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Chief Minister of Delhi

2026-06-01T04:37:04Z

Jaffer sadiq: reworked article additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of National Capital Territory of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| body = National Capital Territory of Delhi
| insignia = Seal_of_the_National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of the NCT of Delhi
| abbreviation = CMoDelhi
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Delhi]]}}
| seat = Old Secretariat, Vikram Nagar, Civil Lines, [[New Delhi]]
| image = Rekha Gupta, 9th Chief Minister of Delhi.jpg
| incumbent = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbentsince = 20 February 2025
| appointer = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lt. Governor of Delhi]] by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| style = [[The Honourable]] [[Her Excellency]]
| type = [[Head of government]]
| status = Leader of the Executive
| residence = 6, Flagstaff Road, [[Civil Lines, Delhi]]
| inaugural = [[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Brahm Prakash]]
| reportsto = *[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| salary = ₹390,000 (US$4,100)
| formation = ''First formation'': {{start date and age|df=yes|1952|03|17}} {{endash}} {{end date and age|1956|11|1|df=yes}}; 
''dissolved in between'' {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|11|01}} {{endash}} {{end date and age|1993|12|1|df=yes}}; 
''Reintroduction'': {{start date and age|1993|12|1|df=yes}}
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Delhi|Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi]]
| member_of = *[[Government of Delhi#Council of Ministers|State cabinet]]
*[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| website = [https://delhi.gov.in/ Official website]
| native_name =
}}
The '''chief minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi''' is the [[head of government]] of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. According to the [[Constitution of India]], the [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|lieutenant governor]] is the National Capital Territory of Delhi's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with its [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]], the [[lieutenant]] [[governor]] usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Delhi|government]]. The [[president of India]], on the advice of the lieutenant governor, appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that the person has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies to the specific case of Telangana as well.</ref> [[Rekha Gupta]] is the incumbent chief minister since February 2025.

==History==
Since 1952, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has had 7 chief ministers, starting with the [[Indian National Congress]] party's [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]. The office of the chief minister was abolished for 37 years after the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act of 1956]]. In 1991, growing demand for self-governance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi and Washington D.C. : The Two Capitals' Pursuit of Self-Governance |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/delhiandwashington/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref> led to the 69th Amendment to the Indian Constitution which granted Delhi National Capital Territory (NCT) status and an elected legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=What is Article 239AA, and how the Supreme Court interpreted it in its Delhi services verdict |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-is-article-239aa-and-how-the-sc-interpreted-it-in-its-delhi-services-verdict-8620118/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1991 |url=https://delhiassembly.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-09/constitutioneng_0.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} First election after 37 years was held in November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preview unavailable - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/751366104?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.proquest.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Madan Lal Khurana]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was sworn in as the chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/199?from=members |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> The longest-serving chief minister, [[Sheila Dikshit]] from the Indian National Congress party, held the office for over fifteen years.<ref name="ibn">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sheila-dikshit-is-indias-longest-serving-woman-cm/80125-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627130031/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sheila-dikshit-is-indias-longest-serving-woman-cm/80125-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2011 |title=Sheila Dikshit is India's longest serving woman CM |access-date=8 March 2011 |date=9 December 2008 |work=[[Network 18|IBN Live]]}}</ref> On 28 December 2013, [[Arvind Kejriwal]] of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] sworn in as first state party chief minister of the national capital territory. There has been one instance of [[president's rule]] in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, most recently in 2015.

==Official residence==
Since 2014, the Chief Minister has resided at [[Bungalow]] 6 at Flagstaff Road in [[Central Delhi]]. The location is close to the [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Delhi Secretariat]].<ref name="Delhi CM Residence">{{cite news |title=Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal's new residence |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/chief-minister-arvind-kejriwals-new-residence-16741 |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=3 January 2014}}</ref>

== Chief ministers of Delhi (1952-present) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!No{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.|name="no1"}}
!Portrait
!Name<ref name="cla">{{cite web|title=माननीय मुख्यमंत्रियों की सूची|trans-title=List of Honourable Chief Ministers|url=http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/bio/cm_ex.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708112038/http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/bio/cm_ex.htm|archive-date=2019-07-08|access-date=2019-07-08|website=Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|language=hi}}</ref>
![[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Delhi|election]])}}
! colspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|-
|1
|[[File:Chaudhary Brahm Parkash 2001 stamp of India.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Brahm Prakash]]
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
|17 March 1952
|12 February 1955
|{{age in years and days|1952|03|17|1955|02|12}}
|rowspan=2|Interim {{small|([[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|[[File:Gurumukh Nihal Singh.jpg|110x110px]]
| scope="row" |[[Gurmukh Nihal Singh]]
|Daryaganj
|12 February 1955
|1 November 1956
|{{age in years and days|1955|02|12|1956|11|01}}
|-
! colspan="10" |Office abolished (1 November 1956 – 1 December 1993){{efn|As after that [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] was passed which made Delhi a [[Union Territory]]. Thus, no one was appointed the next CM of Delhi until legislative assembly elections in Delhi were held in [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]], when Union Territory of Delhi was formally declared as [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] by the Sixty-ninth Amendment to the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] and formed [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]].<ref name=" Sixty-ninth amendment ">{{cite news|title=Sixty-ninth amendment|publisher=[[Delhi Assembly]] official website|accessdate=Feb 2, 2015|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm#|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
|-
|3
|[[File:Madan_Lal_Khurana.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|[[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
|2 December 1993
|26 February 1996
|{{age in years and days|1993|12|02|1996|02|26}}
| rowspan="3" |[[1st Delhi Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]])}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|4
|[[File:Sahib Singh Verma (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]
| scope="row" |[[Sahib Singh Verma]]
|[[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|26 February 1996
|12 October 1998
|{{age in years and days|1996|02|26|1998|10|12}}
|-
|5
|[[File:Sushma_Swaraj_Ji.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|''Not Contested''
|12 October 1998
|3 December 1998
|{{age in years and days|1998|10|12|1998|12|03}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |6
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Sheila_Dikshit_Ji.jpg|94x94px]]
|rowspan=3|[[Sheila Dikshit]]
|rowspan=3|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|3 December 1998
|2 December 2003
|rowspan=3|{{age in years and days|1998|12|03|2013|12|28}}
|[[2nd Delhi Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]])}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2 December 2003
|30 November 2008
|[[3rd Delhi Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]])}}
|-
|30 November 2008
|28 December 2013
|[[4th Delhi Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]])}}
|-
|7
|[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail.jpg|115x115px]]
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|28 December 2013
|14 February 2014
|{{age in years and days|2013|12|28|2014|02|14}}
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]] {{small|([[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]])}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|-
|–
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|''Vacant'' ([[President's rule]])
|–
|14 February 2014
|14 February 2015
|{{age in years and days|2014|02|14|2015|02|14}}
|''Dissolved''
|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |(7)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail.jpg|115x115px]]
|rowspan=2|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|rowspan=2|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|14 February 2015
|16 February 2020
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2015|02|16|2024|09|21}}
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]] {{small|([[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]])}}
|rowspan=3|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|-
|16 February 2020
|21 September 2024
|rowspan=2|[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]] {{small|([[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]])}}
|-
|8
|[[File:Atishi.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|21 September 2024
|20 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|2024|9|21|2025|2|20}}
|-
|9
|[[File:Rekha Gupta, 9th Chief Minister of Delhi.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]

|[[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|20 February 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2025|2|20}}
|[[8th Delhi Assembly|8th]] {{small|([[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]])}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==Statistics==
;List of chief ministers by length of term
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|#
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Length of term
|-
!Longest tenure
!Total tenure
|-
|1
|[[Sheila Dikshit]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|15 years, 25 days
|15 years, 25 days
|-
|2
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|9 years, 218 days
|9 years, 266 days
|-
|3
|[[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Brahm Parkash]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|2 years, 332 days
|2 years, 332 days
|-
|4
|[[Sahib Singh Verma]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2 years, 228 days
|2 years, 228 days
|-
|5
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2 years, 86 days
|2 years, 86 days
|-
|6
|[[Gurmukh Nihal Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|1 year, 263 days
|1 year, 263 days
|-
|7
|'''[[Rekha Gupta]]'''
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''{{age in years and days|2025|02|20}}'''
|'''{{age in years and days|2025|02|20}}'''
|-
|8
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|152 days
|152 days
|-
|9
|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52 days
|52 days
|}

;List by party
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+Political parties by total time-span of their member holding CMO ({{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}})
!No.
!Political party
!Number of chief ministers
!Total days of holding CMO
|-
!1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|3
|{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1952|03|17|1956|11|01}}+{{age in days|1998|12|03|2013|12|28}}}}}}|R}} days
|-
!2
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|2
|{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|2013|12|28|2014|02|14}}+{{age in days|2015|02|14|2025|02|20}}}}}}|R}} days
|-
!3
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''4'''
|'''{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1993|12|02|1998|12|03}}+{{age in days|2025|02|20}}}}}}|R}} days'''
|}

;Parties by total duration (in days) of holding Chief Minister's Office
{{#invoke:Chart|bar chart
|float = center
|width = 300
|height = 300
|stack = 1
|group 1 = {{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1952|03|17|1956|11|01}}+{{age in days|1998|12|03|2013|12|28}}}}}}|R}}:0:0
|group 2 = 0:{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|2013|12|28|2014|02|14}}+{{age in days|2015|02|14|2025|02|20}}}}}}|R}}:0
|group 3 = 0:0:{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1993|12|02|1998|12|03}}+{{age in days|2025|02|20}}}}}}|R}}
|colors = #19AAED:#0072B0:#FF9933
|group names = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]:[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]:[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|x legends = INC:AAP:BJP
}}
== Oath ==
"I, [Name], do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of [Name of State] except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister."Pad ki Shapath (Oath of Office)
"Main, [CM ka Naam], Ishwar ki shapath leta hoon / satyanishtha se pratigyan karta hoon ki main vidhi dwara sthapit Bharat ke Samvidhan ke prati sachi shraddha aur nishtha rakhunga. Main Bharat ki prabhuta aur akhandta akshunn rakhunga. Main [State ka Naam] ke Rajya ke Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein apne kartavyon ka shraddhapoorvak aur shuddh antahkaran se nirvahan karunga, tatha main bhay ya pakshpat, anurag ya dwesh ke bina, sabhi prakar ke logon ke prati Samvidhan aur vidhi ke anusar nyay karunga."
B. Gopniyata ki Shapath (Oath of Secrecy)
"Main, [CM ka Naam], Ishwar ki shapath leta hoon / satyanishtha se pratigyan karta hoon ki jo vishay [State ka Naam] ke Rajya ke Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein mere vichar ke liye laya jayega athva mujhe gyaat hoga, use kisi vyakti ya vyaktityon ko, tab ke sivay jab ki aise Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein apne kartavyon ke uchit nirvahan ke liye aisa karna apekshit ho, main pratyaksh (directly) ya apratyaksh (indirectly) roop mein sansuchit ya prakat nahi karunga."
==See also==
*[[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|List of lieutenant governors of the National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
*[[List of deputy chief ministers of Delhi|List of deputy chief ministers of the National Capital Territory of Delhi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.delhi.gov.in// Official Website of the Chief Minister Office]

{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Chief ministers of Delhi| ]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi-related lists|Chief ministers]]

Gunaa

2026-05-05T04:58:56Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating first info first draft

{{short description|1991 film by Santhana Bharathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunaa
| image = Gunaa poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhana Bharathi]]
| writer = [[Sab John]] [[Balakumaran]] (dialogues)
| producer = Alamelu Subramaniam
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] Roshini
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Swathi Chithra International
| distributor = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| released = {{film date|1991|11|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 167 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=502}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gunaa''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological fiction|psychological]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Santhana Bharathi]] and co-written by [[Sab John]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and newcomer Roshini (in her only film appearance). The story revolves Gunaa (Haasan) who kidnaps an heiress (Rohini) to make her fall in love with him. He believes she is an [[avatar]] of goddess [[Parvati|Abhirami]] and it is his destiny to marry her.

Haasan and John initially planned to make a film set in Sri Lanka during a time of insurgency, but the project was dropped over story concerns. John later developed the story of ''Gunaa'', inspired partly by a mentally-ill person he knew. The dialogues were written by [[Balakumaran]], cinematography was handled by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]]. The film was mostly shot around [[Kodaikanal]], including a cave then known as Devil's Kitchen.

''Gunaa'' was released on 5 November 1991, [[Diwali]] day. It was critically acclaimed for its unique theme and performances, but had an average run at the box office. The film won a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award]], and two [[Cinema Express Awards]]. It acquired [[Cult film|cult status]] in [[Tamil cinema]] and inspired more films about mentally obsessed lovers, while Devil's Kitchen became a popular tourist spot after the film's release and later known as [[Guna Caves]].

== Plot ==
Gunaa is an asylum inmate. His cellmate tells him a story, whose protagonist Abhirami gets registered in Gunaa's mind; he believes and dreams that she is an [[avatar]] of goddess [[Parvati|Abhirami]] who would marry him on a [[full moon]] day. After his psychiatric test, his psychiatrist Ganesh sanctions his release, but Gunaa keeps searching for Abhirami. His mother Manonmani runs a brothel after his father deserted her. Her brother-in-law, addressed as "Chitappa", is her aide. Rosy, one of the brothel girls, loves and desires to marry Gunaa, but he does not reciprocate.

Gunaa is an expert at breaking open locks, and Chitappa regularly takes his assistance for stealing. Chitappa decides to break open a [[Hundi (cash collection box)|hundi]] at a nearby temple to pay Manonmani's overdue rent. When he takes Gunaa for a rehearsal, Gunaa spots a wealthy heiress in the temple. Since her physical attributes match those of Abhirami as imagined by Gunaa, he approaches her and she smilingly gives him some sweets; her pleasant disposition convinces him that she is Abhirami.

On the scheduled day of heist, Chitappa, Gunaa and their men arrive at the temple. Gunaa opens the lock of the safe room and lets Chitappa's men inside. Seeing the heiress again, he goes after her, accidentally locking Chitappa's men inside. They are caught by officials but manage to escape with some jewels and flee with Gunaa via car. One of them dies when the car crashes, the wounded survivor seizes the heiress's car and starts driving it, with Gunaa also joining.

The wounded man succumbs, and the car falls into the sea. Ramaiah, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, investigates the heiress's disappearance, and informs her guardian Suresh Kumar (SK). Having saved the heiress and the jewels from drowning, Gunaa takes them to his house. Landlord Ismail sees the financial reward in a newspaper for the safe return of the heiress. His goons assume her to be a new prostitute brought in without paying their usual bribe and fight with Gunaa. To save her, Gunaa drives her to a dilapidated church on a hilltop, and keeps addressing her as "Abhirami".

The heiress hates Gunaa for his weird nature and tries to escape, but fails every time. With Chitappa's help, SK and Ismail reach the church; SK coerces the heiress, whose real name is Rohini, to sign blank papers so he can control all her wealth. She assents to avoid being killed, but SK tries to kill her anyway. Gunaa intervenes, kills Ismail, knocks SK out and takes the injured Rohini to a cave for safety. Though she first hated Gunaa, she now understands his deep love. She reveals her real name, but prefers the name Abhirami and accepts Gunaa's marriage proposal. Though Gunaa is adamant on marrying on a full moon day, Rohini convinces him it is that day and marries him.

The next morning, Gunaa realises that Rohini has contracted fever; he approaches a doctor to treat her. The doctor's assistant, having seen Gunaa on a newspaper, informs Inspector Moovendhar. When Moovendhar arrives, Gunaa steals a gun and forcibly takes the doctor to the cave. Near the spot, both men are surrounded by numerous policemen led by Moovendhar; Gunaa accidentally shoots a policeman before retreating to the cave where the doctor treats Rohini. Moovendhar seeks more forces and issues a shoot-at-sight order against Gunaa.

Gunaa's kin including Ganesh, Manonmani, Rosy and Ramaiah reach the spot and tell Moovendhar not to kill Gunaa. Rosy enters the cave and requests Gunaa to return the gun which he does through Rosy while remaining inside. Moovendhar then orders Gunaa to surrender. Rohini informs Moovendhar that they are fine, coming out and decides to report SK's crimes. SK overhears this and, to hide his crimes, shoots Rohini. Infuriated, Gunaa kills him. When Gunaa returns, Rohini succumbs in his arms. Gunaa then angrily tells his kin that humans cannot understand his love for Abhirami, and jumps off the cliff with Rohini's corpse. That night, the full moon emerges.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Gunaa{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=502}}
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Rosy{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=145}}
* Roshini as Rohini ([[Parvati|Abhirami]])<ref name="On location" />
* [[Janagaraj]] as Chitappa{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=145}}
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Ramaiah<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=18 times 'actor' SP Balasubrahmanyam wowed Kollywood buffs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/18-times-actor-sp-balasubrahmanyam-wowed-kollywood-buffs/photostory/78303286.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200927070522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/18-times-actor-sp-balasubrahmanyam-wowed-kollywood-buffs/photostory/78303286.cms |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Ganesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 June 2019 |title=Remembering Girish Karnad the director, the actor |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/remembering-girish-karnad-the-director-the-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711184825/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/remembering-girish-karnad-the-director-the-actor/ |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Suresh Kumar (SK){{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=145}}
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Ismail<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2016 |title=பிரபல வில்லன் நடிகர்பிரதீப் சக்தி மரணம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1462345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713225144/https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1462345 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>
* [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] as Gunaa's cellmate<ref name="circles" />
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as the doctor<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Gunaa Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/gunaa/20063436/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605045901/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/gunaa/20063436/credits/ |archive-date=5 June 2025 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Moovendhar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=146}}
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Manonmani{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=145}}
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Madasami<ref name="ak" />
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as the barber (uncredited)<ref name="moviefone" />
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The director [[Sibi Malayil]], cinematographer [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] and actor [[Kamal Haasan]] had planned to make a film set in Sri Lanka during a time of insurgency, written by [[Sab John]]. The trio met [[Cho Ramaswamy]] to learn more about the various issues in the country, but he criticised their desire to tell such a story, resulting in the project being dropped. John later told Haasan about a mentally-ill person nicknamed "Pottan" (Fool) who he knew in his childhood. This led to the development of a new screenplay, with the protagonist based partly on Pottan.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTRMo_vSMQo&t= |title=Kamal Haasan has a tremendous experience of cinematic life" – Sab John {{!}} Guna {{!}} Kamal Haasan |date=6 November 2017 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511034125/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTRMo_vSMQo |archive-date=11 May 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mithran |first=V |date=1 June 2020 |title=Writer of Kamal Haasan's Chanakyan emerges from obscurity with online screenplay class |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2020/06/01/sab-john-screenwriter-of-blockbuster-movie-chanakyan-career-writing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711123017/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2020/06/01/sab-john-screenwriter-of-blockbuster-movie-chanakyan-career-writing.html |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> Sibi Malayil left the project because of Haasan's control, resulting in [[Santhana Bharathi]] replacing him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Seena |date=6 March 2024 |title=As 'Manjummel Boys' rocks BO, cameraman Venu offers a flashback into Kamal’s daring shoot in Guna caves 3 decades ago |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/03/06/cameraman-venu-malayalam-movie-manjummel-boys-tamil-movie-kamal-haasan-gunaa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085501/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/03/06/cameraman-venu-malayalam-movie-manjummel-boys-tamil-movie-kamal-haasan-gunaa.html |archive-date=16 March 2024 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Alamelu Subramaniam under Swathi Chithra International,{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=144}} and the dialogues were written by [[Balakumaran]].{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=502}} Venu remained cinematographer, and editing was handled by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=144}} The film was originally titled ''Mathikettan Solai'', but later retitled ''Gunaa'' after its protagonist due to belief that the original title, which relates to insanity, had negative connotations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=கமல் நடிப்பில் உருவான துரோகி, டாப் டக்கர் படங்கள் என்ன ஆனது என தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Do you know what happened of ''Drohi'' and ''Top Tucker'', in which Kamal acted? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/68572-tamil-movies-that-changed-their-titles-when-they-were-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711115656/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/68572-tamil-movies-that-changed-their-titles-when-they-were-released |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===


In portraying the title character, Haasan went on a diet and lost a substantial amount of weight,<ref name="chennaibest" /> besides applying makeup to darken his complexion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Maya |first=Raj |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=guna |access-date=14 September 2020 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=53}}{{cbignore}}</ref> For the scenes near the climax, his makeup included many cuts and burns on the face, along with the appearance of a protruding eye.<ref name="On location" /> Rohini Kudange, a student of [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]]'s acting classes was selected as the female lead Rohini / Abhirami, was given the screen name Roshini,<ref name="On location" /> and her voice was dubbed by actress [[Saritha]].<ref name="ak" /> ''Gunaa'' was the only film she ever acted in.<ref name="HinduTamil" /> Haasan initially wanted [[Cochin Haneefa]] to play Suresh Kumar / SK, a role that ultimately went to [[Sharat Saxena]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWcylBoMHPg |title=Santhanabharathi On The 'Jesus Christ' Shot, Working With Kamal, and More {{!}} Kamal Haasan |date=14 January 2019 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |language=Ta |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |time=17:15 to 17:47 |time-caption=From |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419102630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWcylBoMHPg |archive-date=19 April 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> This was the final film where [[Janagaraj]] and Haasan appeared together as, during a dubbing session, cast member [[R. S. Shivaji]] disagreed with his dubbing style and requested it be redone, to which Janagaraj refused, leading to a physical dispute between the actors. Bharathi and Haasan sided with Shivaji, angering Janagaraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Why Kamal Haasan And Janagaraj Never Worked Together After Their 1991 Film Guna |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-kamal-haasan-and-janagaraj-never-worked-together-after-their-1991-film-guna-8807964.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312092200/https://www.news18.com/movies/why-kamal-haasan-and-janagaraj-never-worked-together-after-their-1991-film-guna-8807964.html |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

The [[pre-credit]] scene where Gunaa walks around in circles in an asylum with the camera following him was a shot in a single take after a day of rehearsing.<ref name="circles" /> The dilapidated church where Gunaa initially keeps Rohini captive was a set designed by art director Magie at a forest named Mathikettan Solai.<ref name="On location" /> The church resembled an old building built 70 years ago.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 January 2004 |title=மலாக்காவை உருவாக்கினேன்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-01-18/page/n73/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415111308/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-01-18/page/n73/mode/2up |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=72–73 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The [[Kodaikanal]] caves which the film was shot in, including the song "[[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]]", were then called Devil's Kitchen.<ref name="ak" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title='கமல்' காதல் கடிதம் தீட்டிய குணா குகை விரைவில் திறப்பு |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/19222/Kodaikanal-Guna-Cave-open-Soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711123340/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/19222/Kodaikanal-Guna-Cave-open-Soon |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Sathy who worked as production controller for the film revealed that "the cave was about 500 to 600 deep [..] we tied ropes with pulleys and transferred all the production equipments in and out of the 500 feet cave". Shooting took place for 45 days at the caves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2013 |title=Production controller Sathy's inside story on the 1.4 crore Marudhanayagam trailer |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/production-controller-sathy-speaks-about-his-experience-working-in-the-production-field.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914005414/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/production-controller-sathy-speaks-about-his-experience-working-in-the-production-field.html |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> According to Santhana Bharathi, he insisted Haasan to have a dummy used for climax portions similar to his face and physique but was turned down by Haasan.<ref name="chennaibest" />

== Themes ==

''Gunaa'' has been compared to ''[[Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!]]'' (1990) as both films involve the deranged protagonist abducting a woman he believes he is destined to marry,<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம்! |trans-title=Stolen film! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/122483-sutta-padam-tie-me-up-tie-me-down-guna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711123929/https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/122483-sutta-padam-tie-me-up-tie-me-down-guna |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[First Blood]]'' (1982) because of the protagonist's war against the police, and ''[[Rain Man]]'' (1988) because the protagonist is shown to have certain "extraordinary talents" despite being mentally ill.<ref name="IE review" /> Haasan said the tracking shots in the early portions of the film were inspired from films directed by [[Max Ophüls]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2014 |title=Kamal discovers Kuchipudi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kamal-discovers-kuchipudi/article6423824.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905153446/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kamal-discovers-kuchipudi/article6423824.ece |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He also said that the scene where Gunaa fights with the police and his gun goes off was meant to be a tribute to his favourite actor [[Dilip Kumar]]'s 1961 film ''[[Gunga Jumna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=11 December 2012 |title=Kamal Haasan pays tribute to Dilip Kumar |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-pays-tribute-to-dilip-kumar/20121211.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233349/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-pays-tribute-to-dilip-kumar/20121211.htm |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=14 January 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Haasan compared Gunaa to the poet [[Subramania Bharati]], "who to his contemporaries was mad and to some a poet".<ref name="On location" /> Hari Narayan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' compared ''Gunaa'' to ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' (1982), saying that in both films the protagonist's image of an ideal dreamgirl animate his antics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=17 February 2014 |title=La Belle Dame sans Merci |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5699273.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215023226/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5699273.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Srivatsan, writing for ''[[India Today]]'', believes the death of Gunaa and Rohini on a full moon day "represents time and a metaphorical implication of immortality and eternity. [...] Gunaa, whose journey begins on a full-moon day, ends on the same day."<ref name="indiatoday" />

== Soundtrack ==


The music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guna |url=https://gaana.com/album/guna-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905153445/https://gaana.com/album/guna-tamil |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "[[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]]" became a milestone in Tamil cinema for the way it mixed dialogue and lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Karthik |last2=Lakshmi |first2=K. |date=24 October 2014 |title=Jigarthanda follows Kamal's path |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/tinsel-town-jigarthanda-follows-kamals-path/article6528428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205100050/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/tinsel-town-jigarthanda-follows-kamals-path/article6528428.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=145}} The song "Paartha Vizhi" is set in [[Pavani (raga)|Pavani]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=7 September 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 21: ஆனந்த ராகம் கேட்கும் காலம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174616-21.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905153447/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174616-21.html |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2009 |title=Why I like... Guna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-guna/article3021236.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711142703/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-guna/article3021236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For the dubbed Telugu version ''Guna'', the lyrics were written by [[Vennelakanti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1992 |title=Guna |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/guna/1xrcqxHrnW4_ |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:19
| title1 = Appan Endrum
| length1 = 4:39
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| title2 = Unnai Naan
| length2 = 7:05
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| title3 = Paartha Vizhi
| length3 = 2:33
| lyrics3 = [[Abhirami Pattar]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title4 = [[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]]
| length4 = 5:27
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = [[Kamal Haasan]], S. Janaki
| title5 = Unnai Naan
| note5 = Bit
| length5 = 0:38
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| title6 = Oyilala
| length6 = 1:57
| lyrics6 = —
| extra6 = Chorus
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vunna Neekorake
| extra1 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title2 = Kammani Ee Premalekhale (Priyathama Neevachata Kusalama)
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Koyilalo
| extra3 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| title4 = Picchi Brahma Aaduttuna
| extra4 = Madhavapeddi Ramesh
| title5 = Sambhavi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}

== Release ==

''Gunaa'' was released on 5 November 1991, that year's [[Diwali]] day,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2016 |title=அபிராமி... அபிராமி... அபிராமி...! லவ் யூ குணா #25YearsOfGuna |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/71473-25th-year-celebration-of-guna-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153359/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/71473-25th-year-celebration-of-guna-movie.html |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> and faced competition from another Diwali release, ''[[Thalapathi]]''.<ref name="indiatoday" /> Despite receiving critical acclaim, it was average at the box office due to its experimental nature.<ref name="indiatoday" />

=== Reception ===
On 24 November 1991, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' appreciated the film and mentioned that Haasan had expanded the boundaries of his acting and had achieved a landmark success in this film, concluding that only Haasan could play this role effortlessly.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=146}} Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for its cinematography, music and the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=24 November 1991 |title=குணா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/nov/24-11-1991/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220813092258/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1991/nov/24-11-1991/p64.jpg |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=8 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=Ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Gunaa'', while having as its central character a man who is a mystic of sorts, a dreamer who wants to rise about the mire that he finds himself in and those around him hopelessly lodged in, lets loose a trail of violence which I for one found difficult to stomach [...] One comes out with the impression that the [Kamal Haasan] of the film is such a curious blend of [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Sylvester Stallone]] and [[Dustin Hoffman]]".<ref name="IE review" /> Nalini Rajan of ''[[Madras Musings]]'' wrote, "The film's genius really lies in the superfluous and seemingly irrelevant details. The pace, as in real life itself, is relentless".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Nalini |date=16-30 April 1992 |title=The flip side's attractive |url=https://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%202/Vol%20II%20-%20No%2001.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629114725/https://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%202/Vol%20II%20-%20No%2001.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |pages=4}}</ref>


=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Category
!Recipients
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Third prize
|''Gunaa''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=146}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[39th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dave |first=Kajol |date=20 July 2013 |title=Filmfare trivia: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100548/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741-1.html |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[12th Cinema Express Awards]]
|Best Actor (Special)
|Kamal Haasan
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510080013/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Dialogue Writer
|[[Balakumaran]]
|-
|Film Fan's Association Awards
|Best Actor
|Kamal Haasan
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1992 |title=Kamal adjudged best actor for role in ''Guna'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
''Gunaa'' acquired cult status in Tamil cinema,<ref name="HinduTamil" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2015 |title=Actors and their most shocking roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/actors-and-their-most-shocking-roles/actors-and-their-most-shocking-roles/photostory/48855822.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416050116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/actors-and-their-most-shocking-roles/actors-and-their-most-shocking-roles/photostory/48855822.cms |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and inspired more films about mentally obsessed lovers such as ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 July 2003 |title=Kadhal Kondain |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/11/stories/2003071101230201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902072438/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/11/stories/2003071101230201.htm |archive-date=2 September 2003 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' (2005),<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2005 |title=Chinna |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-review--pclvKOgihafba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711130101/https://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-review--pclvKOgihafba.html |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' (2008).<ref name="HinduTamil" /> Santhana Bharathi listed it as one of the favourite films he has directed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=16 November 2006 |title=This character artist's first love is direction |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328064501/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Devil's Kitchen became a tourist spot after the film's release and it later became known as "[[Guna Caves]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma |first=Sonali |date=23 April 2018 |title=Everything You Need To Know About Guna Caves in Kodaikanal |url=https://blog.sterlingholidays.com/everything-need-know-guna-caves-kodaikanal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153400/https://blog.sterlingholidays.com/everything-need-know-guna-caves-kodaikanal/ |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |website=Sterling Holidays}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Gunaa'' was parodied many times in various films. In a comedy scene from ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' (2001), Arivu ([[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]) imitates Haasan's style of rounding from ''Gunaa'' revealing the difficulties he faced due to water, he utters "Sivagami" in the same way which Gunaa utters "Abhirami".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ullam Kollai Poguthae |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] |year=2001}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> In ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' (2004), the title character's friend ([[Vaiyapuri]]) sings "Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan" which results in him getting whacked by Kanmani ([[Jyothika]]).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Arul |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Lakshmi Productions |year=2004}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> In ''[[Adi Thadi]]'' (2004), Thiruppathi ([[Sathyaraj]]) narrates a letter to Priya ([[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]) with his assistant scribing it. When Thiruppathi asks the letter to be read, the assistant sings the opening address "Ammani anbodu kadhalan ayya ezhudhum kaduthasi" ({{translation|Ammani, with love a lover writes you this letter}}) to the tune of "Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan", to which Thiruppathi replies "Paatave paaditiya" ({{translation|You read it as a song?}}) in the same tone as ''Gunaa''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Adi Thadi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sundari Films |year=2004}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref>

[[Malayalam]] director [[Sathyan Anthikad]] said that the female character Kanmani from his directorial ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' (2006) was inspired from the song "Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=6 May 2010 |title=Hero of the common man |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hero-of-the-common-man/article16298749.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905153507/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hero-of-the-common-man/article16298749.ece |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007), Meena ([[Aarthi Ganeshkar|Aarthi]]) mistakes Bharani ([[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]) as Gunaa in a parody of the queue sequence from "Paartha Vizhi" song (along with shots from the original sequence) when Bharani approaches Sakunthaladevi ([[Nadhiya]]) who is handing food to devotees, in a manner that unsettles her with the fear that he might kiss her hands the same way as Gunaa kisses Abirami's hands.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thaamirabharani |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Vijaya Productions |year=2007}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> In the 2015 Malayalam film ''[[Premam]]'', Shambu ([[Shabareesh Varma]]) teasingly sings "Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan" as his friend George ([[Nivin Pauly]]) express his silent love interest for Malar ([[Sai Pallavi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maithutty |first=Fahir |date=29 May 2020 |title=5 years of 'Premam': How Alphonse Puthren's clever filmmaking made the film stand out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/5-years-premam-how-alphonse-puthrens-clever-filmmaking-made-film-stand-out-125503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610213633/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/5-years-premam-how-alphonse-puthrens-clever-filmmaking-made-film-stand-out-125503 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' (2017), the queue sequence from "Paartha Vizhi" song is parodied as Soornam ([[Soori (actor)|Soori]]) approaches E.B Rajeswari ([[Kovai Sarala]]) in a queue of people waiting to pay their electricity bills.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=A for Apple Production and Fox Star Studios |year=2017}}{{time needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> In ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024), Jeevan ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) sings the song after harming Srinidhi ([[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Sridevi S |date=5 September 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time Movie Review : Good, not great-est! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time/movie-review/113083928.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906005604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time/movie-review/113083928.cms |archive-date=6 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A Malaysian Tamil telefilm titled ''Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan'' was released in 2020 on [[Astro Vaanavil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savitha |first=Anne Grace |date=13 April 2020 |title=Astro offers Indian local telemovies for all customers in celebration of Indian New Year |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2020/04/13/astro-offers-indian-local-telemovies-for-all-customers-in-celebration-of-in/1856167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420012840/https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2020/04/13/astro-offers-indian-local-telemovies-for-all-customers-in-celebration-of-in/1856167 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref>

The 2024 Malayalam film ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' set in Kodaikanal pays tribute to ''Gunaa'' by using the song "Kanmani Anbodu" in the starting credits and at several points in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=K. C. Vijaya |date=25 February 2024 |title=Guna's 'Kanmani Anbodu' lingering once again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-love-that-defies-description/article67882894.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229024212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-love-that-defies-description/article67882894.ece |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Re-release==
''Gunaa'' was scheduled to re-release in theatres on 21 June 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Kamal Haasan's iconic Guna set to re-release in theatres on June 21 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kamal-haasans-iconic-guna-set-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-june-21-789986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624144303/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kamal-haasans-iconic-guna-set-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-june-21-789986 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> by the film production company Pyramid. However, its release was stalled by the Madras High Court based on a complaint filed by Ghanshyam Hemdev, who claimed to have purchased the copyright.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title=Civil suit moved in Madras HC claiming ownership of 'Gunaa', following success of 'Manjummel Boys' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/civil-suit-moved-in-madras-hc-claiming-ownership-of-gunaa-following-success-of-manjummel-boys-794229 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[DT Next]] |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714051227/https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/civil-suit-moved-in-madras-hc-claiming-ownership-of-gunaa-following-success-of-manjummel-boys-794229 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ban was lifted that September,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Madras High Court clears decks for re-release of Kamal Haasan-starrer 'Gunaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Sep/07/madras-high-court-clears-decks-for-re-release-of-kamal-haasan-starrer-gunaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131437/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Sep/07/madras-high-court-clears-decks-for-re-release-of-kamal-haasan-starrer-gunaa |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and the release was scheduled for 29 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Iraa |date=26 November 2024 |title=Gunaa re-release: Here's when you can watch Kamal Haasan's cult classic in theaters once again |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/gunaa-re-release-heres-when-you-can-watch-kamal-haasans-cult-classic-in-theaters-once-again-646796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126110205/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/gunaa-re-release-heres-when-you-can-watch-kamal-haasans-cult-classic-in-theaters-once-again-646796.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Indiatimes]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
{{excerpt|Manjummel Boys|section=Plagiarism allegation by Ilaiyaraaja}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="chennaibest">{{Cite web |title=An interview with director Santhana Bharathi |url=http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/Entertainment/movies/santhanabarathi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131112151249/http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/Entertainment/movies/santhanabarathi.asp |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=14 January 2019 |website=Chennai Best}}</ref>
<ref name="HinduTamil">{{Cite news |last=குமார் |first=ந வினோத் |date=4 November 2016 |title=குணா 25 ஆண்டுகள்: அதீத அன்பில் பிறழ்ந்த வாழ்க்கை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/88491-25.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304112745/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/88491-25.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="ak">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=6 June 2018 |title=குணா - அப்பவே அப்படி கதை |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3203-gunaa-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420104703/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3203-gunaa-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=5 November 2016 |title=25 Years of Gunaa: Why Kamal Haasan's classic didn't make the cut |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/25-years-of-gunaa-why-kamal-haasans-classic-didnt-make-the-cut-350327-2016-11-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153308/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/25-years-of-gunaa-why-kamal-haasans-classic-didnt-make-the-cut-350327-2016-11-05 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=8 November 1991 |title=Gunaa |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="circles">{{Cite news |last=Rajendar |first=Gopinath |date=14 June 2018 |title=Santhana Bharathi talks about going in circles for 'Guna' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/14/santhana-bharathi-talks-about-going-in-circles-for-guna-1827800.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153359/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/14/santhana-bharathi-talks-about-going-in-circles-for-guna-1827800.html |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="On location">{{Cite magazine |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |title=On location with Kamal's 'Guna' |url=https://twitter.com/kamalkingofkin1/status/794920179566161920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702075220/https://twitter.com/kamalkingofkin1/status/794920179566161920 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=23 September 2020 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Santhana Bharathi}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
[[Category:1990s chase films]]
[[Category:1990s heist films]]
[[Category:1990s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films about intellectual disabilities]]
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[[Category:Films about obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
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[[Category:Films set in caves]]
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[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Dindigul]]

Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad

2026-04-24T23:41:10Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating initial page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1976
}}
'''Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad''' (born 10 August 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency]] in [[Anantapur district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantapur urban Assembly Election Results 2024: Anantapur urban Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/anantapur-urban-constituency-result-1153 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Anantapur Urban Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/anantapur-urban-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917566.html |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prasad is from Rapthadu, Anantapur district. His father Daggupati Chinnarappa was a farmer. He completed his Diploma in Mechanical Engineering in 1995 at Vasavi Polytechnic College, [[Banaganapalli]], [[Kurnool district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad(TDP):Constituency- ANANTAPUR URBAN(ANANTAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=184 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prasad won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 103,334 votes and defeated his nearest rival [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 23,023 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantapur Urban Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Anantapur Urban Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/anantapur-urban-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswara Prasad, Daggupati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Gagan Chandra Chatterjee

2026-04-21T11:56:07Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating first article w/ infobox

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gagan Chandra Chatterjee
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1890
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]]
| death_date = 1949
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| genre = [[hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = [[Violin]]ist
| years_active =
}}

'''Gagan Chandra Chatterjee''' was a North Indian classical [[violin]]ist of the [[Senia Gharana]] who is known for inventing the ''gatkari'' style of North Indian classical violin.

== Early life and training ==
Gagan Chandra Chatterjee was born in [[Allahabad]] in 1890. He learned [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] classical music on the [[sarod]] from the Senia gharana master Ustad Keramatullah Khan. However, he chose a different instrument for expressing the music he learned. He could accurately play the ''gatkari'' styles of [[sitar]] and sarod on the violin and spent the rest of his life with this instrument.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kapil|first1=Hemant|title=Nature in melody|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110730/saturday/main4.htm|accessdate=27 October 2014|work=The Tribune|date=30 July 2011}}</ref> He also learned from Lachhmandas Munimji, a well-known harmonium player, and Pran Krishna Chattopadhyay, a well-known [[dhrupad]] singer.<ref name="Gagan Chandra Chatterji">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Music of India|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195650983|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095840253?rskey=mH20Zr&result=0&q=gagan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roychoudhury|first1=Bimalakanta|title=Bharatiya Sangeet Kosh|publisher=Vani Prakashan|location=Delhi|isbn=978-93-5000-463-0}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gagan Chandra Chatterjee played extensively in music conferences of his time. He recorded a few classical tracks accompanied by piano, where he is credited as 'G.C. Chatterjee'.

== Style ==
Prior to him, Hindustani classical violinists used to play by mimicking vocal Hindustani classical music. However,
Hindustani classical music uses many techniques that are unique to sitar and sarod. Gagan Chandra Chatterjee
was the first person to bring those techniques over to the violin. He would play the complete ''alaap-jor-jhala'' of Hindustani classical music, which, before him, was heard only on sitar and sarod.

== Students ==
Although Gagan Chandra Chatterjee inspired many musicians across instruments, he did not leave behind many students.
His most well-known students were Sriram Srivastava and his younger brother [[Joi Srivastava]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narayan|first1=Prakash|title=Violin Vaadan|date=1963|publisher=Sangeet Kala Sadan}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Gagan Chandra}}

[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani violinists]]
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

D. V. G. Sankara Rao

2026-04-19T03:51:50Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating first biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian anesthesiologist and politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|4|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Palika valasa, [[Vizianagaram]](Dt.), [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 6 October 1999 — 16 May 2004
| predecessor = [[Vyricherla Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo]]
| successor = [[Vyricherla Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] and [[YSR Congress Party]]
| spouse = Swarnalatha
| children = 2; 1 son and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao''' (born 30 April 1968), sometimes called '''D. Shankar Rao''' or '''D.V.G. Shankar Rao''', is an Indian [[anesthesiologist]] and politician who served as a [[Telugu Desam Party]] member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and of the [[Lok Sabha]].

== Background ==
Shankar Rao is an ''[[adivasi]]'', and was born 30 April 1968 in [[Palika Valasu]] village. He earned his [[M.B.B.S]] and later specialised in [[anesthesiology]] both from [[Andhra Medical College]], Visakhapatnam in earning his [[Doctor of Medicine|medical doctorate]]. He became active in the T.D.P. in his district, and was nominated to and served in the Andhra Pradesh L.A.

==Political life==
=== Lok Sabha ===
In [[1999 Indian general election|the 1999 general election]] Shankar Rao was elected as a member of the Lok Sabha from [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram constituency]], a seat reserved for members of the [[scheduled tribes]]. He won with 304,000 votes (49.54%) to 290,719 (47.38%) for his [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] opponent, [[Vyricherla Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo]], and 18,952 for two minor opponents. He was appointed to the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare, and served until [[2004 Indian general election|the 2004 election]], when he sought unsuccessfully re-election.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081020074749/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/04/stories/2004030409050400.htm Rao, V.Chalapati "Andhra Pradesh: VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT: Irrigation, health major areas of concern"]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'' 4 March 2004</ref>

===State politics===
He has joined [[YSR Congress Party]] in 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Y. Srinivasa Rao |title=Former TDP MP D.V.G.Sankara Rao joins YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-tdp-mp-dvgsankara-rao-joins-ysrcp/article35068693.ece |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2021}}</ref> and held the position of Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Commission for Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=APCST |url=https://apstc.in/ |website=Andhra Pradesh Commission for Scheduled Tribes |title=Andhra Pradesh Commission for Scheduled Tribes |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074135/https://apstc.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Swarnalata. They have two children, one son and a daughter. He enjoys reading and writing [[poetry]]; a collection of his poetry in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''Assa Geevulu'', has been published. His Telugu poems are published entitled ''DVG Kavithalu'' in 2021.<ref>[https://www.logili.com/poetry/dvg-kavithalu-dr-d-v-g-sankara-rao/p-7488847-19146138499-cat.html#variant_id=7488847-19146138499 Dr. DVG Kavithalu (2021) available at Logili.com]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara}}
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian anaesthesiologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

Bundi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:00Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating some page added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bundi
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-186-Bundi.svg
| mla = Harimohan Sharma
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:309342}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 186
}}
'''Bundi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bundi district|Bundi]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Mamta Sharma (politician)|Mamta Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Ashok Dogara]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Harimohan Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bundi<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harimohan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:100107}}
|percentage = 41.88
|change = {{decrease}}2.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Dogra
|votes = {{formatnum:81293}}
|percentage = 34.01
|change = {{decrease}}10.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupesh Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:39805}}
|percentage = 16.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prakash Chand Banjara
|votes = {{formatnum:3917}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Laxman Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2272}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3428}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change = {{increase}}0.65
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18814}}
|percentage = 7.87
|change = {{increase}}7.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239054}}
|percentage = 77.28
|change = {{increase}}1.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bundi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Dogara
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97370}}
|percentage = 44.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harimohan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:96657}}
|percentage = 44.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sita
|votes = {{formatnum:3556}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Abdul Anis Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:3456}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3002}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mangilal Bheel
|votes = {{formatnum:2483}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hemraj
|votes = {{formatnum:2102}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lakhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2006}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1692}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:713}}
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:217808}}
|percentage = 75.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bundi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.44|75.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Bundi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Chinta Prabhakar

2026-04-14T14:06:20Z

Jaffer sadiq: creating the stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Chinta Prabhakar''' (born 10 August 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sangareddy Assembly constituency]] in [[Sangareddy district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangareddy Election Result 2023 Live, Sangareddy Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-sangareddy-constituency-39.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sangareddy Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sangareddy-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687920.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Chinta_Prabhakar.jpg
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| office = Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Jagga Reddy]]
| office_2 =
| term_start2 = June 2014
| term_end2 = December 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Jagga Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Jagga Reddy]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sadasivpet]], Medak district, Andhra Pradesh (present–day Sangareddy district, Telangana), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2011–present)
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| signature =
| signaturesize =
| education =
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]], 
[[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

== Early life and education ==
Prabhakar is from [[Sangareddy]], Telangana. His late father, Chinta Nagabhushanam, was a farmer. He did his schooling at Government High School, [[Sadasivpet]], [[Medak district]] and passed out in the year 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Chinta Prabhakar {{!}} MLA {{!}} Sangareddy {{!}} Medak {{!}} Telangana {{!}} TRS |url=https://theleaderspage.com/chinta-prabhakar/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinta Prabhakar(BRS):Constituency- SANGAREDDY(SANGAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=286 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prabhakar started his political career with [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He served as the chairman of [[Sangareddy Municipality]].<ref name=":0" /> Later, he moved to TRS and won as an MLA for the first time in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He lost the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]] to Turupu Jayaprakash Reddy<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sangareddy Constituency Election Results 2023: Sangareddy Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/sangareddy |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> of [[Indian National Congress]] but regained the [[Sangareddy Assembly constituency]] seat representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 83,112 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jagga Reddy]] of Indian National Congress, by a margin of 8,217 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangareddy assembly election results 2023: Sangareddy Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/sangareddy-assembly-result-29039 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Chinta}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Sangareddy district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Parth Pawar

2026-04-14T02:28:58Z

Jaffer sadiq: starting first details added tags!

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parth Pawar
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 2026
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Fouzia Khan]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Parth Ajit Pawar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|03|21}}
| birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|businessman}}
| image =
| parents = {{ubl|[[Ajit Pawar]] (father)|[[Sunetra Pawar]] (mother)}}
| relatives = [[Sharad Pawar]] (grandfather)<ref name="Maharashtra: Grandfather–grandson duo set for Rajya Sabha record">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Maharashtra: Grandfather–grandson duo set for Rajya Sabha record |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/maharashtra-sharad-pawar-parth-grandfathergrandson-duo-set-for-rajya-sabha-record |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=National Herald |date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409074815/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/maharashtra-sharad-pawar-parth-grandfathergrandson-duo-set-for-rajya-sabha-record#bypass-sw |archive-date=9 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Jay Pawar (brother) [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] (cousin) [[Supriya Sule]] (aunt)
}}
'''Parth Ajit Pawar''' (born 21 March 1990) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and businessman from [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra]], who is serving as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from Maharashtra state since April 2026. He is the elder son of veteran politician [[Ajit Pawar]] and Maharashtra Deputy CM [[Sunetra Pawar]].<ref name="Parth Pawar to replace his mother Sunetra as Rajya Sabha MP">{{cite news |title=Parth Pawar to replace his mother Sunetra as Rajya Sabha MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/parth-pawar-to-replace-his-mother-sunetra-as-rajya-sabha-mp-101770317869983.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409074351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/parth-pawar-to-replace-his-mother-sunetra-as-rajya-sabha-mp-101770317869983.html |archive-date=9 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who is Parth Pawar, Maharashtra Deputy CM’s on, stuck in row over land deal">{{cite news |title=Who is Parth Pawar, Maharashtra Deputy CM’s on, stuck in row over land deal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/who-is-parth-pawar-maha-deputy-cms-on-stuck-in-row-over-land-deal-10350192/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409073334/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/who-is-parth-pawar-maha-deputy-cms-on-stuck-in-row-over-land-deal-10350192/ |archive-date=9 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NCP nominates Ajit Pawar’s son Parth for Maharashtra Rajya Sabha bypoll">{{cite news |title=NCP nominates Ajit Pawar’s son Parth for Maharashtra Rajya Sabha bypoll |url=https://theprint.in/india/rs-polls-athawale-tawde-parth-among-6-from-mahayuti-and-sharad-pawar-from-mva-file-nominations/2870432/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=ThePrint |date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409074653/https://theprint.in/india/rs-polls-athawale-tawde-parth-among-6-from-mahayuti-and-sharad-pawar-from-mva-file-nominations/2870432/ |archive-date=9 April 2026}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Pawar was born on 21 March 1990 in the family's hometown [[Baramati]], located in [[Pune district]] of Maharashtra. He is the elder son of the longest-serving Deputy Chief Minister [[Ajit Pawar]] and the current Deputy Chief Minister [[Sunetra Pawar]], and his grandfather [[Sharad Pawar]] is a veteran deeply involved in both state and national politics. His younger brother Jay Pawar is a businessman.

==Political career==
Pawar's unexpected entry into politics took place when his father died in an aircraft crash on 28 January 2026 in [[Baramati]]. His mother immediately succeeded in his state roles and Parth Pawar was nominated by the NCP to contest [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]] and serve as MP for Maharashtra. He was elected on 16 March 2026 and assumed office on 3 April 2026 after his predecessor's term expired the previous day. He took his oath at the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House in New Delhi]] on 9 April 2026, administed by [[Vice President of India|Rajya Sabha Chairman]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] with presence of his mother Sunetra, NCP MPs [[Praful Patel]] and [[Sunil Tatkare]], INC MP [[Jairam Ramesh]] and Leader of the House [[J. P. Nadda]].<ref name="Parth Pawar took oath as Rajya Sabha member from Maharastra">{{cite news |title=Parth Pawar takes oath as Rajya Sabha member from Maharastra |url=https://www.uniindia.com/parth-pawar-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-from-maharashtra/india/news/3803744.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=United News of India |date=9 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409080057/https://www.uniindia.com/parth-pawar-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-from-maharashtra/india/news/3803744.html |archive-date=9 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Ajit Pawar's son Parth Pawar takes oath as Rajya Sabha member">{{cite news |title=Ajit Pawar's son Parth Pawar takes oath as Rajya Sabha member |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/ajit-pawars-son-parth-pawar-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member |access-date=9 April 2026 |publisher=The News Minute |date=9 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409110449/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/ajit-pawars-son-parth-pawar-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member |archive-date=9 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Parth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Baramati]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju

2026-04-05T10:45:20Z

Jaffer sadiq: starting the data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju
| image = Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Vasundhara
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| producer = [[Midde Rama Rao]]
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Sridevi]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| studio = Sri Rajyalakshmi Art Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q3lQ2K5Va4 |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Overview) |work=youtube}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1983|7|28}}
| runtime = 150 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju''''' is a 1983 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ramarajyamlo-bheemaraju-movie/17186 |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031031935/http://www.gomolo.com/ramarajyamlo-bheemaraju-movie/17186 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and [[Sridevi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sridevi.biz/biography.html |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Sridevi Filmography) |work=Sridevi The Last Express}}</ref> with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ramarajyamlo-bheemaraju-1983-telugu-movie |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Music) |work=Filmi Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/1139?ed=Tolly |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205193859/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/1139?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by Midde Rama Rao under the Sri Rajyalakshmi Art Pictures banner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Banner) |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Rama-Rajyamlo-Bheermaraju/18767 |work=Know Your Films |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209182518/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Rama-Rajyamlo-Bheermaraju/18767 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Bheemaraju / Krishna Raja Kumar
*[[Sridevi]] as Jyothi
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Ramaraju
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Lakshmipathi
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kailasam
*[[Jaggayya]] as Raghupati Raja
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Ramudu
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Satish
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Veerabhadrayya
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Kanaka Rao
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Rajayya
*KK Sarma as Priest
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Polayya
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Rangadu
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Sundari
*Sivaranjani as Seeta
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Suvachala
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ramarajyamlo Bheermaraju
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1983
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:38
| label =
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Adavi Simhalu
| prev_year = 1983
| next_title = Shakti
| next_year = 1983
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/2561/Rama%20Rajyamlo%20Bheemaraju(1983)/ |title=Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Chuputhone Chudakunda"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:12
|-
|2
|"Kukulu Kulokoyemma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:00
|-
|3
|"Anaado Neeku Naaku"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:47
|-
|4
|"Tapatapa Tadisina Koka"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:17
|-
|5
|"Katha Cheputani"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:16
|-
|6
|"Kaboyi Sreemathi"
|P. Susheela, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|5:06
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0187441}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1983 action films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]

Hans Maharaj

2026-04-04T21:44:58Z

Jaffer sadiq: new basic stub w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian religious leader}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hans Rām Singh Rawat
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1900|11|8}}
| birth_place = Garh Ki Serhia, [[British India]] (in present-day [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1966|7|19|1900|11|8}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| spouse = Sinduri Devi (1st) Rajeshwari Devi (2nd, concurrent)
| parents = Ranjit Singh Rawat and Kalindi Devi
| children = With Sinduri Devi: Savitri With Rajeshwari Devi: [[Satpal Maharaj|Satpal]], Mahi Pal, Dharam Pal, [[Prem Rawat|Prem Pal]]
| relatives = [[Amrita Rawat]] (daughter-in-law) [[Navi Rawat]] (granddaughter)
}}

'''Hans Rām Singh Rawat''',<ref>Hans Ji Maharaj, Ram Navami (Basaki) Festival, Sarojini Nagar, New Delhi, April 1965. "My name is Hans Ram Singh"</ref> called '''Shrī Hans Jī Mahārāj''' and by various other honorifics (8 November 1900 – 19 July 1966), was an Indian religious leader.

== Early life and backgroud ==
He was born in Garh Ki Serhia, north-east of [[Haridwar]] in present-day [[Uttarakhand]], India. His parents were Ranjit Singh Rawat and Kalindi Devi.<ref name="HJY">{{Cite book |title=Hans Jayanti |publisher=DUO |year=2000 |location=New Delhi |url= https://prem-rawat-bio.org/library/hj2000/hj2000.html|pages=24–37}} Book published in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hans Ram Rawat's birth. </ref> He was considered a [[Satguru]] by his students who called him affectionately "Shri Maharaj ji" or just "Guru Maharaj ji."<ref>''Current Biography Yearbook'' (1974), p.225, H.W. Wilson Company</ref>

He had a daughter from his first wife Sinduri Devi, and four sons from his second wife Rajeshwari Devi, later known among followers as "Mata Ji"<ref name=Mangalwadi>{{cite book|last=Mangalwadi|first=Vishal|title=The World of Gurus|year=1987|page=218|publisher=Vikas Publishing House}}</ref> and "Shri Mata Ji".<ref>"MOTHER OUSTS 'PLAYBOY' GURU", ''Los Angeles Times'' 2 April 1975, pg. 6A</ref>


==Life and work==

At the age of eight, not long after starting at the village school, Hans Rām's mother died. From that time he was raised by his aunt. As a young adult he visited many holy men in the nearby mountains and pilgrimage towns in the area now the Pakistani provinces of [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. He was reportedly disenchanted with these and turned to the [[Arya Samaj]], a popular movement formed to remove [[caste]] prejudices and [[idolatry]] from [[Hinduism]].<ref name=HJY />

The search for work led Hans to Lahore, the capital of the former Sikh kingdom. During this time he made his first contact with [[Swami Swarupanand]], a guru in the lineage of [[Advait Mat]], from [[Guna district|Guna]].<ref>[[J. Gordon Melton|Melton, J. Gordon]], Bauman, Martin. ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'' (2002), p.427, {{ISBN|1-57607-223-1}}. Hans was a disciple of Sarupanand, a guru in the lineage of Shri Paramhans Advait Mat centered in Guna, a district in the state of Madhya Pradesh</ref> In 1923, Swami Swarupanand taught Hans the techniques of Knowledge or [[kriyas]], an experience of which Hans later said: "I was given no mantra, but experienced Knowledge. I experienced the music and light of my heart. My mind was focused within".<ref name=HJY /> Three years later, in 1926, Swami Swarupanand asked him to start teaching others the techniques of Knowledge, and for the subsequent 10 years Hans traveled through what is today Pakistan and northern India.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon. ''Encyclopedia Handbook of Cults in America'', p.143</ref> A strong bond of [[Guru-shishya tradition|teacher/disciple]] was formed between them which Swami Swarupanand reportedly referred to as follows: "I am in Hans' heart and Hans is in my heart".<ref name=HJY />

In 1936, Swami Swarupanand took [[mahasamadhi]] in Nangli Sahib, a village near the north town of [[Meerut]]. Reported indications from Swami Swarupanand about Hans' succession were later contested by a group of mahatmas<ref>Melton, Gordon J. ''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'',(1986), pp.141–2 Garland Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8240-9036-5}} Early in life he encountered Sarupanand a guru of the Sant Mat tradition. Though Sarupanand Ji had told his disciples to follow Hans Maharaj Ji, after the guru's death another disciple, Vairaganand, claimed the succession and took control of the guru's property.</ref> who noted that Hans had married Sinduri Devi from a neighboring village in the district of Garwal, making him a "householder", a status that in their view as [[Sannyasa|renunciates]] was not acceptable.<ref name="GeavesParampara">[[Ron Geaves|Geaves, Ron]], ''From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage (Parampara)'', paper delivered to the 27th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Regents Park College, Oxford, 22–24 March 2002</ref> After the rift, Hans was left with only a handful of people to help him continue his work. Hans branched out on his own with the understanding that he had his teacher's blessings, and continued teaching throughout the Indian sub-continent.<ref name="GeavesParampara"/>

That same year, he started presenting his message and teaching in the small town of [[Najibabad]], near [[Haridwar]]. His talks at the time were strongly influenced by the [[egalitarian]] and reformist philosophy of the Arya Samaj, and he reportedly accepted anyone as his student, irrespective of caste, religion or status. This was an unusual stance for an Indian teacher, and it drew its share of criticism from traditional Hindus. During this year he published a book ''Hans Yog Prakash''<ref>Hans Ji Maharaj, ''Hans Yog Prakash'' (1936) (Unknown publisher), New Delhi</ref> as a first step to broadening the dissemination of his message.

