quickly."<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=February 21, 2019|title=YouTube terminates more than 400 channels following child exploitation controversy|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/21/18234494/youtube-child-exploitation-channel-termination-comments-philip-defranco-creators|access-date=February 21, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=February 21, 2019|title=YouTube loses advertisers over "wormhole into pedophilia ring"|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/02/youtube-loses-advertisers-over-wormhole-into-pedophilia-ring/|access-date=February 22, 2019|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref> Despite these measures, [[AT&T]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Dr. Oetker]], [[Epic Games]], and [[Nestlé]] all pulled their advertising from YouTube.<ref name="bloomberg mwatson" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Haselton|first1=Todd|last2=Salinas|first2=Sara|date=February 21, 2019|title=As fallout over pedophilia content on YouTube continues, AT&T pulls all advertisements|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/21/att-pulls-all-ads-from-youtube-pedophilia-controversy.html|access-date=February 21, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

Subsequently, YouTube began to demonetize and block advertising on the types of videos that have drawn these predatory comments. The service explained that this was a temporary measure while they explore other methods to eliminate the problem.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ingraham|first=Nathan|date=February 22, 2019|title=YouTube is proactively blocking ads on videos prone to predatory comments|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/22/youtube-blocking-ads-on-videos-predatory-comments/|access-date=February 22, 2019|work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> YouTube also began to flag channels that predominantly feature children, and preemptively disable their comments sections. "Trusted partners" can request that comments be re-enabled, but the channel will then become responsible for moderating comments. These actions mainly target videos of toddlers, but videos of older children and teenagers may be protected as well if they contain actions that can be interpreted as sexual, such as gymnastics. YouTube stated it was also working on a better system to remove comments on other channels that matched the style of child predators.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fox|first=Chris|date=February 28, 2019|title=YouTube bans comments on all videos of kids|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47408969|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=February 28, 2019|title=YouTube is disabling comments on almost all videos featuring children|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/28/18244954/youtube-comments-minor-children-exploitation-monetization-creators|access-date=February 28, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

A related attempt to algorithmically flag videos containing references to the string "CP" (an abbreviation of [[child pornography]]) resulted in a number of prominent false positives involving unrelated topics using the same abbreviation, including videos related to the mobile video game ''[[Pokémon Go]]'' (which uses "CP" as an abbreviation of the statistic "Combat Power"), and ''[[Club Penguin]]''. YouTube apologized for the errors, and reinstated the affected videos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gerken|first=Tom|date=February 19, 2019|title=YouTube backtracks after Pokemon 'child abuse' ban|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47278362|access-date=February 20, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Separately, online trolls have attempted to have videos flagged for takedown or removal by commenting with statements similar to what the child predators had said; this activity became an issue during the [[PewDiePie vs T-Series]] rivalry in early 2019. YouTube stated they do not take action on any video with these comments but those that they have flagged that are likely to draw child predator activity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=February 28, 2019|title=Trolls are lying about child porn to try to get YouTube channels taken down|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/28/18241925/youtube-creator-comments-weaponized-trolling-child-exploitation-lies-controversy-lies|access-date=February 28, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

In June 2019, ''The New York Times'' cited researchers who found that users who watched erotic videos could be recommended seemingly innocuous videos of children.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Max|last2=Taub|first2=Amanda|date=June 3, 2019|title=On YouTube's Digital Playground, an Open Gate for Pedophiles|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/world/americas/youtube-pedophiles.html|access-date=June 6, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> As a result, Senator [[Josh Hawley]] stated plans to introduce federal legislation that would ban YouTube and other video sharing sites from including videos that predominantly feature minors as "recommended" videos, excluding those that were "professionally produced", such as videos of televised talent shows.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ingraham|first=Nathan|date=June 6, 2019|title=A Senator wants to stop YouTube from recommending videos featuring minors|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/06/senator-youtube-bill-stop-featuring-minors-in-recommendations/|access-date=June 6, 2019|work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> YouTube has suggested potential plans to remove all videos featuring children from the main YouTube site and transferring them to the [[YouTube Kids]] site where they would have stronger controls over the recommendation system, as well as other major changes on the main YouTube site to the recommended feature and autoplay system.<ref>{{cite web|last=Copeland|first=Rob|date=June 19, 2019|title=YouTube, Under Fire, Considers Major Changes to Kids' Content|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youtube-under-fire-considers-major-changes-to-kids-content-11560953721|access-date=June 19, 2019|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

===April Fools===
YouTube featured an [[April Fools' Day|April Fools]] prank on the site on April 1 of every year from 2008 to 2016. In 2008, all links to videos on the main page were redirected to [[Rick Astley]]'s music video "[[Never Gonna Give You Up]]", a prank known as "[[rickrolling]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Arrington|first=Michael|date=March 31, 2008|title=YouTube RickRolls Users|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/31/youtube-rickrolls-users/|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wortham|first=Jenna|date=April 1, 2008|title=YouTube 'Rickrolls' Everyone|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/youtube-rickrol/|journal=Wired|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> The next year, when clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down, which YouTube claimed was a "new layout".<ref>{{cite web|author=Bas van den Beld|date=April 1, 2009|title=April fools: YouTube turns the world up-side-down|url=http://www.searchcowboys.com/news/453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054721/http://www.searchcowboys.com/news/453|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=April 2, 2010|publisher=searchcowboys.com}}</ref> In 2010, YouTube temporarily released a "TEXTp" mode which rendered video imagery into [[ASCII art]] letters "in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second."<ref>{{cite web|last=Pichette|first=Patrick|date=March 31, 2010|title=TEXTp saves YouTube bandwidth, money|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/03/textp-saves-youtube-bandwidth-money.html|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=Official YouTube Blog}}</ref>

The next year, the site celebrated its "100th anniversary" with a range of sepia-toned silent, early 1900s-style films, including a parody of [[Keyboard Cat]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Richmond|first=Shane|date=April 1, 2011|title=YouTube goes back to 1911 for April Fools' Day|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8421394/YouTube-goes-back-to-1911-for-April-Fools-Day.html|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In 2012, clicking on the image of a DVD next to the site logo led to a video about a purported option to order every YouTube video for home delivery on DVD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carbone|first=Nick|date=April 1, 2012|title=April Fools' Day 2012: The Best Pranks from Around the Web|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/04/01/april-fools-day-2012-the-best-pranks-from-around-the-web/|journal=Time|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

In 2013, YouTube teamed up with satirical newspaper company ''[[The Onion]]'' to claim in an uploaded video that the video-sharing website was launched as a contest which had finally come to an end, and would shut down for ten years before being re-launched in 2023, featuring only the winning video. The video starred several [[Internet celebrity|YouTube celebrities]], including [[Antoine Dodson]]. A video of two presenters announcing the nominated videos streamed live for 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quan|first=Kristene|date=April 1, 2013|title=WATCH: YouTube Announces It Will Shut Down|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/01/watch-youtube-announces-it-will-shut-down/|journal=Time|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Samantha|date=March 31, 2013|title=YouTube Says It's Shutting Down in April Fools' Day Prank|url=https://mashable.com/2013/03/31/youtube-april-fools-day/?europe=true|access-date=November 8, 2019|publisher=[[Mashable]]}}</ref>

In 2014, YouTube announced that it was responsible for the creation of all viral video trends, and revealed previews of upcoming trends, such as "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", and "Glub Glub Water Dance".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kleinman|first=Alexis|date=April 1, 2014|title=YouTube Reveals Its Viral Secrets in April Fools' Day Video|newspaper=Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/01/youtube-april-fools_n_5068694.html|access-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref> The next year, YouTube added a music button to the video bar that played samples from "[[Sandstorm (Darude composition)|Sandstorm]]" by [[Darude]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alba|first=Alejandro|date=April 1, 2015|title=17 April Fools' pranks from tech brands, tech giants today|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/17-april-fool-pranks-tech-brands-tech-giants-today-article-1.2169557|access-date=June 12, 2016|website=NY Daily News}}</ref> In 2016, YouTube introduced an option to watch every video on the platform in 360-degree mode with [[Snoop Dogg]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sini|first=Rozina|date=April 1, 2016|title=Snoopavision and other April Fools jokes going viral|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35941866|access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>

== Services ==

===YouTube Premium===
{{Main|YouTube Premium}}
YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red) is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the [[Google Play Music]] "All Access" service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/red |title=YouTube Red }}</ref> YouTube Premium was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a [[Comparison of on-demand music streaming services|subscription music streaming]] service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service.<ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Trew |title=YouTube unveils Music Key subscription service, here's what you need to know |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/12/youtube-launches-music-key/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Variety Music Key">{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Spangler |title=YouTube Launches 'Music Key' Subscription Service with More Than 30 Million Songs |url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/youtube-launches-music-key-subscription-service-with-more-than-30-million-songs-1201354498/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> On October 28, 2015, the service was relaunched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Spangler |title=YouTube Red Unveiled: Ad-Free Streaming Service Priced Same as Netflix |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtube-red-launches-ad-free-svod-netflix-1201623219/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Amadeo |title="YouTube Red" offers premium YouTube for $9.99 a month, $12.99 for iOS users |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/10/youtube-red-offers-premium-youtube-for-9-99-a-month-12-99-for-ios-users/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Popper |title=A first look at the ad-free YouTube Red subscription service |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9586656/youtube-red-subscription-service-hands-on-video-release-date |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2016|November}}, the service has 1.5 million subscribers, with a further million on a free-trial basis.<ref>{{cite web |first=Hannah |last=Roberts |title=YouTube's ad-free paid subscription service looks like it is struggling to take off |url=http://nordic.businessinsider.com/membership-of-youtubes-paid-subscription-service-is-low-2016-11 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2017|June}}, the first season of [[List of YouTube original programming|YouTube Originals]] had gotten 250 million views in total.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Red originals have racked up nearly 250 million views |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/22/15855570/youtube-red-originals-250-million-views |website=The Verge |access-date=September 16, 2017 |date=June 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2014, before Music Key service was launched, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the ''[[Financial Times]]'' in June 2014, [[Robert Kyncl]] confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience."<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Popper |title=YouTube will block videos from artists who don't sign up for its paid streaming service |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/17/5817408/youtube-reportedly-block-videos-indie-artists |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 17, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref name=guardian-musicpass>{{cite news |title=YouTube subscription music licensing strikes wrong notes with indie labels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/22/indie-labels-youtube-subscription-music |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name=guardian-stall>{{cite news |title=Talks with indie labels stall over YouTube music subscription service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/23/talks-indie-labels-stall-youtube-music-subscription-service |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name=guardian-indieblock>{{cite news |title=YouTube to block indie labels who don't sign up to new music service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/17/youtube-indie-labels-music-subscription |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref> The ''Financial Times'' later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with [[Merlin Network]]—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.<ref name="Variety Music Key"/>

On September 28, 2016, YouTube named [[Lyor Cohen]], the co-founder of [[300 Entertainment]] and former [[Warner Music Group]] executive, the Global Head of Music.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7525695/lyor-cohen-named-youtube-global-head-of-music |title=Lyor Cohen Named YouTube's Global Head of Music |work=Billboard|access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref>

===YouTube TV===
{{Main|YouTube TV}}
On February 28, 2017, in a press announcement held at YouTube Space Los Angeles, YouTube announced the launch of YouTube TV, an [[over-the-top content|over-the-top]] [[multichannel video programming distributor|MVPD]]-style subscription service that would be available for United States customers at a price of US$35 per month. Initially launching in five major markets ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[San Francisco]]) on April 5, 2017,<ref>{{cite news |title=YouTube TV launches today. It has some cool features and some big drawbacks |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-youtube-tv-20170405-story.html |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Is Officially in the Live TV Game Now |url=https://gizmodo.com/youtube-is-officially-in-the-live-tv-game-now-1794049030 |author=Christina Warren |website=[[Gizmodo]] |publisher=Gizmodo Media Group |date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> the service offers live streams of programming from the five major broadcast networks ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[The CW]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] and [[NBC]]), as well as approximately 40 cable channels owned by the corporate parents of those networks, [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[CBS Corporation]], [[21st Century Fox]], [[NBCUniversal]] and [[Turner Broadcasting System]] (including among others [[Bravo (U.S. TV network)|Bravo]], [[USA Network]], [[Syfy]], [[Disney Channel]], [[CNN]], [[Cartoon Network]], [[E!]], [[Fox Sports 1]], [[Freeform (TV network)|Freeform]], [[FX (TV network)|FX]] and [[ESPN]]). Subscribers can also receive [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] and [[Fox Soccer Plus]] as optional add-ons for an extra fee, and can access [[YouTube Premium]] original content (YouTube TV does not include a YouTube Premium subscription).<ref>{{cite news |title=YouTube takes on cable with new TV service |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092 |author=Dave Lee |publisher=BBC |date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/ |title=Meet YouTube TV: Google's Live TV Subscription Service |author=Tom Huddleston, Jr. |publisher=Fortune |date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref>

During the [[2017 World Series]] (in which it was the presenting sponsor), YouTube TV ads were placed behind the home plate. The trademarked red play button logo appeared at the center of the screen, mimicking YouTube's interface.<ref>[http://awfulannouncing.com/streaming/well-placed-youtube-ad-world-series-broadcast-drove-people-crazy.html This well-placed YouTube ad on the World Series broadcast drove people crazy] – Matt Clapp, Awful Announcing, October 24, 2017</ref>

===YouTube Go===
[[File:YouTube Go.svg|thumb|Logo of YouTube Go]]
YouTube Go is an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app aimed at making YouTube easier to access on mobile devices in [[emerging market]]s. It is distinct from the company's main Android app and allows videos to be downloaded and shared with other users. It also allows users to preview videos, share downloaded videos through [[Bluetooth]], and offers more options for mobile data control and [[Display resolution|video resolution]].<ref name="pd">{{cite news|last1=Dave|first1=Paresh|title=YouTube's emerging markets-focused app expands to 130 countries |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-youtube/youtubes-emerging-markets-focused-app-expands-to-130-countries-idUSKBN1FL5ZI|access-date=February 10, 2018|work=Reuters|date=February 1, 2018}}</ref>

YouTube announced the project in September 2016 at an event in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Byford|first1=Sam|title=YouTube Go is a new app for offline viewing and sharing|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/27/13070804/youtube-go-announced-india-offline|access-date=February 10, 2018|work=The Verge|date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> It was launched in India in February 2017, and expanded in November 2017 to 14 other countries, including [[Nigeria]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Philippines]], [[Kenya]], and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Manish|title=YouTube Go is finally here, kind of|url=https://mashable.com/2017/02/09/youtube-go-release-india/#as55McomoEqz|access-date=February 10, 2018|work=Mashable|date=February 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="mashhhh">{{cite news|last1=Ho|first1=Victoria|title=Data-friendly YouTube Go beta launches in Southeast Asia, Africa|url= https://mashable.com/2017/11/30/youtube-go-southeast-asia-africa| access-date=February 10, 2018|work=Mashable|date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> It was rolled out in 130 countries worldwide, including [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Turkey]], and [[Iraq]] on February 1, 2018. The app is available to around 60% of the world's population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/01/googles-data-friendly-app-youtube-go-expands-to-over-130-countries-now-supports-higher-quality-videos/|title=Google's data-friendly app YouTube Go expands to over 130 countries, now supports higher quality videos|last=Perez|first=Sarah|work=TechCrunch|access-date=February 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/|title=Google's 'offline first' YouTube Go app launches in 130 new markets, but not the U.S.|website=VentureBeat|access-date=February 2, 2018|date=February 2018}}</ref>

=== YouTube Music ===
{{Main|YouTube Music}}
In early 2018, Cohen began hinting at the possible launch of YouTube's new subscription music streaming service, a platform that would compete with other services such as [[Spotify]] and [[Apple Music]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/01/04/youtube-lyor-cohen/|title=How YouTube Is Playing the Peacemaker With Musicians|work=Fortune|access-date=January 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> On May 22, 2018, the music streaming platform named "YouTube Music" was launched.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8457379/inside-youtube-new-subscription-music-streaming-service|title=Inside YouTube's New Subscription Music Streaming Service|work=Billboard|access-date=September 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/17/youtube-music-new-streaming-service-launch|title=YouTube to launch new music streaming service|last1=Snapes|first1=Laura|last2=Sweney|first2=Mark|date=May 17, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=September 24, 2018}}</ref>

=== YouTube Shorts ===
In September 2020, YouTube announced that it would be launching a beta version of a new platform of 15-second videos, similar to [[TikTok]], called YouTube Shorts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=YouTube's TikTok rival to be tested in India|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54156997|access-date=September 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube launches its TikTok rival, YouTube Shorts, initially in India|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/|access-date=September 15, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> The platform was first tested in India but as of March 2021 has expanded to other countries including the United States with videos now able to be up to 1 minute long.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=2021-03-01|title=YouTube’s TikTok clone, "YouTube Shorts," is live in the US|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/youtubes-tiktok-clone-youtube-shorts-is-live-in-the-us/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref> The platform is not a standalone app, but is integrated into the main YouTube app. Like TikTok, it gives users access to built-in creative tools, including the possibility of adding licensed music to their videos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 15, 2020|title=YouTube Shorts launches in India after Delhi TikTok ban|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/sep/15/youtube-shorts-launches-in-india-after-delhi-tiktok-ban|access-date=September 15, 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

=== YouTube Stories ===
In 2018, YouTube started testing a new feature initially called "YouTube Reels".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econsultancy.com/what-is-youtube-stories-will-it-catch-on/|title=What is YouTube Stories and will it catch on?|website=EConsultancy|last1=Gilliland|first1=Nikki|date=December 5, 2018|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> The feature is nearly identical to [[Instagram Stories]] and [[Snapchat|Snapchat Stories]]. YouTube later renamed the feature "YouTube Stories". It is only available to creators who have more than 10,000 subscribers and can only be posted/seen in the YouTube mobile app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creatoracademy.youtube.com/page/course/express-with-stories|title=Express yourself with Stories|website=Creator Academy|publisher=YouTube|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref>

=== Experimental (''TestTube'') ===
Experimental features of YouTube can be accessed in an area of the site named ''TestTube''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hidden features of Facebook, WhatsApp, Youtube and more |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/hidden-features-of-facebook-whatsapp-youtube-and-more/youtube-testtube/photolist/57616832.cms |website=Gadgets Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube's Test Tube: What Is It? |url=https://goldengridsystem.com/youtubes-test-tube-what-is-it/ |website=Golden Grid System |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref>

For example, in October 2009, a ''comment search'' feature accessible under <code>/comment_search</code> was implemented as part of this program. The feature was removed later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Testing Comment Search On YouTube |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-testing-youtube-comment-search-27900 |website=Search Engine Land |date=October 16, 2009}}</ref>

Later the same year, ''YouTube Feather'' was introduced as a lightweight alternative website for countries with limited internet speeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slow YouTube? Try Feather, Made for India |url=https://www.gtricks.com/youtube/slow-youtube-feather-india/ |website=Gtricks |date=December 7, 2009}}</ref>

=== YouTube Kids ===
{{Main|YouTube Kids}}
[[File:YouTube Kids logo.svg|thumb|Logo of YouTube Kids]]
'''YouTube Kids''' is an American children's video app developed by YouTube, a subsidiary of [[Google]]. The app provides a version of the service oriented towards children, with curated selections of content, parental control features, and filtering of videos deemed inappropriate viewing for children aged under 13, 8 or 5 depending on the age grouping chosen.

First released on February 15, 2015 as an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] [[mobile app]], the app has since been released for [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], and [[Sony]] [[smart TV]]s, as well as for [[Android TV]]. On May 27, 2020 it became available on [[Apple TV]]. As of September 2019, the app is available in 69 countries, including Hong Kong and Macau, and one province. YouTube launched a web-based version of YouTube Kids on August 30, 2019.

''YouTube Kids'' has faced criticism from advocacy groups, particularly the [[Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood]], for concerns surrounding the app's use of commercial advertising, as well as algorithmic suggestions of videos that may be inappropriate for the app's target audience. The app has also been associated with [[Elsagate|a controversy surrounding disturbing and/or violent videos depicting characters from children's media franchises]]. Criticism over the videos led YouTube to announce that it would take more stringent actions to review and filter such videos when reported by the community, and prevent them from being accessible from within the YouTube Kids app.

== Creators ==
{{See also|YouTuber|List of YouTubers}}In November 2019, it was announced that YouTube was gradually phasing out the classic version of its Creator Studio across all users by the spring of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transition to YouTube Studio|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9706811?hl=en/|access-date=March 31, 2020|website=YouTube Help}}</ref> As of August 2020, the classic studio is no longer available.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intro to YouTube Studio – YouTube Help|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7477160?hl=en|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=support.google.com}}</ref>

=== Creators for Change program and content partnerships ===
In 2016, YouTube introduced a global program to develop creators whose videos produce a positive social impact. Google dedicated $1 million to this Creators for Change program.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mihalcik|first1=Carrie|date=September 22, 2016|title=YouTube commits $1 million to Creators for Change|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-creators-for-change-1-million-positive-social-impact/|access-date=December 30, 2018|work=CNET|language=en}}</ref> The first three videos from the program premiered at the 2017 [[Tribeca TV Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hardawar|first1=Devindra|date=September 23, 2017|title=YouTubes 'Creators for Change premiere at Tribeca's TV Festival|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/09/23/youtube-creators-for-change-tribeca/|access-date=December 30, 2018|work=[[Engadget]]|language=en}}</ref> YouTube expanded the program in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Julie|date=May 8, 2018|title=YouTube investing $5 million on 47 creators trying to make platform more positive|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/8/17330950/creators-for-change-youtube-5-million-asapscience|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165255/https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/8/17330950/creators-for-change-youtube-5-million-asapscience|archive-date=December 9, 2018|access-date=December 30, 2018|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> YouTube also launched [[YouTube Space]] in 2012, and has currently expanded to 10 global locations. The Space gives content creators a physical location to learn about producing content and provides them with facilities to create content for their YouTube channels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Buxton|first=Madeline|title=YouTube's NYC Space Will Make You Want To Quit Your Day Job|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/youtube-nyc-office-tour|website=www.refinery29.com}}</ref>

=== Logan Paul corpse scandal ===
In January 2018, YouTube creator [[Logan Paul]] faced criticism for a video he had uploaded from a trip to Japan, where he encountered a body of a [[suicide]] death in the [[Aokigahara]] forest. The [[corpse]] was visible in the video, although its face was censored. The video proved controversial due to its content, with its handling of the subject matter being deemed insensitive by critics. On January 10—eleven days after the video was published—YouTube announced that it would cut Paul from the [[Google Preferred]] advertising program. Six days later, YouTube announced tighter thresholds for the partner program to "significantly improve our ability to identify creators who contribute positively to the community", under which channels must have at least 4,000 hours of watch time within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers. YouTube also announced that videos approved for the Google Preferred program would become subject to manual review and that videos would be rated based on suitability (with advertisers allowed to choose).<ref>{{Cite news|title=YouTube tightens rules around what channels can be monetized|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/16/16899068/youtube-new-monetization-rules-announced-4000-hours|access-date=April 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spangler|first1=Todd|date=January 16, 2018|title=YouTube Sets Stricter Requirements for Creator Partners in Response to Advertiser Concerns|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-changes-partner-program-google-preferred-advertisers-1202665815/|access-date=January 17, 2018|website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brockington|first1=Ariana|date=January 11, 2018|title=YouTube Cuts Logan Paul From Preferred Program Over Controversial Video|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/latest/youtube-logan-paul-cut-ties-suicide-video-1202660515/|access-date=April 5, 2019|website=Variety|language=en}}</ref>

These changes led to further criticism of YouTube from independent channels, who alleged that the service had been changing its algorithms to give higher prominence to professionally produced content (such as celebrities, music videos, and clips from [[late night talk show]]s), that attract wide viewership and has a lower risk of alienating mainstream advertisers, at the expense of the creators that had bolstered the service's popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube's relationship with creators, the source of so much success, has been turbulent|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/04/05/youtube-creators-relationship-tense-san-bruno/486949002/|access-date=April 5, 2019|website=USA Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=April 5, 2019|title=The golden age of YouTube is over|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/5/18287318/youtube-logan-paul-pewdiepie-demonetization-adpocalypse-premium-influencers-creators|access-date=April 5, 2019|website=The Verge}}</ref>

==Social impact==
{{Main|Social impact of YouTube}}
Both private individuals<ref name=Reuters20070225 /> and large production companies<ref name=WiredUK20131127>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community |title=The rise and fall of YouTube's celebrity pioneers |last=Tufnell |first=Nicholas |date=November 27, 2013 |journal=Wired UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110202429/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community |url-status=live |archive-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic.<ref name=Reuters20070225>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/26/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226 |title=YouTube stars don't always welcome record deals |last=Bruno |first=Antony |date=February 25, 2007 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106071553/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/26/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Concurrently, [[old media]] celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television.<ref name=WiredUK20131127/> While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually<ref name="NewYorker20120116">{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all |title=Streaming Dreams / YouTube turns pro |website=The New Yorker |last=Seabrook |first=John |date=January 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108081333/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million<ref name=Forbes20151113>{{cite magazine |last1=Berg |first1=Madeline |title=The World's Top-Earning YouTube Stars 2015 |url=http://www3.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/ |magazine=Forbes |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6d0sXMyOT?url=http://www3.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/ |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |url-status=live |date=November 2015 }} • {{cite magazine |last1=Berg |first1=Madeline |title=The World's Top-Earning YouTube Stars 2015/1. PewDiePie: $12 million |url=http://www2.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/11/ |magazine=Forbes |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6d0suEsJS?url=http://www2.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/11/ |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |date=November 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2015 }}</ref>—in 2012 [[Complete Music Update|CMU]] business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use ... promotional platform for the music labels."<ref name=BBC20121221>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20812870 |title=Gangnam Style hits one billion views on YouTube |date=December 21, 2012 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115080304/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20812870 |archive-date=January 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013 ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media.<ref name=Forbes20131029>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katherynthayer/2013/10/29/the-youtube-music-awards-why-artists-should-care/ |title=The Youtube Music Awards: Why Artists Should Care |last=Thayer |first=Katheryn |date=October 29, 2013 |website=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005910/http://www.forbes.com/sites/katherynthayer/2013/10/29/the-youtube-music-awards-why-artists-should-care/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo in that year.<ref name=NextBigSound2013YearInRewind>{{cite web |url=https://www.nextbigsound.com/industryreport/2013/ |title=2013: Year in Rewind (report title) / Mapping the Landscape (specific section title) |date=January 2014 |publisher=[[Next Big Sound]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121225546/https://www.nextbigsound.com/industryreport/2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2014 |url-status=dead }} "Developing" artists 6.9%; "Undiscovered" artists 2.8%.</ref> By early 2013 ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and related genre charts.<ref name=Billboard20130220>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms |title=Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms |author=''Billboard'' staff |date=February 20, 2013 |website=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170847/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms |archive-date=January 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Jordan Hoffner at the 68th Annual Peabody Awards for YouTube.jpg|thumb|upright|Jordan Hoffner at the 68th Annual [[Peabody Awards]] accepting for YouTube]]
Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution," [[TED (conference)|TED]] curator [[Chris Anderson (entrepreneur)|Chris Anderson]] referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]] did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication."<ref name=TED201007Anderson>{{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html |title=How web video powers global innovation |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=July 2010 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }} (click on "Show transcript" tab) • Corresponding [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231115225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnQcCgS7aPQ YouTube video] from official TED channel was titled "How YouTube is driving innovation."</ref> Anderson asserted that it is not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history."<ref name="TED201007Anderson" /> In education, for example, the [[Khan Academy]] grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what ''Forbes{{'}}'' [[Michael Noer (editor)|Michael Noer]] called "the largest school in the world," with technology poised to [[disruptive innovation|disrupt]] how people learn.<ref name=Forbes20121102>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/print/ |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |website=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052929/http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> YouTube was awarded a 2008 [[George Foster Peabody Award]],<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/youtube.com YouTube.com (award profile), "Winner 2008"], peabodyawards.com, May 2009. ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114050222/http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/youtube.com |date=January 14, 2016 }} from the original on January 14, 2016).</ref> the website being described as a [[Speakers' Corner]] that "both embodies and promotes democracy."<ref>{{Cite journal |first=James |last=Poniewozik |title=Nonprofit Press Release Theater: Peabody Awards Announced |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2009/04/01/nonprofit-press-release-theater-peabody-awards-announced/ |journal=Time |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported that a disproportionate share of YouTube's most subscribed channels feature minorities, contrasting with mainstream television in which the stars are largely white.<ref>{{cite web |first=Haley |last=Tsukayama |title=In online video, minorities find an audience |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/in-online-video-minorities-find-an-audience/2012/04/20/gIQAdhliWT_story.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 20, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> A [[Pew Research Center]] study reported the development of "visual journalism," in which citizen eyewitnesses and established news organizations share in content creation.<ref name=PEW20120716>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/press-release-2/ |title=PEJ: YouTube & News: A New Kind of Visual Journalism Is Developing, but Ethics of Attribution Have Yet to Emerge |last=Journalism Project Staff |date=July 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000334/http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/press-release-2/ |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The study also concluded that YouTube was becoming an important platform by which people acquire news.<ref name=PewYTnews20120716>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-news/ |title=YouTube and News: A New Kind of Visual News |last=Journalism Project Staff |date=July 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001742/http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-news/ |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the [[CNN/YouTube presidential debates]] (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a [[techPresident]] co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Katharine |last=Q. Seelye |title=New Presidential Debate Site? Clearly, YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/us/politics/13cnd-youtube.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> Describing the [[Arab Spring]] (2010–2012), sociologist [[Philip N. Howard]] quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world."<ref name=PacificStd20110223>{{cite web |url=http://www.psmag.com/navigation/politics-and-law/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575 |title=The Arab Spring's Cascading Effects |last=Howard |first=Philip N. |date=February 23, 2011 |website=Pacific Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108053257/http://www.psmag.com/navigation/politics-and-law/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/ |archive-date=January 8, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning [[Joseph Kony]] 16 days after the "[[Kony 2012]]" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator [[Lindsey Graham]] remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."<ref name=Politico20120322>{{cite web |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |title=Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention |last=Wong |first=Scott |date=March 22, 2012 |website=Politico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184459/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |archive-date=January 8, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:ObamaYouTubers307.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Leading YouTube content creators met at the White House with U.S. President Obama to discuss how government could better connect with the "YouTube generation."<ref name=Tubefilter20140302 /><ref name=WhiteHouse20140306>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Brad L. |title=YouTube Stars Talk Health Care (and Make History) at the White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005716/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=March 6, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the [[White House]]'s official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012<ref name=PewWhiteHouse20120716>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-video-creationa-shared-process/ |title=YouTube Video Creation – A Shared Process |last=Journalism Project Staff |date=July 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231055631/http://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-video-creationa-shared-process/ |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator [[Iman Crosson]]'s YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)]]-compliant health insurance.<ref name=LATimes20131212>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-obamacare-hollywood-new-social-media-campaign-20131212,0,2435151.story |title=Round 2: Obamacare and Hollywood open new social media campaign |last=Reston |first=Maeve |date=December 12, 2013 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184345/http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-obamacare-hollywood-new-social-media-campaign-20131212,0,2435151.story |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare<ref name=Buzzfeed20140302>{{cite news |last=McMorris-Santoro |first=Evan |title=Obama Enlisted YouTube Personalities For Final Health Care Enrollment Push Last Week |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-enlisted-youtube-personalities-for-final-health-care-e |website=Buzzfeed |date=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172252/http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-enlisted-youtube-personalities-for-final-health-care-e |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation."<ref name=Tubefilter20140302>{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Joshua |title=Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences |url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |website=Tubefilter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' [[new media]] savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.<ref name=Tubefilter20140302 />

Some YouTube videos have themselves had a direct effect on world events, such as ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' (2012) which spurred [[Reactions to Innocence of Muslims|protests and related anti-American violence]] internationally.<ref name=CNN20120914>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/13/world/meast/embassy-attacks-main/ |title=U.S. warns of rising threat of violence amid outrage over anti-Islam video |date=September 14, 2012 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116033002/http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/13/world/meast/embassy-attacks-main/ |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> TED curator Chris Anderson described a phenomenon by which geographically distributed individuals in a certain field share their independently developed skills in YouTube videos, thus challenging others to improve their own skills, and spurring invention and evolution in that field.<ref name=TED201007Anderson /> Journalist [[Virginia Heffernan]] stated in ''The New York Times'' that such videos have "surprising implications" for the dissemination of culture and even the future of classical music.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Virginia |last=Heffernan |title=Web Guitar Wizard Revealed at Last |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/arts/television/27heff.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 2006 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