During the next years, Hans traveled by foot and by train to towns and villages across north India,<ref name="GeavesParampara"/> speaking at small, impromptu gatherings at train stations, or under a tree in the village grounds. By the late 1930s, Hans had begun visiting [[Delhi]], teaching workers at the [[Delhi Cloth Mills]]. He traveled constantly between Haridwar and Delhi, often staying at followers' houses at [[Paharganj]] and [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], behind the new Delhi center.<ref name=HJY />

In 1944, as the number of students grew, Hans purchased a small, two-floor house on the bank of the [[Ganges]] canal outside Haridwar, and named it "Prem Nagar" ("Town of Love"). The mahatmas who were helping him in a full-time capacity lived there with him in the tradition of the [[gurukul]]. Four years later, he reportedly purchased his first car, a green [[Austin A40 Somerset|Austin Somerset]], that assisted him in visiting nearby towns and villages in his effort to reach more people.<ref name=HJY />

Hans and his first wife, Sinduri Devi, had a daughter, Savitri, but after that Sinduri Devi was unable to have more children. As a consequence of that, and based on an understanding that Swarupanand reportedly had told him that "one day he [Hans] will have a son who would play an important role", he took a second wife in Rajeshwari Devi in 1946.<ref name=Mangalwadi/> Unlike his first wife, Rajeshwari Devi would in time become known as Mata Ji and play a prominent role in her husband's work.<ref name=Mangalwadi/> In 1951, their first son was born ([[Satpal Maharaj|Satpāl]]),<ref>{{cite web|year = 2006|url = http://www.manavdharam.org/ssjm/1_brief_into.html|title = About Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj|access-date = 6 March 2006|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060217210705/http://www.manavdharam.org/ssjm/1_brief_into.html|archive-date = 17 February 2006|df = dmy-all}}</ref> followed by three more in 1953 (Mahi Pāl), 1955 (Dharam Pāl), and 1957 ([[Prem Rawat|Prem Pāl]]), affectionately nicknamed "Sant Jī" by Hans.<ref name=wilson />

As Hans Rām's message was spreading throughout northern India, several initiatives were taken to facilitate his work, including the publishing of a monthly magazine named ''Hansadesh'' in 1951, and the formation of the [[Divine Light Mission]] (DLM).<ref>Melton, J. Gordon. ''Encyclopedia of American Religions:5th Edition'', pp. 890–891</ref> For nearly 30 years Hans disseminated his message without any formal organisation. After resisting suggestions for such an organisation, he finally gave in to growing pressure, and the Divine Light Mission was registered in [[Patna]] in 1960,<ref name=satg>C.L. Tandon, (secretary of the DLM) ''Satgurudev Sri Hans Ji Maharaj'', (1970) Albion Press</ref> to develop and structure the growing activities across India.<ref>Geaves, Ron, "From Divine Light Mission to Elan Vital and Beyond: An Exploration of Change and Adaptation" (2004), ''Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions'', Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 45–62, ISSN 1092-6690 (print), University of California Press. Note: Ron Geaves, a Senior Lecturer, Programme Leader and Chair in religious studies at the [[University of Chester]] in England, is a student of Prem Rawat.</ref> The mission aims discussed are that "in principle all religions are one" and that the understanding that "peace is indivisible" and achievable by individuals and that "disgruntled individuals and dissatisfied nations can never promote lasting peace in the world."{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} It also discusses some humanitarian initiatives.<ref name=satg />

By the early 1960s there were students in most large cities, towns and villages in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Rajasthan]], as well as within the Indian communities in South Africa. Meetings were still small, and Hans' close relationship with his students continued. In 1963, the first of many large public programs was held in the Ram Lila grounds in New Delhi, reportedly attended by 15,000. In 1964, an event took place on [[Gandhi Maidan]] in the heart of old Delhi that attracted even larger crowds. Several ashrams were opened during that time, including a small one in Rajasthan and another larger one called ''Satlok'' ("Place of Truth") located between Delhi and Haridwar.<ref name=HJY />

In 1965, Hans attended a religious conference in New Delhi's Constitution Club that was chaired by the then Speaker of the India Parliament, Mr. Ayengar. That year Hans flew for the first time when he visited his students in [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]].<ref name=HJY />

On 18 July 1966, while visiting a small ashram in [[Alwar]], Hans fell ill, and the same day returned to Delhi by car. It is reported that he died at 3 a.m. the following morning. Three days later, in a procession led by his family and many grieving mahatmas, his ashes were taken to his home in Haridwar.<ref name=HJY />

==Succession==

During the customary 13 days of mourning following Hans's death, the succession was discussed by DLM officials. The youngest son, 8-year-old [[Prem Rawat]], addressed the crowd and was accepted by them, as well as by his mother and brothers, as the "[[Satguru|Perfect Master]]".<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = Cornerstone |isbn = 9780940895034 |last = Mangalwadi |first = Vishal |authorlink = Vishal Mangalwadi |title = The world of gurus |location = Chicago, Ill. |pages=135–136|year = 1992|quote=Balyogeshwar's [Prem Rawat's] father, the founder of the Mission, had declared him to be the "born saint"; his mother, the patron of the Mission, and Bal Bhagavan [Satpal], his oldest brother [...], called him the "perfect master" [...] his mother, brother, and mahatmas (apostles) prostrated themselves at his [Prem Rawat's] feet and received his blessing.}}</ref><ref>Aagaard, Johannes. ''Who Is Who in Guruism?'' (1980) "During the first 6 years of the new movement its head was Shri Hans, the father of the young Maharaj Ji, who, at the age of 8 years, succeeded his father in 1966."</ref><ref>U. S. Department of the Army, ''Religious Requirements and Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains'' (2001) pp.1–5, The Minerva Group, {{ISBN|0-89875-607-3}} Following his death, Shri Hans Ji appointed the youngest of his four sons, Sant Ji, as the next Perfect Master and therefore he assumed the head of the Divine Light Mission as decreed by his father."</ref><ref>Fahlbusch E., Lochman J. M., Mbiti J., Pelikan J., Vischer L, Barret D. (Eds.) The Encyclopedia of Christianity (1998). p.861, {{ISBN|90-04-11316-9}} "At the funeral of Shree Hans, his son Prem Pal Singh Rawat [...] comforted those who mourned his father's death with the thought that they still had perfect knowledge with them. The son himself had become the subject of this knowledge, the perfect master, in the place of his father, and took the title of "guru" and the name of Maharaj Ji, or great king, a title of respect to which other titular names were added. The honors paid him by his followers gave him the characteristic of a messianic child. These were supposedly his by nature and they helped him to eliminate rival claims from his own family."</ref> Though Prem Rawat was officially the leader of the DLM, because of his young age authority was shared by the whole family.<ref name=wilson>H. W. Wilson Company, Current Biography Year Book, v.35. (1974), p. 21.</ref><ref>Melton, Gordon J. Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America, (1986), pp.141–2 Garland Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8240-9036-5}} "Just six years after the founding of the Mission, Shri Hans Ji Maharaj was succeeded by his younger son Prem Pal Singh Rawat, who was eight when he was recognized as the new Perfect Master and assumed the title Maharaj Ji. Maharaj Ji had been recognized as spiritually adept, even within the circle of the Holy Family, as Shri Hans' family was called. He had been initiated at the age of six [...] He assumed the role of Perfect Master at his father's funeral by telling the disciples who had gathered. [...] Though officially the autocratic leader of the Mission, because of Maharaji's age, authority was shared by the whole family."</ref><ref>Fahlbusch E., Lochman J. M., Mbiti J., Pelikan J., Vischer L, Barret D. (Eds.) ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (1998). p.861, {{ISBN|90-04-11316-9}} "At the funeral of Shree Hans, his son Prem Pal Singh Rawat [...] comforted those who mourned his father's death with the thought that they still had perfect knowledge with them. The son himself had become the subject of this knowledge, the perfect master, in the place of his father, and took the title of "guru" and the name of Maharaj Ji, or great king, a title of respect to which other titular names were added."</ref><ref>U. S. Department of the Army, ''Religious Requirements and Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains'' (2001) pp.1–5, The Minerva Group, {{ISBN|0-89875-607-3}} Following his death, Shri Hans Ji appointed the youngest of his four sons, Sant Ji as the next Perfect Master and therefore he assumed the head of the Divine Light Mission as decreed by his father."</ref><ref>''People Weekly Magazine'', 16 June 1975. "Upon the death of her husband, the mission's founder, in 1966, she [Mata Ji] endorsed her youngest son, then 8, as 'Perfect Master.'"</ref><ref>Aagaard, Johannes. ''Who Is Who in Guruism?'' (1980). "During the first 6 years of the new movement [DLM] its head was Sri Hans, the father of the young Maharaj Ji, who, at the age of 8 years, succeeded his father in 1966."</ref>

For the next eight years Hans's family supported Prem Rawat as his successor but the latter's decision to marry a Westerner in 1974 precipitated a struggle for control of DLM.<ref>Ron Geaves in ''New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities'' pp.201–202, Oxford University Press, USA (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-19-522042-1}}</ref> Mata Ji returned to India and appointed her oldest son Satpal as the new head of DLM India claiming that Prem Rawat had broken his spiritual discipline by marrying and becoming a "playboy". The Western "premies" remained loyal to Prem Rawat but the marriage led to a permanent rift within the family and was also credited with causing a profound disruption in the movement.<ref>Melton J. Gordon Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America. New York/London: Garland, 1986 (revised edition), {{ISBN|0-8240-9036-5}}, pp. 141–145</ref><ref>Price, Maeve (1979): "The Divine Light Mission as a social organization". ''Sociological Review'', 27, Page 279-296. "When Maharaj Ji began to assert his independence from his mother, both as an individual and as a leader, the mission entered a period of crises, internal conflict and consequent recession. In May 1974, Maharaj Ji married an American girl, Marolyn Johnson (now called Durga Ji), in direct defiance of his mother's wishes and the event shook the mission to its foundations. This marriage brought about an exodus from the ashrams, the stable core of the mission which had been a vital means of social control, as premies flocked to get married and began to produce their own children, within customary marriage structures. It was an important turning point for the mission. The followers seemed to grow up overnight into adults with normal family responsibilities and ties. The base of support inevitably shifted from the ashrams to the wider premie community. This meant that central control was very much weakened and that the ordinary, non-ashram premie began to play a more important role in determining the mission's fortunes. At the same time, many premies were shaken by the marriage and felt almost betrayed by their leader. It is apparent that the marriage was responsible for a loss of morale and therefore of support for the mission by many premies. "</ref><ref>Richardson, James T., in ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'', William H. Swatos, ed., Rowman Altamira 1998 p.141 {{ISBN|0-7619-8956-0}} "Also, the guru married his Caucasian secretary in 1974 when he was 17, shocking many of his followers (he had championed celibacy until his marriage) and leading to many defections."</ref><ref>Olson, Carl. ''The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-Historical Introduction''. 2007 Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|0-8135-4068-2}} p. 345 "The movement split after Guru Maharaj Ji married his American secretary and broke his vow of celibacy. "</ref><ref>Pilarzyk, Thomas, The Origin, Development, and Decline of a Youth Culture Religion, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Autumn, 1978), pp. 23–43.These were cultic establishments organized by premies who wished to live a semi-religious life but independent of the jurisdiction of the larger DLM organization. Members in these living arrangements made their own rules and regulations rather than accepting dictates from the Divine United Organization. For example, many premie houses across the country in 1975 did not adhere to the celibate life, one of the requirements of ashram life.</ref>

Satpal became the new head of the organisation in India and later also became a prominent [[Indian National Congress|INC]] politician, being elected to the 11th and 15th [[Lok Sabha]]; he is considered a satguru by his followers.<ref>{{cite web|year = 2006|url = http://www.manavdharam.org | title= Manav Dharam |access-date = 6 March 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Prem Rawat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Hans Ji}}
[[Category:Prem Rawat]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Advait Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Central Intelligence Agency

2026-03-29T02:26:35Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|U.S. intelligence and covert action agency}}
{{Redirect|CIA}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Central Intelligence Agency
| motto = (Official): ''The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence.'' (Unofficial): And ye shall know the truth and [[Veritas vos liberabit|the truth shall make you free]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |title=CIA Observes 50th Anniversary of Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Laying |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=September 18, 2012 |archive-date=March 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152925/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1947|9|18}}
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| preceding1 = [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612182023/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=History of the CIA |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
| preceding2 = [[Strategic Services Unit]]
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| coordinates = {{Coord|38|57|07|N|77|08|46|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}
| employees = 21,575 (estimate){{r|wp20130829}}
| budget = $15 billion ({{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref name="wp20130829">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Greg |last2=Miller |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013422/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret |title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret |author-link=Dave Kopel |first=Dave |last=Kopel |date=July 28, 1997 |website=[[Cato Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214094135/https://www.cato.org/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html |title=Cloak Over the CIA Budget |date=November 29, 1999 |newspaper=The Washington Post |via=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916084055/https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chief1_name = [[John Ratcliffe]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Director of the CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/about/director-of-cia/ |publisher=CIA.Gov}} </ref>
| chief1_position = [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Director]]
| chief2_name = [[Michael Ellis (attorney)|Michael Ellis]]
| chief2_position = [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director]]
| chief3_name = ''Vacant''
| chief3_position = [[General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency|General Counsel]]
| chief4_name =
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| chief6_name =
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| chief7_name =
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| parent_agency = [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]
| child1_agency = [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]
| child2_agency = [[Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology|Directorate of Science and Technology]]
| child3_agency = [[Operations Support Branch]]
| parent_department = [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Office of the President of the United States]]
| website = * {{URL|https://cia.gov}}
* {{Onion URL|ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad}}<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA's Latest Layer: An Onion Site |url=https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/cias-latest-layer-an-onion-site/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508021035/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2019-featured-story-archive/latest-layer-an-onion-site.html |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |access-date=May 11, 2019 |website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
}}

The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA''') {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|iː|.|aɪ|ˈ|eɪ}} is a civilian [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence service]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] tasked with advancing [[national security]] through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and conducting [[covert operation]]s. The agency is headquartered in the [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]] in [[Langley, Virginia]], and is sometimes [[Metonymy|metonymously]] called "'''Langley'''". A major member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] (IC), the CIA has reported to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] since 2004, and is focused on providing intelligence for the [[President of the United States|president]] and the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]], though it also provides intelligence for a variety of other entities including the [[United States Armed Forces]] and foreign allies.

The CIA is headed by [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|a director]] and is divided into various directorates, including a Directorate of Analysis and [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]. Unlike the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), the CIA has no law enforcement function and focuses on intelligence gathering overseas, with only [[National Resources Division|limited domestic intelligence collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the FBI differ from the Central Intelligence Agency? |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222034540/https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA is responsible for coordinating all [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) activities in the IC. It has been instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, and has provided support to many foreign organizations. The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training and carrying out torture]], and technical support. It has been involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out planned assassinations of foreign leaders and [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] against civilians.

During [[World War II]], U.S. intelligence and covert operations had been undertaken by the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). The office was abolished in 1945 by President [[Harry S. Truman]], who created the [[Central Intelligence Group]] in 1946. Amid the intensifying [[Cold War]], the [[National Security Act of 1947]] established the CIA, headed by a [[Director of Central Intelligence|director of central intelligence]] (DCI). The [[Central Intelligence Agency Act]] of 1949 exempted the agency from most Congressional oversight, and during the 1950s, it became a major instrument of [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]]. The CIA employed [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]] against communist regimes, and backed [[United States involvement in regime change|coups to advance American interests]]. Major CIA-backed operations include the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|1953 coup in Iran]], the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|1954 coup in Guatemala]], the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]] in 1961, and the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 coup in Chile]]. In 1975, the [[Church Committee]] of the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] revealed illegal operations such as [[MKUltra]] and [[Operation CHAOS|CHAOS]], after which greater oversight was imposed. In the 1980s, the CIA supported the [[Afghan mujahideen]] through [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistan's ISI]], and the Nicaraguan [[Contras]], and after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, played a role in the [[War on terror|Global War on Terrorism]].

The agency has been the subject of [[List of CIA controversies|numerous controversies]], including its [[Human rights violations by the CIA|use of political assassinations]], [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]], [[Project Mockingbird|domestic wiretapping]], [[CIA influence on public opinion|propaganda]], [[MKUltra|mind control techniques]], and [[CIA drug trafficking allegations|drug trafficking]], among others.

==Purpose==
When the CIA was proposed, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse to collect, analyze, evaluate, disseminate foreign intelligence and carry out covert operations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudgers |first1=David F. |title=Creating the secret state : the origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943-1947 |date=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1024-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/creatingsecretst0000rudg/page/114/mode/1up?q=%22on+June+20+1946%22|pages=114–115}}</ref>

As of 2013, the CIA had five priorities:{{r|wp20130829}}
* [[Counterterrorism]]
* [[Nonproliferation]] of [[weapons of mass destruction]]
* Indications and warnings for senior policymakers
* [[Counterintelligence]]
* [[cyberwarfare in the United States|Cyber intelligence]]

==Organizational structure==
{{Main|Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency}}

[[File:Central Intelligence Agency organizational chart (2013).svg|thumb|The organization of the Central Intelligence Agency as of 2009.]]
[[File:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) organizational chart (2015).jpg|thumb|In 2015, under the tenure of John Brennan, the CIA underwent its largest organizational restructuring since its founding in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-18 |title=Opinion {{!}} Will John Brennan’s controversial CIA modernization survive Trump? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/will-john-brennans-controversial-cia-modernization-survive-trump/2017/01/17/54e6cc1c-dcd5-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>]]
The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates:
* The '''Directorate of Digital Innovation'''
* The '''Directorate of Analysis'''
* The '''Directorate of Operations'''
* The '''Directorate of Support'''
* The '''Directorate of Science and Technology'''

===Executive Office===
{{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}}
The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the DNI, [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 3, 2017 |first1=Oliver |last1=Holmes |access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203132358/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|url-status=live}}</ref> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<ref name="Haspel appointment"/> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|title=Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board|website=[[Butterfield Bank]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816065800/https://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref>

===Directorate of Analysis===
The '''Directorate of Analysis''', through much of its history known as the '''Directorate of Intelligence''' (DI), is tasked with helping "the President and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country's national security" by looking "at all the available information on an issue and organiz[ing] it for policymakers".<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Offices of CIA – Intelligence & Analysis – History|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html|publisher=CIA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083353/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The directorate has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three that focus on policy, collection, and staff support.<ref name="CIA-DI-ORG">{{cite web |website=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Intelligence & Analysis |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612191505/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |access-date=July 1, 2011}}</ref> There are regional analytical offices covering the [[Near East]] and [[South Asia]], [[Russia]], and Europe; and the [[Asia–Pacific]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]].

====Office of Strategic Research====
The DI created the '''Office of Strategic Research''' in 1967. CIA official [[John Paisley (CIA officer)|John Paisley]] served as Deputy Chief of the office.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=David Shamus |date=May 2008 |title=The CIA & the Cult of Secrecy |url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/items/9fb5cfe8-c951-457a-880a-8f0dcf81d5a4 |journal=Dissertation}}</ref> The office provided support to the [[Team B]] competitive analysis exercise that delved into the threats of the Soviet Union. Material supplied by double agent, "Hero", [[Oleg Penkovsky]] was used by the agency in the early 1970's. The office conducted military analysis, such as whether Iraq had the capabilities to defeat Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentry |first=John A. |date=October 1, 1995 |title=Intelligence analyst/manager relations at the CIA |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529508432329 |journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=133–146 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/02684529508432329|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1981 the office allegedly dissolved due to a restructuring.

===Directorate of Operations===
{{Main|Directorate of Operations (CIA)}}

The '''Directorate of Operations''' is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the [[Defense Clandestine Service]] (DCS),<ref name=GWUEBB46>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |title=DIA to send hundreds more spies overseas |date=December 1, 2012 |last=Miller |first=Greg |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Contrary to some public and [[mass media|media]] misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" [[intelligence agency]] but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense [[Clandestine HUMINT|HUMINT]] activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.<ref>Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html "Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117014605/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html |date=January 17, 2024 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>

This Directorate is known to be organized by geographic regions and issues, but its precise organization is classified.<ref name=NSAEBB>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |chapter=Defense HUMINT Service Organizational Chart |title=The "Death Squad Protection" Act: Senate Measure Would Restrict Public Access to Crucial Human Rights Information Under the Freedom of Information Act |first1=Thomas S. |last1=Blanton |first2=Michael L. |last2=Evans |first3=Kate |last3=Martin |date=July 17, 2000 |series=George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 34 |access-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109140707/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Directorate of Science & Technology===
{{Main|Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology|l1 = Directorate of Science & Technology}}

The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.

The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Pocock, Chris page 404">{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=Chris |title=50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady' |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |lccn=89012535 |isbn=0-7643-2346-6 |page=404|year=2005 }}</ref>

===Directorate of Support===
{{Main|Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency#Directorate of Support|l1 = Directorate of Support}}

The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including:
* The '''Office of Security'''
* The '''Office of Communications'''
* The '''Office of Information Technology'''

===Directorate of Digital Innovation===
The Directorate of Digital Innovation (DDI) focuses on accelerating innovation across the Agency's mission activities. It is the Agency's newest directorate. The [[Langley, Virginia]]–based office's mission is to streamline and integrate digital and cybersecurity capabilities into the CIA's espionage, counterintelligence, all-source analysis, open-source intelligence collection, and covert action operations.<ref name="fedscoop.com">{{Cite web| url=https://www.fedscoop.com/new-cia-director-inherits-agency-quickly-developing-cyber-capabilities/| title=New CIA director inherits an agency that is quickly developing cyber capabilities| date=January 27, 2017| access-date=July 25, 2019| archive-date=July 25, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052515/https://www.fedscoop.com/new-cia-director-inherits-agency-quickly-developing-cyber-capabilities/| url-status=live}}</ref> It provides operations personnel with tools and techniques to use in cyber operations. It works with [[information technology]] infrastructure and practices cyber [[tradecraft]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/digital-innovation/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040535/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/digital-innovation/index.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 5, 2016 |title = Digital Innovation – Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> This means retrofitting the CIA for [[cyberwarfare]]. DDI officers help accelerate the integration of innovative methods and tools to enhance the CIA's cyber and digital capabilities on a global scale and ultimately help safeguard the United States. They also apply technical expertise to exploit clandestine and publicly available information (also known as [[open-source intelligence|open-source data]]) using specialized methodologies and digital tools to plan, initiate and support the technical and human-based operations of the CIA.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/digital-targeter.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307154405/https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/digital-targeter.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 7, 2017 | title=Digital Targeter – Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Before the establishment of the new digital directorate, offensive cyber operations were undertaken by the CIA's Information Operations Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/cias-new-digital-innovation-division-cant-seem-to-keep-its-own-secrets/|title = CIA's New 'Digital Innovation' Division Can't Seem to Keep its Own Secrets| work=The Intercept |date = March 8, 2017|access-date = July 25, 2019|archive-date = July 25, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052511/https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/cias-new-digital-innovation-division-cant-seem-to-keep-its-own-secrets/|url-status = live | last1=Schwartz | first1=Mattathias }}</ref> Little is known about how the office specifically functions or if it deploys offensive cyber capabilities.<ref name="fedscoop.com"/>

The directorate had been covertly operating since approximately March 2015 but formally began operations on October 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/2015/10/01/cia-digital-directorate.aspx|title=Inside the CIA's new Digital Directorate |first1=Sean|last1=Lyngaas|date=October 1, 2015|website=FCW|access-date=July 25, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052513/https://fcw.com/articles/2015/10/01/cia-digital-directorate.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> According to classified budget documents, the CIA's computer network operations budget for fiscal year 2013 was $685.4 million. The NSA's budget was roughly $1 billion at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Miller |first2=Greg |date=August 29, 2013 |title='Black budget' summary details U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013422/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

Rep. [[Adam Schiff]], the California Democrat who served as the ranking member of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], endorsed the reorganization. "The director has challenged his workforce, the rest of the intelligence community, and the nation to consider how we conduct the business of intelligence in a world that is profoundly different from 1947 when the CIA was founded," Schiff said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/cia-creates-digital-innovation-directorate-a-7991|title=CIA Creates Digital Innovation Directorate|website=www.bankinfosecurity.com|access-date=July 25, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052515/https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/cia-creates-digital-innovation-directorate-a-7991|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Office of Congressional Affairs===
{{Further|CIA's relationship with the United States Congress}}
The '''Office of Congressional Affairs''' ('''OCA''') serves as the liaison between the CIA and the [[US Congress|U.S. Congress]]. The OCA states that it aims to ensure that Congress is fully and currently informed of intelligence activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressional Affairs|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806010648/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2013|website=cia.gov|accessdate=10 June 2016|date=26 March 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The office is the CIA's primary interface with [[congressional oversight]] committees, leadership, and members. It is responsible for all matters pertaining to congressional interaction and oversight of U.S. intelligence activities. It claims that it aims to<ref>{{cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs/who-we-are.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019174849/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs/who-we-are.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 19, 2011|website=cia.gov|accessdate=10 June 2016|date=23 January 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

* ensure that Congress is kept informed of intelligence issues and activities by providing timely briefings and notifications
* facilitate prompt and complete responses to congressional requests for information and inquiries
* maintain a record of the Agency's interaction with Congress
* track legislation that could affect the Agency
* educate Agency personnel about their responsibility to keep Congress fully and currently informed

==Training==
{{Further|CIA University|National Intelligence University|Warrenton Training Center}}
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the [[Cold War]], the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on [[employee retention]].<ref name=campus>{{cite news |last=Wendt |first=Jeff |title=A feature interview with Frans Bax, President, CIA University |newspaper=Today's Campus |url=http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065445/http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=npr>{{cite episode |title=Inside CIA University: Higher Ed for Operatives |series=Morning Edition |series-link=Morning Edition |credits=Host: [[Mary Louise Kelly]] |network=[[NPR]] |air-date=May 28, 2004 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1914175 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-date=December 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074612/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1914175 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In response, Director of Central Intelligence [[George Tenet]] established [[CIA University]] in 2002.<ref name=campus/><ref name=history/> CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.<ref name=campus/><ref name=npr/> The facility works in partnership with the [[National Intelligence University]], and includes the [[Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis]], the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.<ref name=history/><ref name=learning>{{cite web |title=Life in HR: Learning Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=February 12, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429131704/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=training>{{cite web |title=Training Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=January 23, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612191020/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |access-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref>

For later-stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at [[Camp Peary]], near [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book ''Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services''.<ref name=AOM>{{Cite book |title=Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services |author=The OSS Assessment Staff |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation (original printing by Rinehart and Company, Inc.) |orig-date=1948 |year=1969}}</ref> Additional mission training is conducted at [[Harvey Point]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name=nyt88>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |title=Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325225636/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The primary training facility for the Office of Communications is [[Warrenton Training Center]], located near [[Warrenton, Virginia]]. The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.<ref name=fasB>{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Warrenton Station B |website=Federation of American Scientists |year=2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |access-date=March 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605143410/https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the General Counsel |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=October 31, 1954 |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526171137/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Budget==
{{Main|United States intelligence budget}}

Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified.{{r|wp20130829}} Under the [[Central Intelligence Agency Act]] of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend [[black budget|"unvouchered" government money]].<ref name="cia1992">{{cite book |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/ |title=The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974 |publisher=History Staff, Central Intelligence Agency |last1=Pedlow |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Welzenbach |first2=Donald E. |year=1992 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=43–44 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=August 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818070925/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The government showed its 1997 budget was $26.6 billion for the fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr101597.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215415/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr101597.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=Statement of the Director of Central Intelligence Regarding the Disclosure of the Aggregate Intelligence Budget for Fiscal Year 1997 |date=October 15, 1997 |website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]], the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's [[HUMINT]] budget is $2.3 billion, the [[SIGINT]] budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs," including a variety of activities such as the CIA's [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drone]] fleet and anti-[[Iranian nuclear program]] activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.{{r|wp20130829}}

There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.<ref name=Aftergood2002budget>{{cite web |title=Declaration of Steven Aftergood |id=Case No. 02-1146 (RMU) |date=May 5, 2003 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/2002/aftergood.html |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629182938/https://fas.org/sgp/foia/2002/aftergood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, reports revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was $550 million (equivalent to US${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|0.55|1963|r=1}}}}{{nbsp}}billion in{{nbsp}}{{inflation/year|US}}),<ref name=CIA_CostReductionProgram>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=CIA Cost Reduction Program |date=September 1, 1965 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/1947/cia050405att.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135858/http://www.fas.org/sgp/foia/1947/cia050405att.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US$26.6 billion (equivalent to US${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|26.6|1997|r=1}}}}{{nbsp}}billion in{{nbsp}}{{inflation/year|US}}).<ref name="Press Release 03/20/98 No. 03-98">{{cite web |website=Federation of American Scientists |title=CIA Discloses FY 1998 Intelligence Budget Total |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/intel98.html |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629231244/https://fas.org/sgp/foia/intel98.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, [[Mary Margaret Graham]], a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion,<ref name="NYT2005-11-08">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/08budget.html |title=Official Reveals Budget for U.S. Intelligence |last=Shane |first=Scott |date=November 8, 2005 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625160659/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/08budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1994, Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA.{{r|wp20130829}}

After the [[Marshall Plan]] was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were secretly made available to the CIA. A portion of the enormous M-fund, established by the U.S. government during the [[Post-war|post-war period]] for reconstruction of Japan, was secretly steered to the CIA.<ref>''Legacy of Ashes,'' p. 28.</ref>

==Relationship with other intelligence agencies==
===Foreign intelligence services===
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the [[Federal Intelligence Service]] (BND) in [[Cabinet of Germany|Germany]], [[MI6]] in the [[Government of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) in [[Australian Government|Australia]], the [[Directorate-General for External Security]] (DGSE) in [[Government of France|France]], the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]] in [[Government of Russia|Russia]], the [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Ministry of State Security]] (MSS) in [[Government of China|China]], the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) in [[Government of India|India]], the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) in [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]], the [[General Intelligence Service (Egypt)|General Intelligence Service]] in [[Politics of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Mossad]] in [[Cabinet of Israel|Israel]], and the [[National Intelligence Service (South Korea)|National Intelligence Service]] (NIS) in [[Government of South Korea|South Korea]].

The CIA was instrumental in the establishment of intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, including Germany's BND and Greece's [[National Intelligence Service (Greece)|EYP]] (then known as KYP).<ref>Blum, William. ''Killing Hope: US military and CIA interventions since World War II'', 2nd edition, Zed Books, 2004 p.37</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The closest links of the U.S. intelligence community to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Special communications signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries.<ref name="DMS1999-03-19">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/dod/genser.pdf |title=Zdarm (Defense Messaging Service) ''Genser'' (General Service) Message Security Classifications, Categories, and Marking Phrase Requirements Version 1.2 |date=March 19, 1999 |author=US Defense Information Services Agency |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140436/http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/dod/genser.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL ''[[Five Eyes]]'', used primarily on intelligence messages, indicates that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

The task of the division called "{{lang|de|Verbindungsstelle 61}}" of the German ''{{lang|de|[[Bundesnachrichtendienst]]}}'' is keeping contact to the CIA office in [[Wiesbaden]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/verbindungsstelle-61-staatsanwaelte-ermitteln-gegen-hohen-bnd-mann-a-882145.html |newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]] |title='Verbindungsstelle 61': Ermittlungen gegen Chef von geheimer BND-Gruppe |language=de |date=February 8, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315211453/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/verbindungsstelle-61-staatsanwaelte-ermitteln-gegen-hohen-bnd-mann-a-882145.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Central Intelligence Agency|CIA activities by country}}

===Immediate predecessors===
{{Further|Office of Strategic Services}}
[[File:CIA Memorial Wall 2023.jpg|thumb|The 140 stars on the [[CIA Memorial Wall]] in the CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer killed in action]]
[[File:Allen Dulles-TIME-1953.jpg|thumb|CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1953]]

During [[World War II]], U.S. intelligence and covert operations were undertaken by the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS).{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|pp=18–19}} Many future CIA officers, including four directors of Central Intelligence, served in the OSS.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=23}} On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Truman signed an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] dissolving the OSS.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=108}} By October 1945, its functions had been divided between the [[United States Department of State|Departments of State]] and [[United States Department of War|War]]. The division lasted only a few months.

The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by [[Jim Forrestal]] and [[Arthur Radford]] to the [[U.S. Senate]] Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852560,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307114013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852560,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |title=Army & Navy – Merger: Navy Compromise |date=December 10, 1945 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Army Intelligence agent Colonel [[Sidney Mashbir]] and Commander Ellis Zacharias worked together for four months at the direction of [[Ernest King|Fleet Admiral Joseph Ernest King]], and prepared the first draft and implementing directives for the creation of what would become the Central Intelligence Agency.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mashbir|first=Colonel Sidney|title=I Was an American Spy|publisher=Vantage Press, Inc. New York|year=1953|isbn=|location=|pages=347–348}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mashbir|first=Colonel Sidney|title=I Was an American Spy, 65th Anniversary Edition|publisher=Horizon Productions|year=2018|isbn=|location=|pages=347–348}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zacharias|first=Captain Ellis M.|title=Secret Missions|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York|year=1946|isbn=|location=|pages=289–293}}</ref> Despite opposition from the military establishment, the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI),<ref name="CIAfact">{{cite book |title=Factbook on Intelligence |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=December 1992 |pages=4–5}}</ref> Truman established the [[National Intelligence Authority (United States)|National Intelligence Authority]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Role of Intelligence |year=1965 |title=Congress and the Nation 1945–1964: A review of government and politics in the postwar years |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]] Service |page=306}}</ref> in January 1946. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG),<ref name="FAS-ciahist">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/cia/ciahist.htm |title=CIA – History |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=June 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628230642/http://fas.org/irp/cia/ciahist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which was the direct predecessor of the CIA.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol39no5/pdf/v39i5a13p.pdf |title=The Creation of the Central Intelligence Group |first=Michael |last=Warner |journal=Studies in Intelligence |volume=39 |number=5 |pages=111–120 |year=1995 |access-date=September 16, 2011 |publisher=[[Center for the Study of Intelligence]] |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017235152/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol39no5/pdf/v39i5a13p.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Creation===
The Central Intelligence Agency was created on July 26, 1947, when President Truman signed the [[National Security Act of 1947|National Security Act]] into law. A major impetus for the creation of the agency was growing tensions with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] following the end of [[World War II]].{{sfn|Wilford|2024|p=46}}

Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the [[Strategic Services Unit|SSU]], CIG, and, later CIA, was principal draftsman of the [[National Security Act of 1947]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ic-legal-reference-book/national-security-act-of-1947|title=National Security Act of 1947|website=www.dni.gov|access-date=July 31, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801080728/https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ic-legal-reference-book/national-security-act-of-1947|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ciacounselhist>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/general-counsel/history-of-the-office.html |title=Office of the General Counsel: History of the Office |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827002922/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/general-counsel/history-of-the-office.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-9-109-3/263-a1-27-box-9-109-3.pdf |title=Lawrence R. Houston: A Biography |last=Breneman |first=Gary M. |website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629215418/http://media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-9-109-3/263-a1-27-box-9-109-3.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref> which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] and the Central Intelligence Agency.<ref name="FAS-ciahist"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/burkle/news/article.asp?parentid=78595 |title=The CIA's license to fail |first=Amy B. |last=Zegart |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 23, 2007 |access-date=August 20, 2011 |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215042650/http://www.international.ucla.edu/burkle/news/article.asp?parentid=78595 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1949, Houston helped to draft the [[Central Intelligence Agency Act]] ({{uspl|81|110}}), which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of federal funds. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed," and created the program "PL-110" to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.<ref name="GEORGE">{{cite web |title=George Tenet v. John Doe |website=Federation of American Scientists |url=https://fas.org/sgp/jud/tenetvdoe-petresp.pdf |date=July 16, 2006 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412123934/https://fas.org/sgp/jud/tenetvdoe-petresp.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=statehdoc>{{cite book |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment |editor-first1=C. Thomas Jr. |editor-last1=Thorne |editor-first2=David S. |editor-last2=Patterson |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |year=1996 |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013546/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the outset of the [[Korean War]], the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, around one thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its intelligence-gathering abilities.<ref name=ciakorea>{{cite web |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/44/2010-05-01.pdf |first=Clayton |last=Laurie |title=The Korean War and the Central Intelligence Agency |website=Center for the Study of Intelligence |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044542/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/44/2010-05-01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On August 21, 1950, shortly after, Truman announced [[Walter Bedell Smith]] as the new Director of the CIA. The change in leadership took place shortly after the start of the [[Korean War]] in [[South Korea]], as the lack of a clear warning to the president and NSC about the imminent North Korean invasion was seen as a grave failure of intelligence.<ref name=ciakorea />

The CIA had different demands placed on it by the various bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=14}}<ref name=100days>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol38no1/pdf/v38i1a06p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426215654/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol38no1/pdf/v38i1a06p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |title=Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Days |journal=Studies in Intelligence |volume=38 |number=1 |date=January 1993 |access-date=August 26, 2017 |publisher=[[Center for the Study of Intelligence]]}}</ref> The Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the U.S. Thus, the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]], which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=14}}<ref name=100days /><ref name=souerslookback>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2014-featured-story-archive/a-look-back-the-first-director-of-central-intelligence.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321144550/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2014-featured-story-archive/a-look-back-the-first-director-of-central-intelligence.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |title=A Look Back: The First Director of Central Intelligence |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=July 24, 2014}}</ref>

U.S. Air Force General [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO) and the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE).<ref name=100days /> Initially, the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|15|1950}} million in {{inflation/year|US}}),{{inflation/fn|US}} the largesse of a small number of patrons in Congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor: finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe – their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=17}}

On June 18, 1948, the [[National Security Council]] issued Directive 10/2<ref name="NSC10/2">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d292 |work=U.S. Department of State |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment |at=Document 292, Section 5 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092347/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d292 |url-status=live }}</ref> calling for covert action against the [[Soviet Union]],{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=29}} and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) was created inside the CIA.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|pp=154–155}} The OPC was unique; [[Frank Wisner]], the head of the OPC, answered not to the [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|CIA Director]], but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC. The OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=33}}

The agency was unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of [[Romania]] and [[Czechoslovakia]], the [[Berlin Blockade|Soviet blockade of Berlin]], or the [[Soviet atomic bomb project]]. In particular, the agency failed to predict the [[Korean War#China intervenes (October–December 1950)|Chinese entry into the Korean War]] with 300,000 troops.<ref name=mistakes>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article06.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111803/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article06.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=Two Strategic Intelligence Mistakes in Korea, 1950 |first=P. K. |last=Rose |journal=Studies in Intelligence |volume=45 |number=5 |date=2001 |pages=57–65 |publisher=[[Center for the Study of Intelligence]] |access-date=August 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>"The Role of Intelligence" (1965) Congress and the Nation 1945–1964. p.306.</ref> The famous double agent [[Kim Philby]] was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=210}} Through him, the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the [[Iron Curtain]], all compromised by Philby. [[Arlington Hall]], the nerve center of CIA [[cryptanalysis]], was compromised by [[Bill Weisband]], a Russian translator and Soviet spy.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=51}}

However, the CIA was successful in influencing the [[1948 Italian general election|1948 Italian election]] in favor of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democrats]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gouda |first=Frances |title=American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh1VtsxRlRAC |date=2002 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-479-0 |page=365 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906105646/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh1VtsxRlRAC |url-status=live }}</ref> The $200 million [[Exchange Stabilization Fund]] (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|0.2|1948|r=1}} billion in {{inflation/year|US}}),{{inflation/fn|US}} earmarked for the reconstruction of Europe, was used to pay wealthy Americans of Italian heritage. Cash was then distributed to [[Catholic Action]], the [[Holy See|Vatican's]] political arm, and directly to Italian politicians. This tactic of using its large fund to purchase elections was frequently repeated in the subsequent years.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=27}}

===Korean War===
{{See also|History of the Central Intelligence Agency#Korean War}}
At the beginning of the [[Korean War]], CIA officer Hans Tofte claimed to have turned a thousand [[North Korea]]n expatriates into a guerrilla force tasked with infiltration, guerrilla warfare, and pilot rescue.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=56}} In 1952, the CIA sent 1,500 more expatriate agents north. [[Seoul]] station chief Albert Haney would openly celebrate the capabilities of those agents and the information they sent.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=56}} In September 1952, Haney was replaced by John Limond Hart, a Europe veteran with a vivid memory for bitter experiences of [[misinformation]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=56}} Hart was suspicious of the parade of successes reported by Tofte and Haney and launched an investigation which determined that the entirety of the information supplied by the Korean sources was false or misleading.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=57}} After the war, internal reviews by the CIA corroborated Hart's findings. The CIA's station in [[Seoul]] had 200 officers, but not a single speaker of [[Korean language|Korean]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=57}} Hart reported to Washington that Seoul station could not be salvaged. Loftus Becker, deputy director of intelligence, was sent personally to tell Hart that the CIA had to keep the station open to save face. Becker returned to Washington, D.C., pronouncing the situation to be "hopeless".{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=57}} He then resigned. Air Force Colonel James Kallis stated that CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] continued to praise the CIA's Korean force, despite knowing that they were under enemy control.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=58}} When China entered the war in 1950, the CIA attempted a number of subversive operations in the country, all of which failed due to the presence of double agents. Millions of dollars were spent in these efforts.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|pp=58–61}} These included a team of young CIA officers airdropped into China who were ambushed, and CIA funds being used to set up a global heroin empire in Burma's [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] following a betrayal by another double agent.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|pp=58–61}}

===1953 Iranian coup d'état===
{{Main|1953 Iranian coup d'état}}

[[File:Portrait of Mohammad Mosaddegh - circa 1952 (B&W).jpg|thumb|The CIA aided the British in overthrowing [[Prime Minister of Iran|Iranian Prime Minister]] [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] in 1953]]
In 1951, [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], a member of the [[National Front (Iran)|National Front]], was elected Iranian prime minister.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gasiorowski |first1=Mark |last2=Byrne |first2=Malcolm |title=Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran |date=2004 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-81563-018-0 |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yW2slrVAb5kC&q=assassination&pg=PA258 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192741/https://books.google.com/books?id=yW2slrVAb5kC&pg=PA258&q=assassination |url-status=live }}</ref> As prime minister, he nationalized the [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] which his predecessor had supported. The nationalization of the British-funded Iranian oil industry, including the largest oil refinery in the world, was disastrous for Mosaddegh. A British naval embargo closed the British oil facilities, which Iran had no skilled workers to operate. In 1952, Mosaddegh resisted the royal refusal to approve his Minister of War and resigned in protest. The National Front took to the streets in protest. Fearing a loss of control, the military pulled its troops back five days later, and [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] gave in to Mosaddegh's demands. Mosaddegh quickly replaced military leaders loyal to the Shah with those loyal to him, giving him personal control over the military. Given six months of emergency powers, Mosaddegh unilaterally passed legislation. When that six months expired, his powers were extended for another year. In 1953, Mossadegh [[1953 Iranian parliamentary dissolution referendum|dismissed parliament]] and assumed dictatorial powers. This power grab triggered the Shah to exercise his constitutional right to dismiss Mosaddegh. Mosaddegh launched a military [[Coup d'état|coup]], and the Shah fled the country.

Under CIA Director [[Allen Dulles]], [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|Operation Ajax]] was put into motion. Its goal was to overthrow Mossadegh with military support from General [[Fazlollah Zahedi]] and install a pro-Western regime headed by the Shah of Iran. Kermit Roosevelt Jr. oversaw the operation in Iran.<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Risen|title=Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran|work=The New York Times|year=2000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html|access-date=March 30, 2007|archive-date=January 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125113825/http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 16, a CIA-paid mob led by Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] would spark what a U.S. embassy officer called "an almost spontaneous revolution"{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=90}}, but Mosaddegh was protected by his new inner military circle, and the CIA had been unable to gain influence within the Iranian military. Their chosen man, former General Fazlollah Zahedi, had no troops to call on.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=87}} After the failure of the first coup, Roosevelt paid demonstrators to pose as communists and deface public symbols associated with the Shah. This August 19 incident helped foster public support of the Shah and led gangs of citizens on a spree of violence intent on destroying Mossadegh.<ref>{{Citation|last=Capuchin|title=U.S. and Them: Operation Ajax – Iran and the CIA coup (2/2)|date=September 21, 2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdeoktnv8ko |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/Mdeoktnv8ko |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=January 20, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> An attack on his house forced Mossadegh to flee. He surrendered the next day, and his coup came to an end.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=91}}

===1954 Guatemalan coup d'état===
{{Main|1954 Guatemalan coup d'état}}

[[File:Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (oficial).jpg|thumb|When democratically elected President [[Jacobo Árbenz]] attempted a modest [[Decree 900|redistribution of land]] in [[Guatemala]], he was overthrown in the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]].]]
The return of the Shah to power, and the impression that an effective CIA had been able to guide that nation to friendly and stable relations with the West, triggered planning for Operation PBSuccess, a plan to overthrow [[Guatemala]]n President [[Jacobo Arbenz]].{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=367–368}} The plan was exposed in major newspapers before it happened after a CIA agent left plans for the coup in his [[Guatemala City]] hotel room.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=95}}

The [[Guatemalan Revolution]] of 1944–54 overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator [[Jorge Ubico]] and brought a democratically elected government to power. The government began an ambitious [[Decree 900|agrarian reform]] program which sought to grant land to millions of landless peasants. The program threatened the land holdings of the [[United Fruit Company]], who lobbied for a coup by portraying these reforms as communist.<ref name="Schlesinger"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Allan D. |last=Cooper |year=2009 |title=The Geography of Genocide |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |isbn=978-0-7618-4097-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |page=171 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814142731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyh8kdcuA1kC&pg=PA171 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul J. |last=Dosal |year=1995 |title=Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-84202-590-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |page=2 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103453/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vcGTI4Q22YC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |first=Maggie |last=Jones |title=The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215224850/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 18, 1954, [[Carlos Castillo Armas]] led 480 CIA-trained men across the border from [[Honduras]] into Guatemala. The weapons had also come from the CIA.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=161–170}} The CIA mounted a [[Psychological warfare|psychological campaign]] to convince the Guatemalan people and government that Armas's victory was a ''fait accompli''. Its largest aspect was a radio broadcast entitled "The Voice of Liberation" which announced that Guatemalan exiles led by Castillo Armas were shortly about to liberate the country.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=161–170}} On June 25, a CIA plane bombed Guatemala City, destroying the government's main oil reserves. Árbenz ordered the army to distribute weapons to local peasants and workers.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} The army refused, forcing Jacobo Árbenz's resignation on June 27, 1954. Árbenz handed over power to Colonel [[Carlos Enrique Diaz]].{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} The CIA then orchestrated a series of power transfers that ended with the confirmation of Castillo Armas as president in July 1954.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=173–178}} Armas was the first in a series of military dictators that would rule the country, leading to the brutal [[Guatemalan Civil War]] from 1960 to 1996, in which some 200,000 people were killed, mostly by the U.S.-backed military.{{refn|name=pbsucc|<ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Schlesinger |author-link=Stephen Schlesinger |date=June 3, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/opinion/04schlesinger.html |title=Ghosts of Guatemala's Past |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2014 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217012056/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/opinion/04schlesinger.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cullather |first=Nick |title=Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954 |edition=Second |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10654 |date=October 9, 2006 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-5468-2 |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320123511/http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10654 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gleijeses |first=Piero |author-link=Piero Gleijeses |title=Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691025568/shattered-hope |date=1992 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-02556-8 |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831214105/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691025568/shattered-hope |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=Stephen M. |title=Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h17R_A0n-1MC |date=2000 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-89680-215-5 |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603092610/https://books.google.com/books?id=h17R_A0n-1MC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html |title=Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds |first=Mireya |last=Navarro |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 26, 1999 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=February 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227215408/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Syria===
{{Main|CIA activities in Syria}}

[[File:Allen Dulles appointed DCI, 26 February 1953.jpg|thumb|President [[John F. Kennedy]] presenting the [[National Security Medal]] to [[Allen Dulles]] on November 28, 1961]]
In 1949, Colonel [[Adib Shishakli]] rose to power in Syria in a CIA-backed coup. Four years later, he would be overthrown by the military, [[Ba'ath]]ists, and [[Communism|communists]]. The CIA and MI6 started funding right-wing members of the military but suffered a huge setback in the aftermath of the [[Suez Crisis]]. CIA Agent Rocky Stone, who had played a minor role in the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]], was working at the [[Damascus]] embassy as a diplomat but was the station chief. Syrian officers on the CIA dole quickly appeared on television stating that they had received money from "corrupt and sinister Americans" "in an attempt to overthrow the legitimate government of Syria."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=139}} Syrian forces surrounded the embassy and rousted Agent Stone, who confessed and subsequently made history as the first American diplomat expelled from an Arab nation. This strengthened ties between Syria and Egypt, helping establish the [[United Arab Republic]], and poisoning the well for the U.S. for the foreseeable future.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=139}}

===Indonesia===
{{Main|CIA activities in Indonesia}}

{{See also|Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66}}
The United States was suspicious of [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]]'s president, because of his declaration of neutrality in the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Wilford|2024|p=91}} After Sukarno hosted the [[Bandung Conference]], promoting the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower White House]] responded with NSC 5518, authorizing "all feasible covert means" to move Indonesia into the Western sphere.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=143}}

The U.S. had no clear policy on Indonesia. Eisenhower sent his special assistant for security operations, F. M. Dearborn Jr., to Jakarta. His report that there was high instability, and that the U.S. lacked stable allies, reinforcing the [[domino theory]]. Indonesia suffered from what he described as "subversion by democracy".{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=145}} The CIA decided to attempt another military coup in Indonesia, where the Indonesian military was trained by the U.S., had a strong professional relationship with the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]], had a pro-American officer corps that strongly supported their government, and a strong belief in civilian control of the military, instilled partly by its close association with the U.S. military.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=146}}

On September 25, 1957, Eisenhower ordered the CIA to start a revolution in Indonesia with the goal of [[regime change]]. Three days later, ''Blitz'', a Soviet-controlled weekly in India,{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vf9ZJx8WkjQC&q=blitz&pg=PA148 170]}} reported that the U.S. was plotting to overthrow Sukarno. The story was picked up by the media in Indonesia. One of the first parts of the operation was an 11,500-ton U.S. Navy [[USS Thomaston (LSD-28)|ship]] landing at [[Sumatra]], delivering weapons for as many as 8,000 potential revolutionaries.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vf9ZJx8WkjQC&pg=PA148 148]}}

In support of the [[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]]-[[Permesta]] Movement, formed by dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera and North Sulawesi with the aim of overthrowing the Sukarno regime, a [[Douglas A-26 Invader|B-26]] piloted by CIA agent [[Allen Lawrence Pope]] attacked Indonesian military targets in April and May 1958.<ref>{{cite book | last=Roadnight | first=Andrew | title=United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years | year=2002 | pages=162 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location=New York | isbn=978-0-333-79315-2 }}</ref> The CIA described the airstrikes to the president as attacks by "dissident planes." Pope's B-26 was shot down over Ambon, Indonesia, on May 18, 1958, and he bailed out. When he was captured, the Indonesian military found his personnel records, [[After action report|after-action reports]], and his membership card for the officer's club at [[Clark Field]]. On March 9, [[John Foster Dulles]], the Secretary of State and brother of [[Director of Central Intelligence|DCI]] [[Allen Dulles]], made a public statement calling for a revolt against communist despotism under Sukarno. Three days later, the CIA reported to the White House that the Indonesian Army's actions against the CIA-supported revolution were suppressing communism.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=153}}

After Indonesia, Eisenhower displayed mistrust of both the CIA and its director, Allen Dulles. Dulles, too, displayed mistrust of the CIA itself. Abbot Smith, a CIA analyst who later became chief of the [[National Intelligence Council|Office of National Estimates]], said, "We had constructed for ourselves a picture of the USSR, and whatever happened had to be made to fit into this picture. Intelligence estimators can hardly commit a more abominable sin." On December 16, Eisenhower received a report from his intelligence board of consultants that said the agency was "incapable of making objective appraisals of its own intelligence information as well as its own operations."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=154}}

===Democratic Republic of the Congo===
{{Main|CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] became independent from [[Belgium]] in 1960.{{sfn|Reid|2023|p=4}} The United States feared that its new prime minister, [[Patrice Lumumba]], was susceptible to Soviet influence, so the CIA supported [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph Mobutu]] in organizing [[Dissolution of the Lumumba Government#Mobutu's coup|a coup]] that deposed Lumumba on September 14, 1960.{{sfn|Reid|2023|pp=261, 303}} Lumumba was assassinated by his Congolese and Belgian enemies in 1961, with CIA acquiescence.{{sfn|Reid|2023|pp=385, 397–398}} The CIA continued to back the Mobutu regime throughout the Cold War, despite its corruption, mismanagement, and human rights abuses.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=163}}

===1960 U-2 incident===
{{Main|1960 U-2 incident}}

[[File:New Headquarters Building Atrium - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|thumb|Suspended from the ceiling of the glass-enclosed atrium: three models of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]], [[A-12 Oxcart|Lockheed A-12]], and [[Lockheed D-21|D-21]] [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drone]]. These models are exact replicas at one-sixth scale of the real planes. All three had photographic capabilities. The U-2 was one of the first espionage planes developed by the CIA. The A-12 set unheralded flight records. The D-21 drone was one of the first crewless aircraft ever built. [[Lockheed Martin]] donated all three models to the CIA.]]

After the [[bomber gap]] came the [[missile gap]]. Eisenhower wanted to use the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] to disprove the missile gap, but he had banned U-2 overflights of the USSR after meeting Secretary [[Khrushchev]] at [[Camp David]]. Another reason the president objected to the use of the U-2 was that, in the [[Atomic Age|nuclear age]], the intelligence he needed most was on their intentions, without which the U.S. would face a paralysis of intelligence. He was particularly worried that U-2 flights could be seen as preparations for first-strike attacks. He had high hopes for an upcoming meeting with Khrushchev in Paris. Eisenhower finally gave in to CIA pressure to authorize a 16-day window for flights, which was extended an additional six days because of poor weather. On May 1, 1960, the [[Soviet Air Forces]] shot down a U-2 flying over Soviet territory. To Eisenhower, the ensuing cover-up destroyed his perceived honesty and his hope of leaving a legacy of thawing relations with Khrushchev. Eisenhower later said that the U-2 cover-up was the greatest regret of his presidency.<ref name=Ashes>{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Tim |title=Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA |date=2007 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-51445-3 |edition=1st |ref=Ashes |url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofasheshis00wein }}</ref>{{rp|160}}

===Bay of Pigs===
{{Main|Bay of Pigs invasion}}

{{See also|CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro}}
{{See also|History of the Central Intelligence Agency#Cuba}}
[[File:Sam Giancana.jpg|thumb|[[Sam Giancana]] (pictured), [[Santo Trafficante Jr.|Santo Trafficante]], and others, who were recruited by the CIA to assassinate [[Fidel Castro]] in [[Cuba]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Anita |date=June 27, 2007 |title=CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/27/AR2007062700190.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, DC |agency=AP |access-date=April 17, 2018 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320193425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/27/AR2007062700190.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The CIA welcomed [[Fidel Castro]] on his visit to [[Washington, D.C.]], and gave him a face-to-face briefing. The CIA hoped that Castro would bring about a friendly democratic government and planned to support his government with money and guns. By December 11, 1959, however, a memo reached the DCI's desk recommending Castro's "elimination." Dulles replaced the word "elimination" with "removal," and set the scheme into action. By mid-August 1960, [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.|Dick Bissell]] sought, with the full backing of the CIA, to hire the [[American Mafia|Mafia]] to assassinate Castro.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=161}}

The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] was a failed military invasion of [[Cuba]] undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group [[Brigade 2506]] on April 17, 1961. A [[counter-revolutionary]] military, trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the [[Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front|Democratic Revolutionary Front]] (DRF) and intended to overthrow Castro's [[Politics of Cuba|increasingly communist government]]. Launched from [[Guatemala]], the invading force was defeated within three days by the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]], under Castro's direct command. U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was concerned at the direction Castro's government was taking, and in March 1960, Eisenhower allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan his overthrow. The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces, training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala. Over 1,400 paramilitaries set out for Cuba by boat on April 13 for a [[Amphibious warfare|marine invasion]]. Two days later on April 15, eight CIA-supplied [[Douglas A-26 Invader|B-26]] bombers attacked Cuban airfields. On the night of April 16, the land invasion began in the [[Bay of Pigs]], but by April 20, the invaders finally surrendered. The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's leadership as well as his ties with the USSR. This led eventually to the events of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962. The invasion was a major embarrassment for [[US foreign policy|U.S. foreign policy]].

The Taylor Board was commissioned to determine what went wrong in Cuba. The Board came to the same conclusion that the Jan. '61 President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities had concluded, and many other reviews prior, and to come, that covert action had to be completely isolated from intelligence and analysis. The [[Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General|Inspector General of the CIA]] investigated the Bay of Pigs. He concluded that there was a need to improve the organization and management of the CIA drastically.
{{clear left}}

===Cuba: Terrorism and sabotage===
{{Main|Operation Mongoose}}

{{See also|Operation 40}}
After the failure of the attempted invasion at the Bay of Pigs, the CIA proposed [[Operation Mongoose]], a program of [[sabotage]] and [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] against civilian and military targets in Cuba, with the stated intent to bring down the Cuban administration and institute a new government.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|p=68}} It also sought to force the Cuban government to introduce intrusive civil measures and divert resources to protect its citizens from the attacks.<ref name=Bolender12>{{cite book |last1=Bolender |first1=Keith |title=Cuba Under Siege: American Policy, the Revolution, and its People |date=2012 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137275554 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-27554-7 |pages=x, 14, 18–20, 53–57, 63–64, ''[[List of Latin phrases (E)#et passim|et passim]]''|doi=10.1057/9781137275554}}</ref> It was authorized by [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] in November 1961.<ref name=Jorge00>{{cite journal |last1=Domínguez |first1=Jorge I. |title=The @#$%& Missile Crisis |journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]] |quote=On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism.|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishers]]/[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford/Malden |date=April 2000 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=305–316 |doi=10.1111/0145-2096.00214 |url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf |access-date=September 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907103502/https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/jd_missile_crisis.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |url-status=live |issn = 0145-2096}}</ref><ref name=Schou11>{{cite book |last1=Schoultz |first1=Lars |title=That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution |quote=What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up 'such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries.' The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, [[John F. Kennedy|{{abbr|JFK|John F. Kennedy}}]] authorized the CIA's 'Program of Covert Action', now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named [[Edward Lansdale|Lansdale]] its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, 'We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises.' Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try. |date=2009 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |url=https://uncpress.org/book/9780807871898/that-infernal-little-cuban-republic/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=9780807888605 |chapter=State Sponsored Terrorism |pages=170–211 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815081724/https://uncpress.org/book/9780807871898/that-infernal-little-cuban-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NSArchive19>{{cite report |editor1-last=Prados |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Jimenez-Bacardi |editor2-first=Arturo |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose |work=[[National Security Archive]] |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |access-date=April 3, 2020 |quote=The Kennedy administration had been quick to set up a Cuba Task Force—with strong representation from CIA's Directorate of Plans—and on August 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring Castro while attacking civilian targets inside Cuba: 'our covert activities would now be directed toward the destruction of targets important to the [Cuban] economy' (Document 4)...While acting through Cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to Castro, the task force 'will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact.' The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102010542/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=FRUS63volX>{{cite report |last1=Lansdale |first1=Edward |author-link=Edward Lansdale |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Louis J. |title=Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose |date=January 18, 1962 |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291 |access-date=February 19, 2020 |work=[[Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)|Foreign Relations of the United States]] |series=1961–1963 |volume=X, Cuba |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094731/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d291 |url-status=live }}</ref> The operation saw the CIA engage in an extensive campaign of terrorist attacks against civilians and economic targets, killing significant numbers of civilians, and carry out covert operations against the Cuban government.<ref name=Schou11/><ref name=Franklin16>{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Jane |title=Cuba and the U.S. empire: a chronological history |date=2016 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |url=https://nyupress.org/9781583676059/cuba-and-the-u-s-empire/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=New York |isbn=9781583676059 |pages=45–63, 388–392, ''[[List of Latin phrases (E)#et passim|et passim]]'' |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019142815/https://nyupress.org/9781583676059/cuba-and-the-u-s-empire/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Erlich16>{{cite book |last1=Erlich |first1=Reese |title=Dateline Havana: the real story of U.S. policy and the future of Cuba |quote=Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, U.S. leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... U.S. operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change. |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.routledge.com/Dateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st/Erlich-Kinzer/p/book/9780981576978 |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Abingdon/New York |isbn=9781317261605 |pages=26–29 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020185840/https://www.routledge.com/Dateline-Havana-The-Real-Story-of-Us-Policy-and-the-Future-of-Cuba-1st/Erlich-Kinzer/p/book/9780981576978 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BrennerNSA>{{cite web |last1=Brenner |first1=Philip |title=Turning History on its Head |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |quote=..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage of Cuban factories. |website=[[National Security Archive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225125/http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/brenner.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live |date=2002 |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref>

The CIA established a base for the operation, with the cryptonym [[JMWAVE]], at a disused [[Naval Air Station Richmond|naval facility]] on the [[University of Miami]] campus. The operation was so extensive that it housed the largest number of CIA officers outside of Langley, eventually numbering some four hundred. It was a major employer in Florida, with several thousand agents in clandestine pay of the agency.<ref name=Stepick02>{{cite book |editor-last1=Suárez-Orozco |editor-first1=Marcelo M. |editor-last2=Páez |editor-first2=Mariela M. |last1=Stepick |first1=Alex |last2=Stepick |first2=Carol Dutton |title=Latinos: Remaking America |chapter=Power and Identity |quote=Through the 1960s, the private University of Miami had the largest Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station in the world, outside of the organization's headquarters in Virginia. With perhaps as many as twelve thousand Cubans in Miami on its payroll at one point in the early 1960s, the CIA was one of the largest employers in the state of Florida. It supported what was described as the third largest navy in the world and over fifty front businesses: CIA boat shops, gun shops, travel agencies, detective agencies, and real estate agencies |date=2002 |publisher=[[University of California Press]], [[David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies|Harvard University Center for Latin American Studies]] |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Berkeley/London |isbn=978-0520258273 |pages=75–81 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609053206/https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520258273/latinos |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bohning05>{{cite book |last1=Bohning |first1=Don |title=The Castro obsession: U.S. covert operations against Cuba, 1959-1965 |quote=By the end of 1962 the CIA station at an abandoned Navy air facility south of Miami had become the largest in the world outside its Langley, Virginia headquarters... Eventually some four hundred clandestine service officers toiled there... Additional CIA officers worked the Cuba account at Langley and elsewhere. |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press|University of Nebraska Press/Potomac Books]] |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=9781574886757 |pages=1, 84 |edition=1st |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025064302/https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac/9781574886757/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The terrorist activities carried out by agents armed, organized and funded by the CIA were a further source of tension between the U.S. and Cuban governments. They were a major factor contributing to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] decision to place missiles in Cuba, leading to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref name=Miller02>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Nicola |editor-last1=Carter |editor-first1=Dale |editor-last2=Clifton |editor-first2=Robin |chapter=The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba |title=War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780333919408 |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9781403913852 |pages=211–237 |doi=10.1057/9781403913852 |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155529/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781403913852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Brenner90>{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=Philip |title=Cuba and the Missile Crisis |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |date=March 1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=115–142 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X00015133 |s2cid=145075193 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231965249 |quote=While Operation Mongoose was discontinued early in 1963, terrorist actions were reauthorised by the president. In October 1963, 13 major CIA actions against Cuba were approved for the next two months alone, including the sabotage of an electric power plant, a sugar mill and an oil refinery. Authorised CIA raids continued at least until 1965. |access-date=September 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907122348/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Brenner3/publication/231965249_Cuba_and_the_Missile_Crisis/links/55bbb84f08aed621de0dc269.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref>

The attacks continued through 1965.<ref name=Brenner90/> Though the level of terrorist activity directed by the CIA lessened in the second half of the 1960s, in 1969 the CIA was directed to intensify its operations against Cuba.<ref name=Garthoff11>{{cite book |last1=Garthoff |first1=Raymond |author-link=Raymond L. Garthoff |title=Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis |quote=One of [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba |date=2011 |page=144 |publisher=[[The Brookings Institution]] |url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |access-date=February 2, 2020 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=9780815717393 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063522/https://www.brookings.edu/book/reflections-on-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Exile terrorists were still in the employ of the CIA in the mid-1970s, including [[Luis Posada Carriles]].<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NYTPosada05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> He remained on the CIA's payroll until mid-1976,<ref name=BBC05/><ref name=NSArchive06/> and is widely believed to be responsible for the October 1976 [[Cubana de Aviación Flight 455|Cubana 455 flight bombing]], killing 73 people{{snd}}the deadliest instance of airline terrorism in the [[Western Hemisphere]] prior to the [[September 11 attacks|attacks of September 2001]] in New York.<ref name=BBC05>{{cite news |title=Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |access-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222025803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4535661.stm |archive-date=February 22, 2006 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]]|quote=The documents, released by George Washington University's National Security Archive, show that Mr Posada, now in his 70s, was on the CIA payroll from the 1960s until mid-1976.|publisher=BBC|location=London|date=May 11, 2005}}</ref><ref name=NYTPosada05>{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Tim |title=Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist |date=May 9, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |access-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715044307/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/us/cuban-exile-could-test-us-definition-of-terrorist.html |archive-date=July 15, 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=NSArchive06>{{cite report |editor1-last=Kornbluh |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=White |editor2-first=Yvette |date=October 5, 2006 |title=Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later |work=[[National Security Archive]] |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[The George Washington University]] |access-date=April 3, 2020 |quote=Among the documents posted is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada's career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board, many of them teenagers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824225444/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB202/index.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the damage done and civilians killed in the CIA's terrorist attacks, by the measure of its stated objective the project was a complete failure.<ref name=Franklin16/><ref name=Erlich16/>

===Brazil===
{{Main|1964 Brazilian coup d'état}}

The CIA and the United States government were involved in the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]]. The coup occurred from March 31 to April 1, which resulted in the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]] ousting President [[João Goulart]]. The United States saw Goulart as a left-wing threat in Latin America. Secret cables written by the U.S. Ambassador to Brazil, [[Lincoln Gordon]], confirmed that the CIA was involved in covert action in Brazil. The CIA encouraged "pro-democracy street rallies" in Brazil, for instance, to create dissent against Goulart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/bz02.pdf|title=Top Secret Cable from Rio de Janeiro|last=Gordon|first=Lincoln|date=March 27, 1964|website=NSA Archives|access-date=May 4, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322213045/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/bz02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tibet===
The [[CIA Tibetan program]] consisted of political plots, [[propaganda]] distribution, [[paramilitary]] operations, and intelligence gathering based on U.S. commitments made to the [[Dalai Lama]] in 1951 and 1956.<ref name="officiehis">{{cite web |title=Status Report on Tibetan Operations |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]] |date=January 26, 1968 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235323/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both the CIA and the [[R&AW]] played important roles in the establishment of the [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF), an elite [[Special Forces of India|Indian special operations unit]] that operates under the authority of the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]. Personnel in the SFF have traditionally been recruited primarily from [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan refugees]] residing in India, as well as from the [[Gorkha]] community. The force was created to conduct specialized operations in high-altitude and mountainous regions, particularly in the context of India’s strategic concerns regarding the [[People's Liberation Army]] of [[China]]. Over time, the SFF has developed into a highly trained and capable unit and is regarded as a significant strategic deterrent and an important component of India’s defense posture along the Himalayan frontier.<ref>{{cite web|author-last=Arpi |author-first=Claude |author-link=Claude Arpi |date=8 January 2003 |title=The Phantoms of Chittagong |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210163934/http://rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref>

===Indochina and the Vietnam War (1954–1975)===
{{Main|CIA activities in Vietnam|Vietnam War|Phoenix Program|Operation Barrel Roll|CIA activities in Laos|Laotian Civil War}}

The OSS Patti mission arrived in [[Vietnam]] near the end of [[World War II]] and had significant interaction with the leaders of many Vietnamese factions, including [[Ho Chi Minh]].<ref name=Patti>{{cite book |title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross |last=Patti |first=Archimedes L. A. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-520-04156-9}}</ref>

During the period of U.S. combat involvement in the [[Vietnam War]], there was considerable argument about progress among the Department of Defense under [[Robert McNamara]], the CIA, and, to some extent, the intelligence staff of [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam|Military Assistance Command Vietnam]].<ref name=Adams1998>{{cite book |title=War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir |first=Sam |last=Adams |publisher=Steerforth Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-883642-23-X |url=https://archive.org/details/warofnumbersinte00adam }}</ref>

Sometime between 1959 and 1961, the CIA started Project Tiger, a program of dropping [[South Vietnam]] agents into [[North Vietnam]] to gather intelligence. These were failures; the Deputy Chief for Project Tiger, Captain Do Van Tien, admitted that he was an agent for [[Hanoi]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=213}}

In the face of the failure of Project Tiger, [[the Pentagon]] wanted CIA paramilitary forces to participate in their Op Plan 64A. This resulted in the CIA's foreign paramilitaries being put under the command of the DOD, a move seen as a [[slippery slope]] inside the CIA, a slide from covert action towards militarization.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=237}}

The antiwar movement rapidly expanded across the United States during the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson presidency]]. Johnson wanted CIA Director Richard Helms to substantiate Johnson's hunch that Moscow and Beijing were financing and influencing the American antiwar movement.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|p=82}} Thus, in the fall of 1967, the CIA launched a domestic surveillance program code-named [[Operation CHAOS|Chaos]] that would linger for a total of seven years. Police departments across the country cooperated in tandem with the agency, amassing a "computer index of 300,000 names of American people and organizations, and extensive files on 7,200 citizens." Helms hatched a "Special Operations Group" in which "[eleven] CIA officers grew long hair, learned the jargon of the [[New Left]], and went off to infiltrate peace groups in the United States and Europe."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=285}} A CIA analyst's assessment of Vietnam was that the U.S. was "becoming progressively divorced from reality... [and] proceeding with far more courage than wisdom".{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=248}}

From 1968 to 1972, the CIA's [[Phoenix Program]] involved the killing of between twenty and forty thousand South Vietnamese civilians that the CIA believed to be members of what they called the "Infrastructure": the non-military administrative and political components of the communists' organizational structure. Thousands were tortured prior to being killed, by such methods as the repeated application of [[Electrocution|electrical shock]] to the brain, and the drilling of a dowel through the ear canal into the brain until the person died.{{sfnm|1a1=Brysk|1a2=Meade|1a3=Shafir|1y=2016|2a1=Gordon|2y=2014|3a1=Jeffreys-Jones|3y=2022|3p=85|4a1=Kuzmarov|4y=2009|5a1=McCoy|5y=2007|6a1=Schwab|6y=2014|7a1=Simpson|7y=2003|8a1=Valcourt|8y=1989}}

===Abuses of CIA authority, 1970s===
{{See also|History of the Central Intelligence Agency#Nixon}}
[[File:Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman "Smoking Gun" Conversation June 23, 1972.wav|thumb|Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman "Smoking Gun" Conversation, June 23, 1972 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160729063732/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/exhibit_01.pdf full transcript])]]
[[File:President Ford meets with CIA Director-designate George Bush - NARA - 7141445.jpg|thumb|President [[Gerald Ford]] meeting with CIA Director–designate [[George H. W. Bush]], December 17, 1975]]

Conditions worsened in the mid-1970s, around the time of [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]]. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of Congress to assert [[Congressional oversight|oversight]] of the U.S. presidency and the executive branch of the U.S. government. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and [[Human rights violations by the CIA#Assassination and targeted killing|attempted assassinations of foreign leaders]] (most notably Fidel Castro and Rafael Trujillo) and illegal domestic spying on U.S. citizens, provided the opportunities to increase congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations.<ref name="'70s 49">{{cite book |title=How We Got Here: The '70s |last=Frum |first=David |author-link=David Frum |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-04195-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/49 49–51] |url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/49 }}</ref>

In 1971, the NSA and CIA were engaged in domestic spying; the DOD was eavesdropping on [[Henry Kissinger]]. The White House and [[Camp David]] were wired for sound. Nixon and Kissinger were eavesdropping on their aides, as well as reporters. Famously, Nixon's [[White House Plumbers|Plumbers]] had in their number many former CIA officers, including [[Howard Hunt]], [[James W. McCord Jr.|Jim McCord]], and [[Eugenio Martinez]]. On July 7, 1971, [[John Ehrlichman]], Nixon's domestic policy chief, told DCI Cushman, Nixon's [[Hatchet man (idiom)|hatchet man]] in the CIA, to let Cushman "know that [Hunt] was, in fact, doing some things for the President... you should consider he has pretty much ''[[Blank cheque|carte blanche]]''".{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=319}}

Hastening the CIA's fall from grace was the burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party by former CIA officers, and President [[Richard Nixon]]'s subsequent attempt to use the CIA to impede the FBI's investigation of the burglary. In the famous [[Nixon White House tapes|"smoking gun" recording]] that led to President Nixon's resignation, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, [[H. R. Haldeman]], to tell the CIA that further investigation of Watergate would "open the whole can of worms about the Bay of Pigs".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/history/hpol/nixon/watergate/smoking-gun |website=[[Wyzant]] |title=Transcript of a recording of a meeting between President Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the oval office |date=June 23, 1972 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112173618/http://www.hpol.org/transcript.php?id=92 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt1976">{{cite news |title=Nixon Explains His Taped Cryptic Remark About Helms |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/12/archives/nixon-explains-his-taped-cryptic-remark-about-helms.html |access-date=June 13, 2019 |date=March 12, 1976 |archive-date=August 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809203342/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/12/archives/nixon-explains-his-taped-cryptic-remark-about-helms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In this way, Nixon and Haldeman ensured that the CIA's No. 1 and No. 2 ranking officials, [[Richard Helms]] and [[Vernon A. Walters|Vernon Walters]], communicated to FBI Director [[L. Patrick Gray]] that the FBI should not follow the money trail from the burglars to the [[Committee to Re-elect the President]], as it would uncover CIA informants in Mexico. The FBI initially agreed to this due to a long-standing agreement between the FBI and CIA not to uncover each other's sources of information, though within a couple of weeks, the FBI resumed its investigation. Nonetheless, when the smoking gun tapes were made public, damage to the public's perception of CIA's top officials, and thus to the CIA as a whole, could not be avoided.<ref name=" Gray III">{{cite book |title=In Nixon's Web: A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate |last1=Gray III |first1=L. Patrick |author-link1=L. Patrick Gray |first2=Ed |last2=Gray |year=2008 |publisher=Times Books/Henry Holt |isbn=978-0-8050-8256-2 |url=http://www.lpatrickgrayiii.com/ |access-date=June 19, 2010 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720021307/http://lpatrickgrayiii.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 13, 1972, after Nixon's landslide re-election, Nixon told Kissinger "[I intend] to ruin the Foreign Service. I mean ruin it – the old Foreign Service – and to build a new one." He had similar designs for the CIA and intended to replace Helms with [[James Schlesinger]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=322}} Nixon had promised that Helms could stay on until his 60th birthday, the mandatory retirement age. On February 2, Nixon broke that promise, carrying through with his intention to "remove the deadwood" from the CIA. "Get rid of the clowns" was his order to the incoming DCI. Kissinger had been running the CIA since the beginning of Nixon's presidency, but Nixon impressed on Schlesinger that he must appear to Congress to be in charge, averting their suspicion of Kissinger's involvement.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=323}} Nixon also hoped that Schlesinger could push through broader changes in the intelligence community that he had been working towards for years, the creation of a [[Director of National Intelligence]], and spinning off the covert action part of the CIA into a separate organ. Before Helms would leave office, he would destroy every tape he had secretly made of meetings in his office, and many of the papers on [[Project MKUltra]]. In Schlesinger's 17-week tenure, in his assertion to President Nixon that it was "imperative to cut back on 'the prominence of CIA operations' around the world," the director fired more than 1,500 employees.<ref>Weiner Tim 2007''A Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA'' New York Doubleday p. 339</ref> As Watergate threw the spotlight on the CIA, Schlesinger, who had been kept in the dark about the CIA's involvement, decided he needed to know what [[Skeleton in the closet|skeletons were in the closet]].