A 2017 ''New York Times Magazine'' article posited that YouTube had become "the new [[Conservative talk radio|talk radio]]" for the [[Far-right politics|far right]].<ref name=NYTimes20170803>{{cite magazine |last1=Herrman |first1=John |title=For the New Far Right, YouTube Has Become the New Talk Radio |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/magazine/for-the-new-far-right-youtube-has-become-the-new-talk-radio.html |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803175402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/magazine/for-the-new-far-right-youtube-has-become-the-new-talk-radio.html |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |date=August 3, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Almost a year before YouTube's January 2019 announcement that it would begin a "gradual change" of "reducing [[Recommender system|recommendations]] of borderline content and content that could misinform users in harmful ways",<ref name=YTblog20190125>{{cite web |title=Continuing our work to improve recommendations on YouTube |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/01/continuing-our-work-to-improve.html |website=YouTube.GoogleBlog.com |date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125163130/https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/01/continuing-our-work-to-improve.html |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zeynep Tufekci had written in ''The New York Times'' that, "(g)iven its billion or so users, YouTube may be one of the most powerful radicalizing instruments of the 21st century".<ref name=NYTimes20180310>{{cite news |last1=Tufekci |first1=Zeynep |title=YouTube, the Great Radicalizer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122035903/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under YouTube's changes to its recommendation engine, the most recommended channel evolved from conspiracy theorist [[Alex Jones]] (2016) to [[Fox News]] (2019).<ref name=NYTimes_20201103>{{cite news |last1=Nicas |first1=Jack |title=YouTube Cut Down Misinformation. Then It Boosted Fox News / To battle false information, YouTube cut its recommendations to fringe channels and instead promoted major networks, especially Fox News. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/technology/youtube-misinformation-fox-news.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104015452/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/technology/youtube-misinformation-fox-news.html |archive-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref>

''[[The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers]]''<ref name=TED201002LXD>{{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/the_lxd_in_the_internet_age_dance_evolves.html |title=The LXD: In the Internet age, dance evolves |last=Chu |first=Jon M. |date=February 2010 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104063431/http://www.ted.com/talks/the_lxd_in_the_internet_age_dance_evolves.html |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[YouTube Symphony Orchestra]]<ref name=Reuters20090414 /> selected their membership based on individual video performances.<ref name=TED201007Anderson /><ref name=Reuters20090414>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/14/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414 |title=YouTube orchestra prepares for Carnegie debut |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle (reporter) |editor-last=Simao |editor-first=Paul |date=April 14, 2009 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921182641/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/14/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414 |archive-date=September 21, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Further, the cybercollaboration charity video "[[We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)]]" was formed by mixing performances of 57 globally distributed singers into a single musical work,<ref name="CNNtranscripts201003">{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/06/cnr.02.html |title=CNN Newsroom |last=Levs |first=Josh (interviewer) |date=March 6, 2010 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313010623/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/06/cnr.02.html |archive-date=March 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }} Also [https://web.archive.org/web/20100313004701/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/06/smn.01.html CNN Saturday Morning News] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20101023042008/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/07/sm.01.html CNN Sunday Morning] (archives).</ref> with ''The Tokyo Times'' noting the "We Pray for You" YouTube cyber-collaboration video as an example of a trend to use crowdsourcing for charitable purposes.<ref name=TokyoTimes20110511>{{cite web |url=http://www.tokyotimes.jp/post/en/1829/Crowdsourcing+After+Quakebook+We+Pray+For+You.html |title=Crowdsourcing: After Quakebook, We Pray For You |last=Smart |first=Richard |date=May 11, 2011 |website=The Tokyo Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612153700/http://www.tokyotimes.jp/post/en/1829/Crowdsourcing+After+Quakebook+We+Pray+For+You.html |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The anti-bullying [[It Gets Better Project]] expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or [[Suicide among LGBT youth|suicidal LGBT teens]],<ref name=SFChronicle20101008>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Dan-Savage-overwhelmed-by-gay-outreach-s-response-3171312.php |title=Dan Savage overwhelmed by gay outreach's response |last=Hartlaub |first=Peter |date=October 8, 2010 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120324/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Dan-Savage-overwhelmed-by-gay-outreach-s-response-3171312.php |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President [[Barack Obama]], Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries.<ref name=WhiteHouseItGetsBetter>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/it-gets-better |title=It Gets Better |publisher=WhiteHouse.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102042529/http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/it-gets-better |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old [[Suicide of Amanda Todd|Amanda Todd]]'s video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm," legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.<ref name=CanadaTV20121014>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/in-wake-of-amanda-todd-suicide-mps-to-debate-anti-bullying-motion-1.995254 |title=In wake of Amanda Todd suicide, MPs to debate anti-bullying motion |date=October 14, 2012 |publisher=CTV News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213910/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/in-wake-of-amanda-todd-suicide-mps-to-debate-anti-bullying-motion-1.995254 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2018, after London [[Metropolitan Police]] claimed that [[drill music]] videos glamorizing violence gave rise to [[Gang#Gang violence|gang violence]], YouTube deleted 30 videos.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence |title=YouTube deletes 30 music videos after Met link with gang violence |last=Waterson |first=Jim |date=May 28, 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321160833/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Revenue ==
Prior to 2020, Google did not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "[[materiality (auditing)|not material]]" in a regulatory filing.<ref name=Moneyclip>{{Cite news |first=Yi-Wyn |last=Yen |date=March 25, 2008 |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/ |title=YouTube Looks For the Money Clip |access-date=March 26, 2008 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192446/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/ |archive-date=February 12, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2008, a ''Forbes'' magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.<ref name="Forbes08">{{Cite news |first=Quentin |last=Hardy |author2=Evan Hessel |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0616/050.html |title=GooTube |work=Forbes Magazine |date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at $3.7 billion.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 5.6 Billion Annual revenue" /> In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit $5.6 billion according to eMarketer,<ref name="Wall Street Journal 5.6 Billion Annual revenue">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/|title=YouTube Growing Faster Than Thought, Report Says|last1=Winkler|first=Rolfe|date=December 11, 2013|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Youtube earns 5.6 Billion Yahoo">{{cite web |title=YouTube's ad revenue estimated at $5.6 billion |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/video/youtubes-ad-revenue-estimated-5-195900788.html |publisher=YAHOO |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> while others estimated $4.7 billion.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 5.6 Billion Annual revenue" /> The vast majority of videos on YouTube are free to view and supported by advertising.<ref name="subscription" /> In May 2013, YouTube introduced a trial scheme of 53 subscription channels with prices ranging from $0.99 to $6.99 a month.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/09/youtube_subscription_channels/ |title=YouTube launches subscriptions with 53 paid channels |work=The Register |first=Neil |last=McAllister |date=May 9, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other providers of online subscription services such as [[Netflix]] and Hulu.<ref name="subscription" />

Google first published exact revenue numbers for YouTube in February 2020 as part of Alphabet's 2019 financial report. According to Google, YouTube had made {{USD|15.1 billion}} in ad revenue in 2019, in contrast to {{USD|8.1 billion}} in 2017 and {{USD|11.1 billion}} in 2018. YouTube's revenues made up nearly 10% of the total Alphabet revenue in 2019.<ref name="verge 15b">{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/3/21121207/youtube-google-alphabet-earnings-revenue-first-time-reveal-q4-2019 | title = YouTube is a $15 billion-a-year business, Google reveals for the first time | first =Nick | last = Statt | date = February 3, 2020 | access-date = February 3, 2020 | work = [[The Verge]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url = https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/2019Q4_alphabet_earnings_release.pdf?cache=05bd9fe | title = Alphabet Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2019 Results | date =February 3, 2020 | access-date = February 3, 2020 | publisher = [[Alphabet Inc.]] }}</ref> These revenues accounted for approximately 20 million subscribers combined between YouTube Premium and YouTube Music subscriptions, and 2 million subscribers to YouTube TV.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/2020/02/03/youtube-premium-and-music-20-million-subscribers/ | title = YouTube Premium and Music have 20 million subscribers | first =Jon | last = Fingas | date = February 3, 2020 | access-date = February 3, 2020 | work = [[Engadget]] }}</ref>

YouTube's revenue increased to $19.8 billion in 2020.<ref name="2020revenue">{{Cite web|last=Alphabet Inc.|date=26 January 2021|title=Alphabet Inc. Form 10-K (2020)|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204421000010/goog-20201231.htm|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref>

===Advertisement partnerships===
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with [[NBC]] in June 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Online Video: The Market Is Hot, but Business Models Are Fuzzy |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1519 |author=Knowledge@wharton |access-date=July 19, 2012}}</ref> In March 2007, it struck a deal with [[BBC]] for three channels with BBC content, one for news and two for entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |first = Tim |last=Weber |title=BBC strikes Google-YouTube deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6411017.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], [[Lions Gate Entertainment]], and [[CBS]], allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for U.S. viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], and [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Disney]].<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Brad |last1=Stone |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |title=MGM to Post Full Films on YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/business/media/10mgm.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2008 | access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Staci |last=D. Kramer |title=It's Official: Disney Joins News Corp., NBCU In Hulu; Deal Includes Some Cable Nets |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043001853.html |website = [[The Washington Post]] | publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|Nash Holdings LLC]] |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.<ref>{{Cite news | title =YouTube launches UK TV section with more than 60 partners |author=Allen, Katie |work=The Guardian |location=London |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/nov/19/youtube-uk-full-length-shows |access-date=December 13, 2009 |date=November 19, 2009}}</ref> In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Miguel |last=Helft |title=YouTube Takes a Small Step into the Film Rental Market |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/technology/internet/21youtube.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 20, 2010 |access-date =March 26, 2017}}</ref> which is only available to users in the United States, Canada, and the UK as of 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8471635.stm |title=YouTube turns to movie rental business |access-date=May 7, 2010 |date=January 21, 2010 |work=BBC News |first =Maggie |last=Shiels}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15214939 |title=YouTube to offer film rentals in the UK |work=BBC News |date=October 7, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011}}</ref> The service offers over 6,000 films.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alexia |last=Tsotsis |title=Google Partners With Sony Pictures, Universal And Warner Brothers For YouTube Movies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/09/google-partners-with-sony-pictures-nbc-universal-and-warner-brothers-for-youtube-movies/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

==== Advertiser mass boycott ====
In March 2017, the government of the United Kingdom pulled its advertising campaigns from YouTube, after reports that its ads had appeared on videos containing extremist content. The government demanded assurances that its advertising would "be delivered safely and appropriately". ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, as well as other major British and U.S. brands, similarly suspended their advertising on YouTube in response to their advertising appearing near offensive content. Google stated that it had "begun an extensive review of our advertising policies and have made a public commitment to put in place changes that give brands more control over where their ads appear".<ref name="Bloomberg-adsextremist">{{cite web|title=Google Ad Crisis Spreads as Biggest Marketers Halt Spending|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/at-t-halts-spending-on-some-google-ads-after-youtube-controversy|access-date=March 23, 2017|website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref name="bbc-youtubeadsuk">{{Cite news|date=March 17, 2017|title=YouTube: UK government suspends ads amid extremism concerns|newspaper=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39301712|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> In early April 2017, the YouTube channel [[h3h3Productions]] presented evidence claiming that a ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' article had fabricated screenshots showing major brand advertising on an offensive video containing [[Johnny Rebel (singer)|Johnny Rebel]] music overlaid on a [[Chief Keef]] music video, citing that the video itself had not earned any ad revenue for the uploader. The video was retracted after it was found that the ads had been triggered by the use of copyrighted content in the video.<ref name="and-youtubestar">{{Cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Ben|date=April 4, 2017|title=A YouTube Star, Reddit Detectives, and the Alt-Right Call Out a Fake News Story. Turns Out It Was Real.|newspaper=The Daily Beast|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/04/fake-news-blows-up-in-trolls-faces.html|access-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="mashable-h3h3youtube">{{cite web|title=How one little screenshot drove YouTube to the brink|url=http://mashable.com/2017/04/04/youtube-h3h3-what-happened-wsj/|access-date=April 10, 2017|website=Mashable}}</ref>

On April 6, 2017, YouTube announced that to "ensure revenue only flows to creators who are playing by the rules", it would change its practices to require that a channel undergo a policy compliance review, and have at least 10,000-lifetime views, before they may join the Partner Program.<ref name="verge-10kviewsrule">{{cite web|date=April 6, 2017|title=YouTube will no longer allow creators to make money until they reach 10,000 views|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views|access-date=April 6, 2017|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref>

===Video creators earnings===
In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program (YPP), a system based on [[AdSense]] which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Biggs |title=YouTube Launches Revenue Sharing Partners Program, but no Pre-Rolls |url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre-rolls/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Carmody |title=It's not TV, it's the Web: YouTube partners complain about Google ads, revenue sharing |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/4062810/youtube-partners-complain-revenue-sharing-google-ads |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The biggest stars on YouTube make huge incomes ... yet they can't keep the vast majority of it |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/money-youtube-stars-actually-make-2014-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/yt/press/statistics.html Statistics – YouTube] Retrieved May 20, 2013.</ref> According to [[TubeMogul]], in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of the eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |first=Leslie |last=Kaufman |title=Chasing Their Star, on YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/business/chasing-their-star-on-youtube.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 1, 2014 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising, including videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"),<ref name="verge-advertiserfriendly">{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Adi|title=Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship|access-date=March 19, 2017|work=The Verge|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content.<ref name="tubefilter-inappropriatecomments">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/02/22/youtube-videos-demonetized-inappropriate-comments/|title=After Child Video Scandal, YouTube Says Ad-Friendly Videos Can Be Demonetized For Inappropriate Comments|date=February 22, 2019|website=Tubefilter|access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref>

In 2013, YouTube introduced an option for channels with at least a thousand subscribers to require a paid subscription in order for viewers to watch videos.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCue |first1=TJ |title=Google's YouTube Introduces Paid Content Subscriptions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2013/01/30/google-youtube-introduces-paid-content-subscriptions/#7841841b2625 |website=Forbes |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to paid content – YouTube Help |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3249127?hl=en |website=support.google.com |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2017, YouTube set an eligibility requirement of 10,000 lifetime views for a paid subscription.<ref name ="ypp">{{cite web |title=Additional Changes to the YouTube Partner Program (YPP) to Better Protect Creators |url=https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2018/01/additional-changes-to-youtube-partner.html |website=YouTube |access-date=January 16, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> On January 16, 2018, the eligibility requirement for monetization was changed to 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and 1,000 subscribers.<ref name ="ypp" /> The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that videos being monetized did not lead to controversy, but was criticized for penalizing smaller YouTube channels.<ref name="ypp_guardian">{{Cite news |first=Sam |last=Levin |title=YouTube's small creators pay price of policy changes after Logan Paul scandal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/18/youtube-creators-vloggers-ads-logan-paul |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 18, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref>

[[YouTube Play Button]]s, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.<ref>{{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|"YouTube Creator Rewards"|n.d.}}|url=https://www.youtube.com/yt/creators/rewards.html|title=YouTube Creator Rewards|publisher=YouTube|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> The trophies made of nickel plated copper-nickel alloy, golden plated brass, silver plated metal, ruby, and red tinted crystal glass are given to channels with at least one hundred thousand, a million, ten million, fifty million subscribers, and one hundred million subscribers, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|"What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made of? – JerryRigEverything"|n.d.}}|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHA2HbNtcG4|title=What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of?|publisher=YouTube|access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers |url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/ |website=Tubefilter |access-date=September 16, 2017 |date=December 19, 2016}}</ref>

YouTube's policies on "[[Censorship by Google#Advertiser-friendly content|advertiser-friendly content]]" restrict what may be incorporated into videos being monetized; this includes strong violence, language,<ref name="Spangler Spangler 2019">{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=January 14, 2019|title=YouTube Explains Which Profanities and 'Inappropriate Language' Are Not OK for Ad-Supported Videos|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/yo‘utube-profanity-ad-supported-video-demonetized-1203107619/|access-date=January 4, 2020}}</ref> sexual content, and "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown", unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain".<ref>{{cite web|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=September 1, 2016|title=Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> In September 2016, after introducing an enhanced notification system to inform users of these violations, YouTube's policies were criticized by prominent users, including [[Phillip DeFranco]] and [[Vlogbrothers]]. DeFranco argued that not being able to earn advertising revenue on such videos was "censorship by a different name". A YouTube spokesperson stated that while the policy itself was not new, the service had "improved the notification and appeal process to ensure better communication to our creators".<ref>{{cite web|last=Guynn|first=Jessica|date=September 2, 2016|title=YouTubers protest 'advertiser friendly' policy|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/09/01/youtube-creators-advertisers-controversy/89728728/|access-date=March 26, 2017|website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mulkerin|first=Tim|date=September 1, 2016|title=A bunch of famous YouTubers are furious at YouTube right now – here's why|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-stars-advertiser-friendly-content-guidelines-2016-9|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=E. Solsman|first=Joan|date=September 1, 2016|title=Pause the #YouTubeIsOverParty: YouTube isn't pulling more ads from stars' videos|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/pause-the-youtubeisoverparty-youtube-isnt-pulling-more-ads-from-stars-videos/|access-date=March 25, 2017|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> ''[[Boing Boing]]'' reported in 2019 that LGBT keywords resulted in demonetization.<ref name="Beschizza 2019">{{cite web|last=Beschizza|first=Rob|date=October 2, 2019|title=YouTube demonetizing videos where LGBTQ keywords are said|url=https://boingboing.net/2019/10/02/youtube-demonetizing-videos-wh.html|access-date=January 4, 2020|website=[[Boing Boing]]}}</ref>