This became the [[Family Jewels (CIA)|Family Jewels]]. It included information linking the CIA to the assassination of foreign leaders, the illegal surveillance of some 7,000 U.S. citizens involved in the antiwar movement ([[Operation CHAOS]]), its [[Project MKUltra|experiments on U.S. and Canadian citizens without their knowledge]], and secretly giving them [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (among other things) and observing the results.<ref name="'70s 49"/> This prompted Congress to create the [[Church Committee]] in the Senate, and the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|Pike Committee]] in the House. President [[Gerald Ford]] created the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]],<ref name="'70s 49"/> and issued an [[Executive Order 11905|executive order prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders]]. DCI Colby leaked the papers to the press; later, he stated that he believed that providing Congress with this information was the correct thing to do, and ultimately in the CIA's interests.<ref name="TMNK">{{Cite AV media |people=Carl Colby (director) |date=September 2011 |title=The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby |url=http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/ |medium=Motion picture |publisher=Act 4 Entertainment |location=New York City |access-date=September 18, 2011 |ref=September 15, 2011 |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090233/http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 1974, ''The'' ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' reported that the CIA had collected intelligence files on at least 10,000 Americans and engaged in dozens of other illegal activities beginning in the 1950s, including break-ins, wiretapping and mail inspections, in violation of its 1947 charter which prohibited it from taking action on American soil and against U.S. citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |url=https://archive.org/details/invisiblebridgef0000perl |title=The invisible bridge : the fall of Nixon and the rise of Reagan |date=2014 |publisher=New York : Simon & Schuster |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-4767-8241-6 |pages=330}}</ref>

===Congressional investigations===
Acting Attorney General [[Laurence Silberman]] learned of the existence of the Family Jewels and issued a subpoena for them, prompting eight congressional investigations on the domestic spying activities of the CIA. [[Bill Colby]]'s short tenure as DCI would end with the [[Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)|Halloween Massacre]]. His replacement was [[George Herbert Walker Bush|George H. W. Bush]]. At the time, the DOD had control of 80% of the intelligence budget.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=347}} Communication and coordination between the CIA and the DOD would suffer greatly under Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The CIA's budget for hiring clandestine officers had been squeezed out by the paramilitary operations in Southeast Asia, and the government's poor popularity further strained hiring. This left the agency bloated with middle management, and anemic in younger officers. With employee training taking five years, the agency's only hope would be on the trickle of new officers coming to fruition years in the future. The CIA would see another setback as communists would take Angola. [[William J. Casey]], a member of Ford's Intelligence Advisory Board, obtained Bush's approval to allow a team from outside the CIA to produce Soviet military estimates as a "Team B". The "B" team was composed of [[War hawk|hawks]]. Their estimates were the highest that could be justified, and they painted a picture of a growing Soviet military when the Soviet military was indeed shrinking. Many of their reports found their way to the press.

===Chad===
{{Main|CIA activities in Chad}}

[[Chad|Chad's]] neighbor [[Libya]] was a major source of weaponry to communist rebel forces. The CIA seized the opportunity to arm and finance Chad's prime minister, [[Hissène Habré]], after he created a breakaway government in western [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/24/our-man-in-africa/ |title=Our Man in Africa |first=Michael |last=Bronner |date=December 11, 2014 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |access-date=March 6, 2017 |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416001821/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/24/our-man-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
{{See also|CIA activities in Afghanistan|Operation Cyclone}}
{{Further|Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden}}
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Critics assert that funding the Afghan [[mujahideen]] in [[Operation Cyclone]] played a role in causing the [[September 11 attacks]].]]
In [[Afghanistan]], the CIA funneled [[Operation Cyclone|several billion dollars' worth of weapons]],<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|page=238}}</ref> including [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missiles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |title=Afghanistan war logs: US covered up fatal Taliban missile strike on Chinook |first=Declan |last=Walsh |date=July 25, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205180111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-taliban-missile-strike-chinook |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Pakistan]]i [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)—which funneled them to tens of thousands of [[Afghan mujahideen]] resistance fighters in order to fight the Soviets and the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=144–145}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2009 |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |title=Story of US, CIA and Taliban |newspaper=[[The Brunei Times]] |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |archive-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=West |first=Julian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=April 9, 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In total, the CIA sent approximately 2,300 Stingers to Afghanistan, creating a substantial [[black market]] for the weapons throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and even parts of Africa that persisted well into the 1990s. Perhaps 100 Stingers were acquired by Iran. The CIA later operated a program to recover the Stingers through cash buybacks.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=233, 337–338}}</ref>

===Nicaragua===
{{See also|History of the Central Intelligence Agency#Iran/Contra}}
{{Further|Contras|Reagan Doctrine}}
Under President [[Jimmy Carter]], the CIA was conducting covertly funded support for the [[Contras]] in their war against the [[Sandinistas]]. In March 1981, Reagan told [[United States Congress|Congress]] that the CIA would protect [[El Salvador]] by preventing the Sandinistas from shipping arms to communist rebels in El Salvador. The CIA also began arming and training the [[Contras]] in [[Honduras]] in hopes that they could depose the Sandinistas in [[Nicaragua]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=380}} The CIA was involved in the [[Iran–Contra affair]] arms smuggling scandal. Repercussions from the scandal included the creation of the [[Intelligence Authorization Act]] in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the U.S. is neither openly nor apparently engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official [[presidential finding]] report and the informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification." Critics have alleged that the CIA was also [[CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking|involved in Contra cocaine trafficking]].<ref name="AP, 1986">{{cite news |title=US Concedes Contras Linked to Drugs, But Denies Leadership Involved |url=https://apnews.com/bb7394e75625a363b8c0bf9b0d6cf969 |access-date=May 22, 2017 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 17, 1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129190653/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/US-Concedes-Contras-Linked-to-Drugs-But-Denies-Leadership-Involved/id-bb7394e75625a363b8c0bf9b0d6cf969 |archive-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Delaval, 2000">{{cite web |last1=Delaval |first1=Craig |title=Cocaine, Conspiracy Theories & the C.I.A. in Central America |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/cia.html |access-date=May 22, 2017 |publisher=[[PBS]] |website=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427124212/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/cia.html |archive-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref>

===Lebanon===
{{main|CIA activities in Lebanon}}

The CIA's prime source in Lebanon was [[Bashir Gemayel]], a member of the [[Christian Maronite]] sect. The uprising against the Maronite minority blindsided the CIA. [[Israel]] [[1982 Lebanon War|invaded Lebanon]], and, along with the CIA, propped up Gemayel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Key Phalangist Aides Implicated in Operation that Led to Killings|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/30/world/key-phalangist-aides-implicated-in-operation-that-led-to-killings.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 September 1982|last=Campbell|first=Colin|access-date=19 January 2026|quote= Bashir Gemayel, Mr. [[Elie Hobeika|Hobeika]], who was his intelligence chief, and at least one close political adviser later had regular contacts with American officials and members of the Central Intelligence Agency.}}</ref> This secured Gemayel's assurance that Americans would be protected in Lebanon. Thirteen days later, he was assassinated. [[Imad Mughniyah]], a [[Hezbollah]] assassin, targeted Americans in retaliation for the Israeli invasion, the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]], and the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] of the [[Multinational Force in Lebanon|Multi-National Force]] for their role in opposing the [[PLO]] in Lebanon. On April 18, 1983, a 2,000-pound car bomb [[1984 US embassy bombing in Beirut|exploded in the lobby of the American embassy]] in [[Beirut]], killing 63 people, including 17 Americans and 7 CIA officers, including [[Robert Ames (CIA official)|Robert Ames]], one of the CIA's Middle East experts. America's fortunes in Lebanon suffered more as America's poorly directed retaliation for the bombing was interpreted by many as support for the Maronite minority. On October 23, 1983, two bombs ([[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|1983 Beirut Bombing]]) were set off in Beirut, including a 10-ton bomb at a U.S. military barracks that killed 242 people.

The embassy bombing killed Ken Haas, the CIA's Station Chief in [[Beirut]]. [[William Francis Buckley|Bill Buckley]] was sent in to replace him. Eighteen days after the U.S. Marines left Lebanon, Buckley was kidnapped. On March 7, 1984, Jeremy Levin, [[CNN]]'s Bureau Chief in Beirut, was kidnapped. Twelve more Americans were captured in Beirut during the [[Reagan Administration]]. [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]], a former [[Savak]] agent, was an information seller, and was discredited over his record of misinformation. He reached out to the agency offering a [[back channel]] to Iran, suggesting a trade of missiles that would be lucrative to the intermediaries.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=397}}

===Pakistan===
{{Main|CIA activities in Pakistan}}

It has been alleged by such authors as [[Ahmed Rashid]] that the CIA and [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] have been waging a clandestine war.

===India–Pakistan geopolitical tensions===
On May 11, 1998, CIA Director George Tenet and his agency were taken aback by India's [[Pokhran-II|second nuclear test]]. The test prompted concerns from its nuclear-capable adversary, [[Pakistan]], and, "remade the balance of power in the world." The nuclear test was [[New Delhi]]'s calculated response to Pakistan previously testing new missiles in its expanding arsenal. This series of events subsequently revealed the CIA's "failure of espionage, a failure to read photographs, a failure to comprehend reports, a failure to think, and a failure to see."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=468}}

===Poland, 1980–1989===
{{See also|Poland–United States relations}}
Unlike the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter administration]], the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]] supported the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement in [[Poland]], and—based on CIA intelligence—waged a public relations campaign to deter what the Carter administration felt was "an imminent move by large Soviet military forces into Poland." Colonel Ryszard Kukliński, a senior officer on the Polish General Staff, was secretly sending reports to the CIA.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Richard T. |last=Davies |title=The CIA and the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981 |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |year=2004 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=120–123 |doi=10.1162/1520397041447346 |s2cid=57563775}}</ref>

The CIA transferred around $2 million yearly in cash to Solidarity, which suggests that $10 million total is a reasonable estimate for the five-year total. There were no direct links between the CIA and ''Solidarność'', and all money was channeled through third parties.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gregory F. |last=Domber |title=Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199 |year=2008 |page=199 |publisher=George Washington University |isbn=9780549385165 |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119162557/https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}, revised as Domber 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=%22although%20Casey%20initiated%22 p. 110] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=%22although%20Casey%20initiated%22#v=snippet |date=July 27, 2020 }}.</ref> CIA officers were barred from meeting Solidarity leaders, and the CIA's contacts with ''Solidarność'' activists were weaker than those of the [[AFL–CIO]], which raised $300,000 from its members, which were used to provide material and cash directly to Solidarity, with no control of Solidarity's use of it. The U.S. Congress authorized the [[National Endowment for Democracy]] to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Domber |first=Gregory F. |title=What Putin Misunderstands about American Power |url=http://uncpressblog.com/2014/08/28/gregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power/ |date=August 28, 2014 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |website=University of California Press Blog |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902065951/http://uncpressblog.com/2014/08/28/gregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When the Polish government launched a crackdown in December 1981, Solidarity was not alerted. Explanations for this vary; some believe the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policymakers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an "inevitable Soviet intervention."<ref>{{cite web |last=MacEachin |first=Douglas J. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/us-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613085810/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/us-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980–1981 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=June 28, 2008}}</ref>

CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations CIA division.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://carlbernstein.com/magazine_holy_alliance.php |title=The Holy Alliance |first=Carl |last=Bernstein |date=June 24, 2001 |magazine=Time |via=CarlBernstein.com |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905064013/http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_holy_alliance.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Henry Hyde]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] intelligence committee member, said that the U.S. provided "supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda, money, organizational help and advice".<ref>{{cite book |title=Branding Democracy: U.S. Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe |first=Gerald |last=Sussman |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2010 |page=128 |isbn=978-1-43310-530-2}}</ref> Michael Reisman of Yale Law School named operations in Poland as one of the CIA's [[Cold War]] covert operations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honor of W. Michael Reisman |editor-first1=Mahnoush H. |editor-last1=Arsanjani |editor-first2=Jacob Katz |editor-last2=Cogan |editor-first3=Robert D. |editor-last3=Sloane |editor-first4=Siegfried |editor-last4=Wiessner |location=Leiden & Boston |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-9-00417-361-3}}</ref>

Initial funds for covert actions by the CIA were $2 million, but authorization was soon increased and by 1985, the CIA had successfully infiltrated Poland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency |first=William J. |last=Daugherty |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-81312-334-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/executivesecrets00daug_0/page/201 201–203] |url=https://archive.org/details/executivesecrets00daug_0/page/201}}</ref> Rainer Thiel, in ''Nested Games of External Democracy Promotion: The United States and the Polish Liberalization 1980–1989'', mentions how covert operations by the CIA, and spy games, among others, allowed the U.S. to proceed with successful regime change.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Rainer |last=Thiel |title=Nested Games of External Democracy Promotion: The United States and the Polish Liberalization 1980–1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/nestedgamesexter00thie |url-access=limited |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=[[VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften]] |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nestedgamesexter00thie/page/n266 273] |isbn=978-3-53117-769-4}}</ref>

===Operation Gladio===
{{Main|Operation Gladio}}

During the [[Cold War]], the CIA and [[NATO]] were involved in [[Operation Gladio]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pedrick|first=Clare|date=November 14, 1990|title=CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/14/cia-organized-secret-army-in-western-europe/e0305101-97b9-4494-bc18-d89f42497d85/|access-date=January 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=March 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324205950/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/14/cia-organized-secret-army-in-western-europe/e0305101-97b9-4494-bc18-d89f42497d85/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Agee|first1=Philip|title=Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe|last2=Wolf|first2=Louis|year=1978}}</ref> As part of Operation Gladio, the CIA supported the Italian government, and allegedly supported [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist organizations]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/26/terrorism|title = Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = March 26, 2001|access-date = July 30, 2023|archive-date = May 29, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529044528/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/26/terrorism|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/fontana/fontana.html|title = Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa|date = February 11, 1998|access-date = July 30, 2023|archive-date = March 18, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230318203209/https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/fontana/fontana.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/report_ital_senate.pdf |title = Il Terrorismo, le stragi ed il contesto storico-politico |date = August 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819211212/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/report_ital_senate.pdf |archive-date=August 19, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> such as National Vanguard, New Order and the [[Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari]] during the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead in Italy]].

In [[Turkey]], Gladio was called [[Counter-Guerrilla]]. CIA efforts strengthened the [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkist]] movement through the founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla; [[Alparslan Türkeş]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mehtap Söyler |url=https://archive.org/details/the-turkish-deep-state-state-consolidation-civil-military-relations-and-democracy/page/108/mode/2up |title=The Turkish Deep State State Consolidation, Civil Military Relations And Democracy |date=2015}}</ref> Other [[Far-right politics|far-right]] individuals employed by the CIA as part of Counter-Guerilla included [[Ruzi Nazar]], a former [[SS]] officer and Pan-Turkist.<ref name="variant">{{Cite journal |author=Fernandes, Desmond |author2=Ozden, Iskender |date=Spring 2001 |title=United States and NATO Inspired 'Psychological Warfare Operations' Against The 'Kurdish Communist Threat' in Turkey |url=http://www.variant.org.uk/pdfs/issue12/Fernandes.pdf |journal=[[Variant (magazine)|Variant]] |volume=12 |access-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117113818/http://www.variant.org.uk/pdfs/issue12/Fernandes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Operation Desert Storm===
{{Main|Gulf War}}

During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], the CIA had backed both sides. The CIA had maintained a network of spies in Iran, but in 1989, a CIA mistake compromised every agent they had in there, and the CIA had no agents in Iraq. In the weeks before the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]], the CIA downplayed the military buildup. During the war, CIA estimates of Iraqi abilities and intentions flip-flopped and were rarely accurate. In one particular case, the DOD had asked the CIA to identify military targets to bomb. One target the CIA identified was an underground shelter. The CIA did not know that it was a civilian bomb shelter. In a rare instance, the CIA correctly determined that the coalition forces efforts were coming up short in their efforts to destroy [[Scud missile|Scud missiles]]. Congress took away the CIA's role in interpreting spy-satellite photos, putting the CIA's satellite intelligence operations under the auspices of the military. The CIA created its office of military affairs, which operated as "second-echelon support for the Pentagon. .. answering ... questions from military men [like] 'how wide is this road?{{'"}}{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=428}}

===Fall of the Soviet Union===
{{See also|History of the Central Intelligence Agency#Fall of the USSR}}
[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s announcement of the unilateral reduction of 500,000 Soviet troops took the CIA by surprise. Moreover, Doug MacEachin, the CIA's Chief of Soviet analysis, said that even if the CIA had told the president, the NSC, and Congress about the cuts beforehand, it would have been ignored. "We never would have been able to publish it."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=429}} All the CIA numbers on the Soviet Union's economy were wrong. Too often, the CIA relied on inexperienced people supposedly deemed experts. Bob Gates had preceded Doug MacEachin as Chief of Soviet analysis, and he had never visited the Soviet Union. Few officers, even those stationed in the country, spoke the language of the people on whom they spied. And the CIA could not send agents to respond to developing situations. The CIA analysis of Russia during the Cold War was either driven by ideology or by politics. [[William J. Crowe]], the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, noted that the CIA "talked about the Soviet Union as if they weren't reading the newspapers, much less developed clandestine intelligence."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=430}}

On January 25, 1993, [[Mir Qazi]] [[1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters|opened fire at the CIA headquarters]] in Langley, Virginia, killing two officers and wounding three others.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|pp=142–143}} On February 26, [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists led by [[Ramzi Yousef]] [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|bombed the parking garage]] below the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], killing six people and injuring 1,402 others.

During the [[Bosnian War]], the CIA ignored signs within and without{{Clarify|date=June 2021}} of the [[Srebrenica massacre]]. On July 13, 1995, when the press report about the massacre came out, the CIA received pictures from a spy satellite of prisoners guarded by men with guns in Srebrenica.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA|last=Weiner|first=Tim|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2008|location=New York |pages=527}}</ref> The CIA had no agents on the ground to verify the report. Two weeks after news reports of the slaughter, the CIA sent a [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] to photograph it. A week later, the CIA completed its report on the matter. The final report came to the Oval Office on August 4, 1995. In short, it took three weeks for the agency to confirm that one of the largest mass murders in Europe since the [[World War II|Second World War]] had occurred.<ref name=":1" /> Another CIA mistake which occurred in the Balkans during the Clinton presidency was the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO bombing of Serbia]]. To force [[Slobodan Milošević]] to withdraw his troops from Kosovo, the CIA had been invited to provide military targets for bombings, wherein the agency's analysts used tourist maps to determine the location.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA|last=Weiner|first=Tim|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2008|location=New York |pages=546}}</ref> However, the agency incorrectly provided the coordinates of the Chinese Embassy as a target, resulting in [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|its bombing]]. The CIA had misread the target as Slobodan Milosevic's military depot.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA|last=Weiner|first=Tim|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2008|location=New York |pages=547}}</ref>

In [[Guatemala]], the CIA produced the Murphy Memo, based on audio recordings made by [[covert listening device]]s planted by Guatemalan intelligence in the bedroom of Ambassador [[Marilyn McAfee]]. In the recording, Ambassador McAfee verbally entreated "Murphy." The CIA circulated a memo in the highest Washington circles accusing Ambassador McAfee of having an extramarital lesbian affair with her secretary, Carol Murphy. There was no affair. Ambassador McAfee was calling to Murphy, her [[poodle]].{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=459}}

[[Harold James Nicholson]] would [[Burn notice|burn]]{{Clarify|date=June 2021}} several serving officers and three years of trainees before he was caught spying for Russia. In 1997, the House would pen another report, which said that CIA officers know little about the language or politics of the people they spy on; the conclusion was that the CIA lacked the "depth, breadth, and expertise to monitor political, military, and economic developments worldwide."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=465}} Russ Travers said in the CIA in-house journal that, in five years, "intelligence failure is inevitable".{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=466}} In 1997, the CIA's new director [[George Tenet]] would promise a new working agency by 2002. The CIA's surprise at [[Smiling Buddha|India's detonation of an atom bomb]] was a failure at almost every level. After the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 embassy bombings]] by [[Al Qaeda|al-Qaeda]], the CIA offered two targets to be [[Operation Infinite Reach|hit in retaliation]]. One of them was the [[al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]], where traces of chemical weapon precursors had been detected. In the aftermath, it was concluded that "the decision to target al Shifa continues a tradition of operating on inadequate intelligence about Sudan." It triggered the CIA to make "substantial and sweeping changes" to prevent "a catastrophic systemic intelligence failure."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=470}}

====Aldrich Ames====
{{See also|Aldrich Ames}}
Between 1985 and 1986, the CIA lost every spy it had in Eastern Europe. The details of the investigation into the cause were obscured from the new director, and the investigation had little success and has been widely criticized. On February 21, 1994, FBI agents pulled [[Aldrich Ames]] out of his Jaguar.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=448}} In the investigation that ensued, the CIA [[1995 CIA disinformation controversy|discovered]] that many of the sources for its most important analyses of the USSR were based on Soviet disinformation fed to the CIA by controlled agents. On top of that, it was discovered that, in some cases, the CIA suspected at the time that the sources were compromised, but the information was sent up the chain as genuine.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=450}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/ames/ames.htm |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=FBI History: Famous Cases – Aldrich Hazen Ames |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611072859/http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/ames/ames.htm |archive-date=June 11, 2008}}</ref>

===Osama bin Laden===
Agency files show that it is believed [[Osama bin Laden]] was funding the Afghan rebels against the USSR in the 1980s.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=460}} In 1991, bin Laden returned to his native [[Saudi Arabia]] protesting the presence of troops, and [[Operation Desert Storm]]. He was expelled from the country. In 1996, the CIA created a team to hunt bin Laden. They were trading information with the Sudanese until, on the word of a source that would later be found to be a fabricator, the CIA closed its Sudan station later that year. In 1998, bin Laden would declare war on America, and, on August 7, [[1998 United States embassy bombings|strike in Tanzania and Nairobi]]. On October 12, 2000, al-Qaeda [[USS Cole bombing|bombed the USS ''Cole'']]. In the first days of George W. Bush's presidency, al-Qaeda threats were ubiquitous in daily presidential CIA briefings, but it may have become a case of [[false alarm]]. The agency's predictions were dire but carried little weight, and the focus of the president and his defense staff were elsewhere. The CIA arranged the arrests of suspected al-Qaeda members through cooperation with foreign agencies, but the CIA could not definitively say what effect these arrests have had, and it could not gain hard intelligence from those captured. The president had asked the CIA if al-Qaeda could plan attacks in the U.S. On August 6, Bush received a daily briefing with the headline, not based on current, solid intelligence, "Al Qaeda determined to strike inside the US." The U.S. had been hunting bin Laden since 1996 and had had several opportunities, but neither Clinton nor Bush had wanted to risk taking an active role in a murky assassination plot, and the perfect opportunity had never materialized for a DCI that would have given him the reassurances he needed to take the plunge. That day, [[Richard A. Clarke]] sent [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] warning of the risks, and decrying the inaction of the CIA.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=480}}

====Al-Qaeda and the Global War on Terrorism====
{{Further|CIA transnational anti-terrorism activities|Human rights violations by the CIA|Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture}}
[[File:A bounty leaflect prepared by the USA for use in Afghanistan (front) -a.jpg|thumb|The CIA prepared a series of leaflets announcing bounties for those who turned in or denounced individuals suspected of association with the [[Taliban]] or [[al-Qaeda]].]]In January 1996, the CIA created an experimental "virtual station," the [[Bin Laden Issue Station]], under the Counterterrorist Center, to track bin Laden's developing activities. [[Jamal al-Fadl]], who defected to the CIA in spring 1996, began to provide the Station with a new image of the al-Qaeda leader: he was not only a terrorist financier but a terrorist organizer as well. FBI Special Agent Dan Coleman (who, together with his partner Jack Cloonan, had been "seconded" to the bin Laden Station) called him al-Qaeda's "[[Rosetta Stone]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mayer |first=Jane |title=Junior: The clandestine life of America's top Al Qaeda source |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=September 11, 2006 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911fa_fact?currentPage=all |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304095952/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911fa_fact?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1999, CIA chief George Tenet launched a plan to deal with al-Qaeda. The Counterterrorist Center, its new chief, [[Cofer Black]], and the center's [[Bin Laden Issue Station|bin Laden unit]] were the plan's developers and executors. Once it was prepared, Tenet assigned CIA intelligence chief [[Charles E. Allen]] to set up a "Qaeda cell" to oversee its tactical execution.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tenet |first1=George |author-link1=George Tenet |last2=Harlow |first2=Bill |author-link2=Bill Harlow |title=At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-114778-4 |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA119 |oclc=71163669 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103424/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA119 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, the CIA and [[United States Air Force|USAF]] jointly ran a series of flights over Afghanistan with a small remote-controlled reconnaissance drone, the [[MQ-1 Predator|Predator]]; they obtained probable photos of bin Laden. Cofer Black and others became advocates of arming the Predator with missiles to try to assassinate bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders.

====September 11 attacks and its aftermath====
[[File:Cia-mi17.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. [[United States special operations forces|Special Forces]] helping [[Northern Alliance]] troops away from a CIA-operated [[Mil Mi-17|MI-17 Hip]] helicopter at [[Bagram Airfield|Bagram Airbase]], 2002]]
On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda members]] [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] four passenger jets within the [[Northeastern United States]] in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks. Two planes crashed into the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third into [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and the fourth inadvertently into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]. The attacks cost the [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|lives of 2,996 people (including the 19 hijackers)]], caused the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|destruction of the Twin Towers]], and damaged the western side of the Pentagon. Soon after 9/11, ''The New York Times'' released a story stating that the CIA's New York field office was destroyed in the wake of the attacks. According to unnamed CIA sources, while [[first responder]]s, military personnel and [[Volunteering|volunteers]] were conducting rescue efforts at the [[World Trade Center site]], a special CIA team was searching the rubble for both digital and paper copies of classified documents. This was done according to well-rehearsed document recovery procedures put in place after the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian takeover of the United States Embassy]] in Tehran in 1979.

While the CIA insists that those who conducted the attacks on 9/11 were not aware that the agency was operating at 7 World Trade Center under the guise of another (unidentified) federal agency, this center was the headquarters for many notable criminal terrorism investigations. Though the New York field offices' main responsibilities were to monitor and recruit foreign officials stationed at the United Nations, the field office also handled the investigations of the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|August 1998 bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa]] and the October 2000 [[USS Cole bombing|bombing of the USS ''Cole'']].<ref name="Risen">{{cite news |last=Risen |first=James |title=A Nation Challenged: The Intelligence Agency; Secret C.I.A. Site in New York Was Destroyed on Sept. 11 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/us/nation-challenged-intelligence-agency-secret-cia-site-new-york-was-destroyed.html |access-date=December 3, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 4, 2001 |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165525/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/us/nation-challenged-intelligence-agency-secret-cia-site-new-york-was-destroyed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the fact that the 9/11 attacks may have damaged the CIA's New York branch, and they had to loan office space from the [[United States Mission to the United Nations|U.S. Mission to the United Nations]] and other federal agencies, there was an upside for the CIA.<ref name=" Risen"/> In the months immediately following 9/11, there was a huge increase in the number of applications for CIA positions. According to CIA representatives that spoke with ''The New York Times'', pre-9/11 the agency received approximately 500 to 600 applications a week; in the months following 9/11, the agency received that number daily.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |title=A Nation Challenged: The Intelligence Agencies; Job Seekers Flood Spy Agencies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/22/us/a-nation-challenged-the-intelligence-agencies-job-seekers-flood-spy-agencies.html |access-date=December 3, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 22, 2001 |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165516/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/22/us/a-nation-challenged-the-intelligence-agencies-job-seekers-flood-spy-agencies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The intelligence community as a whole, and especially the CIA, were involved in presidential planning immediately after the 9/11 attacks. In his address to the nation at 8:30pm on September 11, 2001, George W. Bush mentioned the intelligence community: "The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts, I've directed the full resources of our ''intelligence'' and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice."<ref>{{cite web |last=Bush |first=George W. |title=President George W. Bush's Address To The Nation on September 11, 2001 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta8UBqsvwyE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913073027/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta8UBqsvwyE&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=September 13, 2013 |url-status=dead|website=YouTube |access-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

The involvement of the CIA in the newly coined "[[War on terror|War on Terror]]" was further increased on September 15, 2001. During a meeting at Camp David, George W. Bush agreed to adopt a plan proposed by CIA director George Tenet. This plan consisted of conducting a covert war in which CIA paramilitary officers would cooperate with anti-Taliban guerrillas inside Afghanistan. They would later be joined by small [[United States special operations forces|special operations forces]] teams which would call in precision airstrikes on Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters. This plan was codified on September 16, 2001, with Bush's signature of an official Memorandum of Notification that allowed the plan to proceed.<ref name="Public Broadcasting Service">{{cite web |title=Fighting on Two Fronts: A Chronology |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/etc/cron.html |website=PBS Frontline |access-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033209/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/etc/cron.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 070208-D-7203T-015.jpg|thumb|[[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] and former [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[Robert Gates]] meeting with Russian Minister of Defense and ex-KGB officer [[Sergei Ivanov]], 2007]]
On November 25–27, 2001, [[Taliban]] prisoners [[Battle of Qala-i-Jangi|revolted at the Qala-i-Jangi prison]] west of Mazar-e-Sharif. Though several days of struggle occurred between the Taliban prisoners and the [[Northern Alliance]] members present, the prisoners gained the upper hand and obtained North Alliance weapons. At some point during this period, [[Johnny Micheal Spann|Johnny "Mike" Spann]], a CIA officer sent to question the prisoners, was beaten to death. He became the first American to die in combat in the war in Afghanistan.<ref name="Public Broadcasting Service"/>

After 9/11, the CIA came under criticism for not having done enough to prevent the attacks. Tenet rejected the criticism, citing the agency's planning efforts especially over the preceding two years. He also considered that the CIA's efforts had put the agency in a position to respond rapidly and effectively to the attacks, both in the "Afghan sanctuary" and in "ninety-two countries around the world".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tenet |first1=George |last2=Harlow |first2=Bill |title=At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-114778-4 |pages=121–122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&q=%22Afghan%20sanctuary%22&pg=PA121 |oclc=71163669 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190146/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA121&q=%22Afghan%20sanctuary%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA177|title=At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA|first1=George|last1=Tenet|first2=Bill|last2=Harlow|date=April 30, 2007|publisher=Harper Collins|via=Google Books|isbn=9780061147784|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111609/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&pg=PA177|url-status=live}}</ref> The new strategy was called the "Worldwide Attack Matrix".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10091295|title=Foreign network at front of CIA's terror fight|newspaper=NBC News|date=n.d.|accessdate=August 5, 2024}}</ref>

[[Anwar al-Awlaki]], a [[Yemeni Americans|Yemeni American]] U.S. citizen and al-Qaeda member, was killed on September 30, 2011, by a CIA drone strike in Yemen.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|pp=189–190}}{{sfn|Wilford|2024|p=296}} Al-Awlaki's 16-year-old son, a noncombatant and U.S. citizen, was also killed in a separate strike.{{sfn|Wilford|2024|p=296}} Although approved by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]], the strikes sparked discussion on the legality of killing American citizens without trial.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|pp=189–190}}

===Failures in intelligence analysis===
A major criticism is a failure to forestall the [[September 11 attacks]]. The [[9/11 Commission Report|''9/11 Commission Report'']] identified failures in the IC as a whole. One problem, for example, was the FBI failing to "connect the dots" by sharing information among its decentralized field offices.

The report concluded that former DCI [[George Tenet]] failed to adequately prepare the agency to deal with the danger posed by [[al-Qaeda]] prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Milo L. |last2=Silberzahn |first2=Philippe |year=2013 |title=Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-80479-336-0 |pages=198–202 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The report was finished in June 2005 and was partially released to the public in an agreement with Congress, over the objections of current DCI General [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael Hayden]]. Hayden said its publication would "consume time and attention revisiting ground that is already well plowed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |title=Tenet's C.I.A. Unprepared for Qaeda Threat, Report Says |newspaper=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Stout |first2=Mark |last2=Mazzetti |date=August 21, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015319/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/washington/21cnd-cia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tenet disagreed with the report's conclusions, citing his planning efforts vis-à-vis al-Qaeda, particularly from 1999.<ref name="BBC2007-08022">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |title=CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11 |website=BBC News online |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6957839.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, [[Carl W. Ford Jr.]] remarked, "As long as we rate intelligence more for its volume than its quality, we will continue to turn out the $40 billion pile of crap we have become famous for." He further stated, "[The CIA is] broken. It's so broken that nobody wants to believe it."<ref name=":0">Tim Winer. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday, 2007.</ref>

===Yugoslav wars===
{{See also|Breakup of Yugoslavia}}
In 1989, Yugoslavia officially dissolved into six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Serbia]], and [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]. This quickly dissolved into ethnic tensions between [[Serbs]] and other [[Balkan]] ethnicities. In 1991, the CIA predicted that tension in the region would evolve into a full-blown civil war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugoslavia: Military Dynamics of a Potential Civil War|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1991-03-01.pdf|date=March 1991 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> In 1992, the U.S. embargoed the trafficking of weapons into both Bosnia and Serbia in order to not prolong the war and the destruction of impacted communities. In May 1994, the CIA reported that the embargo had been ignored by countries such as Malaysia and Iran, who moved weapons into Bosnia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifting the Arms Embargo: Impact on the War in Bosnia |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1994-05-13.pdf |website=cia.gov }}</ref>

===Iraq War===
{{Main|CIA activities in Iraq}}

{{Further|Plame affair}}
Seventy-two days after the 9/11 attacks, President Bush told [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld|Rumsfeld]] to update the U.S. [[Military operation plan|plan]] for an invasion of [[Iraq]], but not to tell anyone. Rumsfeld asked Bush if he could bring DCI Tenet into the loop, to which Bush agreed.<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004">{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=Bob |title=Plan of Attack |url=https://archive.org/details/planofattackdefi00bobw |url-access=registration |date=2004 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=074325547X |page=[https://archive.org/details/planofattackdefi00bobw/page/467 467]}}</ref>

The CIA had put eight of their best officers in Kurdish territory in Northern Iraq. By December 2002, the CIA had close to a dozen functional networks in Iraq<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004" />{{rp|242}} and would penetrate Iraq's [[Iraqi Special Security Organization|SSO]], tap the encrypted communications of the deputy prime minister, and recruit the bodyguard of Hussein's son{{which|date=November 2019}} as an agent. As time passed, the CIA would become more frantic about the possibility of their networks being compromised. To the CIA, the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion]] had to occur before the end of February 2003 if their sources inside Hussein's government were to survive. The rollup would happen as predicted; 37 CIA sources were recognized by their Thuraya satellite telephones provided for them by the CIA.<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004" />{{rp|337}}

[[File:CIA Michael Morell.jpg|thumb|Former CIA deputy director [[Michael Morell]] apologized to Colin Powell for the CIA's erroneous assessments of [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraq's WMD programs]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-morell-apologizes-colin-powell-about-cia-pre-iraq-war-wmd-evidence/ |title=Morell 'wanted to apologize' to Powell about WMD evidence |website=CBS News |date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2016 |archive-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130232647/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-morell-apologizes-colin-powell-about-cia-pre-iraq-war-wmd-evidence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The case [[Colin Powell]] presented before the [[United Nations]] (purportedly proving an [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraqi WMD program]]) was inaccurate. DDCI [[John E. McLaughlin]] was part of a long discussion in the CIA about equivocation. McLaughlin, who would make, among others, the "slam dunk" presentation to the President, "felt that they had to dare to be wrong to be clearer in their judgments".<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004" />{{rp|197}} The al-Qaeda connection, for instance, was from a single source, extracted through torture, and was later denied. The sole source for the [[allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories]], code-named [[Curveball (informant)|Curveball]], was a known liar.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=491}} A postmortem of the intelligence failures in the lead-up to Iraq led by former DDCI Richard Kerr would conclude that the CIA had been a casualty of the Cold War, wiped out in a way "analogous to the effect of the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|meteor strikes on the dinosaurs]]."{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=496}}

[[File:US Senate Report on CIA Detention Interrogation Program.pdf|thumb|The [[Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture]] that details the use of torture during CIA detention and interrogation]]
The opening days of the invasion of Iraq would see successes and defeats for the CIA. With its Iraq networks compromised, and its strategic and tactical information shallow, and often wrong, the intelligence side of the invasion itself would be a black eye for the agency. The CIA would see some success with its "Scorpion" paramilitary teams composed of CIA [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary officers, along with friendly Iraqi [[Partisan (military)|partisans]]. CIA SAD officers would also help the U.S. [[10th Special Forces Group (United States)|10th Special Forces]].<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq |url=https://archive.org/details/operationhotelca00tuck |url-access=registration |first1=Mike |last1=Tucker |first2=Charles |last2=Faddis |year=2008 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59921-366-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |title=An interview on public radio with the author |access-date=March 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930081326/http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |archive-date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]] would be a low point in the history of the CIA. At the largest CIA station in the world, officers would rotate through 1–3-month tours. In Iraq, almost 500 transient officers would be trapped inside the [[Green Zone]] while Iraq station chiefs would rotate with only a little less frequency.{{sfn|Weiner|2007|p=493}}

===Senior functions transferred to Director of National Intelligence===
The [[Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004]] created the office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI), who took over some of the government and intelligence community (IC)-wide functions that had previously been the CIA's.{{sfn|Jeffreys-Jones|2022|pp=160–161}} The DNI manages the United States Intelligence Community and in so doing it manages the [[intelligence cycle management|intelligence cycle]]. Among the functions that moved to the DNI were the preparation of estimates reflecting the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and preparation of briefings for the president. On July 30, 2008, [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] issued [[Executive Order 13470]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-13470.htm |title=Executive Order 13470 |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=March 16, 2010 |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410070558/https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-13470.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>, amending [[Executive Order 12333]] to strengthen the role of the DNI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/bush-orders-intelligence-overhaul/ |title=Bush Orders Intelligence Overhaul |first=Chris |last=Strohm |website=[[Congress Daily]] |date=August 1, 2008 |via=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171924/https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/bush-orders-intelligence-overhaul/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Previously, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) oversaw the Intelligence Community, serving as the president's principal intelligence advisor, additionally serving as head of the CIA. The DCI's title now is "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency" (D/CIA), serving as head of the CIA.

Currently, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence. Before the establishment of the DNI, the CIA reported to the president, with informational briefings to congressional committees. The [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] is a permanent member of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], responsible for briefing the president with pertinent information collected by all U.S. intelligence agencies, including the [[National Security Agency]], the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], etc. All 16 [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]] agencies are under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

===Operation Neptune Spear===
{{See also|Death of Osama bin Laden}}
On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that [[Osama bin Laden]] was killed earlier that day by "a small team of Americans" operating in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, during a CIA operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html |title=Osama Bin Laden killed in CIA operation |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 8, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715222605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Ken |last=Dilanian |title=CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524113215/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story |url-status=live }}</ref> The raid was executed from a CIA forward base in Afghanistan by elements of the U.S. Navy's [[Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] and CIA paramilitary operatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaffney: Bin Laden's welcome demise | first=Frank J. Jr. |last=Gaffney |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/bin-laden-creates-opportunity-for-fresh-start-on-c |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506162532/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/bin-laden-creates-opportunity-for-fresh-start-on-c/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the CIA's capture and [[Interrogational torture|interrogation]] of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|Khalid Sheik Mohammad]], which led to the identity of a courier of bin Laden's,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42859770 |title=Counterterrorism chief declares al-Qaida 'in the past' |date=May 2, 2011 |website=NBC News |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924000710/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42859770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Tim |last=Ross |title=Osama bin Laden dead: trusted courier led US special forces to hideout |date=May 4, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |website=CNN |title=Debate rages about role of torture |date=May 20, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513060423/http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the tracking of the courier to the compound by [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary operatives and the establishing of a CIA safe house to provide critical tactical intelligence for the operation.<ref name="cia spied obl safehouse waspo">{{cite news |title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 5, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510144552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Mark |last1=Mazzetti |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Peter |last3=Baker |title=Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pakistan-rattled-by-news-of-cia-safe-house-in-abbottabad/ |website=[[CBS News]] |title=Pakistan rattled by news of CIA safe house in Abbottabad |date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509025244/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20060479-503543.html |archive-date=May 9, 2011 }}</ref>

The [[CIA fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan|CIA ran a fake vaccination clinic]] in an attempt to locate [[Osama bin Laden]]. This may have negatively affected the campaign against polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In some rural areas, vaccination workers were banned by the Taliban or chased away by locals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Jonathan|date=October 2017|title=How Drone Strikes and a Fake Vaccination Program Have Inhibited Polio Eradication in Pakistan: An Analysis of National Level Data|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25135|journal=International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation|volume=47|issue=4|pages=807–25|doi=10.1177/0020731417722888|issn=1541-4469|pmid=28764582|s2cid=25844860|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082540/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|date=July 9, 2012|title=C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/cia-vaccine-ruse-in-pakistan-may-have-harmed-polio-fight.html|access-date=July 3, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192832/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/cia-vaccine-ruse-in-pakistan-may-have-harmed-polio-fight.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been many deadly attacks by militants against vaccination workers in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Aizenman|first1=Nurith|date=January 23, 2018|title=Pakistan Raises Its Guard After 2 Polio Vaccinators Are Gunned Down|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/23/580002283/pakistan-raises-its-guard-after-two-polio-vaccinators-are-gunned-down|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116052929/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/23/580002283/pakistan-raises-its-guard-after-two-polio-vaccinators-are-gunned-down|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts to eradicate polio have furthermore been disrupted by [[Drone strikes in Pakistan|American drone strikes]].<ref name=":2" />

===Syrian Civil War===
{{Main|CIA activities in Syria}}

[[File:President Obama and King Salman Deliver Statements to the Press.webm|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] and CIA Director [[John Brennan (CIA officer)|John Brennan]] at the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]]-U.S. Summit in Riyadh in April 2016. [[Saudi Arabia]] was involved in the CIA-led [[Timber Sycamore]] covert operation.]]
Under the aegis of operation [[Timber Sycamore]] and other clandestine activities, [[Special Activities Center|CIA operatives]] and [[United States special operations forces|U.S. special operations troops]] have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut |first1=Greg |last1=Miller |first2=Karen |last2=DeYoung |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/lawmakers-move-to-curb-1-billion-cia-program-to-train-syrian-rebels/2015/06/12/b0f45a9e-1114-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-date=May 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507132500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/lawmakers-move-to-curb-1-billion-cia-program-to-train-syrian-rebels/2015/06/12/b0f45a9e-1114-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA has been sending weapons to anti-government rebels in Syria since at least 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. has secretly provided arms training to Syria rebels since 2012 |first1=David S. |last1=Cloud |first2=Raja |last2=Abdulrahim |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/sns-la-fg-cia-syria-20130622-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-date=November 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129130954/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/21/world/la-fg-cia-syria-20130622 |url-status=live }}</ref> These weapons have been reportedly falling into hands of extremists, such as [[al-Nusra Front]] and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/18/the-terrorists-fighting-us-now-we-just-finished-training-them/ |first=Souad |last=Mekhennet |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 18, 2014 |access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905052946/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/18/the-terrorists-fighting-us-now-we-just-finished-training-them/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US air strikes in Syria driving anti-Assad groups to support Isis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/23/us-air-strikes-syra-driving-anti-assad-groups-support-isis |first=Mona |last=Mahmood |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 23, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221134334/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/23/us-air-strikes-syra-driving-anti-assad-groups-support-isis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Seymour Hersh |last=Hersh |first=Seymour |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n01/seymour-m-hersh/military-to-military |title=Military to Military |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |date=January 7, 2016 |access-date=November 29, 2016 |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129043958/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n01/seymour-m-hersh/military-to-military |url-status=live }}</ref> Around February 2017, the CIA was instructed to halt military aid to Syrian rebels (Free Syrian Army or FSA), which also included training, ammunition, guided missiles, and salaries. Sources believe that the aid freeze was related to concerns that weapons and funds will fall into the hands of [[Islamic State|ISIL]]. On April 6, 2017, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] reported that funding to the FSA was partially restored. Based on the information provided by two FSA sources, the new military operation room will receive its funds from the coalition "Friends of Syria." The coalition consists of members from the U.S., [[Turkey]], [[Western Europe]], and Gulf states, which previously supported the military operation known as MOM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/syria-moderate-rebels-form-alliance-170403064144285.html |first=Mariya |last=Petkova |title=Syria's 'moderate rebels' to form a new alliance |website=Al Jazeera |date=April 6, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2017 |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506073022/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/syria-moderate-rebels-form-alliance-170403064144285.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was reported in July 2017 that President [[Donald Trump]] had ordered a "phasing out" of the CIA's support for anti-[[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]] rebels.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaffe |first1=Greg |last2=Entous |first2=Adam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-ends-covert-cia-program-to-arm-anti-assad-rebels-in-syria-a-move-sought-by-moscow/2017/07/19/b6821a62-6beb-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html |title=Trump ends covert CIA program to arm anti-Assad rebels in Syria, a move sought by Moscow |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 19, 2017 |access-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720000629/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-ends-covert-cia-program-to-arm-anti-assad-rebels-in-syria-a-move-sought-by-moscow/2017/07/19/b6821a62-6beb-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reorganization===
On 6 March 2015, the office of the D/CIA issued an unclassified edition of a statement by the director, titled "Our Agency's Blueprint for the Future", as a press release for public consumption. The press release announced sweeping plans for the reorganization and reform of the CIA, which the director believes will bring the CIA more in line with the Agency doctrine called the "Strategic Direction". Among the principal changes disclosed include the establishment of a new directorate, the Directorate of Digital Innovation. Other changes which were announced include the formation of a Talent Development Center of Excellence, the enhancement and expansion of the [[CIA University]] and the creation of the office of the Chancellor to head the CIA University in order to consolidate and unify recruitment and training efforts. The National Clandestine Service (NCS) will be reverting to its original Directorate name, the [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]. The Directorate of Intelligence is also being renamed; it will now be the Directorate of Analysis.<ref name="PR2015-03-06">{{cite news| title=Unclassified Version of March 6, 2015 Message to the Workforce from CIA Director John Brennan: Our Agency's Blueprint for the Future| url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2015-press-releases-statements/message-to-workforce-agencys-blueprint-for-the-future.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309230914/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2015-press-releases-statements/message-to-workforce-agencys-blueprint-for-the-future.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 9, 2015 | date=March 6, 2015}}</ref>

===Drones===
A new [[policy]] introduced by President [[Barack Obama]] removed the authority of the CIA to launch drone attacks and allowed these attacks only under [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] command. This change was reversed by President Donald Trump, who authorized CIA drone strikes on suspected terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/03/14/520162910/trump-restores-cia-power-to-launch-drone-strikes |title=Trump Restores CIA Power To Launch Drone Strikes |date=March 14, 2017 |first=David |last=Welna |website=NPR |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=September 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922135945/https://www.npr.org/2017/03/14/520162910/trump-restores-cia-power-to-launch-drone-strikes |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Crypto AG ownership===
{{Main|Operation Rubicon}}
For decades, until 2018, the CIA secretly owned [[Crypto AG]], a small Swiss company that made encryption devices, in association with [[Federal Intelligence Service|West German intelligence]]. The company sold compromised encryption devices to over 120 countries, allowing Western intelligence to eavesdrop on communications that the users believed to be secure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/national-security/cia-crypto-encryption-machines-espionage/|title=The CIA secretly bought a company that sold encryption devices across the world. Then its spies sat back and listened.|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=February 11, 2020|archive-date=February 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211123505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/national-security/cia-crypto-encryption-machines-espionage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile-cyber-vault-intelligence-southern-cone/2020-02-11/cias-minerva-secret|title=The CIA's 'Minerva' Secret | National Security Archive|website=nsarchive.gwu.edu|date=February 11, 2020|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927132241/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile-cyber-vault-intelligence-southern-cone/2020-02-11/cias-minerva-secret|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Open-source intelligence==
{{Further|Foreign Broadcast Information Service|Open Source Center}}
Until the 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community, one of the "services of common concern" that the CIA provided was [[open-source intelligence]] from the [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] (FBIS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Reexamining the Distinction Between Open Information and Secrets |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/reexamining_the_distinction_3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613114103/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/reexamining_the_distinction_3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |last=Mercado |first=Stephen |website=Center for the Study of Intelligence |date=April 15, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008}}</ref> FBIS, which had absorbed the Joint Publication Research Service, a military organization that translated documents,<ref name=JPRSharvard>{{cite web |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/jprs/ |title=Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) |work=Harvard College Library |access-date=July 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709232005/http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/jprs/ |archive-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> moved into the [[National Open Source Enterprise]] under the Director of National Intelligence.

During the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], Michael Sekora (assigned to the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]), worked with agencies across the intelligence community, including the CIA, to develop and deploy a technology-based competitive strategy system called [[Project Socrates]]. Project Socrates was designed to utilize open-source intelligence gathering almost exclusively. The technology-focused Socrates system supported such programs as the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] in addition to private sector projects.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Esther |last=Smith |title=DoD Unveils Competitive Tool: Project Socrates Offers Valuable Analysis |date=May 5, 1988 |magazine=[[Washington Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Wrubel |title=The Frontal Assault: A Conversation with Michael Sekora |date=July 10, 1990 |magazine=[[Financial World]]}}</ref>

Increasingly, the CIA is a major consumer of social media intelligence.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=CIA Monitors YouTube For Intelligence |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206105311 |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |magazine=[[InformationWeek]] |date=February 6, 2008 |access-date=February 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210020649/http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206105311 |archive-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> CIA launched a [[Twitter]] account in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pfeiffer |first=Eric |url=https://news.yahoo.com/cia-launches-twitter-and-facebook-accounts-210535915.html |title=CIA outwits impersonators by embracing Twitter, Facebook |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=June 6, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055827/http://news.yahoo.com/cia-launches-twitter-and-facebook-accounts-210535915.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CIA also launched its own [[.onion]] website to collect anonymous feedback.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Makuch |first1=Ben |title=The CIA Will Use its New Dark Web Site to Collect Anonymous Tips |date=May 7, 2019 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips/ |publisher=Vice |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032125/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwnyew/the-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Outsourcing and privatization==
{{See also|Intelligence outsourcing}}

Many of the duties and functions of [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]] activities, not the CIA alone, are being outsourced and privatized. [[John Michael McConnell|Mike McConnell]], former Director of National Intelligence, was about to publicize an investigation report of outsourcing by U.S. intelligence agencies, as required by Congress.<ref name=IntAuth2008>{{cite web |title=Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Conference Committee Report |date=December 6, 2007 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212806/http://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this report was then classified.<ref name="Hillhouse2007-10-09">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=R. J. |last=Hillhouse |title=Who Runs the CIA? Outsiders for Hire |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305004252/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Patrick Radden |last=Keefe |title=Don't Privatize Our Spies |date=June 25, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221219/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raelynn Hillhouse|Hillhouse]] speculates that this report includes requirements for the CIA to report:<ref name="Hillhouse2007-10-09"/><ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/>
* different standards for government employees and contractors;
* contractors providing similar services to government workers;
* analysis of costs of contractors vs. employees;
* an assessment of the appropriateness of outsourced activities;
* an estimate of the number of contracts and contractors;
* comparison of compensation for contractors and government employees;
* attrition analysis of government employees;
* descriptions of positions to be converted back to the employee model;
* an evaluation of accountability mechanisms;
* an evaluation of procedures for "conducting oversight of contractors to ensure identification and prosecution of criminal violations, financial waste, fraud, or other abuses committed by contractors or contract personnel"; and
* an "identification of best practices of accountability mechanisms within service contracts."

According to investigative journalist [[Tim Shorrock]]:

{{blockquote|text=...what we have today with the intelligence business is something far more systemic: senior officials leaving their national security and counterterrorism jobs for positions where they essentially perform the same jobs they once held at the CIA, the NSA, and other agencies{{snd}}but for double or triple the salary and profit. It's a privatization of the highest order, in which our collective memory and experience in intelligence – our crown jewels of spying, so to speak – are owned by corporate America. There is essentially no government oversight of this private sector at the heart of our intelligence empire. And the lines between public and private have become so blurred as to be nonexistent.<ref name="spies for hire">{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html |title=Former high-ranking Bush officials enjoy war profits |last=Shorrock |first=Tim |website=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 29, 2008 |access-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602013315/http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html |archive-date=June 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="business of intelligence">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html |title=The Business of Intelligence Gathering |last=Hurt III |first=Harry |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2008 |archive-date=November 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105032536/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Congress had required an outsourcing report by March 30, 2008:<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18">{{cite web |title=CIA Contractors: Double or Nothin' |url=http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html |first=R. J. |last=Hillhouse |author-link=Raelynn Hillhouse |date=December 18, 2007 |website=thespywhobilledme.com |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234958/http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=The Director of National Intelligence has been granted the authority to increase the number of positions (FTEs) on elements in the Intelligence Community by up to 10% should there be a determination that activities performed by a contractor should be done by a U.S. government employee."<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/>}}

Part of the problem, according to author [[Tim Weiner]], is that political appointees designated by recent presidential administrations have sometimes been underqualified or overzealous politically. Large purges have taken place in the upper echelons of the CIA, and when those talented individuals are pushed out the door, they have frequently gone on to found new independent intelligence companies which can suck up CIA talent.<ref name="Ashes" /> Another part of the contracting problem comes from congressional restrictions on the number of employees within the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees{{snd}}more or less."<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/> The number of independent contractors hired by the federal government across the intelligence community has skyrocketed. So, not only does the CIA have trouble hiring, but those hires will frequently leave their permanent employ for shorter-term contract gigs which have much higher pay and allow for more career mobility.<ref name="Ashes" />

As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The [[National Reconnaissance Office]] (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, [[Boeing]]. The next-generation satellite [[Future Imagery Architecture]] project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4 billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.<ref name="AWST2005-03-20">{{Cite journal |title=SBIRS High in the Red Again |date=March 20, 2005 |first1=Amy |last1=Butler |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |journal=Aviation Week |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022651/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |title=In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids |last=Taubman |first=Philip |date=November 11, 2007 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013929/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<ref name=BenRich>{{cite book |title=Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed |first=Ben R. |last=Rich |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1996 |isbn=0-316-74330-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr }}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{Main|List of CIA controversies}}

{{See also|Human rights violations by the CIA|Allegations of CIA drug trafficking|CIA influence on public opinion|Project Mockingbird|Extraordinary rendition|Assassination of Orlando Letelier|Cubana de Aviación Flight 455|Operation Condor}}

The CIA has been the subject of numerous controversies. The agency ran an operation code-named "[[Operation CHAOS|CHAOS]]" that ran from 1967 to 1974 where they routinely performed surveillance on Americans who were a part of various peace groups protesting the [[Vietnam War]]. The operation was authorized by order of [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Lyndon B. Johnson]] in October 1967, as the CIA gathered the information of 300,000 American people and organizations and extensive files on 7,200 citizens. The program was exposed by the [[Church Committee]] in 1975 as a part of the investigation into the [[Watergate scandal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 1975 |title='Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170047-4.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2024 |website='Operation Chaos': Files on 7,200 |publisher=Washington Post}}</ref>

The CIA also conducted a secret program called [[MKUltra]], which ran from the early 1950s to the 1970s and involved illegal [[Human subject research|human experimentation]] to develop mind-control techniques. Subjects were often unaware they were part of the experiments, which included the administration of psychoactive drugs like [[LSD]] and other methods of [[Manipulation (psychology)|psychological manipulation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIALOGUE SOUGHT WITH PROFESSOR IN CIA PROBE {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title='Poisoner In Chief' Details The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control : NPR |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief |access-date=2025-01-12 |archive-date=January 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105211912/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The program, exposed in the 1970s, led to widespread public outrage and calls for greater oversight of intelligence agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Boissoneault |first2=Lorraine |title=The True Story of Brainwashing and How It Shaped America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-brainwashing-and-how-it-shaped-america-180963400/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The CIA was also linked to the [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra Affair]] wherein missiles were sold to the Iranian government as an exchange for the release of hostages and the profits the agency made from selling the weapons at a marked-up price went towards assisting the ''contras'' in Nicaragua.

Another source of controversy has been the CIA's role in [[Operation Condor]], which was a United States-backed campaign of repression and state terrorism involving intelligence operations, CIA-backed coup d'états and assassinations against leaders in [[South America]] from 1968 to 1989. By the Operation's end in 1989, up to 80,000 people had been killed.<ref name="Bevins2020">{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title= [[The Jakarta Method]]: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|pages=266–267 |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1-5417-4240-6}}</ref> Similarly, the CIA was complicit in the actions of [[death squads]] in [[Salvadoran Civil War|El Salvador]] and [[Battalion 3-16 (Honduras)|Honduras]].<ref name="Cohn, 1995">{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Gary |last2=Thompson |first2=Ginger |title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html |access-date=May 22, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=June 11, 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216211314/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|archive-date=February 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Lakhani (2015)">{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Nina |title=Confidential files on El Salvador human rights stolen after legal action against CIA |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/el-salvador-civil-war-classified-files-stolen |access-date=May 22, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228225842/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/el-salvador-civil-war-classified-files-stolen |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |location=London}}</ref>

An additional controversy surrounds the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush Administration]]'s claim that [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraq had "weapons of mass destruction"]] in 2002, and again in 2003 as justification for invading the Middle Eastern country. The CIA went along with the claim despite contradicting the president in testimony to the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Intelligence Committee]] in 2002. They produced a national intelligence estimate claiming that if the Iraqi government was able to acquire "sufficient fissile material from abroad, it could make nuclear weapons within a year".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2009 |title=(Est Pub Date) Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001327062.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2024 |website=CIA Reading Room: Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Div col}}
* [[Abu Omar case]]
* [[Blue sky memo]]
* [[Church Committee]]
* [[CIA's relationship with the United States Military]]
* [[Classified information in the United States]]
* [[Enhanced interrogation techniques]]
* [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)]]
* [[Intellipedia]]
* [[Kryptos]]
* [[List of intelligence agencies]]
* [[National Intelligence Board]]
* [[Operation Peter Pan]]
* [[Reagan Doctrine]]
* [[Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations]]
* [[U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals]]
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
* [[United States Intelligence Community]]
* [[Vault 7]]
* ''[[The World Factbook]]'', published by the CIA
* [[Project Endgame]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Portal bar|United States|Politics}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUbEDwAAQBAJ |title=The Quiet Americans: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War |date=2020 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-385-54046-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brysk |first1=Alison |last2=Meade |first2=Everard |last3=Shafir |first3=Gershon |title=Lessons and Legacies of the War on Terror|chapter=Constructing National and Global Insecurity|editor-last1=Aceves|editor-first1=William|editor-last2=Meade|editor-first2=Everard|editor-last3=Shafir|editor-first3=Gershon|date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London/New York |isbn=978-0-415-63841-8 |page=6 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Lessons-and-Legacies-of-the-War-On-Terror-From-moral-panic-to-permanent-war/Shafir-Meade-Aceves/p/book/9781138694460}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Rebecca |title=Mainstreaming Torture: Ethical Approaches in the Post-9/11 United States |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford/New York |isbn=9780199336432 |page=2 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/4664}}
* {{cite book|title=The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention |first=Richard H. |last=Immerman |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-292-71083-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erAkfz6c9HoC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jeffreys-Jones |first=Rhodri |authorlink=Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-question-of-standing-9780192847966?cc=gb&lang=en&|title=A Question of Standing: The History of the CIA |date=2022 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oso/9780192847966.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-284796-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kuzmarov |first1=Jeremy |title=Modernizing Repression: Police Training, Political Violence, and Nation-Building in the 'American Century' |journal=[[Diplomatic History]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=April 2009 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=191–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00760.x}}
* {{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W. |title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror |date=2007 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780805082487/aquestionoftorture/|location=London |isbn=9780805082487 |pages=63–71}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Stuart A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niGlEAAAQBAJ |title=The Lumumba Plot: The Secret History of the CIA and a Cold War Assassination |date=2023 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-5247-4881-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Schwab |first1=Stephen Irving Max |title=Once a Jedburgh Always a Jedburgh |journal=[[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence]]|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=June 2014 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1080/08850607.2014.872540}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Christopher|chapter=U.S. Mass Communication Research, Counterinsurgency, and Scientific 'Reality'|editor-last=Braman|editor-first=Sandra|title=Communication Researchers and Policy-making |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523400/communication-researchers-and-policy-making/|location=Cambridge, Mass |isbn=9780262523400 |pages=253–292}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Valcourt |first1=Richard R. |title=Tossing Wins Away: Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America's Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam|publisher=Taylor & Francis|journal=[[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence]] |date=January 1989 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=567–605 |doi=10.1080/08850608908435122}}
* {{cite book |last=Weiner |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-51445-3|oclc= 82367780|title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA }}
* {{cite book |last=Wilford |first=Hugh |year=2024 |title=The CIA: An Imperial History|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-541-64591-2}}

==External links==







{{Sister project links |wikt=no |b=no |q=no |v=no}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Official website|https://www.cia.gov/}}
* [https://archive.org/details/cia-collection Central Intelligence Collection] at the [[Internet Archive]]

{{Central Intelligence Agency}}
{{United States intelligence agencies}}
{{National intelligence agencies}}
{{Five Eyes}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Harry S. Truman}}
{{War on Terror}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency| ]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States]]
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[[Category:Cold War in popular culture]]
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[[Category:Independent agencies of the United States government]]
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[[Category:Secret police]]
[[Category:United States intelligence agencies]]

A. P. Nagarajan

2026-03-26T05:49:27Z

Jaffer sadiq: minor adjusted structure per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer, actor and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}{{Distinguish|text=politician [[K. P. Nagarajan]] or writer [[A. R. Natarajan]]}}{{Infobox person
| name = A. P. Nagarajan
| image = A.P.NagarajanImg.jpg
| caption = Nagarajan during interview
| birth_name = Akkamappettai Paramasivan Nagarajan
| other_names = Arutselvar, Deiviga Iyakkunar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|02|24}}
| birth_place = Akkamappettai, [[Sankagiri]], [[Salem district]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1977|4|5|1928|2|24}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = director, producer, actor and writer
| years_active = 1953–1977
| spouse = Rani
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Vadivukkarasi]] (niece)
}}

'''Akkamappettai Paramasivan Nagarajan''' (24 February 1928<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GC5ux4shUxsC&q=A.+P.+Nagarajan+April+1977+Madras Mass Media in India 1979-1980], Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1979, p. 204</ref> – 5 April 1977)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patheticfacts.com/indian-actors-died-at-age-49.html|title=Indian movie stars died at 49|website=patheticfacts.com|access-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401133443/http://patheticfacts.com/indian-actors-died-at-age-49.html|archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> was an Indian [[film director]], producer, actor and writer who set a trend in film making in [[Tamil cinema]] from 1965 to 1977.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-of-mythological-cinema/article3314719.ece|title=Master of mythological cinema|last=Raman|first=Mohan V.|date=2012-04-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Film career==

Nagarajan started his own drama company, the Pazhani Kadiravan Nadaga Sabha, and, in 1949, married Rani Ammal. He wrote and acted in several plays and one of his plays "Nalvar" was made into a movie. Nagarajan wrote the screenplay for his own story and play the hero in this film. His film career thus began in 1953.
He also acted in many movies for producer M. A. Venu, formerly of Modern Theatres, such as Mangalyam, Nalla Thangal and Pennarasi. He wrote the screenplay for Town Bus and by 1956 decided to focus on writing. He wrote Naan Petra Selvam and Makkalai Petra Maharasi — in the latter, he introduced the ‘Kongu' Tamil accent for the hero. The first of his many mythological films — Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958) — was a big success, and Rajaji, who had little regard for cinema, watched this film and praised Sivaji Ganesan's performance as Bharatha in it. He then started to produce in partnership with actor [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]. Some of the works of this period include Nalla Idaththu Sammandham (1958), Thayai Pol Pillai, Noolai Pol Selai (1959) and Paavai Vilakku. He made his directorial debut with Vadivukku Valaigaappu (1962). He launched his own production company with Navarathri and then went on to make a mark in the field of mythological cinema as well.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ&q=vk+ramasamy&pg=PT139|title=THE EYE OF THE SERPENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO TAMIL CINEMA|last=BASKARAN|first=SUNDARARAJ THEODORE|date=2013-12-24|publisher=Westland|isbn=9789383260744|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="4" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Language
!class=unsortable rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Producer
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Actor
|-
|1977 || ''[[Navarathinam]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1977 || ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1976 || ''Jai Balaji''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1975 || ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Gumasthavin Magal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Karaikkal Ammaiyar (1973 film)|Karaikkal Ammaiyar]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1973 || ''[[Thirumalai Deivam (1973 film)|Thirumalai Deivam]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1972 || ''[[Agathiyar]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1971 || ''[[Arutperunjothi]]''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1971 || ''Kankaatchi''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1970 || ''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1970 || ''[[Vilayattu Pillai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1969 || ''[[Gurudhatchanai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1969 || ''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1968 || ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
|1968 || ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Seetha (1967 film)|Seetha]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1966 || ''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1965 || ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
|1964 || ''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1963 || ''[[Kulamagal Radhai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Vadivukku Valai Kappu]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1960 || ''[[Paavai Vilakku]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1959 || ''[[Alli Petra Pillai]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1959 || ''[[Thayapol Pillai Noolapol Selai]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Neelavukku Neranja Manasu]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Nalla Idathu Sammandham]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1957 || ''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1956 || ''[[Naan Petra Selvam]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Nalla Thangal]]''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Town Bus]]''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]]''
|
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Nam Kuzhandai]]''
|
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Pennarasi]]''
|
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Nalla Thangai]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1954 || ''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
|1953 || ''[[Naalvar]]''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|| Tamil ||
|}

==Death==
He died of cardiac arrest on 5 April 1977 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, aged 49.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contactphonenumberaddress.com/director-p-nagarajan-contact-number-residence-address-phone-number-email-id/|title=Director A.P. Nagarajan Contact Number, Residence Address, Phone Number, Email ID|website=contactphonenumberaddress.com|date=22 September 2017|access-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401133839/https://www.contactphonenumberaddress.com/director-p-nagarajan-contact-number-residence-address-phone-number-email-id/|archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
* He won [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil]] - ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=Thiruvilaiyadal|title=Collections|year=1991}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0619162|name=A.P. Nagarajan}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarajan, A. P.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Politicians from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

2021 Telangana local elections

2026-03-22T08:46:39Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|Elections in the Indian state}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2021 Telangana urban local bodies elections
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 30 April 2021
| previous_election = 2020 Telangana local elections
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2026 Telangana local elections
| country = India
| next_year = 2026
| 1blank = Wards
| 2blank = Wards ±
| 3blank = ULBs
| 4blank = ULBs ±
| seats_for_election = {{plainlist|
*126 wards/divisions across 2 municipal corporations
*122 wards across 10 municipalities
}}

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize = 135 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = |oLeft = 10}}
| image1_size = 160x160px
| leader1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party1 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| 1data1 = '''181'''
| 2data1 = {{increase}}54
| 3data1 = '''7'''
| 4data1 = {{increase}}3

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize = 135 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 5|oLeft = 10}}
| image2_size = 160x160px
| leader2 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| 1data2 = 23
| 2data2 = {{increase}}2
| 3data2 = 0
| 4data2 = {{nochange}}

| image3 = {{eppt|Bharatiya Janata Party|height=150|width=110|Location=centre}}
| image3_size = 160x160px
| leader3 = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| 1data3 = 20
| 2data3 = {{increase}}17
| 3data3 = 0
| 4data3 = {{nochange}}
| alliance1 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS+]]
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| alliance3 = ''None''
}}

Local elections were held in the Indian state of [[Telangana]] on 30 April 2021 for 2 municipal corporations and 5 municipalities, namely [[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation|Warangal]], [[Khammam Municipal Corporation|Khammam]], [[Jadcherla]], [[Achampet, Mahabubnagar district|Achampet]], [[Siddipet]], [[Kothur]], and [[Nakrekal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-04-29 |title=Urban local body elections in Telangana on Thursday |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/urban-local-body-elections-in-telangana-on-thursday/article34442608.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The first elections were held in newly created municipalities Jadcherla, Kothur, and Nakrekal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-03 |title=Telangana: Elections to 7 ULBs only after Sankranti |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/elections-to-7-ulbs-only-after-sankranti/articleshow/80076976.cms |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the previous elections (for these urban local bodies) held in 2016, the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] swept all 4 urban local bodies (Khammam, Warangal, Achampet, Siddipet) by an impressive margin. The 2016 elections resulted in the wipeout of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and the weakening of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telangana-municipal-polls-trs-wins-3-civic-bodies-drubs-bjp-tdp/articleshow/51327568.cms?from=mdr%7B%7%7D%7D|title=Telangana municipal polls: TRS wins 3 civic bodies, drubs BJP, TDP|access-date=23 December 2022|via=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-11 |title=TRS wins Siddipet municipal polls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-wins-siddipet-municipal-polls/article8463872.ece |access-date=2022-12-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Results ==

=== By Municipal Corporation ===
'''[[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]'''{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=48|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats2=10|party3=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats3=4|party4=Others|seats4=4|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=TRS sweeps local body polls in Telangana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/trs-sweeps-local-body-polls-in-telangana-7301408/|access-date=23 December 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>}}'''[[Khammam Municipal Corporation]]'''{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=43|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=9|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats3=1|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|seats4=2|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto"/>|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|party6=Others|seats5=3|seats6=2}}

=== By Municipality ===
[[Achampet, Nagarkurnool district|'''Achampet Municipality''']]{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=13|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=6|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats3=1|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|seats4=0|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto"/>|party5=Others}}[[Jadcherla|'''Jadcherla Municipality''']]{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=23|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats2=2|party3=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats3=2|party4=Others|seats4=0|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto"/>}}[[Kothur|'''Kothur Municipality''']]{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=7|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=5|party3=Others|seats3=0|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto"/>}}[[Nakrekal|'''Nakrekal Municipality''']]{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=11|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=2|party3=Others|seats3=7|source=The Indian Express<ref name="auto"/>}}[[Siddipet|'''Siddipet Municipality''']]{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=36|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats2=1|party3=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|seats3=1|party4=Others|seats4=5|source=The Hindu<ref name="resultofsiddipet">{{Cite web|title=TRS wins 36 wards in Siddipet municipality|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-wins-36-wards-in-siddipet-municipality/article34473567.ece|access-date=23 December 2022|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>}}

== See also ==

* [[2020 Telangana urban local bodies elections]]
* [[Elections in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telangana elections}}

[[Category:2021 elections in India|Telangana]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]

Sanjay Ram

2026-03-22T03:04:50Z

Jaffer sadiq: added a post basic info

{{short description|Indian film director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Ram
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Director, screenwriter, producer
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2003{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Sanjay Ram''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director, screenwriter, and producer who has worked on Tamil films and was active in the late 2000s. Throughout his career, he worked on several films which failed to have a theatrical release. Furthermore, several of his films have been criticised for their gore content and excessive bloodshed on screen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Neenu-Karthika-in-Director-Sanjay-Rams-flick/articleshow/13685173.cms|title = Neenu Karthika in Director Sanjay Ram's flick|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Sanjay Ram began his career by penning the script for the film ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' (2002) and ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' (2003). Sanjay Ram worked on two village centric action films in 2006; ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' featuring choreographer [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] and ''[[Aadu Puli Aattam (2006 film)|Aadu Puli Attam]]'' featuring newcomers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14271871 |title='Aadu Puliyattam'-2006 version! - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126131707/http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14271871 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Thootukudi'' won positive reviews and became a surprise success at the box office. He then made the [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]-starrer ''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]'' (2007) and ''[[Iyakkam]]'' (2008), which he also produced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-08-04/surya-31-03-08.html|title=Surya releases audio|date=31 March 2008|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2008, Sanjay Ram worked on ''Sivamayam'', a tale based on the [[Mahabharata]], featuring [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], Megha Nair, Sridevika and [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead roles. Despite beginning shoot in Chennai and Coimbatore and recording songs, the film did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/season2003/fullstory.php?id=14653728 |title=''Sivamayam'' - Another action film - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126131710/http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/season2003/fullstory.php?id=14653728 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, another film he worked titled ''Surla'' featuring Ajay Krishna and [[Sanchita Shetty]] also failed to have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-09-03/radha-ravi-18-06-09.html|title=Complaints galore on Mumbai actresses - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Radha Ravi Ajay Krishna Karla Sanjay Ram|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He also announced a film titled ''Lingam'' with [[Mammootty]] and [[Sarath Kumar]], but the project did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sarath-and-mammootty-in-lingam-tamil-news-49458.html|title=Sarath and Mammootty in Â LingamÂ - Tamil News|date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Sanjay Ram worked on a film titled ''Poova Thalaiya'' during 2008 with [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] and [[Shirin]], but the film ran into production troubles. As the film geared up for release in 2011, Shirin complained to the [[Nadigar Sangam]] that Sanjay Ram was trying to release the film without finishing her portions. The film then had a low key release in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/apr/29/shirin-files-complaint-against-sanjay-ram-248688.html|title=Shirin files complaint against Sanjay Ram|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Sanjay Ram's next release was the family drama, ''[[Gowravargal]]'' (2010) starring [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], which was jointly produced by ten financiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/youth/fullstory.php?id=14952440 |title=Untitled Document |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126131703/http://www.sify.com/youth/fullstory.php?id=14952440 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sanjay Ram next worked on a film title ''Sethu Samuthiram'' with [[Sarath Kumar]], but the film was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-10-01/sarath-kumar-sanjay-ram-01-09-10.html|title=Sarath Kumar - Tamil Movie News - Sarath to begin work soon - Sarath Kumar | Sanjay Ram | Sethu Samudram | Veeramum Eeramum - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He then began work on a multi-hero gangster subject titled ''Karuvarai Kutravaligal'' with himself, Ajay Krishna and Vaali in the lead roles but the film did not complete production. Likewise another project featuring Ajay Krishna, titled ''Meenkothi'', was similarly incomplete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-11-05/sanjay-ram-thoothukudi-31-03-11.html|title=Gangster Movie Coming Soon - Sanjay Ram - Thoothukudi - Karuvarai Kutravaligal - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2012, he began work on the comedy drama film titled ''Kutralam'', which was later rechristened as ''Rosa'', starring Vaali and himself in the lead roles alongside Neenu Karthika but the film also failed to have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/Sanjay-Ram-turns-to-humour-07-05-12.html|title = Sanjay Ram Turns to Humour}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731204340/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 July 2009|title=Super Good Movies.com - Best Movies Review, News, Offer, Lifestyle - Online Gaming Using Hollywood Movies To Create Slots UI & UX|website=Super Good Movies.com - Best Movies Review, News, Offer, Lifestyle}}</ref>

In 2013, he began a film titled ''Kiliyanthattu: Thoothukudi 2'', a sequel to his earlier film. Despite having an audio launch event, yet again, the film did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/movietrailer/17722.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205184958/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/movietrailer/17722.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2015|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/sanjay-ram-to-make-kiliyanthattuthoothukudi-2-100846.html |title=Sanjay Ram to make Kiliyanthattu:Thoothukudi 2 - KOLLY TALK |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042239/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/sanjay-ram-to-make-kiliyanthattuthoothukudi-2-100846.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer !! Producer
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || || {{partial|Story, dialogues}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' || {{Partial|Uncredited}} || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu Puli Aattam (2006 film)|Aadu Puli Attam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Also actor
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Iyakkam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gowravargal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poova Thalaiya (2011 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of highest-grossing Marathi films

2026-03-20T07:03:25Z

Jaffer sadiq: adjust layout for clarity for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

[[Marathi cinema]] is the filmmaking industry mainly based in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Pune]] & other regions of [[Maharashtra]]. The 1988 film ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹1 crore. The 1992 film ''[[Maherchi Sadi]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹10 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रक भरून प्रेक्षक, कानाकोपऱ्यात गाजला पण 'माहेरची साडी' चित्रपटाच्या तिकीटाची किंमत किती |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114023/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]'' is a first Marathi film grossed over {{Indian Rupee|25 crore}} at the box office.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2015 |title=Court, Lai Bhaari and more: The rise and rise of Marathi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/court-lai-bhaari-and-more-the-rise-and-rise-of-marathi-cinema/story-GAJnA7XbF1LdCJ7nxvN1pN.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Natsamrat]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹50 crores.{{efn|name="nst"}} ''[[Sairat]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹100 crores.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=Made in Marathi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104813/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This ranking lists the highest-grossing Marathi films produced by Marathi cinema, based on conservative global [[box office]] estimates as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} The figures are not adjusted for inflation. However, there is no official tracking of figures, and sources publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their estimates.

== Key ==
:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film, or at least one from a series, is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}

== Highest-grossing films ==
The top 25 highest-grossing films worldwide are listed here.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank{{efn|name="ro"|Sorted based on the lowest value when figures are presented as a range, and for the same value, the older item is given a higher order.}}
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110–130 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |date=8 May 2024 |title=Made in Rs 4 crore, this film earned Rs 110 crore, is highest-grossing movie, its climax shocked everyone |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-made-in-rs-4-crore-this-film-sairat-earned-rs-110-crore-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-climax-shocked-everyone-3088554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082323/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-made-in-rs-4-crore-this-film-sairat-earned-rs-110-crore-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-climax-shocked-everyone-3088554 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=Ved Marathi Movie : रितेश- जिनिलियाच्या 'वेड'ने १०० दिवसांत किती केली कमाई, वाचा एकूण आकडा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-ved-marathi-movie-100-days-box-office-report-a-a590/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|align="right" |₹92 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| align="right" |₹75.50 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=Riteish Deshmukh And Genelia's Ved Wins Big At Maharashtracha Favourite Kon Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelias-ved-wins-big-at-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-awards-8747605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082401/https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelias-ved-wins-big-at-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-awards-8747605.html |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
| align="right" |₹75 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ved box office day 4: Riteish Deshmukh’s Marathi film passes first Monday test, beats Cirkus' day 4 collection |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-day-4-riteish-deshmukh-s-marathi-film-passes-first-monday-test-beats-cirkus-day-4-collection-3014711 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |{{efn|name="nst"|''Natsamrat''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹48 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=With Sairat, Marathi cinema flies high on box office, appreciation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103745/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>) – ₹50 crore ([[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA India'']],<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=9 December 2018 |title='Box Office figures don't matter, people's reactions do': Riteish Deshmukh on 'Mauli' and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507060936/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2016 |title=Marathi, Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Marathi-Punjabi-films-that-made-a-mark-in-2016/article16944908.ece1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>)}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
| align="right" |₹41 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name="auto6" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |7
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
| align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name="auto7" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |8
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|align="right" |₹37 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=आजपर्यंत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर सर्वाधिक कमाई केलेले १० मराठी चित्रपट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/top-10-highest-grossing-marathi-movies-at-the-box-office-till-date/mh20220801115243555555727 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=mr}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=Is it reliable for factual reporting?|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |9
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|align="right" |₹33 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|''[[Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam]]''
| align="right" |₹32 crore
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam ending explained: How did Shirke’s viral speech save the school and what is next for the Nagaon alumni? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krantijyoti-vidyalay-marathi-madhyam-ending-explained-sachin-khedekar-prajakta-koli-zee5/79bb7f62dd594 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |11
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
| align="right" |₹32 crore
| align="center" |2013
| align="center" |<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Marathi cinema and its struggle for success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/marathi-films-devendra-fadnavis-shobhaa-de-multiplexes-marathi-cinema-248208-2015-04-12 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |12
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''{{efn|name="mh"|The film was produced in both the Marathi and Hindi languages, according to the filmmakers.}}
| align="right" |₹31.60 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Thackeray Box Office Collection Day 7: Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Film Earns Rs 31.60 Crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thackeray-box-office-collection-day-7-nawazuddin-siddiquis-film-earns-rs-31-60-crore-1986915 |access-date=13 December 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114025/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thackeray-box-office-collection-day-7-nawazuddin-siddiquis-film-earns-rs-31-60-crore-1986915 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |13
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
| align="right" |₹30 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |title=‘Box Office figures don’t matter, people’s reactions do’: Riteish Deshmukh on 'Mauli' and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: right;" |14
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| align="right" |₹28.47–30 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025's breakout stars: Regional films rewrite year's box office script |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/regional-films-dominated-box-office-2025-125111900805_1.html |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=The India Box Office Report: September 2025 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-india-box-office-report-september-2025.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Ormax Media Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |15
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
| align="right" |₹27 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rajwadkar |first=Sadhana |date=2024-06-21 |title=Nach Ga Ghuma OTT Release :'नाच गं घुमा' सिनेमा ओटीटी प्लॅटफॉर्मवर झाला रिलीज, कुठे बघता येईल जाणून घ्या |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mukta-barve-and-namrata-sambherao-nach-ga-ghuma-marathi-movie-released-on-ott-platform-amazon-prime-article-111165810 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |16
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| align="right" |₹26.13 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |17
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| align="right" |₹26 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=बॉलिवूडचे रिमेक पाहण्यापेक्षा ओरिजिनल मराठी सिनेमा भारी! ६ महिन्यातच कोट्यवधींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-movies-box-office-collection-marathi-films-made-crores-of-rupees-in-first-half-of-2022/articleshow/92793382.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |18
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| rowspan="4" align="right" |₹25 crore
| align="center" |2016
| align="center" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
| align="center" |2009
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/why-bollywood-is-jumping-on-the-marathi-cinema-bandwagon-15551183 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aapla Manus]]''
| align="center" |2018
|align="center" |<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Flashback 2018: Aapla Manus to Mauli, 10 Marathi movies that were released in 2018 and have earned in millions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aapla-manus-to-mauli-10-marathi-movies-that-were-released-in-2018-and-have-earned-in-millions/333115 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303180555/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aapla-manus-to-mauli-10-marathi-movies-that-were-released-in-2018-and-have-earned-in-millions/333115 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title='Navra Maza Navsacha 2': How Sachin Pilgaonkar Made His Blockbuster Marathi Film With ₹5 Crores |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/navra-maza-navsacha-2-how-sachin-pilgaonkar-made-his-blockbuster-marathi-film-with-5-crores |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |22
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
| align="right" |₹24–31.3 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Several single screens in Maharashtra yet to open bookings for Salman Khan's Tiger 3 due to the release of the Marathi film Naal 2 on November 10 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/several-single-screens-maharashtra-yet-open-bookings-salman-khans-tiger-3-due-release-marathi-film-naal-2-november-10/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |23
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
| align="right" |₹24 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Cinema: Planet Marathi, Everest Entertainment Lead Industry To Steady Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2023/05/08/marathi-cinema-planet-m-everest-entertainment-lead-industry-to-steady-growth/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Jhimma 2 To Baipan Bhaari Deva, Marathi Movies That Ran Over 50 Days In Theatres |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jhimma-2-to-baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movies-that-ran-over-50-days-in-theatres-8738708.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803144214/https://www.news18.com/movies/jhimma-2-to-baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movies-that-ran-over-50-days-in-theatres-8738708.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |24
|[[Classmates (2015 film)|''Classmates'']]
| align="right" |₹21 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-07 |title=\'नटसम्राट\'चा पहिल्या तीन दिवसांत 10 कोटींचा गल्ला, \'लय भारी\'चा रेकॉर्ड काढला मोडीत |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-nana-patekar-starrer-natsamrat-collects-rs-10-crores-in-3-days-at-box-office-5216361-nor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027204032/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-nana-patekar-starrer-natsamrat-collects-rs-10-crores-in-3-days-at-box-office-5216361-NOR.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |25
|''[[Double Seat]]''
| align="right" |₹20 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref name=":13" />
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening day ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|4.23}} crore
|align="center" |2016
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-06 |title=पहिल्या आठवड्यात ‘सैराट’ची रेकॉर्ड ब्रेक २५ कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/first-week-sairat-record-breaks-25-crores-earned/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}3.75 crore
|align="center" |2015
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title='टाइमपास २' सुसाट; तीन दिवसांत कमवला 11 कोटींचा गल्ला! |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/news/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-167341.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=lokmat.news18.com}}</ref><ref name=":22" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}3.5 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=पहिल्याच दिवशी लावलं प्रेक्षकांना 'वेड'; जमवला इतक्या करोडचा गल्ला |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/ved-day-1-box-office-collection-is-3-5-riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-mhgm-807889.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=mr |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231213953/https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/ved-day-1-box-office-collection-is-3-5-riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-mhgm-807889.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|3.5 crore}}
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":22" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
| align="right" |{{INR|3.10 crore}}
| align="center" |2014
| align="center" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh storms box office again, Lai Bhaari earns Rs 10.55 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/riteish-deshmukh-storms-box-office-again-lai-bhaari-earns-rs-10-55-crore/story-e2dcerLKvWio2GSXiKmTsN.html/1000 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-14 |title=Lai Bhaari rules Maha box office, grosses Rs 10.55 cr in opening weekend |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lai-bhaari-gets-cash-register-ringing-grosses-rs-10-cr-opening-weekend-1618379.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-13 |title=रितेशच्या ‘लय भारी’ची विक्रमी कमाई |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/lai-bhaari-box-office-collection-break-records-666420/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|3.1 crore}}
|align="center" |2018
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |7
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|2.25 crore}}
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Har Har Mahadev' box office: Subodh Bhave and Sharad Kelkar starrer collects 2.25 crores on Day 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/har-har-mahadev-box-office-subodh-bhave-and-sharad-kelkar-starrer-collects-2-25-crores-on-day-1/articleshow/95121228.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |8
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|align="right" |₹2.25 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Box Office Collections Day 1: Sachin Pilgaonkar's comedy opens to PACKED HOUSES; Nets Rs 2.25 crore on National Cinema Day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collections-day-1-sachin-pilgaonkars-comedy-opens-to-packed-houses-nets-rs-2-25-crore-on-national-cinema-day-1349344 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921072953/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collections-day-1-sachin-pilgaonkars-comedy-opens-to-packed-houses-nets-rs-2-25-crore-on-national-cinema-day-1349344 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |9
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|2.13 crore}}
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title='नाच गं घुमा' ठरला पहिल्या दिवशी सर्वाधिक कमाई करणारा तिसरा चित्रपट, जमवला इतका गल्ला |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/paresh-mokashi-nach-ga-ghuma-first-day-box-office-collection-3rd-highest-first-day-grosser-ever/804315 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |10
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|align="right" |₹2.05 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE Studios Dharmaveer Mukkam Post Thane, Saunkan Saunkne first day Box Office collections beat YRFs Jayeshbhai Jordaar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/zee-studios-dharmaveer-mukkam-post-thane-saunkan-saunkne-first-day-box-office-collections-beat-yrfs-jayeshbhai-jordaar-2463607.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening weekend ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹12.20 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-06 |title=‘सैराट’ची पहिल्या आठवड्यात रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sairat-record-breaking-box-office-collection-220173 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹11 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-05 |title=Timepass 2 earns Rs 11 crore in three days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/timepass-2-earns-rs-11-crore-in-three-days/articleshow/47152860.cms |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":20" />
|-
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref name=":19" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹10.55 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Yogesh |title=Natsamrat smashes all records of Marathi cinema in opening weekend |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-natsamrat-smashes-all-records-of-marathi-cinema-in-opening-weekend-2162661 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Ved Box Office: Riteish Deshmukh directorial starts on a good note; collects Rs. 10 cr over opening weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/ved-box-office-riteish-deshmukh-directorial-starts-good-note-collects-rs-10-cr-opening-weekend/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right|6
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|align="right" |₹9.08 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Dharmaveer Box Office: Film draws in Rs. 9.08 cr on opening weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/dharmaveer-box-office-film-draws-rs-9-08-cr-opening-weekend/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
| align="right" |₹8.71 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=मराठी चित्रपट हाऊसफुल्ल अन् कंगना रणौत, अक्षय कुमारच्या चित्रपटांकडे प्रेक्षकांची पाठ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2968203/kangana-ranaut-akshay-kumar-movie-less-response-from-audience-and-marathi-movie-more-collection-on-box-office-kmd-95/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Sarsenapati Hambirrao Box Office Collection : ‘सरसेनापती हंबीरराव’ चित्रपटाचे बॉक्स ऑफिस कलेक्शन समोर, तीन दिवसात कमावले इतके कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/pravin-tarde-sarsenapati-hambirrao-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-three-day-nrp-97-2951405/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
| align="right" |₹7.92 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Dharmveer 2 : साहेबांच्या हिंदुत्त्वाची गोष्ट प्रेक्षकांना भावली! 'धर्मवीर २'ची तीनच दिवसांत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर बंपर कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dharmveer-2-prasad-oak-pravin-tarde-movie-box-office-collection-day-3-details-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
| align="right" |₹7.75–9.50 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2024-09-23 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Collection : बॉक्स ऑफिसवर नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2 ची सुस्साट कमाई ! वीकेंडला प्रेक्षकांचा दमदार प्रतिसाद |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/navara-maza-navsacha-2-superhit-in-box-office-made-784-crore-in-weekend-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Sakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुळ्याचा गणपती पावला!नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ तिसऱ्या दिवशीही हाऊसफुल्ल, केली इतकी कमाई |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-day-3/articleshow/113587432.cms |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073451/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-day-3/articleshow/113587432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|[[Baipan Bhari Deva|''Baipan Bhari Deva'']]
| align="right" |₹6.45 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-07-04 |title=Baipan Bhaari Deva: बाईपण भारी देवा सिनेमाची बॉक्स ऑफीसवर रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, आजवर केली ईतकी कमाई |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movie-box-office-report-news-directed-by-kedar-shinde-drj96 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Sakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening week ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹25.50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=\'सैराट\'ची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, 11 दिवसात कमावले 41 कोटी |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-marathi-film-sairat-box-office-collection-5320618-pho.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Divya Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Sairat amasses Rs 25.50 cr in first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-amasses-Rs-25-50-cr-in-first-week/articleshow/52172670.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|align="right" |₹20.18 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Ved Marathi Movie : लय भारी ! मराठमोळं 'वेड' वाढतंच चाललंय, गाठला 50 कोटींचा टप्पा, रितेश म्हणाला, 'शब्द...' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/ved-marathi-movie-50-crore-box-office-collection-and-still-going-strong-riteish-deshmukh-shared-post-a945/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹17.10 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2014-07-18 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania' Enters Hit Zone; 'Lai Bhaari' Earns ₹17 Crore in Week 1 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-humpty-sharma-ki-dulhania-enters-hit-zone-lai-bhaari-earns-17-crore-604784 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=[[International Business Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹16.50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-27 |title=\'नटसम्राट\'ने रचला इतिहास, 35.10 कोटींचा गल्ला जमवत मोडला \'लय भारी\'चा विक्रम |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-marathi-movie-natsamrats-record-break-box-office-collection-earn-35-5233469-nor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117003803/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-movie-natsamrats-record-break-box-office-collection-earn-35-5233469-NOR.html |archive-date=2022-01-17 |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|align="right" |₹14.36 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर जोरदार घौडदोड; १० दिवसांत कमावले 'इतके' कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-ashok-saraf-starr-navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-in-10-days-pps-98-4627001/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|[[Naal (film)|''Naal'']]
| align="right" |₹14 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Studios’ Marathi film Naal smashes records at the box office |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/zee-studios-marathi-film-naal-smashes-records-at-the-box-office-2158433.html/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17262398858327&referrer=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/zee-studios-marathi-film-naal-smashes-records-at-the-box-office-2158433.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| align="right" |₹13.87 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Dharmaveer Box Office: Marathi film does roaring business in week 1; collects Rs. 13.87 cr |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/dharmaveer-box-office-marathi-film-roaring-business-week-1-collects-rs-13-87-cr/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Pranali |date=2022-12-27 |title=Year End 2022: 'या' मराठी सिनेमांनी बॉक्स ऑफिसवर घातला धुमाकूळ |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/year-end-2022-marathi-movie-success-journey-on-boxoffice-ppm81 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227050859/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/year-end-2022-marathi-movie-success-journey-on-boxoffice-ppm81 |archive-date=2022-12-27 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
| align="right" |₹12.50 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=With 83 Crore In Bag, Baipan Bhari Deva Is Now 2nd Highest Grossing Marathi Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/with-83-crore-in-bag-baipan-bhari-deva-is-now-2nd-highest-grossing-marathi-film-8478049.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title='बाईपण भारी देवा' चित्रपटाने मोडला 'वेड'चा रेकॉर्ड, आतापर्यंत कमावले इतके कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/baipan-bhari-deva-box-office-collection-ved-movie-record-break-kedar-shinde-post-know-details-nrp-97-3811646/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120928/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/baipan-bhari-deva-box-office-collection-ved-movie-record-break-kedar-shinde-post-know-details-nrp-97-3811646/ |archive-date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right"|9
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|align="right" |₹10–12.17 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=हर हर महादेव! 'पावनखिंड'ची बॉक्सऑफिस मोहीम फत्ते, पहिल्या आठवड्यात १० कोटींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathhi-movei-pawankhind-box-office-collection-races-towards-the-10-crore-mark/articleshow/89746927.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-04-29 |title=Marathi film ‘Sher Shivraj’ clocks ₹4 crore in opening weekend |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/marathi-film-sher-shivraj-clocks-rs-4-crore-in-opening-weekend-11651207936670.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| align="right" |₹9.25–12 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Prabhavalkar’s Dashavatar Sees Steady Growth On Week 1, Next Stop Rs 10 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dilip-prabhavalkars-dashavatar-sees-steady-growth-on-week-1-next-stop-rs-10-crore-aa-9582556.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Dashavatar: १६ दिवसांनंतरही 'दशावतार' सुसाट, आत्तापर्यंत किती कमावले? जाणून घ्या |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavatar-marathi-movie-crossed-19cr-on-box-office-see-collection-details-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-09-22 |title=Dashavatar film 10th Day Collection {{!}} 'दशावतार' दस नंबरी! विकेंडचा जबरदस्त फायदा, ओलांडला इतक्या कोटींचा टप्पा |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/dashavatar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-10-crosses-15-crore-ss88 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by month ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Month
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |January
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |{{efn|name="nst"}}
|-
!scope="row" |February
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|align="right" |₹75 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Ved box office collection day 3: Riteish Deshmukh film sees fourth-highest opening weekend by Marathi film ever |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-collection-riteish-deshmukh-film-sees-fourth-highest-opening-weekend-by-marathi-film-ever-3014511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082332/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-collection-riteish-deshmukh-film-sees-fourth-highest-opening-weekend-by-marathi-film-ever-3014511 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |March
|''[[Baban (film)|Baban]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|15 crore}}
|align="center" |2018
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title='बबन' चित्रपटाचं असामान्य यश; मुंबईत साजरा केला आनंद |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/baban-marathi-movie-success-party-for-completing-non-stop-50-days-1680350/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Loksatta |language=mr |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072126/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/baban-marathi-movie-success-party-for-completing-non-stop-50-days-1680350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |April
||''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
!scope="row" |May
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''{{Efn|Simultaneously shot in Hindi}}
|align="right" |₹76.86 crore
|align="center" |2017
|align="center" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Sachin – A Billion Dreams Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |June
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|align="right" |₹92 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |July
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
!scope="row" |August
|''[[Subhedar]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|18 crore}}
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |September
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|28.28 crore}}
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=2025-09-27 |title=Dashavtar Marathi Film: Konkan’s Ecology vs Development Battle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/dashavtar-marathi-film-konkan-ecology/article70101136.ece |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |October
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|37 crore}}
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":4" />
|-
!scope="row" |November
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=With Sairat, Marathi cinema flies high on box office, appreciation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |December
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|align="right" |₹75 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name="auto4" />
|}

==Highest-grossing milestone films==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Film
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1972
|''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]''
| align="right" |₹ 90 lakh
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिंजरा चित्रपटाची ५० वर्षे – Marathisrushti Articles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/articles/50-years-of-pinjara-movie/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.marathisrushti.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1988
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|align="right" |₹3 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 1 Crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुफान गाजलेल्या 'बनवाबनवी'चं तेव्हाचं तिकीट किती होतं ठाऊक आहे का? लागलेले हाउसफुलचे बोर्ड |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301041306/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1991
|''[[Maherchi Sadi]]''
|align="right" |₹12 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title='माहेरची साडी'नं 31 वर्षांपूर्वी बॉक्स ऑफिसवर केला होता राडा, आजही रडतात बायका.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maherchi-sadi-movie-complete-31-years-release-date-cast-alka-kubal-ramesh-bhatkar-vikram-gokhle-usha-nadkarni-ajinkya-deo-ashalata-nsa95 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217175711/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maherchi-sadi-movie-complete-31-years-release-date-cast-alka-kubal-ramesh-bhatkar-vikram-gokhle-usha-nadkarni-ajinkya-deo-ashalata-nsa95 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|align="right" |₹25 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 25 crore<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|align="right" |₹30 crore
|align="center" |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title='दुनियादारी' ब्लॉकबस्टर सिनेमाला 10 वर्षे पूर्ण |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/duniyadari-marathi-movie-release-ten-years-sanjay-jadhav-swapnil-joshi-sai-tamhankar-urmila-kothare-ankush-choudhary-jitendra-joshi-sushant-shelar-duniyadari-starcast-duniyadari-famous-dialogue-know-marathi-movie-atest-update-1193753 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 50 crore{{efn|name="nst"}}
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 100 crore<ref name=":3" />
|}

==Highest-grossing single-day films==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Collection
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|₹6.10 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baipan Bhari Deva Collects Rs 62 Crore In 18 days, Earns Blockbuster Tag |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/baipan-bhari-deva-collects-rs-62-crore-in-18-days-earns-blockbuster-tag-8377627.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|₹5.7 crore
|align="center"|<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh’s Ved reports highest single-day box office collection for a Marathi film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-reports-highest-single-day-box-office-collection-for-a-marathi-film/cid/1909431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620023742/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-reports-highest-single-day-box-office-collection-for-a-marathi-film/cid/1909431 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=Telegraph India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |3
|''[[Sairat]]''
|₹4.61–4.85 crore
|align="center"|<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title='सैराट'ची रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, 11 दिवसात 'नटसम्राट'ला धोबीपछाड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/sirat-earns-record-break-11-days-natsamastra-will-be-spoiled/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Lokmat |language=mr |quote=‘सैराट’ने पहिल्या आठवड्यातील शुक्रवारी 3.55 कोटी, शनिवारी 3.80 कोटी आणि रविवारी '''4.85 कोटी''' आणि सोमवारी 2.90 कोटी रुपयांचा गल्ला जमवला होता. |trans-quote='Sairat' collected Rs 3.55 crore on Friday, Rs 3.80 crore on Saturday, Rs '''4.85 crore''' on Sunday and Rs 2.90 crore on Monday in its first week.}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by year ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Studio
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1951
|''[[Amar Bhoopali]]''
|[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1952
|''[[Lakhachi Gosht]]''
|Gajraj Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1953
|''Gulacha Ganpati''
|Swati Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1954
|''Maharani Yesubai''
|Prabhakar Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1955
|''[[Shevagyachya Shenga|Shevgyachya Shenga]]''
|Sadashiv Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1956
|''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1956 film)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]''
|Mangal Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1957
|''Naikinicha Sazza''
|Jay Bhavani Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1958
|''Dhakti Jaaoo''
|Mangal Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1959
|''[[Sangtye Aika]]''
|Chetana Chitra
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-02 |title=3-day film fest in Kolhapur marks Mane’s birth centenary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/3-day-film-fest-in-kolhapur-marks-manes-birth-centenary/articleshow/48767784.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1960
|''[[Jagachya Pathivar]]''
|Shripad Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1961
|''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]''
|Kala Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1962
|''Ha Maza Marg Ekalaa''
|Shriram Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1963
|''[[Mohityanchi Manjula]]''
|Jay Bhavani Chitra Jaiprabha Studio
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |url= |title=Maharashtra: Birthplace of Indian Film Industry |date=1969 |publisher=Chief Information Officer, Maharashtra Information Centre |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1964
|''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''
|Chetana Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1965
|''[[Sadhi Mansa]]''
|Gayatri Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1966
|''Pavna Kathcha Dhondi''
|Mahalakshmi Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1967
|''Santh Wahate Krishna Mai''
|Shakari Film Studio Ltd.
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1968
|''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]''
|Prem Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1969
|''Aparadh''
|Manorama Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1970
|''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
|Parijat Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1971
|''[[Songadya]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-02 |title=Standing tall |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/standing-tall/article5186217.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1972
|''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]''
|[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1973-01-01 |title=Pinjra Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pinjra/box-office/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1973
|''Andhala Marto Dola''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1974
|''Sugandhi Katta''
|Chitra Mauli
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1975
|''[[Pandu Havaldar]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1976
|''[[Tumcha Aamcha Jamala]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1977
|''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]''
|Dada Kondke Productions
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SoBo single-screen theatre Central Plaza shuts its doors |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/sobo-single-screen-theatre-central-plaza-shuts-its-doors/articleshow/77813871.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1978
|''Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1979
|''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]''
|Manorama Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1980
|''Hyoch Navra Pahije''
|Dada Kondke Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1981
|''Gondhalat Gondhal''
|Smita Arts
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1982
|''Aali Angavar''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1983
|''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]''
|Shivshakti Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1984
|''[[Bin Kamacha Navra]]''
|Shivshakti Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1985
|''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=KOTHARE |first=MAHESH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f2lEAAAQBAJ&dq=damn+it+ani+barach+kahi+reviews&pg=PT199 |title=DAMN IT ANI BARACH KAHI |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-959709-6-4 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1986
|''[[Maaficha Sakshidar]]''
|Hemhira Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1987
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
|Shree Tulsi Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1988
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|V. Shantaram Productions
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुफान गाजलेल्या 'बनवाबनवी'चं तेव्हाचं तिकीट किती होतं ठाऊक आहे का? लागलेले हाउसफुलचे बोर्ड |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1989
|''[[Thartharat]]''
|Shree Ashtavinayak Chitra
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1990
|''[[Dhadakebaaz]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1991
|''[[Maherchi Sadi]]''
|Jyoti Pictures
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रक भरून प्रेक्षक, कानाकोपऱ्यात गाजला पण 'माहेरची साडी' चित्रपटाच्या तिकीटाची किंमत किती |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1992
|''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]''
|Amar Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1993
|''[[Zapatlela]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1994
|''[[Majha Chakula]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2018-06-18 |title=Ten Bollywood remakes of Marathi films |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qlQfWuXchh5FFSvms8iShK/Ten-Bollywood-remakes-of-Marathi-films.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602113559/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qlQfWuXchh5FFSvms8iShK/Ten-Bollywood-remakes-of-Marathi-films.html |archive-date=2025-06-02 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1995
|''[[Bangarwadi]]''
|[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] [[Doordarshan]]
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1996
|''[[Putravati]]''
|Manasi Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1997
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
|J. K. Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1998
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|Asmita Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1999
|''[[Bindhaast]]''
|Matchindra Chate
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2000
|''[[Astitva]]''
|Friends India Satyashwami Entertainment Ltd.
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-10-06 |title=Astitva Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/astitva/box-office/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2001
|''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|Devyani Movies
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |2002
|''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
|Vichitra Nirmiti Productions Everest Entertainment
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2003
|''[[Shwaas]]''
|Universal/Universal Int
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2004
|''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''
|Ark Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2005
|''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2006
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad]]''
|Sri Sai Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2007
|''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''
|Anubhuti Art
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-01-26 |title=Marathi films gross over Rs 100 cr, a whopping 42% growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/marathi-films-gross-over-rs-100-cr-a-whopping-42-growth/articleshow/2733103.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2008
|''[[De Dhakka]]''
|Satya Films [[Zee Marathi|Zee Talkies]]
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sapre |first=Omkar |date=2009-01-10 |title=Will the good times last for Marathi Cinema? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/will-the-good-times-last-for-marathi-cinema/articleshow/3958542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|Sanjay Chhabria Ashwami Manjrekar
|align="center" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2010
|''[[Natarang]]''
|[[Zee Marathi|Zee Talkies]] Nikhil Sane Amit Phalke Meghana Jadhav
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" |2011
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|Iconic Chandrakant Productions Pvt. Ltd.
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" |2012
|''[[Kaksparsh]]''
|Great Maratha Entertainments L.L.P
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Monetary boost giving Marathi cinema a new lease of life? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/monetary-boost-giving-marathi-cinema-a-new-lease-of-life--15648157 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|Dreaming 24/7 Productions Deepak Rane
|align="center" |<ref name=":16" />
|-
!scope="row" |2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|Mumbai Film Company Cinemantra Production
|align="center" |<ref name="auto6" />
|-
!scope="row" |2015
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|[[Essel Vision Productions]] Ganesh Films Nittin Keni Creations
|align="center" |<ref name="auto7" />
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Aatpat Production [[Essel Vision Productions]]
|align="center" |<ref name="auto2" />
|-
!scope="row" |2017
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''
|200 NotOut Productions Carnival Motion Pictures
|align="center" |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin – A Billion Dreams |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2018
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Aatpat Production Mrudganda Films
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=आजपर्यंत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर सर्वाधिक कमाई केलेले १० मराठी चित्रपट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/top-10-highest-grossing-marathi-movies-at-the-box-office-till-date/mh20220801115243555555727 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2019
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''
|[[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] Raut'ers Entertainment Carnival Motion Pictures
|align="center" |<ref name=":17" />
|-
!scope="row" |2020
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Pratisaad Production
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2021
|''[[Jhimma]]''
|Chalchitra Company Crazy Few Films
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Punekars Still Head To Theatres To Watch Marathi Films? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/do-punekars-still-head-to-theatres-to-watch-marathi-films |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2022
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|[[Mumbai Film Company]]
|align="center" |<ref name="auto3" />
|-
!scope="row" |2023
|''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]''
|[[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]] EmVeeBee Media
|align="center" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
!scope="row" |2024
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|Hiranyagarbha Manoranjan [[Panorama Studios]]
|align="center" |<ref name=":6" />
|-
!scope="row" |2025
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|{{Plainlist|*Ocean Film Company
*Ocean Art House}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=‘दशावतार’ चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर कमाई — २०व्या दिवशी आणि तिसऱ्या आठवड्यात ‘कांतारा’ला किती पुढे? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavtar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-20-third-week-in-front-kantara-chapter-1-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Lokmat}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi-language films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing films in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Film box office}}
[[Category:Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of highest-grossing films by region]]

Telecommunications

2026-03-19T04:45:05Z

Jaffer sadiq: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Transmission of information electromagnetically}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2022}}
{{Redirect|Telecommunication|the A Flock of Seagulls song|Telecommunication (song)}}
[[File:Erdfunkstelle Raisting 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Earth station]] at the satellite communication facility [[Raisting Earth Station]] in [[Raisting]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]]]

'''Telecommunication''', often used in its plural form or abbreviated as '''telecom''', is the transmission of [[information]] over a distance using [[electrical]] or [[electronics|electronic]] means, typically through cables, [[radio wave]]s, or other communication technologies. These means of transmission may be divided into [[communication channel]]s for [[multiplexing]], allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent [[communication session]]s. Long-distance technologies invented during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the [[electrical telegraph]], [[telephone]], [[television]], and [[radio]].

Early [[telecommunication network]]s used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for [[telegraph]]y and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in [[wireless communication]] began with breakthroughs including those made in [[radio communications]] by [[Guglielmo Marconi]], who won the 1909 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. Other early pioneers in electrical and electronic telecommunications include co-inventors of the telegraph [[Charles Wheatstone]] and [[Samuel Morse]], numerous [[Invention of the telephone|inventors and developers of the telephone]] including [[Antonio Meucci]], [[Philipp Reis]], [[Elisha Gray]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventors of radio [[Edwin Armstrong]] and [[Lee de Forest]], as well as inventors of television like [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]], [[John Logie Baird]] and [[Philo Farnsworth]].

Since the 1960s, the proliferation of digital technologies has meant that [[voice]] communications have gradually been supplemented by data. The physical limitations of metallic media prompted the development of optical fibre.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=How does a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) work?|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/what-is-gpon|access-date=7 June 2021|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607144149/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/what-is-gpon|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=National Research Council |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/3|year=2006|doi=10.17226/11711|isbn=978-0-309-10265-0|language=en|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221636/https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/3|url-status=live |title=Renewing U.S. Telecommunications Research |bibcode=2006nap..book11711N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cyphers|first=Bennett|date=16 October 2019|title=The Case for Fiber to the Home, Today: Why Fiber is a Superior Medium for 21st Century Broadband|url=https://www.eff.org/wp/case-fiber-home-today-why-fiber-superior-medium-21st-century-broadband|access-date=7 June 2021|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603233817/https://www.eff.org/wp/case-fiber-home-today-why-fiber-superior-medium-21st-century-broadband|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Internet]], a technology independent of any given medium, has provided global access to services for individual users and further reduced location and time limitations on communications.

== Definition ==
At the 1932 [[ITU Plenipotentiary Conference|Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference]] and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations merged to form the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU).<ref>{{cite web |title=International Telegraph Conference (Madrid, 1932) |url=https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/PlenipotentiaryConferences.aspx?conf=4.5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108011921/https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/PlenipotentiaryConferences.aspx?conf=4.5 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=ITU}}</ref> They defined ''telecommunication'' as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."

The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the [[ITU Radio Regulations]], which defined it as "Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by [[wire]], radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems".

As such, slow communications technologies like [[postal mail]] and [[pneumatic tube]]s are excluded from the telecommunication's definition.<ref>{{citation |title=ITU Radio Regulations |title-link=ITU Radio Regulations |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319031957/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000244501PDFE.PDF |archive-date=19 March 2015 |chapter=Article 1.3 |chapter-url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000244501PDFE.PDF |publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]]}}</ref><ref>Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)</ref>

The term ''telecommunication'' was coined in 1904 by the French engineer and novelist [[Édouard Estaunié]], who defined it as "remote transmission of thought through electricity".<ref>{{cite web|first=Jean-Marie|last=Dilhac|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/conferences/che2004/Dilhac.pdf|title=From tele-communicare to Telecommunications|website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202232403/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/conferences/che2004/Dilhac.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2010|year=2004}}</ref>
Telecommunication is a compound noun formed from the Greek prefix ''tele-'' (τῆλε), meaning ''distant'', ''far off'', or ''afar'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tele-&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225225345/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tele-&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Latin verb ''communicare'', meaning ''to share''.<ref name="oxford">{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/telecommunication?view=uk |title=Telecommunication |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430020541/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/telecommunication?view=uk |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Telecommunication'', ''tele-'' and ''communication'', [[New Oxford American Dictionary]] (2nd edition), 2005.</ref> ''Communication'' was first used as an English word in the late 14th century. It comes from Old French comunicacion (14c., Modern French communication), from Latin communicationem (nominative communication), noun of action from past participle stem of communicare, "to share, divide out; communicate, impart, inform; join, unite, participate in," literally, "to make common", from communis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=communication&allowed_in_frame=0|title=communication |website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914041535/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=communication&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{further|History of telecommunication}}Many [[transmission media]] have been used for long-distance communication throughout history, from [[smoke signal]]s, [[beacon]]s, [[semaphore telegraph]]s, [[signal flag]]s, and optical [[heliograph]]s to [[electrical wire|wire]]s and empty space made to carry [[electromagnetic signal]]s.

=== Before the electrical and electronic era ===
[[File:OptischerTelegraf.jpg|upright|thumb|A replica of one of [[Claude Chappe|Chappe's]] [[semaphore tower]]s]]

Long distance communication was used long before the discovery of electricity and electromagnetism enabled the invention of telecommunications. A few of the many ingenious methods for communicating over distances prior to that are described here.

[[Homing pigeon]]s have been used throughout history by different cultures. [[Pigeon post]] had [[Persia]]n roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. [[Frontinus]] claimed [[Julius Caesar]] used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of [[Gaul]].<ref name = "Levi">{{cite book |last=Levi |first=Wendell |title= The Pigeon|year= 1977|publisher= Levi Publishing Co, Inc|location= Sumter, SC|isbn=978-0-85390-013-9 }}</ref> The [[Greeks]] also conveyed the names of the victors at the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] to various cities using homing pigeons.<ref>{{cite book | last =Blechman | first =Andrew | title =Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird. | publisher =University of Queensland Press | year =2007 | location =St Lucia, Queensland | url =http://www.uqp.uq.edu.au/book_details.php?id=9780702236419 | isbn =978-0-7022-3641-9 | url-status=dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080514003720/http://www.uqp.uq.edu.au/book_details.php?id=9780702236419 | archive-date =14 May 2008 | df =dmy-all }}</ref> In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. And in 1849, [[Paul Julius Reuter]] started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between [[Aachen]] and [[Brussels]], a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.<ref>{{cite news| title =Chronology: Reuters, from pigeons to multimedia merger| newspaper =Reuters| url =https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSL1849100620080219| format =Web article| access-date =21 February 2008| date =19 February 2008| archive-date =26 March 2008| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192232/http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSL1849100620080219| url-status =live}}</ref>

In the Middle Ages, chains of [[beacon]]s were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the [[Spanish Armada]], when a beacon chain relayed a signal from [[Plymouth]] to [[London]].<ref>{{cite web | first=David | last=Ross | url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/armada.htm | title=The Spanish Armada | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104142345/https://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/armada.htm | archive-date=4 January 2020 | website=Britain Express | access-date=October 1, 2007}}</ref>

In 1792, [[Claude Chappe]], a French engineer, built the first fixed visual [[telegraphy]] system (or [[semaphore line]]) between [[Lille]] and Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chappe.ec-lyon.fr/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409014107/http://chappe.ec-lyon.fr/|title=Les Télégraphes Chappe|archive-date=2004-04-09|website=Cédrick Chatenet|location=l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon|year=2003}}</ref> However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/itudoc/gs/promo/tsb/88192.pdf|title=CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212173522/https://www.itu.int/itudoc/gs/promo/tsb/88192.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2020|website=International Telecommunication Union|year=2006}}</ref>

=== Telegraph and telephone ===
{{main|Telegraphy|Telephony}}
On July 25, 1837, the first commercial [[electrical telegraph]] was demonstrated by English inventor Sir [[William Fothergill Cooke]] and English scientist Sir [[Charles Wheatstone]].<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Brockedone|title=Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph|date=11 March 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415846783}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/first-electric-telegraph/|title=Who made the first electric telegraph communications?|work=The Telegraph|access-date=7 August 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003926/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/first-electric-telegraph/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010616184336/https://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm|archive-date=2001-06-16|title=The Electromagnetic Telegraph|first=J. B.|last=Calvert|date=19 May 2004}}</ref>

[[Samuel Morse]] independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. [[Morse code|His code]] was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/atlantic-cable/|title=The Atlantic Cable |via=Smithsonian Libraries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701144122/http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/atlantic-cable/|archive-date=1 July 2017|website=Bern Dibner|publisher=Burndy Library Inc.|year=1959}}</ref>

After early attempts to develop a ''talking telegraph'' by [[Antonio Meucci]] and a ''telefon'' by [[Johann Philipp Reis]], a patent for the conventional telephone was filed by [[Alexander Graham Bell|Alexander Bell]] in February 1876 (just a few hours before [[Elisha Gray]] filed a [[patent caveat]] for a similar device).<ref>"[https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/technology/item/who-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone/ Who is credited with inventing the telephone?]", published 2022-02-22, updated 2024-9-12. Science Reference Section, Library of Congress.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT-images/ElishaGray.html|title=Elisha Gray|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628164416/http://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT-images/ElishaGray.html|archive-date=28 June 2017|website=Oberlin College Archives|publisher=Electronic Oberlin Group|year=2006}}</ref> The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of [[New Haven]] and London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connected-earth.com/Galleries/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelephone/index.htm|title=Connected Earth: The telephone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822104544/http://www.connected-earth.com/Galleries/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelephone/index.htm|archive-date=22 August 2006|publisher=BT|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.att.com/history/milestones.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114033744/https://www.att.com/history/milestones.html|title=History of AT&T|archive-date=2003-01-14|website=AT&T}}</ref>

=== Radio and television ===
{{main|Radio|Television}}
In 1894, Italian inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]] began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of [[radio wave]]s, demonstrating, by 1901, that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm|title=Tesla Biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114205727/http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm |archive-date=14 January 2016|first=Ljubo|last=Vujovic|website=Tesla Memorial Society of New York|year=1998}}</ref> This was the start of [[wireless telegraphy]] by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the [[Marconi station#Glace Bay, Nova Scotia|Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada]], became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TR Center - Talking Across the Ocean|url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162827/https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[World War I]] accelerated the development of radio for [[military communications]]. After the war, commercial radio [[AM broadcasting]] began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. [[World War II]] again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9781118104644|last=Thompson|first=R.J. Jr.|year=2011|title=Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II|location=Hoboken, NJ|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> Development of stereo [[FM broadcasting]] of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1940s in the United Kingdom,<ref name="BBC1946">{{cite web |title=Report 1946-04 – Frequency Modulation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/rdreport_1946_04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103173115/https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/rdreport_1946_04 |archive-date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=BBC Research & Development|date=January 1946 }}</ref> displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book | isbn=9781623566654 | last1=Théberge | first1=P. | last2=Devine | first2=K. | last3=Everrett | first3=T | year=2015 | title=Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound | location=New York | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref>

On March 25, 1925, [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store [[Selfridges]]. Baird's device relied upon the [[Nipkow disk]] by [[Paul Nipkow]] and thus became known as the [[mechanical television]]. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] beginning on 30 September 1929.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http://www.mztv.com/pioneers.html | title=The Pioneers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070220/http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mztv.com%2Fpioneers.html | archive-date=14 May 2013 | website=MZTV Museum of Television | year=2006}}</ref>

=== Vacuum tubes ===
{{main|Vacuum tube}}
Vacuum tubes use [[thermionic emission]] of electrons from a [[hot cathode|heated cathode]] for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal [[amplifier|amplification]] and current [[rectifier|rectification]].

The simplest vacuum tube, the [[diode]] invented in 1904 by [[John Ambrose Fleming]], contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more [[control grid]]s within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoddeson|first=L|title=The Vacuum Tube|url=https://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/vacuumt.html|publisher=PBS|access-date=6 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415063342/http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/vacuumt.html | archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, [[sound recording and reproduction]], long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital [[computers]]. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the [[spark gap transmitter]] for radio or [[mechanical computer]]s for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of [[electronics]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macksey |first1=Kenneth |last2=Woodhouse |first2=William |year=1991 |chapter=Electronics |title=The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the present day |publisher=Viking |page=110 |isbn=978-0-670-82698-8 |quote=The electronics age may be said to have been ushered in with the invention of the vacuum diode valve in 1902 by the Briton John Fleming (himself coining the word 'electronics'), the immediate application being in the field of radio.}}</ref>

For most of the 20th century, televisions depended on a kind of vacuum tube — the [[cathode ray tube]] — invented by [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by [[Philo Farnsworth]] and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html|title=Philo Farnsworth | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930214902/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html |archive-date=30 September 2009|first=Neil|last=Postman|website=[[TIME Magazine]]|date=29 March 1999}}</ref> After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.

Also in the 1940s, the invention of [[semiconductor devices]] made it possible to produce [[Solid state electronics|solid-state]] devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than vacuum tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, vacuum tubes were replaced with the [[transistor]]. Vacuum tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.

=== Computer networks and the Internet ===
{{main|Computer network|Internet}}
On 11 September 1940, [[George Stibitz]] transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a [[teletype]] and received the computed results back at [[Dartmouth College]] in [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Stibitz (1904–1995) | url=http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm | access-date=6 June 2023|website=www.kerryr.net|publisher=Kerry Redshaw|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815235330/http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This configuration of a centralized computer ([[mainframe]]) with remote [[dumb terminals]] remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, [[Paul Baran]] and, independently, [[Donald Davies]] started to investigate [[packet switching]], a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|asynchronously]] without passing it through a centralized [[mainframe]]. A four-node [[computer network|network]] emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the [[ARPANET]], which by 1981 had grown to 213 [[Node (networking)|nodes]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Hafner | first = Katie | title = Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-684-83267-8 }}</ref> ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) who published a series of [[Request for Comments]] documents, other networking advancements occurred in [[industrial laboratory|industrial laboratories]], such as the [[local area network]] (LAN) developments of [[Ethernet]] (1983), [[Token Ring]] (1984){{citation needed|date=April 2018}} and [[Star network]] topology.