As of November 2020 in the United States and June 2021 worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube announces changes in its terms of services|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/youtube-announces-changes-in-its-terms-of-services/cid/1816154|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> YouTube reserves the right to monetize any video on the platform, even if their uploader is not a member of the YouTube Partner Program. This will occur on channels whose content is deemed "advertiser-friendly", and all revenue will go directly to Google without any share given to the uploader.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham|first=Megan|date=2020-11-19|title=YouTube will put ads on non-partner videos but won't pay the creators|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/youtube-will-put-ads-on-non-partner-videos-but-wont-pay-the-creators.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

===Revenue to copyright holders===
{{further|#Copyrighted material}}
The majority of YouTube's advertising revenue goes to the publishers and video producers who hold the rights to their videos; the company retains 45% of the ad revenue.<ref>Garett Sloane, [https://adage.com/article/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-disclosed-google-first-time-topped-15-billion-2019/2233811 YouTube Ad Revenue, disclosed by Google for the first time, topped $15 billion in 2019], ''Ad Age'' (February 3, 2020).</ref> In 2010, it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |title=YouTube Ads Turn Videos into Revenue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/technology/03youtube.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In May 2013, [[Nintendo]] began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games.<ref>{{cite web |first=Keza |last=MacDonald |title=Nintendo enforces copyright on YouTube Let's Plays |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/16/nintendo-enforces-copyright-on-youtube-lets-plays |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[j2 Global]] |date=May 16, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators.<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Tassi |title=Nintendo Updates Their Bad YouTube Policies By Making Them Worse |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/02/06/nintendo-updates-their-bad-youtube-policies-by-making-them-worse/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Johnson |title=Nintendo Wants YouTubers to Pretend Its Competitors' Games Don't Exist |url=http://www.recode.net/2015/2/4/11558648/nintendo-wants-youtubers-to-pretend-its-competitors-games-dont-exist |website=[[Recode]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=February 4, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Patricia |last=Hernandez |title=Nintendo's YouTube Plan Is Already Being Panned By YouTubers [Update] |url=http://kotaku.com/nintendos-youtube-plan-is-already-being-panned-by-youtu-1682527904 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |date=January 29, 2015 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref>

==Censorship and bans==
{{Main|Censorship of YouTube}}
[[File:YouTube Availability.png|thumb|300px|Availability of YouTube as of January 2021: 
{{legend|#008000|Has local YouTube version}}
{{legend|#B2B2B2|Accessible}}
{{legend|#FF0000|Currently blocked}}
{{legend|#FF8888|Previously blocked}}]]
YouTube has been censored, filtered, or banned for a variety of reasons, including:<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored>[http://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history "YouTube Censored: A Recent History"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012.</ref>
* Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest.
* Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in [[North Korea]]), government (e.g. in [[Internet censorship in China|China]]) or its actions (e.g. in [[Morocco]]), government officials (e.g. in [[Turkey]] and [[Libya]]), or religion (e.g. in [[Pakistan]]).
* Morality-based laws, e.g. in [[Internet censorship in Iran|Iran]].
Access to specific videos is sometimes prevented due to copyright and intellectual property protection laws (e.g. [[Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany|in Germany]]), violations of hate speech, and preventing access to videos judged inappropriate for youth,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The disturbing YouTube videos that are tricking children |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-39381889 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=September 16, 2017 |date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> which is also done by YouTube with the [[YouTube Kids]] app and with "[[Censorship of YouTube#Censorship of LGBT content in Restricted Mode|restricted mode]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=YouTube responds to complaints that its Restricted Mode censors LGBT videos |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/19/youtube-lgbt-restricted-mode/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to its bandwidth limitations<ref>{{cite web |author1=David Meerman Scott |title=Facebook and YouTube blocked by paranoid corporations at their own peril |url=http://www.webinknow.com/2008/06/facebook-and-yo.html |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en|author1-link=David Meerman Scott }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hannaford |first1=Kat |title=US Military Bans YouTube, Amazon and 11 Other Websites to Free Up Bandwidth for Japan Crisis |url=https://gizmodo.com/5782886/us-military-bans-youtube-amazon-and-11-other-websites-to-free-up-bandwidth-for-japan-crisis |website=Gizmodo |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and the site's potential for distraction.<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Strom |first1=Stephanie |title=YouTube Finds a Way Off Schools' Banned List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/education/youtube-finds-a-way-off-schools-banned-list.html?mcubz=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=September 16, 2017 |date=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

{{As of|2018}}, public access to YouTube is blocked in many countries, including [[China]], [[North Korea]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Turkmenistan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkmenistan |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/turkmenistan-1 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |language=en |date=March 11, 2011}}</ref> [[Uzbekistan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Syundyukova |first1=Nazerke |title=Uzbekistan has blocked YouTube social network |url=https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |work=The Qazaq Times |date=October 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Маҳаллий ОАВ: Ўзбекистонда Facebook ва YouTube яна ўчириб қўйилди |trans-title=Local Media: YouTube and Facebook once again blocked in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html |access-date=January 23, 2019 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Uzbek Service |date=January 16, 2019 |language=uz}}</ref> [[Tajikistan]], [[Eritrea]], [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]]. In some countries, YouTube is blocked for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored />

Reports emerged that since October 2019, comments posted with Chinese characters insulting the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party of China]] ([[wikt:共匪|共匪]] or "communist bandit") or ([[wikt:五毛|五毛]] or "[[50 Cent Party]]", referring to [[State-sponsored Internet propaganda|state-sponsored commentators]]) were being automatically deleted within 15 seconds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=YouTube is deleting comments with two phrases that insult China's Communist Party |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp |work=The Verge |date=May 26, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Specific incidents where YouTube has been blocked include:
* [[Thailand]] blocked access in April 2007 over a video said to be insulting the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thailand Bans YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2007}}</ref>
* Morocco blocked access in May 2007, possibly as a result of videos critical of [[Political status of Western Sahara|Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm |access-date=December 25, 2013 |date=May 29, 2007}}</ref> YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007, after ''Maroc Telecom'' unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |date=May 30, 2007 |access-date=May 30, 2007 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 }}</ref>
* Turkey blocked access between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Rosen |title=Google's Gatekeepers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 28, 2008 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc turkey">{{cite news |title=Turkey goes into battle with Google |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm |work=BBC News |date=July 2, 2010 |access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816 |date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician [[Deniz Baykal]] caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=November 2, 2010 |first=Marc |last=Champion}}</ref> During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21 "Turkey report"], ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR | title=Top Sites in Turkey | publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> In 2014, Turkey blocked the access for the second time, after "a high-level intelligence leak."<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=B. Kelley |title=YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702 |title=Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak' |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2014|newspaper=BBC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776 |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey |work=[[NBC News]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |author=Wagstaff, Keith}}</ref>
* Pakistan blocked access on February 23, 2008, because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Danish cartoons]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm |access-date=November 30, 2008 |date=February 24, 2008}}</ref> This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government.<ref name="PAK-ban-lifted">{{Cite news |title=Pakistan lifts YouTube ban |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world |agency=AFP |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=February 26, 2008 |access-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm |access-date=November 30, 2008 |date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using [[virtual private network]] software.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban |publisher=Silicon Republic |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-date=June 29, 2008 |access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> In May 2010, following the [[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]], Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm |access-date=May 20, 2010 |date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"], Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507082318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"], ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> Pakistan again placed a ban on YouTube in September 2012, after the site refused to remove the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', with the ban still in operation as of September 2013.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news/42148641_1_blasphemous-content-videos-pakistan-ban Pakistan ban on YouTube stays even after one year] ''The Economic Times'', September 17, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.</ref> The ban was lifted in January 2016 after YouTube launched a Pakistan-specific version.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872 |access-date=January 27, 2016 |work=BBC News |date=January 18, 2016}}</ref>
* Libya blocked access on January 24, 2010, because of videos that featured demonstrations in the city of [[Benghazi]] by families of detainees who were killed in [[Abu Salim prison]] in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] at parties. The blocking was criticized by [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw |title=Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> In November 2011, after the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], YouTube was once again allowed in Libya.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya "Libya"], ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref>
* [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sudan]] blocked access in September 2012 following [[Reactions to Innocence of Muslims|controversy]] over a 14-minute trailer for the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' which had been posted on the site.<ref>[http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – Afghanistan Times"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 |date=January 17, 2013 }}, December 1, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/12/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912 "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film"], Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video"], ''The Independent'' (AP), September 18, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Haley |last=Tsukayama |title=YouTube blocked in Pakistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 17, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html |access-date=September 18, 2012 |date=September 18, 2012 |first=Arun |last=Devnath}}</ref> A court in the southern Russian Republic of [[Chechnya]] ruled Innocence of Muslims should be banned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian court bans anti-Islam film |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film |newspaper=The News |date=September 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film |archive-date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref> In Libya and [[Egypt]], it was blamed{{By whom|date=September 2017}} for violent protests. YouTube stated that "This video—which is widely available on the Web—is clearly within our guidelines and so will stay on YouTube. However, given the very difficult situation in Libya and Egypt we have temporarily restricted access in both countries."<ref>{{cite news |title='Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/12/world/la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |date=September 12, 2012 |first1=Phil |last1=Willon |first2=Rebecca |last2=Keegan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |date=September 12, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Youtube spoken word.ogg|date=March 26, 2011}}
{{Portal|Companies|Internet|San Francisco Bay Area|United States}}
* [[BookTube]]
*[[BreadTube]]
* [[CNN-YouTube presidential debates]]
* [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos]]
* [[List of most-liked YouTube videos]]
* [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos]]
* [[List of YouTubers]]
* ''[[Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.]]''
* [[Reply Girls]]
* ''[[Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.]]''
* [[YouTube Awards]]
* [[YouTube Creator Awards]]
* [[YouTube Instant]]
* [[YouTube Live]]
* [[YouTube Multi Channel Network]]
* [[YouTube Music Awards]]
* [[YouTube Rewind]]

===General===
* [[Alternative media]]
* [[Comparison of video hosting services]]
* [[List of Internet phenomena]]
* [[List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours]]
* [[List of online video platforms]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |title=The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}
* {{cite web |last=Haran |first=Brady |title=Why do YouTube views freeze at 301? |url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |work=Numberphile |publisher=Brady Haran |author-link=Brady Haran |author2=Hamilton, Ted |access-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033151/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Kelsey |first=Todd |title=Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between |url=https://archive.org/details/socialnetworking0000kels |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-1-4302-2596-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lacy |first=Sarah |title=The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0 |year=2008 |publisher=Crimson |location=Richmond |isbn=978-1-85458-453-3 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Rob |title=On YouTube, Amateur Is the New Pro |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/magazine/on-youtube-amateur-is-the-new-pro.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 28, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* {{Official website|mobile=https://m.youtube.com/?persist_app=1&app=m}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/about/press/ YouTube for Press]
* {{Blogger|youtube-global|YouTube}}
* [https://developers.google.com/youtube/ YouTube – Google Developers]
* [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365039828/ Are YouTubers Revolutionizing Entertainment?] (June 6, 2013), video produced for PBS by ''[[Off Book (web series)|Off Book]]''.

{{YouTube navigation}}
{{Google Inc.}}
{{Alphabet Inc.}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:YouTube| ]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Advertising video on demand]]
[[Category:Alphabet Inc.]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Mateo County, California]]
[[Category:Firefox OS software]]
[[Category:Go (programming language) software]]
[[Category:Google acquisitions]]
[[Category:Google services]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Multilingual websites]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 software]]
[[Category:Recommender systems]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Transactional video on demand]]
[[Category:Video game streaming services]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]

Sound Engineer

2021-05-24T15:34:59Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "{{pp-move-indef}} {{Short description|Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound}} Image:Engineer at audio console at Danish Broadcasting C..."

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Short description|Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound}}

[[Image:Engineer at audio console at Danish Broadcasting Corporation.png|right|thumb|An audio engineer at an audio console.]]

An '''audio engineer''' (also known as a '''sound engineer''' or '''recording engineer''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldav.com/education/which-type-sound-engineer-are-you-destined-be|title=Which Type Of Sound Engineer Are You Destined To Be?|website=www.sheffieldav.com|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The difference between a producer and an audio engineer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDBaTI32bMM|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> helps to produce a [[sound recording|recording]] or a live performance, balancing and adjusting sound sources using [[equalization (audio)|equalization]], [[Dynamic range compression|dynamics processing]] and [[Effects unit|audio effects]], [[Live sound mixing|mixing]], reproduction, and [[Sound reinforcement system|reinforcement]] of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of [[microphone]]s, [[pre-amp]] knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer ... the nuts and bolts."<ref name="hitquarters">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Phil_Ek_Interview.html |title=Interview with Phil Ek |publisher=[[HitQuarters]] |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=Sep 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719152337/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Phil_Ek_Interview.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sound engineering is increasingly seen as a creative profession where musical instruments and technology are used to produce [[sound]] for film, radio, television, music and video games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://careerplanning.about.com/od/occupations/p/audio_engineer.htm|title=Audio Engineer Job Description: Salary, Skills, & More|author=Rosenberg McKay|first=Dawn|work=About.com Careers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003844/https://www.thebalancecareers.com/audio-engineer-525988|archive-date=23 July 2018|access-date=8 Dec 2019}}</ref> Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a [[mixing console]] and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events.

Alternatively, ''audio engineer'' can refer to a [[scientist]] or professional [[engineer]] who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as [[acoustical engineering]], [[Electrical engineering|electronic/electrical engineering]] or (musical) [[signal processing]].<ref name="wisegeek">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-audio-engineering.htm|title=What Is Audio Engineering?|last=Smith|first=S. E.|website=wiseGeek|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108184500/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-audio-engineering.htm|archive-date=8 January 2010|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

==Research and development==
[[Research and development]] audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering.<ref name="soundonsound.com">Daley, Dan, [http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct04/articles/rocketscience.htm "The Engineers Who Changed Recording: Fathers Of Invention"], ''[[Sound on Sound]]'' magazine, October 2004</ref> They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for [[audio signal processing]], specify the requirements for [[public address]] systems, carry out research on audible sound for [[video game console]] manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.<ref name="University of Salford">{{cite web|last=University of Salford|title=Graduate Jobs in Acoustics|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=roles|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ASA">{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You|url=http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|access-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225726/http://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2017-03-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Education===
{{See also|Category:Audio engineering schools}}

Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as [[acoustics]], [[computer science]], [[broadcast engineering]], [[physics]], [[acoustical engineering]], [[electrical engineering]] and [[electronics]]. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in [[science]] or [[engineering]] topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to [[recording studio]]s and [[sound reinforcement system]]s, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.<ref name="acoustics.salford.ac.uk">{{cite web|last=University of Salford|first=Acoustics|title=Physics and music technology degrees|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=physics-music-technology-degree|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

[[File:RogStudioLongshot.jpg|thumb|Noted audio engineer [[Roger Nichols (recording engineer)|Roger Nichols]] at a vintage Neve recording console.]]

Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a [[bachelor's degree]], [[master's degree]] or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in [[architectural acoustics]].<ref name="National Careers">{{cite web|last=National Careers Service|title=Job profiles: Acoustics consultant|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g. [[headphone]] manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g., [[automobile]] manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as [[faculty (academic staff)]] require a [[Doctor of Philosophy]]. In [[Germany]] a ''Toningenieur'' is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.

===Sub-disciplines===
The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS ([[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]) coding used by the [[Acoustical Society of America]] with some revision.<ref name="Acoustical Society of America">{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix|url=http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111126/http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|archive-date=2013-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Audio signal processing====
Audio engineers develop [[audio signal processing]] algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as [[reverberation]], [[Auto-Tune]] or perceptual coding (e.g. [[MP3]] or [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]]). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform [[echo cancellation]], or identify and categorize audio content through [[music information retrieval]] or [[acoustic fingerprint]].<ref name="Pohlmann">{{cite book|last=Pohlmann|first=Ken|title=Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition|year=2010|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-166347-2|page=336}}</ref>

====Architectural acoustics====
[[File:AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG|thumb|Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the [[Royal Albert Hall]].]]