=== Growth of transmission capacity ===
The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 [[petabytes]] (PB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 PB in 1993 to 2.2 [[exabytes]] (EB) in 2000 to 65 EB in 2007.<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">{{cite journal|title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information|first1=Martin|last1=Hilbert|first2=Priscila|last2=López|year=2011|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=332|issue=6025|pages=60–65 | doi=10.1126/science.1200970 | pmid=21310967 | bibcode=2011Sci...332...60H|s2cid=206531385|doi-access=free}}</ref> This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0|title=video animation|newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012.<ref name="plunkettresearch01">{{cite web | url=http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Telecommunications/TelecommunicationsStatistics/tabid/96/Default.aspx | title=Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenues | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328045302/http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Telecommunications/TelecommunicationsStatistics/tabid/96/Default.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010|website=Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2010|date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="plunkettresearch02">{{Cite web |title=Introduction to the Telecommunications Industry |url=http://www.plunkettresearch.com/telecommunications-market-research/industry-and-business-data/statistics |website=Plunkett Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031016/http://www.plunkettresearch.com/telecommunications-market-research/industry-and-business-data/statistics |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP).<ref name="plunkettresearch01" />

== Technical concepts ==
Modern telecommunication is founded on a series of key concepts that experienced progressive development and refinement in a period of well over a century:

=== Basic elements ===
Telecommunication technologies may primarily be divided into [[wired communication|wired]] and wireless methods. Overall, a basic telecommunication system consists of three main parts that are always present in some form or another:
* A [[transmitter]] that takes information and converts it to a [[signal]]
* A [[transmission medium]], also called the ''physical channel,'' that carries the signal (e.g., the [[Free-space optical communication|"free space channel"]])
* A [[receiver (radio)|receiver]] that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information for the recipient

In a [[radio broadcasting station]], the station's large [[power amplifier]] is the transmitter and the broadcasting [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] is the interface between the power amplifier and the free space channel. The free space channel is the transmission medium and the receiver's antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver. Next, the [[radio receiver]] is the destination of the radio signal, where it is converted from electricity to sound.

Telecommunication systems are occasionally [[duplex (telecommunications)|"duplex"]] (two-way systems) with a single box of electronics working as both the transmitter and a receiver, or a ''transceiver'' (e.g., a [[mobile phone]]).<ref name="stallings-intro">{{cite book | last = Haykin | first = Simon | edition= 4th | title = Communication Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo | url-access = registration | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2001 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo/page/n21 1]–3 | isbn = 978-0-471-17869-9 }}</ref> The transmission electronics and the receiver electronics within a transceiver are quite independent of one another. This can be explained by the fact that radio transmitters contain power amplifiers that operate with electrical powers measured in watts or kilowatts, but radio receivers deal with radio powers measured in microwatts or [[nanowatt]]s. Hence, transceivers have to be carefully designed and built to isolate their high-power circuitry and their low-power circuitry from each other to avoid interference.

Telecommunication over fixed lines is called [[point-to-point communication]] because it occurs between a transmitter and a receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called [[broadcasting|broadcast communication]] because it occurs between a powerful transmitter and numerous low-power but sensitive radio receivers.<ref name="stallings-intro" />

Telecommunications in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers have been designed to cooperate and share the same physical channel are called [[multiplexing|multiplex systems]]. The sharing of physical channels using multiplexing often results in significant cost reduction. Multiplexed systems are laid out in telecommunication networks and multiplexed signals are switched at nodes through to the correct destination terminal receiver.

=== Analogue versus digital communications ===
Communications can be encoded as [[analogue signal|analogue]] or [[digital signal]]s, which may in turn be carried by [[analogue communication|analogue]] or [[digital communication]] systems. Analogue signals vary continuously with respect to the information, while digital signals encode information as a set of discrete values (e.g., a set of ones and zeroes).<ref name=Ambardar>{{cite book | last = Ambardar | first = Ashok | edition = 2nd | title = Analog and Digital Signal Processing | publisher = Brooks| year = 1999 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/analogdigitalsig00amba/page/1 1–2] | isbn = 978-0-534-95409-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/analogdigitalsig00amba/page/1 }}</ref> During propagation and reception, information contained in analogue signals is degraded by undesirable [[noise (signal processing)|noise]]. Commonly, the noise in a communication system can be expressed as adding or subtracting from the desirable signal via a [[random process]]. This form of noise is called [[additive noise]], with the understanding that the noise can be negative or positive at different instances.

Unless the additive noise disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Their resistance to noise represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals. However, digital systems [[Cliff effect|fail catastrophically]] when noise exceeds the system's ability to autocorrect. On the other hand, analogue systems fail gracefully: as noise increases, the signal becomes progressively more degraded but still usable. Also, digital transmission of [[continuous signal|continuous data]] unavoidably adds [[quantization noise]] to the output. This can be reduced, but not eliminated, only at the expense of increasing the channel bandwidth requirement.

=== Communication channels ===
{{main|Communication channel}}

The term ''channel'' has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Examples of this include the [[atmosphere]] for sound communications, glass [[optical fibre]]s for some kinds of [[optical communications]], [[coaxial cable]]s for communications by way of the voltages and electric currents in them, and [[Free-space optical communication|free space]] for communications using [[visible light]], [[infrared]] waves, [[ultraviolet light]], and [[radio wave]]s. Coaxial cable types are classified by RG type or ''radio guide'', terminology derived from World War II. The various RG designations are used to classify the specific signal transmission applications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.conwire.com/coax-cable-rg-cable-blog|title=Coax Cable FAQ Series: What is RG Cable? – Conwire|date=12 January 2016|work=Conwire|access-date=7 August 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000629/http://www.conwire.com/coax-cable-rg-cable-blog|url-status=live}}</ref> This last channel is called the ''free space channel''. The sending of radio waves from one place to another has nothing to do with the presence or absence of an atmosphere between the two. Radio waves travel through a perfect [[vacuum]] just as easily as they travel through air, fog, clouds, or any other kind of gas.

The other meaning of the term ''channel'' in telecommunications is seen in the phrase [[communications channel]], which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously. For example, one radio station can broadcast radio waves into free space at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 94.5 [[MHz]] (megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves over a frequency [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of about 180 [[kHz]] (kilohertz), centred at frequencies such as the above, which are called the [[Carrier wave|"carrier frequencies"]]. Each station in this example is separated from its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system.

In the example above, the ''free space channel'' has been divided into communications channels according to [[frequencies]], and each channel is assigned a separate frequency bandwidth in which to broadcast radio waves. This system of dividing the medium into channels according to frequency is called ''[[frequency-division multiplexing]]''. Another term for the same concept is ''[[wavelength-division multiplexing]]'', which is more commonly used in optical communications when multiple transmitters share the same physical medium.

Another way of dividing a communications medium into channels is to allocate each sender a recurring segment of time (a ''time slot'', for example, 20 [[milliseconds]] out of each second), and to allow each sender to send messages only within its own time slot. This method of dividing the medium into communication channels is called [[time-division multiplexing]] (TDM), and is used in optical fibre communication. Some radio communication systems use TDM within an allocated FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM.

=== Modulation ===
{{main|Modulation}}
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as ''modulation''. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is commonly called [[keying (telecommunications)|"keying"]]—a term derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications—and several keying techniques exist (these include [[phase-shift keying]], [[frequency-shift keying]], and [[amplitude-shift keying]]). The [[Bluetooth]] system, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between various devices.<ref>Haykin, pp. 344–403.</ref><ref>[http://www.bluetooth.org/foundry/adopters/document/Core_v2.0_EDR/en/1/Core_v2.0_EDR.zip Bluetooth Specification Version 2.0 + EDR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814042933/https://www.bluetooth.org/foundry/adopters/document/Core_v2.0_EDR/en/1/Core_v2.0_EDR.zip |date=14 August 2014 }} (p. 27), Bluetooth, 2004.</ref> In addition, there are combinations of phase-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying which is called (in the jargon of the field) [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] (QAM) that are used in high-capacity digital radio communication systems.

Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be impressed into a higher-frequency signal (known as the [[carrier wave]]) before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this [two of the most basic being [[amplitude modulation]] (AM) and [[frequency modulation]] (FM)]. An example of this process is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel 96 FM).<ref>Haykin, pp. 88–126.</ref> In addition, modulation has the advantage that it may use frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

=== Telecommunication networks ===
{{main|Telecommunications network}}
A telecommunications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and [[communications channel]]s that send messages to one another. Some digital communications networks contain one or more [[Router (computing)|routers]] that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analogue communications network consists of one or more [[telephone switch|switches]] that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of networks, [[repeater]]s may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat [[attenuation]] that can render the signal indistinguishable from the noise.<ref name="glossary">{{cite web|url=http://www.atis.org/tg2k/|title=ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ |archive-date=2 March 2008|website=ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance and Signal Processing (approved by the American National Standards Institute)|date=28 February 2001}}</ref> Another advantage of digital systems over analogue is that their output is easier to store in memory, i.e., two voltage states (high and low) are easier to store than a continuous range of states.

== Societal impact ==
Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the [[telecommunication industry]]'s revenue at US$4.7 trillion or just under three per cent of the [[gross world product]] (official exchange rate).<ref name="plunkettresearch01" /> Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society.

=== Microeconomics ===
On the [[microeconomic]] scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer [[Amazon.com]] but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer [[Walmart]] has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lenert | first = Edward |date=December 1998 | title = A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunications Policy | journal = Journal of Communication| volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 3–23 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x}}</ref> In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to order and arrange a variety of home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage. In [[Bangladesh]]'s [[Narsingdi District]], isolated villagers use cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In [[Côte d'Ivoire]], coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.<ref>{{cite thesis | author = Mireille Samaan | title = The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration | publisher = Boston University |type = Honors thesis | date = April 2003 | url = http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=ashonors | format = PDF | access-date =8 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070214102055/http://dissertations.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=ashonors |archive-date = 14 February 2007}}</ref>

=== Macroeconomics ===
On the [[macroeconomic]] scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and [[Leonard Waverman]] suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1257/aer.91.4.909 | last = Röller | first = Lars-Hendrik |author2=Leonard Waverman | title = Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach | journal = American Economic Review | issn = 0002-8282 | year = 2001 | volume = 91 | issue = 4 | pages = 909–23| citeseerx = 10.1.1.202.9393 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang and Carlo M. Rossotto with Kaoru Kimura |title=Economic Impacts of Broadband |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTIC4D/Resources/IC4D_Broadband_35_50.pdf |website=siteresources.worldbank.org |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812035517/http://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Riaz | first = Ali | title = The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis | journal = Media, Culture & Society | year = 1997 | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 557–83 | doi = 10.1177/016344397019004004| s2cid = 154398428 }}</ref>

Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the world—this is known as the [[digital divide]]. A 2003 survey by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) revealed that roughly a third of countries have fewer than one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Access Index (DAI)|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/dai/|publisher=itu.int|access-date=6 March 2008|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102061041/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/dai/|url-status=live}}</ref> Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and [[Iceland]] received the highest ranking while the African countries [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Mali]] received the lowest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Telecommunication Development Report 2003: Access Indicators for the Information Society: Executive Summary |url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_03/material/WTDR2003Sum_e.pdf |website=International Telecommunication Union (ITU) |page=22 |date=December 2003 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606100635/https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_03/material/WTDR2003Sum_e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Social impact ===
Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless, devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends.<ref name="fischer">{{cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Claude S.|title=Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=29|issue=1|date=January 1988|pages=32–61|doi=10.2307/3105226|jstor=3105226|s2cid=146820965 }}.</ref>

Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years,{{Since when|date=May 2023}} the popularity of [[social networking site]]s has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in everything from organising social engagements to [[courtship]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How do you know your love is real? Check Facebook|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/04/04/facebook.love/index.html|date=4 April 2008|access-date=8 February 2009|archive-date=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106160435/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/04/04/facebook.love/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to social networking sites, technologies like [[short message service]] (SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group [[Ipsos MORI]] reported that 81% of 15- to 24-year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/1575/I-Just-Text-To-Say-I-Love-You.aspx|title=I Just Text To Say I Love You|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227091824/https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/1575/I-Just-Text-To-Say-I-Love-You.aspx|archive-date=27 December 2016|website=Ipsos MORI|date=September 2005}}</ref>

=== Entertainment, news, and advertising ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 5px;"
|+News source preference of Americans in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Online News: For many home broadband users, the internet is a primary news source|publisher=Pew Internet Project|url=http://www.ccgrouppr.com/PIP_News.and.Broadband.pdf|date=22 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021122359/http://www.ccgrouppr.com/PIP_News.and.Broadband.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Local TV || 59%
|-
| National TV || 47%
|-
| Radio || 44%
|-
| Local paper || 38%
|-
| Internet || 23%
|-
| National paper || 12%
|-
| colspan = 2|Survey permitted multiple answers
|}
In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the Internet, people can listen to music they have not heard before without having to travel to the music store.

Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A 2006 survey (right table) of slightly more than 3,000 Americans by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project in the United States the majority specified television or radio over newspapers.

Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising. [[TNS Media Intelligence]] reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on media that depend upon telecommunication.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Leading National Advertisers|magazine=Advertising Age|url=http://adage.com/images/random/datacenter/2008/spendtrends08.pdf|date=23 June 2008|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231038/http://adage.com/images/random/datacenter/2008/spendtrends08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Advertising expenditures in US in 2007{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
!Medium || || Spending
|-
| Internet || 7.6% ||$11.31 billion
|-
| Radio || 7.2% ||$10.69 billion
|-
| Cable TV || 12.1% ||$18.02 billion
|-
| Syndicated TV || 2.8% ||$4.17 billion
|-
| Spot TV || 11.3% ||$16.82 billion
|-
| Network TV || 17.1% ||$25.42 billion
|-
| Newspaper || 18.9% ||$28.22 billion
|-
| Magazine || 20.4% ||$30.33 billion
|-
| Outdoor || 2.7% ||$4.02 billion
|-
| Total || 100% ||$149 billion
|-
|}

== Regulation ==
{{See also|List of telecommunications regulatory bodies}}
Many countries have enacted legislation which conforms to the International Telecommunication Regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/index.aspx|title=International Telecommunication Union : About ITU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715225630/http://www.itu.int/net/about/index.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2009|website=ITU|access-date=21 July 2009}} ([https://www.itu.int/osg/csd/wtpf/wtpf2009/documents/ITU_ITRs_88.pdf PDF]) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104643/https://www.itu.int/osg/csd/wtpf/wtpf2009/documents/ITU_ITRs_88.pdf |date=7 June 2011 }} of regulation)</ref> In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation". According to the ITU's ''Radio Regulations'' adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the ''International Frequency Registration Board'', examined by the board and registered on the ''International Frequency List'' "shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0002930000170046|jstor=2194872|title=Jamming and the Protection of Frequency Assignments|year=1955|last1=Codding|first1=George A.|journal=American Journal of International Law|volume=49|issue=3|pages=384–388}}.</ref>

From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The [[history of broadcasting]] discusses some debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting.<ref name="Wood" /> The onset of [[World War II]] brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda.<ref name="Wood">{{cite book|last=Wood|first=James|title=History of international broadcasting|year=1992|page=2|publisher=P. Peregrinus Limited |isbn=9780863413025}}</ref> Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda.<ref name="Wood" /><ref name="Garfield">{{Cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |last=Garfield |first=Andrew |title=The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq |date=Fall 2007 |volume=14 |number=4 |pages=23–32 |url=https://www.meforum.org/1753/the-us-counter-propaganda-failure-in-iraq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021425/http://www.meforum.org/1753/the-us-counter-propaganda-failure-in-iraq |archive-date=2 March 2009 |via=Middle East Forum}}</ref> Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the mid-1930s. In 1936, the BBC broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa.<ref name="Wood" /> Modern political debates in telecommunication include the reclassification of [[Internet access|broadband Internet service]] as a telecommunications service (also called [[net neutrality]]),<ref name="NYT-20141110-EW">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |date=10 November 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132858/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141114">{{cite news |title=Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |date=14 November 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709134910/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> regulation of [[Mobile phone spam|phone spam]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGill |first1=Margaret Harding |title=FCC takes long-delayed step against spam text surge |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/09/26/fcc-spam-texts-proposal-approved |website=Axios |access-date=8 February 2023 |language=en |date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208150751/https://www.axios.com/2022/09/26/fcc-spam-texts-proposal-approved |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Madison |title=Robocallers are preying on the elderly with fake Medicare calls. It's a no-brainer to stop it, but nobody has. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/robocalls-medicare-fraud-how-to-stop-2023-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207232314/https://www.businessinsider.com/robocalls-medicare-fraud-how-to-stop-2023-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and expanding affordable broadband access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affordable Broadband: FCC Could Improve Performance Goals and Measures, Consumer Outreach, and Fraud Risk Management |url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105399 |website=www.gao.gov |date=February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208150801/https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105399 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Modern media==
=== Worldwide equipment sales ===
According to data collected by Gartner<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|date=4 March 2009|title=Why falling PC sales means Windows 7 is on the way|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/mar/04/computing-windows-sales|access-date=6 June 2023|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519070556/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/mar/04/computing-windows-sales |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile Phone Sales To Exceed One Billion in 2009|url=http://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?ID=7978|date=21 July 2005|access-date=6 June 2023|website=Palm Infocenter|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042243/http://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?ID=7978 |archive-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and Ars Technica<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reimer|first=Jeremy|date=15 December 2005|title=Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures|url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/|access-date=6 June 2023|website=Ars Technica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015006/http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0124/10/28217_181627497.shtml |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> sales of main consumer's telecommunication equipment worldwide in millions of units was:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Equipment / year !! 1975 !! 1980 !! 1985 !! 1990 !! 1994 !! 1996 !! 1998 !! 2000 !! 2002 !! 2004 !! 2006 !! 2008
|-
| Computers || 0 || 1 || 8 || 20 || 40 || 75 || 100 || 135 || 130 || 175 || 230 || 280
|-
| Cell phones || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || 180 || 400 || 420 || 660 || 830 || 1000
|}

=== Telephone ===
[[File:Fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Optical fibre]] provides cheaper bandwidth for long-distance communication.]]

In a telephone network, the caller is connected to the person to whom they wish to talk by switches at various [[telephone exchanges]]. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller [[pulse dialing|dials]] the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small [[microphone]] in the caller's [[handset]]. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small [[loudspeaker|speaker]] in that person's handset.

{{As of|2015}}, the [[landline]] telephones in most residential homes are analogue—that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-1305855779|page=433|title=Engineering and Technology | last1=Hacker | first1=Michael | last2=Burghardt | first2=David | last3=Fletcher | first3=Linnea | last4=Gordon | first4=Anthony | last5=Peruzzi | first5=William | date=3 April 2015 | publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref> Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital signals for transmission. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side by side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long-distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m).<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.gartner.com/press_releases/asset_145891_11.html |title=Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21% Growth in 2005 |date=28 February 2006 |publisher=Gartner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510220444/http://www.gartner.com/press_releases/asset_145891_11.html |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2006.1628825|title=Africa calling [African wireless connection]|year=2006|last1=Mbarika|first1=V.W.A.|last2=Mbarika|first2=I.|journal=IEEE Spectrum|volume=43|issue=5|pages=56–60|s2cid=30385268}}</ref> Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as [[GSM]] or [[W-CDMA]] with many markets choosing to deprecate analog systems such as [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amta.org.au/default.asp?Page=142|title=Ten Years of GSM in Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110058/http://www.amta.org.au/default.asp?Page=142 |archive-date=20 July 2008|website=Australia Telecommunications Association|year=2003}}</ref>

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of [[TAT-8]] in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optical fibres. The benefit of communicating with optical fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optical fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.att.com/history/milestones.html|title=Milestones in AT&T History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906003711/http://www.att.com/history/milestones.html |archive-date=6 September 2008|website=AT&T Knowledge Ventures|year=2006}}</ref> This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optical fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from [[crosstalk]] which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node21.html|title=Optical fibre waveguide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524033058/http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node21.html |archive-date=24 May 2006|first=Saleem|last=Bhatti|year=1995}}</ref> Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/mels/cm1500/dwdm/dwdm_ovr.pdf| title=Fundamentals of DWDM Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809084728/http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/mels/cm1500/dwdm/dwdm_ovr.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2012|website=Cisco Systems|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=31358 |title=Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet |first=Mary |last=Jander |website=Light Reading |date=15 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724081909/http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=31358 |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

Assisting communication across many modern optical fibre networks is a protocol known as [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side [[data transmission]] mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a [[traffic contract]] with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut off completely.<ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | first = William | edition= 7th intl | title = Data and Computer Communications | url = https://archive.org/details/datacomputercomm00stal_1 | url-access = registration | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = 2004 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/datacomputercomm00stal_1/page/337 337–66] | isbn = 978-0-13-183311-1 }}</ref> There are competitors to ATM, such as [[Multiprotocol Label Switching]] (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/columnists/2002/0812edit.html|title=MPLS is the future, but ATM hangs on|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706034545/http://www.networkworld.com/columnists/2002/0812edit.html |archive-date=6 July 2007|first=John|last=Dix|website=Network World|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lazar|first=Irwin|title=The WAN Road Ahead: Ethernet or Bust?|url=http://www.telarus.com/industry/the-wan-road-ahead:-ethernet-or-bust.html|access-date=22 February 2011|newspaper=Telecom Industry Updates|date=22 February 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402021712/http://www.telarus.com/industry/the-wan-road-ahead:-ethernet-or-bust.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Radio and television ===
{{Main|Radio|Television|Broadcasting}}
[[File:Digital broadcast standards.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Digital television]] standards and their adoption worldwide]]

In a broadcast system, the central high-powered [[broadcast tower]] transmits a high-frequency [[electromagnetic wave]] to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then [[antenna tuner|tuned]] so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a [[demodulator]] is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).<ref name="stallings-intro" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-07|title=How Radio Works|url=https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm|access-date=2023-02-12|website=HowStuffWorks|language=en-us|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102215734/http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[broadcast media industry]] is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable [[integrated circuit]]s. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as [[noise (video)|snowy pictures]], [[television interference (ghosting)|ghosting]] and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] and received with signal amplitudes [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] it would still decode to the binary message 1011— a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using [[forward error correction]] a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Television in Australia|url=https://www.digitaltv.com.au/|access-date=6 June 2023|website=Digital Television News Australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312123813/https://digitaltv.com.au/|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | first = William | edition= 7th intl | title = Data and Computer Communications | url = https://archive.org/details/datacomputercomm00stal_1 | url-access = registration | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-13-183311-1 }}</ref>

In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the [[ATSC]], [[DVB]] and [[ISDB]] standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use [[MPEG-2]] for video compression. ATSC uses [[Dolby Digital]] AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses [[Advanced Audio Coding]] (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses [[MPEG-1]] Part 3 Layer 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dynamix.ca/doc/HDVhandbook1.pdf|title=HDV Technology Handbook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623142640/http://www.dynamix.ca/doc/HDVhandbook1.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006|website=[[Sony]]|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards_specifications/audio/index.xml|title=Audio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927002250/http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards_specifications/audio/index.xml |archive-date=27 September 2006|website=Digital Video Broadcasting Project|year=2003}}</ref> The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] standard (also known as the [[Eureka 147]] standard). The exception is the United States which has chosen to adopt [[HD Radio]]. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as [[in-band on-channel]] transmission that allows digital information to piggyback on normal AM or FM analog transmissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddab.org/cstatus.aspx|title=Status of DAB (US)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721060832/http://www.worlddab.org/cstatus.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2006|website=World DAB Forum|date=March 2005}}</ref>  

However, despite the pending switch to digital, analog television remains being transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analog television transmission (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009<ref>{{cite news | author=Brian Stelter | title=Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/business/media/14digital.html?_r=2&hp | work=New York Times | date=13 June 2009 | access-date=25 February 2017 | archive-date=14 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214130110/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/business/media/14digital.html?_r=2&hp | url-status=live }}</ref> after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analogue television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting colour TV (see a map on adoption [[:File:NTSC-PAL-SECAM.png|here]]). These are known as [[PAL]] (German designed), [[NTSC]] (American designed), and [[SECAM]] (French designed). For analogue radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddab.org/dabprod.aspx|title=DAB Products|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621082027/http://www.worlddab.org/dabprod.aspx |archive-date=21 June 2006|website=World DAB Forum|year=2006}}</ref> The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude ('''AM''') or frequency modulation ('''FM'''). To achieve [[stereophonic sound|stereo playback]], an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for [[stereo FM]], and quadrature amplitude modulation is used for stereo AM or [[C-QUAM]].

=== Internet ===
[[File:OSI Model v1.svg|upright=1.2|thumb|The [[OSI reference model]]]]

The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that communicate with each other using the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/what_is_internet.html |title=What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work) |first1=Robert |last1=Kahn |first2=Vinton G. |last2=Cerf |website=Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) |date=December 1999 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715105113/http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/what_is_internet.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}} Specifically see footnote xv.</ref> Any computer on the Internet has a unique [[IP address]] that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-infrastructure.htm |title=How Internet Infrastructure Works |website=Computer.HowStuffWorks.com |year=2007 |author=Jeff Tyson |access-date=22 May 2007 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410162047/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-infrastructure.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is estimated that 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the [[landline telephone]]). By 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through [[mobile phones]]).<ref name="HilbertLopez2011"/> {{As of|2008}}, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Internet Users and Population Stats|url=https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm|website=Internet World Stats|date=30 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202142301/http://internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> In terms of [[Broadband Internet access|broadband access]], Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD Broadband Statistics, December 2005 |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/39/0,2340,en_2649_34225_36459431_1_1_1_1,00.html |website=OECD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106012350/http://www.oecd.org/document/39/0,2340,en_2649_34225_36459431_1_1_1_1,00.html |archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref>

The Internet works in part because of [[communications protocol|protocols]] that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows a [[web browser]] to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or [[Wi-Fi]] connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The TCP/IP Guide - History of the OSI Reference Model|url=http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_HistoryoftheOSIReferenceModel.htm|first=Charles M.|last=Kozierok|date=2005|access-date=6 June 2023|website=The TCP/IP Guide|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904204159/http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_HistoryoftheOSIReferenceModel.htm |archive-date=4 September 2017 }}</ref>

For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for [[logical address]]ing. For the World Wide Web, these IP addresses are derived from the human-readable form using the [[Domain Name System]] (e.g., 72.14.207.99 is derived from [[Google]]). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/network/ipv6/introipv6.mspx|title=Introduction to IPv6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065951/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/network/ipv6/introipv6.mspx |archive-date=13 October 2008|website=[[Microsoft Corporation]]|date=February 2006}}</ref> 

At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered nor retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry [[port numbers]] with them to specify what application or [[process (computing)|process]] the packet should be handled by.<ref>Stallings, pp. 683–702.</ref> Because certain application-level protocols use [[List of TCP and UDP port numbers|certain ports]], network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning [[WAN optimization|priority]].

Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the [[Secure Sockets Layer]] (SSL) and [[Transport Layer Security]] (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential.<ref>T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, 1999.</ref> Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as [[HTTP]] (web browsing), [[POP3]] (e-mail), [[FTP]] (file transfer), [[IRC]] (Internet chat), [[BitTorrent]] (file sharing) and [[XMPP]] (instant messaging).

[[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP) allows data packets to be used for [[synchronous]] voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice-type packets and can be prioritized by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e., file transfer or email) or buffered in advance (i.e., audio and video) without detriment. That prioritization is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritization, i.e., a private corporate-style network, but the Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VoIP calls over a private network and over the public Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.telecomsadvice.org.uk/infosheets/voip_voice_over_internet_protocol_and_internet_telephony.htm|title= VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol and Internet telephone calls|last= Multimedia|first= Crucible|date= 7 May 2011|access-date= 30 June 2011|archive-date= 24 January 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180124045522/http://www.telecomsadvice.org.uk/infosheets/voip_voice_over_internet_protocol_and_internet_telephony.htm|url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Local area networks and wide area networks ===
Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of [[local area network]]s (LANs)—computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometres—remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet does not provide assured protection from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN.

[[Wide area network]]s (WANs) are private computer networks that may extend for thousands of kilometres. Once again, some of their advantages include privacy and security. Prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information secure and secret.

In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the [[OSI reference model]]. These included [[AppleTalk]], [[IPX]], and [[NetBIOS]] with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with [[MS-DOS]] users. [[TCP/IP]] existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Michael|date=2000|chapter=Understanding the Network|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/0735709777/samplechapter/0735709777.pdf|title=The Networker's Guide to AppleTalk, IPX, and NetBIOS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329054333/http://www.informit.com/content/images/0735709777/samplechapter/0735709777.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2009|publisher=SAMS Publishing|isbn=0-7357-0977-7}}</ref>

As the Internet grew in popularity and its traffic was required to be routed into private networks, the TCP/IP protocols replaced existing local area network technologies. Additional technologies, such as [[DHCP]], allowed TCP/IP-based computers to self-configure in the network. Such functions also existed in the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ralph|last=Droms|url=http://www.dhcp.org/|title=Resources for DHCP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704061131/http://www.dhcp.org/ |archive-date=4 July 2007|date=November 2003}}</ref>

Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler, e.g., they omit features such as [[quality of service]] guarantees, and offer [[medium access control]]. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems.<ref>Stallings, pp. 500–26.</ref>

Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernet facilities. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use [[twisted pair|copper twisted-pair cables]] (including the common [[10BASE-T]] networks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibres.<ref>Stallings, pp. 514–16.</ref> When optic fibres are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibres and single-mode fibres. [[Multi-mode optical fiber|Multimode fibres]] can be thought of as thicker optical fibres that are cheaper to manufacture devices for, but that suffer from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation—implying poorer long-distance performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiber Optic Cable single-mode multi-mode Tutorial|url=https://arcelect.com/fibercable.htm|access-date=6 June 2023 |website=ARC Electronics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023040952/https://arcelect.com/fibercable.htm |archive-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telephones|Telecommunications|Amateur radio}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Active networking]]
* [[Cell site]]
* [[Control communications]]
* [[Digital Revolution]]
* [[Information Age]]
* [[Institute of Telecommunications Professionals]]
* [[International Teletraffic Congress]]
* [[List of telecommunications encryption terms]]
* [[Military communication]]
* [[Nanonetwork]]
* [[New media]]
* [[Outline of telecommunication]]
* [[Telecommunications engineering]]
* [[Telecommunications Industry Association]]
* [[Telecoms resilience]]
* [[Telemetry]]
* [[Underwater acoustic communication]]
* [[Wavelength-division multiplexing]]
* [[Wired communication]]
}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* [[Gerard Goggin|Goggin, Gerard]], ''Global Mobile Media'' (New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. {{ISBN|978-0-415-46918-0}}.
* [[OECD]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=WpmzcqmgMbAC&q=universal+service+and+rate+restructuring+in+telecommunications ''Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications''], Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. {{ISBN|92-64-13497-2}}.
* Wheen, Andrew. ''Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet'' (Springer, 2011).

== External links ==
{{commons category|Telecommunications}}
* [http://itc-conference.org/ International Teletraffic Congress]
* [http://www.itu.int International Telecommunication Union (ITU)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ ATIS Telecom Glossary]
* [http://www.fcc.gov/ Federal Communications Commission]
* [http://www.comsoc.org/ IEEE Communications Society]
* [http://www.itu.int/home/ International Telecommunication Union]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413074912/http://www.ericsson.com/support/telecom/index.shtml |date=13 April 2004 |title=Ericsson's Understanding Telecommunications }} (Ericsson removed the book from their site in September 2005)

{{Telecommunications}}
{{Communication studies}}
{{Navboxes|title=Telecommunications by region|list1=
{{Telecommunications by region}}
}}
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[[Category:Economics of transport and utility industries]]
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[[Category:Telecommunications| ]]

[[ja:通信]]

1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T10:45:44Z

Jaffer sadiq: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| next_election = 1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1974
| election_date = ''6 March 1972''
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| registered = {{formatnum:608403}}
| turnout = 75.89%
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 = 16
| popular_vote1= 30.02%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}1
| seats1 = 17
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|bSize=115|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=08|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]]
| party2 = Manipur Peoples Party
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = New
| popular_vote2= 20.17%
| seat_change2 = –
| seats2 = 15
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Manipur|CM]]
| before_party =
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = Manipur Peoples Party
| after_election = [[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
}}

Elections to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] were held in March 1972 to elect members of the 60 constituencies in [[Manipur]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats, but [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] of the [[Manipur Peoples Party]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2014nov21/1416545962.html |title=Manipur's first Chief Minister Md Alimuddin remembered |date=21 November 2014 |author=Dr Syed Ahmed |access-date= 20 October 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]], Manipur was converted from a Union Territory to a State. The size of its Legislative Assembly was increased from 30 to 60 members.<ref name="lii-nearAct1971">{{cite web |url=http://www.liiofindia.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl/in/legis/cen/num_act/naa1971356/naa1971356.html |title=North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 |website=www.liiofindia.org |date= 30 December 1971 |access-date= 24 December 2020}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Manipur Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=135678|seats1=17|sc1={{increase}}1
|party2=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes2=91148|seats2=15|sc2=New
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=45765|seats3=5|sc3={{increase}}4
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)]]|votes4=24195|seats4=3|sc4=New
|party5=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes5=10699|seats5=1|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=2988|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes7=1004|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party11=Independents|votes11=140471|seats11=19|sc11=+10
|total_sc={{increase}}30
|invalid=9744
|electorate=608403
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3703-manipur-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results by constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout %
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Sagolmang Assembly constituency|Sagolmang ]] || 78.09% || Telem Bir || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,768 || 37.52% || Thingbaijam Nongyai || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,111 || 28.61% || 657
|-
| 2 || [[Khundrakpam Assembly constituency|Khundrakpam]] || 85.30% || Thokchom Kunjo Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,863 || 25.66% || Maibam Hera Lairellakpam || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,649 || 22.71% || 214
|-
| 3 || [[Kontha Assembly constituency|Kontha ]] || 81.32% || R. K. Udaysana || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,193 || 33.30% || Nongthombam Chaoba Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,912 || 29.03% || 281
|-
| 4 || [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]] || 75.23% || Atomba Ngairangbamcha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} || 2,027 || 25.06% || K. Bathakur Sharma || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 1,987 || 24.57% || 40
|-
| 5 || [[Wangkhei Assembly constituency|Wangkhei]] || 71.37% || Seram Angouba Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,512 || 34.66% || Laishram Achewsingh || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 2,500 || 34.50% || 12
|-
| 6 || [[Khergao Assembly constituency|Khergao]] || 83.42% || Wangkhem Ibhol Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,561 || 29.03% || Abdul Wahid || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,003 || 22.70% || 558
|-
| 7 || [[Thongju Assembly constituency|Thongju]] || 80.75% || Oinam Tomba Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,027 || 46.05% || Kshetrimayum Muhori Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,040 || 23.33% || 1,987
|-
| 8 || [[Keirao Assembly constituency|Keirao]] || 83.41% || Mohamad Jaluddin || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,964 || 51.15% || Phanijoubam Muhol Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,449 || 31.60% || 1,515
|-
| 9 || [[Lamlai Assembly constituency|Lamlai]] || 75.68% || [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,331 || 25.77% || Telem Nityai || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,912 || 21.13% || 419
|-
| 10 || [[Top Chingtha Assembly constituency|Top Chingtha]] || 80.73% || Loitongbam Amujou Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,194 || 31.51% || Ashraf Ali || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,944 || 29.04% || 250
|-
| 11 || [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]] || 85.81% || [[Abdul Latip]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,391 || 28.29% || Khaidem Gulamjat Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,054 || 24.30% || 337
|-
| 12 || [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]] || 88.41% || Chungkham Rajmohan Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,794 || 46.34% || Wanhengbam Nipamacha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,330 || 40.67% || 464
|-
| 13 || [[Lilong Chaji Assembly constituency|Lilong Chaji ]] || 77.76% || Irengbam Tompok || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,379 || 40.67% || Pukh Ambam Horedro || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,438 || 29.34% || 941
|-
| 14 || [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]] || 79.16% || Loitongbam Sarat Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,024 || 23.93% || Haobam Baruni Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,013 || 23.80% || 11
|-
| 15 || [[Sagolband Assembly constituency|Sagolband]] || 85.90% || Thokchom Bira || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,427 || 41.42% || Salam Gambhir || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,106 || 35.94% || 321
|-
| 16 || [[Lamjaotongba Assembly constituency|Lamjaotongba]] || 89.68% || Nongthombam Ibomcha || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,092 || 48.39% || Thounaojam Tomba || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,669 || 31.56% || 1,423
|-
| 17 || [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]] || 77.24% || Lasihram Manobi || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,066 || 24.92% || L. Bhagyachandra Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,665 || 20.08% || 401
|-
| 18 || [[Malom Hiyanghang Assembly constituency|Malom Hiyanghang]] || 84.77% || Tokpam Sanajao Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,939 || 46.54% || Raj Kumar Ranbir Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,217 || 38.01% || 722
|-
| 19 || [[Uripok Assembly constituency|Uripok]] || 75.47% || M. Meghachandra || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,743 || 44.23% || Khaidem Rajmani || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,932 || 31.16% || 811
|-
| 20 || [[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]] || 68.20% || Shagolsemi Bomcha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,249 || 43.07% || Maibam Gouramani || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,080 || 27.58% || 1,169
|-
| 21 || [[Lamsang Assembly constituency|Lamsang]] || 80.22% || Laishram Samungouba Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,108 || 27.41% || K. Jugeshwar || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,943 || 25.26% || 165
|-
| 22 || [[Sekmai Assembly constituency|Sekmai]] || 75.97% || Khwairakpam Chaoba || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,930 || 48.61% || Khangembam Leirijao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,915 || 48.37% || 15
|-
| 23 || [[Konthoujam Assembly constituency|Konthoujam]] || 83.16% || Khangembam Lakshman || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,942 || 38.31% || Thangjam Babu || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,527 || 32.91% || 415
|-
| 24 || [[Patsoi Assembly constituency|Patsoi]] || 86.95% || L. Chandramani || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,002 || 42.86% || Akojam Kulachandra || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,359 || 33.68% || 643
|-
| 25 || [[Nambol Assembly constituency|Nambol]] || 85.28% || Thounaojam Chaoba Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 5,007 || 52.22% || H. Shamkishore Sharma || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,436 || 46.27% || 571
|-
| 26 || [[Oinam Assembly constituency|Oinam]] || 85.55% || Yumnam Yaima || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,585 || 54.90% || Mutu Amutombi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,581 || 42.88% || 1,004
|-
| 27 || [[Bishnupur, Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]] || 79.79% || Khaidem Ratha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,170 || 34.29% || Akoijam Ketuko || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 2,336 || 25.27% || 834
|-
| 28 || [[Thanga Assembly constituency|Thanga]] || 80.79% || Haobijam Kangjamba || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 2,878 || 40.47% || Salam Jayantakumar Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,856 || 26.10% || 1,022
|-
| 29 || [[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]] || 78.26% || Mairembam Koireng || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,961 || 29.57% || Raidali || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,889 || 28.85% || 72
|-
| 30 || [[Moirang Assembly constituency|Moirang]] || 80.98% || Hemam Nilamani || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,076 || 39.45% || Kiyam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,955 || 37.89% || 121
|-
| 31 || [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]] || 88.05% || [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,456 || 56.48% || Abdul Gani || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,289 || 41.69% || 1,167
|-
| 32 || [[Khekman Assembly constituency|Khekman]] || 90.56% || Habibur Ramam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,790 || 44.10% || Thoudam Krishna Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,779 || 43.97% || 11
|-
| 33 || [[Thoubal Assembly constituency|Thoubal]] || 87.24% || Langpoklakpam Chadyaima || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,290 || 53.17% || Waikhom Mani || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,807 || 22.39% || 2,483
|-
| 34 || [[Athokpam Assembly constituency|Athokpam]] || 87.79% || Md Chaoba || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,055 || 27.43% || Sorokhaibam Chourajit || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,034 || 27.15% || 21
|-
| 35 || [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]] || 82.03% || Thokchom Achouba || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,623 || 47.11% || M. D. Kutub Ali || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,460 || 31.99% || 1,163
|-
| 36 || [[Heirok Assembly constituency|Heirok]] || 87.20% || Mibotombi Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,401 || 36.76% || Moirangthem Yaima || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,282 || 24.67% || 1,119
|-
| 37 || [[Wangjing Tentha Assembly constituency|Wangjing Tentha]] || 85.74% || Naorem Kunjobapu || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 2,679 || 31.91% || Laisram Khomdon || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}} || 2,180 || 25.97% || 499
|-
| 38 || [[Kakching Assembly constituency|Kakching]] || 88.13% || Yengkhom Nimai || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 3,544 || 35.03% || Mayanglambam I Botobi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,345 || 33.06% || 199
|-
| 39 || [[Hiyanglam Assembly constituency|Hiyanglam]] || 80.93% || Huidrom Rajbapu Singh || {{party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}} || 2,154 || 23.02% || Naorem Kanhai Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,067 || 22.09% || 87
|-
| 40 || [[Sugnu Assembly constituency|Sugnu]] || 82.90% || Mayanglambam Nilla || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,512 || 36.80% || Mayanglambam Kamal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,403 || 35.66% || 109
|-
| 41 || [[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]] || 76.36% || H. T. Thungam || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 6,064 || 58.40% || Linus Liankhohao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,163 || 40.09% || 1,901
|-
| 42 || [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]] || 68.55% || L Rongman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,191 || 48.98% || Solim Baite || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,250 || 19.19% || 1,941
|-
| 43 || [[Phungyar Assembly constituency|Phungyar]] || 66.28% || Rishang Keishing || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,849 || 64.05% || Stephen Angkang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 975 || 21.92% || 1,874
|-
| 44 || [[Kanjong Assembly constituency|Kanjong ]] || 63.10% || K. Envey || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,922 || 51.29% || Kongsoi Lutthui || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,271 || 22.31% || 1,651
|-
| 45 || [[Chingai Assembly constituency|Chingai]] || 74.81% || P. Peter || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,666 || 27.31% || Som I || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,069 || 17.52% || 597
|-
| 46 || [[Ukhrul Assembly constituency|Ukhrul]] || 74.04% || Yangmaso Shaiza || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,055 || 58.61% || L Solomon || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,892 || 27.34% || 2,163
|-
| 47 || [[Saikul Assembly constituency|Saikul]] || 65.30% || R Vio|| {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,053 || 25.22% || Thongkhopao || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,316 || 16.17% || 737
|-
| 48 || [[Liyai Assembly constituency|Liyai ]] || 70.70% || S.P. Henry || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,853 || 36.37% || Khos U Thikho || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,482 || 31.64% || 371
|-
| 49 || [[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]] || 64.40% || Asosu Ashiho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,242 || 35.57% || James Lokho Kolakhe || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,013 || 31.94% || 229
|-
| 50 || [[Karong Assembly constituency|Karong]] || 57.87% || Athikho Daiho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,747 || 30.45% || Ngulkholam Haokip || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,052 || 22.75% || 695
|-
| 51 || [[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]] || 63.97% || Paolen || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,224 || 16.35% || Seikhohao || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,051 || 14.04% || 173
|-
| 52 || [[Tamei Assembly constituency|Tamei]] || 59.65% || Pauheu || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,224 || 23.40% || R. Rajanglung || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,182 || 22.60% || 42
|-
| 53 || [[Tamenglong Assembly constituency|Tamenglong]] || 57.07% || T. P. Kiuliangpou || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,435 || 34.47% || Dijingang || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,060 || 25.46% || 375
|-
| 54 || [[Nungba Assembly constituency|Nungba]] || 53.46% || Kalanlung || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,374 || 36.55% || Pougailung || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 885 || 23.54% || 489
|-
| 55 || [[Jiribam Assembly constituency|Jiribam]] || 0.00% || S. Bijoy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} ||colspan="6"|'' (UNCONTESTED) ''
|-
| 56 || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || 71.25% || [[Ngurdinglien Sanate]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,866 || 57.14% || Selkai Hrangohal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,790 || 41.24% || 1,076
|-
| 57 || [[Thanlon Assembly constituency|Thanlon]] || 64.85% || N Gouzagin || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,677 || 50.42% || Nengkhosuan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,334 || 25.13% || 1,343
|-
| 58 || [[Henglep Assembly constituency|Henglep]] || 81.65% || Holkhomang || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 5,140 || 48.10% || Lhingianeng Gangte || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,177 || 29.73% || 1,963
|-
| 59 || [[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]] || 75.70% || Thangkhanlal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,166 || 48.59% || Kulzaoal || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,002 || 28.24% || 2,164
|-
| 60 || [[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]] || 78.07% || Haokholal Thangjom || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,824 || 27.95% || Goukhenpau || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,523 || 24.97% || 301
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1972 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Manipur elections}}

[[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Manipur]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Manipur|1972]]
[[Category:1970s in Manipur|1972]]
[[Category:March 1972 in Asia]]

Banswara state

2026-03-09T13:13:57Z

Jaffer sadiq: Created Stub

{{Short description|Former kingdom in present-day India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = बाँसवाड़ा राज्य
|conventional_long_name = Banswara State
|common_name = Banswara
|era =
|year_start = 1527
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1949
|date_end =
|event_end= Accession to [[Dominion of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = Dominion of India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =Banswara flag.svg
|image_coat = Banswara State CoA.png
|image_map = Sirohi-Udaipur map.jpg
|image_map_caption =Banswara State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 =4160
|stat_year1 =1901
|stat_pop1 = 165,350
|today = [[Rajasthan]], [[Republic of India]]
|footnotes =
|demonym=|capital=}}
'''Banswara State''' was located in what is today the state of [[Rajasthan]]. The rulers belonged to the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] clan.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==History==
[[File:Silver Rupee from the princely state of Banswara, struck in the name of ruler Lakshman Singh, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, October 2, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the princely state of Banswara, struck in the name of ruler Lakshman Singh.]]
After the death of Rawal Udai Singh of [[Vagad]] at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527, where he fought alongside [[Rana Sanga]] against [[Babur|Babar]], his territories were divided into the states of [[Dungarpur State]] and Banswara State. Banswarra was given to [[Jagmal Singh of Banswara|Jagmal Singh]] who became its first ruler.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/173739/Dungarpur Dungarpur — ''Encyclopædia Britannica''] ''[[Britannica.com]]''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[Mewar Residency]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Rajputana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-bansw.html Indian Princely States – CRW Flags Inc. – Banswara]
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Banswara |volume=3 |page=355 |short=1}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23.55|N|74.45|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Banswara district]]
[[Category:1527 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1497]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Former protectorates]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

List of schools in Chennai

2026-03-07T07:00:44Z

Jaffer sadiq: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The school system in [[Chennai]] consists of an array of structured systems. Children typically start school (junior or lower kindergarten) at the age of three, progressing to senior or upper kindergarten followed by twelve years of study. Class 10 and class 12 involve taking public examinations conducted by various accreditation boards. Most of the schools are accredited to [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]].

==Administrative categories==
Chennai schools fall into two administrative categories - government schools called corporation schools, and privately run schools. Private schools fall under the following categories: schools with central board syllabus, schools with state board syllabus, schools with matriculation syllabus, schools with Anglo-Indian syllabus and schools with Oriental syllabus. In privately managed state board syllabus schools there are two categories: self-financing and government-aided schools. In some government-aided schools a few sections may also be self-financing. From the academic year of 2011, the Government of Tamil Nadu has brought in the "Samachiyar Kalvi" syllabus to replace Anglo-Indian, state, Oriental and matriculation modes of education. Now only the following syllabi are available in Tamil Nadu: Samachyar Kalvi, CBSE, ICSE and IGCSE.

==Medium of instruction==
Most private schools are English medium (medium of instruction is [[English language|English]]) while the government-run schools are primarily [[Tamil language|Tamil]] medium. The schools run by the central government have a dual medium of instruction - English and Hindi.

==Accreditation==
All recognized schools belong to one of the following accreditation systems:

* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] - for all years of study
* [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] - for all years of study
* [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)]]-for all years of study
* [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]] - for all years of study
* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] - for all years of study
* [[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation System]] for classes K-10 and automatically rolled over to [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]] for classes 11 and 12
* [[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian System]] for classes K-10 and automatically rolled over to [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]] for classes 11 and 12

Exceptions to the above rule include a few schools that follow the [[Montessori education|Montessori method]], [[International Baccalaureate]] or the American system.<ref name="chennaischools">{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolswelike.com/secondary-schools/tag/city/chennai|work=schoolswelike.com|title=Schools in Chennai, school details, reviews, ratings|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==Schools==

{{Expand section|date=June 2016}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+
!Name!!Neighbourhood!!Administration!!Accreditation or Affiliation
|-
|Aachi Global School
|Anna Nagar and Ayanambakkam
|Private
|[[Cambridge International Education|Cambridge]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Mahesh Education Institute
|[[Alandur]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|Rosily Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|[[Chromepet]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|N.S.N Memorial Senior Secondary School
|[[Chromepet]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[La Chatelaine Junior College]]
|[[Alwarthirunagar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Chintadripet Boys Higher Secondary School
|Chintadripet
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|Guru Nanak Mat.Hr.Sec School
|Velachery
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[K.C.Sankaralinga Nadar higher Secondary School]]
|[[Old Washermanpet]]
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[GTA Vidhya Mandir]]
|[[Neelankarai]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[GT Vidhya Mandir]]
|[[Thiruvallur District]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Chennai Public School
|[[Thirumazhisai]] and [[Anna Nagar]]
|Private
|[[International Baccalaureate]] [[IGCSE]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]] and [[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[CPS Global School]]
|[[Thirumazhisai and Anna Nagar]]
|Private
|[[International Baccalaureate]] [[IGCSE]]
|-
|[[Adarsh Vidyalaya]]
|[[Royapettah]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Akshararbol International School|Akshar Arbol International School]]
|[[West Mambalam]], [[T.Nagar]]
|Private
|[[International School|International Education]]
|-
|[[Holy Cross Matriculation School Chennai, India|Holy Cross Matriculation School Chennai]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Sri Sankara Global Cambridge International School]]
|[[Pammal]]
|Private
|[[International Cambridge IGCSE]]
|-
|[[American International School Chennai, India|American International School Chennai]]
|[[Tharamani]]
|Private
|[[International Baccalaureate]]
|-
|AMM Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|[[Kotturpuram]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|Asan Memorial Senior Secondary School
|[[Thousand Lights]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Babaji Vidhyashram School|Babaji Vidhyashram]]
|[[Sholinganallur|Sholinganallur, OMR IT - Highway]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Bentinck School, Vepery]]
|[[Vepery]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Bharath senior secondary school]]
|121, Kamaraj Avenue, [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-

|[[Chettinad Vidyashram]]
|[[R. A. Puram]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-

|[[Chinmaya Vidyalaya]]
|[[Anna Nagar]], [[Virugambakkam]], Taylor's Road
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Campus K]]
|[[Sholinganallur]]
|Private
|[[IGCSE]]
|-
|[[Sri Ram Dayal Khemka Vivekananda Vidyalaya Junior College]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Smt. Ramkuwar Devi Fomra Vivekananda Vidyalaya
|[[Chromepet]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Dr.Nalli Kuppuswami Vivekananda Vidyalaya Junior College]]
|[[Korattur]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-

|C.S.I. Bain Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|[[Kilpauk]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[C.S.I. Ewart Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Purasawalkam]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School]]
|[[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[D.A.V. Public School]]
|[[Cenotaph Road]], [[Teynampet]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|-
|[[Daniel Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Korukkupet]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Dawn School]]
|[[Nolambur]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Egmore]]
|Catholic
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Don-Bosco-Matriculation-Higher-Secondary-School-37079.htm|title=Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School|publisher=India9.com|access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>
|-
|Doveton Corrie Boys' Higher Secondary School
|[[Vepery]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-

|-
|[[Gill Adarsh Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Royapettah]]
|private
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[G. K. Shetty Vivekananda Vidyalaya]]
|[[Ambattur]]
|Private
|[[central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[German International School of Chennai]]
|[[Neelankarai]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|Good Earth School
|[[Manimangalam]]
|Private
|[[ISCE]]
|-
|HLC International
|[[Old Mahabalipuram Road]]
|Private
|[[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]]

|-
|[[Kalaimagal Viddyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Royapuram]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Board Of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[T Nagar]]
|Private, Christian
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-
|[[KC High School]]<ref>[https://www.kchigh.com KC High School]</ref>
|[[Kotturpuram]]
|Private
|[[Cambridge, IB Candidate School]]

|-
|[[Khivraj Olympia School]]<ref>[http://khivrajolympiaschool.com/ Khivraj Olympia School]</ref>
|[[Thiruneermalai]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[San Academy CBSE School]]
|[[Pallikaranai]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Kendriya Vidyalaya Senior Sec. School]]
|[[CLRI|CLRI Campus]]
|Government
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Kendriya Vidyalaya Senior Sec. School]]
|[[IIT Madras]]
|Government
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Kerala Vidhyalayam Higher Secondary School
|[[Kilpauk]]
|Private
|
|-
| Loyola Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|[[Kodambakkam]]
|Catholic
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Maharishi Vidya Mandir]]
|[[Chetput]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]] and [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
| MCTM International School
|[[Chennai]]
|Private
|[[International Baccalaureate]] and [[IGCSE]]
|-
|[[Muslim Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Triplicane]]
|State Government
|[[Tamil Nadu Board Of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-

|New Prince Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|Pon Vidyashram
|[[Valasaravakkam]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Prince Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[P.S. Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Mylapore]]
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[PSBB|Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan Schools]]
|[[Nungambakkam]], [[K.K. Nagar]], [[Siruseri]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[The PSBB Millennium School, Chennai|The PSBB Millennium School]]
|[[National Highway 45 (India, old numbering)|GST Road]], [[Gerugambakkam]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Ambattur]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]

|-
|[[RPC Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]

|-
|[[Our Lady's Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]

|-
|[[Sishya School]]
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|Private
|[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ISC]]
|-
|[[St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Santhome]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-
|[[St. Johns Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Alwarthirunagar]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[St. John's English School & Junior College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sjbn.edu.in/ |title=Home |website=sjbn.edu.in}}</ref>
|[[Besant Nagar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Perambur]]
|Private, Catholic
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-

|[[St. Kevin's Anglo Indian High School]]
|[[Royapuram]]
|Private, Catholic
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-
|[[St. Columban's Girls Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Parry's Corner]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-

|[[St. Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Parry's Corner]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-
|[[St. Matthias Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Vepery]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|[[St. Patrick's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|Private, Christian
|[[Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian School Leaving Certificate|Anglo-Indian]]
|-

|[[St. Theresa's Girls' Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Pallavaram]]
|Private, Catholic
|Matriculation
|-

|[[Sundravalli Memorial School]]
|[[Chromepet]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-

|[[The Hindu Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Triplicane]]
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-

|[[Unity Public School]]
|[[Kotturpuram]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-

|[[Vanavani Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[IIT Madras]]
|Aided by IIT-Madras
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-

|[[Vani Vidyalaya Senior Secondary & Junior College]]
|[[West K.K. Nagar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Vellayan Chettiyar Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Tiruvottiyur]]
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School]]
|[[Mylapore]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Vruksha International School of Montessori]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vruksha {{!}} Vruksha International School of Montessori|url=https://vrukshamontessori.com/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=vrukshamontessori.com}}</ref>
|[[Neelankarai]]
|Private
|[[Montessori education|Montessori]]
|-
|Vyasa Vidyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|[[Adambakkam]]
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|[[Wesley Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Royapettah]]
|Government, aided
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|[[Gill Adarsh Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Royapettah]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]]
|-
|Hindu Senior Secondary School
|[[Indira Nagar, Chennai|Indira Nagar]]
|
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Jawahar Vidyalaya]]
|[[Ashok Nagar, Chennai|Ashok Nagar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|-
|[[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School]]
|[[Chetput]]
|Private
|[[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]]
|-
|-
|[[MCC Public School]]
|[[Chetput]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[P.S. Senior Secondary School]]
|[[Mylapore]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[RMK Residential School]]
|[[Kavaraipettai]]
|Private
|
|-
|[[Saraswathi Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School]]
|[[Vadapalani]]
|Private
|[[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|CBSE]]
|-
|[[SBOA School & Junior College]]
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|Private, Semi-Residential
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|Sharanalaya Montessori School
|[[Nungambakkam]]
|Private
|[[Montessori]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Siragu Montessori School]]
|[[Avadi]]
|Private
|[[Montessori]]

|-
|Sri Chaithanya
|Manapakkam
|Private
|CBSE+TECHNO
|-
|Sri Sankara Senior Secondary School
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[V. Ramakrishna Polytechnic]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur]]
|
|-
|[[UV Global Pre School]]
|[[Selaiyur, Chennai|Selaiyur]]
|Private
|[[Montessori education|Montessori]]
|-
|-
|[[Valliammal Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
|
|Private
|[[Matriculation]]
|-
|-
|Vedanta Academy
|[[Vanagaram]]
|Private
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|-
|[[Model Matriculation Higher Secondary School]] 
|5, Thandavaraya Mudali Street, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600021

|Private, semi-residential

|[[Matriculation]]

|-
|Smart Minds Academy
|54&56, Brindavan street extension, West Mambalam, Chennai-600033
|Private
|NIOS (National institute of open schooling)
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
*[[Chennai Corporation Schools]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{School education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai}}
[[Category:Schools in Chennai| ]]
[[Category:Chennai-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Tamil Nadu]]

Ratris Khel Chale 2

2026-03-05T01:13:47Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ratris Khel Chale 2 titlecard.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Someel Creations
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|08|29|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|01|14|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 419
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 3
| editor = Nilesh Gonbare
| theme_music_composer = Pankaj Padghan
| opentheme = "Ratris Khel Chale" by Sayali Pankaj
| story = Latika Sawant Rajendrakumar Ghag
| screenplay = Pralhad Kudtarkar
| producer = Sunil Bhosale
| country = India
| director = Raju Sawant
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Supernatural]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]]
| caption = The Season 2 poster
| related = ''[[Ratris Khel Chale]]'' ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]''
}}

'''''Ratris Khel Chale 2''''' ({{translation|The Game Runs At Night 2}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Horror film|Horror]] drama series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale makes a comeback with second season - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-makes-a-comeback-with-second-season/articleshow/67314353.cms|access-date=2021-01-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale 2 completes 100 episodes; Apurva Nemlekar aka Shavanta shares her excitement|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-2-completes-100-episodes-apurva-nemlekar-aka-shavanta-shares-her-excitement/articleshow/69265039.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2019 }}</ref> It premiered from 14 January 2019 by replacing ''[[Baaji (TV series)|Baaji]]'' serving as a prequel to the series [[Ratris Khel Chale]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale is ready with its brand new season - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-is-ready-with-its-brand-new-season/articleshow/67159550.cms|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale returns with a flashback plot - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-returns-with-a-flashback-plot/articleshow/67524975.cms|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Series==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| [[Ratris Khel Chale|1]]
|align="center"| 210
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2016|02|22}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2016|10|22}}
|-
|style="background:Blue" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 2
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 413
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|01|14}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2020|03|27}}
|-
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2020|07|20}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2020|08|29}}
|-
|style="background:Yellow" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[Ratris Khel Chale 3|3]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 238
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|03|22}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2021|04|30}}
|-
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|08|16}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2022|04|09}}
|}

== Plot ==
The second season is the [[prequel]] to the first season. It shows the Naik family's mysterious past, which led to Anna Naik's untimely death and the strange occurrences. It revolves around Anna's middle age, when he is an influential person in the village who uses power to take undue advantage of the village folk as well as kill people at times. This all leads to [[Paranormal|strange events]] happening in the house, including him witnessing [[ghost]]s of the people he murders.

Anna forcefully removes his uncle (father's younger brother), Aaba Naik, his wife Vatsala Naik, and their son Kashi Naik, from their house to control all the family property. He also becomes intimate with Kumudini "Shevanta" Patankar, who newly moves into the village with her husband Kamalakar Patankar. She gives birth to her and Anna's daughter Sushma. Anna also kills many villagers to usurp their properties. Soon, strange events starts to happen in the house, as a result of the ghosts of the people killed by Anna, and Anna witnesses the ghosts sometimes. Years later, after killing Kamalakar, Anna builds a house for Shevanta. But she gets more possessive with Anna. She then tricks him into committing suicide, and she accidentally lives her control over the rope and gets hung up on the tree of the Naik house and the tree gets haunted by her spirit. Finally, over the course of the following few years, Anna mends his ways and gets on the right path of good deeds. But his crime-filled past inflicts curses upon him and he faces untimely death by getting killed by the ghosts of people he murdered throughout his life.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Madhav Abhyankar as Hari "Anna" Naik, the influential person in the village. Shevanta and Indumati's husband.
* Shakuntala Nare as Indumati Naik, Anna's kind-hearted wife.
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २' मधील कलाकारांची खरी नावं माहिती आहेत?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2104429/ratris-khel-chale-2-star-cast-real-name-ssj-93/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> as Kumudini "Shevanta" Kamalakar Patankar, one of the women Anna was obsessed with. She was also Sushma's mother.

=== Recurring ===
* Sanjeevani Patil<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-08|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २': जाणून घ्या, वच्छीचा संघर्षमयी प्रवास|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/ratris-khel-chale-2-this-is-how-sanjeevani-patil-get-the-role-of-vacchi-1889856/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> as Vatsala "Vachchhi" Naik, Aaba's wife and Anna's aunt, who is angry after Anna doesn't share his ancestral wealth with his uncle Aaba, leaving her family in poverty.
* Suhas Shirsat as Dattaram Hari Naik, Anna's second child and son from Bhivari, a poor lady who had intimate relations with Anna. Anna kills Bhivari, and also tries to kill their son, but Indu saves him and names him Dattaram. The most responsible member of the Naik family after Anna.
* Mangesh Salvi as Madhav Hari Naik, Anna's eldest child son who moves to Mumbai for education and work.
* Prajakta Wadaye as Sarita Dattaram Naik, Dattaram's wife and the only second generation mistress in the house to take care of it.
* Namrata Pavaskar as Chhaya Hari Naik, Anna's third child and only daughter, whose husband died on the night of their wedding, leaving her widowed and to live in her parents' home.
* Sainkeet Kamat as Abhiram Hari Naik, Anna's youngest son who is sent to Mumbai for studies at a boarding school.
* Dilip Bapat as Advocate Nene, who always saved Anna after he had committed any crime and helped him acquire properties.
* Anil Gawde as Raghunath Gurav, who is the Gurav of the village and often called by the Naiks whenever any supernatural and paranormal event occurs.
* Pralhad Kudtarkar as Pandu, a man who is mentally ill but still works for the Naik house, sharing no relation with anyone but a strong bond, especially with Indumati.
* Diksha Sonawane as Bhivari, a mistress of Anna and Dattaram's biological mother.
* Abhay Khadapkar as Aaba Naik, Vatsala's husband, Kashi's father, and Anna's uncle (father's younger brother).
* Sachin Shirke as Kashinath Naik, Aaba and Vatsala's only child, and Shobha's husband, who becomes mentally unstable when Anna tries to kill him.
* Mangal Rane as Shobha Kashinath Naik, Aaba and Vatsala's daughter-in-law, and Kashinath's wife, who is almost as cunning as, if not more than, her vengeful mother-in-law. She helps her mother-in-law, Vatsala in doing black magic on Anna and his family.
* Adish Paigude as Kamalakar Patankar, Shevanta's generous and modest husband. His low income disappoints Shevanta and causes her to have extramarital affairs with Anna for money.
* Hridaynath Jadhav as Chongtya, a villager who backbites and gives all the personal reports of Anna to Vatsala and vice versa. He also acts as a messenger between Shevanta and Anna, providing personal messages from Shevanta to Anna when Anna is not able to talk to Shevanta.

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The production and filming of series took place in Akeri, [[Maharashtra]] in the Konkan Region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=नाईकांच्या वाड्याला मागणी फार|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/ratris-khel-chale-bungalow-becomes-tourist-spot/articleshow/56717241.cms|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> The filming of Season 2 was stopped on 27 March 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. But, new episodes of this show were started airing from 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=खुशखबर... शेवंता लवकरच येणार भेटीला! 'रात्रीस खेळ चाले २'च्या शूटिंगला होणार सुरुवात|url=https://www.lokmat.com/photos/television/good-news-ratris-khel-chaale-2-fame-shevanta-aka-apoorva-nemlekar-will-be-started-shooting-soon-a603/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show went off air in late August and making way for crime series [[Devmanus]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=निरोप घेतंय! 'रात्रीस खेळ चाले २'चा लवकरच प्रेक्षकांना अलविदा|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-serial-ratris-khel-chale-to-go-off-air-very-soon/530845|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|I believe that, our responsibility doubled after the official announcement of season 2. Also, the storyline of the show is loaded with suspense. All the characters from the season 1 will be seen in the latest season too. Moreover, new characters will be added too. Also, we have chosen same Naikancha Wada for the shoot. |Pralhad Kudtarkar<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor-writer Pralhad Kudtarkar offers a sneak peek of Ratris Khel Chale season 2 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-writer-pralhad-kudtarkar-offers-a-sneak-peek-of-ratris-khel-chale-season-2/articleshow/67453240.cms|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2019 }}</ref>}}

=== Casting ===
Madhav Abhyankar was selected to play the role of Anna Naik.

{{Blockquote|I was informed to reduce my body weight and within a month's of span, I lost 7 to 8 kilograms and it took me more than a month to communicate in Malvani Dialect. I used to watch Malvani plays online.|Madhav Abhyankar<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-23|title=From losing weight to being called 'Rocking Anna', revelations made by Madhav Abhyankar about his role - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-2-from-losing-weight-to-being-called-rocking-anna-revelations-made-by-madhav-abhyankar-about-his-role/photostory/67656567.cms|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}}

[[Apurva Nemlekar]] was selected to play the role of Shevanta. {{Blockquote|I got a call from production house of this series. We are doing a new series will you come to audition? At that time, I am not interested in Sas-bahu series. I was looking for a different kind of role. I auditioned and I acted as like Daily Soap, but I was rejected. Then after a while, I was called back. At that time they said we didn't want to tell, but we were told, we are looking for Shevanta.|[[Apurva Nemlekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title="अण्णा… तुम्ही, आता…?", शेवंताची हटके मुलाखत|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-apurva-nemlekar-who-is-now-playing-character-of-shevanta-in-serial-ratris-khel-chale-2-35410.html|access-date=2021-01-23|website=TV9 Marathi|date=6 March 2019 |language=mr}}</ref>}}

Prajakta Wadaye is offered for the role of Sarita who was previously played by Ashwini Mukadam in [[Ratris Khel Chale]].{{Blockquote|It was a big surprise for me when I got the call for playing the role of Sarita.|Prajakta Wadaye<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale actress Prajakta Wadaye aka Sarita reveals her lesser known side - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-actress-prajakta-wadaye-aka-sarita-reveals-her-lesser-known-side/articleshow/68631041.cms|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2019 }}</ref>}}

Shakuntala Nare, Suhas Shirsat, Namrata Pawaskar, Pralhad Kudtarkar, Mangesh Salvi reprise their roles of Mai, Datta, Chhaya, Pandu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २' मधील कलाकारांची खरी नावं माहिती आहेत?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2104429/ratris-khel-chale-2-star-cast-real-name-ssj-93/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2019
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Character Female
|[[Apurva Nemlekar]]
|Shevanta
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=या मालिकेने मारली झी मराठी अवॉर्डसमध्ये बाजी, नुकतीच सुरू झालीय ही मालिका|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/agabai-sasubai-and-ratris-khel-chale-2-receives-maximum-awards-zee-marathi-awards-2019/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=12 October 2019 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Male
|rowspan="2"|Madhav Abhyankar
|rowspan="2"|Anna Naik
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|-
|Best Negative Actress
|Sanjeevani Patil
|Vachchhi
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|Namrata Pawaskar
|Chhaya
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Hridaynath Jadhav
|Chontya
|}

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 31 December 2019<ref>{{Cite news|title=Team Ratris Khel Chale 2 to feature in 'Chala Hawa Yeu Dya' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/team-ratris-khel-chale-2-to-feature-in-chala-hawa-yeu-dya/articleshow/68049283.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2019 }}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target rating point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 8
|2020
|2.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='स्वराज्यरक्षक संभाजी'ने शेवटच्या आठवड्यात देखील मारली बाजी, टीआरपीमध्ये 'या' नंबरवर होती मालिका|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji-was-number-3-barc-india-report-psc/|access-date=2022-07-04|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=9 March 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2020
|2.7
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २'ची टॉप ५ मध्ये दणदणीत एंट्री, असा आहे या आठवड्याचा टीआरपी मीटर|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/trp-ratings-of-the-week-ratris-khel-chale-in-top-5-serials-zee-marathi-mhmj-442273.html|access-date=2022-07-04|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=19 March 2020 |language=mr|archive-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616175056/https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/trp-ratings-of-the-week-ratris-khel-chale-in-top-5-serials-zee-marathi-mhmj-442273.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Dubbed version ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background: Blue; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Blue; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Last aired
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Ratris Khel Chale 2'' रात्रीस खेळ चाले २
| 14 January 2019
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 29 August 2020
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Raat Ka Khel Saara 2'' रात का खेल सारा २ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-series-ratris-khel-chale-now-telecast-in-hindi-from-29-february/509001|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले' आता हिंदीतही|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=16 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>
| 12 December 2020
| [[And TV]]
| 26 December 2021
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12868552}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/ratris-khel-chale-2/0-6-1262 ''Ratris Khel Chale 2''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

2024 Sambhal violence

2026-03-04T12:17:17Z

Jaffer sadiq: Created New Info

{{short description|Religious tensions over a mosque survey in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2024 Sambhal violence<ref name="Arora">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Tanya |title=Sambhal Violence: State crackdown intensifies, thousands accused, and allegations of police misconduct ignite a political and communal crisis in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://sabrangindia.in/sambhal-violence-state-crackdown-intensifies-thousands-accused-and-allegations-of-police-misconduct-ignite-a-political-and-communal-crisis-in-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=SabrangIndia (sabrangindia.in) |publisher=Communalism Combat |date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129222813/https://sabrangindia.in/sambhal-violence-state-crackdown-intensifies-thousands-accused-and-allegations-of-police-misconduct-ignite-a-political-and-communal-crisis-in-uttar-pradesh/ |archive-date=29 November 2024 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
| map = {{switcher
| {{maplink|type=point|coord={{Coord|28.5833|78.5667}}|title=Shahi Jama Masjid, Sambhal|marker=building|zoom=14|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|28.5833|78.5667}}}}
|Show interactive map of Sambhal
|{{Location map |India Uttar Pradesh
|float = center
|width = 250
|label = Sambhal
|coordinates = {{Coord|28.5833|78.5667}}
}}
|Show map of Uttar Pradesh
|{{Location map |India
|float = center
|width = 250
|label = Sambhal
|coordinates = {{Coord|28.5833|78.5667}}
}}
|Show map of India}}
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Shahi Jama Masjid|Shahi Jama Masjid, Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date|2024|11|24}}
| image = Shahi Jama Masjid Sambhal21.jpg
| fatalities = 5<ref name="sabrang">{{cite news |title=उत्तर प्रदेश: मस्जिद सर्वे के खिलाफ प्रदर्शन में अब तक 5 लोगों की मौत, 30 नवंबर तक बाहरी लोगों के एंट्री पर रोक |trans-title=Uttar Pradesh: 5 people dead so far in protest against mosque survey, entry of outsiders banned till November 30 |url=https://hindi.sabrangindia.in/article/Uttar-Pradesh-5-people-dead-so-far-in-protest-against-mosque-survey-entry-of-outsiders-banned-till-November-30 |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Sabrang India (sabrangindia.in) |publisher=Communalism Combat |date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129221536/https://hindi.sabrangindia.in/article/Uttar-Pradesh-5-people-dead-so-far-in-protest-against-mosque-survey-entry-of-outsiders-banned-till-November-30 |archive-date=29 November 2024 |language=hi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arora"/>
| injuries = 30
| participants =
| motive = Dispute over mosque due to a court-ordered survey.
}}
On 24 November 2024, violence erupted during a court-ordered [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)]] survey of the [[Shahi Jama Masjid]], a 500-year old [[mosque]] in [[Sambhal]], [[State Protected Monuments of India|protected by ASI]], in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The survey was initiated following claims that the mosque was constructed on the ruins of a Hindu temple allegedly demolished during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Sambhal: India city tense after violence over mosque survey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3de7k5gk78o.amp |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-01 |title=Sambhal mosque: ASI files response in court; seeks control, management of Mughal-era structure |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-mosque-asi-files-response-in-court-seeks-control-management-of-mughal-era-structure/article68934043.ece |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203013931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-mosque-asi-files-response-in-court-seeks-control-management-of-mughal-era-structure/article68934043.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title='Original Form Lost': ASI Says Sambhal Jama Masjid's Historical Integrity Altered |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/original-form-lost-asi-says-sambhal-jama-masjids-historical-integrity-altered-article-115894397 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> While the first survey had proceeded peacefully, tension escalated during the second survey when the [[Ablution in Islam|''wuzu khana'']] (ablution tank) used before prayer in the mosque, had been drained, allegedly to check the depth, leading to rumours of the mosque being dug up. The President of the [[Masjid]] committee tried to convince people that the mosque was not being broken. While some were reassured and left, others remained enraged.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Samridhi |date=2024-11-29 |title=Sambhal: Another city split into green and saffron |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-another-city-split-into-green-and-saffron/article68927558.ece |access-date=2024-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202171302/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-another-city-split-into-green-and-saffron/article68927558.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Sambhal Police Violence Against Muslim Protesters: Death Toll Rises to 5 |url=https://www.hindutvawatch.org/sambhal-police-violence-against-muslim-protesters-death-toll-rises-to-5-bjp-govt-is-responsible-says-opposition-maktoob-media/# |work=Hindutva Watch}}</ref>

The incident resulted in the deaths of five Muslims.<ref>{{cite news
| title = India's top court weighs in on mosque–temple controversy
| url = https://www.voanews.com/a/india-s-top-court-weighs-in-on-mosque-temple-controversy/7882935.html
| date = 2024-12-01
| work = [[Voice of America]]
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20241209131851/https://www.voanews.com/amp/india-s-top-court-weighs-in-on-mosque-temple-controversy/7882935.html
| archivedate = 2024-12-09
|access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sambhal Toll Rises To 5; FIR Against SP MP, MLA's Son; Cops Detain 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sambhal-toll-rises-to-5-fir-against-sp-mp-mlas-son-cops-detain-25/articleshow/115672045.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref name="Arora"/> Scores of others, including around 20 security personnel, were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title='Well-planned conspiracy by UP CM Adityanath, BJP-RSS': Congress on Sambhal violence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/conspiracy-up-cm-adityanath-bjp-rss-congress-sambhal-violence-9688344/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=उत्तर प्रदेश के संभल हिंसा: चार की मौत, जानिए अब तक क्या क्या हुआ है? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cd7n98px597o |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Events==
The [[Shahi Jama Masjid]], located in [[Sambhal]], has been at the center of dispute following claims that it was constructed on the ruins of a Shri Hari temple allegedly demolished by the Mughal ruler [[Babur]] in the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=UP Sambhal violence: what is the row around the Shahi Jama Masjid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/sambhal-plea-shahi-jama-masjid-chandausi-9687602/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In response to a petition filed by a group of Hindu plaintiffs, led by lawyer Hari Shankar Jain, [[Vishnu Shankar Jain]] and Hindu seer [[Mahant]] Rishiraj Giri, as part of a civil suit claiming right for access into the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news|title=16th Century Mosque, A City On Fire: Sambhal Violence Explained|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-mosque-jama-masjid-up-violence-16th-century-mosque-a-city-on-fire-sambhal-violence-explained-7100779|work=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2026-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524040720/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-mosque-jama-masjid-up-violence-16th-century-mosque-a-city-on-fire-sambhal-violence-explained-7100779|archive-date=2025-05-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Prime accused in Sambhal violence case traced abroad, extradition efforts on|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/prime-accused-in-sambhal-violence-case-traced-abroad-extradition-efforts-on/article70171473.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-10-16|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|last=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh: Court-Appointed Commissioner Surveys Mughal-Era Mosque Amid Claims of Ancient Hindu Temple |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/religion/uttar-pradesh-court-appointed-commissioner-surveys-mughal-era-mosque-amid-claims-of-ancient-hindu-temple/amp |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Amita |date=2024-02-09 |title=God's Advocates |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/gods-advocates/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617165108/https://openthemagazine.com/feature/gods-advocates/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> the Sambhal civil court ordered a survey of the mosque premises. The survey was conducted under the supervision of an advocate commissioner, [[district magistrate]], and police. The survey aimed to investigate claims that the mosque was built over a demolished Hindu temple.

The [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] submitted a response in the court, and raised concerns that unauthorized changes to the mosque's structure by the management committee are unlawful and should be restricted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASI Seeks Control, Management of Sambhal Mosque, Tells Court It Faced Resistance While Conducting Survey |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/asi-seeks-control-management-of-sambhal-mosque-tells-court-it-faced-resistance-while-conducting-survey |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=thewire.in |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203073109/https://m.thewire.in/article/government/asi-seeks-control-management-of-sambhal-mosque-tells-court-it-faced-resistance-while-conducting-survey |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sambhal Violence: ASI Files Response In Court; Seeks Management Of Mughal-Era Structure |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-violence-asi-files-response-in-court-seeks-management-of-mughal-era-structure-7146154 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202040325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-violence-asi-files-response-in-court-seeks-management-of-mughal-era-structure-7146154 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The mosque is a protected monument, designated as such under the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1904]], where worship is not allowed to preserve its historical integrity.<ref name=":1" /> The Hindu side's lawyer claimed that confusion over the routine draining of an ablution tank during the survey sparked tensions, leading to the belief among those gathered outside that excavation was taking place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey of Sambhal mosque not done in haste but on orders of advocate commissioner, says lawyer of Hindu side |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/survey-of-sambhal-mosque-not-done-in-haste-but-on-orders-of-advocate-commissioner-says-lawyer-of-hindu-side-3294371? |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The opposition MPs have made allegations that some people accompanying the court-appointed survey commission at the mosque chanted “[[Jai Shri Ram]]” to provoke Muslims,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sambhal violence: Lens on 'provocative' chant, cop role |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |work=The telegraph india |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201131102/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the presence of senior police and district officials, with a video of the incident posted by [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. Opposition MPs in Uttar Pradesh claimed police highhandedness contributed to the mob violence, which claimed five lives,<ref name="Arora" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambhal violence: Lens on 'provocative' chant, cop role Some people who were with the commission were chanting 'Jai Shri Ram'. As the local people opposed this, the police opened fire and killed four people |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |work=The Telegraph India |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201131102/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Ziya Us Salam |date=2024-11-25 |title=Muslim bodies flay Sambhal mosque survey, demand judicial probe into violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-bodies-flay-sambhal-mosque-survey-demand-judicial-probe-into-violence/article68910446.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071041/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-bodies-flay-sambhal-mosque-survey-demand-judicial-probe-into-violence/article68910446.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and called for the Supreme Court to investigate the administration’s role.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2024-11-24 |title=Sambhal Jama Masjid row: Three killed during protest, 10 detained |url=https://www.siasat.com/shahi-jama-masjid-row-three-killed-during-protest-10-detained-3136862/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=Sambhal violence: Lens on 'provocative' chant, cop role |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |work=The Telegraph India |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201131102/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sambhal-violence-lens-on-provocative-chant-cop-role/cid/2066006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Fact Check: Is Sambhal Shahi Jama Masjid Not Covered Under Places of Worship Act? |url=https://timelinedaily.com/india/fact-check-is-sambhal-shahi-jama-masjid-not-covered-under-places-of-worship-act |work=Timeline Daily |access-date=2 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203222955/https://timelinedaily.com/india/fact-check-is-sambhal-shahi-jama-masjid-not-covered-under-places-of-worship-act |url-status=live }}</ref>

While the state [[Chief minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] said in the state assembly that the survey was conducted peacefully for the first two days but "provocative speech" during [[Friday prayer]]s{{by whom|date=December 2024}} spoiled the atmosphere and led to violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Manoj |date=2024-12-16 |title=संभल हिंसा पर सीएम योगी का बड़ा बयान: देसी-विदेशी मुसलमानों के बीच वर्चस्व की लड़ाई |url=https://vishwavarta.com/cm-yogis-big-statement-on-sambhal-violence-battle-for-supremacy-between-indian-and-foreign-muslims/115248 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Vishwavarta {{!}} Hindi News Paper & E-Paper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=UP Assembly Winter Session 2024: CM Yogi Adityanath Speaks on Sambhal Violence |url=https://thevocalnews.com/big-cities/up-assembly-winter-session-2024-sambhal-violence/cid15888348.htm |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=thevocalnews.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

The Samajwadi Party (SP) criticized the Uttar Pradesh government and the BJP over the survey. SP spokesperson Ameeque Jamei accused the BJP of provoking unrest for political gains. He said, "The Sambhal police and administration, along with the BJP, have been provoking people in the Shahi Masjid issue in the name of an ASI survey. This comes a day after the BJP claimed that it got Muslim votes in Kundarki. Is this the reward that the BJP is giving for Kundarki? What does the [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991|Places of Worship Act, 1991]], say... barring the [[Babri Masjid]] and Ram Mandir issue, no other structure will be touched or changed... Exactly after the elections, the BJP has started its game once again. This game of BJP is not good for the integrity of this nation; BJP is trying to divide society."{{Long quote|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=BJP behind Sambhal violence, wanted to distract from poll rigging: Akhilesh Yadav |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sambhal-violence-in-uttar-pradesh-akhilesh-yadav-accuses-bjp-attack-to-avoid-bypoll-rigging-2639278-2024-11-24 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124144155/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/sambhal-violence-in-uttar-pradesh-akhilesh-yadav-accuses-bjp-attack-to-avoid-bypoll-rigging-2639278-2024-11-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The Uttar Pradesh administration imposed Section 144 of the [[Criminal Procedure Code]] in Sambhal to prevent further gatherings and potential violence. Investigations were launched to determine the causes and handling of the unrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Sambhal violence orchestrated by BJP, govt to divert attention from poll rigging: Akhilesh Yadav |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/india/sambhal-violence-orchestrated-by-bjp-govt-to-divert-attention-from-poll-rigging-akhilesh-yadav |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124165208/https://english.varthabharati.in/india/sambhal-violence-orchestrated-by-bjp-govt-to-divert-attention-from-poll-rigging-akhilesh-yadav |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the district administration ordered a 24-hour internet suspension in the Sambhal Tehsil following violence over a mosque survey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambhal Mosque Violence: Internet Banned, Schools Closed After 3 Casualties — Key Updates |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sambhal-mosque-violence-internet-banned-schools-closed-after-3-casualties-key-updates-2824203.html/amp |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

After the violence, 25 people were taken into custody and seven cases were filed against 2,500 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=संभल जामा मस्जिद मामले में 2500 के लोगों के खिलाफ मुकदमा दर्ज, हिंसा में मरने वालों की संख्या 4 की पुष्टि |url=https://navbharatlive.com/india/case-registered-against-2500-people-in-sambhal-jama-masjid-case-4-death-confirmed-1049484.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Navabharat |language=hi}}</ref> Those charged include [[Zia ur Rahman Barq]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]] from [[Samajwadi Party]], and Nawab Suhail Iqbal, the son of [[Iqbal Mehmood]], a party associate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samajwadi Party MP Among 400 Charged For UP's Sambhal Violence, He Blames Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-violence-ziaur-rahman-barq-samajwadi-party-mp-among-400-charged-for-violence-7100421 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The accused in the violence would be booked under the stringent [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] (NSA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Snapped, Schools Shut As Violence Over Mosque Survey Kills 4 In UP's Sambhal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sambhal-news-internet-snapped-schools-shut-as-violence-over-shahi-jama-masjid-mosque-survey-kills-3-in-up-7098549 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On November 29, 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directed the [[Sambhal]] Trial Court to pause proceedings against the [[Shahi Jama Masjid]] until the [[Allahabad High Court]] hears the Masjid Committee's challenge to a survey order. The Court ordered the survey report to remain sealed and emphasized maintaining peace in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Debby Jain |author2=Anmol Kaur Bawa |date=2024-11-29 |title=Sambhal Masjid: Supreme Court Asks Trial Court To Defer Proceedings Till Survey Order Is Challenged In HC, Keep Commissioner Report Sealed |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-asks-trial-court-not-to-proceed-till-sambhal-mosques-petition-against-survey-order-is-listed-in-hc-directs-not-to-open-commissioner-report-276723 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Live Law |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201171848/https://www.livelaw.in/amp/top-stories/supreme-court-asks-trial-court-not-to-proceed-till-sambhal-mosques-petition-against-survey-order-is-listed-in-hc-directs-not-to-open-commissioner-report-276723 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Sambhal mosque survey: SC asks Shahi Jama Masjid management to approach Allahabad HC, tells trial court to halt proceedings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-sambhal-mosque-survey-case-live-updates-9696603/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh government constituted a three-member judicial commission, chaired by former [[Allahabad High Court]] judge Devendra Kumar Arora, to investigate the violence. The commission visited Sambhal on 1 December, inspecting the affected areas to determine whether the incident was spontaneous or the result of a premeditated [[criminal conspiracy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Mayank |date=2024-12-01 |title=Judicial panel members visit Sambhal to probe violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/judicial-panel-members-visit-sambhal-inspect-areas-where-violence-broke-out/article68934368.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On March 23, 2025 Police arrested the Shahi Jama Masjid committee president and senior lawyer Zafar Ali in connection with the November 24 violence according to the police. On March 24, 2025 A section of lawyers in Sambhal staged a pen-down protest against the arrest of Zafar Ali. On March 27, 2025 a district court dismissed the interim bail application of Ali and scheduled his regular bail petition for April 2.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-27 |title=Sambhal violence case: Court denies interim bail to Shahi Jama Masjid president Zafar Ali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sambhal-violence-case-court-denies-interim-bail-to-shahi-jama-masjid-president-zafar-ali/articleshow/119589887.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=2025-03-24 |title=Sambhal advocates hold pen-down protest against arrest of Jama Masjid committee president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-advocates-hold-pen-down-protest-against-arrest-of-jama-masjid-committee-president/article69369379.ece |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On April 2, 2025 the bail hearing was rescheduled to April 4 due to the unavailability of the case diary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-04-02 |title=Court defers bail plea of Sambhal's Shahi Jama Masjid president to April 4 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/02/court-defers-bail-plea-of-sambhals-shahi-jama-masjid-president-to-april-4 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 16 April 2025 multiple news outlets reported that Zafar Ali had secured bail in two earlier cases registered against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=संभल हिंसा: जामा मस्जिद कमेटी के सदर जफर अली को मिली जमानत, एएसआई के दर्ज मुकदमों में सुनवाई |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/sambhal-violence-jama-masjid-committee-chief-zafar-ali-gets-bail-hearing-in-cases-filed-by-asi-2025-04-15 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kanwardeep |date=2025-04-16 |title=Sambhal Jama masjid chief to stand trial in 2 earlier cases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/sambhal-jama-masjid-chief-to-stand-trial-in-2-earlier-cases/articleshow/120319809.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Sunny |date=16 April 2025 |title=संभल की JM कोर्ट में जफर अली की पेशी:जामा मस्जिद पर अवैध निर्माण और धमकी देने के दो अलग मामलों में सुनवाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/news/sambhal-jama-masjid-sadar-zafar-ali-presented-in-cjm-court-134842396.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> On May 9, 2025 it was reported that Zafar Ali has moved to Allahabad High court for his bail application after a lower court had rejected his bail application.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Sunny |date=2025-05-09 |title=संभल हिंसा: जफर अली की जमानत याचिका हाईकोर्ट में दायर: 30 मई को होगी सुनवाई, प्रेसवार्ता कर युवाओं को भड़काने का आरोप - Sambhal News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/news/sambhal-violence-zafar-alis-bail-plea-filed-in-high-court-134995306.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510170906/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/news/sambhal-violence-zafar-alis-bail-plea-filed-in-high-court-134995306.html |archive-date=2025-05-10 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Zafar Ali was granted bail on 24 July 2025 by Allahabad High court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-25 |title=Allahabad HC grants bail to Sambhal mosque committee president Zafar Ali |url=https://theprint.in/india/allahabad-hc-grants-bail-to-sambhal-mosque-committee-president-zafar-ali/2702815/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 4, 2025 three men were detained by police while attempting to enter the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal to perform a Hindu fire ritual.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2025-04-04 |title=Sambhal: Three men detained for trying to perform Hindu rituals at Shahi Jama Masjid |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1081012/sambhal-three-men-detained-for-trying-to-perform-hindu-rituals-at-shahi-jama-masjid |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=2025-04-06 |title=Three Delhi men detained for attempting Hindu rituals at Sambhal's Shahi Jama Masjid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/04/3-delhi-men-detained-for-attempting-hindu-rituals-at-sambhals-shahi-jama-masjid |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anti-Mosque campaign in India]]
* [[2020 Delhi riots]]
* [[2024 Bahraich violence]]
* [[Ayodhya dispute]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambhal violence, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 riots]]
[[Category:November 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sambhal|2024 violence]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:November 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:Mosque-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:2024 in Islam]]
[[Category:Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]

Veerappa Nayaka

2026-03-03T22:08:46Z

Jaffer sadiq: small reworked lead and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veerappa Nayaka
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| story = S. Narayan
| producer = Vidyavathi Narayan
| writer = B. L. Venu (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. Narayan
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] [[Hema Choudhary]]
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = P. R. Soundar Raj
| studio = Vidyadhare Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|1|1|ref1=}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Veerappa Nayaka''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[biographical film]], directed by [[S. Narayan]], starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070516034902/http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-date = 16 May 2007|title= Veeraappanayaka: Bringing up the new year!|work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=25 December 1998|access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> It is a story of a Gandhian's son turning into a terrorist. This was also the first film in Vishnuvardhan and Narayan's combination and the movie ran for 50 weeks at the box office. This film is quite important in studying the history of the production of the Indian flag through the ages. The film uses the location of garag village, which was the place where the flag was made by a weaving village before it was certified by the Bureau of Indian Standards.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
An innocent man's son becomes a terrorist.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Veerappa Nayaka
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] as Hema, Veerappa's wife and Subash's mother
*[[Hema Choudhary]] as Veerappa Nayaka's Mother
*Saurav
*[[Shobaraj]]
*Kote Prabhakar
*Renuka prasad
*Bhavani Shankar
*Agro Chikkanna
*Bhavyashree Rai
*Ashalatha
*Renukamma Murugod
*Bank Suresh
*Fayaz Khan
* [[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
* Renuka Prasad
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music for the film was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerappa Nayaka |url=http://bsnl.hungama.com/fls_details.php?pid=21912 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620020919/http://bsnl.hungama.com/fls_details.php?pid=21912 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |website=bsnl.hungama.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! Song
! Singers
|-
|1
|"Ee Mannina Hemmeya Maganivanu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|2
|"Malle Ninna Maathu Kelada"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
|3
|"O Ambarave Ninnede"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|4
|"Aa Dushtara Shikshiso" (Bit)
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|5
|"Are Jinga Jingaale"
|[[Rajesh Krishnan]], K. S. Chitra
|-
|6
|"Ee Adharadali Garigala"
|Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chitra
|-
|7
|"Onde Ondu Maathu" (Bit)
|K. S. Chitra
|-
|8
|"Jeeva Jyothiye"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|9
|"Bharathambe Ninna Januma Dina"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that "The film is truly worthy of the weavers of our national tricolour!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 1999 |title=Veerappanaika (Kannada) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/565643645742E3436525694000570F65?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220922052711/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/565643645742E3436525694000570F65?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "This film may remain as one of the best films of Vishnuvardhan’s career. With his mature acting, the film’s story has been handled with the right touch. He never indulges in overacting".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 1999 |title=Mature acting, right touch |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1159B87A23BB865165256941001E4B73?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220922052810/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1159B87A23BB865165256941001E4B73?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]

Kalachakram

2026-03-03T21:05:07Z

Jaffer sadiq: new some data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalachakram
| image = Kalachakram (1973).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = K. Narayanan
| producer = A. Raghunath
| writer = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = T. N. Krishnankutty Nair
| editing = K. Narayanan M. Vellaswamy
| studio = Sanjay Productions
| distributor = Ambika Release
| released = {{Film date|1973|03|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kalachakram''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by K. Narayanan and written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} No animosity towards Mammootty, no special affection for Mohanlal: Sreekumaran Thampi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/oct/30/no-animosity-towards-mammootty-no-special-affection-for-mohanlal-sreekumaran-thampi-2513044.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205121153/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/oct/30/no-animosity-towards-mammootty-no-special-affection-for-mohanlal-sreekumaran-thampi-2513044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Bahadoor]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]]. It was released on 16 March 1973.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=കാലചക്രം (1973) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2926 |accessdate=11 February 2023 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004194659/https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2926 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2023}}

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Ravi
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Radha
*[[I. V. Sasi|Sasi]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Kochukuttan
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]]
*[[Bahadoor]] as Prabhu
*Radhamani
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[Mammootty]]([[bit part]], uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2021 |title='ജീവിക്കാന്‍ നല്ല തൊഴില്‍ അറിയാം'; ആ സിനിമയിലെ റോള്‍ വേണ്ടെന്ന് വയ്ക്കുമ്പോള്‍ മമ്മൂട്ടി 'ജനിച്ചിരുന്നില്ല' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/08/06/mammootty-s-movie-and-life-journey-50-years-special.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205121053/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/08/06/mammootty-s-movie-and-life-journey-50-years-special.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
{{Empty section|date=February 2023}}
.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=കാലം ഒരജ്ഞാത കാമുകൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2022/03/13/karuppum-veluppum-mayavarnangalum-11.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806180238/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2022/03/13/karuppum-veluppum-mayavarnangalum-11.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Chithrashaala Njaan" || [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
| "Kaalamorajnaatha Kaamukan" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Madam Pottichirikkunna" (Bit) [From Chithramela] || P. Madhuri
|-
| "Makarasankramasandhyayil" || P. Madhuri
|-
| "Ormakalthan Thamara" || K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Raajyam Poyoru Raajakumaran" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Raakkuyilin Raajasadassil" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Roopavathi Nin" || [[P. Jayachandran]], P. Madhuri
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0277060|Kaalachakram}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]

Ponvizha

2026-03-03T04:44:31Z

Jaffer sadiq: starting basic info from scratch!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ponvizha
| director = Ashokan
| writer = Ashokan
| producer = K. S. Srinivasan K. S. Sivaram
| starring = {{ubl|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Suvalakshmi]]}}
| cinematography = P. S. Tharan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Shiva Shree
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|08|06}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ponvizha''''' ({{translation|Golden Jubilee}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Ashokan, who had previously directed the film ''[[Thamizhachi]]'' (1995). The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Suvalakshmi]]. It was released on 6 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponvizha ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ponvizha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607133818/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ponvizha |archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=2012-12-10 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponvizha (Tamil) |url=http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/276-ponvizha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050121/http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/276-ponvizha |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2024}}
Ponni lives with her grandmother and they are set aside by the villagers. Bharathi, a jobless man, lands in Ponni's village, where Manivanan is village chief(gounder).

In the past, Ponni was in the village and she was going to marry. Before the marriage, the villagers including her father and Velusamy got into an accident and many villagers lost their lives in the accident. Since that day, the villagers began to hate Ponni. Bharathi was, in fact, the lorry driver who perpetrated the accident but nobody knows about it.

Bharathi felt guilty for the accident and is now on a quest for redemption so he wants to help Ponni.

== Cast ==

*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Bharathi
*[[Suvalakshmi]] as Ponni
*[[Manivannan]] as Vettu Gounder
*[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Velusamy
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Parvathi
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Balu Anand]]
*[[Crane Manohar]]
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Ponni's grandmother
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Visu]] as a district collector (guest appearance)

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponvizha (1998) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Ponvizha-songs-T0003853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240314140927/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Ponvizha-songs-T0003853 |archive-date=2024-03-14 |access-date=2019-03-21 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Adiye Annakiliye" || [[Swarnalatha]], Bharathi || [[Piraisoodan]] || 5:31
|-
| "Barma Bazaru" || [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], Sindhu || Kalidasan || 4:26
|-
| "Kammangaatu" || [[Gangai Amaran]], Sindhu || [[Kasthuri Raja]] || 4:52
|-
| "Konjum Kilikku" || Gangai Amaran, [[Shobana Vignesh|Mahanadhi Shobana]] || Kadhal Mathi || 5:11
|-
| "Naadu Sezhikka" || Chorus || Piraisoodan || 5:33
|-
| "Ponni Nadhi" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Ashokan || 5:11
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thirudi (2006 film)

2026-03-03T04:29:12Z

Jaffer sadiq: added new data initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thirudi
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. Shankar
| producer = Mahadevan Ganesh Usha Venkatramani
| writer = K. Shankar K. Panneerselvam (dialogues)
| starring = Kathir [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = [[D. Shankar Singh|D. Shankar]]
| editing = S. Satish
| distributor =
| studio = [[GV Films|G. V. Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|12|22}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirudi''''' ({{translation|''Lady thief''}}) is a 2006 [[Tamil language]] [[romance film]] directed by K. Shankar. The film stars newcomers Kathir and [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], with Sundar, [[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], Ponmaran, Gunasekhar, [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], and Sempuli Jagan playing supporting roles. The film was produced by Mahadevan Ganesh and Usha Venkatramani. It had music by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]], cinematography by [[D. Shankar Singh|D. Shankar]], and editing by S. Satish. The film was released on 22 December 2006.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.gvfilms.in/reports/Annual-Reports/Annual-Report-2007.pdf#page3 |title=18th ANNUAL REPORT (2006–2007) |page=3 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025084745/http://gvfilms.in/reports/Annual-Reports/Annual-Report-2007.pdf#page3 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film begins with Aravind (Kathir) waiting for someone and then starting to remember his love life.

Five years ago, the karateka Aravind, who hailed from [[Chennai]], arrived in the village [[Valliyur]] to train karate under the guidance of the master Devaram ([[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]). Devaram wanted his students to focus only on training, but Aravind's friend Ravi (Sundar) spent his time romancing with Thamarai's ([[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]) friend Poongavanam ([[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]]), and Devaram requested his students to not bring him a bad among the villagers. Ravi then turned against Devaram and started to practice [[Silambam]] with Devaram's archenemy Ponmaran (Ponmaran). In the meantime, Aravind and the village belle Thamarai fell in love with each other. Thereafter, Aravind left for Chennai. Before leaving, he promised Thamarai that he will come back to marry her. The local don Mani (Gunasekhar), Thamarai's relative, who was in love with Thamarai, wanted to marry her at any cost. The days passed, and Aravind did not return from Chennai. Thamarai's family then made marriage arrangements for her. Thamarai began to feel worried, and she fell sick both mentally and physically. When Aravind returned to Valliyur, he saw Thamarai in the hospital and challenged Mani to marry Thamarai. Thamarai then told Aravind that she will marry Mani, and she begged him to become a karate champion. During a fight between Aravind and Mani, Thamarai intervened to save Aravind and accidentally killed Mani.

Back to the present, Thamarai is released from jail and returns to her village. Ravi and Poongavanam are now a happily married couple. The film ends with the reunion of the lovers.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Kathir as Aravind
*[[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Thamarai (Voice dubbed by Renuka)
*Sundar as Ravi
*[[Sai Dhanshika|Marina]] as Poongavanam
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Devaram
*Ponmaran as Ponmaran
*Gunasekhar as Mani
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Saroja, Thamarai's mother
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Thamarai's aunt
*Sempuli Jagan as Puli
*Venkatesh
*Hemanth
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]], with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirudi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2006) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thirudi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005291 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Raaga.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirudi |url=https://avdigital.in/products/thirudi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107125618/https://avdigital.in/products/thirudi |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Uthe Uthe Parthiya" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] || 4:43
|-
| "Patchi Parakuthu" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] || 3:45
|-
| "Vizhigal Randum" || [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Saindhavi]] || 4:34
|-
| "Kadhal Kadhal" || [[Haricharan]] || 1:09
|-
| "Sandakozhi" || [[Malathy Lakshman]] || 4:38
|-
| "Teen Age Vayasikudhan" || Haricharan || 3:42
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath from ''Chennai Online'' wrote "A very promising first half that raises expectations. And the director's inability to maintain the same pace and interest in the second half. 'Thirudi' falls in this trap".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 December 2006 |title=Thirudi |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/2006/12thirudi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107082525/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/2006/12thirudi.asp |archive-date=7 January 2007 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 romance films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ibrahim Adil Shah I

2026-02-26T15:35:41Z

Jaffer sadiq: content fix

{{Short description|Sultan of Bijapur from 1535 to 1558}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Ibrahim Adil Shah Buzurg
| title =
| succession = 4th [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultan of Bijapur]]
| image =
| reign = 21 March 1535 – September 1558<ref name="o497">{{cite web | author=M. H. RAMA SHARMA| title=Full text of "THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.bengal.10689.12385/10689.12385_djvu.txt | access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=289}}</ref>
| full name = Sultan Abul Nasser Ibrahim Adil Shah
| predecessor = [[Mallu Adil Shah]]
| successor = [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
| spouse = Khusrow-un-nisa begum (daughter of [[Asad Khan Lari]]) Rabiya Sultana (daughter of [[Aladdin Imad Shah]])
| issue = * Ismail
* [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
* Tahmasp
* Ahmed
* Saani Bibi (wife of [[Ali Barid Shah I]])
* Hadiya Sultana (wife of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]])
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi|Adil Shahi Empire]]
| father = [[Ismail Adil Shah]]
| mother = Fatima Beebi
| birth_place = [[Bijapur]]
| death_date = September 1558
| death_place = [[Bijapur]]
| burial_date = 1558
| burial_place = In the campus of the Great [[Sufi]] [[Saint]] Chandah Husaini of Gogi, Shahpur, District [[Gulbarga]], next to his father and grandfather.
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="ReferenceF">Muhammad Qasim [[Firishta]]'s Tarikh-e-Firishta.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Busateenus-Salateen a Persian Manuscript of Mirza Ibrahim Zubairi.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Mirza Ibrahim Zubairi, Rouzatul Auliya-e-Bijapur.</ref>
}}

'''Ibrahim Adil Shah I''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|ابراهیم عادل شاه}}}}; died September 1558) was [[sultan]] of the Indian [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. He succeeded his elder brother, [[Mallu Adil Shah]], through the machinations of the Afaqi faction at the court. He was the first Adil Shahi ruler to assume the royal title of [[Shah]].

==Faith==
Having a strong penchant for [[Sunni Islam]], the religion of most Deccani Muslims<ref>{{cite book|author1=Navina Najat Haidar|author2=Marika Sardar|title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid|url-access=registration|date=13 Apr 2015|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780300211108|page=[https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/6 6]|edition=illustrated}}</ref>—on his accession he deleted the names of the twelve [[Shia|Shi'ah]] Imams from the Khutbah (Friday prayer sermon), discontinued previous Shia practices and restored the exercise of the [[Sunni|Sunni Islamic]] practices.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Shanti Sadiq Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|date=1 Jan 1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125004851|page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World|date=2011|publisher=UPNE|isbn=9781611680195|page=36|edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1|date=17 Nov 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521254847|page=145|edition=illustrated}}</ref> He deviated from the traditions of his predecessors and introduced many innovations in the political and religious policies. He degraded most of the afaqi faction (with a few exceptions), and in their place enrolled the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccani]] (including the [[Maratha]]s and [[Habashis]]) to the services, retaining only four hundred afaqi troops as his bodyguard. Consequently, he brought [[Sunni Muslim]]s to power and ended Shia domination by dismissing them from their posts<ref>{{cite book|author1=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|date=1 Jan 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126901234|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Shihan de S. Jayasuriya|author2=Richard Pankhurst|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|date=2003|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865439801|pages=196–7|edition=illustrated}}</ref> and many [[Maratha]]s acquired great influence at his court and public accounts began to be maintained in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Policies==
Ibrahim's anti-afaqi policy, however, considerably weakened the kingdom as the dismissed personnel joined the service of the neighbouring rulers. This exposed the kingdom to a series of invasions. Yet it was the veteran afaqi leader [[Asad Khan Lari]] (buried in [[Belgaum]]), who acting as a diplomatic counselor to Ibrahim, saved the kingdom in the hour of crisis.

==Reign==
The reign of Ibrahim, which lasted twenty-four years and a few months, was full of alliances and counter-alliances with and against [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]], [[Bidar]], [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Golkonda]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]]. Although there were continuous expeditions, little territorial expansion was made, for gains in one direction were compensated by loss on the other side. Thus while [[Bidar]] was conquered, [[Solapur]] and [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]] were lost to [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]]. On the other hand, considerable acquisitions were made in the south along the west coast. The farthest point of Bijapur territory now extended south of [[Goa]]. Further, though [[Golkonda]] was not subdued, the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] army was able to reach the walls of [[Golkonda]] fort and return triumphantly.

==Death==
Ibrahim was buried near the famous [[Sufi]] saint Chandah Hussaini Ashrafi in Gogi, where his father, Ismail and grandfather [[Yusuf Adil Shah|Yusuf]] were also buried. On his mausoleum is an inscription of the names of Allah, Muhammad, the [[Rashidun Caliphs]], and other [[Sahaba]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732021|page=176}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* ''Wakiyate Mamlakate Bijapur'' by Basheeruddin Dehelvi.
* ''Tareekhe Farishta'' by Kasim Farishta
* External Relation of Bijapur Adil Shahis.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Adil Shahi Emperors|Adil Shahi Rulers of Bijapur]]|before=[[Mallu Adil Shah]]|after=[[Ali Adil Shah I]]|years=1534–1558}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adil Shah, Ibrahim}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1558 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of Bijapur]]

[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam]]

Surat–Chennai Expressway

2026-02-25T15:45:07Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|Indian expressway connecting Surat and Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| name = Nasik–Chennai Expressway
| alternate_name =
| map =
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes =
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| length_km = 1271
| established = December 2036 (expected)<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasik – Chennai Expressway – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-nasik-chennai-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>
| known_for =
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Nasik]], Maharashtra
| junction =
| terminus_b = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
| cities = [[Nashik]], [[Ahilyanagar]], [[Barshi]],[[Dharashiv]], [[Solapur]], [[Kalaburagi]],[[Yadgiri]],[[Raichur]], [[Kurnool]], [[Kadapa]],[[Rajampet ]],[[Tirupati]] and [[Chennai]]
| photo =
| photo_notes =
}}

'''Nasik–Chennai Expressway''' is an under-construction, {{cvt|1,271|km}} long, 6-lane [[Expressways of India|access-controlled expressway]], which will connect the third largest city of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra,]] [[Nashik|Nasik]], with the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]], in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Surat – Chennai Expressway – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-surat-chennai-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=25 June 2023|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> It will pass through six states: [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It will be operated and maintained by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), and will reduce both travel time and distance from around 35 hours to around 16 hours, and from approximately {{cvt|1,570|km}} to {{cvt|1,271|km}}. It is being built at a cost of ₹ 45,000 crore (~US$5.5 billion), which was earlier slated at ₹ 50,000 crore. It will be the second longest expressway in India, after the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Khurana, Jasmine|title=Surat Chennai Expressway: Key Features, Route Map, and Cost|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/surat-chennai-expressway/130941.html|work=MagicBricks|date=31 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rs. 50,000 crore Expressway to connect Surat to Chennai|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/07/29/rs-50000-crore-expressway-to-connect-surat-to-chennai/|work=DeshGujarat|date=29 July 2021|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
To facilitate socio-economic development, economic growth and trade in India by ensuring faster and better transportation of goods from northern to southern India, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) planned to build a highway from [[Surat]] to [[Chennai]], in 2021, which will help to improve connectivity, industrial activities and trade by creating a direct link, and develop the regions of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and central [[Maharashtra]], which at present lack them altogether as compared to other industrial regions in the country. This will also help to transport goods directly from the [[New Delhi|national capital]] to [[South India]] via the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] and this expressway. The ministry stated that the project will be built at a cost of ₹ 50,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs. 50,000 crore Expressway to connect Surat to Chennai|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/07/29/rs-50000-crore-expressway-to-connect-surat-to-chennai/|work=DeshGujarat|date=29 July 2021|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, the project was approved by the [[Government of India]] and included it in the [[Bharatmala Pariyojana|Bharatmala Pariyojana's Phase-II]]. It will be built at a cost of ₹ 45,000 crore (~US$5.5 billion), and the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] for the construction of the expressway's [[Karnataka]] to [[Akkalkot]] section, on the same month.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Karnataka section of 6-lane Surat-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-karnataka-section-6-lane-surat-chennai-expressway-article-97143601|work=Times Now|date=19 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> The expressway is expected to be completed by December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Surat Chennai Expressway Route Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/surat-chennai-expressway/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Route==
The expressway will start from [[Nashik]] in [[Maharashtra]], pass through five states, districts and their states, and terminate at [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Surat Chennai Expressway Route Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/surat-chennai-expressway/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
*[[Nashik]], [[Nashik district]]
*[[Ahmednagar|Ahilyanagar]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahilyanagar district]]
*[[Beed]], [[Beed district]]
*[[Dharashiv]], [[Dharashiv district]]
*[[Solapur]], [[Solapur district]]

===Karnataka===
*[[Kalaburagi]], [[Kalaburagi district]]
*[[Yadgir district]]
*[[Raichur district]]

===Telangana===
*[[Gadwal district]]

===Andhra Pradesh===
*[[Kurnool]], [[Kurnool district]]
*[[Kadapa]], [[Kadapa district]]
*[[Rajampet]] ,[[Annamayya district]]
*[[Tirupati]], [[Tirupati district]]

===Tamil Nadu===
*[[Tiruvallur district]]
*[[Chennai]], [[Chennai district]] (terminating point)

==Construction==
The expressway has been divided into two sections based on the region's topography–[[Greenfield land|Greenfield]] and [[Brownfield land|Brownfield]], as well as economic corridors. The expressway will be built using the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) of construction. The two sections are described in the following:<ref>{{cite web|title=Surat-Solapur Economic Corridor – Information & Status Update|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-surat-solapur-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===Nashik–Solapur Economic Corridor===
The '''Nashik–Ahilyanagar–Solapur Economic Corridor''' is the first part and the northern section of the expressway, which will be fully greenfield, six-lane and [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]]. It will pass through[[Maharashtra]] starting from [[Nashik]] in Maharashtra, as the expressway's starting point, and will cover the cities of [[Nashik]], [[Ahmednagar|Ahilyanagar]] and [[Solapur]], until the Maharashtra-Karnataka border. It will be {{cvt|513|km}} in length, out of which the Surat–Ahilyanagar section will cover {{cvt|288|km}} and the Ahilyanagar–Solapur–[[Akkalkot]] until the Maharashtra-Karnataka border section will cover {{cvt|225|km}}. This section's [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) has been completed by the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]-based [[joint venture]] firm, Aarvee Associates–Nag Infrastructure Engineers and Consultant JV. This section will be built at a cost of ₹ 30,000 crore. Currently, this section is under bidding, design preparation and land acquisition. It has been divided into 14 packages, which are described in the following table:<ref>{{cite web|title=Surat-Solapur Economic Corridor – Information & Status Update|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-surat-solapur-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=24 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Packages
!Chainages{{efn|Distances from the origin of the expressway, i.e., [[Surat]].}}
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-3'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-4'''
|Ambegaon (107.000 km) to Chehedi Khurd (146.000 km), [[Nashik district]]
|TBA
|Bidding process underway
|-
|'''Package-5'''
|Chehedi Khurdh (146.000 km) to Kahandalwadi (190.560 km), [[Nashik district]]
|TBA
|Bidding process underway
|-
|'''Package-6'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-7'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-8'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-9'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-10'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-11'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-12'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-13'''
|TBD
|TBD
|Pending notice
|-
|'''Package-14'''
|Hasapur ([[Solapur district]])(512.000 km) to Badadal (Maharashtra-Karnataka border) (548.400 km)
|G. R. Infraprojects Ltd.
|Land acquisition underway
|}

===Solapur-Chennai Economic Corridor===
The '''Solapur–Kurnool–Chennai Economic Corridor''' is the second part and the southern section of the expressway, which will be a mix of greenfield and brownfield sections, six/four-lane{{efn|The second half of [[Andhra Pradesh]] until [[Chennai]] will have four lanes as part of the expressway, by widening some existing two-lane highways.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs. 50,000 crore Expressway to connect Surat to Chennai|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/07/29/rs-50000-crore-expressway-to-connect-surat-to-chennai/|work=DeshGujarat|date=29 July 2021|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>}} and [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]]. The alignment of this part also lies mostly on the existing [[National Highway 150 (India)|National Highway 150C]] (NH-150C). It will pass through five states–[[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It will be {{cvt|707|km}} in length, out of which the greenfield section from [[Akkalkot]] to [[Kurnool]] will cover {{cvt|230|km}}, while the remaining {{cvt|477|km}} from Kurnool to [[Chennai]], where it will terminate, will be the brownfield section. This section's [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) is underway, and will be built at a cost of ₹ 15,000 crore. Currently, this entire section is under bidding, DPR preparation and land acquisition, except the Karnataka section, for which the construction has been started on the Akkalkot–[[Yadgir]] section, since January 2023, into two sections (or packages), one with a length of {{cvt|71|km}}, which is being built by PNC Infratech, and another with a length of {{cvt|65.5|km}}, which is being built by [[Dilip Buildcon|Dilip Buildcon Limited]]. Due to this, these two sections of the expressway will be completed one year before the scheduled deadline of December 2026, i.e., in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Karnataka section of 6-lane Surat-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-karnataka-section-6-lane-surat-chennai-expressway-article-97143601|work=Times Now|date=19 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> It has been divided into 8 packages, which are described in the following table:<ref>{{cite web|title=Solapur-Chennai Economic Corridor – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-solapur-chennai-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref>

====Maharashtra====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Packages
!Chainages{{efn|Distances from the starting point of the second half of the expressway, i.e., [[Akkalkot]].}}
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|Akkalkot to Maharashtra-Karnataka Border at Badadal (0.000 km to 26.000 km)
|TBD
|Pending notice
|}

====Karnataka====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Packages
!Chainages
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|Maharashtra-Karnataka Border at Badadal to Maradgi, Andola, ([[Kalaburagi district]]) (26.000 km to 97.000 km)
|PNC Infratech Pvt. Ltd.
|Under construction
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|Maradgi, Andola to Baswantpur, [[Raichur district]] (97.000 to km 162.500 km)
|[[Dilip Buildcon|Dilip Buildcon Ltd.]]
|Under construction
|-
|'''Package-3'''
|Baswantpur to Singnodi (162.500 km to 203.100 km), Raichur district
|Monte Carlo Ltd.
|Under construction
|}

====Telangana====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Packages
!Chainages
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|Karnataka-Telangana border at Raichur-Gadwal road to Julekal ([[Mahabubnagar district]]) (202.900 km to 242.200 km)
|Megha Engineering & Infrastructure Limited (MEIL)
|Under construction
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|Julekal to [[Kurnool]], terminating on [[National Highway 40 (India)|National Highway 40]] (NH-40) (242.200 km to 280.400 km)
||Megha Engineering & Infrastructure Limited (MEIL)
|Under construction
|}

====Andhra Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Packages
!Chainages
!Contractor
!Status
|-
|'''Package-1'''
|4-laning of [[National Highway 716 (India)|NH-716]] from [[Kadapa]] to Chinna Orampadu (from 260.652 km to 196.125 km of NH-716)
|Laxmi Infrastructure Limited
|Land acquisition underway
|-
|'''Package-2'''
|4-laning of [[National Highway 716 (India)|NH-716]] from Chinna Orampadu (designed: 64.200 km /existing: 196.125 km of NH-716) to [[Renigunta]] on [[National Highway 565 (India)|NH-565]] near [[Tirupati International Airport|Tirupati Airport]] (designed: 121.935 km/existing: 137.000 km of NH-565)
|Laxmi Infrastructure Limited
|Land acquisition underway
|}

The bidding process for the remaining stretch until Chennai is underway, as of February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solapur-Chennai Economic Corridor – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-solapur-chennai-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==Benefits==
The expressway will benefit the entire country, as follows:<ref>{{cite web|author1=Khurana, Jasmine|title=Surat Chennai Expressway: Key Features, Route Map, and Cost|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/surat-chennai-expressway/130941.html|work=MagicBricks|date=31 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Karnataka section of 6-lane Surat-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-karnataka-section-6-lane-surat-chennai-expressway-article-97143601|work=Times Now|date=19 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Trade:''' As the expressway will connect North and South India, it will result in a high increase in transportation of goods and people, thus resulting in growth in exports, reducing dependency on imports, as well as industrial activities and accelerating economic development.
*'''Tourism:''' It will facilitate tourism by promoting it in western parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, central Maharashtra and along the [[Western Ghats]], well known for its environment, thus resulting in the development of local economies.
*'''Connectivity:''' The expressway will create a direct connection between North and South India, resulting in faster, safer and better commute, by avoiding the existing congested routes via [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Pune]] and [[Mumbai]], as well as reducing travel time and distance considerably, from around 35 hours to around 16 hours, and from approx. 1,570 km to 1,271 km.
*'''Protection of the environment:''' To ensure the protection of green cover, trees and plants will be planted along and between the route of the expressway.
*'''Employment:''' Due to increase in industrial activities along the expressway's route, various agricultural and industrial initiatives will help the states' as well as the nation economy and growth. The establishment of these numerous centres will result in multiple job possibilities for thousands of people living in both the states, and will result in immense socio-economic development.

==Environmental concerns==
In July 2022, in a meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC), the EAC raised concerns on the alignment of the northern part of the expressway from [[Surat]] to [[Ahmednagar|Ahilyanagar]], through the [[Western Ghats]] region, which is ecologically sensitive, and the project could result in a serious harm to the region's environment due to deforestation and soil erosion, as well as pollution. So, the EAC recommended the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) to change the expressway's alignment by avoiding the Ghats section. However, the MoRTH and the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) gave an appeal to the EAC to negotiate the issue and requested to give way to the project, as the design preparation, packages and their bidding process and the [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) of the entire northern section of the expressway, including the Ghats section, are underway, and if changed the alignment, it may reduce the impact and benefits of the expressway on the places through which it will pass. The NHAI said that the construction procedure will be using [https://www.british-assessment.co.uk/insights/what-is-sustainable-construction-and-why-is-it-important/#:~:text=Sustainable%20construction%20methods%20include%3A%201%20using%20renewable%20and,natural%20habitats%20during%20and%20after%20the%20construction%20phase. modern and sustainable methods] in that section to minimize any environmental damage, as much as possible.<ref>{{cite news|title=Surat-Chennai economic corridor runs into green hurdle|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/surat-chennai-economic-corridor-runs-into-green-hurdle/36057|work=Construction World|date=24 August 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Status updates==
*'''March 2021:''' The plan of the expressway was announced by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] to the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs. 50,000 crore Expressway to connect Surat to Chennai|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/07/29/rs-50000-crore-expressway-to-connect-surat-to-chennai/|work=DeshGujarat|date=29 July 2021|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''February 2022:''' 14 bidders participated for the Package 2 section of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=14 Bidders for Surat – Chennai Expressway's Package 2 in Telangana|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/02/12/14-bidders-for-surat-chennai-expressways-package-2-in-telangana/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=12 February 2022|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''January 2023:''' The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the expressway was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]], and construction started on the [[Akkalkot]]–[[Yadgir]] section of the project, in the state of [[Karnataka]]. This section, divided into two sub-sections, will be completed one year before the deadline of December 2026, i.e., in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Karnataka section of 6-lane Surat-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-karnataka-section-6-lane-surat-chennai-expressway-article-97143601|work=Times Now|date=19 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*'''December 2025:''' following the cancellation of the Surat-Nashik section due to land acquisition and environmental clearance difficulties. The project now originates in Nashik rather than Surat.

==See also==
*[[Expressways of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.british-assessment.co.uk/insights/what-is-sustainable-construction-and-why-is-it-important/#:~:text=Sustainable%20construction%20methods%20include%3A%201%20using%20renewable%20and,natural%20habitats%20during%20and%20after%20the%20construction%20phase The definition and importance of Sustainable Construction]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surat - Chennai Expressway}}

[[Category:Expressways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]
[[Category:Expressways in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Expressways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Kafni Glacier

2026-02-18T05:14:57Z

Jaffer sadiq: clean up

{{Short description|Glacier in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox glacier
| name = Kafni Glacier
| image = kafni_glacier.jpg
| caption = Kafni Glacier from zero point
| type = Mountain glacier
| location = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] [[Himalayas]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map = India Uttarakhand#India
| map_caption = Location in India
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|13|05|N|80|03|20|E |type:glacier |display=inline,title}}
| area =
| length = Approximately {{convert|3|km|mi|0}}
| thickness =
| terminus =
| status =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

The '''Kafni Glacier''' is located in the upper reaches of the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] [[Himalaya]]s, to the southeast of [[Nanda Devi]]. The glacier gives rise to the Kafni River, which is a tributary of the [[Pindar River]]. The Pindar River is a tributary to [[Alaknanda River]], which eventually is one of the two headstreams of the [[Ganges]]. This is relatively small glacier but a popular [[backpacking (wilderness)|trekking]] destination along with [[Pindari Glacier]].

==List of peaks nearby==
A list of notable peaks adjacent to, near to or seen on the Kafni Glacier Trek includes:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himalayanhigh.in/kafni-glacier-trek|title=Kafni Glacier|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Nanda Kot]], {{convert|6,861|m|abbr=on}}
* [[Changuch]] ( 6322m )
* [[Maiktoli]] ( 6803m )
* Mrigthuni ( 6855m )
* Nanda Devi ( 7816m )
* Nanda Khat ( 6611m )
* Panwali Dwar ( 6663m )
* Sunanda Devi ( 7434m )
* Tharkot ( 6099m )
* Nanda Bhanar ( 6236m )
* Nanda Khani ( 6029m )
* Bauljuri ( 5922m )
* Lapsa Dhura ( 6000m )

==List of glaciers nearby==
A list of notable glaciers adjacent to or near the Kafni Glacier includes:
* [[Pindari Glacier]]
* [[Milam Glacier]]
* Maiktoli Glacier <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himalayanhigh.in/himalayas/himalayan-resource.aspx?resourceRequested=2040&resource-ResourceID=36|title=Maiktoli Glacier|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
[[File:Kafni trek route.JPG|Kafni Glacier trek route|thumb|left]]

==Trek Route==
The glacier is located in [[Bageshwar]] district. From Bageshwar town it can be approached via route of [[Bharadi]], Saung, Loharkhet, Dhakuri Pass, [[Khati]], Dwali and Khatiya. The route until Loharkhet is motorable, after which it is approximately a {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} round trip. Khati is the last village on the route. Though [[Pindari Glacier|Pindari]] is more popular tourist destination, some people find route to this glacier more beautiful. Unlike Pindari, tourists can trek up to the glacier. In case of Pindari, the trek beyond zero point becomes very tough and cannot be done without proper equipment.

==See also==
* [[List of glaciers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rangan-datta.info/pindari_kafni.html Travel Article on Pindari & Kafni Glacier Trek]

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Hiking trails in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bageshwar district]]

Machher jhol

2026-02-15T10:30:01Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|Fish curry in Bengali cuisine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Macher jhol
| image = Alu ar dhonepata diye Boyal machher jhol.jpg
| caption = ''Macher jhol'' with [[Potato|''alu'']] (potato)
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Nepal]] [[India]] [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] of [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[Bengal]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]] and [[Nepalese cuisine|Nepal]] ([[Maithil cuisine|Maithili]]-[[Bengali cuisine]]) [[Bengali cuisine|Bangladesh]] ([[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]]-[[Bangladeshi cuisine]])
| creator =
| course = Main course
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Fish as food|Fish]], [[potato]], [[Chili pepper|chili]], [[tomato]], [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[onion]], [[Indian spices]]
| similar_dish = [[Nga Thongba]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
| type = Seafood curry
}}
'''Machher jhol''' ({{langx|bn|মাছের ঝোল}}), '''machha jhola''' ({{langx|or|ମାଛ ଝୋଳ}}), '''machhak jhor''' ({{langx|mai|माछक झोर}} / {{langx|ne|माछाको झोल}}), or '''machhari ke jhor''' ({{langx|bho|मछरी के झोर}}) is a traditional spicy fish curry in [[Nepalese cuisine]] (including [[Maithil cuisine|Maithili cuisine]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri cuisine]]), Indian cuisine (including [[Maithil cuisine|Maithili cuisine]], [[Bengali cuisine]] and [[Odia cuisine]]) and [[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cuisine]] ([[Bengali cuisine]]) in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is in the form of a very spicy stew or gravy that is served with rice. Machher jhol is liberally seasoned with turmeric, garlic, onions, and grated ginger and Indian spices. Potatoes are added to the curry as a thickening agent. Tomatoes are also added to impart the dish with a reddish color which is preferred by the [[Bengali people|people of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Sarbari|title=Earthen Angels: A Collection of Short Stories|publisher=Sarbari Chowdhury |isbn=0979289114}}</ref>

The kinds of fish typically used in Odia and Bengali households are [[hilsa|ilish or ilishi]], [[rohu|rui]], and [[catla]], as well as small fish that are normally favoured over others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Machha fish curries|url=http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|access-date=22 June 2009|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040844/http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|left|thumb|Pabda macher jhal cooked with ginger, green chilies, tomato paste, and coconut milk]]

==See also==
* [[Bengali cuisine]]
* [[Dahi machha]]
* [[Chingudi jhola]]
* [[Chhencheda]]
* [[Odia cuisine]]
* [[Maithil cuisine]]
* [[Bhojpuri cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali curries]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi fish dishes]]
[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Indian fish dishes]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]

{{Bangladesh-cuisine-stub}}
{{india-cuisine-stub}}

Rahul Madhav

2026-02-10T02:45:54Z

Jaffer sadiq: starting new stub w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Madhav
| image = Rahul Madhav Malayalam Actor.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_name =
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Rahul Madhav''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films, along with a few [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref name="Rahul Madhav Profile">{{cite web|title=Rahul Madhav Profile|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Rahul%20Madhav-3025|publisher=www.metromatinee.com}}</ref><ref name="Rahul Madhav">{{cite web|title=Rahul Madhav|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist/25748/1/rahul-madhav.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218000637/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist/25748/1/rahul-madhav.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/385767/ |title=ഭാഗ്യം വരുന്ന വഴികള്‍ , Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |accessdate=2013-12-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217202814/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/385767/ |archivedate=17 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His notable films include ''[[Vaadamalli]]'', ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'', ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' and ''[[100 Days of Love]]''.<ref name="Rahul Madhav, the new villain">{{cite web|title=Rahul Madhav, the new villain|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/rahul-madhav-new-villain-197|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070111/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/rahul-madhav-new-villain-197|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2023|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="I don’t have a dream role: Rahul Madhav">{{cite web|title=I don't have a dream role: Rahul Madhav|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/I-dont-have-a-dream-role-Rahul-Madhav/articleshow/12080784.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215004311/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/news-interviews/31110354_1_dream-role-mani-ratnam-directors|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-12-15}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his debut with the Tamil film, ''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]''. He would go on to play the lead role in his next Tamil film, ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]''. He made his Malayalam film debut in ''[[Bangkok Summer]]''.

He gained recognition in his next film, ''[[Vaadamalli]]'' , where he played a student who comes from the slums and his people from the slums sponsor his education.<ref name="Vaadamalli review">{{cite web|title=Vaadamalli|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaadamalli-review-malayalam-movie-13118|work=www.indiaglitz.com}}</ref> Later, he and [[Richa Panai]] were paired for the third time in a film which failed to take off.

He got a breakthrough in his acting career after playing the lead role in ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]],'' which released in 2013. He played the character of Sivankutty while [[Meera Jasmine]] was paired opposite him. Actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] suggested his name to director [[Jeethu Joseph]] who cast him in his film, ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''. His role in ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' was well received.