[[Architectural acoustics]] is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room.<ref name="Morfey 2001 32">{{cite book|last=Morfey|first=Christopher|title=Dictionary of Acoustics|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|page=32}}</ref> For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre.<ref name="Templeton 1993">{{cite book|last=Templeton|first=Duncan|title=Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team|year=1993|publisher=Architectural Press|isbn=978-0-7506-0538-0}}</ref> Architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.<ref name="National Careers" />

====Electroacoustics====
{{See also|Sound reinforcement system}}
[[File:Glastofriday2003.jpg|thumb|The Pyramid Stage]]

Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies.<ref name="ASA" /> Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g. [[mobile phone]]s, [[portable media player]]s, and [[tablet computer]]s), sound systems in [[Architectural Acoustics|architectural acoustics]], [[surround sound]] and [[wave field synthesis]] in [[movie theater]] and [[vehicle audio]].

====Musical acoustics====
[[Musical acoustics]] is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as [[synthesizers]]; the human voice (the physics and [[neurophysiology]] of [[singing]]); [[physical modeling]] of musical instruments; [[room acoustics]] of concert venues; [[music information retrieval]]; [[music therapy]], and the perception and cognition of [[music]].<ref name="Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics TCMU of the Acoustical Society of America ASA">{{cite web |last=Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) |url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/ |title=ASA TCMU Home Page |url-status=dead |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010613120620/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/ |archive-date=2001-06-13 }}</ref><ref name="bader">{{cite book |last1=Bader |first1=Rolf |editor1-last=Bader |editor1-first=Rolf |title=Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-55004-5 |pages=25–28 |ref=rb |chapter=Musical Acoustics and Signal Processing|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5 |series=Springer Handbooks }}</ref>

====Psychoacoustics====
[[Psychoacoustics]] is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a [[binaural recording]] sounds immersive.<ref name="Pohlmann" />

====Speech====
The production, computer processing and perception of [[speech]] is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.<ref name="Speech Communication Technical Committee">{{cite web|last=Speech Communication Technical Committee |title=Speech Communication |url=http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/ |publisher=Acoustical Society of America |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604013140/http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/ |archive-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Practitioner==
[[File:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Congress Warsaw (963).jpg|thumb|[[Live sound mixing]]]]
[[File:FOH Pete Keppler with digidesign VENUE Profile live digital mixer and Genelec monitoring.jpg|thumb|At the [[front of house]] position, mixing sound for a band]]

A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate [[sound recording]], [[sound reinforcement]], or sound [[broadcasting]] equipment, including large and small format [[Mixing console|consoles]]. Terms such as "audio technician," "sound technician," "audio engineer," "audio technologist," "recording engineer," "sound mixer," "mixing engineer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a "sound engineer" or "recording engineer" is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title [[engineer]] to any individual not a registered member of a [[Regulation and licensure in engineering|professional engineering licensing body]].

In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or [[Audio mastering|masters]] sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and [[record producer]]. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including [[post-production]] for [[video]] and [[film]], live sound reinforcement, [[advertising]], [[multimedia]], and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person.

In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.<ref name="Huber, D.M. 1995">Huber, D.M. (1995). ''Modern Recording Techniques''. (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press</ref>

In German, the "Tontechniker" (audio technician) is the one who operates the audio equipment and the "Tonmeister" (sound master) is a person who creates recordings or broadcasts of music, who is both deeply musically trained (in classical and non-classical genres), and who also has a detailed theoretical and practical knowledge of virtually all aspects of sound.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
[[File:Opérateur de Prise de Son.jpg|thumb|TV Audio engineer]]

===Education and training===
{{See also|Category:Audio engineering schools}}
Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio, [[fine arts]], broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are [[autodidact]]s with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience.

Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allow them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—[[rock music|rock]] and [[pop music]], for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world. In North America, the most notable being [[Full Sail University]] in [[Winter Park, Florida]], and [[OIART]] (The [[Ontario Institute of Audio Recording Technology]]) in [[London, Ontario]].

===Role of women===
According to [[Women's Audio Mission]] (WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of [[women in music]] production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Rosina |title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio? |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep13/articles/sounding-off-0913.htm |journal=Sound on Sound |date=September 2013}}</ref> "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the [[Grammys]]" and none won either award.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-19284058|title=Why are female record producers so rare?|newspaper=BBC News|date=2012-08-29|last1=Savage|first1=Mark}}</ref> According to [[Susan Rogers]], audio engineer and professor at [[Berklee College of Music]], women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality".<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

Women's Audio Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in professional audio by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=PPFA&sw=w|title=Gale - User Identification Form|website=Go.galegroup.com|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning [[Kronos Quartet]], [[Angelique Kidjo]] (2014 Grammy winner), author [[Salman Rushdie]], the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to “Dirty Wars”,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/54-2105425|title=Womens Audio Mission - GuideStar Profile|website=Guidestar.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-02}}</ref> Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated [[St. Lawrence Quartet]], and [[world music]] artists [[Tanya Tagaq]] and [[Wu Man]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own [[rock and roll]] music label was [[Cordell Jackson]] (1923-2004). [[Trina Shoemaker]] is a mixer, record producer and [[sound engineer]] who became the first woman to win the [[Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical|Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album]] in 1998 for her work on ''[[The Globe Sessions]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women, Music, Culture: An Introduction |last= Dunbar |first= Julie C. |year= 2010 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 978-0415875622 |page= 304 }}</ref>

[[Gail Davies]] was the first female producer in [[country music]], delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the '70s and '80s including "[[Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You]]," "[[Blue Heartache]]" and "[[I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)]]."<ref name="nashvillescene.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/nashville/women-account-for-less-than-5-percent-of-producers-and-engineers-andmdash-but-maybe-not-for-long/Content?oid=1597594|title=Women account for less than 5 percent of producers and engineers — but maybe not for long - Cover Story - Nashville Scene|work=Nashville Scene}}</ref> When she moved to [[Nashville]] in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and [singing] in the vocal booth."<ref name="nashvillescene.com"/> When Jonell Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman, and we already had one"—a reference to [[Wendy Waldman]].<ref name="nashvillescene.com"/> KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the [[Audio Engineering Society]], Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies.<ref name="nashvillescene.com"/> Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".<ref name="nashvillescene.com"/>

Other notable women include:

*[[Sylvia Robinson]], early [[hip hop music]] producer
*[[Susan Rogers]], engineer for ''[[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]]''
*[[Genya Ravan]], producer [[The Dead Boys]]' ''[[Young, Loud and Snotty]]'';
*[[Delia Derbyshire]], British electronics pioneer
*[[Lari White]], a co-producer on [[Toby Keith]]'s ''White Trash With Money''
*[[Leslie Ann Jones]]

===Sub-disciplines===
There are four distinct steps to commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of production.
*Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.
*Recording engineer – engineer who records sound.
*Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough mixes.<ref name="Huber, D.M. 1995"/>
*[[Mixing engineer]] – a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common to record a commercial record at one studio and have it mixed by different engineers in other studios.
*[[Mastering engineer]] – the person who masters the final mixed stereo tracks (or sometimes a series of audio stems, which consists in a mix of the main sections) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization, [[Dynamic range compression|compression]] and [[Limiter|limiting]] to fine-tune the sound timbre and dynamics and to achieve a louder recording.
* Audio/sound designer – broadly an artist who produces sound tracks or sound effects content for media.
*Live sound engineer
**Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1.<ref name="Front of House FOH Engineer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190523212856/http://getinmedia.com/careers/front-house-foh-engineer "Front of House (FOH) Engineer"], ''Get in Media'' Entertainment Careers</ref> – a person dealing with [[Live sound mixing|live sound reinforcement]]. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the [[foldback (sound engineering)|foldback sound]]. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.<ref name="Davis, G. 1990">Davis, G., Jones R. (1990). ''Yamaha Sound Reinforcement Handbook''. (2nd ed.) Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp.</ref>
**Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.
**Foldback or [[Monitor engineer]] – a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term "foldback" comes from the old practice of "folding back" audio signals from the [[front of house]] (FOH) mixing console to the stage so musicians can hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears so they can satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.
**Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems, which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a "crew chief" on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of [[system engineering]], which typically requires a college degree.
*[[Re-recording mixer]] – a person in [[post-production]] who mixes audio tracks for [[feature films]] or [[television program]]s.

==Equipment==
[[Image:Roomcorrect-mag.png|thumb|Correcting a room's frequency response.]]

An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including:
*[[Tape machine]]s
*[[Analog-to-digital converter]]s
*[[Digital-to-analog converter]]s
*[[Digital audio workstation]]s (DAWs)
*[[Audio plug-in]]s
*[[Dynamic range compression|Dynamic range compressors]]
*[[Data compression#Audio|Audio data compressors]]
*[[Music sequencer]]s
*[[Signal processor]]s
*[[Headphone]]s
*[[Microphone]]s
*[[Preamplifier]]s
*[[Mixing console]]s
*[[Amplifier]]s
*[[Loudspeaker]]s

==Notable audio engineers==
===Recording===
{{hidden begin|border=#aaa 1px solid|titlestyle=text-align: center|title=List}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Steve Albini]]
*[[Jim Anderson (sound engineer)|Jim Anderson]]
*[[Michael J. Bishop]]
*[[Bill Bottrell]]
*[[David Bottrill]]
*[[Helmut Burk]]
*[[Iain Burgess]]
*[[Chuck Britz]]
*[[Patrick (Bischoff) Brown|Patrick Brown]]
*[[Terry Brown (record producer)|Terry Brown]]
*[[John Burns (audio engineer)|John Burns]]
*[[Ian Caple]]
*[[Dru Castro]]
*[[Fred Catero]]
*[[Roy Cicala]]
*[[Bob Clearmountain]]
*[[John Congleton]]
*[[Mike Crossey]]
*[[Terry Date]]
*[[Nick Davis (music producer)|Nick Davis]]
*[[Charles De Schutter]]
*[[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]]
*[[Tom Dowd]]
*[[Flood (producer)|Mark "Flood" Ellis]]
*[[Geoff Emerick]]
*[[Jack Endino]]
*[[Bob Ezrin]]
*[[David R. Ferguson]]
*[[Steve Fisk]]
*[[Dave Fridmann]]
*[[Humberto Gatica]]
*[[Rudy Van Gelder]]
*[[Nigel Godrich]]
*[[Doug Grean]]
*[[James Guthrie (record producer)|James Guthrie]]
*[[Mick Guzauski]]
*[[Roy Halee]]
*[[Wally Heider]]
*[[David Hentschel]]
*[[Bones Howe]]
*[[Andrew Jackson (recording engineer)|Andrew Jackson]]
*[[Andy Johns]]
*[[Glyn Johns]]
*[[Leslie Ann Jones]]
*[[Toshi Kasai]]
*[[Neil Kernon]]
*[[Jacquire King]]
*[[Eddie Kramer]]
*[[Greg Ladanyi]]
*[[Maxime Le Guil]]
*[[James Lock (sound engineer)|James Lock]]
*[[Chris Lord-Alge]]
*[[Tom Lord-Alge]]
*[[Reinhold Mack]]
*[[Mike Marciano]]
*[[George Martin]]
*[[Tony Maserati]]
*[[George Massenburg]]
*[[Mario J. McNulty]]
*[[Joe Meek]]
*[[Yuri Morozov (Russian singer)|Yuri Morozov]]
*[[Alan Moulder]]
*[[Jack Mullin]]
*[[Evgeny Murzin]]
*[[Roger Nichols (recording engineer)|Roger Nichols]]
*[[Clif Norrell]]
*[[Alex Tumay]]
*[[Alex Newport]]
*[[Paul Northfield]]
*[[Gary Paczosa]]
*[[Hugh Padgham]]
*[[Robert Parker (sound engineer)|Robert Parker]]
*[[Alan Parsons]]
*[[Dave Pensado]]
*[[Lynn Peterzell]]
*[[Tony Platt]]
*[[Resul Pookutty]]
*[[Bill Porter (sound engineer)|Bill Porter]]
*[[Bill Putnam]]
*[[Bob Rock]]
*[[Phil Ramone]]
*[[Emitt Rhodes]]
*[[Bruce Robb (producer)]]
*[[Susan Rogers]]
*[[Scott Salem]]
*[[Elliot Scheiner]]
*[[Andrew Scheps]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrew Scheps|url=http://www.mcdman.com/scheps.html|website=McDonough Management|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
*[[Al Schmitt]]
*[[Tom Scholz]]
*[[Jim Scott (producer)|Jim Scott]]
*[[Ken Scott]]
*[[Da-Hong Seetoo]]
*[[Eberhard Sengpiel]]
*[[Mike Shipley]]
*[[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman Smith]]
*[[H. Sridhar]]
*[[Chris Steinmetz]]
*[[Mike Stone (record producer)|Mike Stone]]
*[[Stephen Street]]
*[[Bruce Swedien]]
*[[Bill Szymczyk]]
*[[Mike Terry]]
*[[Wharton Tiers]]
*[[Devin Townsend]]
*[[Ken Townshend]]
*[[Phil Thornalley]]
*[[John Travis (producer)|John Travis]]
*[[Michael B. Tretow]]
*[[Derek Varnals]]
*[[Robert Venable]]
*[[Tony Visconti]]
*[[Andy Wallace (producer)|Andy Wallace]]
*[[Dave Aron]]
*[[Kenneth Wilkinson]]
*[[Jonathan Wilson (musician)|Jonathan Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jonathan Wilson: Fanfare Reviving The West Coast Sound|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov13/articles/jonathan-wilson.htm|website=Sound On Sound|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
{{colend}}
{{hidden end}}

===Mastering===
{{hidden begin|border=#aaa 1px solid|titlestyle=text-align: center|title=List}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Tom Coyne (music engineer)|Tom Coyne]]
*[[Mike Dean (record producer)|Mike Dean]]
*[[Bernie Grundman]]
*[[Steve Hoffman (audio engineer)|Steve Hoffman]]
*[[Ted Jensen]]
*[[Bob Katz]]
*[[Bob Ludwig]]
*[[Rodney Mills]]
*[[George Peckham]]
*[[Bob Weston]]
{{colend}}
{{hidden end}}

===Live sound===
{{hidden begin|border=#aaa 1px solid|titlestyle=text-align: center|title=List}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Dan Healy (soundman)|Dan Healy]]
*[[Big Mick|"Big Mick" Hughes]]
*[[Bruce Jackson (audio engineer)|Bruce Jackson]]
*[[Bill Porter (sound engineer)|Bill Porter]]
*[[Dave Rat]]
*[[Owsley Stanley]]
*[[Charles De Schutter]]
{{colend}}
{{hidden end}}

===Broadcasting===

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*[[:Category:Audio engineers]]
*[[:Category:Acoustical engineers]]
*[[Audio Engineering Society]]
*[[Institute of Broadcast Sound]]
*[[Professional Lighting and Sound Association]]
*[[Acoustical engineering]]
{{col-3}}
*[[Broadcast engineering]]
*[[Electrical engineering]]
*[[Audio restoration]]
*[[Audiography]]
*[[History of sound recording]]
*[[Live sound mixing]]
*[[Professional audio]]
{{col-3}}
*[[Record producer]]
*[[Recording studio]]
*[[Sound designer]]
*[[Sound follower]]
*[[Sound operator]]
*[[Sound recording]]
*[[Tape op]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Audio engineers}}
*[http://www.aes.org/ Audio Engineering Society]
*[http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Calculations03.htm Audio engineering formulas and calculators]
*[https://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/broadcast-and-sound-engineering-technicians.htm Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians] at the US Department of Labor
*[http://www.recordproduction.com/producers_and_engineers.htm Recording engineer video interviews]
*[http://www.audiocheck.net A free collection of online audio tools for audio engineers]
*[http://www.audiosonica.com/en/course/post/2 Audio Engineering online course] under [[Creative Commons]] Licence
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723205234/http://ap.com/download/whitepapers Audio White Papers, Articles and Books]
*[http://www.aes.org/par/ AES Pro Audio Reference]
*[https://www.audiounit.lt Audio engineering news in Lithuania]

{{Authority control}}
{{Engineering fields}}
{{Music industry}}

[[Category:Audio electronics| ]]
[[Category:Audio engineering| ]]
[[Category:Broadcasting occupations]]
[[Category:Filmmaking occupations]]
[[Category:Mass media occupations]]
[[Category:Occupations in music]]
[[Category:Audio engineers| ]]

Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-24T15:33:56Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-24T15:32:07Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Sahu
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Song Writer|Sound Engineer}}
| years_active = 2020–present
| signature =
}}

'''Adarsh Sahu''' is a Indian Musical Artist , singer and rapper. he also manages an independent record label "[https://.youtube.com/jabalimusic Jabali Music]" , he is also a [[Sound Engineer]], he studied engineering from [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] . He also owns a youtube channel named "[https://youtube.com/JabaliMusic Jabali Music]"
== Career ==
'''Adarsh Sahu''' started his musical journey in his early stage, he use to lead his school musical club and performs in various singing competition and functions, when he reached college he continued his musical interest, in 2020 he was commercially launched with the song "Meri Life" also known as the Indian version of the song "Baby" by Justin Bieber, after that he continued making Covers and Original of his own.
== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song name
!Date Released
|-
|Meri Life<ref>{{Citation|title=Meri Life (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/meri-life/BhAKdAwGQGw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|27/Aug/2020
|-
|Emptiness<ref>{{Citation|title=Emptiness (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/emptiness/O1kjVCcFX30|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|14/Sep/2020
|-
|Aahatein X JiyenKyun<ref>{{Citation|title=Aahatein X Jiyenkyun|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/26eAKBqukz0reLb5fevbgn|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|29/Sep/2020
|-
|Heer Ranjha<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Heer Ranjha|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/heer-ranjha/58179011/|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|02/Oct/2020
|-
|Rehnuma<ref>{{Citation|title=Rehnuma (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/rehnuma/N14OUhdXfno|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|11/Oct/2020
|-
|Jee Raha Hoon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/jee-raha-hoon/60472920/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.hungama.com}}</ref>
|04/Dec/2020
|}
== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-24T15:11:22Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "'''Adarsh Sahu''' is a indian [https://g.co/kgs/k5DrqA Musical Artist] , singer and rapper. he also owns an independent record label "[https://.youtube.com/jabalimusic Jabali..."