Rahul made his [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] debut with ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu|Kiragorina Gayyaligalu]]'' (2016) and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] debut with ''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]'' (2024).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Anjali-starrer Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi teaser to be launched at a graveyard |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/22/anjali-starrer-geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-teaser-to-be-launched-at-a-graveyard-52289.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3|2011 || ''[[Bangkok Summer]]'' || Sreehari ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaadamalli]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
|| ''Happy Durbar''|| Nelson ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || ''Crime Story'' ||Sachin ||
|-
|| ''Track'' || Jo Zacharia ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || Shivankutty/Arjun ||
|-
|| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || Sanju ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Medulla Oblongata (film)|Medulla Oblongata]]'' || Chandu ||
|-
|| ''[[Alice A True Story]]'' || Melvin ||
|-
|| ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || Sudhakara Varma||
|-
| rowspan=3|2015 || ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
|| ''8 March''|| Michael ||
|-
|| ''Kaaval''||Sabari|| Short film
|-
| rowspan=3|2016 || ''Kadhantharam'' ||Sidharth ||
|-
|| ''[[Shyam (2016 film)|Shyam]]'' || Shyam ||
|-
||''[[Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan]]''||Giridhar ||
|-
| rowspan=6|2017||''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]''||Josemon||
|-
||''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]''|| Sidharth Iyer ||
|-
||''[[Tiyaan]]''|| Anil Raghavan ||
|-
||''[[Adam Joan (film)|Adam Joan]]''|| Alan Pothen ||
|-
||''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' ||Husband of Air Hostess ||Segment: ''Lake house''
|-
||''[[Zacharia Pothen Jeevichirippundu]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=7|2018||''[[Aami]]''||Imaginary friend ||Cameo appearance
|-
|| ''[[Naam (2017 film)|Naam]]'' || Anil Kumar||
|-
||''Velakkariyaayi Irunnalum Nee Enn Mohavally''|| ||
|-
||''[[Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal]]'' || Adhi Menon||
|-
||''[[Neeli (film)|Neeli]]''||Alex ||
|-
||''Vallikkudilile Vellakkaran''|| Abhilash ||
|-
||''[[Autorsha]]''|| Manu ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2019||''[[Nine (2019 film)|9]]''||James||
|-
||''[[An International Local Story]]'' ||Rahul||
|-
||''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]''||Prince ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2021||''Lalbagh''||Tarun ||
|-
||''My Dear Machans''||Kannan||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022|| ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]''|| Sam ||
|-
|| ''Son of Alibaba - Naalpathonnaman''||Robber||
|-
|| ''SantaCruz''||ACP Eswar Das ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaduva]]''||Fr. Robin Poovampara ||
|-
|| ''[[Paappan]]''||Ravi Varman||
|-
|| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' ||Jayan||
|-
|| ''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]''|| Ajith Rangan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan's Shefeekkinte Santhosham first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jul/10/unni-mukundans-shefeekkinte-santhosham-first-look-out-32648.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6| 2023 || ''[[Jawanum Mullapoovum]]'' || Sajan Peter ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Javanum Mullapoovum: Sshivada plays a teacher, makers release first look |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/nov/10/javanum-mullapoovum-sshivada-plays-a-teacher-makers-release-first-look-2516647.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 November 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Section 306 IPC'' || ||
|-
| ''Abyuham'' || Dennis Joseph||
|-
| ''[[Samara (2023 film)|Samara]]'' || Azad ||
|-
| ''Thaal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Anson Paul's 'Thaal' trailer unveils gripping psychological thriller inspired by real events |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anson-pauls-thaal-trailer-unveils-gripping-psychological-thriller-inspired-by-real-events/articleshow/105777267.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]''
|Nikhil
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''Palayam PC'' || Lawrence ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=First Look Poster Of Palayam PC Out; Film To Release On January 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-palayam-pc-out-film-to-release-on-january-5-8703839.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Bhavana-Shaji Kailas' Hunt goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/bhavana-shaji-kailas-hunt-goes-on-floors-8350991/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Porattu Nadakam|Porrattu Nadakam]]'' || Kiran || Bilingual film<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-14 |title=Saiju Kurup's Porattu Naadakam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/14/saiju-kurups-porattu-naadakam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tharayam'' || Rahim ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Dhyan Srinivasan, Sunny Wayne to lead 'Thrayam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Sep/16/dhyan-srinivasan-sunny-wayne-to-lead-thrayam-2359255.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Mr & Mrs Bachelor]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-14 |title=Mr & Mrs Bachelor teaser: Indrajith and Anaswara's film promises to be road trip comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/14/mr-mrs-bachelor-teaser-indrajith-and-anaswaras-film-promises-to-be-road-trip-comedy |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}

=== Other languages ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Language
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]'' || Siva
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || Janardhan IPS ||
|-
|2016
|''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Kaafi Thota]]''
|Chami
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Twenty One Hours|21 Hours]]''
|Vishal Nair
|
|-
|2023 || ''[[D3 (film)|D3]]'' || Vinay
| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| <ref>{{Cite news |title=D3 Movie Review : A decently staged investigative thriller that fizzles in the end |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/d3/movie-review/98686304.cms |access-date=2023-03-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 ||''[[Ayalaan]]'' || Aryan's henchman || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32801/ayalaan-sivakarthikeyan-trailer-siddharth-alien-ar-rahman|title=Ayalaan trailer thrills! Sivakarthikeyan forms an unusual unit with alien who hates the term!|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Vishnu
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Porattu Nadakam]]''
|Kiran
|Kannada
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{iMDb name|id=4383118}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhav, Rahul}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Sarpuria

2026-02-06T11:22:26Z

Jaffer sadiq: added some post first draft!

{{Short description|Sweet originating from West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Sarpuria
| image = Sarpuria - Krishnanagar - Nadia 2013-03-23 7040.JPG
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Sarpuria of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| alternate_name = সরভাজা
| country = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Bengal]]
| creator =
| main_ingredient = [[Chhena|Chana]], [[Kheer (Bengali sweets)|Kheer]], [[Milk skin|Sar]]
| variations =
| similar_dish = Sarbhaja
}}
'''Sarpuria''' is a sweet originating from [[Bengal]]. It is a speciality of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], India. Sarpuria is a famous sweet in the rural areas of [[Bangladesh]] too.

==Origin==
There are two leading stories that tell the origin of Sarapuriya. The first story associates it with the 15th-16th century religious leader [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]. According to the 16th-century text ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' written by [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]], ''sarpuria'' was one of the sweets served to Chaitanya.<ref name="banerjee112">{{cite book |last=Banerji |first=Chitrita |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food, and Ritual in Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143030157/page/111/mode/1up |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400142-2 |access-date=14 December 2017 |pages=111–112}}</ref>

The other story says the creator of Sarpuria was Adhar Chandra Das of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]].<ref name="abp31072014">{{cite news |last=Halder |first=Susmeet |date=31 July 2014 |script-title=bn:অনাদর আর উপেক্ষায় ম্লান কৃষ্ণনগরের গরিমা |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nodiamurshidabbad/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-1.55205 |newspaper=Ananda Bazar |location=Calcutta |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref> By one account, Sarpuria's creator is his father, Surukumar Das. It is said that, behind closed doors, at night, he used to make Sarapuriya and Sarvaja with cottage cheese, condensed milk, and cream. The next morning, [[Head-carrying|carrying them on his head]], he would peddle them.<ref name="cw">{{cite news |url=http://calcuttaweb.com/bengali/articles/grambangla/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE |script-title=bn:কৃষ্ণনগরের সরপুরিয়া সরভাজা |last=Sengupta |first=Sujit |trans-title=Old Favorite Archives |date=May 2011 |website=calcuttaweb.com |language=bn |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140904144857/http://calcuttaweb.com/bengali/articles/grambangla/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> Adhar Chandra learned how to cook sweets from his father. In 1902, he established a well-known sweet shop at Nadiar Para, in the present Ananta Hari Mitra Road.<ref name="cw"/>

==Geographical indication status==
Sarpuria will get the GI registration as the origin of the sweet. The [[West Bengal Government]] sent the registration details for the GI tag on 25 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengali-sweets-sarpuria-sarbhaja-may-get-gi-tag/articleshow/54893672.cms |title=Bengali sweets Sarpuria, Sarbhaja may get GI tag |last=Ghosal |first=Sutanuka |date=17 October 2016 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/579 |title=Application Details: Krishnagar Sarpuria |website=Geographical Indications Registry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061955/https://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/579 |archive-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Sweets of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]

List of institutions of higher education in Odisha

2026-02-01T20:44:18Z

Jaffer sadiq:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Utkal University Main Gate.jpg|Entrance to [[Utkal University]], the mother university in [[Odisha]]|thumb]]

==Institutes of National Importance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University name<ref name="Institutions of National Importance">{{Cite web |url=https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |title=Institutions of National Importance |date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Ministry of Education (India)]]}}</ref> !! Location !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)]] ||[[Bhubaneswar]]|| Engineering ||2008 ||{{url|
www.iitbbs.ac.in}}
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|National Institute of Technology (NIT)]] || [[Rourkela]] || Engineering || 1961 || {{url|www.nitrkl.ac.in}}
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Management, Sambalpur|Indian Institute of Management (IIM)]]|| [[Sambalpur]] ||Management ||2015||{{url|
iimsambalpur.ac.in}}
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]] ||[[Bhubaneswar]] || Medical || 2012 ||{{url|aiimsbhubaneswar.nic.in}}
|-
|-
|[[National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar|National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)]] ||[[Bhubaneswar]] || Research and Education || 2007 ||{{url|www.niser.ac.in}}
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)]] ||[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] || Research and Education ||2016 || {{url|www.iiserbpr.ac.in}}
|}

==Central Universities==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University name<ref name="Central Universities">{{Cite web |url=https://www.education.gov.in/central-universities |title=Central Universities |date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Ministry of Education (India)]]}}</ref> !! Location !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
| [[Central University of Odisha]]|| [[Koraput]] || [[Ministry of Education (India)]] || Humanities, sciences || 2009 || {{url|cuo.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Central Sanskrit University]] (Shri Sadashiv Campus)|| [[Puri]] || [[Ministry of Education (India)]]|| Sanskrit || 1971 || {{url|www.csu-puri.edu.in}}
|}

== State Universities ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University name !! Location !! District !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
| [[Berhampur University]] || [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] || [[Ganjam district]] || State || General || 1967 || {{url|www.bamu.nic.in}}
|-
| [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] || [[Rourkela]] || [[Sundargarh district]] || State|| Engineering and Technology || 2002 || {{url|www.bput.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Dharanidhar University]] || [[Keonjhar]] || [[Keonjhar district]] || State || General || 1957 ||{{url|https://dduniversity.ac.in/}}
|-
| [[Fakir Mohan University]] || [[Balasore]] || [[Balasore district]] || State || General || 1999 ||
{{url|www.fmuniversity.nic.in}}
|-
| [[Gangadhar Meher University]] || [[Sambalpur]] || [[Sambalpur district]] || State || General || 1944 || {{url|www.gmuniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar|IIIT Bhubaneswar]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || Engineering and Technology|| 2014 || {{url|www.iiit-bh.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Khallikote Unitary University]] || [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] || [[Ganjam district]] || State || General || 2021 || {{url|www.kuu.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Maa Manikeshwari University]] || [[Bhawanipatna]] || [[Kalahandi district]] || State || General || 1960 || {{url|www.kalahandiuniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Madhusudan Law University]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || State || Law || 1869 || {{url|www.mlu.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University]] || [[Baripada]] || [[Mayurbhanj district]] || State || General || 1998 ||
{{url|www.nou.nic.in}}
|-
| [[National Law University Odisha]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || State || Law || 2009 || {{url|www.nluo.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Odia University]] || [[Satyabadi]] || [[Puri district]] || State || Language || 2024 || {{url|www.odiauniversity.ac.in/en}}
|-
| [[Odisha State Open University]] || [[Sambalpur]] || [[Sambalpur district]] || State || Open || 2015 || {{url|www.osou.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || Agriculture and Technology || 1962 || {{url|www.ouat.nic.in}}
|-
| [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || Medical Science || 2023 || {{url|www.ouhs.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Odisha University of Technology and Research]]|| [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || Engineering and Technology || 1981 || [https://outr.ac.in www.outr.ac.in]
|-
| [[Rajendra University]] || [[Balangir]] || [[Balangir district]] || State || General || 1944 ||
{{url|www.rajendrauniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Rama Devi Women's University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || General || 1964 || {{url|https://rdwu.ac.in/}}
|-
| [[Ravenshaw University]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || State|| General || 1868 || {{url|www.revenshawuniversity.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Sambalpur University]] || [[Burla, India|Burla]] || [[Sambalpur district]] || State || General || 1967 ||
{{url|www.suniv.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University]] || [[Puri]] || [[Puri district]] || State || Sanskrit || 1981 || {{url|www.sjsv.niv.in}}
|-
| [[Utkal University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State || General || 1943 || {{url|www.utkaluniversity.nic.in}}
|-
| [[Utkal University of Culture]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || State|| Culture || 1999 || {{url|www.uuc.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]] || [[Burla, India|Burla]] || [[Sambalpur district]] || State || Engineering and Technology || 1956 || {{url|www.vssut.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Vikram Dev University]] || [[Jeypore]] || [[Koraput district]] || State || General || 1947 || {{url|https://www.vikramdevuniversity.ac.in/}}
|}

==Deemed Universities==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University name !! Location !! District !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] || [[Dhenkanal]] || [[Dhenkanal district]] || [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]|| Journalism || 1993|| {{url|https://iimc.gov.in/dhenkanal-Odisha-about-us}}
|-
| [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Engineering and Management || 1992 || {{url|www.kiit.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || General || 2017 || {{url|university.kiss.ac.in}}
|-
|[[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan|Siksha "O" Anusandhan]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Engineering and Management || 1996 || {{url|www.soa.ac.in}}
|}

==Private Universities==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University name !! Location !! District !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
| [[AIPH University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Public Health || 2018 || {{url|www.aiph.ac.in}}
|-
| [[ASBM University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private|| Commerce and Management || 2006 || {{url|www.asbm.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Birla Global University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Commerce and Management || 2013 || {{url|www.bgu.ac.in}}
|-
| [[C. V. Raman Global University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Technology and Management || 2020 || {{url|www.cgu-odisha.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Centurion University of Technology & Management]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private|| Technology and Management || 2010 || {{url|www.cutm.ac.in}}
|-
| [[DRIEMS University]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || Private || Technology, Management and Health Sciences || 2023|| {{url|www.driems.ac.in}}
|-
| [[GIET University]] || [[Gunupur]] || [[Rayagada district]] || Private || Technology and Management || 1997 || {{url|www.giet.edu}}
|-
| [[Jagadguru Kripalu University]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || Private|| General || 2020 || {{url|www.jkuniversity.in}}
|-
| [[NIST University]] || [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] || [[Ganjam district]] || Private || Technology || 2024 || {{url|www.nist.edu}}
|-
| [[Silicon University]] || [[Bhubaneswar ]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Technology || 2024 || {{url|www.silicon.ac.in}}
|-
| [[Sri Sri University]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]] || Private || General || 2009 || {{url|www.srisriuniversity.edu.in}}
|-
| [[XIM University]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]] || Private || Commerce and Management || 2013 || {{url|www.xim.edu.in}}
|}

==Autonomous Institutes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Institute Name !! Location !! Support !! Specialization !! Estd. || Weblink
|-
| Biju Patnaik National Steel || [[Puri]] || [[Ministry of Steel]] || Steel Technology || 2001 || {{url|http://www.bpnsi.org}}
|-
| [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || Ministry of Human Resources Development || Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Sciences || 2018 || {{url|https://iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in/}}
|-
| International Institute of Information Technology || [[Bhubaneswar]] || State || Information Technology || 2004 || {{url|https://www.iiit-bh.ac.in/}}
|-
| Institute of Life Sciences || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]] || Cancer Biology, Infectious Disease and Plant Biotechnology || 1989 || {{url|https://www.ils.res.in/}}
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]] || [[Bargarh]] || [[Ministry of Textiles]] || Handloom || 2008 || {{url|www.iihtbargarh.org.in/}}
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] || [[Dhenkanal]] || [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] || Journalism || 1993 || {{url|https://www.iimc.gov.in/}}
|-
|Institute of Mathematics and Applications || [[Bhubaneswar]] ||State|| Mathematics || 1999|| {{url|https://iomaorissa.ac.in/}}
|-
|[[Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]] || Mineralogy and Materials engineering || 1964 || {{url|https://www.immt.res.in/}}
|-
| Indian Institute of Public Health || [[Bhubaneswar]] ||Private|| Public Health || 2010 || {{url|https://phfi.org/iiph-bhubaneswar/}}
|-
| Institute of Physics || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Department of Atomic Energy]] || Physics || 1972 || {{url|https://phfi.org/iiph-bhubaneswar/}}
|-
| Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]] || Tourism || 1983|| {{url|https://www.iopb.res.in/}}
|-
| [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Textiles]] || Fashion Technology|| 2010|| {{url|https://www.nift.ac.in/bhubaneswar/}}
|-
| National Institute of Science Education and Research || [[Jatani]] || [[Department of Atomic Energy]] || Sciences|| 2007|| {{url|https://www.niser.ac.in/}}
|-
| [[National Law University Odisha]] || [[Cuttack]] || State || Law || 2008|| {{url|https://nluo.ac.in/}}
|-
| [[Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]] || [[Olatapur]] || [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ]] || Health Sciences || 1975 || {{url|https://www.svnirtar.nic.in/}}
|-
| [[Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Freshwater Aquaculture || 1987 || {{url|http://cifa.nic.in/}}
|-
| [[National Rice Research Institute]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Agriculture || 1946 || {{url|https://icar-nrri.in/}}
|-
| Indian Institute of Water Management || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Water Management || 1988 || {{url|https://iiwm.icar.gov.in/}}
|-
| National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Research on foot and mouth disease || 1968 || {{url|https://nifmd.icar.gov.in/}}
|-
| Central Institute for Women in Agriculture || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Agricultural Sciences, Life Sciences & Biotechnology || 1996 || {{url|https://icar-ciwa.org.in/}}
|-
| [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]] - Regional Centre || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] || Agricultural Sciences || 1976 || {{url|https://www.ctcri.org/index.php}}
|-
| [[Central Tool Room and Training Centre, Bhubaneswar]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] || Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises || 1992 || {{url|https://www.cttc.gov.in/}}
|-
| [[Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] || Medical Research || 1981 || {{url|https://www.rmrcbbsr.gov.in/}}
|-
| Institute Of Hotel Management Catering Technology And Applied Nutrition || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]] || Hotel Management & Catering Technology || 1973 || {{url|https://www.ihmbbs.org/index.php}}
|-
| Regional Research Institute (H) || [[Puri]] || [[Ministry of Ayush]] || Homeopathy Research || 1980|| {{url|https://ccrhindia.ayush.gov.in/our-network/regional-research-institute/rri-puri}}
|}

== Medical Colleges and Hospitals ==
=== Government ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College name !! Location !! District
|-
|[[Acharya Harihar Post Graduate Institute of Cancer]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack district]]
|-
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Khordha district]]
|-
| [[Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Balangir]] || [[Balangir district]]
|-
| [[Dharanidhar Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Kendujhar]] || [[Kendujhar district]]
|-
| [[Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Balasore]] || [[Balasore district]]
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Sundargarh]] || [[Sundargarh]] || [[Sundargarh district]]
|-
| Government Medical College and Hospital || [[Phulbani]] || [[Kandhamal district]]
|-
| [[Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital, Jajpur|Maharaja Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Jajpur]] || [[Jajpur district]]
|-
| [[Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] || [[Ganjam district]]
|-
| [[Pabitra Mohan Pradhan Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Talcher]] || [[Angul district]]
|-
| [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Baripada]] || [[Mayurbhanj district]]
|-
| [[PGIMER and Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar|PGIMER and Capital Hospital]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Khordha district]]
|-
|[[Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Koraput]] || [[Koraput district]]
|-
|[[Saheed Rendo Majhi Medical College and Hospital]]|| [[Bhawanipatna]] || [[Kalahandi district]]
|-
|[[Sri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Puri]] || [[Puri district]]
|-
| [[Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Cuttack]] || [[Cuttack district]]
|-
|[[Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]] ||[[Burla, India|Burla]]|| [[Sambalpur district]]
|}

=== Private ===

* [[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela]]
* [[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital]] of [[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital]], [[Rourkela]]
* [[Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Bhubaneswar]]

===Ayurvedic Colleges and Hospitals===

====Government====
* Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, [[Puri]]
* Govt. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, [[Balangir]]
* Kaviraj Ananta Tripathy Sharma Ayurvedic College & Hospital, [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]

====Private====
* Indira Gandhi Memorial Ayurvedic College & Hospital, [[Bhubaneswar]]
* Mayurbhanj Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, [[Baripada]]
* Sri Sri Nrusingha Nath Ayurved College & Research Institute, [[Paikmal]]

===Homeopathic Colleges and Hospitals===

====Government====
* Dr. Avirna Chandra Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, [[Bhubaneswar]]
* Odisha Medical College of Homeopathy & Research, [[Sambalpur]]
* Biju Pattnaik Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]
* Utkalmani Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, [[Rourkela]]

====Private====
* Mayurbhanj Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, [[Baripada]]
* Cuttack Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, [[Cuttack]]

=== Dental Colleges ===

=== Government ===
* S.C.B. Dental College and Hospital, [[Cuttack]]

=== Private ===
* Hi-Tech Dental College and hospital, [[Bhubaneswar]]
* Institute of Dental Sciences, [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences]], [[Bhubaneswar]]

== Pharmacy Colleges ==
'''''Government Colleges/University'''''
# '''University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, [[Utkal University]], Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar'''

'''''Private Colleges'''''
# College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tamando, [[Bhubaneswar]]
# College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]
# College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baliguali, [[Puri district|Puri]]
# Dadhichi College Of Pharmacy, Sundargram, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
# Gayatri College Of Pharmacy, Jamadarpali, Sambalpur
# Gayatri Institute Of Science And Technology
# Hitech College Of Pharmacy
# [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
# [[Institute of Health Sciences Bhubaneswar]]
# Institute Of Pharmacy And Technology, Salipur
# IMT Pharmacy College, Puri
# Jeypore College Of Pharmacy
# Soum Jena College Of Pharmacy & Medical Science, Cuttack
# [[Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences]], [[Rourkela]]
# Roland Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, [[Brahmapur, Odisha]]
# Royal College Of Pharmacy & Health Sciences
# Seemanta Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
# [[Sri Jayadev College of Pharmaceutical Sciences]], [[Bhubaneswar]]

== Rehabilitative Science ==
* [[Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]]
* [[International Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences and Research]]

== Engineering Colleges ==
===Autonomous===
* [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang]] (Govt.)
* [[The Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Bhubaneswar]]

===Government===
* [[Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi]], [[Bhawanipatna]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang]]
* [[Parala Maharaja Engineering College]], PMEC, [[Berhampur]]
* [[Utkalmani Gopabandhu Institute of Engineering]], Rourkela
* [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla]]
* [[Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology]], Burla

===Private===
* [[Ajay Binay Institute of Technology]], Cuttack
* [[Aryan Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Bhubaneswar
* [[Balasore College of Engineering & Technology]], Balasore
* [[Bhadrak Institute of Engineering & Technology]], Bhadrak
*Bhadrak Engineering school for Technology
* [[Barrister Ranjit Mohanty Group of Institution]], Bhubaneswar
* [[College Of Engineering Bhubaneswar]] (CEB), Bhubaneshwar
* [[Eastern Academy of Science and Technology]], Bhubaneswar
*[[Gandhi Institute of Advanced Computer & Research, Rayagada]]
*Gandhi Institute of Science & Technology(GIST), Rayagada
*KMBB College of Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneswar
* [[Gandhi Institute For Technology|Gandhi Institute for Education & Technology, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Gandhi Institute for Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management]], Puri
* [[Gopal Krushna College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Jeypore]]
* [[Indus College of Engineering]] Bhubaneswar
* [[Kalam Institute of Technology]], Berhampur
* [[Konark Institute of Science and Technology]], Bhubaneswar
* [[Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Mahavir Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Bhubaneswar
* [[Majhighariani Institute of Technology and Science]] (MITS), Raygada
* [[Modern Institute of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[NM Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Bhubaneswar
* [[Orissa Engineering College]], Bhubaneswar
* [[Orissa School of Mining Engineering, Keonjhar]]
* [[Padmanava College of Engineering, Rourkela]]
* [[Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Rourkela
* [[Roland Institute of Technology]], Berhampur
* [[Sanjay Memorial Institute of Technology]], Berhampur
* [[Seemanta Engineering College]], Jharpokharia (Mayurbhanj)
* [[Synergy Institute of Engineering & Technology]] (SIET), Dhenkanal
* Trident Academy of Technology (TAT), Bhubaneswar

== Management Colleges ==
* Affinity Business School, Bhubaneswar
* [[Asian School of Business Management]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Asian Workers Development Institute, Rourkela]]
* [[Centre for IT Education, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[IIPM School of Management]], [[Rourkela]]
* [[IMI Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management, Sambalpur]]
* [[Indian Institute for Production Management]], [[Kansbahal]]
* [[Institute of Management and Information Technology, Cuttack]]
* [[Regional College of Management]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Rourkela Institute of Management Studies]], [[Rourkela]]
* [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] (XIMB)

==Law Colleges==
* [[KIIT School of Law]], Bhubaneswar
* Bhadrak Law College, Bhadrak
* [[Balasore Law College]], Balasore
* Capital Law College, Bhubaneswar
* [[Dhenkanal Law College]], Dhenkanal
* Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, Puri
* [[Ganjam Law College]], Brahmapur
* ICSS College Bhadrak
* [[Lajpat Rai Law College]], Sambalpur
* [[Lingaraj Law College]], Brahmapur
* [[Mayurbhanj Law College]], Mayurbhanj
*Pravash Manjari Law College, Keonjhar
* [[Rourkela Law College]], Rourkela
* Xavier Law School, Bhubaneswar

== Autonomous/Degree Colleges ==
=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Berhampur University ===
* Govt. College, Phulbani
* S.B.R. Govt. Women’s College
* [[S. K. C. G. Autonomous College, Paralakhemundi]]
* Science College

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Fakir Mohan University ===
* [[Bhadrak Autonomous College]], [[Bhadrak]]
* Fakir Mohan Autonomous College, Balasore

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Kalahandi University ===
* [[Khariar Autonomous College, Khariar]], [[Nuapada]]

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University ===
* Karanjia College
* [[Maharaja Purna Chandra Autonomous College, Baripada]]

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Rajendra Narayan University ===
* DAV College Titilagarh

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Sambalpur University ===
* [[Government Autonomous College, Rourkela]]
* [[Ispat Autonomous College, Rourkela]]

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Utkal University ===
* Baba Bhairabananda Mahavidyalaya
* Banki College
* [[BJB College|BJB Autonomous College]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Dhenkanal College|Dhenkanal Autonomous College]], [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]
* [[Government Autonomous College, Angul]]
* [[Kendrapara Autonomous College, Kendrapara]]
* [[N.C. Autonomous College, Jajpur]]
* Nayagarh college
* Nimapara College
* [[Prananath College, Khordha|Prananath Autonomous College, Khordha]]
* [[Rajdhani College, Bhubaneswar]]
* S.V.M. College
* Salipur College
* Samanta Chandra Sekar College
* [[Talcher Autonomous College]], [[Talcher]], [[Angul]]
* [[Udayanath College of Science and Technology|Udayanath Autonomous College of Science and Technology]], [[Cuttack]]
* [[Vyasanagar College|Vyasanagar Autonomous College]], [[Byasanagar]], [[Jajpur]]

=== Autonomous/Degree Colleges affiliated to Vikram dev University ===
* [[Rayagada Autonomous College, Rayagada]]

== Think tanks / Research institutes==
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies]] (NCDS), Bhubaneswar
* TQM World Institution of Quality Excellence (TQM-WIQE), [[Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha-related lists|Education]]
[[Category:Education in Odisha]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Odisha]]

Bartaman Bharat

2026-01-31T10:05:39Z

Jaffer sadiq: rework information based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|1905 book by Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Infobox book

| name = Bartaman Bharat
| image = Bartaman Bharat title page 1905 edition.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Title page of 1905 book edition
| alt =
| author = [[Swami Vivekananda]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| subject = Philosophy
| genre =
| publisher = Udbodhan
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1899 1905 (published as a book)
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| awards =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| preceded_by_quotation_marks =
| followed_by =
| followed_by_quotation_marks =

}}
'''''Bartaman Bharat''''' (translated to English as '''''Modern India'''''{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}} or '''''Present Day India'''''{{sfn|Mittra|2001|p=88}}) is a [[Bengali language]] essay written by Indian Hindu monk [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of ''[[Udbodhan]]'', the only Bengali language magazine of [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. The essay was published as a book in 1905, and later it was compiled into the fourth volume of ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda''.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}}

In this essay, Vivekananda briefly discussed and analyzed the entire Indian history and predicted a period of mass-awakening when the society will be ruled by the ''[[Shudra]]s''.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}}{{sfn|Parmar|2008|p=93}} The essay showed deep concern for India's distressed and poor people. He urged Indians to treat each other as brothers irrespective of their [[caste]].{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=465}}

== Background ==
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Madras 1897.jpg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda in Madras in 1897. The same image was published in the 1905 edition of the book.<ref name="Bartaman Bharat 1905 edition title page">{{cite web|title=Bartaman Bharat 1905 edition title page|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/8232/1/Title%20Page.pdf|access-date=September 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716070335/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/8232/1/Title%20Page.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
After returning from the West in 1897, Vivekananda visited many Indian states. In January 1899, he started the Bengali magazine ''Udbodhan'', a publication of [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]].{{sfn|Jackson|1994|p=31}} He wrote Bengali essays ''Bhabbar Kotha'', ''Bartaman Bharat'', ''Parvrajak'' and ''Prachya o Paschatya'' for ''Udbodhan''. The Bengali essay ''Bartaman Bharat'' was first published in the ''Udbodhan'' in March 1899.{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=465}}

== Synopsis ==
In this essay Vivekananda briefly recounted and analyzed the entire history of India, from the time when Vedic priests used to be rulers of the society to the occupation of the country by the British. But, his main focus was on his contemporary India.<ref name="Modern India text">[[Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Prose/Modern India]]</ref>

He tried to describe how the society was first ruled by Vedic priests (''[[Brahmin]]''), who were followed by the mighty rulers, who had powers in their hands for thousands of years and were finally succeeded by ''[[Vaishya]]'' power. Then the author predicted that following this cyclical rule, the ''Vaishya'''s too will lose their glory one day and the lowermost class of the Indian society ''[[Shudra]]s'' will rise to power and the whole society will be ruled by them.<ref name="Modern India text"/>{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}}{{sfn|Parmar|2008|p=93}}

He urged Indians to treat and honour each other as brothers despite their caste or financial condition.{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=465}} He suggested not to forget that [[Sita]], [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]], [[Damayanti]] are the ideals of Indian womanhood. He asked to consider the soil of India as one's heaven and the good of India as one's own good.<ref name="Modern India text" /> He also suggested not to foolishly imitate the West. He wrote—<ref name="Modern India text"/>
<blockquote>O India, this is your terrible danger. The spell of imitating the West is getting such a strong hold upon you that what is good or what is bad is no longer decided by reason, judgment, discrimination, or reference to the Shastras. Whatever ideas, whatever manners the white men praise or like are good; whatever things they dislike or censure are bad. Alas! what can be a more tangible proof of foolishness than this?</blockquote>

The conclusion of his essay has now become a "standard college or high school text".<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic and Political Weekly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9CwAAAAIAAJ|page=1561|access-date=September 8, 2013|date=July 1992|publisher=Sameeksha Trust}}</ref>

== Publication ==
The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of ''Udbodhan''. In 1905 the essay was re-printed and published as a book from the same publication. The preface of the book was written by [[Swami Saradananda]].<ref name="Bartaman Bharat 1905 preface">{{cite web|title=Bartaman Bharat 1905 preface|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/8232/2/Introduction.pdf|access-date=September 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716063531/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/8232/2/Introduction.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Significance ==
According to Swami

Murlidharananda, in this essay, Vivekananda expressed his desire to see the regeneration of India.<ref name="Jitatmananda 1986 p25">{{Harvnb|Jitatmananda|1986|p=25}}</ref> Srivastava, the writer of ''Teacher in Emerging Indian Society'' wrote in this essay Vivekananda felt that a purpose of our education should be providing service to the humanity too.<ref name="Srivastava 2006 p207">{{Harvnb|Srivastava|2006|p=207}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Portal|India}}
*{{cite book|last= Chattopadhyaya |first=Rajagopal |title=Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA118|date=January 1, 1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1586-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA465|date=October 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Jackson |first=Carl T. |title=Vedanta for the West: The Ramakrishna Movement in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgOUdndOV8oC&pg=PA31|date=May 22, 1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11388-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Jitatmananda|first=Swami|title=The Vedanta Kesari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsfWAAAAMAAJ|access-date=September 11, 2013|year=1986|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math.}}
*{{cite book|last= Mittra |first=Sitansu Sekhar |title=Bengal's Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC&pg=PA88|year=2001|publisher=Academic Publishers|isbn=978-81-87504-18-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Parmar |first=Himanshu |title=Across the Gaping Chasm: Portrayal of Social Oppression in Select Indian Novels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODP8hi55e14C&pg=PA93|year=2008|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-225-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=|title=Teacher in Emerging Indian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnojW9AuFH4C&pg=PA207|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0008-4}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Bartaman Bharat}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:1905 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1899 essays]]

Murder of Prashanth Poojary

2026-01-15T22:28:21Z

Jaffer sadiq: entry...

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Prashanth Poojary
| location = [[Moodabidri]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2015|10|9}}
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| time = 7:00
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type =
| weapon = [[Knife]]
| fatalities = 1
| victim =
| perpetrator =
| motive =
}}
On 9 October 2015, '''Prashanth Poojary''', a Hindu man from the town of [[Moodabidri]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]], was killed by [[Muslim]] extremists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Poojary murder: Karnataka minister seen in photo with accused |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/poojary-murder-karnataka-minister-seen-in-photo-with-accused/story-FgUlH6NRhw47K3WIFt47oJ.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Poojary, a 29-year-old flower seller and a member of [[Bajrang Dal]], was stabbed with blades by six assailants at about 7.00 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. {{As of|2015|10|29}}, ten people have been arrested in connection with the attack, allegedly motivated by Poojary's activism against the illegal slaughter of cows.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Another-arrested-in-Prashanth-Poojary-murder-case/articleshow/49575025.cms | title=Another arrested in Prashanth Poojary murder case | work=[[The Times of India]] |place=Mangalore | date=29 October 2015 | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday-20151021">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prashanth-poojary-murder-anti-beef-activist-269109-2015-10-21|title=Four more arrested in anti-beef activist Prashanth Poojary murder case|last=Prakash|first=Satya|date=2015-10-21|work=India Today|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20151010">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tension-in-moodbidri-after-murder/article7745045.ece|title=Tension in Moodbidri after murder|last=M.|first=Raghav|date=2015-10-10|work=Times of India|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> One suspect Mohammad Imtiaz Gantalkatte was arrested from Mumbai airport as he was attempting to flee India for [[Dubai]].<ref name="IndiaToday-20151024">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prashanth-poojary-murder-case-man-arrested-in-mumbai-while-fleeing-to-dubai-269630-2015-10-24|title=Prashanth Poojary murder case: Man arrested in Mumbai while fleeing to Dubai|date=2015-10-24|work=India Today|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

An eyewitness to the incident, 60-year-old Vaman Poojary, a tender coconut seller whose shop was opposite Poojary's shop, went missing on 15 October 2015. He was found dead on the next day.<ref name="TheNewIndianExpress-20151016">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Eyewitness-in-Moodbidri-Murder-Found-Dead/2015/10/16/article3082542.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020160051/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Eyewitness-in-Moodbidri-Murder-Found-Dead/2015/10/16/article3082542.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 20, 2015|title=Eyewitness in Moodbidri Murder Found Dead|date=2015-10-16|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> It has been alleged by [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]] [[Member of parliament#India|MP]] from [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dakshina Kannada constituency]] to which the town of Moodabidri belongs that witnesses were being threatened over international phone calls including those made from [[Pakistan]] and asked not to testify against the suspects.<ref name="IndiaToday-20151018">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/karnataka-bajrang-dal-activists-murder-gets-pak-twist-268643-2015-10-17|title=Karnataka Bajrang Dal activist's murder gets 'Pak' twist|last=Jayram|first=Anand|date=2015-10-18|work=India Today|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> The Karnataka government also revealed that its minister [[Abhayachandra Jain]] received threats Karnataka police consider this murder as a part of a conspiracy to incite communal hatred in the region.<ref name="TheNewIndianExpress-20151119">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Chhota-Shakeel-Man-Held-for-Plot-to-Kill-Sangh-Neta-Cause-Mayhem/2015/11/19/article3135917.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126071203/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Chhota-Shakeel-Man-Held-for-Plot-to-Kill-Sangh-Neta-Cause-Mayhem/2015/11/19/article3135917.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 26, 2015|title=Chhota Shakeel Man Held for Plot to Kill Sangh Neta, Cause Mayhem|date=2015-11-19|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

A [[Zee News]] talk show titled "''Cow slaughter: Protests against Dadri lynching, why silence over Prashanth Poojary's murder?"'' commented on the absence of media attention as regards the murder.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=2015-10-18 |year= |title=Cow slaughter: Protests against Dadri lynching, why silence over Prashanth Poojary's murder? |trans-title= |medium= |language=Hindi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/videos/top-stories/cow-slaughter-protests-against-dadri-lynching-why-silence-over-prashanth-poojarys-murder_1811862.html |access-date=2015-10-21 |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote=On one hand, nationwide protests are being held against Mohammad Akhlaq's lynching for eating beef while on the other hand the case of Prashanth Poojary who worked to stop illegal slaughter and smuggling of cows, has been totally ignored.}}</ref> [[Vishwesha Teertha]] head of the Sri Pejavara Adokshaja Matha has similarly asserted bias on the part of a section of writers for their selective outrage to criminal incidents exemplified by their silence on Poojary's killing.<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20151020">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/If-Dadri-killing-become-national-issue-why-Moodbidri-not-Pejawar-seer/articleshow/49471686.cms|title=If Dadri killing become national issue why Moodbidri not?- Pejawar seer|last=Uppar|first=Ravindra|date=2015-10-20|work=Times of India|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
One Mohammed Imtiyaz (Accused in the murder of Prashanth Poojary & accused in several illegal cattle transport cases) a resident of Kallabettu in Moodbidri was attacked a little after 6 AM by a group of nine, at a hotel in Moodbidri. The nine accused in this case are yet to be identified.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/sep/24/accused-in-murder-of-bajrang-dal-activist-prashant-poojary-attacked-by-mob-in-karnataka-1876492.html| title = Accused in murder of Bajrang Dal activist Prashant Poojary attacked by mob in Karnataka- The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Shortly after the attack, a photograph surfaced of Karnataka Legislative Assembly Member and politician for the [[Indian National Congress]], Abhaychandra Jain, with one of the accused in the murder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Poojary murder: Karnataka minister seen in photo with accused |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/poojary-murder-karnataka-minister-seen-in-photo-with-accused/story-FgUlH6NRhw47K3WIFt47oJ.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Murder of Lalit Jain]]
* [[Kamlesh Tiwari]]
* [[Murder of Kanhaiya Lal]]
* [[Murder of Samuel Paty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poojary, Prashanth}}
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:2015 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]

{{crime-stub}}

Murji Patel

2026-01-15T21:58:11Z

Jaffer sadiq: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

'''Murji Kanji Patel''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Murji Patel (Kaka)(Shiv Sena):Constituency- ANDHERI EAST(MUMBAI SUBURBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1911 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Andheri East Assembly constituency]] in [[Mumbai Suburban district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Andheri East Assembly Election Results: In Sena vs Sena, Murji Patel defeats Rutuja Latke by big margin - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/andheri-east-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-shiv-sena-murjit-patel-against-rutuja-latke-19513532.htm |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="3 ex-corporators from Mumbai win poll race from BMC to Vidhan Bhavan">{{cite news |date=25 November 2024 |title=3 ex-corporators from Mumbai win poll race from BMC to Vidhan Bhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/three-former-corporators-clinch-mla-seats-in-mumbai-elections/articleshow/115633035.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231151243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/three-former-corporators-clinch-mla-seats-in-mumbai-elections/articleshow/115633035.cms |archivedate=31 December 2024 |accessdate=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Andheri]], Mumbai Suburban district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Kanji Patel. He passed Class 8 in 1989 and later, while studying Class 9 at Y.J.S. Gujarati Night High School, [[Tardeo]], Mumbai, he discontinued his studies in 1990.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won as an MLA for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |access-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |archive-date=29 November 2024 }}</ref> He won from Andheri East Assembly constituency representing Shiv Sena in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,010 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Rutuja Latke]] of the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]], by a margin of 25,486 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murji Patel (Kaka), SS Candidate from Andheri East Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/murji-patel-(kaka)-s13aed2008a166e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He unsuccessfully contested as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]] in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] and lost to [[Ramesh Latke]] of the Shiv Sena by a margin of 16,965 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Andheri East (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andheri-east-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684850/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Murji}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]n

Khursheed Bano

2026-01-08T00:39:00Z

Jaffer sadiq: expanded lead for consistency further and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Pakistani singer and actress (1914–2001)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khursheed Begum
| image = Khurshid Bano.png
| image_size =
| caption = Khurshid in ''[[Holi (1940 film)|Holi]]'' (1940)
| other_names = Khursheed or Khurshid
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|04|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]],([[British India]]), now in [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|4|18|1914|4|14}}<ref name=cineplot/>
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| birth_name = Irshad Begum
| years_active = 1931 – 1956
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lala Yakub|1949|1956|end=div.}}{{efn|Different from Indian actor [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]}}
* Yousaf Bhai
* Mian<ref name=cineplot/>
}}
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | [[Playback singer]] | Singer}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Khursheed Bano''' (14 April 1914 – 18 April 2001), often credited as '''Khursheed''' or '''Khurshid''', was a singer and actress, and a pioneer of the [[Indian cinema]].<ref name=TheHindu/> Her career ran through the 1930s and 1940s, before she migrated to [[Pakistan]] in 1948.<ref name=TheHindu/>

Making her debut with ''Laila Majnu'' (1931), she acted in over thirty films in India.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-scene-stealer/article18261757.ece|url-status=dead |title=The scene-stealer (Khurshid Begum with K. L. Saigal in Tansen (1943 film))|author=Pran Nevile |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=28 April 2017|archive-date=21 September 2021|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921135853/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-scene-stealer/article18261757.ece}}</ref> She is best known for her film ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (1943) with actor-singer [[K. L. Saigal]], which featured many of her memorable songs.<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book |last=Rishi |first=Tilak |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA28 |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9 |pages=28–}}</ref><ref name="NettlArnold2000">{{cite book |last1=Nettl |first1=Bruno |last2=Arnold |first2=Alison |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA525 |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |page=525}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khursheed was born on 14 April 1914 as Irshad Begum in Lahore, Pakistan. As a child, she lived in the [[Bhati Gate ]] area next to [[Allama Iqbal|Allama Iqbal's]] house.<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=11 November 2019 |title=Khursheed profile |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/khursheed-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022232008/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/khursheed-1|access-date=24 January 2025 |website=Cinemaazi.com website |language=English |archive-date=22 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu/>

==Career==
Khursheed started her film career with early talkies when she joined [[Madan Theatre|Madan Theatres]] in Calcutta in 1931.<ref name="Ranade2006"/>

She also worked in the silent film ''Eye for an Eye'' (1931) the year when the first talkie film (''[[Alam Ara]]'') of the subcontinent was released.<ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name=cineplot/> This was the heyday of the fledging movie industry in Lahore. Khursheed joined the Hindmata Cinetone Film Company and under this banner she appeared in ''Ishq-e-Punjab'' alias Mirza Sahiban (1935) - the first Punjabi talkie film. In the same year, she grabbed the lead role opposite [[Prithviraj Kapoor|Prithiviraj Kapoor]] along with Imrozia Begum in National Movietone's Swarg Ki Seedhi (1935) and received huge acclaim for her performance.<ref name=":0" /> She soon moved to Bombay and after working in Mahalakshmi Cinetone Company's Bombshell (1935) and Chirag-e-Husn (1935), she acted in Saroj Movietone's Gaibi Sitara (1935) where she sang all the songs herself. Sadly no records of these songs survive to this day.

Some of her films released during this phase were ''Laila Majnu'' (1931), ''Muflis Aashiq'' (1932), ''Naqlee Doctor'' (1933), ''Bomb Shell'' and ''Mirza Sahiban'' (1935), ''Kimiagar'' (1936), ''Iman Farosh'' (1937), ''Madhur Milan'' (1938) and ''Sitara'' (1939).<ref name="TheHindu" />

During 1931 and 1942, she acted in films made by the studios in [[Calcutta]] and [[Lahore]] but though recognised as a singer actress, the films did not make an impact.<ref name="TheHindu" /> Some of her films in the 1940s were ''Musafir'' (1940), ''Holi'' (1940) ("Bhigoi Moree Saree Ray"), ''Shadi'' (1941) ("Hari ke Goon Prabhu ke Goon gavun mein" and "Ghir Ghir Aaye Baderia"), ''Pardesi'' (1941) ("Pahley Jo Mohabbat Sey Inkaar Kia Hota" and "Mori Ateria Hai Sooni").<ref name="TheHindu" /> In ''[[Bhakta Surdas]]'' (1942), "Panchee Bawra", whose composer was [[Gyan Dutt]] became a very famous song of the 1940s.<ref name="TheHindu" /> The other popular songs from the same film are "Madhur Madhur Ga Ray Manwa", "Jholee Bhar Taray Laday Ray', and a duet "Chandni Raat Aur Taray Khilay Haun" with K. L. Saigal.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Nevile |first1=Pran |title=Remembering Khurshid |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040418/spectrum/main7.htm |access-date=18 June 2018 |issue=The Sunday Tribune |publisher=The Tribune (newspaper) |date=18 April 2004}}</ref>

Her peak period came when she moved to [[Bombay]] to act in Ranjit Movietone films with actors like K. L. Saigal and [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]].<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=TheHindu/> She achieved immense popularity when she acted opposite the famous singer-actor K. L. Saigal in the [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]] directed, ''[[Bhukt Surdas]]'' (1942), followed by ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (1943) and was referred to as the "first of the singing stars".<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book |author=Ashok Damodar Ranade |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA331|date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 |pages=331–334}}</ref> Her other two main lead stars were [[Paidi Jairaj|Jairaj]], and [[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]].<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web|title=Khursheed Bano's last interview|url=http://cineplot.com//khursheed-begum-her-last-interview/|website=Cineplot.com website|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006122219/http://cineplot.com//khursheed-begum-her-last-interview/|archive-date=6 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She acted in ''[[Chhoti Maa|Nurse]]'' ("Koyalia Kahay Bolay Ree") in 1943.<ref name=TheHindu/> ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (1943), with music composed by [[Khemchand Prakash]], was also a high point in her acting career.<ref name=TheHindu/> Her famous songs included "Barso Re", "Ghata Ghan Ghor Ghor",<ref name="Ranade2006"/> "Dukhia Jiara", "Ab Raja Bhae Moray Balam", and a duet, "Moray Bala Pun Kay Sathee Chela", with [[K. L. Saigal]].<ref name=TheHindu/>

Her other famous films are: ''Mumtaz Mahal'' (1940) ("Jo Hum Pay Guzarti Hai", "Dil Kee Dharkan Bana Liya"), ''Shahenshah Babar'' (1944) ("Mohabbat Mein Sara Jahan Jal Raha Hai", "Bulbul Aa Tu Bhi Ga"), ''Prabhu ka Ghar'' opposite [[Trilok Kapoor]] and ''Moorti'' (1945) ("Ambwa Pay Koyal Boley", "Baderia Baras Gayee Uss Paar") with music composition by [[Bulo C. Rani]], ''Mitti'' (1947) ("Chhaai Kali Ghata More Balam") in 1947 and ''Aap Beeti'' (1948) ("Meri Bintee Suno Bhagwan").<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name="Ranade2006"/>

==Migration to Pakistan==
Her last film in India was ''Papeeha Re'' (1948), which was a great hit, prior to her migration to [[Pakistan]], leaving her mark in the Indian film industry.<ref name=TheHindu/> Khursheed migrated, in 1948, to [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India|independence]], with her husband and settled down in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan.<ref name=cineplot/>

She worked in two films in 1956, ''Fankar'' and ''Mandi''.<ref name=TheHindu/> Mandi was notable because of Khursheed and music composer [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], but because of poor handling of the film, the film was not a success at the box office.<ref name=TheHindu/> The second film ''Fankar'', produced by Robert Malik, a physics teacher at Saint Paul's English High School, in [[Karachi]] suffered the same fate.<ref name=cineplot />

==Personal life==
Khursheed married her manager Lala Yakub (not to be confused with the famous Indian actor [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]), who was a small-time actor with Kardar Productions and member of the [[Bhati Gate]] Group, [[Lahore, Pakistan]].<ref name=Tribune /> Due to personal problems, she divorced Yakub in 1956. She married Yusuf Bhai Mian in 1956, who was in the shipping business.<ref name=TheHindu/> She had three children and had stopped working in films after her last film in 1956.<ref name=cineplot />

==Death==
Khursheed Bano died on 18 April 2001 in [[Karachi, Pakistan]] four days after her 87th birthday.<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ranade2006"/>

==Filmography==
===Films in India===
* ''Laila Majnu'' (as Shehla) (1931) (her debut film)<ref name="Ranade2006"/>
* ''Muflis Ashiq'' (1932)
* ''Hatili Dulhan'' (1931)
* ''Chatra Bakavali'' (1932)
* ''Nakli Doctor'' (1933)
* ''Mirza Sahiban'' (as Khursheed) (1934)<ref name="Ranade2006"/>
* ''Aankh Ka Nasha'' (as Shehla) (1933)
* ''Swarg Ki Sidhi'' (as Khursheed) (1935)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Bombshell'' (as Khursheed) (1935)
* ''Sipah Salar'' (1936)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Piya Ki Jogan'' (as Shahla) (1936)
* ''Kimiagar'' (1936)
* ''Ailane Jung'' (1936)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Sitara'' (1938)<ref name=cineplot/>
* ''Prem Samadhi'' (1938)
* ''Madhur Milan'' (1938)<ref name=":0" />
* ''The Daughters of India'' (1939)
* ''Kaun Kisi ka'' (1939)
* ''[[Aap Ki Marzi]]'' (1939)<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Musafir (1940 film)|Musafir]]'' (1940)
* ''[[Holi (1940 film)|Holi]]'' (1940)
* ''[[Shaadi (1941 film)|Shaadi]]'' (1941)<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" />
* ''Pardesi'' (1941)<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" />
* ''Beti'' (1941)
* ''Choti Ma''
* ''Chandni'' (1942)
* ''[[Bhakta Surdas]]'' (1942)<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (1943)<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" />
* ''Dr. Kumar'' (1944)
* ''[[Shahenshah Babar]]'' (1944)<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=":0" />
* ''Mumtaz Mahal'' (1944)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Prabhu Ka Ghar'' (1945)
* ''Moorti'' (1945)
* ''Devar'' (1946)
* ''[[Phoolwari]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Manjhdhar (1947 film)|Manjhdhar]]'' (1947)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Rangeen Kahani'' (1947)
* ''Mitti'' (1947)
* ''[[Aage Badho]]'' (1947)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Aap Beeti'' (1948)<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ranade2006"/>
* ''Papiha Re'' (1948)

===Films in Pakistan===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Mandi (1956 film)|Mandi]]''<ref name=cineplot/> || Urdu
|-
| 1956 || ''Fankar''<ref name=cineplot/> || Urdu
|}

==References==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0452025|Khurshid Begum}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/31525096131/in/dateposted/ Rare Picture of Khursheed Bano]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bano, Khursheed}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani film actresses]]
[[Category:Pakistani classical singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani women singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Urdu-language singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Kasur District]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karachi]]
[[Category:Women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Pakistani radio personalities]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

National Productivity Council

2025-12-06T16:25:31Z

Jaffer sadiq: info...

{{Short description|Indian government organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| full_name = National Productivity Council
| logo =
| nickname = NPC
| formation = 1958; 63 years ago
| type = Central Government, DPIIT, under Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Autonomous)
| purpose = Contribute to the sustainable, inclusive socioeconomic development of the country by enhancing productivity.
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| key_people = Sh. Piyush Goyal (President)
Sh. Amardeep Singh Bhatia, IAS, Secretary DPIIT & Chairman
Smt. Neerja Sekhar, IAS (Director General)
| website = https://www.npcindia.gov.in
}}

The '''National Productivity Council (NPC)''' was established in 1958<ref>{{Cite news|last=Delhi|date=2018-02-12|title=National Productivity Council|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/national-productivity-council-118021200277_1.html|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Piyush Goyal asks NPC to work closely with industry, SMEs and other govt organisations|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/piyush-goyal-asks-npc-to-work-closely-with-industry-smes-and-other-govt-organisations-844843.html|access-date=2021-04-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> as an autonomous organization under Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade, [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]], [[Government of India]]. There are 13 regional offices and one training institute.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-22|title=Comm Min to help coordinate solid waste management rules|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-comm-min-to-help-coordinate-solid-waste-management-rules-2480582|access-date=2021-04-29|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

124 full-time professional/consultants<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=National Productivity Council to evaluate power loom sector schemes' performance|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/national-productivity-council-to-evaluate-power-loom-sector-schemes-performance/1803799/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> work at headquarter in [[New Delhi]]. [[Piyush Goyal|Shri Piyush Goyal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Goyal asks NPC to work closely with all the stakeholders|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Piyush-Goyal-asks-NPC-to-work-closely-with-all-the-stakeholders&id=392402|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.newsonair.com}}</ref> is current president, Shri Arun Kumar Jha is Director General<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Council Meeting of National Productivity Council held under the Chairmanship of Shri Piyush Goyal, Minister of Commerce and Industry|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1634806|access-date=2021-05-01|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> of National Productivity Council India. In addition to conducting productivity research, NPC has provided consulting and training services to the government, public and private sector organizations in areas such as [[Industrial engineering|Industrial Engineering]], Agri-Business, Economic Services, Quality Management, Human Resources Management, Information Technology, Technology Management, Energy Management, Environment Management, and others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Productivity Council {{!}} Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade {{!}} MoCI {{!}} GoI|url=https://dipp.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-institutionss/national-productivity-council|access-date=2021-04-29|website=dipp.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Ajmer|title=Public and private sectors tie up to deal with mental stress during the pandemic|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/public-and-private-sectors-tie-up-to-deal-with-mental-stress-during-the-pandemic/articleshow/77068944.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref>

The National Productivity Council's headquarters has become the first government building in Delhi to have HT-solar panels installed to fulfil a portion of its electricity needs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-07|title=NPC leads the way towards solar energy|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/npc-leads-the-way-wards-solar-energy|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Governance Now|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
On date 12 February 1958 National Productivity Council was Registered under [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act XXI, 1860]]. Registered office of the Society was located at “Utpadakta Bhavan” 5–6, Institutional Area, [[Lodi Road]], New Delhi-110 003, in the National Capital Region of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[pib] National Productivity Council (NPC) – Civilsdaily|url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/pib-national-productivity-council-npc/|access-date=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

NPC is a constituent of the Tokyo-based Asian Productivity Organization (APO), an Inter-Governmental Body, The Government of India is a founder member.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vajiram IAS App for UPSC Aspirants|url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/national-productivity-council-npc/5ef810e71d5def3811498ab9/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=vajiramias.com|language=en}}</ref> The National Productivity Council has been accredited by the [[Quality Council of India|Quality Council of India's]] National Accreditation Board for Certification Body to ISO 17020:2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-29|title=National Productivity Council gets Accreditation conforming to ISO 17020:2012|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/national-productivity-council-gets-accreditation-conforming-to-iso-170202012/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News India {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Collaborations ==
16 Mar 2021, [[PTC India|PTC India Limited]] has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with National Productivity Council (NPC).<ref>{{Cite news|title=PTC India signs MoU with National Productivity Council to jointly explore business opportunities in consultancy services|work=United News of India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ptc-india-signs-mou-with-national-productivity-council-to-jointly-explore-business-opportunities-in-consultancy-services/east/news/2345163.html}}</ref>

5 Oct 2020, memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between National Productivity Council and CSIR-[[National Institute of Oceanography, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CSIR-NIO|title=Memorandum of Understanding between CSIR-NIO and National Productivity Council|url=https://www.nio.org/news/95/memorandum-of-understanding-between-csir-nio-and-national-productivity-council|access-date=2021-05-01|website=CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)|language=en}}</ref>

20 July 2020, National Productivity Council under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] has tied up with Dr. Sanjay Chugh, Senior Consultant Psychiatrist to do webinar for dealing with mental stress during the pandemics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Ajmer|title=Public and private sectors tie up to deal with mental stress during the pandemic|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/public-and-private-sectors-tie-up-to-deal-with-mental-stress-during-the-pandemic/articleshow/77068944.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>

18 June 2019, The [[North Eastern Council|North Eastern Council (NEC)]] and National Productivity Council (NPC) have agreed to work together in the areas of [[capacity building]] and project evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=NEC to tie up with NPC on capacity building, projects|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/06/18/nec-to-tie-up-with-npc-on-capacity-building-projects/|access-date=2021-05-08|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

3 Nov 2015, [[Danfoss]] Industries signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with National Productivity Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Danfoss India inks MoU with National Productivity Council {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/danfoss-india-inks-mou-with-national-productivity-council/articleshow/49649220.cms|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

24 Nov 2014, National Productivity Council launches scheme to curb energy wastage. On Monday held a meeting regarding enhancement of competitiveness at industrial units in Ludhiana by decreasing energy wastage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-24|title=Productivity council launches scheme to curb energy wastage|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/productivity-council-launches-scheme-to-curb-energy-wastage/story-K20NmB3Fz8wjaal1bG0vuJ.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]

2011 I-League 2nd Division

2025-10-22T02:39:34Z

Jaffer sadiq: Created Article

{{Short description|4th season of the I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox football league season
|competition=[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|season=2010–11
|winners=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|promoted=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] [[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|relegated=
|matches= 63
|total goals= 220
|league topscorer= Stanley Cyprian (Aryans)
|biggest home win= 8-0<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |title = The AIFF |accessdate=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321202234/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&sub_tournamentdetail=16 |archivedate=2012-03-21 }}</ref>
|biggest away win= 5-0
|highest scoring= 7-2

|longest wins=
|longest unbeaten=6
|longest winless=1
|longest losses=4
|highest attendance=
|lowest attendance=
|average attendance=
|prevseason=[[2010 I-League 2nd Division|2010]]
|nextseason=[[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]
}}

The '''2011 I-League 2nd Division''' was the fourth season of the second division of the [[I-League]], the [[India]]n professional [[Association football|football]] league. A total of 21 teams were divided into three groups and the two top teams from each group played in the final round where they were joined by [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] and [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2289 |title= The AIFF |website=the-aiff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215233/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2289 |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>

==Schedules and groups==
The Second Division League fixtures for the preliminary round were as follows. Group A matches were scheduled to be played from 27 March to 9 April, while Group B Matches would be held from 2 April to 18 April and Group C matches would be played from 31 March to 17 April.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Group A===

====Stadiums and locations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City/state
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Southern Samity]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Simla Youngs F.C.|Simla Youngs]]
| [[Delhi]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Golden Threads F.C.|Golden Threads]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| J.N Complex Stadium
| 27,000
|-
| [[Gauhati Town Club|Gauhati Town]]
| [[Assam]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| 30,000
|-
| [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
| [[Sikkim]]
| [[Paljor Stadium]]
| 15,000
|-
| [[North Imphal Sporting Association]]
| [[Manipur]]
| Thangmeiband Athletic Union Ground
| 10,000
|}

Venue: [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Assam]] ([[Guwahati]])

====Group table====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|6||4||1||1||15||7||8||'''13'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2418 |title= The AIFF |website=www.the-aiff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311023252/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2418 |archive-date=2012-03-11}}</ref>|| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Southern Samity]]
|6||4||1||1||10||5||5||'''13'''|| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|-
|align=left| [[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]]
|6||3||1||2||11||7||4||'''10'''
|-
|align=left| [[North Imphal Sporting Association|NISA]]
|6||3||0||3||9||7||2||'''9'''
|-
|align=left| [[Golden Threads F.C.|Golden Threads]]
|6||1||2||2||5||10||−5||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| [[Simla Youngs F.C.|Simla Youngs]]
|6||1||2||3||4||8||-4||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| [[Gauhati Town Club|Gauhati Town]]
|6||1||1||4||4||10||−6||'''4'''
|-
|}

===Group B===

====Stadiums and locations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City/state
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Denzong Boys FC|Denzong Boys]]
| [[Sikkim]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Josco FC|Josco]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Ar-Hima]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| J.N Complex Stadium
|27,000
|-
| [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
| 120,000
|-
| [[Malabar United FC|Malabar United]]
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]]
| 50,000
|-
| [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
| [[Goa]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 12,000
|}

Venue: [[Jharkhand]], [[Jamshedpur]]

====Group table====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"| Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|6||4||2||0||11||4||+7||'''14''' || [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Ar-Hima]]
|6||3||1||2||14||8||+6||'''10'''|| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|-
|align=left| [[Josco FC|Josco]]
|6||3||1||2||12||10||2||'''10'''
|-
|align=left| [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|6||3||1||2||14||11||3||'''10'''
|-
|align=left| [[Malabar United FC|Malabar United]]
|6||1||4||1||7||4||3||'''7'''
|-
|align=left| [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
|6||1||1||4||8||13||-5||'''4'''
|-
|align=left| [[Denzong Boys FC|Denzong Boys]]
|6||0||2||4||8||21||−13||'''2'''
|-
|}

===Group C===

====Stadiums and locations====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City/state
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Chandni FC|Chandni]]
| [[Calicut]]
| [[EMS Stadium]]
| 1,00,000
|-
| [[Aryan FC|Techno Aryan]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[Vasco Sports Club|Vasco]]
| [[Goa]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru - Fatorda Stadium]]
| 27,300
|-
| [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Polo, Shillong
| 30,000
|-
| [[Eagles FC|Eagles]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[PIFA FC|PIFA]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 12,000
|-
| [[BEML]]
| [[Bangalore]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
|}

Venue: [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Madurai]])

====Group table====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|6||6||0||0||17||7||+10||'''18'''|| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Vasco Sports Club|Vasco]]
|6||5||0||1||26||6||+20||'''15'''|| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round]]
|-
|align=left| [[Aryan FC|Techno Aryan]]
|6||4||0||2||16||6||+10||'''12'''
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|align=left| [[Eagles FC|Eagles]]
|6||2||1||3||10||13||-3||'''7'''
|-
|align=left| [[PIFA FC|PIFA]]
|6||2||0||4||7||14||−7||'''7'''
|-
|align=left| [[BEML]]
|6||1||0||5||4||15||−11||'''3'''
|-
|align=left| [[Chandni FC|Chandni]]
|6||0||1||5||2||20||−18||'''1'''
|}

==Final round==
{{main|2011 I-League 2nd Division final round}}

The final round of the 2011 I-League 2nd Division will take place between eight teams from the group stage in a single table format in which each team plays each other once
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|7||5||1||1||12||6||6||'''16'''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/scores/result-standings/186/i-league-india-division-2| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330184755/http://www.goal.com/en-india/scores/result-standings/186/i-league-india-division-2| archive-date = 2009-03-30| title = Results/Standings : I-League India - Division 2 - Goal.com}}</ref>|| I-League 2011-12
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|7||4||2||1||10||6||4||'''14'''|| I-League 2011-12
|-
|align=left| [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|7||4||1||2||13||8||5||'''13'''
|-
|align=left| [[Ar-Hima]]
|7||3||2||2||11||8||3||'''11'''
|-
|align=left| [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|7||2||4||1||9||9||0||'''10'''
|-
|align=left| [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|7||1||2||4||12||13||−1||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|7||1||1||5||4||9||−5||'''4'''
|-
|align=left| [[Southern Samity]]
|7||1||1||5||4||16||−12||'''4'''
|-
|}

==Top scorers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref>{{cite news|title=Divisional Scorers |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/DivisionalScorers/0,,10794~20107,00.html |publisher=Football League |date=6 August 2010 |accessdate=2 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922060421/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/DivisionalScorers/0%2C%2C10794~20107%2C00.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Stanley Cyprian]]
|align="left"|Techno Aryan
|6
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abraham Bobby Femi]]
|align="left"|Denzong Boys
|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Koko Sakibo]]
|align="left"|Vasco
|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Badmus Babatunde]]
|align="left"|Techno Aryan
|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zico Zorensanga]]
|align="left"|Ar-Hima
|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin Gawas
|align="left"|Vasco
|3
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joseph Pereira]]
|align="left"|Josco
|3
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[L Nabachandra]]
|align="left"|North Imphal Sporting Association
|3
|-
|rowspan="1"|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Jackichand Singh
|align="left"|Royal Wahingdoh
|3
|-
|}
Standings<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/nfl-2/2011/regular-season/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{I-League seasons}}
{{2010–11 in Indian football}}

[[Category:I-League 2 seasons]]
[[Category:2010–11 in Indian football leagues|2]]
[[Category:2010–11 in Asian second-tier association football leagues|India]]

Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma

2025-10-12T17:05:40Z

Jaffer sadiq: added a article more to come!

{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher, scholar, journalist, and lyricist (born 1967)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma
| image = Samavedam in 1999.jpg
| caption = Shanmukha Sarma in 1999
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|05|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Asika]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| birth_name = Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma
| death_date =
| death_place =
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors = Samanvaya Saraswati, Vagdevi Varaputra, Dharmika Varenyam
| footnotes =
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma''' (born 16 May 1967) is an Indian spiritual teacher, scholar, journalist, and lyricist, known for his discourses on Hindu scriptures.<ref name=":3" /> He delivers lectures on a wide range of texts, including the [[Vedas]], [[Puranas]], [[Itihasa-Purana|Itihasas]], and [[Shastra|Sastras]], presenting complex spiritual concepts in an accessible manner for a wider audience.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=G. V. Ramana Rao |first= |date=2013-03-15 |title=Vivekananda is my inspiration, says Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/vivekananda-is-my-inspiration-says-samavedam-shanmukha-sarma/article4511879.ece |access-date=2021-11-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shanmukha Sarma is also the editor of ''Rushipeetam'', a monthly magazine that focuses on promoting Indian spiritual and cultural heritage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |author=P. G. Krishna Murthy |date=22 May 2009 |title=Universality of Vishnupuranam |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/22/stories/2009052250370300.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602034614/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/22/stories/2009052250370300.htm |archivedate=2 June 2009 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He has been involved in educational initiatives, including the creation of an online university offering courses on Hindu scriptures. Additionally, he has authored over 100 devotional songs under the title ''Sivapadam'', which blend philosophy and devotion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=About SivaPadam |url=http://sivapadam.org/page-a/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=SivaPadam |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sarma donned [[lyrics]] for works such as ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' (1995), ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996), ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1997), ''[[Suswagatham]]'' (1998), and [[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|''Suryavamsam'']] (1998).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=G. V. Ramana Rao |date=15 March 2004 |title=A Word Worshipper |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031502460100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421233745/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031502460100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-04-21 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma was born on 16 May 1967 in [[Asika]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], to the scholarly family of Samavedam Ramamurthy Sarma and Ramanamma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sri Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma |url=http://www.sspithamguntur.in/sri-samavedam-shanmukha-sarma |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=Sri Sharada Parameswari Devasthanam, Guntur}}</ref> He earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Economics]] from [[Berhampur University]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==

=== ''Swathi'' magazine ===
After completing his education, Shanmukha Sarma moved to [[Vijayawada]] and began his career as a sub-editor for [[Swathi (magazine)|''Swathi'']], a Telugu weekly women's magazine.<ref name=":3" /> He credits his time at ''Swathi'' for laying the foundation of his lyric-writing talent and expresses gratitude to the magazine's editor, Vemuri Balaram, for his guidance.<ref name=":3" />

=== Lyricist ===
Shanmukha Sarma began his career in lyric writing with devotional songs, producing an audio album with the assistance of playback singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. The album’s success led Shanmukha Sarma to the film industry.<ref name=":3" />

Shanmukha Sarma rose to prominence as a lyricist with the success of ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996), which established him as a sought-after lyricist. His other notable films include ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1997) and [[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|''Suryavamsam'']] (1998). In 2004, ''[[The Hindu]]'' described Sarma as being "on par with the likes of [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]," despite starting his career later than his contemporaries. After a brief stint in cinema, he shifted his focus to spiritual discourses.<ref name=":3" />

He has also written over 100 devotional songs under the title ''Sivapadam'', blending Hindu devotion and philosophy. These compositions have been made available through books, programs, cassettes, and CDs.<ref name=":5" />

=== Spiritual discourses ===
Shanmukha Sarma began delivering spiritual discourses in the early 2000s, with his first lecture on "Agni" at Sivaramakrishna Kshetram in Vijayawada.<ref name=":3" /> His lectures have since covered a wide range of topics from Hindu scriptures, including [[Rudram|Rudra Namakam]], [[Vishnu Sahasranamam]], [[Sivanandalahari]], [[Saundarya Lahari|Soundarya Lahari]], [[Lalita Sahasranama|Lalitha Sahasranamam]], [[Ramayanam]], [[Bhagavad Gita]], and [[Mahabharatham]].

Known for his ability to simplify complex spiritual and philosophical concepts, Sarma is recognized for his scholarly depth and interpretative skills. He has been referred to as "Samanvaya Saraswathi" for his insightful explanations of these texts.<ref name=":6" /> His discourses have attracted large and diverse audiences across India and internationally, with lectures delivered in countries such as the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Australia]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Discourse By Bramhasri Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma |url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=9888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801132415/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=9888 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 August 2014 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=Lokvani}}</ref>

=== ''Rushipeetam'' magazine ===
In addition to his spiritual work, Shanmukha Sarma serves as the editor of ''Rushipeetam'', a magazine dedicated to promoting awareness of Indian scriptures, culture, and traditions. His previous experience on the editorial board of ''Swathi'' helped him in launching ''Rushipeetam''.<ref name=":3" />

== Philosophy ==
Shanmukha Sarma draws inspiration from [[Swami Vivekananda]] and emphasizes the importance of preserving India's spiritual heritage.<ref name=":1" /> He has expressed concerns over the commercialization of education, healthcare, and food, arguing that such practices are against scriptural teachings. He has also spoken out against religious conversions and advocates for greater awareness of Indian cultural and spiritual values, particularly among the youth.<ref name=":1" />

== Contributions ==
Shanmukha Sarma has made efforts to reach rural communities, where traditional values and practices remain vibrant. In 2021, he launched an online university offering courses on Hindu scriptures, including the ''Bhagavad Gita''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About Rushividyabhyasam |url=https://rushividyabhyasam.org/aboutus |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Rushividyabhyasam}}</ref>

== Discography ==
'''As a lyricist'''
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" |Movie
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |Music Director
!Song(s)
!Ref(s)
|-
|1996
|''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|"Nava Manmadhuda"
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
|''[[Chilakkottudu]]''
|Koti
|"Bamchik Bamchik", "Chamanti Pubanti", "Muddukori Vacchindamma"
|
|-
|[[Thaali (1997 film)|''Thaali'']]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|"Papa Ninne Pattukona", "Ulle Ulele", "Ososi Kanne Sasi"
|
|-
|''[[Subhakankshalu]]''
|Koti, [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|"Addanki Chera", "Anandamananda"
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Subhakankshalu Audio Back Cover |url=https://i0.wp.com/mossymart.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Subhakankshalu-Telugu-Film-Audio-CD-by-Harrish-Jayaraj-www.mossymart.com-2.jpg?fit=768%2C777&ssl=1 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Priya O Priya]]''
|Koti
|"Sweet Dreams"
|<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Priya O Priya Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E2499_ef1c658b-c298-438e-a633-1a9cf689c241_2048x.jpg?v=1678048849 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maa Nannaku Pelli]]''
|Koti
|"Adirindhira", "Gichcham Gichcham"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1998
|''[[Suswagatham]]''
|S. A. Rajkumar
|"Happy Happy", "Suswagatham Navaragama", "Come Come"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suswagatham Audio Back Cover |url=https://avdigital.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG-20190710-201602_1024x1024@2x.jpg?v=1562775739 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rajahamsa]]''
|M. M. Keeravani
|"Maharajasree"
|<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Rajahamsa Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/files/IMG_E0615_64a7391d-af57-48e3-8d79-7ab430e31558_2048x.jpg?v=1696626933 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|''Suryavamsam'']]
|S. A. Rajkumar
|"Rojave Chinni"
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[All Rounder (1998 film)|''All Rounder'']]
|Veena Paani
|"Eppudeppudo"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Rounder Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E5805_1200x1200.jpg?v=1669850862 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raayudu]]''
|S. A. Rajkumar
|"Sye Ante Sye Andi"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtPrmz96sGo |title=Raayudu Jukebox |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |access-date=2024-12-19 |via=YouTube}} Credits in video description.</ref>
|-
|[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|''Suprabhatam'']]
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|"O Priya Vasundhara"
|
|-
|''[[Suryudu]]''
|Vandemataram Srinivas
|"Gal Gal Gal Gal Andelu"
|
|-
|''[[Mee Aayana Jagratha]]''
|Koti
|"Jaabilamma"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|[[Raja (1999 film)|''Raja'']]
|S. A. Rajkumar
|"Pallavinchu Tholi"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tC9uii0X6Y |title=Raja (రాజా) Telugu Movie Full Songs Jukebox |access-date=2024-12-18 |via=YouTube}} Credits in video description.</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna Babu]]''
|Koti
|"Muddula Paapa"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Oke Maata]]''
|Koti
|"Maa Manchi"
|
|-
|''[[Goppinti Alludu]]''
|Koti
|"Naachere Naachere"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Ammayi Kosam]]''
|Vandemataram Srinivas
|"Chandini", "B.A lu Chadivina"
|<ref name="Ammayi Kosam songs Juke box">{{cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=Ammayi Kosam (అమ్మాయి కోసం) Telugu Movie Songs Jukebox |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmICAkEnG30 |accessdate=16 November 2017 |website=Youtube |publisher=[[Aditya Music]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|''Sri Manjunatha'']]
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|"Ee Padam"
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''
|Koti
|"Avuna Avuna Premalo"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandade Sandadi Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E9250_e4765f0b-0b44-45f9-8fef-6d5841aa2577_1200x1200.jpg?v=1672259128 |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
|Vidyasagar
|"Ramavinodhi Vallabha"
|
|-
|2011
|[[Maaro (film)|''Maaro'']]
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|"Kannulu Moose"
|
|}

== Recognition ==
Shanmukha Sarma has received several honours for his contributions to Hindu philosophy and culture. Notable awards include:

* Titles such as “Samanvaya Saraswathi”, “Aarsha Dharmopanyasa Kesari”, and “Vaagdevi Varaputhra”.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />
* Bharathi Thyagaraja Samman (2014)<ref name=":2" />
* Mallapragada Sri Ranga Rao Award (2015)
* ”Dharmika Varenya” title (2021)<ref>{{Citation |title=దర్శనమ్ 17వ వార్శికోత్సవం l వాగ్దేవీ వరపుత్ర బ్రహ్మశ్రీ సామవేదం షణ్ముఖశర్మగారికి గురుసత్కారం |date=7 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftSkodilWdk |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rushipeetham.com/ Rushipeetham]
* [https://rushipeetham.org/ Rushipeetham Charitable Trust]
* [https://rushividyabhyasam.org/ Rushividyabhyasam]
* [https://sivapadam.org/ Sivapadam]
{{Hindu reform movements|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Samavedam Shanmukha}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]

SIIMA Award for Best Actor

2025-10-03T04:11:36Z

Jaffer sadiq: reworked citations per standard format

{{Short description|Film awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]''', also known as the '''SIIMA Awards''', rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the South Indian film industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/starstruck-head-to-dubai/article3536413.ece|title=Star-struck? Head to Dubai|last=Manigandan|first=K. r|date=2012-06-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> SIIMA Awards are presented for numerous categories in each of the four language films (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). '''SIIMA award for Best Actor''' recognizes the performance of an actor in a leading role in South Indian movie. SIIMA award for Best Actor was first given during the year 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece|title=The South Shines|last=Manigandan|first=K. R.|date=2012-06-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="25"|'''[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]'''
!colspan="2" width="100"|'''Best Actor'''
|-style="height:2.5em;"
|width="250"|First Most awards
|width="150"| [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
|7 awards
|-
|width="250"|Second Most awards
|width="150"|[[Ram Charan]] [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Dhanush]]
|5 awards
|-
|width="250"|Third Most awards
|width="150"|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Vijay Deverakonda]] [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Mahesh Babu]]
|4 awards
|-
|width="250"|Fourth Most awards
|width="150"|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Mohanlal]]
|3 awards
|-
|}

==Winners & Nominees==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Language
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | actor
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan=12|Telugu||2011||[[Mahesh Babu]]||''[[Dookudu]]''
|-
|2012||[[Pawan Kalyan]]||''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
|-
|2013||[[Mahesh Babu]]||''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
|-
|2014||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]||''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
|-
|2015||[[Mahesh Babu]]||''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|-
|2016||[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]||''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|-
|2017||[[Prabhas]]||''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|-
|2018||[[Ram Charan]]||''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|-
|2019||[[Mahesh Babu]]||''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
|-
|2020 || rowspan="2" |[[Allu Arjun]]||''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|-
|2021||''[[Pushpa: The Rise|Pushpa The Rise]]''
|-
|2022||[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]||''[[RRR]]''
|-
| rowspan="13" |Tamil||2011||rowspan="2"|[[Dhanush]]||''[[Aadukalam]]''
|-
|2012||''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|-
|2013||[[Sivakarthikeyan]]||''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Dhanush]]||''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
|-
|2015||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
|-
|2016|| rowspan="2" |[[Sivakarthikeyan]]||''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|-
|2017||''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''
|-
|2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhanush]]|| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|-
|2019|| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
|2020
|[[Suriya]]|| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||[[Sivakarthikeyan]]|| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
|-
|[[Silambarasan]]|| ''[[Maanaadu]]''
|-
|2022
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|-
| rowspan="10" |Malayalam||2011||[[Mohanlal]]||''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]''
|-
|2012||[[Mohanlal]]||''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]''
|-
|2013||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]||''[[Sound Thoma]]''
|-
|2014||[[Nivin Pauly]]||[[1983 (film)|''1983'']]
|-
|2015
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]||''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''
|-
|2016||[[Mohanlal]]||''[[Pulimurugan]]''
|-
|2017||[[Nivin Pauly]]||''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''
|-
|2018||[[Tovino Thomas]]||''[[Theevandi]]''
|-
|2019
|[[Mohanlal]]
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''
|-
|2020
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|-
| rowspan="13" |Kannada||2011||[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]||''[[Hudugaru]]''
|-
| 2012|| rowspan="2" |[[Shiva Rajkumar]]|| ''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]''
|-
| 2013|| ''[[Bhajarangi]]''
|-
| 2014||[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]||''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
|-
| 2015||[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]|| ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
|-
| 2016||[[Shiva Rajkumar]]||''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''
|-
| 2017|| [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]||''[[Raajakumara]]''||
|-
| 2018||[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]|| ''[[KGF: Chapter 1|K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|-
| 2019||[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]|| ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|''Yajamana'']]''
|-
| 2020||[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]||''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
|-
| 2021||[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] ||''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|-
|2022
|[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2|K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|-
|2023
|[[Rakshith Shetty]]
|''[[Saptha Sagaradaache Ello - Side A]]''
|}

==Critics choice==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Language
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Actor
!scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Film

!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan=10|Telugu
|2011||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] ||''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
|-
|2012||[[Rana Daggubati]] ||''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
|-
|2013|| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Charan]]||''[[Naayak]]''
|-
|2014||''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|-
|2015||[[Vijay Deverakonda]]||''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
|-
|2016||[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]||''[[Krishna Gadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]''
|-
|2017||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]||[[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']]
[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|''Gautamiputra Satakarni'']]
|-
|2018|| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Deverakonda]]||''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
|-
|2019||''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|-
|2020||''[[World Famous Lover]]''
|-
|rowspan=8|Tamil
|2012 ||[[Vijay Sethupathi]] ||[[Pizza (2012 film)|''Pizza'']]
|-
|2013||[[Dhanush]] ||[[Maryan (film)|''Mariyan'']]
|-
|2014||[[Karthi]] ||[[Madras (film)|''Madras'']]
|-
|2015||[[Jayam Ravi]] ||''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
|2016 || rowspan="2" |[[R. Madhavan]] ||''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
|-
|2017||''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|-
|2018||[[Jayam Ravi]]||''[[Adanga Maru]]''
|-
|2019||[[Karthi]] ||
[[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']]
|-
|Rowspan=8|Malayalam
|2011||[[Salim Kumar]] ||''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|-
|2012||[[Fahadh Faasil]]||[[Diamond Necklace (film)|''Diamond Necklace'']]
|-
|2013||[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] ||[[Mumbai Police (film)|''Mumbai Police'']]
|-
|2014 ||rowspan="3"|[[Nivin Pauly]]||
''[[Bangalore Days]]''
|-
|2015 ||''[[Premam]]''
|-
|2016 ||''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
|-
|2017||[[Fahadh Faasil]]||''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|-
|2018||[[Nivin Pauly]]||''[[Hey Jude]]''
|-
|Rowspan=8|Kannada
|2011||rowspan="4"|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] ||
|-
|2012 ||[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi|''Katariveera Surasundarangi'']]
|-
|2013 ||''[[Topiwala]]''
|-
|2014 ||''[[Super Ranga]]''
|-
|2015||[[Sathish Ninasam]] ||[[Rocket (film)|''Rocket'']]
|-
|2016||[[Rakshith Shetty]]||''[[Kirik Party]]''
|-
|2017||[[Sri Murali]]||[[Mufti (film)|''Mufti'']]
|-
|2018||[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]||''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{film-award-stub}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor}}

[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]

Dahiwad, Amalner

2025-09-04T16:37:50Z

Jaffer sadiq: brief improve details for consistency for clarity

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dahiwad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.077374|N|75.18915|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 425401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02587
| registration_plate = MH-19
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chopda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Amalner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amalner]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dahiwad''' is a village in [[Amalner|Amalner taluka]] and [[Jalgaon district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located around 17 kilometers from Amalner. Dahiwad is home to Navbharat Secondary & Higher Secondary High School.
This village is for Khandoba's Yatra (Baara Gada).

==Language==
People in this village speak [[Khandeshi language|Ahirani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language.

==Gram Panchayat==
Dahiwad has an active [[Gram Panchayat|Gram panchayat]] which is known as local government. People in this village are very active in political activities and contribute in district politics.

==Geography==
It has average elevation of 183 metres from sea level.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Dahiwad had a population of 7,000. Dahiwad's [[ZIP code|zipcode]] is 425401 and Telephone area code is 02587.

==Educational Institutes==
Dahiwad has a Marathi medium school established in 1914 and has educational facilities up to 12th grade for Dahiwad and nearby villages Student.

==Occupations and Economy==
The dominant occupation in the village is farming. [[Cotton]], [[wheat]], [[Peanut|groundnuts]], [[jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[dadar]] and vegetables are the main [[crop]] products of the village.
Other people have opted for professions such as dairy farming or operation of restaurants, retail stores, garages, etc.
Over more than 20 young people from the village are serving in state and central defence forces.

==Cultural activities==
Cultural activities are a core attribute of Dahiwad.
Shiv Jayanti, Ganesh Chaturthi, Krishna Jamanshtami, Navratri, Hanuman Jayanti, Ram Navami, Makar Sankranti, Gudhi Padwa, Akshay Tritya (Aakhaji), Pola, Dasra, Holi, and Diwali are the main festivals celebrated together in Dahiwad.
During the Makar Sankranti and Dasra celebrations, people meet each other and do Pranam to elders, while distributing sweets (Til Gul) and Gold (Aptyachi Pane).

==Medical Facilities==
Dahiwad has a [[Primary health care|Primary Health Center]] (PHC) managed by Government. Most of the people go to PHC for basic treatment of common diseases and vaccination of their children.

==See also==
*[[Amalner]]
*[[Amalner Railway Station]]

==References==
*[http://www.villageinfo.in/maharashtra/jalgaon/amalner/dahiwad.html Dahiwad Info]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Villages in Jalgaon district]]

{{Jalgaon-geo-stub}}

9th Battalion, Madras Regiment

2025-08-25T02:36:18Z

Jaffer sadiq: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=9th Battalion The Madras Regiment
|dates= 1704
|country={{flag|India|size=23px}}
|image=Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158504 - 9 Madras Travancore.jpeg
|caption=Tricentenary postal stamp, 2004
|allegiance= [[Travancore]] [[Indian Army]]
|branch= [[Madras Regiment]]
|type= [[Infantry]]
|role=Light Infantry
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=[[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], [[Ooty]], [[Nilgiris District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|garrison_label=Regimental Centre
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|battles= [[Travancore–Dutch War]] [[Battle of Colachel]] [[World War II]] [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]] [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakshak]] [[Operation Parakram]]
|anniversaries=
|battle_honours=

|current_commander=
|current_commander_label=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|Colonel_of_the_Regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|notable_commanders=
}}
The 9th battalion of the [[Madras Regiment]] ([[Travancore]]) is the oldest extant unit in the [[Indian Army]]. It has been in service for over 300 years.<ref name="Ramachandran2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-might-of-the-thambis/article7626363.ece|title=The might of the Thambis|date=2015-09-08|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref>

==History==
The battalion was raised in 1704 at [[Padmanabhapuram]], the capital of the erstwhile kingdom of [[Travancore]]. Raised as personal bodyguards to the [[Maharaja of Travancore]], the unit, though redesigned through the ages, continues to retain its individual identity with no history of disbandment or re-raising.<ref name="TravancoreStateForces">{{Cite web|title=Travancore State Forces|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ==&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q==links/Committee/1Adminrpt1958.asp?intID=1|date=2020-04-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413124927/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ%3D%3D&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q%3D%3Dlinks%2FCommittee%2F1Adminrpt1958.asp%3FintID%3D1|archive-date=13 April 2020|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>

The Travancore Army, known as the [[Nair Brigade]], completely exterminated the superior and better equipped Dutch Forces which landed at [[Colachel]] in July 1741 during the reign of [[Anizham Thirunal Veer Bala Marthand Varma]]. In the [[Battle of Colachel]], during the [[Travancore–Dutch War]], Capt [[Eustachius De Lannoy]], a Commander of the Dutch fleet, was captured and was asked later to train the Travancore Army. From 1741 to 1758, Capt De Lannoy remained in command of the Travancore Forces and was involved in annexation of small principalities.<ref name="9th Madras Regiment">
{{cite web
|publisher = The journal of India's Armed Forces
|work = Sainik Samachar
|url = http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1
|title = 9 Madras : A Tale of 'Terrors'
|access-date = 2007-04-20
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312081154/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1
|archive-date = 12 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1935, the Travancore State joined the Indian State Forces Scheme and the battalion was named 1st Travancore Nair Infantry, Travancore State Forces. The unit was reorganised as an Indian State Infantry Battalion by Lieutenant Colonel H S Steward who was appointed Commandant of the Travancore State Forces.<ref name="TravancoreStateForces" />

==World War II==
In 1940, the battalion left for Padmanabhapuram and arrived at Military Station, [[Kannur|Cannanore]]. The battalion served overseas in the 1940s. In 1945, Major General [[V.N. Parameswaran Pillai]] was appointed GOC Travancore State Forces.<ref name="Sadasivan2005">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=Political and administrative integration of princely states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&pg=PA76|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-968-3|page=76}}</ref> In the same year, the unit was asked to move to [[South East Asia Command]]. Embarked on at Taima{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}, the unit sailed to [[Hong Kong]]. Disembarked at [[Kowloon]] Harbour, it was placed under the command of the [[150th Indian Infantry Brigade]]. While at Kowloon, the unit was assigned the task of guarding Japanese prisoners of war, airfields and docks. It also looked after the repatriation of POWs to Japan. The unit left Hong Kong, disembarked at Madras and arrived at [[Trivandrum]] on 31 January 1947.

==Indian Army==
[[File:President's Colours of 9th Bn. Madras Regt presenting by President Varahagiri Venkata Giri 1970.jpg|thumb|right|9 Madras being presented the President's Colours by the then President [[V. V. Giri]] in 1970]]
In April 1951, the battalion was integrated with [[Indian Army]] and on 1 May 1954, it was merged with the [[Madras Regiment]] and was re-designated '''9th Battalion of the Madras Regiment (Travancore)'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Madras Regiment - 9th Battalion (ex State Forces unit), 9th, 16th, 17th battalions|url=http://madrasregiment.org/9Madras.htm|date=2020-05-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506163728/http://madrasregiment.org/9Madras.htm|archive-date=2020-05-06|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> After the integration of Travancore State Force with the Indian Army, the State Forces Colours were ceremonially laid up at Chetwode Hall, [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]] in 1956. The then-incumbent [[President of India]], [[V. V. Giri]], presented [[Military colours, standards and guidons#President's Colours/Standards/Guidons/Banners of military units|Colours]] to the battalion on 23 May 1970 at Barrack Square, Wellington at a solemn ceremony.

In fond recognition of their bravery, people started calling them terrors.<ref name="9th Madras Regiment" /><ref name="Ramachandran2015" /> Post Independence, the battalion served from Siachen to [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and from [[Nagaland]] to [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1" />

===Operational Achievement===
* The battalion actively participated in the Hyderabad Police Action ([[Operation Polo]]) during 1948 and was instrumental in restoring peace and tranquility in the riot-torn region.
* For the first time, the unit was deployed in high altitude areas in the Sugar Sector in [[Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and occupied forward posts in inhospitable terrain during the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Indo-China War]].
* During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the battalion located at [[Firozpur]] under the 65th Infantry Brigade fought the famous [[Battle of Burki]] and played a leading role in the capture of Barka-Kalan and [[Ichogil Bund]]. The battalion was honoured with one [[Vir Chakra]], two [[Sena Medal]]s, twelve [[Mentioned in dispatches]] and the [[Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army|theatre honour Punjab]].<ref name="RSGDefence">{{cite book|author=Capt, R.S.G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzo9wyl0AK0C&pg=PT103|title=Major Defence Operations Since 1947|date=2005|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=9788188322671}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&dq=battle+of+Ichhogil+bund+22+23+september&pg=PA197 Empire's First Soldiers By D.P. Ramachandran], p. 197, Lancer Publishers, 2008</ref>
* In [[Nagaland]], the battalion conducted operations against [[Naga people|Naga]] hostiles. The unit performed extremely well and was awarded one [[Sena Medal]] and two COAS commendation cards.
* The 9th battalion took part in [[Operation Cactus-Lilly]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The battalion, deployed under the 330rd Infantry Brigade at [[Barmer district|Barmer]], captured Mahendro Ro Par and Fateh Ro Par on Gadra City-Umraokot axis. It remained deployed at Naya Chor till the announcement of ceasefire on 17 December 1971. During this operation, it suffered ten casualties. In another operation, during the 1971 War, Captain Gopal Kumar Raman Pillai was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]].
* The battalion served in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] from 1990 to 1994 where it had the opportunity to undertake anti-poaching operations in conjunction with [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]]. The unit was awarded one [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] and four GOC-in-C Southern Command commendation cards during these operations.
* During the ([[Operation Rakshak]]), the battalion conducted counter-insurgency operations in the [[Bhaderwah|Bhadarwah]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] Sectors. It neutralised more than 35 militants and captured a large quantity of weapons, ammunition and explosives including SAM missiles, UMGs and a sniper rifle. [[Major (rank)|Major]] Sajjan Singh Gahalawat and three ORs (Other Ranks) made supreme sacrifice during these operations. The unit was awarded two Shaurya Chakra, three Sena Medals, two COAS commendation cards and two GOC-in-C commendation cards.
* While participating in Operation Meghdoot, the unit served at the world's highest battlefield from 2000 to 2001. It occupied the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) in Siachen. During this operation, the battalion suffered two casualties due to adverse weather conditions.
* During [[Operation Parakram]], the unit was operationally deployed at Turtuk, [[Baramulla]], Handanbrog, [[Dras]] and [[Kargil]].

==See also==
* [[Nair Brigade]]

==References==
<references />

{{Indian Army}}

[[Category:Military units and formations of the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Battalions of India]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]

Kadva River

2025-07-28T01:36:07Z

Jaffer sadiq: reworked lead also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kadva river
| native_name =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Nashik District|Nashik]]
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Niphad]]

| length_km = 74
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Western Ghats|Sahyadris]]
| source1_location = [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori Taluka]], Nashik District, Maharashtra
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|19|58|27|N|73|56|12|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Godavari River]]
| mouth_location = Nandur Madhyameshwar, [[Nashik District|Nashik]], Maharashtra
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|10|46|N|73|02|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|550|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 1664
| tributaries_left = Unanda River, [[Vinita River]]
| tributaries_right = Kolwan River, Dhaman River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Kadva''' river is a minor but important tributary of [[Godavari]] in [[Nashik district]], Maharashtra, India. It originates and flows through the [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori Taluka]] of Nashik District.

== Origin and course ==
The Kadva rises in the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadris]] to the north-west of [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori Taluka]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/004%20General/001%20Geography.htm |title=NASIK DISTRICT GAZETTEERs |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503161459/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/004%20General/001%20Geography.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the angle between the former and the [[Satmala Range]], and crosses Dindori from north-west to south-east.
It is rocky both in bed and bank, but the bed is wide, and the average volume of water is small compared with the area through which it flows. Irrigation works of considerable importance have been established on it.
At its confluence with Godavari, a pick-up weir has been constructed, raising the upstream water levels and resulting in the formation of the Nandur Madhyameshwar reservoir. The backwaters of this reservoir harbors rich flora & flora and have been deemed as the Nandur Madhyameshwar Bird Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nashik.com/nandur-madhmeshwar-bird-sanctuary|title= Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary|website=Nashik.com|access-date=2015-10-17}}</ref> It witnesses migratory birds belonging to different species arriving here in huge numbers during the winter season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://birdsanctuary.co.in/ |title=Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219082051/http://www.birdsanctuary.co.in/ |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Total length of this river is 74 km<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/23522/7/07_chapter2.pdf|title=Chapter-II : PROFILE OF STUDY REGION|website=Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> up to Nandur Madhyameshwar Dam with a total drainage area of near about 1664 km2.

== Tributaries ==
The Kadva is joined by several tributary streams mostly from the north or the left bank. The Kadva is joined on the left bank by several streams draining the southern slopes of the Satmala ranges. The chief of those joining on the right bank is the Kolwan and Dhaman
*''Unanda'' : It is the first of these having a long course nearly parallel to the Satmalas and receives several small streams draining its slopes. Among these are the small Dev nadi flowing past Vani, on parashari river there is one minor dam which is tisgaon dam. That water is used for irrigation. The Parasheri river flowing by Pimpalgaon Basavant, its meat to kadava river near the shirasgaon village (niphad taluka), the Netravati nala flowing by Vadner, the Vainatha nadi joining it near Niphad and formed by the union of two rivers, the Vadali flowing by Vadali Bhoi and the Shelu. The [[Ozarkhed Dam]] has been built on the river Unanda.
*''Kolwan'' : It rises in the Sahyadris to the south of that river. At Waghad it is crossed by the [[Waghad Dam]] giving rise to the Waghad tank used for irrigation.
*''Dhaman'' : Further below it is joined by the ''Dhaman'' nadi from the south flowing past Dindori, at about two km. above its confluence with the Kadva near Rajapur.

== Dams ==
*[[Karanjwan Dam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrsac.gov.in/sites/default/files/TH_NSK_Dindori.pdf|title=Village Map, Taluka: Dindori, District: Nahik|publisher=Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre|access-date=2015-10-17|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055536/http://www.mrsac.gov.in/sites/default/files/TH_NSK_Dindori.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Palkhed Dam]]

==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]

==References==
{{Wikivoyage|Maharashtra}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Godavari basin}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]

List of tehsils of Rajasthan

2025-07-27T02:45:49Z

Jaffer sadiq: new...

{{short description|List of administrative divisions of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

The [[India|Indian]] state of [[Rajasthan]] for the administrative purpose divided into [[List of districts of Rajasthan|41 districts]] (zila) and they are further divided into '''426''' [[Tehsil]]s (sub districts) and '''232''' Up-tehsils (as of 1 January 2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsils of Rajasthan |url=https://landrevenue.rajasthan.gov.in/content/landrevenuenew/en/board-of-revenue-for-raj-dep/documents/informations-related-to-district-SDM-tehsil-sub-tehsil.html/}}</ref>

[[File:2025 Rajasthan State New 41 District Map.jpg|thumb|2025 Political map of Rajasthan with districts & tehsils (Note: this is outdated map of administrative units)]]

== Tehsil Administration in state ==

As an entity of [[local government]], the tehsil office ([[panchayat samiti]]) exercises certain [[Finance|fiscal]] and [[Public administration|administrative]] power over the [[Village|villages]] and [[Municipality|municipalities]] within its jurisdiction. It is the ultimate executive agency for [[Deed|land records]] and related administrative matters. The chief official is called the ''[[tehsildar]]''.

Tehsils can be considered sub-districts in the Indian context. In some instances, tehsils overlap with "blocks" (panchayat union blocks or panchayat development blocks) and come under the land and revenue department, headed by tehsildar; and blocks come under the rural development department, headed by the block development officer and serve different government administrative functions over the same or similar geographical area.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sharma, A. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA53 |title=Population and Society |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8069-818-7 |location=New Delhi |page=53 |quote=The main purpose of the census is to provide data on size and composition of population of India and its geographic divisions, i.e., population of different states and union territories, districts, blocks and villages.}}</ref>

== List of Tehsils ==
The total number of sub districts(Tehsils) in Rajasthan state as of 1 January 2025 is '''426''' and number of Up-tehsils is '''232'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsils of Rajasthan |url=https://landrevenue.rajasthan.gov.in/content/landrevenuenew/en/board-of-revenue-for-raj-dep/documents/informations-related-to-district-SDM-tehsil-sub-tehsil.html/}}</ref>

List of Tehsils in Rajasthan state are as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District !! S.No. !! Tehsil
!Sub-tehsils
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| 1 || Ajmer
|Arkada, Sanadhra
|-
| 2 || Arain
|
|-
| 3 || Kishangarh
|
|-
| 4 || [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]]
|Shrinagar
|-
| 5 || Peesangan
|
|-
| 6 || [[Pushkar]]
|
|-
| 7 || Roopangarh
|
|-
| 8 || [[Bhinai|Bhinay]]
|Devliya Kallan, Nagola, Badanwada
|-
| 9 || [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]]
|Kadera, Baghera
|-
| 10 || [[Sarwar, Rajasthan|Sarwar]]
|Borada
|-
| 11 || Sawar
|
|-
| 12 || [[Tantoti]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| 1 || Alwar
|Bahadurpur, [[Kasba Dehra]]
|-
| 2 || [[Govindgarh, Rajasthan|Govindgarh]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Kathumar]]
|Bhanokhar, Kherli Mandi
|-
| 4 || [[Laxmangarh]]
|Badoda Mev
|-
| 5 || Malakhera
|
|-
| 6 || Naugawan
|
|-
| 7 || Pratapgarh
|
|-
| 8 || [[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]]
|
|-
| 9 || Ramgarh
|Shahdoli, Bamboli
|-
| 10 || [[Reni, Alwar|Reni]]
|
|-
| 11 || Tehla
|
|-
| 12 || Thanagazi
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Balotra district|Balotra]]
| 1 || [[Baytu]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Gida, Balotra|Gida]]
|Sawau Padamsingh, Hira ki Dhani
|-
| 3 || [[Kalyanpur, Rajasthan|Kalyanpur]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Pachpadra]]
|[[Jasol]], Dudva
|-
| 5 || Patodi
|
|-
| 6 || [[Samdari]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sindhari]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Siwana]]
|Padru
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Banswara district|Banswara]]
| 1 || [[Abapura]]
|
|-
| 2 || Anandpuri
|
|-
| 3 || [[Arthuna]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Bagidora]]
|
|-
| 5 || Banswara
|
|-
| 6 || Chhoti Sarwan
|
|-
| 7 || Gangadtalai
|
|-
| 8 || Ganora
|
|-
| 9 || Garhi
|
|-
| 10 || Ghatol
|
|-
| 11 || [[Kushalgarh]]
|
|-
| 12 || Sajjangarh
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Baran district|Baran]]
| 1 || [[Antah|Anta]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Atru tehsil|Atru]]
|
|-
| 3 || Baran
|
|-
| 4 || [[Chhabra]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Chhipabarod]]
|
|-
| 6 || Kishanganj
|
|-
| 7 || [[Mangrol, Rajasthan|Mangrol]]
|
|-
| 8 || Shahbad
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| 1 || Barmer
|Vishala
|-
| 2 || Barmer Gramin
|Chava
|-
| 3 || Batadoo
|
|-
| 4 || [[Chohtan]]
|Lilsar
|-
| 5 || [[Dhanau]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Dhorimana]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Gadra Road|Gadraroad]]
|Harshani
|-
| 8 || [[Gudamalani]]
|
|-
| 9 || Nokhra
|
|-
| 10 || [[Ramsar tehsil, Rajasthan|Ramsar]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Sedwa]]
|Phagliyan
|-
| 12 || [[Sheo]]
|Bhiyad
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Beawar district|Beawar]]
| 1 || [[Badnor]]
|
|-
| 2 || Beawar
|
|-
| 3 || [[Jaitaran]]
|Anandpur Kalu
|-
| 4 || Masuda
|
|-
| 5 || Raipur
|Sendara
|-
| 6 || [[Todgarh]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Bijainagar]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| 1 || [[Bayana]]
|
|-
| 2 || Bharatpur
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bhusawar]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Nadbai]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Rudawal]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Rupbas]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Uchchain]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Weir, Rajasthan|Weir]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="18" |[[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
| 1 || Antali
|
|-
| 2 || [[Asind]]
|
|-
| 3 || Bhilwara
|
|-
| 4 || [[Bijolia|Bijoliya]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Hamirgarh]]
|
|-
| 6 || Hurda
|
|-
| 7 || Kareda
|
|-
| 8 || [[Mandal, Rajasthan|Mandal]]
|
|-
| 9 || [[Mandalgarh]]
|
|-
| 10 || Raipur
|
|-
| 11 || Sahara
|
|-
| 12 || Sawaipur
|
|-
| 13 || [[Banera]]
|
|-
| 14 || [[Jahazpur]]
|
|-
| 15 || Kachhola
|
|-
| 16 || Kotri
|
|-
| 17 || Phooliya Kalan
|
|-
| 18 || [[Shahpura, Shahpura district|Shahpura]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
| 1 || [[Bajju]]
|
|-
| 2 || Bikaner
|
|-
| 3 || [[Chhatargarh tehsil|Chhatargarh]]
|
|-
| 4 || Hadan
|
|-
| 5 || [[Jasrasar]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Khajuwala]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Kolayat]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Lunkaransar]]
|
|-
| 9 || [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Pugal|Poogal]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Shri Dungargarh|Sridungargarh]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| 1 || Bundi
|
|-
| 2 || [[Hindoli]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Indragarh]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Keshoraipatan]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Nainwa]]
|
|-
| 6 || Raithal
|
|-
| 7 || Talera
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]
| 1 || [[Bari Sadri]]
|
|-
| 2 || Bassi
|
|-
| 3 || [[Begun]]
|
|-
| 4 || Bhadesar
|
|-
| 5 || Bhupalsagar
|
|-
| 6 || Chittorgarh
|
|-
| 7 || Dungla
|
|-
| 8 || Gangrar
|
|-
| 9 || [[Kapasan]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Nimbahera]]
|
|-
| 11 || Rashmi
|
|-
| 12 || [[Rawatbhata]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Churu district|Churu]]
| 1 || Bhanipura
|
|-
| 2 || Bidasar
|
|-
| 3 || Churu
|
|-
| 4 || [[Rajaldesar]]
|
|-
| 5 || Rajgarh
|
|-
| 6 || [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sardarshahar]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Sidhmukh]]
|
|-
| 9 || [[Sujangarh]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Taranagar]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="18" |[[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| 1 || Bahrawanda
|
|-
| 2 || Baijupara
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bandikui]]
|
|-
| 4 || Baswa
|
|-
| 5 || Bhandarej
|
|-
| 6 || Dausa
|
|-
| 7 || Kundal
|
|-
| 8 || [[Lalsot]]
|
|-
| 9 || Lawan
|
|-
| 10 || Mahwa
|
|-
| 11 || [[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]]
|
|-
| 12 || Nangal Rajawatan
|
|-
| 13 || Nirjharna
|
|-
| 14 || Paparda
|
|-
| 15 || [[Rahuwas]]
|
|-
| 16 || Ramgarh Pachwara
|
|-
| 17 || [[Sainthal, Rajasthan|Sainthal]]
|
|-
| 18 || Sikrai
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Deeg district|Deeg]]
| 1 || Deeg
|
|-
| 2 || Janoothar
|
|-
| 3 || Jurhara
|
|-
| 4 || [[Kaman, Rajasthan|Kaman]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Kumher]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Nagar, Rajasthan|Nagar]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Pahari, Rajasthan|Pahari]]
|
|-
| 8 || Rarah
|
|-
| 9 || Sikri
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
| 1 || [[Bari, India|Bari]]
|
|-
| 2 || Basai Nawab
|
|-
| 3 || Baseri
|
|-
| 4 || Dholpur
|
|-
| 5 || Maniya
|
|-
| 6 || [[Rajakhera]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sarmathura]]
|
|-
| 8 || Sepau
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Didwana-Kuchaman_district|Didwana-Kuchaman]]
| 1 || Chhoti Khatoo
|
|-
| 2 || [[Didwana]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Kuchaman City]]
|Chitawa
|-
| 4 || [[Ladnu]]
|Nimbi Jodha, Mithri
|-
| 5 || [[Makrana]]
|Gachchipura, Budsoo
|-
| 6 || [[Maulasar]]
|Dindarpura
|-
| 7 || [[Nawa, Rajasthan|Nawa]]
|Maroth, Lunwa
|-
| 8 || [[Parbatsar]]
|Pilwa, Bhakari, Badoo
|-
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]
| 1 || Aspur
|
|-
| 2 || [[Bichiwara tehsil|Bichhiwara]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Chikhali, Rajasthan|Chikhali]]
|
|-
| 4 || Dovda
|
|-
| 5 || Dungarpur
|
|-
| 6 || [[Galiakot|Galiyakot]]
|
|-
| 7 || Gamri Ahara
|
|-
| 8 || Jhonthripal
|
|-
| 9 || [[Obri]]
|
|-
| 10 || Paldewal
|
|-
| 11 || Sabla
|
|-
| 12 || [[Sagwara tehsil|Sagwara]]
|
|-
| 13 || [[Simalwara]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Sri Ganganagar district|Ganganagar]]
| 1 || [[Anupgarh Tehsil|Anupgarh]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Gajsinghpur]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Ganganagar ]]
|Hindumalkot, Mirzawala, Chunawadh
|-
| 4 || [[Gharsana tehsil|Gharsana]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Karanpur tehsil|Karanpur]]
|Kesrisinghpur
|-
| 6 || [[Padampur tehsil|Padampur]]
|Binjhbayla, Ridmalsar
|-
| 7 || [[Raisinghnagar tehsil|Raisinghnagar]]
| Muklawa (17TK), Sameja (15 PTD)
|-
| 8 || [[Rawla Mandi tehsil|Rawla]]
|365Head (2KLD)
|-
| 9 || [[Sadulshahar Tehsil|Sadulshahar]]
|Lalgarh jattan
|-
| 10 || [[Suratgarh tehsil|Suratgarh]]
|Rajiasar station
|-
| 11 || [[Vijaynagar tehsil|Vijainagar]]
|Jetsar
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
| 1 || [[Bhadra, Rajasthan|Bhadra]]
|Chanibadi, Dungrana
|-
| 2 || Hanumangarh
|Dablirathan, Norangdrsar
|-
| 3 || [[Nohar]]
|Ramgarh, Khuiya, Fefana
|-
| 4 || Pallu
|
|-
| 5 || [[Pilibanga]]
|Goluwala
|-
| 6 || [[Rawatsar]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sangaria, India|Sangaria]]
|Dhaban
|-
| 8 || [[Tibbi]]
|Talwara Jheel
|-
|-
| rowspan="21" |[[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| 1 || [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu]]
|Sakhoon
|-
| 2 || [[Mauzmabad|Mauzamabad]]
|Bichoon
|-
| 3 || [[Phagi]]
|Nimera
|-
| 4 || [[Amber, India|Amber]]
|Chandawaji
|-
| 5 || Jaipur
|
|-
| 6 || [[Kalwar, Rajasthan|Kalwar]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sanganer]]
|Bagroo
|-
| 8 || Andhi
|
|-
| 9 || Bassi
|
|-
| 10 || [[Chaksu]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Chomu]]
|Govindgarh, Khejroli
|-
| 12 || Jalsu
|Mundota
|-
| 13 || [[Jamwa Ramgarh|Jamwaramgarh]]
|Tala
|-
| 14 || [[Jobner]]
|
|-
| 15 || [[Kishangarh Renwal]]
|
|-
| 16 || Kotkhawda
|Dehlala
|-
| 17 || [[Madhorajpura]]
|Renwal Manjhi
|-
| 18 || [[Phulera]] (Hq. [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]])
|
|-
| 19 || [[Rampura Dabri]]
|
|-
| 20 || [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]]
|Amarsar, Manoharpur
|-
| 21 || Toonga
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
| 1 || [[Bhaniyana]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Fatehgarh, Jaisalmer|Fatehgarh]]
|Jhinjhinyali
|-
| 3 || Jaisalmer
|[[Mohangarh, Jaisalmer|Mohangarh]], [[Chandhan]]
|-
| 4 || Phalsoond
|
|-
| 5 || [[Pokhran|Pokaran]]
|Sankada, [[Nachna, Rajasthan|Nachna]]
|-
| 6 || [[Ramgarh, Jaisalmer|Ramgarh]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sam, Jaisalmer|Sam]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Jalore district|Jalore]]
| 1 || [[Ahore]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Bhadrajun]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bhinmal]]
|
|-
| 4 || Jalore
|
|-
| 5 || [[Jaswantpura]]
|[[Ramseen]]
|-
| 6 || [[Sayala, Rajasthan|Sayala]]
|Jiwana
|-
| 7 || [[Bagoda|Bagora]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Chitalwana]]
|[[Khasarvi|Khasrvi]]
|-
| 9 || [[Raniwara]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Sanchore]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
| 1 || [[Aklera]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Asnawar]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bakani]]
|
|-
| 4 || Dag
|
|-
| 5 || Gangdhar
|
|-
| 6 || [[Jhalrapatan]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Khanpur, Jhalawar|Khanpur]]
|Sarola Kalan
|-
| 8 || [[Manohar Thana]]
|
|-
| 9 || Pachpahar
|
|-
| 10 || [[Pirawa]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Raipur, Jhalawar|Raipur]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[Sunel]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| 1 || [[Bissau, Rajasthan|Bissau]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Buhana]]
|Singhana
|-
| 3 || [[Chirawa]]
|Mandrela
|-
| 4 || [[Gudhagorji]]
|
|-
| 5 || Jhunjhunu
|
|-
| 6 || [[Malsisar]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Mandawa]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]]
|Mukundgarh
|-
| 9 || [[Pilani]]
|Babai
|-
| 10 || [[Surajgarh]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Khetri Nagar|Khetri]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[Udaipurwati]]
|Gudha
|-
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| 1 || Jodhpur
|Dangiyawas
|-
| 2 || [[Balesar]]
|Agolai
|-
| 3 || [[Baori, Rajasthan|Baori]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Bhopalgarh tehsil|Bhopalgarh]]
|Asop
|-
| 5 || [[Bilara]]
|
|-
| 6 || Chamu
|
|-
| 7 || [[Jhanwar]]
|
|-
| 8 || Kudi Bhagtasni
|
|-
| 9 || [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni]]
|Gudha Vishnoiyan
|-
| 10 || [[Osian tehsil|Osian]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Pipar City]]
|[[Borunda]]
|-
| 12 || [[Sekhala tehsil|Sekhala]]
|
|-
| 13 || [[Shergarh tehsil|Shergarh]]
|
|-
| 14 || [[Tinwari]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Karauli district|Karauli]]
| 1 || [[Nadoti]]
|Gudha Chandarji
|-
| 2 || Balghat
|
|-
| 3 || [[Todabhim]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Hindaun]]
|Katkar
|-
| 5 || Karauli
|Kailadevi
|-
| 6 || [[Mandrayal]]
|
|-
| 7 || Masalpur
|
|-
| 8 || Sapotra
|Karanpur, Kudgaon
|-
| 9 || [[Shri Mahaveer Ji (town)|Shrimahaveer Ji]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Suroth]]
|Sherpur
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]
| 1 || Harsoli
|
|-
| 2 || [[Khairthal]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Kishangarh Bas|Kishangarhbas]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Kotkasim]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Mundawar]]
|
|-
| 6 || Tapukara
|
|-
| 7 || [[Tijara]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kota district|Kota]]
| 1 || [[Chechat]]
|
|-
| 2 || Digod
|Sultanpur
|-
| 3 || Kanwas
|
|-
| 4 || [[Ladpura]]
|Mandana
|-
| 5 || [[Pipalda Tehsil|Pipalda]]
|Khantoli
|-
| 6 || [[Ramganj Mandi]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Sangod]]
|Bapawar
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
| 1 || [[Bansur]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Behror]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Kotputli]]
|
|-
| 4 || Mandhan
|
|-
| 5 || Narayanpur
|
|-
| 6 || [[Neemrana]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Paota, Rajasthan|Paota]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Viratnagar]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| 1 || [[Degana]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Deh, India|Deh]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Jayal]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Khinvsar]]
|Panchodi
|-
| 5 || [[Merta City|Merta]]
|Gotan
|-
| 6 || [[Mundwa]]
|
|-
| 7 || Nagaur
|Jodhiyasi, Shribalaji
|-
| 8 || Riyan Bari
|Bherunda
|-
| 9 || [[Sanjoo]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Pali district|Pali]]
| 1 || [[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali]]
|Nana, Beda
|-
| 2 || [[Desuri]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Marwar Junction]]
|
|-
| 4 || Pali
|
|-
| 5 || [[Rani, Rajasthan|Rani]]
|Khiwada
|-
| 6 || [[Rohat]]
|Jaitpur
|-
| 7 || [[Sojat]]
|[[Bagdi]]
|-
| 8 || [[Sumerpur Tehsil|Sumerpur]]
|[[Takhatgarh]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Phalodi district|Phalodi]]
| 1 || Aau
|
|-
| 2 || [[Bap, Rajasthan|Bap]]
|[[Sheikhsar|Shekhasar]], Nokh
|-
| 3 || [[Bapini]]
|Matoda
|-
| 4 || Dechoo
|[[Peelwa]]
|-
| 5 || Ghantiyali
|
|-
| 6 || [[Lohawat]]
|
|-
| 7 || Phalodi
|
|-
| 8 || [[Setrawa]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| 1 || Arnod
|
|-
| 2 || [[Chhoti Sadri]]
|
|-
| 3 || Dalot
|
|-
| 4 || [[Dhariawad]]
|Mungana
|-
| 5 || [[Peepal Khoont|Peepalkhoont]]
|
|-
| 6 || Pratapgarh
|Devgarh, Dhamotar
|-
| 7 || Suhagpura
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| 1 || [[Amet]]
|
|-
| 2 || Bhim
|Diwair
|-
| 3 || [[Delwara]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Deogarh]]
|
|-
| 5 || Garhbor
|
|-
| 6 || Khamnor
|
|-
| 7 || Kumbhalgarh
|
|-
| 8 || Kunwariya
|
|-
| 9 || [[Nathdwara]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Railmagra tehsil|Railmagra]]
|Gilund
|-
| 11 || Rajsamand
|
|-
| 12 || Sardargarh
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Salumbar district|Salumbar]]
| 1 || Jhallara
|
|-
| 2 || [[Lasadiya tehsil|Lasadiya]]
|
|-
| 3 || Salumbar
|Gingla
|-
| 4 || Sarada
|Jaisamand
|-
| 5 || [[Semari tehsil|Semari]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Sawai_Madhopur_district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| 1 || Bamanwas
|Bhanwara
|-
| 2 || Barnala
|
|-
| 3 || [[Gangapur City|Gangapur]]
|
|-
| 4 || Talawara
|
|-
| 5 || Wazeerpur
|
|-
| 6 || [[Bonli]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Chauth Ka Barwara Tehsil|Chauth Ka Barwara]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Khandar]]
|Bahrawanda Kallan
|-
| 9 || Malarna Doongar
|Malarna Chaur
|-
| 10 || Mitrapura
|
|-
| 11 || Sawai Madhopur
|Todra
|-
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| 1 || [[Neem Ka Thana]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Patan, Rajasthan|Patan]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Sri Madhopur|Shrimadhopur]]
|Ajitgarh
|-
| 4 || [[Danta Ramgarh]]
|Palsana, Losal
|-
| 5 || Dhod
|
|-
| 6 || [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Khandela]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Laxmangarh]]
|
|-
| 9 || Nechhwa
|
|-
| 10 || [[Ramgarh Shekhawati]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Reengus]]
|
|-
| 12 || Sikar
|
|-
| 13 || Sikar Gramin
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
| 1 || [[Abu Road]]
|
|-
| 2 || Deldar
|
|-
| 3 || [[Pindwara]]
|Bhanwari
|-
| 4 || [[Reodar]]
|Mandar
|-
| 5 || [[Sheoganj]]
|Kailashnagar
|-
| 6 || Sirohi
|Kalindri
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Tonk district|Tonk]]
| 1 || [[Todaraisingh]]
|
|-
| 2 || Aligarh
|
|-
| 3 || [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]]
|Nasirda
|-
| 4 || Dooni
|
|-
| 5 || [[Malpura]]
|Diggi
|-
| 6 || Nagarfort
|Dhunwa Kallan
|-
| 7 || [[Newai]]
|Dattwas, Siras
|-
| 8 || [[Peeplu]]
|Ranoli
|-
| 9 || Tonk
|Barwas
|-
| 10 || [[Uniara]]
|Banetha, Sop
|-
|-
| rowspan="17" |[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| 1 || [[Badgaon tehsil|Badgaon]]
|
|-
| 2 || Barapal
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bhinder]]
|Kheroda
|-
| 4 || [[Ghasa]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Girwa tehsil|Girwa]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Gogunda tehsil|Gogunda]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Jhadol tehsil|Jhadol]]
|Ogana
|-
| 8 || Kanod
|
|-
| 9 || [[Kherwara tehsil|Kherwara]]
|Bawalwara
|-
| 10 || [[Kotra tehsil|Kotra]]
|Merpur Hq Devla
|-
| 11 || Kurabar
|
|-
| 12 || [[Mavli]]
|Sanwar
|-
| 13 || [[Nayagaon, Rajasthan|Nayagaon]]
|Kanbai
|-
| 14 || Phalasiyan
|
|-
| 15 || [[Rishabhdeo]]
|Kalyanpur
|-
| 16 || Sayra
|
|-
| 17 || [[Vallabhnagar]]
|
|-
| '''Grand Total''' || '''426'''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Government of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan| ]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Tehsils]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Rajasthan]]

M. Chandrakasi

2025-07-17T00:58:53Z

Jaffer sadiq: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = M. Chandrakasi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Perumathur]], [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| residence = [[Perumathur]], [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| term_start = 1 September 2014
| term_end = 29 May 2019
| constituency = [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| term =
| occupation = Agriculturist
| predecessor = [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| successor = Thol. Thirumavalavan
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| religion =
| spouse = Smt. C. Vanitha
| parents =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Bharathidasan University]], [[Annamalai University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4856
}}
'''M. Chandrakasi''' (born 4 January 1969) is an Indian politician and [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram constituency]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2014|2014]] election.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014 |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2227.htm?ac=27 |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |accessdate=24 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200831/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2227.htm?ac=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Tamil Nadu |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakasi M.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Vairamani

2025-07-07T11:59:00Z

Jaffer sadiq: added basic article first draft

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vairamani
| other_name = Vairamoni
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayath]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04869
| registration_plate = KL-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kattappana
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Idukki]]
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vairamani''' also spelled as ''' Vairamoni''' was a village in [[Idukki district]] of Kerala. The village was submerged in water in 1974 when the reservoir of the [[Idukki Dam]] was filled with water.

==History==
Due to food shortages during the period of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], people were given 5 acres of land each as part of the decision to lease out the swamps.<ref name="Manoramanews">{{cite news |title=ഇടുക്കി ഡാമിനുള്ളിലെ വൈഡൂര്യം; വെള്ളത്തിൽ മറഞ്ഞ വൈരമണി ഗ്രാമം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/spotlight/2022/01/08/idukki-dam-vairamani-village.html |work=Manoramanews |language=ml}}</ref> These villages were rich in paddy cultivation. After Indian independence the village became part of [[Idukki district]] of Kerala. The subsequent Communist government came to power after formation of Kerala state gave the land to the families.<ref name="Manoramanews"/>

Vairamani, the main town between Thodupuzha and Kattappana was a commercial center of the nearby villages of Kuthirakuthi, Mayyanna, Kayanattupara, Venganam, Churuli, Ktavara, Muthikandam and Nadakkavayal.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> Before the village was completely evicted more than 2000 families lived here.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> Before the construction of the dam, there was a motorable road through the forest to [[Kattappana]] via Vairamani.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=ഇടുക്കി അണക്കെട്ടില്‍ ജലനിരപ്പ് താണതോടെ പുനര്‍ജനിച്ചത് വെള്ളത്തില്‍ മറഞ്ഞുകിടന്ന ഒരു ഗ്രാമം! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/a-village-emerged-in-idukki-dam-pumqke |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> The village was submerged in water in 1974 when the reservoir of the Idukki Dam was filled with water.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> The families there were resettled in Vannappuram, Chalakudy, Manjapra, Koruthodu and Chelachuvad areas.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> Each family was given 3 acres of land.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> The Christian church St. Thomas' Church in Vairamani, which was more than a hundred years old, was renamed St. Mary's Church and later relocated to Kulamavu.<ref name="zee news">{{cite news |title=ഇടുക്കി അണക്കെട്ടിൽ മുങ്ങിപ്പോയ വൈഡൂര്യം; വൈരമണി ഗ്രാമത്തിന്‍റെ കഥ അറിയാം |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/unknown-story-of-vairamani-village-that-disappeared-after-idukki-dams-construction-85486 |work=Zee News Malayalam |date=22 March 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Current status==
The remnants of the village such as the floors of St. Thomas' Church which was more than a hundred years old, houses and shops can be seen in summer when the water level in the dam drops below 15 percentage.<ref name="Manoramanews"/> Vairamoni is now an islet formed in the Idukki Reservoir within the [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=Giji K. |title=Birds take a two-month break on this islet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/birds-take-a-two-month-break-on-this-islet/article65378373.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This islet, without human intervention, is being turned into a breeding ground for many birds in the summer months.<ref name="Hindu"/> Currently, to reach Vairamani, one has to travel by boat for three and a half hours from Kulamavu through the reservoir.<ref name="Asianet"/>

Kulamavu Forest Station is marked as Vairamani Forest Station in the records.<ref name="zee news"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]

Indian Basket

2025-05-01T16:53:06Z

Jaffer sadiq: new first post needs work!

{{Short description|Crude oil price index}}
{{not to be confused with|Basket weaving#Native American Basketry}}
[[File:Indian Basket.png|thumb|400px|Indian Basket price vs Brent and Dubai (Apr 2000 to Apr 2020).]]

'''Indian Basket''' ('''IB'''), also known as '''Indian Crude Basket''', is weighted average of [[DME Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract|Dubai and Oman]] ([[sour crude oil|sour]]) and the [[Brent Crude]] ([[sweet crude oil|sweet]]) [[crude oil]] prices. It is used as an indicator of the price of crude imports in India and [[Government of India]] watches the index when examining domestic price issues.<ref name="What is Indian Crude Basket?">{{cite news|title=What is Indian Crude Basket?|publisher=indianeconomy.net|access-date=19 August 2017|url=http://www.indianeconomy.net/splclassroom/253/what-is-indian-crude-basket/}}</ref>

==Methodology for calculation==
The Indian basket of Crude Oil represents a derived basket comprising Sour grade (Oman and Dubai average) and Sweet grade (Brent Dated) of Crude oil processed in Indian refineries. During the year 2018-19, the ratio is 75.50 : 24.50 (Dubai : Brent respectively) <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Indian Basket of Crude oil|url=https://blog.parivarthanias.com/indian-crude-basket/|website=Blog.Parivarthanias.com|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527212504/https://blog.parivarthanias.com/indian-crude-basket/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and during the year 2017-2018, the ratio was 74.77 : 25.23 (Dubai : Brent). The Indian Basket is weighted average of daily prices and is updated daily on the website of the ''Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell'' of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]].<ref name="Historic prices">{{cite news|title=Historic prices|publisher=[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]|access-date=19 August 2017|url=http://ppac.org.in/content/149_1_pricespetroleum.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819191344/http://ppac.org.in/content/149_1_pricespetroleum.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Indian Basket prices==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Price !! Comments
|-
| 2000-2001 || $26.92 || rowspan="20" |<ref name="Yearly prices">{{cite news|title=Yearly prices|publisher=www.indiaenergy.gov.in|access-date=3 February 2019|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/content/149_1_PricesPetroleum.aspx}}</ref>
|-
| 2001-2002 || $22.55
|-
| 2002-2003 || $26.60
|-
| 2003-2004 || $27.98
|-
| 2004-2005 || $39.21
|-
| 2005-2006 || $55.72
|-
| 2006-2007 || $62.46
|-
| 2007-2008 || $79.25
|-
| 2008-2009 || $83.57
|-
| 2009-2010 || $69.76
|-
| 2010-2011 || $85.09
|-
| 2011-2012 || $111.89
|-
| 2012-2013 || $107.97
|-
| 2013-2014 || $105.52
|-
| 2014-2015 || $84.16
|-
| 2015-2016 || $46.17
|-
| 2016-2017 || $47.56
|-
| 2017-2018 || $56.43
|-
| 2018-2019 || $69.88
|-
| 2019-2020 || $60.47
|-
| 2020-2021 || $48.94 || (Dec 2020 only)
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ppac.gov.in/index.php/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/PP_1_a_CrudeOilPrice(C).xls|title=Crude Oil Price|website=ppac.gov.in|access-date=2023-09-06|archive-date=2023-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906071127/https://ppac.gov.in/index.php/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/PP_1_a_CrudeOilPrice(C).xls|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/content/149_1_PricesPetroleum.aspx|title = Prices:Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Benchmark (crude oil)]]

{{Portal bar|India|Energy}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

{{Petroleum industry}}

[[Category:Benchmark crude oils]]
[[Category:Petroleum]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]

Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

2025-03-26T15:39:50Z

Jaffer sadiq: small refined layout per sources further and corrected details for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Cartoon Network (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
}}

Korote Sahasram Maroti

2025-02-02T00:51:38Z

Jaffer sadiq: new new details basic info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Korote Sahasram Maroti''' (born 3 March 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Amgaon Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in [[Gondia district|Gondia District]]. He won the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Amgaon Election Results 2019 Live Updates (आमगाव): Korote Sahasram Maroti of Congress Leads |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amgaon-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359137.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Korote is from [[Amgaon]], Gondia District, Maharashtra. He completed his B.A. in 2018 at Mumbai Hindi College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasram Maroti Korote(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- AMGAON (ST)(GONDIYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8059 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Korote won from Amgaon Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 88,265 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 7,420 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amgaon Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Amgaon Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/maharashtra-election/amgaon-assembly-election-result-2019-66.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amgaon (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/amgaon-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=AMGAON (ST) Assembly Election Results 2019: AMGAON (ST) Maharashtra Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/amgaon-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahasram Maroti, Korote}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Gondia district]]

Akhtarul Islam Sahin

2024-12-09T02:12:32Z

Jaffer sadiq: slightly adjusted information for clarity further and improved wording per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Akhtarul Islam Shahin]]

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