'''Adarsh Sahu''' is a indian [https://g.co/kgs/k5DrqA Musical Artist] , singer and rapper. he also owns an independent record label "[https://.youtube.com/jabalimusic Jabali Music]" , he was born in Jabalpur, a town in Madhya pradesh, India at 30 October 2000, he is also a engineer and has expertise in Mechanical and Automobile field, he studied engineering from [[wikipedia:Jabalpur_Engineering_College|Jabalpur Engineering College]] . He also owns a youtube channel named "[https://youtube.com/JabaliMusic Jabali Music]" , and has his work in almost every music streaming platform including Spotify ,JioSaavn ,AppleMusic ,HungamaPlay ,Instagram/facebook Music ,etc.
== Career ==
'''Adarsh Sahu''' started his musical journey when he was in school, he use to lead his school musical club and performs in various singing competition and functions, when he reached college he continued his musical interest, in 2020 he was commercially launched with the song "Meri Life" also known as the Indian version of the song "Baby" by Justin Bieber, after that he continued making Covers and Original of his own.
== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song name
!Date Released
|-
|Meri Life<ref>{{Citation|title=Meri Life (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/meri-life/BhAKdAwGQGw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|27/Aug/2020
|-
|Emptiness<ref>{{Citation|title=Emptiness (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/emptiness/O1kjVCcFX30|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|14/Sep/2020
|-
|Aahatein X JiyenKyun<ref>{{Citation|title=Aahatein X Jiyenkyun|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/26eAKBqukz0reLb5fevbgn|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|29/Sep/2020
|-
|Heer Ranjha<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Heer Ranjha|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/heer-ranjha/58179011/|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|02/Oct/2020
|-
|Rehnuma<ref>{{Citation|title=Rehnuma (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/rehnuma/N14OUhdXfno|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|11/Oct/2020
|-
|Jee Raha Hoon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/jee-raha-hoon/60472920/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.hungama.com}}</ref>
|04/Dec/2020
|}
== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

Draft:Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-24T15:01:48Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Blanked the page

Jabalpur Engineering College

2021-05-24T14:15:38Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: JaggaBadaJasoos moved page Wikipedia:Jabalpur Engineering College to Jabalpur Engineering College

{{COI|date=April 2017}}
{{Short description|Technical University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jabalpur Engineering College
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| motto = Onwards on wings
| established = {{start date and age|1947}}
| type = [[Public university|Government]]
| founder = [[Dr. S. P. Chakravarti]]
| chairperson = [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
| principal = Arvind Kumar Sharma
| city = [[Jabalpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban {{convert|255|acre|ha}}
| former_names = Government Engineering College, Jabalpur
| website = {{url|https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in}}
}}

'''Jabalpur Engineering College''' ('''JEC''') is an institute located in [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the oldest technical institution in central India and the 15th-oldest in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Report%20of%20the%20University%20Education%20Commission.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118055500/http://www.teindia.nic.in/files/reports/ccr/Report%20of%20the%20University%20Education%20Commission.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://khojkhabarnews.com/?p=24146 |title=Rapid strides in education under Mr Shivraj Singh Chouhan |publisher=khojkhabarnews.com |date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054509/http://khojkhabarnews.com/?p=24146 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is the first institute of India to have started the Electronics & Telecommunication engineering education in the country, and also the last educational institution to be set up by the British in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/mhrd/50yrsedu/g/12/2A/122A0501.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085348/http://www.teindia.nic.in/mhrd/50yrsedu/g/12/2A/122A0501.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jabalpur-engineering-collage-has-first-high-voltage-lab-of-country-1445162/</ref>
The Government of Madhya Pradesh is converting it into Technical University.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jabalpur-engineering-college-become-technical-university-1-2205429/|title=जबलपुर में तकनीकी विश्वविद्यालय खुलने का रास्ता साफ, उच्च तकनीकी शिक्षा विभाग ने लिया निर्णय|website=Patrika News}}</ref>

==History==
JEC was established as the '''Government Engineering College (GEC), Jabalpur''', on 7 July 1947, during the British rule in India. It was inaugurated by the then Minister for Education of the Central Provinces, S. V. Gokhale.<ref name="auto1">https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/advertisement/jec%20annual%20report%202018-19020720021126.pdf</ref> It started functioning from the existing building of the [[Government Science College, Jabalpur|Roberson College, Jabalpur]], which was constructed in the year 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencecollegejabalpur.org/about-us/|title=About Us – Government Science College, Jabalpur, MP}}</ref> The building now houses the Civil engineering department of JEC and Robertson College has been shifted to its present and permanent campus in Pachpedi.<ref>http://www.mphighereducation.nic.in/InstitutePortal/Public/About_Institute.aspx?InstId=NDE5</ref><ref>http://www.rdunijbpin.org/1311/Special-Features</ref>

[[Dr. S. P. Chakravarti]], the serving head of the Electrical engineering department of [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]], was appointed as its first Principal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1955.11485926|title=Institution Activities|date=1 September 1955|journal=IETE Journal of Research|volume=1|issue=3|pages=178–179|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/03772063.1955.11485926}}</ref> The Silver Jubilee ceremony of the institute was celebrated in 1973, in the presence of the then Education Minister of Madhya Pradesh, [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]].<ref name="auto1"/> The institute celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1997, while the [[President of India]], [[Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma]] graced the Golden Jubilee ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/aboutus/aboutus.aspx|title=JEC - Jabalpur Engineering College|website=www.jecjabalpur.ac.in}}</ref>

It was affiliated to the [[University of Sagar]] between the years 1947 and 1956, then to the [[University of Jabalpur]] until the year 1999, and from 1999 to 2010 to the [[State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh]]. In 1997, it was granted an autonomous institute status,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mptechedu.org/index.php/departments/animal-biotechnology-centre|title=Engineering Colleges|website=www.mptechedu.org}}</ref> and in the year 2017, it was declared a technical university by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Academics==
{{Panorama
|image = File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s administrative building.jpg
|height = 250
|caption = Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s administrative building
}}

===Departments===
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC) Civil engineering front close.jpg|thumb|Civil engineering department, built in the year 1916]]
*Civil Engineering
*Electrical Engineering
*Mechanical Engineering
*Electronics & Telecommunication
*Computer Science & Engineering
*Information Technology
*Industrial & Production Engineering
*Department of Humanities
*Department of Applied Physics
*Department of Applied Chemistry
*Department of Applied Mathematics

The institute offers [[bachelor's]], [[master's]] and [[doctoral]] degrees in engineering and [[applied sciences]]. JEC made an announcement in March 2013, that it is starting new courses in engineering like [[Aerospace engineering]], [[Automotive engineering]], [[Biomedical engineering]], [[Chemical engineering]], [[Materials science]], [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Data science]], [[Mechatronics]], besides [[Master of Business Administration]], [[Master of Design]], [[Architecture]], [[Town planning]] and [[Pharmacy]].<ref>[http://epaper.bhaskar.com/jabalpur/180/15032013/mpcg/1/ 03/15/2013 : Dainik Bhaskar e-Paper, jabalpur, e-Paper, jabalpur e Paper, e Newspaper jabalpur, jabalpur e Paper, jabalpur ePaper]. Epaper.bhaskar.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-05.</ref><ref>https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/news/ai-data-science-mechatronics-branch-will-start-in-jabalpur-engineering-college-from-next-session-232945</ref>

===Admissions===
* B.E. / B.Tech - Admissions are carried out on the basis of performance in [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]].
* M.E. / M.Tech - through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)]].
* MCA - through MP Pre-MCA examination, conducted by [[Vyapam|Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board]].
* MSc - Every year, 15 seats are allotted for the respective departments i.e. Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry. Selection is purely based on the percentage obtained in BSc degree examination, minimum expectation is 50% for the eligibility. Departments may conduct a selection test if the number of applicants exceeds 15.
* PhD - through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)]], followed by written test and Interview.

=== Accreditation===
All the courses are approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]], recognised by the Directorate of Technical Education, Madhya Pradesh, and accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]].

=== Projects===
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s High Voltage Lab.jpg|thumb|1.6 million volt impulse generator at the High Voltage Lab]]
[[File:Fire tube boiler at the Jabalpur Engineering College.jpg|thumb|Fire-tube boiler of Mechanical engineering department]]
The ongoing projects at JEC:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/aboutus/achievements.aspx|title=JEC - Jabalpur Engineering College|website=www.jecjabalpur.ac.in}}</ref>
* CORE (Centre of Relevance & Excellence) by TIFAC (Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India)
* CIIILP (Canada-India Institute Industry Linkage Project)
* Indo-Italian Research project
* DSP Lab, Texas Instruments
* Sun Microsystems Training Centre
* Cisco Regional Academy of Networking Programme
* Centre for National & Academic Networking for Continuing Education with AICTE
* Renewable Energy Park – Govt. of India
* Centre of Fuzzy Logic System by Govt. of India
* Microzonation of selected cities of India by Geological Survey of India
* STA (State Technical Agency) and Remote Sensing Centre of Prime Minister’s Rural Road Project - Govt. of India
* Research Project of Robotics & Manufacturing, Ministry of Science & Technology
* Software Technology Park of India, 2 MBPS HSDC Node, Ministry of Information Technology
* Fuller Energy Awards (State level) Selection
* M.P. Chamber consultancy clinic of Katni with MPCON
* Mini Tool Room, Ministry of Commerce & Industries, Government of India
* ERNET- AICTE Facility for Distance Learning & Digital Library
* Remote Sensing Resource Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* MOUs signed with national & international organisations eg. Infosys, Wipro, TCS, IBM, Cisco etc., for promoting training of students.

==Student life==
===Housing===
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC) Boys' Hostel No. 3.jpg|thumb|Boys' hostel No. 3]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px; height: 100px;"
|-
! Type!! Number of Hostels !! Total Capacity
|-
| Boys || 9 || 900
|-
| Girls || 3 || 150
|}

=== Events ===
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC) Jashan auditorium 2.jpg|thumb|Jashan auditorium]]
* TEDxJECollege, an international conference is held annually in the month of February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7392|title=TEDxJECollege | TED|website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tedxjecollege.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618072651/http://www.tedxjecollege.com/ |archive-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Aureole is the techno-cultural fest of Jabalpur Engineering College.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
* Aaghaz is the intra-college, inter-branch sports-cum-cultural fest and is held annually.<ref>http://pragyan.jecj.in/2012/12/aagaaz-fest/</ref>

=== Societies ===
* Unofficial Magazine - Abhiyaam <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abhiyaam.jec-jabalpur.org/|title=Abhiyaam 2013-14 - JEC Annual Magazine|website=abhiyaam.jec-jabalpur.org}}</ref>
* JEC has its own theatre club - Azaan, which provides a platform for drama, acting and dance.
* Photography society - The Camera Eye.<ref name="auto2">tpo.jec-jabalpur.org/downloads/jec-profile-july2013.pdf</ref>
* Literary society - The Literary Club.<ref name="auto2"/>
* Musical society - Raag.<ref name="auto2"/>
* Technical society - JLUG (JEC Linux User Group).<ref name="auto2"/>
* Technical society - Automotive Society.<ref name="auto2"/>
* Technical society for Electrical Engineering and Robotics - Urja.<ref name="auto2"/>
* Technical society for CSE /IT sector - The JEC ACM (Advanced Computing Machinery).<ref name="auto2"/>
* JEC is also home of Kaarwaan, the social welfare society and NGO of JEC, run by college students that helps underprivileged children prepare for Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test (JNVST) and other similar exams.<ref>https://kaarwaa.com/</ref>

==Notable alumni ==
* [[Ajai Chowdhry]] – Awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian honour in India. Co-founder & former Chairman of [[HCL Technologies]]. Chairman of [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]] and [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur|IIIT Naya Raipur]], and former Chairman of [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad|IIT Hyderabad]].
* [[K. S. Sudarshan]] - He was the fifth ''[[Sarsanghachalak]]'' (from 2000 to 2009) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), the world's largest voluntary non-governmental organisation.
* [[Sharat Saxena]] – Veteran Indian film, television and theatre actor.
* [[Shreegopal Vyas]] - [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]].
* [[Sharad Yadav]] – [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of the [[Lok Sabha]], Chairman of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and former Union Cabinet Minister of Civil Aviation, Labour, Textiles and Food Processing Industries, Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
* [[C. B. Bhave]] – Former Chairman & Managing Director of [[National Securities Depository Limited]] and [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).
* [[Shyam Mardikar]] - Chief Technology Officer, [[Reliance Jio]] and former CTO, [[Bharti Airtel]].
* [[Prakash Naidu]] – Former Project Director, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Bangalore.
* [[Hemchandra Kekre]] – Former Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of Department, Computer Science & Engineering at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]].
*[[Visva Mohan Tiwari]] - Retired Air Vice Marshal, [[Indian Air Force]].
*[[Sudhir Kumar Mishra]] - Director General at the [[Defence Research & Development Organisation]], CEO and Managing Director, [[BrahMos Aerospace]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]

Jabalpur

2021-05-24T14:12:15Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "{{short description|Metropolis in Madhya Pradesh, India}} {{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh India|its namesake district|Jabalpur District}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Septe..."

{{short description|Metropolis in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh India|its namesake district|Jabalpur District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jabalpur
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Jubbulpore
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =MP HIGH COURT JABALPUR - panoramio.jpg
| photo3a =Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s Admin Building.jpg
| photo3b =Dhuandhar Waterfalls.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = black
}}
| image_caption = From top: MP High Court, Jabalpur Engineering College & Dhuandhar Waterfall
| nickname = Sanskaar Dhaani, Tripur Tirth
| map_caption = Location of Jabalpur in India
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|N|79|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Swati Godbole
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 263.49
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Jabalpur City'>{{cite web|title=Jabalpur City|url=https://blog.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Final_Jabalpur-Smart-City-Proposal_Mygov.pdf|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 412
| population_total = 1,267,564
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_city">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Indore |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531083016/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |title=Jabalpur district |work=2011 Census of India |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114001414/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1Lakhandabove">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |page=3 |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 3390
| population_metro = 1,444,667
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census_metro">{{cite web |url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |title=Presentation on Towns and Urban Agglomerations |work=Census of India 2011 |access-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314015213/http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |archive-date=14 March 2016 }}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|40th]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank 37th
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|38th]]
| population_demonyms = Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 482001 to 482011
| area_code = +91-761
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| registration_plate = MP-20
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 929 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
| leader_title2 = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name2 = Karmveer Sharma<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/ |website=Who's Who |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Chandramauli Shukla
| leader_title4 = MP
| leader_name4 = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| blank3_name = [[Languages of India|Official language]]
| blank3_info = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate|Average Literacy Rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 82.13%
}}
'''Jabalpur''' is the city in the centre of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Jabalpur is generally accepted that the game of [[Snooker]] originated here.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |title=The History of Snooker |publisher=Titansports.co.uk |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217110948/http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |archive-date=17 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of [[Jabalpur district]] (the [[List of districts of India#Madhya Pradesh (MP)|second-most-populous district in Madhya Pradesh]]) and the [[Jabalpur division]].

== Etymology ==
According to a prevalent theory, Jabalpur was named after a sage named Jabali, who meditated on the banks of the Narmada river. Another theory suggests an [[Arabic]] origin of the word since ''jabal'' in Arabic means granite boulders or huge boulders, which were common in the region. According to a fringe theory, the name refers to ''Jauli Pattala'', a sub-divisional unit, mentioned in [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] inscriptions. Jauli also refers to the [[Huna people|Huna]] queen of the Kalachuri king, Karna. It was spelled as Jubbulpore during British rule.<ref>{{cite news |title=MP Trail: When two Britishers disagreed on the name of Jabalpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/mp-trail-when-two-britishers-disagreed-on-the-name-of-jabalpur/cid/1676744 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=27 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city to Jabalpur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Now, Indore to become Indur, Bhopal Bhojpal |date=18 December 2006 |access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028143807/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Mythology describes three [[Asura]]s (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region, who were defeated by the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. [[Tripurasura]] being the main asura, gave the city its ''puranic'' name Tripur Tirth.<ref name="city">[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&pg=PA8 ''Jabalpur City Guide.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118200846/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&pg=PA8 |date=18 November 2015 }} Goodearth Publications, 2008 p8. {{ISBN|9788187780731}}.</ref> [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri region]] corresponds to the ancient [[Chedi Kingdom]] of Mahabharata times, to which king [[Shishupala]] belongs.

[[Ashoka]]n relics dating to 300 BCE have been found in Rupnath, {{convert|84|km|mi}} north of the city, indicating the presence of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] (322 to 185 BCE) in the region.<ref name="city" /> When the empire fell, Jabalpur became a [[city-state]] before coming under the rule of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE to 220 CE). After their reign, the region was ruled locally by the Bodhis and the Senas, following which it became a [[vassal state]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 to 550).<ref name="city" />

From 675 to 800, the region was ruled by Bamraj Dev of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri Dynasty]] from Karanbel. The best known Kalachuri ruler was Yuvraj Dev I ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 915–945), who married Nohla Devi (a princess of the [[Chalukya dynasty]]).

One of the Kalachuri ministers, Golok Simha Kayastha, was instrumental in founding the [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Chausath Yogini Temple]] near [[Bhedaghat]]. His descendants include Bhoj Simha, who was the [[Dewan]] to Sangramsahi (r. 1491–1543); Dewan Adhar Simha, who was the prime minister to [[Rani Durgavati]] (r. 1550–1564), and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha, the last [[Jagir]]dar of Jabalpur who reigned until 1947.

=== Gondwana rule ===
[[File:Maharani Durgavati.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painting of a soldier preparing for battle|[[Rani Durgavati]] preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak]]

The [[Gondwana, India|Gondwana]] king, Raje Madan Shah Madawi of [[Mandla]], (r. 1138–1157) built a watchtower and a small hilltop fort at [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king, Sangram (whose son, Raje [[Dalpat Shah]] Madawi married [[Rani Durgavati]]) held Singaurgarh fort in Sangrampur. [[Rani Durgawati]] was a warrior of the Gond Dynasty, famous for her prosperous kingdom. She was well aware of the importance of water conservation and hence she built more than 85 ponds in Jabalpur, mainly Ranital, Haathital, Madhatal and Hanumantal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|title=Gondwana rulers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171922/https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1564, during the reign of Veer Narayan (Sangram's grandson), Abdul Majeed Harawi (viceroy of [[Kara-Manikpur]] in the [[Mughal Empire]]) conquered Jabalpur and its surrounding areas. However, the Mughal supremacy in Jabalpur was more nominal than real.

In 1698, the Gondwana king, Raje Hriday Shah (r. 1652–1704) moved his court to the Mandla fort. He secured water sources and built irrigation structures. Later, Gondwana was seized by Nizam (r. 1753–1780). After Nizam, the [[Gondwana Kingdom]] was conquered by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].

=== Maratha rule ===
The [[Maratha]] rulers of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], came to power in about 1781. Around 1798, the Maratha [[Peshwa]] gave the [[Narmada River|Nerbuddah valley]] to the [[Bhonsle]] kings of [[Nagpur]], who ruled the area until 1818, when it was seized by the [[British East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Sitabuldi]].

=== Climate ===
{{climate chart
| Jabalpur
| 8|24|19
| 11|28|16
| 16|34|16
| 21|39|5
| 26|42|11
| 26|38|169
| 24|31|382
| 23|29|458
| 23|31|188
| 19|32|39
| 12|29|12
| 9|25|11
| source = [http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Jabalpur IMD]
| float = right
| clear = none
}}
Jabalpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with an average temperature exceeding {{convert|40|°C}}. Summer is followed by the [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]], which lasts until early October and produces {{convert|35|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} of rain from July to September. The average annual precipitation is nearly {{convert|1386|mm|abbr=on}}. Winter begins in late November and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near {{convert|15|°C}}.
{{Weather box
| location = [[Jabalpur Airport]] (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2011)
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 37.6
| Mar record high C = 41.1
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 46.7
| Jun record high C = 46.1
| Jul record high C = 41.7
| Aug record high C = 38.4
| Sep record high C = 35.8
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 33.2
| year record high C = 46.7
| Jan high C = 24.6
| Feb high C = 27.8
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 38.5
| May high C = 41.1
| Jun high C = 37.7
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 29.8
| Sep high C = 31.1
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 28.9
| Dec high C = 25.7
| year high C = 31.8
| Jan low C = 10.6
| Feb low C = 13.2
| Mar low C = 17.8
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 27.1
| Jun low C = 26.8
| Jul low C = 24.6
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 20.0
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 10.8
| year low C = 19.6
| Jan record low C = 1.1
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 3.3
| Apr record low C = 10.6
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 19.0
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 18.3
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 6.8
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 0.6
| year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 21.9
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 14.9
| Apr rain mm = 4.8
| May rain mm = 11.4
| Jun rain mm = 168.0
| Jul rain mm = 376.6
| Aug rain mm = 401.9
| Sep rain mm = 220.9
| Oct rain mm = 30.2
| Nov rain mm = 10.1
| Dec rain mm = 6.0
| year rain mm = 1291.4
| Jan rain days = 1.8
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 1.2
| Apr rain days = 0.5
| May rain days = 1.2
| Jun rain days = 7.4
| Jul rain days = 14.3
| Aug rain days = 14.9
| Sep rain days = 9.0
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 0.7
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 55.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 37
| Mar humidity = 25
| Apr humidity = 19
| May humidity = 21
| Jun humidity = 47
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 70
| Oct humidity = 53
| Nov humidity = 51
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 48
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Jabalpur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 339–340
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M120
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref>
|date=August 2011}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in [[Jabalpur district]]<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur District Religion Data - Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195556/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]] | orange|86.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]] | green|8.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]] | pink|1.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]] | blue|0.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]] | red|0.54}}
{{bar percent|No religion stated|pink|0.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] | orange|0.18}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.85}}
| caption = Distribution of religions
}}

{{Bar chart
| title = Population Growth Since 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002502/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 35
| width_units = em
| data_max = 1500000
| label1 = 2011
| data1 = 1,268,848
| label2 = 2012
| data2 = 1,295,000
| label3 = 2013
| data3 = 1,320,000
| label4 = 2014
| data4 = 1,360,000
| label5 = 2015
| data5 = 1,385,000
| label6 = 2016
| data6 = 1,400,000
| label7 = 2017
| data7 = 1,440,000
| label8 = 2018
| data8 = 1,450,000
}}

In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.<ref name="census_2011" /> The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,268,848.<ref name="1Lakhandabove" />
[[File:Jabalpurheart.jpg|thumb|Bada Fuhara and Kamania Gate in the heart of old Jabalpur city]]

== Economy ==

=== Information technology and park ===
M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. has setup an I.T. park (Techno Park)<ref>{{cite web |title=M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. |url=http://www.mpsedc.com/itparkscontent.aspx?page=IT%20Parks&number=140#four |website=MPSEDC}}</ref> in Bargi Hills having total area of 60 acres, 22KM from the Jabalpur airport. [[Paytm]] started their operations at Jabalpur in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nai Duniya Newspaper |url=https://naidunia.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-paytm-will-give-job-to-two-thousand-youths-in-jabalpur-city-1171612 |access-date=26 May 2017 |publisher=Nai Duniya Newspaper}}</ref>

== Government and public services ==
{{Main|Jabalpur Municipal Corporation}}

=== Civic administration ===
Jabalpur covers an area of {{convert|263|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name='Jabalpur City'/> The [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]] (JMC), is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporate) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporate from the majority party is selected as mayor.

Jabalpur contributes one member to the [[Lok Sabha]]. [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] had been elected as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jabalpur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2155287.html|title=Jabalpur Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Rakesh Singh of BJP Wins|website=News18|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> The city sends eight members to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]]: four from the city (Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] and Jabalpur Paschim) and four from rural areas of the district. Jabalpur is divided into eight zones, each consisting of several wards.

=== {{anchor|Divisional headquarters}}Division headquarters ===
Jabalpur is the [[Administrative divisions of India|divisional headquarters]] for eight districts: Jabalpur, [[Seoni]], [[Mandla]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Narsinghpur]], [[Katni]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]] and [[Balaghat]]. The district, which was reconstituted on 25 May 1998, has seven ''[[tehsil]]s'': Jabalpur, [[Sihora]], Patan, Majhouli, Shahpura, Panagar and Kundam. The city is the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Home-guards and other state and central-government offices.

=== Military establishments ===
The Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|title=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|publisher=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224930/http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the ordnance factories, other organisations present in the city include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]] Regimental Centre, [[the Grenadiers]] Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm, and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organisations which are part of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]].

== Culture ==
=== Cuisine ===
Sweets in Jabalpur's local delicacy include Doodh ka Halwa, Kalakand, Bhaji Wada, Dal Mangode, Aloo Bonda, Khoye ki Jalebi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|title=7 Must Have Dishes From Madhya Pradesh You Just Cannot Miss|work=HolidayIQ|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122644/http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Mawa-Bati, Khoprapak, Shrikhand, Malpua, Imarti and Makkhanvada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|title=10 Sweets that You can't afford to miss while you're travelling around Madhya Pradesh! - MP Travelogue|work=MP Travelogue|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122527/http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Khoye ki Jalebi, which is quite popular in Madhya Pradesh,<ref name=":0" /> was invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 at his shop, Badkul Halwai.<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur, p. 418</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |title=Sugar rush: TravelKhana to deliver sweets to train passenger, DNA, 18 Mar 2016 |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324163843/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|title=Tasty dishes you must try from these lesser known corners of India|website=www.msn.com|language=en-IN|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122528/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Jabalpur}}
[[File:Marble-Art.JPG|thumb|left|[[Art marble|Marble-art]]]]
Jabalpur is an important tourism city in Madhya Pradesh and central India. Notable sites in Jabalpur include [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], Jabalpur [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], [[Dhuandhar Falls]], [[Chausta -Yogini]], [[various ghat]] and [[Marble Rocks]] in [[Bhedaghat]], Balancing rock near Madan Mahal Fort and the Shiv Statue at Kachnar City. The world-renowned tiger reserves like [[Kanha National Park]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], and [[Pench National Park]] can be easily visited via Jabalpur.

Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir is a 17th-century Jain temple that appears like a fortress with numerous [[shikhara]]s. The temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India. Madan Mahal is a fort built by the Gondi king Madansahi in 1116 which is situated atop a hill in Jabalpur. Kachnar city in Jabalpur is known for a {{convert|76|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} [[Shiva]] statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shiva [[linga]]s from 12 shrines nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|title=Jabalpur|work=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|publisher=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419223309/http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> The city also houses the [[Rani Durgawati Museum]] which was built in 1964 to commemorate [[Rani Durgavati]]. The museum hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi. [[Dumna Nature Reserve Park]] is an ecotourism site open to the public which is located in the Jabalpur district. It houses the Khandari Dam, which is a source of drinking water to the city and has many crocodiles. The [[Bargi Dam]] Reservoir near Jabalpur is known for boat rides.

Tourist attractions in Jabalpur also include the boat rides on the Narmada river, which is {{convert|15|km}} away from the city, specially in moonlight. The journey through Narmada reveals the [[Marble Rocks]], where the river has carved the soft [[marble]], creating a gorge of about 8 km in length, and the Dhuandhar falls, which is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Jabalpur.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Lamheta Ghaat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=48|title=Lamheta Ghat|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001821/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=48|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and Tilwara Ghaat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=1275|title=Tilwara Ghat|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040910/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=1275|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> are famous [[Ghat]]s on the banks of Narmada River. The Tilwadeshwar temple is located near the Tilwara Ghat and it is also the place where Gandhi's ashes were immersed.

Other tourist destinations near the city include [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Chausath Yogini Temple]], Bhedaghat Fall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=66|title=Bhedaghat Water Fall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001608/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=66|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhadbhada fall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|title=Bhadbhada Waterfall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040922/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Gughra Fall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|title=Ghughra Fall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001706/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Osho Amritdham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|title=Osho Amritdham|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001811/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pisanhari Ki Madiya which is a historic [[Jain]] pilgrimage near [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|title=Pisanhari Ki Madiya|website=jabalpur.nic.in|publisher=Office of District Magistrate, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh|access-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120112341/http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nandishwardeep Jain temple.

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
[[File:Jabalpur Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Long, low building with cars parked outside|Airport terminal building]]
The {{convert|310|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} [[Jabalpur Airport]] (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about {{convert|20|km}} away from the city centre.

=== Rail {{anchor|Railways|Rapid Transit}} ===
[[File:Jabalpur Station.jpg|thumb|left|Railway Station]]
[[Jabalpur Junction railway station]], headquarters of the [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]], is located within the city.

Jabalpur city has the [[Jabalpur railway division|divisional headquarters]] of the railways besides having the zonal headquarter of the West Central Railway (WCR). The boundaries of divisional headquarters extend up to Itarsi Junction station in the south, Bina Junction station in the north, Manikpur Junction station and Riwa station in the North East and Singaroli station in the east. All these railway lines are broad gauge lines. A [[narrow-gauge]] line was existing between Jabalpur to Gondia station which is presently under conversion to broad gauge. After completion, this line will provide direct connectivity to Nagpur Junction station. The zonal headquarters include three divisions namely Jabalpur division, Bhopal Division and Kota division.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zones and Divisions of Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 February 2021 |date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>{{cn|date=February 2021}}

=== Road {{anchor|Bus}} ===
Jabalpur is connected by road to Varanasi, [[Damoh]], [[Sagar]], Nagpur, [[Bhopal]], Jaipur, Raipur, Allahabad, [[Hyderabad]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and Bangalore. National Highway 30 connects it to Allahabad, Lucknow. National Highway 34 connects it to Kanpur.

== Education ==
[[File:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur (LNCT Jabalpur)'s Main Building.jpg|thumb|[[:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur|LNCT Jabalpur]]]]
[[File:St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]] established in the year 1868 is among the oldest schools in India]]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Jabalpur}}
Jabalpur became a centre of higher education by the end of the 19th century, with institutions such as the [[Hitkarini Sabha]], established by local citizens in 1868,<ref>Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India Published 1870</ref> and [[Robertson College Jabalpur|Robertson College]] (now bifurcated into the [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]], and Mahakoshal Arts & Commerce College) was established in Sagar in 1836 and moved to Jabalpur in 1873.<ref>Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, edited by Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, p. 20</ref> [[Jabalpur Engineering College|Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]] was the first technical institution in [[Central India]] to be established by the British. [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur|IIITDM Jabalpur]] was founded in 2005. Scholars, authors and politicians such as [[Ravishankar Shukla]], [[Rajneesh]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] had been in Jabalpur for some time in their life.

Jabalpur is known for many universities such as [[Rani Durgavati University]] (also called the University of Jabalpur), [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University]], [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]] and [[Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]-NIRTH.

Jabalpur also hosts a Government Medical College named [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]].

== Media ==
Several television news channels have branches in the city. Various cable operators operate digital cable TV system in city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |title=Jabalpur Media |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020234/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Newspapers ===
National and local newspapers are published in Jabalpur in Hindi and English:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Newspaper !! Language !! Founded
|-
| ''Naiduniya'' || [[Hindi]] || 1947
|-
| ''Patrika'' || Hindi || 2009
|-
| ''[[Nava Bharat]]'' || Hindi || 1934
|-
| ''[[Deshbandhu (newspaper)|Deshbandhu]]'' || Hindi || 1959
|-
| ''[[Hari Bhoomi]]'' || Hindi || 1996
|-
| ''[[The Times of India]]'' || English || 1838
|-
| ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' || English || 1924
|-
| ''Hindustan'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[The Hitavada]]'' || English || 1911
|-
| ''[[Business Standard]]'' || English, Hindi || 1975
|-
| ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' || Hindi || 1958
|-
| ''Yash Bharat'' || Hindi || 2006
|-
|}

=== Radio ===
Radio stations in Jabalpur include:

{| class="wikitable"
| Name || Frequency (MHz) || Tagline
|-
| [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] || 93.5 || ''Bajaate raho''
|-
| MY FM || 94.3 || ''Jiyo Dil se!''
|-
| [[Radio Mirchi]] || 98.3 || Its Hot!
|-
| Radio Dhamaal || 106.4 || ''Dhinchak''
|-
| [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] || 102.9 ||
|}

[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] Jabalpur broadcasts on 801 kHz AM with a 200 kW transmitter.

== Sports ==
The city has two stadiums: Wright Town Stadium and Rani Tal Stadium. It is generally accepted that while serving at Jabalpur in 1875, [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain]] developed a new variation of [[black pool]] by introducing coloured balls into the game in the British Army officer's mess. This game was later dubbed [[snooker]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Notable people and residents ==
Historical icons
* [[Rani Durgavati]]
* [[Abani Mukherji]]
Movie and TV personalities
* [[Sharat Saxena]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
* [[Prem Nath]]
* [[Jaya Bachchan]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Kirron Kher]]
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]]
* [[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Shalini Pandey]]
* [[Tom Alter]]
Armed Forces Officers
* Admiral [[Jal Cursetji]]
* Maj Gen [[G. D. Bakshi]]
* Lt Gen [[WAG Pinto]]
Civil Servants
* [[C. B. Bhave]], IAS
* [[Sudhir Kumar Mishra]]
Politicians
* [[K. S. Sudarshan]]
* [[Shreegopal Vyas]]
* [[Frank Anthony]]
* [[Sharad Yadav]]
* [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
* [[Rameshwar Neekhra]]
* [[Vivek Tankha]]
Business
* [[Ajai Chowdhry]]
* [[Shyam Mardikar]]
Spiritual gurus
* [[Osho Rajneesh]]
* [[Maharshi Mahesh Yogi]]
* [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]
Journalists
* [[Arnab Goswami]]
Doctors
*[[Yogesh Kumar Chawla]]
*[[Pradeep Chowbey]]
*[[Narmada Prasad Gupta]]
*[[Pukhraj Bafna]]
*[[Shashi Wadhwa]]
Authors and Poets
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
* [[Kamta Prasad Guru]]
* [[Harishankar Parsai]]
* [[Nell St. John Montague]]
* [[Ram Kinkar Upadhyay]]

== See also ==
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[Ordnance Factories Board|Indian Ordnance Factories]]
* [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jabalpur}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jabalpur}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{Britannica|298603}}
* {{official website|http://www.jabalpur.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Jabalpur
| North = [[Allahabad]]
| Northeast = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| East = [[Jharkhand]]
| Southeast = [[Raipur]]
| South = [[Nagpur]]
| Southwest = [[Maharashtra]]
| West = [[Bhopal]]
| Northwest = [[Rajasthan]]
}}
{{City of Jabalpur}}
{{Jabalpur district}}
{{Cities and towns of Mahakoshal}}
{{State of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jabalpur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Jabalpur Engineering College

2021-05-24T14:07:28Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "{{COI|date=April 2017}} {{Short description|Technical University in India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}} {{Infobox university | name..."

Lanka Podi

2021-05-24T13:28:32Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{inline|date=June 2016}}
'''Lanka Podi''' or '''Lanka Pudi''' (English meaning: The Burning of [[Lanka]]) is a festival celebrated in [[Sonepur region]] of [[Western Odisha]], [[India]]. Many says this festival is a further evidence that Sonepur was known as [[Paschima Lanka]]. It is observed annually on Bhadra Amavasya or commonly known as Saptapuri Amabasya as per traditional Hindu calendar.

== About the festival==
{{Empty section|date=February 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6870073m&chunk.id=d0e2319&toc.id=d0e1744&brand=ucpress A Note on the Use of Indian Terms]

{{Western Odisha}}

[[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]
[[Category:Subarnapur district]]

State Highway 2 (West Bengal)

2021-05-24T13:25:09Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = West Bengal
|type=SH
|route=2
|alternate_name =
|maint =
|length_km = 323
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Bankura]]
|junction = [[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] from Hatirampur to [[Khatra]] [[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)|SH 9]] from Simlapal to Taldangra [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]] at Arambag [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] from Champadanga to Tarakeswar [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]/ Durgapur Expressway at Singur [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|SH 13]] (Delhi Road) from Baidyabati to Dankuni [[Belghoria Expressway]] from Dankuni to Dunlop [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]] ([[Grand Trunk Road]]) at Bally [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] from [[Baranagar]] (Dunlop) to Barrackpore [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]] from Barrackpore to Barasat [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] from Dum Dum to Barasat [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]] at Khotapota
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Malancha, Basirhat|Malancha]]
|districts= [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
}}
'''State Highway 2''' ('''SH 2''') is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Route==
[[File:SH 2 at Kajibari.jpg|thumb|SH 2 at Kajibari, Uttarpara, [[Barasat]]]]
SH 2 originates from its junction with [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] at [[Bankura]] and passes through [[Indpur]], [[Hatimrampur, Bankura|Hatimrampur]], [[Khatra]], [[Simlapal]], [[Taldangra]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Jaypur, Bankura|Jaypur]], [[Kotulpur]], [[Arambag]], [[Champadanga]], [[Tarakeswar]], [[Singur]], [[Baidyabati]], [[Dankuni]], [[Uttarpara]], [[Baranagar]], [[Dakshineswar]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Barasat]], [[Berachampa]], [[Basirhat]], [[Hasnabad]], [[Kholapota]] and terminates at its junction with [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]] at [[Malancha, Basirhat|Malancha]] in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>Google maps</ref>

The total length of SH 2 is 323 km.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>

Districts traversed by SH 2 are:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref> 
Bankura district (0 - 117 km) Hooghly district (117 - 196 km) North 24 Parganas (196 - 323 km)

==Road sections==
It is divided into different sections as follows:<ref name=police/><ref >{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/bankura.html |title = Bankura Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/hugli.html |title = Hooghly Tehsil/ CD Block | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/north-24-parganas.html |title = North 24 Parganas Tehsil/ CD Block | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Road Section ||District || CD Block ||Length (km)
|-
|Bankura-Khatra||Bankura||[[Bankura I]], [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]], [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh]], [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]]||45
|-
|Khatra Morh-Taldangra-Chenchuria||Bankura||[[Simlapal (community development block)|Simlapal]], [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]]||22
|-
|Chenchuria-Bishnupur||Bankura||[[Onda (community development block)|Onda]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]], ||24
|-
|Bishnupur Bye-Pass||Bankura||[[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]]||5
|-
|Bishnupur-Kotulpur||Bankura||[[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]], [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]]||36
|-
|Kotulpur-Arambagh||Hooghly||[[Goghat II]], [[Goghat I]], [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]]||18
|-
|Arambagh-Pursura-Champadanga||Hooghly||[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]], [[Tarakeswar (community development block)|Tarakeswar]]||21
|-
|Champadanga-Tarakeswar-Baidyabati||Hooghly||[[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]], [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]]||40
|-
|Baidyabati-Uttarpara||Hooghly||[[Sreerampur Uttarpara]]||18
|-
|Uttarpara-Dakshineshwar-Baranagar (Dunlop)-Barrackpore||North 24 Parganas||[[Barrackpore II]]||12
|-
|Barrackpore-Barasat||North 24 Parganas||[[Barasat II]]||13
|-
|Barasat-Basirhat-Hasnabad||North 24 Parganas||[[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]], [[Basirhat II]], [[Basirhat I]]||62
|-
|Hasnabad-Chaital-Malancha||North 24 Parganas||[[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]]||22
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:State Highways in West Bengal]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Draft:Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-16T13:05:25Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Sahu
| image = File:Adarsh Sahu Hd Image.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| occupation = Singer
Songwriter
Sound Engineer
| years_active = 2018 - Present
| website = https://instagram.com/the_AdarshSahu
}}
'''Adarsh Sahu''' is a Indian [https://g.co/kgs/pp7pkD Musical Artist]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Sahu - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11hk7hcts9&hl=en-IN&q=adarsh+sahu&kgs=180b16af9be799c3&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.google.com}}</ref> . he also owns an independent record label "Jabali Music"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jabali Music|url=https://www.discogs.com/label/1171136-Jabali-Music|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Discogs|language=en}}</ref> , he was born in [[Jabalpur]], a town in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India at 30 October 2000, he is also a engineer and has expertise in Mechanical and Automobile field, he studied engineering from [https://en.everybodywiki.com/Jabalpur_Engineering_College Jabalpur Engineering College] .

==Career==
'''Adarsh Sahu''' started his musical journey when he was in school, he use to lead his school musical club and performs in various singing competition and functions, when he reached college he continued his musical interest, in 2020 he was commercially launched with the song "Meri Life" also known as the Indian version of the song "Baby" by Justin Bieber. After that he continued his musical career side by side
==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song name
!Date Released
|-
|Meri Life<ref>{{Citation|title=Meri Life (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/meri-life/BhAKdAwGQGw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|27/Aug/2020
|-
|Emptiness<ref>{{Citation|title=Emptiness (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/emptiness/O1kjVCcFX30|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|14/Sep/2020
|-
|Aahatein X JiyenKyun<ref>{{Citation|title=Aahatein X Jiyenkyun|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/26eAKBqukz0reLb5fevbgn|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|29/Sep/2020
|-
|Heer Ranjha<ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Heer Ranjha|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/heer-ranjha/58179011/|language=en|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|02/Oct/2020
|-
|Rehnuma<ref>{{Citation|title=Rehnuma (Full Song) - Adarsh Sahu - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/rehnuma/N14OUhdXfno|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
|11/Oct/2020
|-
|Jee Raha Hoon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/jee-raha-hoon/60472920/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.hungama.com}}</ref>
|04/Dec/2020
|}
==Reference==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

Creation of the article Adarsh Sahu

Hindustani Bhau

2021-05-15T16:32:03Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{Infobox person
| name = Hindustani Bhau
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Vikas Jayaram Fhatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = social media influencer and social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vikas Jayaram Fhatak''' popularly known as '''Hindustani Bhau''' (born 7 August 1983) is an , TikTok star, social media influencer and humanitarian who is known his infamous style of nagging people who stand against India or Indian culture. He has 532k followers on Instagram .

==Early life==
Bhau was born and brought up in Mumbai into a Maharashtrian family in 1983. He attended in St. Andrew’s High School in Mumbai until 7th standard and deliberately left the study to support his family after his father lost the job. He is married and currently lives in Mumbai with his parents, wife Ashwini Fhatak and son.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Indo-Asian News Service|last1=MumbaiNovember 25|first2=2019UPDATED:|last2=November 25|first3=2019 12:30|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau's wife files complaint against fake family members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-s-wife-files-complaint-against-fake-family-members-1622344-2019-11-25|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at a very young age. After dropping out the school he worked as a ball boy in Khar Gymkhana where he used to earn ₹20 a day and was also selling incense sticks on the train. He started making videos after the Pulwama terror attacks in February 2019 and became popular in the Indian audience after his video "Pehli Fursat Mein Nikal" went viral and was used by many to create dramatic memes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: All about Hindustani Bhau; the new entrant in BB house|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/bigg-boss-13-all-about-the-new-entry-of-bb-house-hindustani-bhau.html|website=Republic World}}</ref> Apart from being a YouTuber, he also works as a News Reporter at "Daksh Police Times", a local newspaper in Mumbai. In 2011, he was also awarded the "Best Chief Crime Reporter" in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau कभी वेटर का काम कर चलाते थे घर, आज हर महीने कमा रहे इतनी बड़ी रकम|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hindustani-bhau-aka-vikas-jayaram-phatak-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-income-and-networth/1427957/|date=4 June 2020|website=Jansatta}}</ref> He also founded "Aditya Yuva Pratishthan" an NGO which is named after his son and also a member of "Sankalp Yuva Pratishthan".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau, Keshari Lal and Tehseen Poonawala enter as wild cards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-keshari-lal-and-tehseen-poonawala-to-enter-as-wild-cards-6089258/|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

;Bigg Boss 13
Bhau participated Bigg Boss season 13 and entered the house on day 36 as a wildcard contestant and was evicted on the day 78.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau gets evicted from Bigg Boss 13|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hindustani-bhau-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-13-6168538/|date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2020, his Instagram profile was suspended after he posted a video and asked people to hit those who "made fun of Indian Gods" and "dharam" which was reported by several app users for promoting hate speech and violence. Post his account suspension comedian Kunal Kamra asked Maharashtra home minister Anil Deshmukh to take action against Bhau for his videos through a Tweet.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Instagram suspends Hindustani Bhau’s account for violating community guidelines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/instagram-suspends-hindustani-bhau-s-account-for-violating-community-guidelines/story-6MMMLrhCwvXbxj8y6o3qNK.html|date=20 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few days later his Facebook account was also suspended for spreading hatred and communal violence.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=After Instagram, Bigg Boss 13 contestant Hindustani Bhau's official Facebook account gets suspended — read deets|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/after-instagram-bigg-boss-13-contestant-hindustani-bhaus-official-facebook-account-gets-suspended-read-deets-1674551/|date=22 August 2020|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bhau filed a police complaint against TV and film producer Ekta Kapoor at the Khar police station. He accused Kapoor of disrespecting Indian soldiers in an episode of her ALTBalaji web series XXX 2. Post filling the complaint he took his Instagram and asked Kapoor to return her Padma Shri award and also asked to issue public apology. Weeks later filling the police complaint Bhau filed a criminal complaint in a Mumbai magistrate court against Ekta, her mother Shobha Kapoor, father Jitendra Kapoor and their web platform ALTBalaji for allegedly insulting the uniform of Indian Army in a web series.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau files criminal case against Ekta Kapoor for insulting Indian Army|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hindustani-bhau-targets-ekta-kapoor-many-old-issues-can-be-uprooted-sc90-nu901-ta901-ta277-1106788-1.html|date=16 July 2020|website=News Track}}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Bhau tweeted that he will stage a protest at Dadar's Shivaji Park against the government to cancel all exams for students.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Bigg Boss 13's Vikas Fhatak aka Hindustani Bhau arrested for travelling in ambulance to stage a protest amid curfew|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-13s-vikas-fhatak-aka-hindustani-bhau-arrested-for-travelling-in-ambulance-to-stage-a-protest-amid-curfew-1823859/|date=8 May 2021|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> He reached the location the next day using an ambulance as the ambulance service falls in the category of emergency service. On learning that he has reached Shivaji park, a local police team went and detained him for allegedly violating the Covid-induced restrictions in Mumbai that prohibit the movement of anyone in public unless for an emergency reason. An FIR was registered against him under section 188 and 269 of the IPC as well as 51 (B) of Disaster Management Act read with section 11 of Maharashtra Covid-19 Regulations, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Mumbai: ‘Hindustani bhau’ uses ambulance to travel during curfew, arrested|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hindustani-bhau-uses-ambulance-for-publicity-stunt-detained-7307060/|date=8 May 2021}}</ref> He was later released on May 8 and soon after his release he posted a video on his Instagram handle.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|realkingbhau}}
*{{Instagram|hindustanibhausarkar}}

{{Bigg Boss}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

User talk:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-15T16:27:22Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

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-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 16:38, 13 May 2021 (IST)

User:ShoutWiki

2021-05-15T16:26:36Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

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when i will bw eligible to add articles??? ([[User:JaggaBadaJasoos|JaggaBadaJasoos]] ([[User talk:JaggaBadaJasoos|talk]]) 21:56, 15 May 2021 (IST))

User talk:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-15T16:24:39Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=JaggaBadaJasoos}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 16:38, 13 May 2021 (IST)

hey [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] when i will be eligible to create pages

User talk:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-15T16:24:13Z

JaggaBadaJasoos:

User:JaggaBadaJasoos

2021-05-15T16:21:37Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "i love to work for others"

i love to work for others

Draft:Adarsh Sahu

2021-05-13T11:13:44Z

JaggaBadaJasoos: Created page with "{{AFC submission/draft}}  {{Infobox person | name = Adarsh Sahu | image = File:Adarsh Sahu Hd Image.png | birth_date..."